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<span>Description</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultivation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultivation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Cultivation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultivation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cultivation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cultivation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Agroecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agroecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Agroecology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agroecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pests_and_diseases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pests_and_diseases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Pests and diseases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pests_and_diseases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production_and_consumption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production_and_consumption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Production and consumption</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production_and_consumption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nutritional_value" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutritional_value"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Nutritional value</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Nutritional_value-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Nutritional value subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Nutritional_value-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Health_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Health effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_concerns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_concerns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Health concerns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_concerns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Food_and_drink" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food_and_drink"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Food and drink</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food_and_drink-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Other uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production_of_hybrids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production_of_hybrids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Production of hybrids</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production_of_hybrids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_human_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_human_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>In human culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_human_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Rye</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 131 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-131" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">131 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8C%D1%8D%D0%BF%D1%86%D3%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="ХьэпцӀий – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="ХьэпцӀий" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rog" title="Rog – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Rog" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roggen" title="Roggen – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Roggen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A3%E1%8C%83" title="ኣጃ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኣጃ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%85_%D9%85%D8%B2%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B9" title="شيلم مزروع – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شيلم مزروع" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secale_cereale" title="Secale cereale – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Secale cereale" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicar%C3%A2" title="Sicarâ – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Sicarâ" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secale_cereale" title="Secale cereale – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Secale cereale" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sent%C3%A9no" title="Senténo – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Senténo" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Fkin_%C3%A7ovdar%C4%B1" title="Əkin çovdarı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Əkin çovdarı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86_%DA%86%D9%88%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="اکین چووداری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اکین چووداری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87_(%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF)" title="রাই (শস্য) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রাই (শস্য)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C7%B9g-theh-be%CC%8Dh" title="Thǹg-theh-be̍h – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Thǹg-theh-be̍h" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%88" title="Арыш – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Арыш" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5" title="Жыта пасяўное – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Жыта пасяўное" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5" title="Жыта пасяўное – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Жыта пасяўное" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8A%D0%B6" title="Ръж – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ръж" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koan" title="Koan – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Koan" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%82%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%82" title="གྲོ་ནག – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="གྲོ་ནག" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C5%BE" title="Raž – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Raž" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segal" title="Segal – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Segal" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Хара таряан – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Хара таряан" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8gol" title="Sègol – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sègol" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AB%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Ыраш – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ыраш" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secale_cereale" title="Secale cereale – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Secale cereale" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDito_set%C3%A9" title="Žito seté – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Žito seté" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhyg" title="Rhyg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rhyg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almindelig_rug" title="Almindelig rug – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Almindelig rug" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%8A" title="شنتي – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="شنتي" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roggen" title="Roggen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Roggen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rukis" title="Rukis – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rukis" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%AF%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B7" title="Σίκαλη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σίκαλη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%8C" title="Розь – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Розь" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secale_cereale" title="Secale cereale – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Secale cereale" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cereala_sekalo" title="Cereala sekalo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Cereala sekalo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zekale" title="Zekale – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zekale" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="چاودار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چاودار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rye" title="Rye – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Rye" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seigle" title="Seigle – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Seigle" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogge" title="Rogge – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Rogge" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seagal" title="Seagal – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Seagal" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centeo" title="Centeo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Centeo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%98%B8%EB%B0%80" title="호밀 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="호밀" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B7%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A1" title="Աշորա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Աշորա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="नीवारिका – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नीवारिका" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sywna_ro%C5%BEka" title="Sywna rožka – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Sywna rožka" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usjevna_ra%C5%BE" title="Usjevna raž – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Usjevna raž" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekalo" title="Sekalo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Sekalo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senteno" title="Senteno – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Senteno" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandum_hitam" title="Gandum hitam – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gandum hitam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secale" title="Secale – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Secale" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BC%C3%A6%D0%BD%C3%A6%D1%83" title="Сылмæнæу – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Сылмæнæу" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BAgur" title="Rúgur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Rúgur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secale_cereale" title="Secale cereale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Secale cereale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9F_(%D7%93%D7%92%D7%9F)" title="שיפון (דגן) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שיפון (דגן)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandum_ireng" title="Gandum ireng – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Gandum ireng" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AD%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98" title="ჭვავი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჭვავი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BB%C3%ABto" title="Żëto – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Żëto" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D3%99%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D2%9B%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Мәдени қарабидай – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мәдени қарабидай" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugal" title="Sugal – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Sugal" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngano_nyekundu" title="Ngano nyekundu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ngano nyekundu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eil%C3%AAl" title="Şilêl – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Şilêl" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Кара буудай – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кара буудай" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siela" title="Siela – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Siela" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%81" title="Сус – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Сус" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secale_cereale" title="Secale cereale – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Secale cereale" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudzi" title="Rudzi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Rudzi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kar_(Planz)" title="Kar (Planz) – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Kar (Planz)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%97jamasis_rugys" title="Sėjamasis rugys – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sėjamasis rugys" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogke" title="Rogke – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Rogke" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segal" title="Segal – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Segal" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secale_cereale" title="Secale cereale – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Secale cereale" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rozs" title="Rozs – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Rozs" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%80%99%D0%A0%D0%B6" title="’Рж – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="’Рж" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rye" title="Rye – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Rye" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%88" title="റൈ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റൈ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%A4%D8%A7%D9%86" title="زوؤان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="زوؤان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rai" title="Rai – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Rai" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D1%85%D3%A9%D1%85_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0" title="Таримал хөх тариа – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Таримал хөх тариа" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%85%E1%80%95%E1%80%AB%E1%80%B8" title="ရိုင်းစပါး – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရိုင်းစပါး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rai" title="Rai – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Rai" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogge_(graan)" title="Rogge (graan) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rogge (graan)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raai" title="Raai – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Raai" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A0%E3%82%AE" title="ライムギ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ライムギ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9cena" title="Sécena – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Sécena" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%8C%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D3%80%D0%B0" title="Ӏаьржа кӀа – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Ӏаьржа кӀа" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roog_(slach)" title="Roog (slach) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Roog (slach)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rug" title="Rug – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Rug" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rug" title="Rug – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Rug" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segal" title="Segal – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Segal" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javdar" title="Javdar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Javdar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="رائی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="رائی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B7%D3%A7%D0%B3" title="Рудзӧг – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Рудзӧг" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/So%C3%A8le" title="Soèle – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Soèle" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8il" title="Sèil – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Sèil" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roggen" title="Roggen – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Roggen" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BByto_zwyczajne" title="Żyto zwyczajne – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Żyto zwyczajne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centeio" title="Centeio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Centeio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secar%C4%83" title="Secară – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Secară" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintinu" title="Sintinu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Sintinu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B6%D1%8C" title="Рожь – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рожь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Оруос – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Оруос" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rye" title="Rye – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Rye" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thekra" title="Thekra – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Thekra" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rye" title="Rye – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Rye" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C5%BE_siata" title="Raž siata – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Raž siata" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C5%BE" title="Rž – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Rž" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re%C5%BC" title="Reż – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Reż" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="چاودار – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="چاودار" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B6" title="Раж – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Раж" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C5%BE" title="Raž – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Raž" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruis" title="Ruis – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ruis" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A5g" title="Råg – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Råg" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF" title="புல்லரிசி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="புல்லரிசி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isenti" title="Isenti – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Isenti" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%88" title="Арыш – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Арыш" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C" title="ข้าวไรย์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ข้าวไรย์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87avdar" title="Çavdar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çavdar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%9E%D0%B5%D0%B3" title="Ӟег – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Ӟег" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Жито посівне – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Жито посівне" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%AE%DB%81" title="تلخہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تلخہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugi%C5%BE" title="Rugiž – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Rugiž" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BAa_m%E1%BA%A1ch_%C4%91en" title="Lúa mạch đen – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lúa mạch đen" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BCg%C3%A4" title="Rügä – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Rügä" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swele" title="Swele – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Swele" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secale_cereale" title="Secale cereale – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Secale cereale" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A3%B8%E9%BA%A6" title="裸麦 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="裸麦" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9F" title="קארן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קארן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E9%BA%A5" title="黑麥 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="黑麥" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rog%C4%93" title="Rogē – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Rogē" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A3%B8%E9%BA%A5" title="裸麥 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="裸麥" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q12099#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Species of grain</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Ryegrass" class="mw-redirect" title="Ryegrass">ryegrass</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Rye_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Rye (disambiguation)">Rye (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Rye </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ear_of_rye.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Ear_of_rye.jpg/250px-Ear_of_rye.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Ear_of_rye.jpg/330px-Ear_of_rye.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Ear_of_rye.jpg/500px-Ear_of_rye.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1296" data-file-height="972" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Secale" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperms</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Monocotyledon" title="Monocotyledon">Monocots</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Commelinids" title="Commelinids">Commelinids</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Poales" title="Poales">Poales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae">Poaceae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subfamily: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pooideae" title="Pooideae">Pooideae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Secale" title="Secale"><i>Secale</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><i><b>S. cereale</b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;"></span><i>Secale cereale</i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">L.</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <p><i>Secale fragile</i> <small><a href="/wiki/M.Bieb." class="mw-redirect" title="M.Bieb.">M.Bieb.</a></small> </p> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><b>Rye</b> (<i><b>Secale cereale</b></i>) is a <a href="/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae">grass</a> grown extensively as a <a href="/wiki/Grain" title="Grain">grain</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Cover_crop" title="Cover crop">cover crop</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Forage" title="Forage">forage</a> crop. It is grown principally in an area from Eastern and Northern Europe into Russia. It is much more tolerant of cold weather and poor soil than other cereals, making it useful in those regions; its vigorous growth suppresses weeds and provides abundant forage for animals early in the year. It is a member of the wheat tribe (<a href="/wiki/Triticeae" title="Triticeae">Triticeae</a>) which includes the cereals <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a>. It is likely that rye arrived in Europe as a <a href="/wiki/Secondary_crop" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary crop">secondary crop</a>, meaning that it was a minor admixture in wheat as a result of <a href="/wiki/Vavilovian_mimicry" title="Vavilovian mimicry">Vavilovian mimicry</a>, and was only later cultivated in its own right. </p><p>Rye grain is used for <a href="/wiki/Rye_bread" title="Rye bread">bread</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rye_beer" title="Rye beer">beer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rye_whiskey" title="Rye whiskey">rye whiskey</a>, and animal <a href="/wiki/Fodder" title="Fodder">fodder</a>. In Scandinavia, rye was a staple food in the Middle Ages, and rye <a href="/wiki/Crispbread" title="Crispbread">crispbread</a> remains a popular food in the region. Europe produces around half of the world's rye; relatively little is traded between countries. A wheat-rye hybrid, <a href="/wiki/Triticale" title="Triticale">triticale</a>, combines the qualities of the two parent crops and is produced in large quantities worldwide. In European folklore, the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Roggenwolf</i></span> ("rye wolf") is a carnivorous corn demon or <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Feldgeister" title="Feldgeister">Feldgeist</a></i></span>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rye&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wild_rye.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Wild_rye.jpg/250px-Wild_rye.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Wild_rye.jpg/330px-Wild_rye.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Wild_rye.jpg/500px-Wild_rye.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption>Wild rye</figcaption></figure> <p>The rye genus <i><a href="/wiki/Secale" title="Secale">Secale</a></i> is in the <a href="/wiki/Grass" class="mw-redirect" title="Grass">grass</a> tribe <a href="/wiki/Triticeae" title="Triticeae">Triticeae</a>, which contains other <a href="/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal">cereals</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a> (<i>Hordeum</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a> (<i>Triticum</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Soreng-2017_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Soreng-2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The generic name <i>Secale</i>, related to Italian <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">segale</i></span> and French <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">seigle</i></span> meaning "rye", is of unknown origin but may derive from a Balkan language.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The English name rye derives from Old English <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">ryge</i></span>, related to Dutch <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">rogge</i></span>, German <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Roggen</i></span>, and Russian <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">рожь</span></span> <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">rožʹ</i></span>, again all with the same meaning.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rye is one of several <a href="/wiki/Crop_wild_relative" title="Crop wild relative">cereals that grow wild</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>, central and eastern <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> and adjacent areas. Evidence uncovered at the <a href="/wiki/Epipalaeolithic" title="Epipalaeolithic">Epipalaeolithic</a> site of <a href="/wiki/Tell_Abu_Hureyra" title="Tell Abu Hureyra">Tell Abu Hureyra</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a> valley of northern <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> suggests that rye was among the first cereal crops to be systematically cultivated, around 13,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-Hillman-2001_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hillman-2001-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, that claim remains controversial; critics point to inconsistencies in the <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiocarbon">radiocarbon</a> dates, and identifications based solely on grain, rather than on <a href="/wiki/Chaff" title="Chaff">chaff</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Colledge-2010_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colledge-2010-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Domesticated rye occurs in small quantities at a number of <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> sites in Asia Minor (<a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, now Turkey), such as the <a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_B" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic B">Pre-Pottery Neolithic B</a> Can Hasan III near <a href="/wiki/%C3%87atalh%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Çatalhöyük">Çatalhöyük</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Hillman-1978_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hillman-1978-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sidhu-2019_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sidhu-2019-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but is otherwise absent from the archaeological record until the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> of central Europe, c. 1800–1500 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-Zohary-2012_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zohary-2012-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is likely that rye was brought westwards from Asia Minor as a <a href="/wiki/Secondary_crop" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary crop">secondary crop</a>, meaning that it was a minor admixture in wheat as a result of <a href="/wiki/Vavilovian_mimicry" title="Vavilovian mimicry">Vavilovian mimicry</a>, and was only later cultivated in its own right.<sup id="cite_ref-McElroy-2014_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McElroy-2014-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archeological evidence of this grain has been found in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> contexts along the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> and in Ireland and Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-Gyulai-2014_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gyulai-2014-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Roman naturalist <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> was dismissive of a grain that may have been rye, writing that it "is a very poor food and only serves to avert starvation".<sup id="cite_ref-Evans-1981_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans-1981-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He said it was mixed with <a href="/wiki/Spelt" title="Spelt">spelt</a> "to mitigate its bitter taste, and even then is most unpleasant to the stomach".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rye&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rye is a tall grass grown for its seeds; it can be an <a href="/wiki/Annual_plant" title="Annual plant">annual</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Biennial_plant" title="Biennial plant">biennial</a>. Depending on environmental conditions and variety it reaches 1 to 3 metres (3 ft 3 in to 9 ft 10 in) in height. Its leaves are blue-green, long, and pointed. The seeds are carried in a curved head or spike some 7 to 15 centimetres (2.8 to 5.9 in) long. The head is composed of many <a href="/wiki/Spikelet" title="Spikelet">spikelets</a>, each of which holds two small flowers; the spikelets alternate left and right up the head.<sup id="cite_ref-PlantVillage_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PlantVillage-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Illustration_Secale_cereale0.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Botanical illustration"><img alt="Botanical illustration" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Illustration_Secale_cereale0.jpg/250px-Illustration_Secale_cereale0.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Illustration_Secale_cereale0.jpg/330px-Illustration_Secale_cereale0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1455" data-file-height="2360" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Botanical illustration</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Secale_cereale_-_cereal_rye_2_-_Steve_Hurst_USDA-NRCS_PLANTS_Database.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seed in husk"><img alt="Seed in husk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Secale_cereale_-_cereal_rye_2_-_Steve_Hurst_USDA-NRCS_PLANTS_Database.jpg/250px-Secale_cereale_-_cereal_rye_2_-_Steve_Hurst_USDA-NRCS_PLANTS_Database.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Secale_cereale_-_cereal_rye_2_-_Steve_Hurst_USDA-NRCS_PLANTS_Database.jpg/330px-Secale_cereale_-_cereal_rye_2_-_Steve_Hurst_USDA-NRCS_PLANTS_Database.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Secale_cereale_-_cereal_rye_2_-_Steve_Hurst_USDA-NRCS_PLANTS_Database.jpg/500px-Secale_cereale_-_cereal_rye_2_-_Steve_Hurst_USDA-NRCS_PLANTS_Database.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2671" data-file-height="1485" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Seed in <a href="/wiki/Husk" title="Husk">husk</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Secale_cereale_-_cereal_rye_-_Steve_Hurst_USDA-NRCS_PLANTS_Database.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Different types of grains"><img alt="Different types of grains" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Secale_cereale_-_cereal_rye_-_Steve_Hurst_USDA-NRCS_PLANTS_Database.jpg/250px-Secale_cereale_-_cereal_rye_-_Steve_Hurst_USDA-NRCS_PLANTS_Database.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Secale_cereale_-_cereal_rye_-_Steve_Hurst_USDA-NRCS_PLANTS_Database.jpg/330px-Secale_cereale_-_cereal_rye_-_Steve_Hurst_USDA-NRCS_PLANTS_Database.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Secale_cereale_-_cereal_rye_-_Steve_Hurst_USDA-NRCS_PLANTS_Database.jpg/500px-Secale_cereale_-_cereal_rye_-_Steve_Hurst_USDA-NRCS_PLANTS_Database.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2546" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Different types of grains</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rye_grains_rotated_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The seeds of rye are some 7 or 8 mm long, much larger and less round than wheat."><img alt="The seeds of rye are some 7 or 8 mm long, much larger and less round than wheat." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Rye_grains_rotated_%28cropped%29.jpg/168px-Rye_grains_rotated_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="168" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Rye_grains_rotated_%28cropped%29.jpg/253px-Rye_grains_rotated_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Rye_grains_rotated_%28cropped%29.jpg/337px-Rye_grains_rotated_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="778" data-file-height="1016" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The seeds of rye are some 7 or 8 mm long, much larger and less round than <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a>. </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultivation">Cultivation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rye&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Cultivation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ivan_Shishkin_-_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B6%D1%8C_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Ivan_Shishkin_-_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B6%D1%8C_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Ivan_Shishkin_-_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B6%D1%8C_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Ivan_Shishkin_-_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B6%D1%8C_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/500px-Ivan_Shishkin_-_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B6%D1%8C_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Ivan_Shishkin_-_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B6%D1%8C_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/960px-Ivan_Shishkin_-_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B6%D1%8C_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2254" /></a><figcaption>1878 oil painting <i><a href="/wiki/Rye_(Shishkin)" title="Rye (Shishkin)">A Rye Field</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Shishkin" title="Ivan Shishkin">Ivan Shishkin</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>Since the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, people have cultivated rye widely in <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>. It serves as the main <a href="/wiki/Bread" title="Bread">bread</a> cereal in most areas east of the <a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Germany_border" title="France–Germany border">France–Germany border</a> and north of <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>. In Southern Europe, it was cultivated on marginal lands.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rye grows well in much poorer soils than those necessary for most cereal grains. Thus, it is an especially valuable crop in regions where the soil has <a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sand</a> or <a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">peat</a>. Rye plants withstand cold better than other small grains, surviving snow cover that would kill winter wheat. Winter rye is the most popular: it is planted and begins to grow in autumn. In spring, the plants develop rapidly.<sup id="cite_ref-Wong-1998_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wong-1998-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This allows it to provide spring grazing, at a time when spring-planted wheat has only just germinated.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The physical properties of rye affect attributes of the final food product such as seed size, surface area, and porosity. The surface area of the seed directly correlates to the drying and heat transfer time.<sup id="cite_ref-Jouki-2012_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jouki-2012-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smaller seeds have increased heat transfer, which leads to lower drying time. Seeds with lower porosity lose water more slowly during the process of drying.<sup id="cite_ref-Jouki-2012_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jouki-2012-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rye is <a href="/wiki/Harvest" title="Harvest">harvested</a> like wheat with a <a href="/wiki/Combine_harvester" title="Combine harvester">combine harvester</a>, which cuts the plants, <a href="/wiki/Threshing" title="Threshing">threshes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Winnowing" title="Winnowing">winnows</a> the grain, and releases the <a href="/wiki/Straw" title="Straw">straw</a> to the field where it is later pressed into bales or left as soil amendment. The resultant grain is stored in local <a href="/wiki/Silo" title="Silo">silos</a> or transported to regional <a href="/wiki/Grain_elevator" title="Grain elevator">grain elevators</a> and combined with other lots for storage and distant shipment. Before the era of <a href="/wiki/Mechanised_agriculture" title="Mechanised agriculture">mechanised agriculture</a>, rye harvesting was a <a href="/wiki/Manual_labour" title="Manual labour">manual</a> task performed with <a href="/wiki/Scythe" title="Scythe">scythes</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sickle" title="Sickle">sickles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jensen-1988_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jensen-1988-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jones-2016_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones-2016-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agroecology">Agroecology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rye&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Agroecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Winter_rye" class="mw-redirect" title="Winter rye">Winter rye</a> is any breed of rye planted in the autumn to provide ground cover for the winter. It grows during warmer days of the winter when sunlight temporarily warms the plant above freezing, even while there is general snow cover. It can be used as a cover crop to prevent the growth of <a href="/wiki/Winter-hardy" class="mw-redirect" title="Winter-hardy">winter-hardy</a> weeds.<sup id="cite_ref-Burgos-2006_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burgos-2006-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rye grows better than any other cereal in heavy <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a> and light sandy soil, and infertile or drought-affected soils. It can tolerate <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> between 4.5 and 8.0, but soils having pH 5.0 to 7.0 are best suited for rye cultivation. Rye grows best in fertile, well-drained <a href="/wiki/Loam" title="Loam">loam</a> or clay-loam soils.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As for temperature, the crop can thrive in subzero environments, assisted by the production of <a href="/wiki/Antifreeze_protein" title="Antifreeze protein">antifreeze polypeptides</a> (different from those produced by some fish and insects) by the leaves of winter rye.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rye is a common, <a href="/wiki/Grass_weed" class="mw-redirect" title="Grass weed">unwanted invader</a> of <a href="/wiki/Winter_wheat" title="Winter wheat">winter wheat</a> fields. If allowed to grow and mature, it may cause substantially reduced prices (docking) for harvested wheat.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pests_and_diseases">Pests and diseases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rye&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Pests and diseases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_rye_diseases" title="List of rye diseases">List of rye diseases</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Claviceps_purpurea_47424140.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Claviceps_purpurea_47424140.jpg/250px-Claviceps_purpurea_47424140.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Claviceps_purpurea_47424140.jpg/330px-Claviceps_purpurea_47424140.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Claviceps_purpurea_47424140.jpg/500px-Claviceps_purpurea_47424140.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption>The poisonous <a href="/wiki/Ergot" title="Ergot">ergot</a> fungus growing on rye</figcaption></figure> <p>Pests including the nematode <i><a href="/wiki/Ditylenchus_dipsaci" title="Ditylenchus dipsaci">Ditylenchus dipsaci</a></i> and a variety of herbivorous insects can seriously affect plant health.<sup id="cite_ref-Matz-1991_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matz-1991-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rye is highly susceptible to the <a href="/wiki/Ergot" title="Ergot">ergot</a> fungus.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consumption of ergot-infected rye by humans and animals results in <a href="/wiki/Ergotism" title="Ergotism">ergotism</a>, which causes convulsions, miscarriage, necrosis of digits, hallucinations and death. Historically, damp northern countries that depended on rye as a staple crop were subject to periodic epidemics.<sup id="cite_ref-Wong-1998_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wong-1998-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern grain-cleaning and milling methods have practically eliminated ergotism, but it remains a risk if food safety vigilance breaks down.<sup id="cite_ref-Belser-Ehrlich-2013_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Belser-Ehrlich-2013-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After an absence of 60 years, <a href="/wiki/Rye_stem_rust" class="mw-redirect" title="Rye stem rust">stem rust</a> (<i>Puccinia graminis</i> f. sp. <i>tritici</i>) has returned to <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> in the 2020s.<sup id="cite_ref-Annika-2022_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Annika-2022-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Areas affected include <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Western_Siberia" title="Western Siberia">Western Siberia</a>), <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Annika-2022_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Annika-2022-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production_and_consumption">Production and consumption</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rye&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Production and consumption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2014_Rye_Countries_Export_Treemap.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/2014_Rye_Countries_Export_Treemap.png/370px-2014_Rye_Countries_Export_Treemap.png" decoding="async" width="370" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/2014_Rye_Countries_Export_Treemap.png/555px-2014_Rye_Countries_Export_Treemap.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/2014_Rye_Countries_Export_Treemap.png/740px-2014_Rye_Countries_Export_Treemap.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="520" /></a><figcaption>Exports by country (2014)<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RyeYield.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/RyeYield.png/370px-RyeYield.png" decoding="async" width="370" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/RyeYield.png/555px-RyeYield.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/RyeYield.png/740px-RyeYield.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Map of global production. Rye is grown mainly across Central and Northern Europe into Russia.</figcaption></figure> <p>Rye is grown primarily in Eastern, Central and Northern Europe. The main rye belt stretches from northern Germany through Poland, Ukraine, and eastwards into central and northern Russia. Rye is also grown in North America, in South America including Argentina, in Oceania (Australia and New Zealand), in Turkey, and in northern China. Production levels of rye have fallen since 1992 in most of the producing nations, as of 2022<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rye&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>; for instance, production of rye in Russia fell from 13.9 metric tons in 1992 to 2.2 metric tons in 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-FAOSTAT_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAOSTAT-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FAOSTATb_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAOSTATb-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right"> <caption>Top rye producers (in metric tons) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Producer </th> <th>2022<sup id="cite_ref-FAOSTATb_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAOSTATb-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>2020<sup id="cite_ref-FAOSTATb_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAOSTATb-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>2018<sup id="cite_ref-FAOSTATb_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAOSTATb-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>2016<sup id="cite_ref-FAOSTATb_31-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAOSTATb-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>2014<sup id="cite_ref-FAOSTATb_31-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAOSTATb-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/40px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/60px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></td> <td>7,450,920</td> <td>8,939,510</td> <td>6,141,040</td> <td>7,400,686</td> <td>8,890,726 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td> <td>3,132,300</td> <td>3,513,400</td> <td>2,201,400</td> <td>3,173,800</td> <td>3,854,400 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></td> <td>2,337,130</td> <td>2,929,930</td> <td>2,126,570</td> <td>2,199,578</td> <td>2,792,593 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/60px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td> <td>2,178,808</td> <td>2,377,629</td> <td>1,916,056</td> <td>2,547,878</td> <td>3,280,759 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/40px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/60px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></td> <td>750,000</td> <td>1,050,702</td> <td>502,505</td> <td>650,908</td> <td>867,075 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></td> <td>691,470</td> <td>699,370</td> <td>476,590</td> <td>577,200</td> <td>677,800 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></td> <td>520,177</td> <td>487,800</td> <td>236,400</td> <td>436,000</td> <td>217,500 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td> <td>500,767</td> <td>512,591</td> <td>504,698</td> <td>545,657</td> <td>520,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></td> <td>314,030</td> <td>456,780</td> <td>393,780</td> <td>391,560</td> <td>478,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/60px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 2x" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="39" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td> <td>312,460</td> <td>292,930</td> <td>214,180</td> <td>290,379</td> <td>182,610 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td> <td>242,207</td> <td>72,450</td> <td>95,366</td> <td>48,563</td> <td>55,899 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></td> <td>225,510</td> <td>221,201</td> <td>86,098</td> <td>60,676</td> <td>52,130 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/40px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/60px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></td> <td>188,880</td> <td>407,620</td> <td>404,280</td> <td>377,355</td> <td>290,970 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><b>World total</b></td> <td><b>13,143,055</b></td> <td><b>15,036,812</b></td> <td><b>10,702,482</b></td> <td><b>12,999,144</b></td> <td><b>15,204,158</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <p>World trade of rye is low compared with other grains such as wheat. The total export of rye for 2016 was $186 million<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> compared with $30.1 billion for wheat.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Poland consumes the most rye per person at 32.4 kg (71 lb) per capita (2009), followed by the Nordic and Baltic countries. The EU in general is around 5.6 kg (12 lb) per capita. The entire world only consumes 0.9 kg (2 lb) per capita.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nutritional_value">Nutritional value</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rye&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Nutritional value"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox nowrap"><caption class="infobox-title" style="white-space:normal; padding-bottom:0.15em;">Rye</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">Energy</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,414 kJ (338 kcal)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">Carbohydrates</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">75.86 g</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">Sugars</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0.98 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">Dietary fiber</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">15.1 g</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">Fat</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">1.63 g</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" title="Protein (nutrient)">Protein</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">10.34 g</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; ;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Vitamins and minerals</div></th> </tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b> <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value"><b>%DV</b></abbr><sup>†</sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Thiamine" title="Thiamine">Thiamine (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">1</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">25%</div> 0.3 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">Riboflavin (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">2</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">23%</div> 0.3 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Niacin_(nutrient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin (nutrient)">Niacin (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">3</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">25%</div> 4 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Pantothenic_acid" title="Pantothenic acid">Pantothenic acid (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">5</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">20%</div> 1 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B6" title="Vitamin B6">Vitamin B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;">6</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">18%</div> 0.3 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate">Folate (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">9</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">10%</div> 38 μg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Choline" title="Choline">Choline</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">5%</div> 30 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E">Vitamin E</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">7%</div> 1 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K" title="Vitamin K">Vitamin K</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">5%</div> 6 μg</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">Minerals</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b> <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value"><b>%DV</b></abbr><sup>†</sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium_in_biology#Humans" title="Calcium in biology">Calcium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">2%</div> 24 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Human_iron_metabolism" title="Human iron metabolism">Iron</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">17%</div> 3 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_in_biology" title="Magnesium in biology">Magnesium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">26%</div> 110 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese#Human_health_and_nutrition" title="Manganese">Manganese</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">130%</div> 3 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus#Biological_role" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">27%</div> 332 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_in_biology" title="Potassium in biology">Potassium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">17%</div> 510 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium_in_biology" title="Sodium in biology">Sodium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 2 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc#Biological_role" title="Zinc">Zinc</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">27%</div> 3 mg</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em">Other constituents</b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;">Water</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">10.6 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;">Selenium</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">14 µg</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr /><div class="wrap" style="padding:0.3em;line-height:1.2em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/168884/nutrients=Full">Link to USDA Database Entry</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below wrap" style="background:#e0e0e0;padding:0.3em;line-height:1.5em;font-weight:normal;font-size:0.9em"><sup>†</sup>Percentages estimated using <a href="/wiki/Reference_Daily_Intake#Daily_Values" title="Reference Daily Intake">US recommendations</a> for adults,<sup id="cite_ref-FDADailyValues_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDADailyValues-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from <a href="/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine" title="National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine">the National Academies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NationalAcademiesPotassium_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NationalAcademiesPotassium-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Raw rye contains 11% water, 76% <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a>, 10% <a href="/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" title="Protein (nutrient)">protein</a>, and 2% <a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">fat</a> (table). A <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>100-gram (<span class="frac">3<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span>-ounce) reference amount of rye provides 1,410 kilojoules (338 kilocalories) of <a href="/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">food energy</a>, and is a rich source (20% or more of the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Value" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Value">Daily Value</a>, DV) of <a href="/wiki/Essential_nutrient" class="mw-redirect" title="Essential nutrient">essential nutrients</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">dietary fiber</a>, <a href="/wiki/B_vitamins" title="B vitamins">B vitamins</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Thiamine" title="Thiamine">thiamine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Niacin_(nutrient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin (nutrient)">niacin</a> (each at 25% DV), and several <a href="/wiki/Dietary_minerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Dietary minerals">dietary minerals</a>. Highest micronutrient contents are for <a href="/wiki/Manganese_in_biology" title="Manganese in biology">manganese</a> (130% DV) and <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_in_biology" class="mw-redirect" title="Phosphorus in biology">phosphorus</a> (27% DV) (table). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health_effects">Health effects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rye&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Health effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Health_Canada" title="Health Canada">Health Canada</a> and the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a>, consuming at least 4 grams (0.14 oz) per day of rye <a href="/wiki/Beta-glucan" title="Beta-glucan">beta-glucan</a> or 0.65 grams (0.023 oz) per serving of <a href="/wiki/Soluble_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Soluble fiber">soluble fiber</a> can lower levels of <a href="/wiki/Blood_cholesterol" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood cholesterol">blood cholesterol</a>, a risk factor for <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiovascular diseases">cardiovascular diseases</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eating whole-grain rye, as well as other high-fibre grains, improves regulation of <a href="/wiki/Blood_sugar" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood sugar">blood sugar</a> (i.e., reduces blood glucose response to a meal).<sup id="cite_ref-Harris-2010_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harris-2010-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consuming <a href="/wiki/Breakfast_cereal" title="Breakfast cereal">breakfast cereals</a> containing rye over weeks to months also improved cholesterol levels and glucose regulation.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health_concerns">Health concerns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rye&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Health concerns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like wheat, barley, and their hybrids and derivatives, rye contains <a href="/wiki/Gluten" title="Gluten">glutens</a> and related prolamines, which makes it an unsuitable grain for consumption by people with <a href="/wiki/Gluten-related_disorders" title="Gluten-related disorders">gluten-related disorders</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Celiac_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Celiac disease">celiac disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Non-celiac_gluten_sensitivity" title="Non-celiac gluten sensitivity">non-celiac gluten sensitivity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wheat_allergy" title="Wheat allergy">wheat allergy</a>, among others.<sup id="cite_ref-Tovoli-2015_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tovoli-2015-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, some wheat allergy patients can tolerate rye or barley.<sup id="cite_ref-Pietzak-2012_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pietzak-2012-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rye&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food_and_drink">Food and drink</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rye&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Food and drink"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rye grain is refined into a <a href="/wiki/Flour" title="Flour">flour</a> high in <a href="/wiki/Gliadin" title="Gliadin">gliadin</a> but low in <a href="/wiki/Glutenin" title="Glutenin">glutenin</a> and rich in soluble fiber. <a href="/wiki/Alkylresorcinol" title="Alkylresorcinol">Alkylresorcinols</a> are phenolic lipids present in high amounts in the bran layer (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Pericarp" class="mw-redirect" title="Pericarp">pericarp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Testa_(botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Testa (botany)">testa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aleurone" title="Aleurone">aleurone</a> layers) of wheat and rye (0.1–0.3% of dry weight).<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rye_bread" title="Rye bread">Rye bread</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Pumpernickel" title="Pumpernickel">pumpernickel</a>, is made using rye flour and is a widely eaten food in Northern and Eastern Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Prättälä-2000_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prättälä-2000-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Scandinavia, rye is widely used to make <a href="/wiki/Crispbread" title="Crispbread">crispbread</a> (<span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">Knäckebröd</i></span>); in the Middle Ages it was a <a href="/wiki/Staple_food" title="Staple food">staple food</a> in the region, and it remains popular in the 21st century.<sup id="cite_ref-DagensNyheter-2016_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DagensNyheter-2016-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rye grain is used to make alcoholic drinks, such as <a href="/wiki/Rye_whiskey" title="Rye whiskey">rye whiskey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rye_beer" title="Rye beer">rye beer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PlantVillage_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PlantVillage-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The traditional cloudy and sweet-sour low-alcohol beverage <a href="/wiki/Kvass" title="Kvass">kvass</a> is fermented from rye bread or rye flour and malt.<sup id="cite_ref-Hornsey-2012_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hornsey-2012-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oval_rye_pumpkin_bread_2024-03-10_08.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rye bread"><img alt="Rye bread" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Oval_rye_pumpkin_bread_2024-03-10_08.jpg/250px-Oval_rye_pumpkin_bread_2024-03-10_08.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Oval_rye_pumpkin_bread_2024-03-10_08.jpg/330px-Oval_rye_pumpkin_bread_2024-03-10_08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Oval_rye_pumpkin_bread_2024-03-10_08.jpg/500px-Oval_rye_pumpkin_bread_2024-03-10_08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8368" data-file-height="5584" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rye bread</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Naturaplan_Bio_Pumpernickel.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Pumpernickel"><img alt="Pumpernickel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Naturaplan_Bio_Pumpernickel.png/200px-Naturaplan_Bio_Pumpernickel.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Naturaplan_Bio_Pumpernickel.png/300px-Naturaplan_Bio_Pumpernickel.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Naturaplan_Bio_Pumpernickel.png/400px-Naturaplan_Bio_Pumpernickel.png 2x" data-file-width="3280" data-file-height="1900" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pumpernickel" title="Pumpernickel">Pumpernickel</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IKEA_kn%C3%A4ckebr%C3%B6d.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Swedish rye crispbread (Knäckebröd)"><img alt="Swedish rye crispbread (Knäckebröd)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/IKEA_kn%C3%A4ckebr%C3%B6d.JPG/200px-IKEA_kn%C3%A4ckebr%C3%B6d.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/IKEA_kn%C3%A4ckebr%C3%B6d.JPG/300px-IKEA_kn%C3%A4ckebr%C3%B6d.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/IKEA_kn%C3%A4ckebr%C3%B6d.JPG/400px-IKEA_kn%C3%A4ckebr%C3%B6d.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Swedish rye <a href="/wiki/Crispbread" title="Crispbread">crispbread</a> (<span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">Knäckebröd</i></span>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sultsina.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Sultsina, a traditional Karelian dish made of unleavened rye dough and a farina filling"><img alt="Sultsina, a traditional Karelian dish made of unleavened rye dough and a farina filling" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Sultsina.png/250px-Sultsina.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Sultsina.png/330px-Sultsina.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Sultsina.png/500px-Sultsina.png 2x" data-file-width="4155" data-file-height="3121" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sultsina" title="Sultsina">Sultsina</a>, a traditional <a href="/wiki/Karelia" title="Karelia">Karelian</a> dish made of unleavened rye dough and a <a href="/wiki/Farina_(food)" title="Farina (food)">farina</a> filling</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Overholt_Rye_Whiskey_bottle_and_tumbler.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rye whiskey"><img alt="Rye whiskey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Old_Overholt_Rye_Whiskey_bottle_and_tumbler.jpg/133px-Old_Overholt_Rye_Whiskey_bottle_and_tumbler.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Old_Overholt_Rye_Whiskey_bottle_and_tumbler.jpg/200px-Old_Overholt_Rye_Whiskey_bottle_and_tumbler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Old_Overholt_Rye_Whiskey_bottle_and_tumbler.jpg/267px-Old_Overholt_Rye_Whiskey_bottle_and_tumbler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2222" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rye whiskey</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Terrapin_Brewing_Co._Rye_Squared_Imperial_Pale_Ale.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rye beer"><img alt="Rye beer" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Terrapin_Brewing_Co._Rye_Squared_Imperial_Pale_Ale.jpg/250px-Terrapin_Brewing_Co._Rye_Squared_Imperial_Pale_Ale.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Terrapin_Brewing_Co._Rye_Squared_Imperial_Pale_Ale.jpg/330px-Terrapin_Brewing_Co._Rye_Squared_Imperial_Pale_Ale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rye beer</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rye&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Other uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rye is a useful <a href="/wiki/Forage" title="Forage">forage</a> crop in cool climates; it grows vigorously and provides plentiful <a href="/wiki/Fodder" title="Fodder">fodder</a> for grazing animals, or <a href="/wiki/Green_manure" title="Green manure">green manure</a> to improve the soil.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It forms a good <a href="/wiki/Cover_crop" title="Cover crop">cover crop</a> in winter with its rapid growth and deep roots.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rye straw is used as <a href="/wiki/Bedding_(animals)" title="Bedding (animals)">livestock bedding</a>, despite the risk of ergot poisoning.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is used on a small scale to make <a href="/wiki/Craft" title="Craft">crafts</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Corn_dolly" title="Corn dolly">corn dollies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recently it has found uses as a raw material for bioconversion to products such as the sweetener <a href="/wiki/Xylitol" title="Xylitol">xylitol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Vallejos-2017_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vallejos-2017-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rye flour is boiled with <a href="/wiki/Iron_oxide_red" title="Iron oxide red">red iron oxide</a> pigments and some additives to make traditional <a href="/wiki/Falun_red" class="mw-redirect" title="Falun red">Falun red</a> paint, widely used as a house paint in Sweden and other Scandinavian countries.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Production_of_hybrids">Production of hybrids</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rye&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Production of hybrids"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wheat,_rye,_triticale_montage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Wheat%2C_rye%2C_triticale_montage.jpg/220px-Wheat%2C_rye%2C_triticale_montage.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Wheat%2C_rye%2C_triticale_montage.jpg/330px-Wheat%2C_rye%2C_triticale_montage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Wheat%2C_rye%2C_triticale_montage.jpg/440px-Wheat%2C_rye%2C_triticale_montage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="564" data-file-height="253" /></a><figcaption>Grains of <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a>, rye, and their hybrid, <a href="/wiki/Triticale" title="Triticale">triticale</a>. Triticale is significantly larger than wheat.</figcaption></figure> <p>Plant breeders, starting in the 19th century in Germany and Scotland,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but mainly from the 1950s, worked to develop a hybrid cereal with the best qualities of wheat and rye, now called <a href="/wiki/Triticale" title="Triticale">triticale</a>. Modern triticales are <a href="/wiki/Hexaploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexaploid">hexaploid</a> with six sets of chromosomes; they are used to produce millions of tons of cereal annually.<sup id="cite_ref-Faccini-2023_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faccini-2023-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_rye" class="mw-redirect" title="Varieties of rye">Varieties of rye</a> hold much genetic diversity,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rabanus-Wallace-2021_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rabanus-Wallace-2021-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which can be used to improve other crops such as wheat. For example, the pollination abilities of wheat can be improved by the addition of the rye chromosome 4R; this increases the size of the wheat <a href="/wiki/Anther" class="mw-redirect" title="Anther">anther</a> and the amount of pollen.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="1R"></span><span class="vanchor-text">1R</span></span> chromosome is the source of many <a href="/wiki/Crop_disease_resistance_gene" class="mw-redirect" title="Crop disease resistance gene">crop disease resistance genes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Herrera-2017_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herrera-2017-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Varieties such as Petkus, Insave, Amigo, and Imperial have donated 1R-originating resistance to wheat.<sup id="cite_ref-Herrera-2017_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herrera-2017-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/AC_Hazlet_rye" title="AC Hazlet rye">AC Hazlet rye</a> is a medium-sized winter rye with resistance to both <a href="/wiki/Lodging_(agriculture)" title="Lodging (agriculture)">lodging</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shattering_(agriculture)" title="Shattering (agriculture)">shattering</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rye was the <a href="/wiki/Gene_donor" class="mw-redirect" title="Gene donor">gene donor</a> of <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sr31_(gene)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sr31 (gene) (page does not exist)">Sr31</a></i> – a <a href="/wiki/Stem_rust_resistance_gene" class="mw-redirect" title="Stem rust resistance gene">stem rust resistance gene</a> – introgressed into wheat.<sup id="cite_ref-Ellis-2014_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ellis-2014-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The characteristics of <i>S. cereale</i> have been combined with another perennial rye, <i><a href="/wiki/Secale_montanum" title="Secale montanum">S. montanum</a></i>, to produce <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secale_cereanum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secale cereanum (page does not exist)">S. cereanum</a></i>, which has the beneficial characteristics of each. The hybrid rye can be grown in harsh environments and on poor soil. It provides improved forage with digestible fiber and protein.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_human_culture">In human culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rye&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: In human culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Feldgeister" title="Feldgeister">Feldgeister</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roggenwolf_and_Rye_Sheaves_in_coat_of_arms.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Roggenwolf_and_Rye_Sheaves_in_coat_of_arms.jpg/250px-Roggenwolf_and_Rye_Sheaves_in_coat_of_arms.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Roggenwolf_and_Rye_Sheaves_in_coat_of_arms.jpg/330px-Roggenwolf_and_Rye_Sheaves_in_coat_of_arms.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Roggenwolf_and_Rye_Sheaves_in_coat_of_arms.jpg/340px-Roggenwolf_and_Rye_Sheaves_in_coat_of_arms.jpg 2x" data-file-width="427" data-file-height="442" /></a><figcaption>A <i>Roggenwolf</i>, a carnivorous spirit of the rye fields, with sheaves of harvested rye, on the coat of arms of the Bartensleben family </figcaption></figure> <p>In European folklore, the <i>Roggenwolf</i> ("rye wolf") is a carnivorous corn demon or <i><a href="/wiki/Feldgeister" title="Feldgeister">Feldgeist</a></i>, a field spirit shaped like a <a href="/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf">wolf</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Golther-2011_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Golther-2011-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Roggenwolf</i> steals children and feeds on them.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last grain heads are often left at their place as a sacrifice for the agricultural spirits.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contrast, the <i>Roggenmuhme</i> or <i>Roggenmutter</i> ("rye aunt" or "rye mother") is an anthropomorphic female corn demon with fiery fingers. Her bosoms are filled with tar and may end in tips of iron. Her bosoms are also long, and as such must be thrown over her shoulders when she runs. The <i>Roggenmuhme</i> is completely black or white, and in her hand she has a birch or whip from which lightning sparks. She can change herself into different animals, such as snakes, turtles, and frogs.<sup id="cite_ref-Mannhardt-2014_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mannhardt-2014-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The classical scholar <a href="/wiki/Carl_A._P._Ruck" title="Carl A. P. Ruck">Carl A. P. Ruck</a> writes that the <i>Roggenmutter</i> was believed to go through the fields, rustling like the wind, with a pack of rye wolves running after her. They spread ergot through the sheaves of harvested rye. According to Ruck, they then lured children into the fields to nurse on the infected grains "like the iron teats of the <i>Roggenmutter</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-Ruck-2019_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruck-2019-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The enlarged reddish ergot-infected grains were known as <i>Wulfzähne</i> (wolf teeth).<sup id="cite_ref-Ruck-2019_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruck-2019-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rye&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Soreng-2017-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Soreng-2017_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSorengPetersonRomaschenkoDavidse2017" class="citation journal cs1">Soreng, Robert J.; Peterson, Paul M.; Romaschenko, Konstantin; et al. (2017). "A worldwide phylogenetic classification of the Poaceae (Gramineae) II: An update and a comparison of two 2015 classifications". <i>Journal of Systematics and Evolution</i>. <b>55</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">259–</span>290. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjse.12262">10.1111/jse.12262</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10261%2F240149">10261/240149</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1674-4918">1674-4918</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Systematics+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=A+worldwide+phylogenetic+classification+of+the+Poaceae+%28Gramineae%29+II%3A+An+update+and+a+comparison+of+two+2015+classifications&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E259-%3C%2Fspan%3E290&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10261%2F240149&rft.issn=1674-4918&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fjse.12262&rft.aulast=Soreng&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rft.au=Peterson%2C+Paul+M.&rft.au=Romaschenko%2C+Konstantin&rft.au=Davidse%2C+Gerrit&rft.au=Teisher%2C+Jordan+K.&rft.au=Clark%2C+Lynn+G.&rft.au=Barber%C3%A1%2C+Patricia&rft.au=Gillespie%2C+Lynn+J.&rft.au=Zuloaga%2C+Fernando+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARye" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWaldeHofmann1954" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Walde, Alois; Hofmann, Johann Baptist (1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/walde/page/n1411/mode/2up?view=theater">"secale"</a>. <i>Lateinisches etymologisches Wörterbuch</i> [<i>Latin Etymology Dictionary</i>] (in German). Vol. 2 (3rd ed.). Heidelberg: Carl Winter. p. 504.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=secale&rft.btitle=Lateinisches+etymologisches+W%C3%B6rterbuch&rft.place=Heidelberg&rft.pages=504&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Carl+Winter&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Walde&rft.aufirst=Alois&rft.au=Hofmann%2C+Johann+Baptist&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwalde%2Fpage%2Fn1411%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARye" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/rye">"rye (n.)"</a>. Online Etymology Dictionary<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 4,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=rye+%28n.%29&rft.pub=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2Frye&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARye" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hillman-2001-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hillman-2001_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHillmanHedgesMooreColledge2001" class="citation journal cs1">Hillman, Gordon; Hedges, Robert; Moore, Andrew; Colledge, Susan; Pettitt, Paul (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/200033056">"New evidence of Lateglacial cereal cultivation at Abu Hureyra on the Euphrates"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Holocene" title="The Holocene">The Holocene</a></i>. <b>11</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">383–</span>393. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001Holoc..11..383H">2001Holoc..11..383H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1191%2F095968301678302823">10.1191/095968301678302823</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:84930632">84930632</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211120221734/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/200033056_New_evidence_of_Late_Glacial_cereal_cultivation_at_Abu_Hureyra_on_the_Euphrates">Archived</a> from the original on November 20, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 12,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Holocene&rft.atitle=New+evidence+of+Lateglacial+cereal+cultivation+at+Abu+Hureyra+on+the+Euphrates&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E383-%3C%2Fspan%3E393&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A84930632%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1191%2F095968301678302823&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001Holoc..11..383H&rft.aulast=Hillman&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft.au=Hedges%2C+Robert&rft.au=Moore%2C+Andrew&rft.au=Colledge%2C+Susan&rft.au=Pettitt%2C+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F200033056&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARye" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Colledge-2010-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Colledge-2010_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFColledgeConolly2010" class="citation journal cs1">Colledge, Sue; Conolly, James (2010). "Reassessing the evidence for the cultivation of wild crops during the Younger Dryas at Tell Abu Hureyra, Syria". <i><a href="/wiki/Environmental_Archaeology" title="Environmental Archaeology">Environmental Archaeology</a></i>. <b>15</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">124–</span>138. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010EnvAr..15..124C">2010EnvAr..15..124C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2F146141010X12640787648504">10.1179/146141010X12640787648504</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129087203">129087203</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Reassessing+the+evidence+for+the+cultivation+of+wild+crops+during+the+Younger+Dryas+at+Tell+Abu+Hureyra%2C+Syria&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E124-%3C%2Fspan%3E138&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A129087203%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1179%2F146141010X12640787648504&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010EnvAr..15..124C&rft.aulast=Colledge&rft.aufirst=Sue&rft.au=Conolly%2C+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARye" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hillman-1978-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hillman-1978_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHillman1978" class="citation journal cs1">Hillman, Gordon (1978). 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Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954906-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954906-1"><bdi>978-0-19-954906-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 5,</span> 2016</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Domestication+of+Plants+in+the+Old+World%3A+The+Origin+and+Spread+of+Domesticated+Plants+in+Southwest+Asia%2C+Europe%2C+and+the+Mediterranean+Basin&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-954906-1&rft.aulast=Zohary&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=Hopf%2C+Maria&rft.au=Weiss%2C+Ehud&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1hHSYoqY-AwC%26pg%3DPA62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARye" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McElroy-2014-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McElroy-2014_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcElroy2014" class="citation journal cs1">McElroy, J. Scott (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1614%2Fws-d-13-00122.1">"Vavilovian Mimicry: Nikolai Vavilov and His Little-Known Impact on Weed Science"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Weed_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Weed Science">Weed Science</a></i>. <b>62</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">207–</span>216. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1614%2Fws-d-13-00122.1">10.1614/ws-d-13-00122.1</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:86549764">86549764</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Weed+Science&rft.atitle=Vavilovian+Mimicry%3A+Nikolai+Vavilov+and+His+Little-Known+Impact+on+Weed+Science&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E207-%3C%2Fspan%3E216&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1614%2Fws-d-13-00122.1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A86549764%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=McElroy&rft.aufirst=J.+Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1614%252Fws-d-13-00122.1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARye" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gyulai-2014-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gyulai-2014_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGyulai2014" class="citation journal cs1">Gyulai, Ferenc (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docplayer.net/3685335-Archaeobotanical-overview-of-rye-secale-cereale-l-in-the-carpathian-basin-i-from-the-beginning-until-the-roman-age.html">"Archaeobotanical overview of rye (<i>Secale Cereale</i> L.) in the Carpathian-basin I. from the beginning until the Roman age"</a>. <i>Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Science</i>. <b>1</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">25–</span>35. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191231225120/http://docplayer.net/3685335-Archaeobotanical-overview-of-rye-secale-cereale-l-in-the-carpathian-basin-i-from-the-beginning-until-the-roman-age.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 31, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 14,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Agricultural+and+Environmental+Science&rft.atitle=Archaeobotanical+overview+of+rye+%28Secale+Cereale+L.%29+in+the+Carpathian-basin+I.+from+the+beginning+until+the+Roman+age&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E25-%3C%2Fspan%3E35&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Gyulai&rft.aufirst=Ferenc&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdocplayer.net%2F3685335-Archaeobotanical-overview-of-rye-secale-cereale-l-in-the-carpathian-basin-i-from-the-beginning-until-the-roman-age.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARye" class="Z3988"></span> page 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Evans-1981-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Evans-1981_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEvansPeacock1981" class="citation book cs1">Evans, L. T.; Peacock, W. J. (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HEQ9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA11"><i>Wheat Science: Today and Tomorrow</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-23793-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-23793-2"><bdi>978-0-521-23793-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200526010205/https://books.google.com/books?id=HEQ9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA11">Archived</a> from the original on May 26, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 15,</span> 2015</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wheat+Science%3A+Today+and+Tomorrow&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-521-23793-2&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=L.+T.&rft.au=Peacock%2C+W.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHEQ9AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARye" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPliny_the_Elder1855" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> (1855) [c. 77–79]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D18%3Achapter%3D40"><i>The Natural History</i></a>. Translated by Bostock, John; Riley, H. T. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/Taylor_and_Francis" class="mw-redirect" title="Taylor and Francis">Taylor and Francis</a> (T&F). Book 18, Ch. 40. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170106201723/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D18%3Achapter%3D40">Archived</a> from the original on January 6, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 12,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Botany+135+Syllabus&rft.atitle=Ergot+of+Rye%3A+History&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Wong&rft.aufirst=George+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.botany.hawaii.edu%2Ffaculty%2Fwong%2FBOT135%2FLECT12.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARye" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fas.scot/article/growing-winter-rye-in-scotland/">"Growing Winter Rye in Scotland"</a>. Farm Advisory Service Scotland. May 10, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v8OSv8QQQgoC&pg=PA47"><i>Loosening the Bonds: Mid-Atlantic Farm Women, 1750–1850</i></a>. New Haven: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a> (YUP). p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-04265-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-04265-8"><bdi>978-0-300-04265-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 25,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Swedish+Red+Paint+%E2%80%93+Falu+R%C3%B6d&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.colouredearthpigments.co.uk%2Fguides%2Fswedish-red-paint-falu-rod%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARye" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.korjaustaito.fi/fi/korjauskortit/keittomaali">"Keittomaali"</a>. <i>www.korjaustaito.fi</i> (in Finnish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 24,</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.korjaustaito.fi&rft.atitle=Keittomaali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.korjaustaito.fi%2Ffi%2Fkorjauskortit%2Fkeittomaali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARye" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dhcrop.bsmrau.net/triticale-2/">"Triticale"</a>. Digital Herbarium of Crop Plants Establishment of Digital Herbarium and Herbal museum for Crop plant by Department of Crop Botany, BSMRAU<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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SeCAN. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.secan.com/en/data/files/_workspace/secan_searchvalues/R016/AC%20Hazlet%20July%202007%20Gene.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on March 4, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"The role of perennial rye (<i>Secale cereale</i> × <i>S. montanum</i>) in sustainable agriculture". <i>Cereal Research Communications</i>. <b>35</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">1073–</span>1075. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1556%2FCRC.35.2007.2.227">10.1556/CRC.35.2007.2.227</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cereal+Research+Communications&rft.atitle=The+role+of+perennial+rye+%28Secale+cereale+%C3%97+S.+montanum%29+in+sustainable+agriculture&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1073-%3C%2Fspan%3E1075&rft.date=2007-04-25&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1556%2FCRC.35.2007.2.227&rft.aulast=Sipos&rft.aufirst=Tam%C3%A1s&rft.au=Hal%C3%A1sz%2C+Erika&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARye" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Golther-2011-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Golther-2011_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGolther2011" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Golther, Wolfgang (2011). <i>Germanische Mythologie: Vollständige Ausgabe</i> [<i>Germanic Mythology</i>] (in German) (Complete ed.). Wiesbaden: Marix-Verlag. p. 200. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-937715-38-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-937715-38-4"><bdi>978-3-937715-38-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germanische+Mythologie%3A+Vollst%C3%A4ndige+Ausgabe&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pages=200&rft.edition=Complete&rft.pub=Marix-Verlag&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-3-937715-38-4&rft.aulast=Golther&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARye" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMannhardt2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Mannhardt" title="Wilhelm Mannhardt">Mannhardt, Wilhelm</a> (2005). <i>Wald- und Feldkulte: Band II</i> [<i>Forest and Field Cults: Volume II</i>] (in German). Elibron Classics. p. 319. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4212-4778-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-4212-4778-X"><bdi>1-4212-4778-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wald-+und+Feldkulte%3A+Band+II&rft.pages=319&rft.pub=Elibron+Classics&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-4212-4778-X&rft.aulast=Mannhardt&rft.aufirst=Wilhelm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARye" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDahnDahn2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Felix_Dahn" title="Felix Dahn">Dahn, Felix</a>; Dahn, Therese (2010). <i>Germanische Götter- und Heldensagen</i> [<i>Germanic God- and Hero-tales</i>] (in German). <a href="/wiki/Wiesbaden" title="Wiesbaden">Wiesbaden</a>: Marix-Verlag. p. 171. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-937715-39-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-937715-39-1"><bdi>978-3-937715-39-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germanische+G%C3%B6tter-+und+Heldensagen&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pages=171&rft.pub=Marix-Verlag&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3-937715-39-1&rft.aulast=Dahn&rft.aufirst=Felix&rft.au=Dahn%2C+Therese&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARye" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mannhardt-2014-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mannhardt-2014_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMannhardt2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Mannhardt" title="Wilhelm Mannhardt">Mannhardt, Wilhelm</a> (2014). <i>Die Korndämonen: Beitrag zur germanischen Sittenkunde</i> [<i>The Corn Spirits: Contribution to Germanic Moral Studies</i>] (in German). <a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a>: Bremen University Press. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-95562-798-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-95562-798-0"><bdi>978-3-95562-798-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Kornd%C3%A4monen%3A+Beitrag+zur+germanischen+Sittenkunde&rft.place=Bremen&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Bremen+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-3-95562-798-0&rft.aulast=Mannhardt&rft.aufirst=Wilhelm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARye" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ruck-2019-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ruck-2019_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ruck-2019_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRuck2019" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carl_A._P._Ruck" title="Carl A. P. Ruck">Ruck, Carl</a> (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://open.bu.edu/bitstream/handle/2144/42390/Ruck-Haoma-Greek-Mystery-SexuS-Winter-2019-V-4-No-11%20%281%29.pdf?sequence=1">"Persia, Haoma and the Greek Mysteries"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Sexus Journal</i>. <b>4</b> (11): <span class="nowrap">991–</span>1034.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sexus+Journal&rft.atitle=Persia%2C+Haoma+and+the+Greek+Mysteries&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E991-%3C%2Fspan%3E1034&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Ruck&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopen.bu.edu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F2144%2F42390%2FRuck-Haoma-Greek-Mystery-SexuS-Winter-2019-V-4-No-11%2520%25281%2529.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARye" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rye&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Secale.html">" Multilingual taxonomic information"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Melbourne" title="University of Melbourne">University of Melbourne</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=+Multilingual+taxonomic+information&rft.pub=University+of+Melbourne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au%2FSorting%2FSecale.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARye" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div 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style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal">Cereals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">Barley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fonio" title="Fonio">Fonio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job%27s_tears" title="Job's tears">Job's tears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">Maize (Corn)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millet" title="Millet">Millets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oat" title="Oat">Oats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">Rice</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">Sorghum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teff" title="Teff">Teff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triticale" title="Triticale">Triticale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_rice" title="Wild rice">Wild rice</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Wheat_(Triticum)96" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">Wheat <span class="nobold">(Triticum)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_wheat" title="Common wheat">Bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durum_wheat" title="Durum wheat">Durum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorasan_wheat" title="Khorasan wheat">Khorasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Fife_wheat" title="Red Fife wheat">Red Fife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norin_10_wheat" title="Norin 10 wheat">Norin 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_wheat" title="Winter wheat">Winter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Farro" title="Farro">Farro</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Einkorn" title="Einkorn">Einkorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmer" title="Emmer">Emmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spelt" title="Spelt">Spelt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pseudocereal" title="Pseudocereal">Pseudocereals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polygonaceae" title="Polygonaceae">Polygonaceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buckwheat" title="Buckwheat">Buckwheat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fagopyrum_tataricum" title="Fagopyrum tataricum">Tartary buckwheat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amaranthaceae" title="Amaranthaceae">Amaranthaceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Amaranth12" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amaranth" title="Amaranth">Amaranth</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amaranthus_caudatus" title="Amaranthus caudatus">A. caudatus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amaranthus_cruentus" title="Amaranthus cruentus">A. cruentus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amaranthus_hypochondriacus" title="Amaranthus hypochondriacus">A. hypochondriacus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Celosia" title="Celosia">Celosia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinoa" title="Quinoa">Quinoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenopodium_berlandieri" title="Chenopodium berlandieri">Pitseed goosefoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenopodium_pallidicaule" title="Chenopodium pallidicaule">Cañihua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenopodium_formosanum" title="Chenopodium formosanum">Djulis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lamiaceae" title="Lamiaceae">Lamiaceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvia_hispanica" title="Salvia hispanica">Chia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Emerging grain crops</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canary_grass" title="Canary grass">Canary grass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinn" class="mw-redirect" title="Drinn">Drinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_ricegrass" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian ricegrass">Indian ricegrass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_wheatgrass" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermediate wheatgrass">Intermediate wheatgrass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangaroo_grass" class="mw-redirect" title="Kangaroo grass">Kangaroo grass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipa_grass" class="mw-redirect" title="Nipa grass">Nipa grass</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oryza_coarctata" title="Oryza coarctata">Oryza coarctata</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Triticeae" title="Triticeae">Triticeae</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Founder_crops" title="Founder crops">Founder crops</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">History of agriculture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Natufian_culture" title="Natufian culture">Natufian culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tell_Abu_Hureyra" title="Tell Abu Hureyra">Tell Abu Hureyra</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tell_Aswad" title="Tell Aswad">Tell Aswad</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">Domestication</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution" title="Green Revolution">Green Revolution</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">Genetic engineering</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Selective_breeding" title="Selective breeding">Selective breeding</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Crop_wild_relative" title="Crop wild relative">Crop wild relative</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lists_of_countries_by_agricultural_output_rankings528" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Agriculture_country_lists" title="Template:Agriculture country lists"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Agriculture_country_lists" title="Template talk:Agriculture country lists"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Agriculture_country_lists" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Agriculture country lists"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lists_of_countries_by_agricultural_output_rankings528" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories" title="Lists of sovereign states and dependent territories">Lists of countries</a> by <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_producing_countries_of_agricultural_commodities" title="List of largest producing countries of agricultural commodities">agricultural output</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_international_rankings" title="List of international rankings">rankings</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_cereal_production" title="List of countries by cereal production">Cereals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_barley_production" title="List of countries by barley production">Barley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckwheat#Production" title="Buckwheat">Buckwheat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_corn_production_statistics" class="mw-redirect" title="International corn production statistics">Corn/Maize</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_maize_exports" title="List of countries by maize exports">exports</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millet#Production" title="Millet">Millet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oat#Production_and_trade" title="Oat">Oat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_rice_production" title="List of countries by rice production">Rice</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_rice_exports" title="List of countries by rice exports">exports</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Production_and_consumption">Rye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_sorghum#Cultivation_and_uses" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial sorghum">Sorghum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triticale#Conventional_breeding_approaches" title="Triticale">Triticale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_wheat_production_statistics" class="mw-redirect" title="International wheat production statistics">Wheat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_wheat_exports" title="List of countries by wheat exports">exports</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_fruit_production" title="List of countries by fruit production">Fruit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_apple_production" title="List of countries by apple production">Apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_apricot_production" title="List of countries by apricot production">Apricot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_avocado_production" title="List of countries by avocado production">Avocado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana#Production_and_export" title="Banana">Banana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_cherry_production" title="List of countries by cherry production">Cherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrus_production" title="Citrus production">Citrus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orange_(fruit)#Production" title="Orange (fruit)">Orange</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_coconut_production" title="List of countries by coconut production">Coconut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_cucumber_production" title="List of countries by cucumber production">Cucumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_eggplant_production" title="List of countries by eggplant production">Eggplant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_grape_production" title="List of countries by grape production">Grape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemon#Production" title="Lemon">Lemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lime_(fruit)#Production" title="Lime (fruit)">Lime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mango#Cultivation" title="Mango">Mango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_papaya_production" title="List of countries by papaya production">Papaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pear_production_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Pear production by country">Pear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_pineapple_production" title="List of countries by pineapple production">Pineapple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_plum_production" title="List of countries by plum production">Plum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raspberry#Production" title="Raspberry">Raspberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_tomato_production" title="List of countries by tomato production">Tomato</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_vegetable_production" title="List of countries by vegetable production">Vegetables</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_artichoke_production" title="List of countries by artichoke production">Artichoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrot#Production" title="Carrot">Carrot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_garlic_production" title="List of countries by garlic production">Garlic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_onion_production" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by onion production">Onion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_potato_production" title="List of countries by potato production">Potato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapeseed#Production" title="Rapeseed">Rapeseed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_soybean_production" title="List of countries by soybean production">Soybean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrot#Production" title="Carrot">Turnip</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theobroma_cacao#Cultivation" title="Theobroma cacao">Cacao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassava" title="Cassava">Cassava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_coffee_production" title="List of countries by coffee production">Coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton#Leading_producer_countries" title="Cotton">Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_by_country" title="Fishing industry by country">Fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_meat_production" title="List of countries by meat production">Meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_milk_production" title="List of countries by milk production">Milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_oil#Production" title="Palm oil">Palm oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_beet#Production_statistics" title="Sugar beet">Sugar beet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugarcane#Production" title="Sugarcane">Sugar cane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunflower_seed#Cultivation" title="Sunflower seed">Sunflower seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea#Production" title="Tea">Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_industry#Production_by_country_or_region" title="Tobacco industry">Tobacco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wine-producing_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of wine-producing countries">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_irrigated_land_area" title="List of countries by irrigated land area">Irrigated land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_use_statistics_by_country" title="Land use statistics by country">Land use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_organic_farmland" title="List of countries by organic farmland">Organic farmland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:center"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_rankings" title="List of international rankings">List of international rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_by_country" title="Lists by country">Lists by country</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers7152" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers7152" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Secale cereale</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12099" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q12099">Q12099</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Secale_cereale" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Secale cereale">Secale cereale</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">AoFP: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://florida.plantatlas.usf.edu/Plant.aspx?id=1730">1730</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">APA: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://floraofalabama.org/Plant.aspx?id=5023">5023</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">APDB: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/51920">51920</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Plant_Name_Index" title="Australian Plant Name Index">APNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/61526">61526</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">BioLib: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id42535">42535</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bench.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=121090">121090</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Calflora: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=7439">7439</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/4W83N">4W83N</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ecocrop" title="Ecocrop">Ecocrop</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecocrop.review.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropView?id=1929">1929</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/State_Herbarium_of_South_Australia" title="State Herbarium of South Australia">eFloraSA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flora.sa.gov.au/cgi-bin/speciesfacts_display.cgi?form=speciesfacts&name=Secale_cereale">Secale_cereale</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/1115159">1115159</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/SECCE">SECCE</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/European_Nature_Information_System" class="mw-redirect" title="European Nature Information System">EUNIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eunis.eea.europa.eu/species/192376">192376</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/FloraBase" title="FloraBase">FloraBase</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/603">603</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Australia" title="Flora of Australia">FoAO2</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Secale%20cereale">Secale cereale</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_China_(series)" title="Flora of China (series)">FoC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200026257">200026257</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">FoIO: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://flora.org.il/en/plants/SECCER">SECCER</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/2705966">2705966</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/GrassBase" title="GrassBase">GrassBase</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kew.org/data/grasses-db/www/imp09295">imp09295</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=317600">317600</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/79021">79021</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">IPA: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.invasiveplantatlas.org/subject.html?sub=6393">6393</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/421164-1">421164-1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10202637">10202637</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=42090">42090</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">MichiganFlora: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=2216">2216</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/NatureServe" title="NatureServe">NatureServe</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.131894/">2.131894</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://species.nbnatlas.org/species/NBNSYS0000014824">NBNSYS0000014824</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=4550">4550</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/6be45e8d-3526-4a82-8d9d-744ab27696c1">6be45e8d-3526-4a82-8d9d-744ab27696c1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Plant_Conservation_Network" title="New Zealand Plant Conservation Network">NZPCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://nzpcn.org.nz/flora_details.aspx?ID=2667">2667</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Observation.org" title="Observation.org">Observation.org</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observation.org/species/7434/">7434</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=553015">553015</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">PalDat: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.paldat.org/pub/Secale_cereale">Secale_cereale</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/The_Plant_List" title="The Plant List">Plant List</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-441740">kew-441740</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service#Plants" title="Natural Resources Conservation Service">PLANTS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plant-profile/SECE">SECE</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A421164-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:421164-1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tropicos.org/name/25509953">25509953</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">VASCAN: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.canadensys.net/vascan/taxon/7947">7947</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Herbarium_of_Victoria" title="National Herbarium of Victoria">VicFlora</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/taxon/3af816eb-eda1-4161-ab00-c9d7c8e1f434">3af816eb-eda1-4161-ab00-c9d7c8e1f434</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">WisFlora: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wisflora.herbarium.wisc.edu/taxa/index.php?taxon=5018">5018</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">WFO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000898524">wfo-0000898524</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output 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