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[r]" accesskey="r"><span>Siste endringer</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-prosjekt" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-prosjekt" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Prosjekt </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-Prosjektportal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Portal"><span>Prosjektportal</span></a></li><li id="n-bidra" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bidra_til_Wikipedia"><span>Hvordan bidra?</span></a></li><li id="n-tinget" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tinget"><span>Tinget</span></a></li><li id="n-torget" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Torget"><span>Torget</span></a></li><li id="n-konkurranser" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Konkurranser"><span>Konkurranser</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Wikipedia" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Wikipedia" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Wikipedia </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-kontakt" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kontakt"><span>Kontakt Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-wmno" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikimedia.no" rel="nofollow" title="Medlemsorganisasjon for wikipedianere"><span>Wikimedia Norge</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Forside" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-no.svg" width="121" height="14" style="width: 7.5625em; height: 0.875em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Spesial:S%C3%B8k" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Søk i Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Søk</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Søk i Wikipedia" aria-label="Søk i Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Søk i Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Spesial:Søk"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Søk</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personlig"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Utseende"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Endre skriftstørrelse, bredde og farge på siden." > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Utseende" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Utseende</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_no.wikipedia.org&uselang=nb" class=""><span>Doner</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:Opprett_konto&returnto=Sement" title="Du oppfordres til å opprette en konto og logge inn, men det er ikke obligatorisk" class=""><span>Opprett konto</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:Logg_inn&returnto=Sement" title="Du oppfordres til å logge inn, men det er ikke obligatorisk [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Logg inn</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out user-links-collapsible-item" title="Flere alternativer" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personlig" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personlig</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Brukermeny" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_no.wikipedia.org&uselang=nb"><span>Doner</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:Opprett_konto&returnto=Sement" title="Du oppfordres til å opprette en konto og logge inn, men det er ikke obligatorisk"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Opprett konto</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:Logg_inn&returnto=Sement" title="Du oppfordres til å logge inn, men det er ikke obligatorisk [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Logg inn</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Nettsted"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Innhold" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Innhold</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">flytt til sidefeltet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">skjul</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Til toppen)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Produksjon_(Portlandsement)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Produksjon_(Portlandsement)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Produksjon (Portlandsement)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Produksjon_(Portlandsement)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Vis/skjul underseksjonen Produksjon (Portlandsement)</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Produksjon_(Portlandsement)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Råvarefremstilling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Råvarefremstilling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Råvarefremstilling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Råvarefremstilling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Klinkerproduksjon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Klinkerproduksjon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Klinkerproduksjon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Klinkerproduksjon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sementmølle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sementmølle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Sementmølle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sementmølle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historikk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historikk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Historikk</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historikk-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Vis/skjul underseksjonen Historikk</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historikk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tidlige_sementer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tidlige_sementer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Tidlige sementer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tidlige_sementer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Moderne_sementer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moderne_sementer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Moderne sementer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moderne_sementer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sementproduksjon_i_Norge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sementproduksjon_i_Norge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Sementproduksjon i Norge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sementproduksjon_i_Norge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Utslipp_av_karbondioksid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Utslipp_av_karbondioksid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Utslipp av karbondioksid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Utslipp_av_karbondioksid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Annen_bruk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Annen_bruk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Annen bruk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Annen_bruk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referanser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referanser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Referanser</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referanser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eksterne_lenker" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eksterne_lenker"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Eksterne lenker</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eksterne_lenker-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innhold" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Vis/skjul innholdsfortegnelsen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Vis/skjul innholdsfortegnelsen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sement</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå til en artikkel på et annet språk. Tilgjengelig på 104 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-104" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">104 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sement" title="Sement – norsk nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sement" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norsk nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cement" title="Cement – dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Cement" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cement" title="Cement – svensk" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Cement" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sement" title="Sement – islandsk" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sement" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sement" title="Sement – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sement" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zement" title="Zement – sveitsertysk" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Zement" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="sveitsertysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B2%E1%88%9A%E1%8A%95%E1%89%B6" title="ሲሚንቶ – amharisk" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሲሚንቶ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AA" title="أسمنت – arabisk" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أسمنت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cimento" title="Cimento – aragonsk" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Cimento" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cementu" title="Cementu – asturisk" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cementu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sement" title="Sement – aserbajdsjansk" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sement" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="aserbajdsjansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F" title="সিমেন্ট – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সিমেন্ট" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%82ng-mn%CC%82g-th%C3%B4%CD%98" title="Âng-mn̂g-thô͘ – minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Âng-mn̂g-thô͘" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Цемент – basjkirsk" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Цемент" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="basjkirsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Цэмент – belarusisk" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Цэмент" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Цэмэнт – belarusisk (klassisk ortografi)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Цэмэнт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="belarusisk (klassisk ortografi)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semento" title="Semento – sentralbikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Semento" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="sentralbikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Цимент – bulgarsk" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Цимент" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zement" title="Zement – bairisk" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Zement" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="bairisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciment" title="Ciment – katalansk" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ciment" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cement" title="Cement – tsjekkisk" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Cement" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tsjekkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sment" title="Sment – walisisk" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Sment" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="walisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zement" title="Zement – tysk" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zement" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsement" title="Tsement – estisk" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tsement" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF" title="Τσιμέντο – gresk" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τσιμέντο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="gresk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cement" title="Cement – engelsk" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Cement" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cemento" title="Cemento – spansk" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cemento" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cemento" title="Cemento – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Cemento" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cementu" title="Cementu – ekstremaduransk" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Cementu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="ekstremaduransk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zementu" title="Zementu – baskisk" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zementu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سیمان – persisk" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سیمان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciment" title="Ciment – fransk" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ciment" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="fransk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semint_(boumateriaal)" title="Semint (boumateriaal) – vestfrisisk" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Semint (boumateriaal)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="vestfrisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroighin" title="Stroighin – irsk" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Stroighin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cemento_(construci%C3%B3n)" title="Cemento (construción) – galisisk" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cemento (construción)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EB%A9%98%ED%8A%B8" title="시멘트 – koreansk" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="시멘트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siminti" title="Siminti – hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Siminti" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%91%D5%A5%D5%B4%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BF" title="Ցեմենտ – armensk" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ցեմենտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F" title="सीमेंट – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सीमेंट" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cement" title="Cement – kroatisk" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Cement" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cemento" title="Cemento – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Cemento" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semen" title="Semen – indonesisk" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Semen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cemento" title="Cemento – italiensk" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cemento" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%98" title="צמנט – hebraisk" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צמנט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebraisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sem%C3%A8n" title="Semèn – javanesisk" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Semèn" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AA%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ცემენტი – georgisk" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ცემენტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Цемент – kasakhisk" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Цемент" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kasakhisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saruji" title="Saruji – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Saruji" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siman" title="Siman – haitisk" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Siman" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haitisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Цемент – kirgisisk" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Цемент" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrumen" title="Ferrumen – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ferrumen" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cements" title="Cements – latvisk" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Cements" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="latvisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cementas" title="Cementas – litauisk" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Cementas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litauisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sem%C3%A8nt" title="Semènt – limburgsk" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Semènt" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciment" title="Ciment – lombardisk" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Ciment" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cement" title="Cement – ungarsk" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Cement" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Цемент – makedonsk" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Цемент" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simenitra" title="Simenitra – gassisk" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Simenitra" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="gassisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D" title="സിമന്റ് – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സിമന്റ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F" title="सिमेंट – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सिमेंट" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simen" title="Simen – malayisk" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Simen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malayisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semen" title="Semen – minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Semen" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C5%ABi-n%C3%A0%CC%A4" title="Cūi-nà̤ – mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Cūi-nà̤" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Цемент – mongolsk" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Цемент" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cement_(bouwmateriaal)" title="Cement (bouwmateriaal) – nederlandsk" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Cement (bouwmateriaal)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F" title="सिमेन्ट – nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सिमेन्ट" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BB%E3%83%A1%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88" title="セメント – japansk" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="セメント" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sement" title="Sement – usbekisk" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sement" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="usbekisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%9F" title="ਸੀਮੈਂਟ – panjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੀਮੈਂਟ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="panjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cement" title="Cement – polsk" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Cement" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cimento" title="Cimento – portugisisk" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cimento" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciment" title="Ciment – rumensk" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ciment" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simintu" title="Simintu – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Simintu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Цемент – russisk" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Цемент" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Сиэмэн – sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Сиэмэн" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B8%E1%B1%B4" title="ᱥᱤᱢᱮᱸᱴ – santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱥᱤᱢᱮᱸᱴ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87imento" title="Çimento – albansk" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Çimento" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92" title="සිමෙන්ති – singalesisk" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සිමෙන්ති" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singalesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cement" title="Cement – enkel engelsk" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cement" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="enkel engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%86%D9%BD" title="سيمنٽ – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="سيمنٽ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cement_(stavebn%C3%ADctvo)" title="Cement (stavebníctvo) – slovakisk" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Cement (stavebníctvo)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cement" title="Cement – slovensk" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Cement" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%86" title="چیمەنتۆ – sentralkurdisk" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="چیمەنتۆ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sentralkurdisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Цемент – serbisk" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Цемент" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cement" title="Cement – serbokroatisk" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Cement" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sementti" title="Sementti – finsk" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sementti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semento" title="Semento – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Semento" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88" title="சீமைக்காரை – tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சீமைக்காரை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%81" title="సిమెంటు – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సిమెంటు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C" title="ซีเมนต์ – thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ซีเมนต์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Семент – tadsjikisk" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Семент" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadsjikisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D" title="ಸಿಮೆಂಟ್ – tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಸಿಮೆಂಟ್" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87imento" title="Çimento – tyrkisk" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çimento" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="tyrkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1si%CC%B1mi%CC%B1nti" title="A̱si̱mi̱nti – tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="A̱si̱mi̱nti" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Цемент – ukrainsk" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Цемент" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%86%D9%B9" title="سیمنٹ – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سیمنٹ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%90%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA" title="سېمونت – uigurisk" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="سېمونت" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uigurisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_m%C4%83ng" title="Xi măng – vietnamesisk" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Xi măng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semento" title="Semento – waray-waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Semento" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray-waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E9%97%A8%E6%B1%80" title="水门汀 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="水门汀" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E6%AF%9B%E6%B3%A5" title="紅毛泥 – kantonesisk" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="紅毛泥" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87imentoci" title="Çimentoci – dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Çimentoci" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cements" title="Cements – samogitisk" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Cements" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="samogitisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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siden"><span>Sideinformasjon</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:Siteringshjelp&page=Sement&id=24115914&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informasjon om hvordan denne siden kan siteres"><span>Siter denne siden</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fno.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSement"><span>Hent forkortet URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fno.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSement"><span>Last ned QR-kode</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Skriv ut / eksporter </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:DownloadAsPdf&page=Sement&action=show-download-screen"><span>Last ned som PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sement&printable=yes" title="Utskriftsvennlig versjon av denne siden [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Utskriftsvennlig versjon</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> På andre prosjekter </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cement" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q45190" title="Lenke til koblet dataregisterelement [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata-element</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Sideverktøy"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Utseende"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Utseende</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">flytt til sidefeltet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">skjul</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Fra Wikipedia, den frie encyklopedi</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="nb" dir="ltr"><p><b>Sement</b> (fra senlatin <i>cimentum</i> «mørtel, kalk», av <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">latin</a> <i>caementum</i> «utilhugget stein, pukk», til <i>caedere</i> «hugge»)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> er i vid forstand et materiale med <a href="/wiki/Adhesjon" title="Adhesjon">adhesive</a> egenskaper. Det er produsert gjennom en tett kontrollert kjemisk kombinasjon av kalsium, silisium, aluminium, jern og andre ingredienser. I moderne bruk henviser betegnelsen sement til finmalte materialer som sammen med <a href="/wiki/Vann" title="Vann">vann</a> danner et <a href="/wiki/Bindemiddel" title="Bindemiddel">bindemiddel</a> med sterke vedhengende egenskaper. <sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Disse materialene kalles <a href="/wiki/Hydraulisk" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulisk">hydrauliske</a> sementer og er som regel laget av <a href="/wiki/Gips" title="Gips">gips</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalk" title="Kalk">kalk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pozzolaner" class="mw-redirect" title="Pozzolaner">pozzolaner</a> og <a href="/wiki/Portlandsement" title="Portlandsement">portlandsement</a>. For <a href="/wiki/Betong" title="Betong">betong</a> er det stort sett <i>portlandsement</i> som benyttes. </p><p>Ordet kommer fra <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">latin</a> <i>caementum</i><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, «utilhogd stein (til byggearbeid)». I dagligtale er sement synonymt med <a href="/wiki/Portlandsement" title="Portlandsement">portlandsement</a>. Sement blir ofte også feilaktig brukt som navn på produktene betong eller <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B8rtel" title="Mørtel">mørtel</a>, hvor sement riktignok er bindemiddelet. Sement blir i første rekke brukt til å fremstille betong og mørtel. Sement blir også brukt som injeksjonsmiddel i tunnelarbeid, og til å stabilisere og/eller solidifisere grunn. Det er også utviklet sement til bruk i oljebrønner. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Produksjon_(Portlandsement)"><span id="Produksjon_.28Portlandsement.29"></span>Produksjon (Portlandsement)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sement&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Rediger avsnitt: Produksjon (Portlandsement)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sement&action=edit&section=1" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Produksjon (Portlandsement)"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Produksjon av sement kan deles i tre faser: Råvarefremstilling, klinkerproduksjon og oppmaling til sement. Den beskrevne prosess gjelder såkalt prekalsinert sementproduksjon. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Råvarefremstilling"><span id="R.C3.A5varefremstilling"></span>Råvarefremstilling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sement&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Rediger avsnitt: Råvarefremstilling" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sement&action=edit&section=2" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Råvarefremstilling"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Kalksteinsbrudd_i_Kj%C3%B8psvik.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Kalksteinsbrudd_i_Kj%C3%B8psvik.jpg/250px-Kalksteinsbrudd_i_Kj%C3%B8psvik.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Kalksteinsbrudd_i_Kj%C3%B8psvik.jpg/375px-Kalksteinsbrudd_i_Kj%C3%B8psvik.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Kalksteinsbrudd_i_Kj%C3%B8psvik.jpg/500px-Kalksteinsbrudd_i_Kj%C3%B8psvik.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Kalkstein er hovedråvaren i sementproduksjon. Steinen brytes normalt i dagbrudd og fraktes med dumper til videre nedknusing. Bildet er fra Norcem Kjøpsvik, Tysfjord i Nordland.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Kalkstein" title="Kalkstein">Kalkstein</a> er hovedråvaren for produksjon av sement og en sementfabrikk vil normalt ligge tett ved kalksteinsuttaket, som nesten alltid er et dagbrudd. <a href="/wiki/Dalen_Portland_Cementfabrik" title="Dalen Portland Cementfabrik">Norcem Brevik</a> er verdens eneste sementfabrikk som henter kalkstein fra <a href="/wiki/Gruve" title="Gruve">gruve</a> med underjordsdrift. Steinen knuses ned i knuseverket. Kalkstein av god kvalitet for sementproduksjon har en høy andel <a href="/wiki/Kalsiumkarbonat" title="Kalsiumkarbonat">kalsiumkarbonat</a>. Det er i tillegg behov for en mindre mengde andre mineraler som blant annet <a href="/wiki/Silisium" title="Silisium">silisium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jern" title="Jern">jern</a> og <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a>. Disse mineralene hentes enten fra naturlige råstoffer som <a href="/wiki/Kvarts" title="Kvarts">kvarts</a> eller <a href="/wiki/Bauksitt" title="Bauksitt">bauxitt</a>, eller fra industrielle restprodukter. Mineralene males ned og kalles nå råmel. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Innsiden_av_en_sementovn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Innsiden_av_en_sementovn.jpg/250px-Innsiden_av_en_sementovn.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Innsiden_av_en_sementovn.jpg/375px-Innsiden_av_en_sementovn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Innsiden_av_en_sementovn.jpg/500px-Innsiden_av_en_sementovn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>De store rotérovnene er et kjennemerke i sementproduksjonen. De lange ovnsrørene er av stål, og er kledt med ildfast materiale på innsiden. Materialene kommer opp i en temperatur på om lag 1450 grader.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Klinkerproduksjon">Klinkerproduksjon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sement&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Rediger avsnitt: Klinkerproduksjon" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sement&action=edit&section=3" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Klinkerproduksjon"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Råmelet føres inn i ovnssystemet. I moderne fremstilling med tørrprosess går råmelet først gjennom en serie sykloner. Syklonene er plassert over hverandre i et syklontårn. Råmelet virvler nedover gjennom syklonene, mens det blir varmet opp av varme gasser som går motsatt vei. Mot slutten er temperaturen i råmelet rundt 700 ºC. Etter den nest siste syklonen blir råmelet sendt inn i kalsinatoren. Her foregår en ytterligere temperaturøkning til over 850 ºC, og kalsineringen starter. Det innebærer at karbondioksid blir skilt ut fra kalsiumskarbonatet. Fra kalsinatoren går råmelet via den siste syklonen og videre inn i rotérovnen, som er en lang, roterende, sylindrisk ovn. Rotasjonen og den svake helningen gjør at råmelet langsomt fraktes nedover ovnen. I denne fasen stiger temperaturen opp mot 1450 ºC og råmelet går gjennom en delvis smelting (<a href="/wiki/Sintring" title="Sintring">sintring</a>) som gjør at det klumper seg til det som kalles <a href="/wiki/Klinker_(sement)" title="Klinker (sement)">klinker</a>. For å bevare de kjemiske egenskapene går klinkeren gjennom en rask nedkjøling før den blir lagret på siloer. </p><p>Klinker er et eget handelsprodukt og kan lett fraktes i bulk. I en del land hvor de ikke har tilgang på kalkstein blir klinker importert for lokal fremstilling av sement. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sementmølle"><span id="Sementm.C3.B8lle"></span>Sementmølle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sement&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Rediger avsnitt: Sementmølle" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sement&action=edit&section=4" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Sementmølle"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:M%C3%B8llekuler.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/M%C3%B8llekuler.jpg/250px-M%C3%B8llekuler.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/M%C3%B8llekuler.jpg/375px-M%C3%B8llekuler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/M%C3%B8llekuler.jpg/500px-M%C3%B8llekuler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3040" data-file-height="2016" /></a><figcaption>I sementmøllen brukes møllekuler av stål til å male ned klinkeren til fint pulver; sement.</figcaption></figure> <p>For å produsere sementen blir klinkeren malt til fint pulver i store, roterende sementmøller. Møllen er et stort stålrør med flere kamre fylt med stålkuler. Møllen roterer hurtig slik at kulene maler ned klinkeren til fint pulver. Graden av oppmaling måles i blaine, som er m²/kg. Vanlig portlandsement vil ha en blaine-verdi på 300-500. Det blir tilsatt gips og eventuelt andre stoffer som flygeaske eller slagg for å oppnå ønsket kvalitet. I en integrert sementfabrikk blir det både produsert klinker og malt sement. . Sement ble tidligere distribuert i tønner og sekker, men nå skjer nesten all distribusjon i bulk, enten med bil, jernbane eller båt. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historikk">Historikk</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sement&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Rediger avsnitt: Historikk" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sement&action=edit&section=5" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Historikk"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tidlige_sementer">Tidlige sementer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sement&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Rediger avsnitt: Tidlige sementer" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sement&action=edit&section=6" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Tidlige sementer"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Romerne var de første til å produsere sementer i større skala. Disse var såkalte pozzolansementer, vanligvis fremstilt fra <a href="/wiki/Vulkansk_aske" title="Vulkansk aske">vulkansk aske</a> blandet med lesket kalk. Den romerske sementen kunne brukes både som mørtel i murarbeid, eller til ren konstruksjon slik som i <a href="/wiki/Pantheon" title="Pantheon">Pantheon</a>. Romernes sement gikk i glemmeboken, og helt fram til begynnelsen av 1800-tallet var det lesket kalk som var i vanlig bruk for bygg i mur og stein. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moderne_sementer">Moderne sementer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sement&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Rediger avsnitt: Moderne sementer" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sement&action=edit&section=7" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Moderne sementer"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Byutviklingen krevde stadig sterkere byggematerialer, og fra slutten av 1700-tallet var det flere som utviklet ny typer med sement hvor en kraftigere brenneprosess enn kalkovnen bidro til å gi større fasthet. Foregangspersoner var James Parker, John Smeaton og Louis Vicat. I 1824 tok Joseph Aspdin patent på det han kalte Portlandsement. Navnet ble brukt for å indikere at fargen på sementen lignet på den prestisjefylte Portland-steinen. Mot midten av 1800-tallet var produksjonsprosessen forbedret ytterligere slik at man fikk en sement med bedre herde- og fasthetsegenskaper. Dette banet vei for økt bruk av betong i bygninger og andre konstruksjoner. </p><p>Armert betong ble første gang benyttet som komposittmateriale og konstruksjonsmetode i 1849 av entreprenøren François Coignet. På denne måten ble de gode styrkeegenskapene til betong kombinert med strekkstyrken til stål. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sementproduksjon_i_Norge">Sementproduksjon i Norge</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sement&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Rediger avsnitt: Sementproduksjon i Norge" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sement&action=edit&section=8" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Sementproduksjon i Norge"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Kj%C3%B8psvik_2016-05_5_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Kj%C3%B8psvik_2016-05_5_1.jpg/250px-Kj%C3%B8psvik_2016-05_5_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Kj%C3%B8psvik_2016-05_5_1.jpg/375px-Kj%C3%B8psvik_2016-05_5_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Kj%C3%B8psvik_2016-05_5_1.jpg/500px-Kj%C3%B8psvik_2016-05_5_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Norcems sementfabrikk i Kjøpsvik, Tysfjord, er verdens nordligste sementfabrikk. </figcaption></figure> <p>Den første sementproduksjonen i Norge ble gjort på Nordre Langøen (senere en del av <a href="/wiki/Lang%C3%B8yene" title="Langøyene">Langøyene</a>) innerst i <a href="/wiki/Oslofjorden" title="Oslofjorden">Oslofjorden</a>. Produksjon ble startet i 1841. Omtrent samtidig ble en annen fabrikk anlagt på Bagaas Brug ved <a href="/wiki/Akerselven" class="mw-redirect" title="Akerselven">Akerselven</a>. Sementen fra disse fabrikkene var ikke portlandsement og nådde ikke kvalitetsmessig opp til importerte sementer. Etter ca. 20 års drift opphørte de to pionerbedriftene. </p><p>Christiania Cement Aktiebolag kjøpte opp og utvidet driften ved det gamle teglverk på <a href="/wiki/Slemmestad" title="Slemmestad">Slemmestad</a> i 1888. Eierne bak dette drev allerede fire sementfabrikker i Sverige. Selskapet gikk konkurs etter to år og driften ble overtatt av A/S <a href="/wiki/Christiania_Portland_Cementfabrik" title="Christiania Portland Cementfabrik">Christiania Portland Cementfabrik</a> i 1892. Christiania Portland Cementfabrik bygget raskt opp en stor produksjon, og var i 25 år eneste produsent av portlandsement i Norge. Fabrikken ble nedlagt i 1989. </p><p>Cementfabrik Norge CE-NO Portland Cement A/S ble etablert i mai 1915 og bygget en sementfabrikk på <a href="/wiki/Gullaug" title="Gullaug">Gullaug</a> utenfor <a href="/wiki/Drammen" title="Drammen">Drammen</a>. Produksjonen tok til i 1917. Man klarte imidlertid ikke å etablere en lønnsom produksjon blant annet på grunn av dyr produksjon og langvarige streiker hos arbeiderne. Driften stanset helt i 1927. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dalen_Portland_Cementfabrik" title="Dalen Portland Cementfabrik">Dalen Portland Cementfabrik</a> ble etablert i 1916 og bygget en sementfabrikk ved Dalen ved <a href="/wiki/Brevik" title="Brevik">Brevik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telemark" title="Telemark">Telemark</a>. Produksjonen kom i gang i 1919 og drives i dag under navnet Norcem Brevik. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nordland_Portland_Cementfabrik" title="Nordland Portland Cementfabrik">Nordland Portland Cementfabrik</a> ble stiftet i 1918 og bygget en sementfabrikk i <a href="/wiki/Kj%C3%B8psvik" title="Kjøpsvik">Kjøpsvik</a> i <a href="/wiki/Nordland" title="Nordland">Nordland</a>. Produksjonen startet i 1920 og drives i dag under navnet Norcem Kjøpsvik. </p><p>I 1968 fusjonerte de tre norske sementprodusentene til <a href="/wiki/Norcem" title="Norcem">Norcem</a> AS. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Utslipp_av_karbondioksid">Utslipp av karbondioksid</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sement&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Rediger avsnitt: Utslipp av karbondioksid" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sement&action=edit&section=9" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Utslipp av karbondioksid"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sementproduksjon er energikrevende og bidrar til store utslipp av <a href="/wiki/Karbondioksid" title="Karbondioksid">karbondioksid</a>. Utslippene har to kilder; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalsinering&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalsinering (ikke skrevet ennå)">kalsinering</a> og brensler. Kalsineringen står for ca 2/3 av utslippet, og brensler for ca 1/3. I en ordinær betong vil sement utgjøre ca 15-20 % av volumet, men står for over 80 % av karbonfotavtrykket. </p> <ul><li>Kalsineringen er den kjemiske prosessen som ligger til grunn for sementens egenskaper som bindemiddel. Under høye temperaturer drives karbondioksid ut av kalksteinen. Fra en kg kalkstein blir det frigitt om lag 500 gram karbondioksid. Når sementen kommer i kontakt med vann for å lage betong eller mørtel, startes <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbonatiseringen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karbonatiseringen (ikke skrevet ennå)">karbonatiseringen</a>. I denne prosessen blir CO<sub>2</sub> bundet opp igjen i produktet. Opptil 70 % av CO<sub>2</sub> avgitt ved kalsinering kan over tid tas opp igjen av betongen, avhengig bruk og avhending.</li> <li>Den andre kilden til utslippene er forbrenning av brensel. Tradisjonelt har det vært benyttet olje og <a href="/wiki/Kull" title="Kull">kull</a> som brensel i ovnene. Allerede på 1980-tallet ble det satt i gang forsøk med å bruke alternative brenselskilder basert på <a href="/wiki/Avfall" title="Avfall">avfall</a>. I dagens produksjon (2020) utgjør avfallsbasert brensel over 70 % av tilført brenselsenergi til fabrikken i Brevik. Cirka 1/3 av brenselet er biomasse og CO<sub>2</sub>-nøytralt.</li></ul> <p>Ytterligere reduksjon av miljøpåvirkningen gjøres ved å blande inn andre produkter med sementegenskaper. De mest brukte substitusjaonsmaterialene er <a href="/wiki/Flygeaske" title="Flygeaske">flygeaske</a> (FA) og slagg. Flygeaske er et avfallsprodukt fra kullfyrte kraftverk. Standard FA-sement fra Norcem inneholder for eksempel 18 % flygeaske. Flygeaske kan også tilføres i betongproduksjonen, og i spesielle konstruksjoner kan andelen flygeaske være opptil 50 %. For eksempel er Powerhouse Brattørkaia bygget med en slik betong. Slagg er et avfallsprodukt fra stål- og jernverk. I det norske markedet er det tilgjengelig sementer med 70 % andel av slagg. </p><p>Både flygeaske og slagg er eksempler på produkter som tidligere var industrielt avfall, men som nå er en del av en sirkulær økonomi. </p><p>Et karbonfangstanlegg er under prosjektering ved Norcem Brevik. Dette tar sikte på å fange ca 400.000 tonn CO<sub>2</sub> pr år. Prosjektet er finansiert hovedsakelig gjennom <a href="/wiki/Gassnova" title="Gassnova">Gassnova</a> og er ledd i utviklingen av en verdikjede med fangst, transport og lagring av CO<sub>2</sub>. </p><p>På global basis slippes det ut ca. ett tonn CO2 for hvert tonn sement som produseres.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Annen_bruk">Annen bruk</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sement&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Rediger avsnitt: Annen bruk" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sement&action=edit&section=10" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Annen bruk"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sement blandet med <a href="/wiki/Asbest" title="Asbest">asbestfibre</a> ble tidligere markedsført under varemerket <a href="/wiki/Eternit" title="Eternit">Eternit</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referanser">Referanser</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sement&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Rediger avsnitt: Referanser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sement&action=edit&section=11" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Referanser"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://naob.no/ordbok/sement">sement</a>, <i>NAOB</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cement.org/cement-concrete-applications/how-cement-is-made">How Cement is Made</a> (PDF), <i>Cement.org</i> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Jfr. verbet <i>caedō</i>, «hogge (i stykker); bryte [stein]».</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210915135140/http://www.laraskiftetleve.com/240978770">«Betong CO2 - utslipp»</a>. <i>La Raskiftet leve!</i> (på norsk). Arkivert fra <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.laraskiftetleve.com/240978770">originalen</a> 15. september 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besøkt 15. september 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3ASement&rft.atitle=Betong+CO2+-+utslipp&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=La+Raskiftet+leve%21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.laraskiftetleve.com%2F240978770&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <hr /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eksterne_lenker">Eksterne lenker</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sement&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Rediger avsnitt: Eksterne lenker" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sement&action=edit&section=12" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Eksterne lenker"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="bjeller languageicon" style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);cursor:help;" title="engelsk">(en)</span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cement" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Cement">Cement</a> – kategori av bilder, video eller lyd på <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Commons</a> <span class="noprint plainlinks wikidata-linkback wd_p373"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45190?uselang=nb#P373" title="Rediger på Wikidata"><img alt="Rediger på Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23230704">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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