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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the United States Supreme Court case dealing with presidential immunity. For the issue of the special master in the classified documents case, see <a href="/wiki/Trump_v._United_States_(2022)" title="Trump v. United States (2022)">Trump v. United States (2022)</a>. For the federal and state prosecutions, see <a href="/wiki/Indictments_against_Donald_Trump" title="Indictments against Donald Trump">Indictments against Donald Trump</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">United States Supreme Court decision</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">2024 United States Supreme Court case</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox scotus" style="line-height: 1.4em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #99c0ff; padding: 0.2em; line-height: 1.4em; font-size:125%; font-style: italic">Trump v. United States</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding-top: 0.5em; font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Argued April 25, 2024 Decided July 1, 2024</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Full case name</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald J. Trump</a> v. United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Docket no.</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/23-939.html">23-939</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citations</th><td class="infobox-data">603 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> 593 (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_603" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 603">more</a>)<div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Argument</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oyez.org/cases/2023/23-939">Oral argument</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Decision</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/23pdf/23-939_e2pg.pdf">Opinion</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Case history</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Prior</th><td class="infobox-data">United States v. Trump, No. 23-cr-257 (D.D.C., Dec. 1., 2023) (immunity memorandum opinion) United States v. Trump, No. 23-3190 (D.C. Cir., Dec. 8., 2023) (gag order) United States v. Trump, No. 23-624 (2023) (certiorari before judgment) United States v. Trump, 91 F.4th 1173 (D.C. Cir. 2024) (immunity).</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Questions presented</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Whether and if so to what extent does a former President enjoy presidential immunity from criminal prosecution for conduct alleged to involve official acts during his tenure in office.</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Holding</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Under our constitutional structure of separated powers, the nature of Presidential power entitles a former President to absolute immunity from criminal prosecution for actions within his conclusive and preclusive constitutional authority. And he is entitled to at least <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/presumptive" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:presumptive">presumptive</a> immunity from prosecution for all his official acts. There is no immunity for unofficial acts.</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Court membership</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><dl style="margin:0; padding:0.1em 0.5em; text-align:center; line-height:1.3em;"> <dt style="margin:0;">Chief Justice</dt> <dd style="margin:0 0 0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">John Roberts</a> </dd> <dt style="margin:0;">Associate Justices</dt> <dd style="margin:0;"><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a> · <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Samuel Alito</a> <a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sonia Sotomayor</a> · <a href="/wiki/Elena_Kagan" title="Elena Kagan">Elena Kagan</a> <a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Neil Gorsuch</a> · <a href="/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh">Brett Kavanaugh</a> <a href="/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett" title="Amy Coney Barrett">Amy Coney Barrett</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ketanji_Brown_Jackson" title="Ketanji Brown Jackson">Ketanji Brown Jackson</a> </dd></dl></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Case opinions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Majority</th><td class="infobox-data">Roberts, joined by Thomas, Alito, Gorsuch, Kavanaugh; Barrett (except Part III–C)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Concurrence</th><td class="infobox-data">Thomas</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Concurrence</th><td class="infobox-data">Barrett (in part)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dissent</th><td class="infobox-data">Sotomayor, joined by Kagan, Jackson</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dissent</th><td class="infobox-data">Jackson</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Laws applied</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Article_Two_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Two of the United States Constitution">U.S. Const. art. 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile sidebar-person vcard hlist" style="border-color: #d69d36"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><table><tbody><tr> <td class="sidebar-person-title-image" style="background-color: #002466;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/File:Donald_Trump_official_portrait_(3x4a).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Donald_Trump_official_portrait_%283x4a%29.jpg/75px-Donald_Trump_official_portrait_%283x4a%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Donald_Trump_official_portrait_%283x4a%29.jpg/113px-Donald_Trump_official_portrait_%283x4a%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Donald_Trump_official_portrait_%283x4a%29.jpg/150px-Donald_Trump_official_portrait_%283x4a%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1576" data-file-height="2102" /></a></td> <td class="sidebar-person-title" style="background-color: #002466;color: #FFF;"><div>This article is part of a series about</div><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Business and personal</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_career_of_Donald_Trump" title="Business career of Donald Trump">Business career</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Trump_Organization" title="The Trump Organization">The Trump Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_of_Donald_Trump" title="Wealth of Donald Trump">wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_returns_of_Donald_Trump" title="Tax returns of Donald Trump">tax returns</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_career_of_Donald_Trump" title="Media career of Donald Trump">Media career</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Apprentice_(American_TV_series)" title="The Apprentice (American TV series)">The Apprentice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Donald_Trump" title="Bibliography of Donald Trump">bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_filmography" title="Donald Trump filmography">filmography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_endorsements_by_Donald_Trump" title="List of endorsements by Donald Trump">Endorsements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Donald_Trump" title="List of things named after Donald Trump">Eponyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Donald_Trump" title="Family of Donald Trump">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_J._Trump_Foundation" title="Donald J. Trump Foundation">Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_and_American_football" title="Donald Trump and American football">American football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_and_golf" title="Donald Trump and golf">Golf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_and_honors_received_by_Donald_Trump" title="List of awards and honors received by Donald Trump">Honors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_image_of_Donald_Trump" title="Public image of Donald Trump">Public image</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_in_popular_culture" title="Donald Trump in popular culture">in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live_parodies_of_Donald_Trump" title="Saturday Night Live parodies of Donald Trump">SNL parodies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_and_handshakes" title="Donald Trump and handshakes">handshakes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_and_business_legal_affairs_of_Donald_Trump" title="Personal and business legal affairs of Donald Trump">Legal affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_sexual_misconduct_allegations" title="Donald Trump sexual misconduct allegations">Sexual misconduct allegations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nicknames_used_by_Donald_Trump" title="List of nicknames used by Donald Trump">Nicknames</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pseudonyms_used_by_Donald_Trump" title="Pseudonyms used by Donald Trump">pseudonyms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_views_of_Donald_Trump" title="Racial views of Donald Trump">Racial views</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump%27s_comments_on_John_McCain" title="Donald Trump's comments on John McCain">Comments on John McCain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conspiracy_theories_promoted_by_Donald_Trump" title="List of conspiracy theories promoted by Donald Trump">Conspiracy theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residences_of_Donald_Trump" title="Residences of Donald Trump">Residences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric_of_Donald_Trump" title="Rhetoric of Donald Trump">Rhetoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_incidents_involving_Donald_Trump" title="Security incidents involving Donald Trump">Security incidents</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">45th & 47th President of the United States</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li>Presidencies <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">first</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second presidency of Donald Trump">second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Donald_Trump_presidencies" title="Timeline of the Donald Trump presidencies">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li>Transitions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_presidential_transition_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidential transition of Donald Trump">first</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_presidential_transition_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second presidential transition of Donald Trump">second</a></li></ul></li> <li>Inaugurations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Donald_Trump" title="First inauguration of Donald Trump">first</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second inauguration of Donald Trump">second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_J._Trump_Presidential_Library" title="Donald J. Trump Presidential Library">Presidential library</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Tenure</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_executive_actions_by_Donald_Trump" title="List of executive actions by Donald Trump">Executive actions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_executive_orders_by_Donald_Trump" title="List of executive orders by Donald Trump">executive orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_proclamations_by_Donald_Trump" title="Lists of proclamations by Donald Trump">proclamations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_granted_executive_clemency_by_Donald_Trump" title="List of people granted executive clemency by Donald Trump">pardons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Donald_Trump" title="List of presidential trips made by Donald Trump">Trips</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_Donald_Trump" title="List of international presidential trips made by Donald Trump">foreign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Donald_Trump_(2017)" title="List of presidential trips made by Donald Trump (2017)">'17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Donald_Trump_(2018)" title="List of presidential trips made by Donald Trump (2018)">'18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Donald_Trump_(2019)" title="List of presidential trips made by Donald Trump (2019)">'19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Donald_Trump_(2020%E2%80%9321)" title="List of presidential trips made by Donald Trump (2020–21)">'20–'21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namaste_Trump" title="Namaste Trump">Namaste Trump</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_Korean_peace_process" title="2018–19 Korean peace process">North Korea summits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2018_North_Korea%E2%80%93United_States_Singapore_Summit" title="2018 North Korea–United States Singapore Summit">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_North_Korea%E2%80%93United_States_Hanoi_Summit" title="2019 North Korea–United States Hanoi Summit">Hanoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Koreas%E2%80%93United_States_DMZ_Summit" title="2019 Koreas–United States DMZ Summit">DMZ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Riyadh_summit" title="2017 Riyadh summit">Riyadh summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Russia%E2%80%93United_States_summit" title="2018 Russia–United States summit">Helsinki summit</a></li> <li>Shutdowns <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_2018_United_States_federal_government_shutdown" title="January 2018 United States federal government shutdown">January 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018%E2%80%932019_United_States_federal_government_shutdown" title="2018–2019 United States federal government shutdown">2018–2019</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opinion_polling_on_the_first_Donald_Trump_administration" title="Opinion polling on the first Donald Trump administration">Polls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_affairs_of_Donald_Trump_as_president" title="Legal affairs of Donald Trump as president">Legal affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_against_Donald_Trump" title="Protests against Donald Trump">Protests</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_deployment_of_federal_forces_in_the_United_States" title="2020 deployment of federal forces in the United States">federal law enforcement deployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_photo_op_at_St._John%27s_Church" title="Donald Trump photo op at St. John's Church">St. John's Church photo op</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_used_by_Donald_Trump" class="mw-redirect" title="Social media used by Donald Trump">Social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_or_misleading_statements_by_Donald_Trump" title="False or misleading statements by Donald Trump">False or misleading statements</a></li> <li>Killings <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi" title="Death of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi">al-Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Qasem_Soleimani" title="Assassination of Qasem Soleimani">Soleimani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_U.S._troop_withdrawal_from_Afghanistan" title="2020–2021 U.S. troop withdrawal from Afghanistan">Afghanistan withdrawal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump%E2%80%93TikTok_controversy" title="Donald Trump–TikTok controversy">TikTok controversy</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style=""><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Donald_Trump" title="Political positions of Donald Trump">Policies</a></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_Donald_Trump_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic policy of the Donald Trump administration">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Cuts_and_Jobs_Act" title="Tax Cuts and Jobs Act">tax cuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_tariffs" title="Trump tariffs">tariffs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war" title="China–United States trade war">China trade war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_administration_farmer_bailouts" title="Trump administration farmer bailouts">farmer bailouts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_policy_of_the_Donald_Trump_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental policy of the Donald Trump administration">Environment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_withdrawal_from_the_Paris_Agreement" title="United States withdrawal from the Paris Agreement">Paris withdrawal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_first_Donald_Trump_administration" title="Foreign policy of the first Donald Trump administration">Foreign policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/America_First_(policy)" title="America First (policy)">America First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_United_States%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_arms_deal" title="2017 United States–Saudi Arabia arms deal">Saudi Arabia arms deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_withdrawal_from_the_Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="United States withdrawal from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Iran nuclear deal withdrawal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_recognition_of_Jerusalem_as_capital_of_Israel" title="United States recognition of Jerusalem as capital of Israel">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_recognition_of_the_Golan_Heights_as_part_of_Israel" title="United States recognition of the Golan Heights as part of Israel">Golan Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_peace_plan" title="Trump peace plan">Palestine peace plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Accords" title="Abraham Accords">Abraham Accords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Mexico%E2%80%93Canada_Agreement" title="United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement">USMCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Taliban_deal" title="United States–Taliban deal">United States–Taliban deal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_policy_of_Donald_Trump" title="Immigration policy of Donald Trump">Immigration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trump_travel_ban" title="Trump travel ban">travel ban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_wall" title="Trump wall">wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_administration_family_separation_policy" title="Trump administration family separation policy">family separation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migrant_detentions_under_the_Trump_administration" title="Migrant detentions under the Trump administration">migrant detentions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Faithful_Patriot" title="Operation Faithful Patriot">troop deployments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Emergency_Concerning_the_Southern_Border_of_the_United_States" title="National Emergency Concerning the Southern Border of the United States">national emergency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_policy_of_Donald_Trump" title="Infrastructure policy of Donald Trump">Infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_policy_of_Donald_Trump" title="Social policy of Donald Trump">Social issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Step_Act" title="First Step Act">First Step Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_policy_of_the_first_Donald_Trump_administration" title="Cannabis policy of the first Donald Trump administration">cannabis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_Donald_Trump_administration" title="Space policy of the Donald Trump administration">Space</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style=""><a href="/wiki/Political_appointments_by_Donald_Trump" title="Political appointments by Donald Trump">Appointments</a></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li>Cabinets <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_cabinet_of_Donald_Trump" title="First cabinet of Donald Trump">first</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_cabinet_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second cabinet of Donald Trump">second</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ambassadors <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_appointed_by_Donald_Trump" title="List of ambassadors appointed by Donald Trump">first</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_appointed_by_Donald_Trump" title="List of ambassadors appointed by Donald Trump">second</a></li></ul></li> <li>Federal judges <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Donald_Trump" title="List of federal judges appointed by Donald Trump">first</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Donald_Trump" title="List of federal judges appointed by Donald Trump">second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Neil Gorsuch Supreme Court nomination">Gorsuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Brett Kavanaugh Supreme Court nomination">Kavanaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Amy Coney Barrett Supreme Court nomination">Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="Donald Trump Supreme Court candidates">Supreme Court candidates</a></li></ul></li> <li>Executives <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Office_appointments_by_Donald_Trump" title="Executive Office appointments by Donald Trump">first</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Office_appointments_by_Donald_Trump" title="Executive Office appointments by Donald Trump">second</a></li></ul></li> <li>U.S. Attorneys <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_attorneys_appointed_by_Donald_Trump" title="List of United States attorneys appointed by Donald Trump">first</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_attorneys_appointed_by_Donald_Trump" title="List of United States attorneys appointed by Donald Trump">second</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style=""><a href="/wiki/Political_career_of_Donald_Trump" title="Political career of Donald Trump">Presidential campaigns</a></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_2000_presidential_campaign" title="Donald Trump 2000 presidential campaign">2000</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_Reform_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2000 Reform Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign">2016</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2016 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Donald_Trump_2016_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rallies_for_the_2016_Donald_Trump_presidential_campaign" title="List of rallies for the 2016 Donald Trump presidential campaign">rallies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Donald_Trump_Las_Vegas_rally_incident" title="2016 Donald Trump Las Vegas rally incident">Las Vegas incident</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_National_Convention" title="2016 Republican National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2016 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Make_America_Great_Again" title="Make America Great Again">Make America Great Again</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Never_Trump_movement" title="Never Trump movement">Never Trump movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Republicans_who_opposed_the_Donald_Trump_2016_presidential_campaign" title="List of Republicans who opposed the Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign">people</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_Access_Hollywood_tape" title="Donald Trump Access Hollywood tape">Access Hollywood tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_Tower_wiretapping_allegations" title="Trump Tower wiretapping allegations">wiretapping allegations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spygate_(conspiracy_theory)" title="Spygate (conspiracy theory)">Spygate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign">2020</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election">election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li> <li>endorsements <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Donald_Trump_2020_presidential_campaign_political_endorsements" title="List of Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign political endorsements">political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Donald_Trump_2020_presidential_campaign_non-political_endorsements" title="List of Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign non-political endorsements">non-political</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Republicans_who_opposed_the_Donald_Trump_2020_presidential_campaign" title="List of Republicans who opposed the Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign">opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_post%E2%80%932016_election_Donald_Trump_rallies#2020_presidential_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="List of post–2016 election Donald Trump rallies">rallies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Republican_National_Convention" title="2020 Republican National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2020 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_reactions_to_Donald_Trump%27s_claims_of_2020_election_fraud" title="Republican reactions to Donald Trump's claims of 2020 election fraud">GOP reactions to election fraud claims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump%E2%80%93Raffensperger_phone_call" title="Trump–Raffensperger phone call">Trump–Raffensperger phone call</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_2024_presidential_campaign" title="Donald Trump 2024 presidential campaign">2024</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_election" title="2024 United States presidential election">election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2024 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Donald_Trump_2024_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Donald Trump 2024 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Republicans_who_oppose_the_Donald_Trump_2024_presidential_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Republicans who oppose the Donald Trump 2024 presidential campaign">opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_eligibility_of_Donald_Trump" title="Presidential eligibility of Donald Trump">eligibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agenda_47" title="Agenda 47">Agenda 47</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rallies_for_the_2024_Donald_Trump_presidential_campaign" title="List of rallies for the 2024 Donald Trump presidential campaign">rallies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_National_Convention" title="2024 Republican National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2024 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li> <li>assassination attempts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attempted_assassination_of_Donald_Trump_in_Pennsylvania" title="Attempted assassination of Donald Trump in Pennsylvania">PA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Matthew_Crooks" title="Thomas Matthew Crooks">perpetrator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_raised-fist_photographs" title="Donald Trump raised-fist photographs">photographs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attempted_assassination_of_Donald_Trump_in_Florida" title="Attempted assassination of Donald Trump in Florida">FL</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ryan_Wesley_Routh" title="Ryan Wesley Routh">suspect</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Impeachments</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Efforts_to_impeach_Donald_Trump" title="Efforts to impeach Donald Trump">Efforts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_impeachment_resolutions_introduced_against_Donald_Trump" title="List of impeachment resolutions introduced against Donald Trump">resolutions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_impeachment_of_Donald_Trump" title="First impeachment of Donald Trump">First impeachment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trump%E2%80%93Ukraine_scandal" title="Trump–Ukraine scandal">Trump–Ukraine scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_inquiry_into_Donald_Trump" title="Impeachment inquiry into Donald Trump">House inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_impeachment_trial_of_Donald_Trump" title="First impeachment trial of Donald Trump">Senate trial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_impeachment_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second impeachment of Donald Trump">Second impeachment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="January 6 United States Capitol attack">Capitol attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_impeachment_trial_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second impeachment trial of Donald Trump">Senate trial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_expungements_of_the_impeachments_of_Donald_Trump" title="Proposed expungements of the impeachments of Donald Trump">Proposed expungements</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Civil and criminal prosecutions</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_prosecution_of_Donald_Trump_(election_obstruction_case)" title="Federal prosecution of Donald Trump (election obstruction case)">2020 election federal indictment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_prosecution_of_Donald_Trump_(classified_documents_case)" title="Federal prosecution of Donald Trump (classified documents case)">Classified documents federal indictment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smith_special_counsel_investigation" title="Smith special counsel investigation">special counsel investigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBI_investigation_into_Donald_Trump%27s_handling_of_government_documents" title="FBI investigation into Donald Trump's handling of government documents">Plasmic Echo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBI_search_of_Mar-a-Lago" title="FBI search of Mar-a-Lago">FBI search of Mar-a-Lago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_v._United_States_(2022)" title="Trump v. United States (2022)">Trump v. United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosecution_of_Donald_Trump_in_New_York" title="Prosecution of Donald Trump in New York">New York indictment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stormy_Daniels%E2%80%93Donald_Trump_scandal" title="Stormy Daniels–Donald Trump scandal">Stormy Daniels scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_McDougal#Affair_with_Donald_Trump" title="Karen McDougal">Karen McDougal affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_investigations_of_the_Trump_Organization" title="New York investigations of the Trump Organization">financial fraud</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_election_racketeering_prosecution" title="Georgia election racketeering prosecution">Georgia election indictment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Georgia_election_investigation" title="2020 Georgia election investigation">Georgia election investigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mug_shot_of_Donald_Trump" title="Mug shot of Donald Trump">mug shot</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style=""><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19 pandemic</a></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_House_Coronavirus_Task_Force" title="White House Coronavirus Task Force">Taskforce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communication_of_the_Trump_administration_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Communication of the Trump administration during the COVID-19 pandemic">Communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._federal_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="U.S. federal government response to the COVID-19 pandemic">Government response</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stimulus_(economics)" title="Stimulus (economics)">stimulus bills</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CARES_Act" title="CARES Act">CARES Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_Appropriations_Act,_2021" title="Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021">Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Warp_Speed" title="Operation Warp Speed">Operation Warp Speed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_COVID-19_outbreak" title="White House COVID-19 outbreak">White House outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_administration_political_interference_with_science_agencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Trump administration political interference with science agencies">Interference with science agencies</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="skin-invert-image"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump's signature"><img alt="Donald Trump's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6f/Donald_Trump_%28Presidential_signature%29.svg/150px-Donald_Trump_%28Presidential_signature%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6f/Donald_Trump_%28Presidential_signature%29.svg/225px-Donald_Trump_%28Presidential_signature%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6f/Donald_Trump_%28Presidential_signature%29.svg/300px-Donald_Trump_%28Presidential_signature%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="429" /></a></div> <img alt="Seal of the President of the United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/70px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/105px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/140px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2424" data-file-height="2425" /></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Donald_Trump_series" title="Template:Donald Trump series"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Donald_Trump_series" title="Template talk:Donald Trump series"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Donald_Trump_series" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Donald Trump series"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Trump v. United States, 603 U.S. 593 (2024), is a <a href="/wiki/List_of_landmark_court_decisions_in_the_United_States" title="List of landmark court decisions in the United States">landmark</a> decision<a href="#cite_note-20240701PBSJacobson-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-20240701PBSBarajas-2">[2]</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a> in which the Court determined that <a href="/wiki/Presidential_immunity_in_the_United_States" title="Presidential immunity in the United States">presidential immunity</a> from criminal prosecution <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/presumptive" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:presumptive">presumptively</a> extends to all of a president's "official acts" – with <a href="/wiki/Absolute_immunity" title="Absolute immunity">absolute immunity</a> for official acts within an exclusive presidential authority that <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> cannot regulate<a href="#cite_note-20240701PBSJacobson-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-20240701PBSBarajas-2">[2]</a> such as the pardon, command of the military, execution of laws, or control of the executive branch. The case extends from an <a href="/wiki/Federal_prosecution_of_Donald_Trump_(election_obstruction_case)" title="Federal prosecution of Donald Trump (election obstruction case)">ongoing federal case</a> to determine whether then-President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> and others engaged in election interference during the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election">2020 election</a>, including events during the <a href="/wiki/January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="January 6 United States Capitol attack">January 6, 2021, attack on the U.S. Capitol</a>. It is the first time a case concerning criminal prosecution for alleged official acts of a president was brought before the Supreme Court.<a href="#cite_note-ruling-3">[3]</a> On July 1, 2024, the Court ruled in a 6–3 decision that presidents have absolute immunity for acts committed as president within their core constitutional purview, at least presumptive immunity for official acts within the outer perimeter of their official responsibility, and no immunity for unofficial acts.<a href="#cite_note-ruling-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-nythighlights-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> The Court declined to rule on the scope of immunity for some acts alleged of Trump in his indictment, instead <a href="/wiki/Vacated_judgment" title="Vacated judgment">vacating</a> the appellate decision and <a href="/wiki/Remand_(court_procedure)" title="Remand (court procedure)">remanding</a> the case to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_district_court" title="United States district court">district court</a> for further proceedings. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trump_v._United_States_(2024)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Presidential_immunity_in_the_United_States" title="Presidential immunity in the United States">Presidential immunity in the United States</a></div> In <a href="/wiki/Nixon_v._Fitzgerald" title="Nixon v. Fitzgerald">Nixon v. Fitzgerald</a> (1982), the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">United States Supreme Court</a> held that the president is immune from civil suit for <a href="/wiki/Money_damages" class="mw-redirect" title="Money damages">money damages</a> in regard to official acts. The Court clarified in <a href="/wiki/Clinton_v._Jones" title="Clinton v. Jones">Clinton v. Jones</a> (1997) that the president is liable for civil damages for actions committed prior to assuming the presidency. The Supreme Court cases <a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Nixon" title="United States v. Nixon">United States v. Nixon</a> (1974) and <a href="/wiki/Trump_v._Vance" title="Trump v. Vance">Trump v. Vance</a> (2020) limit the president's privilege within the judicial process.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes_civil_immunity-7">[7]</a> Three separate civil lawsuits (later consolidated in <a href="/wiki/Thompson_v._Trump" title="Thompson v. Trump">Thompson v. Trump</a>) against <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> filed by several Congresspersons and Capitol police officers sought damages for Trump's actions from the <a href="/wiki/January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="January 6 United States Capitol attack">U.S. Capitol attack on January 6, 2021</a>. Trump asserted presidential immunity for that case. In February 2022, <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Columbia" title="United States District Court for the District of Columbia">District Court for the District of Columbia</a> judge <a href="/wiki/Amit_Mehta" title="Amit Mehta">Amit Mehta</a> rejected former president Trump's claims of immunity in reference to the Capitol attack, allowing the civil trials to proceed.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes_civil_immunity-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> The <a href="/wiki/U.S._Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia_Circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit">U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit</a> upheld Mehta's opinion in a unanimous decision in December 2023,<a href="#cite_note-:0-9">[9]</a> stating that because his January 6 speech was a campaign event, he had acted "as office-seeker, not office-holder", and his actions did not fall within the "outer perimeter" standard for presidential immunity established in <a href="/wiki/Nixon_v._Fitzgerald" title="Nixon v. Fitzgerald">Nixon v. Fitzgerald</a> (1982).<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> The ruling allowed that Trump may argue the immunity question later in the civil trial.<a href="#cite_note-:0-9">[9]</a> Trump opted not to appeal this decision to the Supreme Court.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> By March 2022, the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Justice">U.S. Department of Justice</a> began an investigation into Trump's actions from the general election in November 2020 and during the U.S. Capitol attack.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Merrick_Garland" title="Merrick Garland">Merrick Garland</a> appointed <a href="/wiki/Jack_Smith_(lawyer)" title="Jack Smith (lawyer)">Jack Smith</a> as special counsel to oversee the investigation into Trump in both the January 6 events and the <a href="/wiki/FBI_investigation_into_Donald_Trump%27s_handling_of_government_documents" title="FBI investigation into Donald Trump's handling of government documents">handling of classified documents after his presidency</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lower_court_history">Lower court history</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trump_v._United_States_(2024)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Lower court history">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Federal_prosecution_of_Donald_Trump_(election_obstruction_case)" title="Federal prosecution of Donald Trump (election obstruction case)">Federal prosecution of Donald Trump (election obstruction case)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="District_court">District court</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trump_v._United_States_(2024)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: District court">edit</a>]</div> A <a href="/wiki/Grand_jury" title="Grand jury">grand jury</a> indicted Trump on four charges released on August 1, 2023.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> On October 5, 2023, Trump's attorneys filed a motion in the federal prosecution case to dismiss the indictment, citing presidential immunity under Nixon v. Fitzgerald.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Defense attorney <a href="/wiki/John_Lauro" class="mw-redirect" title="John Lauro">John Lauro</a> argued that Trump's claims of electoral irregularities and <a href="/wiki/Electoral_fraud" title="Electoral fraud">voter fraud</a> were "efforts to ensure election integrity", a responsibility of the president. According to Lauro, Trump's attempts to validate his claims through the Department of Justice and the <a href="/wiki/Trump_fake_electors_plot" title="Trump fake electors plot">fake electors plot</a> cannot be criminally prosecuted as "official duties" as president.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Federal prosecutors asserted that Trump's claims of presidential immunity were not supported by the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a> or legal precedent.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> On December 1, judge <a href="/wiki/Tanya_Chutkan" title="Tanya Chutkan">Tanya Chutkan</a> rejected the October 5 motion to dismiss under presidential immunity and the October 23 motion to dismiss under the Freedom of Speech Clause, the Double Jeopardy Clause, and the Due Process Clause.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Appeals_court">Appeals court</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trump_v._United_States_(2024)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Appeals court">edit</a>]</div> On December 7, Trump filed notice that he planned to appeal Chutkan's ruling to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, and moved to pause the case pending the appeal.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> An appeals court was due to hear the immunity dispute. On December 11, the special counsel petitioned the U.S. Supreme Court to skip the appeals court and resolve the immunity dispute on an expedited basis. The rare step was an effort to keep the trial on schedule. Within hours, the Supreme Court said it would consider whether to accept the case on an expedited timeline.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> On December 13, Chutkan paused all deadlines in the case, including the upcoming trial itself, so the immunity dispute could be resolved first. The gag order remained in effect.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> On December 20, Trump's deadline to file a response with the Supreme Court, his lawyers complained that the special counsel was asking to "bypass ... ordinary procedures ...and rush to decide the issues with reckless abandon". Trump's team asked the Supreme Court to reject the expedited timeline and allow the appeals court to consider the case first.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> On December 22, the Supreme Court denied the special counsel's request, leaving the case to the appeals court.<a href="#cite_note-:1-31">[31]</a> On January 9, 2024, the D.C. Court of Appeals heard arguments in the immunity dispute. The three-judge panel included <a href="/wiki/J._Michelle_Childs" title="J. Michelle Childs">J. Michelle Childs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florence_Y._Pan" title="Florence Y. Pan">Florence Y. Pan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Karen_L._Henderson" title="Karen L. Henderson">Karen L. Henderson</a>. Trump attended the hearing in person and was represented by lawyer <a href="/wiki/D._John_Sauer" title="D. John Sauer">John Sauer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> In response to a hypothetical question posed by Judge Pan about whether a U.S. president could order <a href="/wiki/SEAL_Team_Six" title="SEAL Team Six">SEAL Team Six</a> to assassinate a political rival, Sauer argued that unless the President were subsequently impeached and convicted for said unlawful order, the President could not be criminally prosecuted.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Judge Pan pointed out that if there is any circumstance in which a president can be criminally prosecuted (in this hypothetical, after being convicted by the Senate), then the president's immunity is not absolute. Judge Henderson added: "I think it's paradoxical to say that [Trump's] constitutional duty to 'take care that the laws be faithfully executed' allows him to violate criminal laws."<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> On February 6, the Circuit Court of Appeals panel unanimously affirmed the District Court ruling, concluding that Trump's alleged actions "lacked any lawful discretionary authority ... and he is answerable in court for his conduct" because "former President Trump has become citizen Trump ... [and] any executive immunity that may have protected him while he served as President no longer protects him against this prosecution."<a href="#cite_note-AP_2-6-2024-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-ABC_News_2-6-2024-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-CNN_2-6-2024-37">[37]</a> The panel held further that former Presidents have no immunity for "allegedly violat[ing] generally applicable criminal laws" while in office, and specifically "to commit crimes that would neutralize the most fundamental check on executive power -- the recognition and implementation of election results".<a href="#cite_note-ABC_News_2-6-2024-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-CNN_2-6-2024-37">[37]</a> The panel noted that while "the separation of powers doctrine may immunize lawful discretionary acts… [it] does not bar the federal criminal prosecution of a former President for every official act", and that absolute presidential immunity "would collapse our system of separated powers by placing the President beyond the reach of all three Branches".<a href="#cite_note-ABC_News_2-6-2024-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-CNN_2-6-2024-37">[37]</a> The panel concluded that "We cannot accept that the office of the Presidency places its former occupants above the law for all time thereafter."<a href="#cite_note-AP_2-6-2024-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_States_Supreme_Court">United States Supreme Court</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trump_v._United_States_(2024)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: United States Supreme Court">edit</a>]</div> On February 12, 2024, Trump appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court to request a stay of the 2020 election interference trial while he sought an <a href="/wiki/En_banc" title="En banc">en banc</a> hearing from the D.C. Circuit Court.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> In response, Smith filed his own brief on February 14, 2024, urging the Supreme Court to deny Trump's request and citing the urgency of the pending <a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_election" title="2024 United States presidential election">2024 presidential election</a>. Smith also requested that if the Supreme Court took the case, to treat Trump's request as a petition for writ of <a href="/wiki/Certiorari" title="Certiorari">certiorari</a>, and put the case on an expedited schedule.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> On February 28, 2024, the Supreme Court agreed to hear the case, later setting arguments for April 25. The court also maintained the stay of the trial until their decision was made.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> On March 19, Trump's lawyers filed a 67-page brief arguing that a president would have to be impeached by the House and convicted by the Senate before they could be prosecuted for any crime.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> In 2000, the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Legal_Counsel" title="Office of Legal Counsel">Office of Legal Counsel</a> issued an opinion that concluded that it is constitutional to indict and try a former president for the same offenses for which the President was impeached by the House of Representatives and acquitted by the Senate.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> On April 8, special counsel Jack Smith filed a 66-page brief urging the Supreme Court to reject Trump's claim of immunity from prosecution for allegedly conspiring to overturn the 2020 election results. Trump's legal team argued for protecting presidential actions from prosecution to maintain authority, while Smith emphasized accountability for alleged crimes.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oral_arguments">Oral arguments</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trump_v._United_States_(2024)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Oral arguments">edit</a>]</div> Oral arguments were held on April 25, 2024.<a href="#cite_note-nbcnews_oral-44">[44]</a> Trump's attorney <a href="/wiki/D._John_Sauer" title="D. John Sauer">D. John Sauer</a> argued that the President has absolute immunity from prosecution for all official acts unless successfully impeached and convicted by Congress before prosecution.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Dreeben" title="Michael Dreeben">Michael Dreeben</a>, representing the special counsel, argued that there are appropriate safeguards to assure that a president could not be prosecuted for most acts done while in their official capacity.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> One notable controversy which occurred during oral arguments was a response Trump attorney John Sauer made to <a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sonia Sotomayor</a> which argued Presidents can, among other things, kill political rivals with immunity.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Trump attorneys cited Nixon v. Fitzgerald to support Trump's argument, while Smith attorneys cited <a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Nixon" title="United States v. Nixon">United States v. Nixon</a>, the 1974 unanimous Supreme Court decision rejecting Nixon's claim of "absolute, unqualified Presidential privilege of immunity from judicial process under all circumstances." Smith attorneys argued the Fitzgerald precedent, which found presidents enjoy absolute immunity from <a href="/wiki/Civil_suits" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil suits">civil suits</a>, does not apply to federal criminal prosecutions.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Journalists observing the arguments reported that the court rejected Trump's claim of having complete absolute immunity, with some line drawn between public acts performed as presidential duties and covered by immunity, and private acts that would not be. At the same time, the conservative justices appeared to believe it necessary to review whether the specific indictments against Trump fell into public or private actions, and that sending the case back to lower courts to make this determination prior to the jury trial would be an appropriate action, which may make it less likely for the trial to occur prior to the 2024 presidential election.<a href="#cite_note-nbcnews_oral-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-oralargumentsupremecourt-50">[50]</a> Such a determination would likely require the case to be returned to judge Chutkan to distinguish between official and private acts. The New York Times reported there appeared to be consensus among the justices that the prosecution could proceed, though the Chutkan proceedings might delay the trial until after the November 2024 elections. The justices also signaled that their ruling might require some allegations to be stripped from the indictment, a process with lower courts that could take several months, though Justice Barrett suggested it might be expedited if Smith did it himself.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opinion_of_the_Court">Opinion of the Court</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trump_v._United_States_(2024)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Opinion of the Court">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SCOTUS_No._23%E2%80%93939_DONALD_J._TRUMP,_PETITIONER_v._UNITED_STATES.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/SCOTUS_No._23%E2%80%93939_DONALD_J._TRUMP%2C_PETITIONER_v._UNITED_STATES.pdf/page1-220px-SCOTUS_No._23%E2%80%93939_DONALD_J._TRUMP%2C_PETITIONER_v._UNITED_STATES.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/SCOTUS_No._23%E2%80%93939_DONALD_J._TRUMP%2C_PETITIONER_v._UNITED_STATES.pdf/page1-330px-SCOTUS_No._23%E2%80%93939_DONALD_J._TRUMP%2C_PETITIONER_v._UNITED_STATES.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/SCOTUS_No._23%E2%80%93939_DONALD_J._TRUMP%2C_PETITIONER_v._UNITED_STATES.pdf/page1-440px-SCOTUS_No._23%E2%80%93939_DONALD_J._TRUMP%2C_PETITIONER_v._UNITED_STATES.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1275" data-file-height="1650" /></a><figcaption>Syllabus summarizing the opinion of the Court</figcaption></figure> On July 1, 2024, the Supreme Court issued a 6–3 decision vacating the decision from the Court of Appeals and holding that presidents had immunity from criminal prosecution for acts conducted under their core constitutional authority as president and presumptive immunity for all official acts, but did not have immunity for any private acts.<a href="#cite_note-scotusblogjuly1-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-20240701WPMarimow-55">[55]</a> Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">John Roberts</a> wrote the majority opinion, holding that presidents "may not be prosecuted for exercising [core constitutional powers]" granted under the <a href="/wiki/Article_II_of_the_United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Article II of the United States Constitution">Article II of the United States Constitution</a>, such as commanding the military,<a href="#cite_note-:2-56">[56]</a> <a href="/wiki/Federal_pardons_in_the_United_States" title="Federal pardons in the United States">issuing pardons</a>,<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <a href="/wiki/Veto_power_in_the_United_States" title="Veto power in the United States">vetoing legislation</a>,<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> overseeing foreign relations, managing immigration, and appointing judges. Roberts explained that neither Congress nor the courts have authority to limit powers exclusively granted to the President under the Constitution and delineated the scope of absolute immunity when the president's acts fell outside of his core constitutional powers, writing that absolute immunity did not extend to "conduct in areas where his authority is shared with Congress".<a href="#cite_note-nythighlights-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-lfmjuly2-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-scotusblogjuly1-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-courthousejuly1-60">[60]</a> Roberts wrote that other official acts, described as conduct taken in accordance with the president's "constitutional and statutory authority", are granted presumptive immunity but may be prosecuted, provided that prosecutors demonstrate that such charges would not threaten the power and function of the executive branch. The court found that official acts included conduct within the outer perimeter of the president's official responsibilities that is "not manifestly or palpably beyond [his] authority." Courts determining whether acts are official are precluded from examining the motives behind the act or designating an act as unofficial simply due to its alleged violation of the law. Unofficial acts would not enjoy any immunity from criminal prosecution.<a href="#cite_note-lfmjuly2-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-scotusblogjuly1-53">[53]</a> Testimony and records of the President or his advisors pertaining to official acts that are determined to be immune from prosecution would also be excluded from introduction as evidence in the prosecution of other acts. Roberts stated that the presumptive immunity applied to all presidents and "occupants of the Oval Office". The court rejected Trump's argument that impeachment and removal from office is a necessary prerequisite to criminally charge a president.<a href="#cite_note-20240701CNNFritz-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-20240701PBSBarajas-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-bloomberglawjuly1-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> In crafting the ruling, the majority stated that while the framers of the Constitution supported a powerful presidency, there was fragmentary evidence about presidential immunity in particular. Thus, the court relied on <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Separation of powers under the United States Constitution">separation of powers</a> principles and precedential cases to reach a ruling. The majority opinion cited Nixon v. Fitzgerald and United States v. Nixon as particular precedents to develop its standard of presidential immunity. It cited the court's findings in US v. Nixon of a public interest in "candid, objective, and even blunt or harsh opinions in Presidential decisionmaking" in finding presumptive <a href="/wiki/Executive_privilege" title="Executive privilege">privilege</a> for presidential communications, as well as Fitzgerald's findings about the necessity of preventing "diversion of the President’s attention during the decisionmaking process" by potential civil liability. These precedents were used to support the finding that it was necessary to prevent the president from being constrained by undue threats of criminal prosecution in order to undertake the "bold and unhesitating action" required to effectively execute the duties of the office. Roberts weighed this against the additional public interest of "fair and effective" enforcement of criminal laws to come to a conclusion on the appropriate scope of presidential immunity.<a href="#cite_note-lfmjuly2-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-scotusblogjuly1-53">[53]</a> The court declined to dismiss the indictment against Trump. The court found that some specific alleged acts were clearly immune from prosecution and others required an analysis of the facts. The majority ruled that Trump's alleged efforts to leverage the Department of Justice in producing alternate slates of electors could not be prosecuted, while remanding decisions on immunity related to Trump's alleged pressuring of the <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a>, state officials, and private individuals to the district court. The court also directed the district court to examine the scope of evidence that could be utilized in the charges against Trump, such as his public comments.<a href="#cite_note-scotusblogjuly1-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-bloomberglawjuly1-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-lfmjuly2-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Concurrences_and_dissents">Concurrences and dissents</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trump_v._United_States_(2024)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Concurrences and dissents">edit</a>]</div> In a concurring opinion, Justice <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a> questioned the legality of the special counsel appointment, writing, "If there is no law establishing the office that the Special Counsel occupies, then he cannot proceed with this prosecution."<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Thomas argued that the special counsel's role would need to be established by Congress and be confirmed as an appointment through the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-wapothomas-65">[65]</a> In an opinion concurring in part, Justice <a href="/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett" title="Amy Coney Barrett">Amy Coney Barrett</a> agreed in granting presidential immunity for the core constitutional powers of a president, arguing that such immunity meant that a president could obtain interlocutory review of the "constitutionality of a criminal statute as applied to official acts." She would apply a differing standard on other official acts, by first reviewing whether a criminal statute could apply to a president's official act and then whether its application to specific facts would interfere with a president's constitutional authority.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Due to the president's lack of authority over institutions like state legislatures, Barrett did not view the president as having any immunity in his actions towards them. Barrett also opposed the exclusion of immune, official acts as evidence by prosecutors.<a href="#cite_note-scotusblogjuly1-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> In a dissenting opinion, Justice Sonia Sotomayor wrote that granting immunity from prosecution would reshape the institution of the Presidency and risk permitting criminal conduct by presidents. Sotomayor said that the majority opinion would effectively expand what may be considered official acts beyond their core duties, depriving prosecutors of an effective means of bringing charges. Sotomayor expressed concerns that a president would be immune from prosecution in a number of hypothetical situations, such as in ordering assassinations of political rivals and taking bribes for pardons. She wrote that the ruling on presidential immunity was more expansive than the <a href="/wiki/Founding_fathers_of_the_united_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Founding fathers of the united states">founders</a> would have recognized. Roberts responded to the dissent, stating that the majority opinion was a narrower ruling than Sotomayor had described and referred to her hypothetical scenarios as fear mongering.<a href="#cite_note-GuardianJuly1-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-scotusblogjuly1-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-courthousejuly1-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-20240701CNNFritz-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-ruling-3">[3]</a> In a dissenting opinion, Justice <a href="/wiki/Ketanji_Brown_Jackson" title="Ketanji Brown Jackson">Ketanji Brown Jackson</a> wrote that the ruling on presidential immunity would effectively empower the judiciary as a gatekeeper of accountability, resulting in downstream effects of weakening the power of Congress and removing incentives against presidential abuse of power.<a href="#cite_note-GuardianJuly1-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-lfmjuly2-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-20240701PBSJacobson-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-20240701PBSBarajas-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-20240703PBSBrown-71">[71]</a> Jackson wrote that the ruling "declared for the first time in history that the most powerful official in the United States can (under circumstances yet to be fully determined) become a law unto himself".<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reactions">Reactions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trump_v._United_States_(2024)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Reactions">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Initial_reactions">Initial reactions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trump_v._United_States_(2024)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Initial reactions">edit</a>]</div> Trump's claims for "absolute immunity" have been rejected by most political commentators and two lower courts. In a unanimous ruling by the three-judge panel of the D.C. Court of Appeals, the court stated that if Trump's theory of constitutional authority were accepted, it would "collapse our system of separated powers" and put a president above the law.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Savage_(author)" title="Charlie Savage (author)">Charlie Savage</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> wrote that Trump's immunity claim challenged "a hallmark of American-style democracy: its suspicion of concentrated power". Savage further stated that "rather than a presidency at least theoretically checked by law, the country would be ruled by presidents who could openly commit official crimes with impunity, so long as enough allied lawmakers remained sufficiently loyal to block any impeachment."<a href="#cite_note-Savage-04-24-2024-74">[74]</a> Writing for <a href="/wiki/Politico_(website)" class="mw-redirect" title="Politico (website)">Politico</a>, former federal prosecutor Ankush Khardori wrote that Trump's claims were "ridiculous", criticized the Supreme Court for not dismissing them immediately and thus potentially delaying Trump's criminal trials until after the <a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_election" title="2024 United States presidential election">2024 presidential election</a>, and criticized the court for "issuing transparently political rulings that are clearly aligned with the political priorities of the Republican Party".<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reactions_to_oral_arguments">Reactions to oral arguments</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trump_v._United_States_(2024)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Reactions to oral arguments">edit</a>]</div> Following oral arguments on April 25, reactions to the Supreme Court seemingly entertaining some form of presidential immunity for Trump was overwhelmingly negative from a variety of historians, journalists, commentators, political scientists, and constitutional scholars. Many referred to Trump's arguments as those of a "<a href="/wiki/King" title="King">king</a>"; heavily criticized conservative justices for seemingly expressing more concern for preventing hypothetical future prosecutions of presidents; accused court conservatives for appearing unconcerned and giving serious thought as to whether assassinations, bribes, and military coups were protected "official" acts; accused court conservatives of being pro-Trump and misinterpreting the Constitution; and accused the court of being on the cusp of losing all remaining legitimacy.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Particular criticism was raised towards Justice <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Samuel Alito</a>, who asked during the oral arguments, "Now if an incumbent who loses a very close, hotly contested election knows that a real possibility after leaving office is not that the president is going to be able to go off into a peaceful retirement, but that the president may be criminally prosecuted by a bitter political opponent, will that not lead us into a cycle that destabilizes the functioning of our country as a democracy?"<a href="#cite_note-thr_alito-77">[77]</a> Journalists stated that in the history of the United States, the <a href="/wiki/Peaceful_transition_of_power" title="Peaceful transition of power">transfer of presidential power</a> had been peaceful save for the events of January 6, making Alito's question a means to treat Trump as a <a href="/wiki/New_normal" title="New normal">new normal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-thr_alito-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Other criticism was levied at court conservatives seemingly abandoning their professed belief in <a href="/wiki/Originalism" title="Originalism">originalism</a> that was used to overturn the right to an abortion in <a href="/wiki/Roe_v._Wade" title="Roe v. Wade">Roe v. Wade</a> (1973) to create a basis of presidential immunity that does not exist in the Constitution.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Democratic Representative <a href="/wiki/Jamie_Raskin" title="Jamie Raskin">Jamie Raskin</a> responded to oral arguments by saying that "they should move the Supreme Court over to the RNC headquarters, because they're acting like a bunch of partisan operatives."<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> In an interview with <a href="/wiki/Meet_the_Press" title="Meet the Press">Meet the Press</a>, Senate minority leader <a href="/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">Mitch McConnell</a>, a Republican, stated that he did not believe presidents should be immune from prosecution for actions committed in office.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reactions_to_the_ruling">Reactions to the ruling</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trump_v._United_States_(2024)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Reactions to the ruling">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Support">Support</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trump_v._United_States_(2024)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Support">edit</a>]</div> Trump, posting on <a href="/wiki/Truth_Social" title="Truth Social">Truth Social</a>, remarked of the decision "BIG WIN FOR OUR CONSTITUTION AND DEMOCRACY. PROUD TO BE AN AMERICAN!" Trump's legal team and other commentators believed that the ruling could affect the result of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_prosecution_of_Donald_Trump_(classified_documents_case)" title="Federal prosecution of Donald Trump (classified documents case)">classified documents case</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Trump and his legal team also expressed interest in using the ruling to set aside his <a href="/wiki/Prosecution_of_Donald_Trump_in_New_York" title="Prosecution of Donald Trump in New York">convictions in New York State</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> The decision was also supported by many Republican politicians, including <a href="/wiki/JD_Vance" title="JD Vance">JD Vance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jim_Jordan" title="Jim Jordan">Jim Jordan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elise_Stefanik" title="Elise Stefanik">Elise Stefanik</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Steve_Scalise" title="Steve Scalise">Steve Scalise</a>.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Former <a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Barr" title="William Barr">William Barr</a> dismissed Sotomayor's dissent, as well as other criticisms of the ruling, arguing that Sotomayor's hypothetical scenarios "[make] no sense whatsoever." Barr argued that "horror stories" surrounding the decision were irrelevant, as the president's official powers do not give him the authority to assassinate political rivals.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Legal expert and <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a> commentator Timothy C. Parlatore wrote in support of the ruling, arguing it would benefit both Republican and Democratic administrations, by protecting them from "overzealous or politically motivated prosecutions". Parlatore also dismissed criticisms of the decision as "breathless" and "greatly overblown".<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Legal commentator and law professor <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_H._Adler" title="Jonathan H. Adler">Jonathan H. Adler</a> wrote in support of the ruling, although he sided with Barrett's concurrence as opposed to Roberts's majority ruling. Adler argued that while presidential immunity may lack explicit textual basis, it is nonetheless a logical "consequence of the nature of executive power."<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas_Review-Journal" title="Las Vegas Review-Journal">Las Vegas Review-Journal</a> wrote in support of the decision, arguing that the majority ruling settled on a middle ground between absolute immunity and none at all.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Legal commentators <a href="/wiki/David_B._Rivkin" title="David B. Rivkin">David B. Rivkin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Price_Foley" title="Elizabeth Price Foley">Elizabeth Price Foley</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a> also supported the decision, arguing that the ruling protected the presidency itself, by preserving the ability of the government to function.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Opposition">Opposition</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trump_v._United_States_(2024)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Opposition">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint listen-noimage"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Biden_Delivers_Remarks_on_the_Supreme_Court%27s_Immunity_Ruling.webm" title="File:President Biden Delivers Remarks on the Supreme Court's Immunity Ruling.webm">President Biden Delivers Remarks on the Supreme Court's Immunity Ruling</a> (4:44)</div> <div><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/President_Biden_Delivers_Remarks_on_the_Supreme_Court%27s_Immunity_Ruling.webm/215px--President_Biden_Delivers_Remarks_on_the_Supreme_Court%27s_Immunity_Ruling.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" height="113" data-durationhint="284" data-mwtitle="President_Biden_Delivers_Remarks_on_the_Supreme_Court's_Immunity_Ruling.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a0/President_Biden_Delivers_Remarks_on_the_Supreme_Court%27s_Immunity_Ruling.webm/President_Biden_Delivers_Remarks_on_the_Supreme_Court%27s_Immunity_Ruling.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="450" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a0/President_Biden_Delivers_Remarks_on_the_Supreme_Court%27s_Immunity_Ruling.webm/President_Biden_Delivers_Remarks_on_the_Supreme_Court%27s_Immunity_Ruling.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="676" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a0/President_Biden_Delivers_Remarks_on_the_Supreme_Court%27s_Immunity_Ruling.webm/President_Biden_Delivers_Remarks_on_the_Supreme_Court%27s_Immunity_Ruling.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1014" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/President_Biden_Delivers_Remarks_on_the_Supreme_Court%27s_Immunity_Ruling.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="3840" data-height="2026" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a0/President_Biden_Delivers_Remarks_on_the_Supreme_Court%27s_Immunity_Ruling.webm/President_Biden_Delivers_Remarks_on_the_Supreme_Court%27s_Immunity_Ruling.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="224" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a0/President_Biden_Delivers_Remarks_on_the_Supreme_Court%27s_Immunity_Ruling.webm/President_Biden_Delivers_Remarks_on_the_Supreme_Court%27s_Immunity_Ruling.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="338" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a0/President_Biden_Delivers_Remarks_on_the_Supreme_Court%27s_Immunity_Ruling.webm/President_Biden_Delivers_Remarks_on_the_Supreme_Court%27s_Immunity_Ruling.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="338" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3APresident_Biden_Delivers_Remarks_on_the_Supreme_Court%27s_Immunity_Ruling.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></div> <div class="description">At the White House, President <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> criticized the Supreme Court's ruling in Trump v. United States.</div></div></div></div> </div> The decision was widely criticized by legal experts and historians, as well as Democratic politicians.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> These historians and scholars argued that the ruling reshaped the powers of the United States President for it limits checks on presidential power.<a href="#cite_note-20240701PBSJacobson-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-20240701PBSBarajas-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-20240703PBSBrown-71">[71]</a> Former White House Counsel <a href="/wiki/John_Dean" title="John Dean">John Dean</a> said <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> "would have survived" the <a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal" title="Watergate scandal">Watergate scandal</a> under the ruling "because the evidence against him was based on official acts the Supreme Court has deemed immune from prosecution."<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-wapo-94">[94]</a> Several constitutional law experts have stated that the ruling would, in fact, make a president immune from prosecution for ordering the assassination of a political rival, as commanding the military falls as a part of the "core powers" the Constitution bestows on the office.<a href="#cite_note-:2-56">[56]</a> Former federal prosecutor Ankush Khardori wrote that the ruling is not based in either textualism or originalism, that it effectively "rewrote the Constitution", and "may go down as one of the most brazenly political decisions in the history of the Supreme Court."<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a> ran a headline stating, "Supreme Court's Trump immunity ruling poses risk for democracy, experts say", and reported that multiple legal experts have raised fears that a future president could now act with impunity.<a href="#cite_note-wapo-94">[94]</a> Ryan Cooper of <a href="/wiki/The_American_Prospect" title="The American Prospect">The American Prospect</a> wrote that the ruling was the worst Supreme Court decision since <a href="/wiki/Plessy_v._Ferguson" title="Plessy v. Ferguson">Plessy v. Ferguson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Representative <a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Ocasio-Cortez" title="Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez">Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez</a> called the decision "an assault on American democracy" and introduced <a href="/wiki/Article_of_impeachment" title="Article of impeachment">articles of impeachment</a> against justices Thomas and Alito.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> President Biden described the Supreme Court's ruling as setting a "dangerous precedent", which "almost certainly means that there are virtually no limits on what a president can do" since "limits will be self-imposed by the president alone." Biden warned that Trump returning as president would be particularly dangerous under the court's ruling.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-20240701WPMarimow-55">[55]</a> "No one, no one is above the law, not even the president of the United States. [With] today’s Supreme Court decision on presidential immunity, that fundamentally changed for all practical purposes,” Biden said.<a href="#cite_note-ruling-3">[3]</a> Senate Majority Leader <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">Chuck Schumer</a> said July 1, 2024 was a "sad day for America. Treason or incitement of an insurrection should not be considered a core constitutional power afforded to a president."<a href="#cite_note-:3-103">[103]</a> Former federal judge <a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Luttig" title="J. Michael Luttig">J. Michael Luttig</a> stated: "There is no support whatsoever in the Constitution or even in the Supreme Court's precedents, for the past 200 years, for this reprehensible decision by the Supreme Court. Needless to say, the decision is irreconcilable with America's democracy, the Constitution, and the rule of law."<a href="#cite_note-Luttig-on-MSNBC1July24-104">[104]</a>: 2:58  He stated that "America's democracy and the rule of law are this country's heart and soul. Our democracy and the rule of law are what have made America the envy of the world and the beacon of freedom to the world for almost 250 years. Now, today, the Supreme Court cut that heart and soul out of America."<a href="#cite_note-Luttig-on-MSNBC1July24-104">[104]</a>: 1:00  Former Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Eric_Holder" title="Eric Holder">Eric Holder</a> said, "Our democracy has been gravely wounded", and added, "There is no basis in the Constitution for this Court-constructed monstrosity."<a href="#cite_note-:3-103">[103]</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Waldman" title="Michael Waldman">Michael Waldman</a>, president of the <a href="/wiki/Brennan_Center_for_Justice" title="Brennan Center for Justice">Brennan Center for Justice</a> at <a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">New York University</a> said, "The Court has issued an instruction manual for lawbreaking presidents. Make sure you conspire only with other government employees. You'll never be held to account."<a href="#cite_note-:3-103">[103]</a> Yale constitutional law professor <a href="/wiki/Akhil_Reed_Amar" title="Akhil Reed Amar">Akhil Reed Amar</a> wrote an op-ed for <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a> titled "Something Has Gone Deeply Wrong at the Supreme Court".<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> <a href="/wiki/Political_cartoon" title="Political cartoon">Political cartoons</a> addressed the ruling from various angles. One political cartoon by John Deering focuses on the <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Memorial" title="Lincoln Memorial">Lincoln Memorial</a>, where a saddened <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> holds a newspaper with a headline that reads, "SUPREME COURT HANDS TRUMP BROAD IMMUNITY." Next to him is a passage from the <a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_Address" title="Gettysburg Address">Gettysburg Address</a>: "That we here highly resolve these dead shall not have died in vain -- that the nation, shall have a new birth of freedom -- and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth."<a href="#cite_note-Deering-106">[106]</a> Another political cartoon by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Ramirez" title="Michael Ramirez">Michael Ramirez</a> shows the Contemplation of Justice statue in front of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court_Building" title="United States Supreme Court Building">Supreme Court Building</a> looking somber and long faced, speaking to the Blindfolded Justice statuette in her right hand, saying, "So, presidents are allowed to commit crimes, as long as it is part of their official duties?" A caption beneath the cartoon reads, "CONTEMPLATING JUSTICE."<a href="#cite_note-Ramirez-107">[107]</a> A third political cartoon by Lee Judge takes a less solemn tone, showing a group of obviously intoxicated Supreme Court justices in the "Supreme Court Lounge" drinking from a keg of "Trump moonshine." One figure in the doorway says to another, “It’s the highest court in the land.”<a href="#cite_note-Judge-108">[108]</a> Satirical responses in the press also varied in their approach. One headline in The Washington Post's opinion section reads, “The Supreme Court rules to restore the monarchy,” <a href="#cite_note-Petri-109">[109]</a> while <a href="/wiki/The_Onion" title="The Onion">The Onion</a> ran stories with headlines such as “Supreme Court Rules Trump Has Immunity For Any Crime Committed Between 9 And 5”<a href="#cite_note-Onion1-110">[110]</a> and “New Trump Ad Shows Montage Of People He’ll Kill If Elected.”<a href="#cite_note-Onion2-111">[111]</a> Multiple news outlets compared the ruling to the <a href="/wiki/Enabling_Act_of_1933" title="Enabling Act of 1933">Enabling Act of 1933</a> in Germany.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Attempts_to_overturn">Attempts to overturn</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trump_v._United_States_(2024)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Attempts to overturn">edit</a>]</div> On July 25, Democratic representative <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Morelle" title="Joseph Morelle">Joseph Morelle</a> proposed a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_amendment" title="Constitutional amendment">constitutional amendment</a> to reverse the ruling, with the support of more than forty other members of Congress.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> Law professor and former federal prosecutor <a href="/wiki/Kimberly_Wehle" class="mw-redirect" title="Kimberly Wehle">Kimberly Wehle</a> wrote an op-ed supporting Morelle's amendment shortly after.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> Biden had previously announced his plan to introduce a separate amendment, known as the No One Is Above the Law Amendment, to eliminate all "immunity for crimes a former president committed while in office".<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> On August 1, Schumer introduced the No Kings Act in the Senate, a proposed bill to abolish presidential immunity and declare that only Congress could grant immunity to federal law.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> The Act would also limit judicial review of its own provisions by providing a statute of limitations (180-days for <a href="/wiki/Facial_challenge" title="Facial challenge">facial challenges</a> and 90-days for as-applied challenges), channeling jurisdiction to the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia and D.C. Circuit (with the Supreme Court having <a href="/wiki/Exceptions_clause" class="mw-redirect" title="Exceptions clause">no appellate jurisdiction</a>), requiring proof of unconstitutionality by <a href="/wiki/Clear_and_convincing_evidence" class="mw-redirect" title="Clear and convincing evidence">clear and convincing evidence</a>, and forbidding <a href="/wiki/Sua_sponte" title="Sua sponte">sua sponte relief</a> based on its unconstitutionality.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> The bill was sponsored by more than two dozen Democratic senators,<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> but it is unlikely to move forward in the current Congress.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impacts_on_cases">Impacts on cases</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trump_v._United_States_(2024)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Impacts on cases">edit</a>]</div> The Supreme Court's ruling delayed the case for Trump's federal election interference charges beyond the 2024 election, as Judge Chutkan continued to review Trump's alleged acts and evidence introduced by prosecutors to determine if they are immune from prosecution. Additionally, due to Trump's election on November 5, 2024, the Justice Department's <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Legal_Counsel" title="Office of Legal Counsel">Office of Legal Counsel</a> may decide whether a president-elect can be prosecuted.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> Existing Justice Department protocols prohibit the prosecution of a sitting president.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> Judge <a href="/wiki/Scott_F._McAfee" title="Scott F. McAfee">Scott McAfee</a> was also expected to rule on whether parts of Trump's election interference charges in Georgia will be foreclosed by presidential immunity. Trump's attorneys had filed a motion on immunity in January 2024, with proceedings awaiting the Supreme Court's ruling. The case was also held up by proceedings on whether to disqualify prosecutor <a href="/wiki/Fani_Willis" title="Fani Willis">Fani Willis</a> and as of mid-2024 was expected to resume in early 2025.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> Trump's lawyers have filed a motion to apply presidential immunity against Trump's charges over retaining classified documents. Justice Thomas's concurrence also mirrored a motion filed by Trump's lawyers to dismiss his charges due to Jack Smith's appointment as special counsel, arguing that he was not appointed in accordance with the Constitution.<a href="#cite_note-wapothomas-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> On July 15, 2024, Judge <a href="/wiki/Aileen_Cannon" title="Aileen Cannon">Aileen Cannon</a> dismissed the case, concluding that Smith's appointment violated the <a href="/wiki/Appointments_Clause" title="Appointments Clause">Appointments Clause</a> of the Constitution.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> Trump's sentencing date for his <a href="/wiki/Prosecution_of_Donald_Trump_in_New_York" title="Prosecution of Donald Trump in New York">convictions in Manhattan</a> was delayed from July to November 2024. Justice <a href="/wiki/Juan_Merchan" title="Juan Merchan">Juan Merchan</a> indicated that he would rule on the applicability of presidential immunity to evidence introduced by the prosecution and if necessary conduct sentencing shortly after.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-132">[132]</a> On November 12, Merchan delayed that hearing while prosecutors considered how Trump's election might have an impact.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> On September 26, 2024, Jack Smith submitted a 165-page sealed brief in the federal prosecution for election obstruction, with Judge Chutkan approving a redacted version for public release the following week. The new brief established the prosecution's support for the injunctions against Trump on the basis that the actions Trump took were made outside the duties of the office of the presidency as to satisfy the Supreme Court decision in Trump, removing the evidence that was tied to the Department of Justice, but introducing new evidence including discussions between Pence and Trump where Pence urged Trump to accept defeat.<a href="#cite_note-2024Oct2CNN-134">[134]</a> As of mid-November, Smith was expected to provide updates in both the election obstruction and <a href="/wiki/Federal_prosecution_of_Donald_Trump_(classified_documents_case)" title="Federal prosecution of Donald Trump (classified documents case)">classified documents</a> cases in coming weeks, before resigning ahead of <a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second inauguration of Donald Trump">Trump's inauguration</a> in early January.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading 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PBS. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/historian-discusses-supreme-courts-immunity-decision-and-shift-in-presidential-powers">the original</a> on July 3, 2024. Retrieved July 3, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Historian+discusses+Supreme+Court%27s+immunity+decision+and+shift+in+presidential+powers&rft.date=2024-07-02&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft.au=Schmitz%2C+Ali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fnewshour%2Fshow%2Fhistorian-discusses-supreme-courts-immunity-decision-and-shift-in-presidential-powers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrump+v.+United+States+%282024%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiptak2024" class="citation news cs1">Liptak, Adam (July 1, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/01/us/politics/supreme-court-trump-immunity.html">"Supreme Court Says Trump Has Some Immunity in Election Case"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240703170424/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/01/us/politics/supreme-court-trump-immunity.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 3, 2024. 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Retrieved April 24, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Supreme+Court+to+take+up+Trump%27s+claim+of+%27absolute+immunity%27+from+criminal+prosecution&rft.date=2024-04-24&rft.aulast=Dwyer&rft.aufirst=Devin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FPolitics%2Fsupreme-court-takes-trumps-claim-absolute-immunity-criminal%2Fstory%3Fid%3D109251013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrump+v.+United+States+%282024%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Savage-04-24-2024-74"><a href="#cite_ref-Savage-04-24-2024_74-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSavage2024" class="citation news cs1">Savage, Charlie (April 24, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2024/04/24/us/trump-immunity-president-supreme-court.html">"Trump's Immunity Claim Joins His Plans to Increase Executive Power"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240424183452/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/04/24/us/trump-immunity-president-supreme-court.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 24, 2024. Retrieved April 24, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Trump%27s+Immunity+Claim+Joins+His+Plans+to+Increase+Executive+Power&rft.date=2024-04-24&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Savage&rft.aufirst=Charlie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2024%2F04%2F24%2Fus%2Ftrump-immunity-president-supreme-court.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrump+v.+United+States+%282024%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhardori2024" class="citation web cs1">Khardori, Ankush (April 24, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2024/04/24/trumps-crazy-argument-for-immunity-heads-to-the-high-court-00153954">"How to Know If the Supreme Court Is in the Tank for Trump"</a>. Politico. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240424224709/https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2024/04/24/trumps-crazy-argument-for-immunity-heads-to-the-high-court-00153954">Archived</a> from the original on April 24, 2024. Retrieved April 24, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=How+to+Know+If+the+Supreme+Court+Is+in+the+Tank+for+Trump&rft.date=2024-04-24&rft.aulast=Khardori&rft.aufirst=Ankush&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fnews%2Fmagazine%2F2024%2F04%2F24%2Ftrumps-crazy-argument-for-immunity-heads-to-the-high-court-00153954&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrump+v.+United+States+%282024%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBouie2024" class="citation web cs1">Bouie, Jamelle (April 26, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2024/04/26/opinion/trump-immunity-supreme-court.html">"This Whole King Trump Thing Is Getting Awfully Literal"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240426093126/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/04/26/opinion/trump-immunity-supreme-court.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 26, 2024. Retrieved April 26, 2024. <q>Donald Trump's claim that he has absolute immunity for criminal acts taken in office as president is an insult to reason, an assault on common sense and a perversion of the fundamental maxim of American democracy: that no man is above the law. More astonishing than the former president's claim to immunity, however, is the fact that the Supreme Court took the case in the first place ... In other words, however the Supreme Court rules, it has egregiously abused its power.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=This+Whole+King+Trump+Thing+Is+Getting+Awfully+Literal&rft.date=2024-04-26&rft.aulast=Bouie&rft.aufirst=Jamelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2024%2F04%2F26%2Fopinion%2Ftrump-immunity-supreme-court.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrump+v.+United+States+%282024%29" class="Z3988"></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlasser2024" class="citation magazine cs1">Glasser, Susan B. (April 26, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/letter-from-bidens-washington/king-donalds-day-at-the-supreme-court">"King Donald's Day at the Supreme Court"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240425235158/https://www.newyorker.com/news/letter-from-bidens-washington/king-donalds-day-at-the-supreme-court">Archived</a> from the original on April 25, 2024. Retrieved April 26, 2024. <q>It says everything about this Supreme Court—a radical right-wing bench that Trump reshaped with his appointments—that several conservative Justices hardly seemed bothered by this absolutist vision of the Presidency. And yet, notably, I did not hear any of them specifically defend Trump's indefensible conduct or the tremendous overreach recommended by his lawyer; instead, they invoked fears of unwarranted prosecutions against other former Presidents—not this one, they insisted somewhat sanctimoniously, but unnamed others.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=King+Donald%27s+Day+at+the+Supreme+Court&rft.date=2024-04-26&rft.aulast=Glasser&rft.aufirst=Susan+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fnews%2Fletter-from-bidens-washington%2Fking-donalds-day-at-the-supreme-court&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrump+v.+United+States+%282024%29" class="Z3988"></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuppke2024" class="citation web cs1">Huppke, Rex (April 26, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/columnist/2024/04/26/trump-immunity-supreme-court-election-interference/73457803007/">"Trump's Supreme Court immunity arguments make me wish Americans were immune to con artists"</a>. <a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240426142832/https://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/columnist/2024/04/26/trump-immunity-supreme-court-election-interference/73457803007/">Archived</a> from the original on April 26, 2024. Retrieved April 26, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Trump%27s+Supreme+Court+immunity+arguments+make+me+wish+Americans+were+immune+to+con+artists&rft.date=2024-04-26&rft.aulast=Huppke&rft.aufirst=Rex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fopinion%2Fcolumnist%2F2024%2F04%2F26%2Ftrump-immunity-supreme-court-election-interference%2F73457803007%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrump+v.+United+States+%282024%29" class="Z3988"></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevin2024" class="citation magazine cs1">Levin, Bess (April 27, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vanityfair.com/news/supreme-court-justice-samuel-alito-argues-presidents-must-be-allowed-to-commit-federal-crimes-or-democracy-as-we-know-it-will-be-over">"Supreme Court Justice Samuel Alito Argues Presidents Must Be Allowed to Commit Federal Crimes or Democracy as We Know It Will Be Over"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)" title="Vanity Fair (magazine)">Vanity Fair</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240426042611/https://www.vanityfair.com/news/supreme-court-justice-samuel-alito-argues-presidents-must-be-allowed-to-commit-federal-crimes-or-democracy-as-we-know-it-will-be-over">Archived</a> from the original on April 26, 2024. Retrieved April 27, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vanity+Fair&rft.atitle=Supreme+Court+Justice+Samuel+Alito+Argues+Presidents+Must+Be+Allowed+to+Commit+Federal+Crimes+or+Democracy+as+We+Know+It+Will+Be+Over&rft.date=2024-04-27&rft.aulast=Levin&rft.aufirst=Bess&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vanityfair.com%2Fnews%2Fsupreme-court-justice-samuel-alito-argues-presidents-must-be-allowed-to-commit-federal-crimes-or-democracy-as-we-know-it-will-be-over&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrump+v.+United+States+%282024%29" class="Z3988"></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiptak2024" class="citation news cs1">Liptak, Adam (April 26, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2024/04/26/us/politics/supreme-court-trump-immunity-election.html">"Conservative Justices Take Argument Over Trump's Immunity in Unexpected Direction"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240426160052/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/04/26/us/politics/supreme-court-trump-immunity-election.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 26, 2024. Retrieved April 26, 2024. <q>Instead, members of the court's conservative majority treated Mr. Trump's assertion that he could not face charges that he tried to subvert the 2020 election as a weighty and difficult question. They did so, said Pamela Karlan, a law professor at Stanford, by averting their eyes from Mr. Trump's conduct ... The conservative justices did not seem concerned that Mr. Trump's lawyer, D. John Sauer, said his client was free during his presidency to commit lawless acts, subject to prosecution only after impeachment by the House and conviction in the Senate.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Conservative+Justices+Take+Argument+Over+Trump%27s+Immunity+in+Unexpected+Direction&rft.date=2024-04-26&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Liptak&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2024%2F04%2F26%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fsupreme-court-trump-immunity-election.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrump+v.+United+States+%282024%29" class="Z3988"></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRana2024" class="citation web cs1">Rana, Aziz (April 26, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2024/04/26/opinion/constitution-trump.html">"The Constitution Won't Save Us From Trump"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240426093117/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/04/26/opinion/constitution-trump.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 26, 2024. 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Retrieved April 26, 2024. <q>The conservative justices have shown they are ready to sacrifice any law or principle to save the former president.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=The+Trumpification+of+the+Supreme+Court&rft.date=2024-04-26&rft.aulast=Serwer&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fpolitics%2Farchive%2F2024%2F04%2Ftrump-presidential-inmunity-supreme-court%2F678193%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrump+v.+United+States+%282024%29" class="Z3988"></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuk_Gersen2024" class="citation magazine cs1">Suk Gersen, Jeannie (April 26, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/our-columnists/the-supreme-court-appears-poised-to-protect-the-presidency-and-donald-trump">"The Supreme Court Appears Poised to Protect the Presidency—and Donald Trump"</a>. The New Yorker. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240426222623/https://www.newyorker.com/news/our-columnists/the-supreme-court-appears-poised-to-protect-the-presidency-and-donald-trump">Archived</a> from the original on April 26, 2024. 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Retrieved April 26, 2024. <q>But the one thing that seems most clear coming out of Thursday's argument is that the answer — and the broader legacy of the Roberts court — will ultimately be up to him.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Opinion%3A+In+Trump%27s+immunity+case%2C+John+Roberts+has+quite+a+mess+in+front+of+him&rft.date=2024-04-26&rft.aulast=Vladeck&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2024%2F04%2F26%2Fopinions%2Ftrump-immunity-supreme-court-roberts-vladeck%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrump+v.+United+States+%282024%29" class="Z3988"></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWegman2024" class="citation web cs1">Wegman, Jesse (April 26, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2024/04/26/opinion/trump-immunity-founding-fathers.html">"Trump's Immunity Case Was Settled More Than 200 Years Ago"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240426093140/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/04/26/opinion/trump-immunity-founding-fathers.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 26, 2024. Retrieved April 26, 2024. <q>The right-wing justices seemed thoroughly uninterested in the case before them, which involves a violent insurrection that was led by a sitting president who is seeking to return to office in a matter of months. 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CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240701145603/https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/trump-immunity-supreme-court-decision-07-01-24/#h_1857530331c79443714699cdc868d62f">Archived</a> from the original on July 1, 2024. 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Retrieved July 4, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=America+Depends+on+Presidential+Immunity&rft.date=2024-07-01&rft.aulast=Rivkin&rft.aufirst=David+B.&rft.au=Foley%2C+Elizabeth+Price&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Famerica-depends-on-presidential-immunity-supreme-court-decision-trump-charges-c163ae81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrump+v.+United+States+%282024%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTarinelli2024" class="citation news cs1">Tarinelli, Ryan (July 1, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rollcall.com/2024/07/01/historians-legal-experts-express-dismay-at-trump-immunity-ruling/">"Historians, legal experts express dismay at Trump immunity ruling"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Roll_Call" title="Roll Call">Roll Call</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240703011440/https://rollcall.com/2024/07/01/historians-legal-experts-express-dismay-at-trump-immunity-ruling/">Archived</a> from the original on July 3, 2024. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://michaelramirez.substack.com/p/michael-ramirez-not-always-blind?r=ntzh3&utm_campaign=post&utm_medium=web&triedRedirect=true">the original</a> on July 3, 2024. Retrieved July 3, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Michael+Ramirez+Newsletter&rft.atitle=Not+Always+Blind&rft.date=2024-07-03&rft.aulast=Ramirez&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmichaelramirez.substack.com%2Fp%2Fmichael-ramirez-not-always-blind%3Fr%3Dntzh3%26utm_campaign%3Dpost%26utm_medium%3Dweb%26triedRedirect%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrump+v.+United+States+%282024%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Judge-108"><a href="#cite_ref-Judge_108-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJudge2024" class="citation web cs1">Judge, Lee (July 3, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240704204940/https://www.realclearpolitics.com/cartoons/images/2024/07/03/lee_judge_lee_judge_for_07032024_5_.gif">"The-highest-court political cartoon"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.realclearpolitics.com/cartoons/images/2024/07/03/lee_judge_lee_judge_for_07032024_5_.gif">the original</a> on July 4, 2024. Retrieved July 4, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The-highest-court+political+cartoon&rft.date=2024-07-03&rft.aulast=Judge&rft.aufirst=Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.realclearpolitics.com%2Fcartoons%2Fimages%2F2024%2F07%2F03%2Flee_judge_lee_judge_for_07032024_5_.gif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrump+v.+United+States+%282024%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Petri-109"><a href="#cite_ref-Petri_109-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetri2024" class="citation news cs1">Petri, Alexandra (July 1, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2024/07/01/supreme-court-trump-immunity-ruling-monarchy-satire/">"The Supreme Court rules to restore the monarchy"</a>. The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240702194106/https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2024/07/01/supreme-court-trump-immunity-ruling-monarchy-satire/">Archived</a> from the original on July 2, 2024. 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Retrieved July 5, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Onion&rft.atitle=Supreme+Court+Rules+Trump+Has+Immunity+For+Any+Crime+Committed+Between+9+And+5&rft.date=2024-07-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theonion.com%2Fsupreme-court-rules-trump-has-immunity-for-any-crime-co-1851573124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrump+v.+United+States+%282024%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Onion2-111"><a href="#cite_ref-Onion2_111-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theonion.com/new-trump-ad-shows-montage-of-people-he-ll-kill-if-elec-1851573199">"New Trump Ad Shows Montage Of People He'll Kill If Elected"</a>. The Onion. 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Kentucky.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lexington+Herald+Leader&rft.atitle=With+immunity+for+Donald+Trump%2C+Chevron+decision%2C+Supreme+Court+harms+democracy&rft.date=2024-07-03&rft.aulast=Adkins&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kentucky.com%2Fopinion%2Fletters-to-the-editor%2Farticle289741524.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrump+v.+United+States+%282024%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrabex2024" class="citation news cs1">Trabex, Winter (July 9, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://granitepostnews.com/opinion/op-ed-scotus-enabling/">"Supreme Court Creates Their Own Nazi Enabling Act"</a>. Granite Post. 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The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240801043218/https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2024/07/29/joe-biden-reform-supreme-court-presidential-immunity-plan-announcement/">Archived</a> from the original on August 1, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Joe+Biden%3A+My+plan+to+reform+the+Supreme+Court+and+ensure+no+president+is+above+the+law&rft.date=2024-07-29&rft.aulast=Biden&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fopinions%2F2024%2F07%2F29%2Fjoe-biden-reform-supreme-court-presidential-immunity-plan-announcement%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrump+v.+United+States+%282024%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2024/07/29/nx-s1-5055094/biden-supreme-court">"Biden calls for term limits, enforceable ethics rules for Supreme Court justices"</a>. 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Congressional Research Service. pp. 3–4. Retrieved April 25, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Presidential+Immunity%2C+Criminal+Liability%2C+and+the+Impeachment+Judgment+Clause&rft.pages=3-4&rft.pub=Congressional+Research+Service&rft.date=2024-03-04&rft.aulast=Garvey&rft.aufirst=Todd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcrsreports.congress.gov%2Fproduct%2Fpdf%2FLSB%2FLSB11121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrump+v.+United+States+%282024%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarvey2024" class="citation report cs1">Garvey, Todd (July 5, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/LSB/LSB11194">Presidential Immunity from Criminal Prosecution in Trump v. United States</a> (Report). Congressional Research Service. Retrieved July 10, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Presidential+Immunity+from+Criminal+Prosecution+in+Trump+v.+United+States&rft.pub=Congressional+Research+Service&rft.date=2024-07-05&rft.aulast=Garvey&rft.aufirst=Todd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcrsreports.congress.gov%2Fproduct%2Fpdf%2FLSB%2FLSB11194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrump+v.+United+States+%282024%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Case docket for <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/23a745.html">United States v. Donald Trump, 23A745, (SCOTUS)</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/orders/courtorders/022824zr3_febh.pdf">SCOTUS writ of certiorari</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scotusblog.com/case-files/cases/trump-v-united-states-3/">ScotusBlog case files: Trump v. United States</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?534673-1/supreme-court-hears-case-president-trumps-immunity-claim">SCOTUS oral arguments audio</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-939_f2qg.pdf">SCOTUS oral arguments transcript</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/23pdf/23-939_e2pg.pdf">SCOTUS opinion</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack_navbox" title="Template:January 6 United States Capitol attack navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack_navbox" title="Template talk:January 6 United States Capitol attack navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:January 6 United States Capitol attack navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="January 6 United States Capitol attack">January 6 United States Capitol attack</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">U.S. Capitol</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_Police" title="United States Capitol Police">United States Capitol Police</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Dunn_(police_officer)" title="Harry Dunn (police officer)">Harry Dunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Fanone" title="Michael Fanone">Michael Fanone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Goodman" title="Eugene Goodman">Eugene Goodman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogananda_Pittman" title="Yogananda Pittman">Yogananda Pittman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Sund" title="Steven Sund">Steven Sund</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_violent_incidents_at_the_United_States_Capitol" title="Timeline of violent incidents at the United States Capitol">Timeline of prior security incidents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election">Election</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Previous claims of election fraud by President Trump <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attempts_to_overturn_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election#Trump's_2012_accusations_of_electoral_fraud" title="Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election">in 2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_2016_presidential_campaign#Uncertainty_over_accepting_the_election_results" title="Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign">in 2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_reactions_to_Donald_Trump%27s_claims_of_2020_election_fraud" title="Republican reactions to Donald Trump's claims of 2020 election fraud">Republican reactions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_United_States_election_protests" title="2020–21 United States election protests">2020–21 presidential election protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_United_States_Electoral_College_vote_count" title="2021 United States Electoral College vote count">2021 Electoral College vote count</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Predictions_of_violence_ahead_of_the_January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="Predictions of violence ahead of the January 6 United States Capitol attack">Predictions of violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1776_Returns" title="1776 Returns">1776 Returns</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attempts_to_overturn_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election">Attempts to overturn the 2020 presidential election</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trump_fake_electors_plot" title="Trump fake electors plot">Fake electors plot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chesebro_memos" class="mw-redirect" title="Chesebro memos">Chesebro memos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastman_memos" title="Eastman memos">Eastman memos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-election_lawsuits_related_to_the_2020_U.S._presidential_election" title="Post-election lawsuits related to the 2020 U.S. presidential election">Lawsuits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Texas_v._Pennsylvania" title="Texas v. Pennsylvania">Texas v. Pennsylvania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Clark_letter" title="Jeffrey Clark letter">Jeffrey Clark letter</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_backsliding_in_the_United_States" title="Democratic backsliding in the United States">Democratic backsliding in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_30_storming_of_the_Michigan_State_Capitol" title="April 30 storming of the Michigan State Capitol">Michigan State Capitol storming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/False_or_misleading_statements_by_Donald_Trump" title="False or misleading statements by Donald Trump">False or misleading statements by Donald Trump</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conspiracy_theories_promoted_by_Donald_Trump" title="List of conspiracy theories promoted by Donald Trump">Conspiracy theories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_use_by_Donald_Trump" title="Social media use by Donald Trump">Social media use by Donald Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QAnon" title="QAnon">QAnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparisons_between_Donald_Trump_and_fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparisons between Donald Trump and fascism">Comparisons between Donald Trump and fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_derangement_syndrome" title="Trump derangement syndrome">Trump derangement syndrome</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Involved</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christina_Bobb" title="Christina Bobb">Christina Bobb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Chesebro" title="Kenneth Chesebro">Kenneth Chesebro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Clark" title="Jeffrey Clark">Jeffrey Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_diGenova" title="Joseph diGenova">Joseph diGenova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Eastman" title="John Eastman">John Eastman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenna_Ellis" title="Jenna Ellis">Jenna Ellis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani" title="Rudy Giuliani">Rudy Giuliani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McEntee_(political_aide)" title="John McEntee (political aide)">John McEntee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Meadows" title="Mark Meadows">Mark Meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleta_Mitchell" title="Cleta Mitchell">Cleta Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Navarro" title="Peter Navarro">Peter Navarro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Powell" title="Sidney Powell">Sidney Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Toensing" title="Victoria Toensing">Victoria Toensing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Troupis" title="Jim Troupis">Jim Troupis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Planning_of_the_January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="Planning of the January 6 United States Capitol attack">Planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="Timeline of the January 6 United States Capitol attack">Timeline of attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_response_to_the_January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="Law enforcement response to the January 6 United States Capitol attack">Law enforcement response</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Ashli_Babbitt" title="Killing of Ashli Babbitt">killing of Ashli Babbitt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Brian_Sicknick" title="Death of Brian Sicknick">Death of Brian Sicknick</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Participants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Proud_Boys" title="Proud Boys">Proud Boys</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enrique_Tarrio" title="Enrique Tarrio">Enrique Tarrio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biggs" title="Joe Biggs">Joe Biggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethan_Nordean" title="Ethan Nordean">Ethan Nordean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_Pezzola" title="Dominic Pezzola">Dominic Pezzola</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Oath_Keepers" title="Oath Keepers">Oath Keepers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stewart_Rhodes" title="Stewart Rhodes">Stewart Rhodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelly_Meggs" title="Kelly Meggs">Kelly Meggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bertino" title="Jeremy Bertino">Jeremy Bertino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Epps_(military_veteran)" title="Ray Epps (military veteran)">Ray Epps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Minuta" title="Roberto Minuta">Roberto Minuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Marie_Watkins" title="Jessica Marie Watkins">Jessica Marie Watkins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Barnett_(Capitol_rioter)" title="Richard Barnett (Capitol rioter)">Richard Barnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Chansley" title="Jacob Chansley">Jacob Chansley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derrick_Evans_(politician)" title="Derrick Evans (politician)">Derrick Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Fuentes" title="Nick Fuentes">Nick Fuentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baked_Alaska_(livestreamer)" title="Baked Alaska (livestreamer)">Tim "Baked Alaska" Gionet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Gold" title="Simone Gold">Simone Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Couy_Griffin" title="Couy Griffin">Couy Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Hostetter" title="Alan Hostetter">Alan Hostetter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Christian_Johnson" title="Adam Christian Johnson">Adam Christian Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Johnston" title="Jay Johnston">Jay Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klete_Keller" title="Klete Keller">Klete Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Kicinski" title="Carol Kicinski">Carol Kicinski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_James_Lyons" title="Kevin James Lyons">Kevin James Lyons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doug_Mastriano" title="Doug Mastriano">Doug Mastriano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evan_Neumann" title="Evan Neumann">Evan Neumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Ochs" title="Nicholas Ochs">Nicholas Ochs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Powell" title="Rachel Powell">Rachel Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libs_of_TikTok" title="Libs of TikTok">Chaya "Libs of TikTok" Raichik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Reffitt" title="Guy Reffitt">Guy Reffitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dana_Rohrabacher" title="Dana Rohrabacher">Dana Rohrabacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Saccone" title="Rick Saccone">Rick Saccone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryan_Samsel" title="Ryan Samsel">Ryan Samsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Sandlin" title="Ronald Sandlin">Ronald Sandlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Schaffer" title="Jon Schaffer">Jon Schaffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Seefried" title="Kevin Seefried">Kevin Seefried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Shroyer" title="Owen Shroyer">Owen Shroyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Francis_Stager" title="Peter Francis Stager">Peter Francis Stager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WalkAway_campaign" title="WalkAway campaign">Brandon Straka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Earle_Sullivan" title="John Earle Sullivan">John Earle Sullivan‎‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_John_Worrell" title="Christopher John Worrell">Christopher John Worrell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="Aftermath of the January 6 United States Capitol attack">Aftermath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_United_States_inauguration_week_protests" title="2021 United States inauguration week protests">2021 U.S. inauguration week protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_that_halted_U.S._political_contributions_in_January_2021" title="List of companies that halted U.S. political contributions in January 2021">Companies that halted political contributions</a></li> <li>Reactions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_reactions_to_the_January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="Domestic reactions to the January 6 United States Capitol attack">domestic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="International reactions to the January 6 United States Capitol attack">international</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_impeachment_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second impeachment of Donald Trump">Second impeachment of Donald Trump</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_impeachment_trial_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second impeachment trial of Donald Trump">trial</a></li></ul></li> <li>Suicides <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Howard_Liebengood" title="Death of Howard Liebengood">Howard Liebengood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Jeffrey_L._Smith" title="Death of Jeffrey L. Smith">Jeffrey L. Smith</a></li></ul></li> <li>Proceedings <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Justice_Department_investigation_into_attempts_to_overturn_the_2020_presidential_election" title="United States Justice Department investigation into attempts to overturn the 2020 presidential election">Justice Department investigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_6_commission" title="January 6 commission">January 6 commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Select_Committee_on_the_January_6_Attack" title="United States House Select Committee on the January 6 Attack">House Select Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_proceedings_in_the_January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="Criminal proceedings in the January 6 United States Capitol attack">criminal proceedings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cases_of_the_January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="List of cases of the January 6 United States Capitol attack">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fischer_v._United_States" title="Fischer v. United States">Fischer v. United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_hearings_of_the_United_States_House_Select_Committee_on_the_January_6_Attack" title="Public hearings of the United States House Select Committee on the January 6 Attack">public hearings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thompson_v._Trump" title="Thompson v. Trump">Thompson v. Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_special_counsel_investigation" title="Smith special counsel investigation">Smith special counsel investigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_prosecution_of_Donald_Trump_(election_obstruction_case)" title="Federal prosecution of Donald Trump (election obstruction case)">Federal prosecution of Donald Trump</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Trump v. United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_for_J6_rally" title="Justice for J6 rally">Justice for J6 rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Facebook_leak" title="2021 Facebook leak">2021 Facebook company files leak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_eligibility_of_Donald_Trump" title="Presidential eligibility of Donald Trump">Presidential eligibility of Donald Trump</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trump_v._Anderson" title="Trump v. Anderson">Trump v. Anderson</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Jones" title="Alex Jones">Alex Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Alexander" title="Ali Alexander">Ali Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathy_Barnette" title="Kathy Barnette">Kathy Barnette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boogaloo_movement" title="Boogaloo movement">Boogaloo movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jericho_March" title="Jericho March">Jericho March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groypers" title="Groypers">Groypers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedition_Caucus" title="Sedition Caucus">Sedition Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_use_by_Donald_Trump" title="Social media use by Donald Trump">Social media use by Donald Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Percenters" title="Three Percenters">Three Percenters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Rage:_How_Trump_Supporters_Took_the_U.S._Capitol" title="Day of Rage: How Trump Supporters Took the U.S. Capitol">Day of Rage: How Trump Supporters Took the U.S. Capitol</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Hours_at_the_Capitol" title="Four Hours at the Capitol">Four Hours at the Capitol</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/This_Place_Rules" title="This Place Rules">This Place Rules</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_for_All_(song)" title="Justice for All (song)">"Justice for All"</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Storm_Foretold" title="A Storm Foretold">A Storm Foretold</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sixth_(2024_film)" title="The Sixth (2024 film)">The Sixth</a> (2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_backsliding_in_the_United_States" title="Democratic backsliding in the United States">Democratic backsliding in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cincinnati_FBI_field_office_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Cincinnati FBI field office attack">Cincinnati FBI field office attack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Legal_affairs_of_Donald_Trump" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Legal_affairs_of_Donald_Trump" title="Template:Legal affairs of Donald Trump"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Legal_affairs_of_Donald_Trump" title="Template talk:Legal affairs of Donald Trump"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Legal_affairs_of_Donald_Trump" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Legal affairs of Donald Trump"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Legal_affairs_of_Donald_Trump" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Legal affairs of <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personal_and_business_legal_affairs_of_Donald_Trump" title="Personal and business legal affairs of Donald Trump">Personal and business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_affairs_of_Donald_Trump_as_president" title="Legal affairs of Donald Trump as president">Presidential</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Impeachments" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Impeachments</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Efforts_to_impeach_Donald_Trump" title="Efforts to impeach Donald Trump">Efforts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_impeachment_resolutions_introduced_against_Donald_Trump" title="List of impeachment resolutions introduced against Donald Trump">Resolutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_expungements_of_the_impeachments_of_Donald_Trump" title="Proposed expungements of the impeachments of Donald Trump">Proposed expungements</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First_impeachment_of_Donald_Trump" title="First impeachment of Donald Trump">First impeachment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trump%E2%80%93Ukraine_scandal" title="Trump–Ukraine scandal">Trump–Ukraine scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_inquiry_into_Donald_Trump" title="Impeachment inquiry into Donald Trump">House inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_impeachment_trial_of_Donald_Trump" title="First impeachment trial of Donald Trump">Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_defense_counsel_for_the_first_impeachment_trial_of_Donald_Trump" title="Category:Members of the defense counsel for the first impeachment trial of Donald Trump">Defense counsel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Second_impeachment_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second impeachment of Donald Trump">Second impeachment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="January 6 United States Capitol attack">January 6 Capitol attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_impeachment_trial_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second impeachment trial of Donald Trump">Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_defense_counsel_for_the_second_impeachment_trial_of_Donald_Trump" title="Category:Members of the defense counsel for the second impeachment trial of Donald Trump">Defense counsel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Indictments" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Indictments</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prosecution_of_Donald_Trump_in_New_York" title="Prosecution of Donald Trump in New York">New York</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_the_prosecution_of_Donald_Trump_in_New_York" title="Reactions to the prosecution of Donald Trump in New York">Reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stormy_Daniels%E2%80%93Donald_Trump_scandal" title="Stormy Daniels–Donald Trump scandal">Stormy Daniels scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_criminal_investigation_of_The_Trump_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="New York criminal investigation of The Trump Organization">Trump Organization investigation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prosecutor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Bragg" title="Alvin Bragg">Alvin Bragg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Judge</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Merchan" title="Juan Merchan">Juan Merchan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Federal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federal_prosecution_of_Donald_Trump_(classified_documents_case)" title="Federal prosecution of Donald Trump (classified documents case)">Classified documents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump%27s_disclosures_of_classified_information" title="Donald Trump's disclosures of classified information">Disclosures of classified information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBI_investigation_into_Donald_Trump%27s_handling_of_government_documents" title="FBI investigation into Donald Trump's handling of government documents">FBI investigation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FBI_search_of_Mar-a-Lago" title="FBI search of Mar-a-Lago">Mar-a-Lago search</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_special_counsel_investigation" title="Smith special counsel investigation">Smith special counsel investigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_v._United_States_(2022)" title="Trump v. United States (2022)">Trump v. United States (2022)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Co-defendants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walt_Nauta" title="Walt Nauta">Walt Nauta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_De_Oliveira" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlos De Oliveira">Carlos De Oliveira</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prosecutor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Smith_(lawyer)" title="Jack Smith (lawyer)">Jack Smith</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Judge</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aileen_Cannon" title="Aileen Cannon">Aileen Cannon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federal_prosecution_of_Donald_Trump_(election_obstruction_case)" title="Federal prosecution of Donald Trump (election obstruction case)">Election obstruction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attempts_to_overturn_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election">Attempts to overturn the election</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trump_fake_electors_plot" title="Trump fake electors plot">fake electors plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="January 6 United States Capitol attack">January 6 Capitol attack</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Justice_Department_investigation_into_attempts_to_overturn_the_2020_presidential_election" title="United States Justice Department investigation into attempts to overturn the 2020 presidential election">Department of Justice investigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_special_counsel_investigation" title="Smith special counsel investigation">Smith special counsel investigation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Trump v. United States (2024)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Co-conspirators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani" title="Rudy Giuliani">Rudy Giuliani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Eastman" title="John Eastman">John Eastman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Powell" title="Sidney Powell">Sidney Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Clark" title="Jeffrey Clark">Jeffrey Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Chesebro" title="Kenneth Chesebro">Kenneth Chesebro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prosecutor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Smith_(lawyer)" title="Jack Smith (lawyer)">Jack Smith</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Judge</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tanya_Chutkan" title="Tanya Chutkan">Tanya Chutkan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_election_racketeering_prosecution" title="Georgia election racketeering prosecution">Georgia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trump%E2%80%93Raffensperger_phone_call" title="Trump–Raffensperger phone call">Trump–Raffensperger phone call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Georgia_election_investigation" title="2020 Georgia election investigation">Investigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mug_shot_of_Donald_Trump" title="Mug shot of Donald Trump">Donald Trump mug shot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_alleged_Georgia_election_racketeers" title="List of alleged Georgia election racketeers">Alleged racketeers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Cheeley" title="Bob Cheeley">Bob Cheeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Clark" title="Jeffrey Clark">Jeffrey Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Eastman" title="John Eastman">John Eastman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani" title="Rudy Giuliani">Rudy Giuliani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_Floyd" title="Harrison Floyd">Harrison Floyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathy_Latham" title="Cathy Latham">Cathy Latham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Lee_(chaplain)" title="Steve Lee (chaplain)">Steve Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Meadows" title="Mark Meadows">Mark Meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Roman" title="Mike Roman">Mike Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Shafer_(politician)" title="David Shafer (politician)">David Shafer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawn_Still" title="Shawn Still">Shawn Still</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trevian_Kutti" title="Trevian Kutti">Trevian Kutti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pleaded guilty</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Chesebro" title="Kenneth Chesebro">Kenneth Chesebro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenna_Ellis" title="Jenna Ellis">Jenna Ellis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Powell" title="Sidney Powell">Sidney Powell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prosecutors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fani_Willis" title="Fani Willis">Fani Willis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Judge</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scott_F._McAfee" title="Scott F. McAfee">Scott F. McAfee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Donald_Trump_litigation" title="Category:Donald Trump litigation">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="U.S._Supreme_Court_Article_III_case_law" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:USArticleIII" title="Template:USArticleIII"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:USArticleIII" title="Template talk:USArticleIII"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:USArticleIII" title="Special:EditPage/Template:USArticleIII"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="U.S._Supreme_Court_Article_III_case_law" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">U.S. Supreme Court</a> <a href="/wiki/Article_Three_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Three of the United States Constitution">Article III</a> case law</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Federalism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">Federalism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abstention_doctrine" title="Abstention doctrine">Abstention</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Railroad_Commission_v._Pullman_Co." title="Railroad Commission v. Pullman Co.">Railroad Commission v. Pullman Co.</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burford_v._Sun_Oil_Co." title="Burford v. Sun Oil Co.">Burford v. Sun Oil Co.</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Power_%26_Light_Co._v._City_of_Thibodaux" title="Louisiana Power & Light Co. v. City of Thibodaux">Louisiana Power & Light Co. v. City of Thibodaux</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Gas_Pipe_Line_Co._v._Ideal_Cement_Co." title="United Gas Pipe Line Co. v. Ideal Cement Co.">United Gas Pipe Line Co. v. Ideal Cement Co.</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/England_v._Louisiana_State_Board_of_Medical_Examiners" title="England v. Louisiana State Board of Medical Examiners">England v. Louisiana State Board of Medical Examiners</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Younger_v._Harris" title="Younger v. Harris">Younger v. Harris</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_River_Water_Conservation_District_v._United_States" title="Colorado River Water Conservation District v. United States">Colorado River Water Conservation District v. United States</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_H._Cone_Memorial_Hospital_v._Mercury_Construction_Corp." title="Moses H. Cone Memorial Hospital v. Mercury Construction Corp.">Moses H. Cone Memorial Hospital v. Mercury Construction Corp.</a> (1983)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adequate_and_independent_state_ground" title="Adequate and independent state ground">Adequate and independent state ground</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Murdock_v._City_of_Memphis" title="Murdock v. City of Memphis">Murdock v. City of Memphis</a> (1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_Nation_of_Indians_v._Christy" title="Seneca Nation of Indians v. Christy">Seneca Nation of Indians v. Christy</a> (1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_Film_Corp._v._Muller" title="Fox Film Corp. v. Muller">Fox Film Corp. v. Muller</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_v._NAACP" title="Harrison v. NAACP">Harrison v. NAACP</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_v._Long" title="Michigan v. Long">Michigan v. Long</a> (1983)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federal_common_law" title="Federal common law">Federal common law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Hudson" title="United States v. Hudson">United States v. Hudson</a> (1812)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swift_v._Tyson" title="Swift v. Tyson">Swift v. Tyson</a> (1842)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_%26_White_Taxicab_%26_Transfer_Co._v._Brown_%26_Yellow_Taxicab_%26_Transfer_Co." title="Black & White Taxicab & Transfer Co. v. Brown & Yellow Taxicab & Transfer Co.">Black & White Taxicab & Transfer Co. v. Brown & Yellow Taxicab & Transfer Co.</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erie_Railroad_Co._v._Tompkins" title="Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins">Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinderlider_v._La_Plata_River_%26_Cherry_Creek_Ditch_Co." title="Hinderlider v. La Plata River & Cherry Creek Ditch Co.">Hinderlider v. La Plata River & Cherry Creek Ditch Co.</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clearfield_Trust_Co._v._United_States" title="Clearfield Trust Co. v. United States">Clearfield Trust Co. v. United States</a> (1943)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rooker%E2%80%93Feldman_doctrine" title="Rooker–Feldman doctrine">Rooker–Feldman doctrine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rooker_v._Fidelity_Trust_Co." title="Rooker v. Fidelity Trust Co.">Rooker v. Fidelity Trust Co.</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Court_of_Appeals_v._Feldman" title="District of Columbia Court of Appeals v. Feldman">District of Columbia Court of Appeals v. Feldman</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exxon_Mobil_Corp._v._Saudi_Basic_Industries_Corp." title="Exxon Mobil Corp. v. Saudi Basic Industries Corp.">Exxon Mobil Corp. v. Saudi Basic Industries Corp.</a> (2005)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_immunity_in_the_United_States" title="Sovereign immunity in the United States">Sovereign immunity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Presidential_immunity_in_the_United_States" title="Presidential immunity in the United States">presidential immunity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Little_v._Barreme" title="Little v. Barreme">Little v. Barreme</a> (1804)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Schooner_Exchange_v._M%27Faddon" title="The Schooner Exchange v. M'Faddon">The Schooner Exchange v. M'Faddon</a> (1812)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_v._Johnson" title="Mississippi v. Johnson">Mississippi v. Johnson</a> (1867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Lee_(1882)" title="United States v. Lee (1882)">United States v. Lee</a> (1882)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schillinger_v._United_States" title="Schillinger v. United States">Schillinger v. United States</a> (1894)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feres_v._United_States" title="Feres v. United States">Feres v. United States</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Wunderlich" title="United States v. Wunderlich">United States v. Wunderlich</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banco_Nacional_de_Cuba_v._Sabbatino" title="Banco Nacional de Cuba v. Sabbatino">Banco Nacional de Cuba v. Sabbatino</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara_Pueblo_v._Martinez" title="Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez">Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_v._Fitzgerald" title="Nixon v. Fitzgerald">Nixon v. Fitzgerald</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Stanley" title="United States v. Stanley">United States v. Stanley</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Tax_Commission_v._Citizen_Band,_Potawatomi_Indian_Tribe_of_Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma Tax Commission v. Citizen Band, Potawatomi Indian Tribe of Oklahoma">Oklahoma Tax Commission v. Citizen Band, Potawatomi Indian Tribe of Oklahoma</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia_v._Nelson" title="Saudi Arabia v. Nelson">Saudi Arabia v. Nelson</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_v._Jones" title="Clinton v. Jones">Clinton v. Jones</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiowa_Tribe_of_Oklahoma_v._Manufacturing_Technologies,_Inc." title="Kiowa Tribe of Oklahoma v. Manufacturing Technologies, Inc.">Kiowa Tribe of Oklahoma v. Manufacturing Technologies, Inc.</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_Savings_Bank_v._Florida_Prepaid_Postsecondary_Education_Expense_Board" title="College Savings Bank v. Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board">College Savings Bank v. Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_%26_L_Enterprises,_Inc._v._Citizen_Band,_Potawatomi_Indian_Tribe_of_Oklahoma" title="C & L Enterprises, Inc. v. Citizen Band, Potawatomi Indian Tribe of Oklahoma">C & L Enterprises, Inc. v. Citizen Band, Potawatomi Indian Tribe of Oklahoma</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inyo_County_v._Paiute-Shoshone_Indians_of_the_Bishop_Community" title="Inyo County v. Paiute-Shoshone Indians of the Bishop Community">Inyo County v. Paiute-Shoshone Indians of the Bishop Community</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._White_Mountain_Apache_Tribe" title="United States v. White Mountain Apache Tribe">United States v. White Mountain Apache Tribe</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Austria_v._Altmann" title="Republic of Austria v. Altmann">Republic of Austria v. Altmann</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Sherrill_v._Oneida_Indian_Nation_of_New_York" title="City of Sherrill v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York">City of Sherrill v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolan_v._United_States_Postal_Service" title="Dolan v. United States Postal Service">Dolan v. United States Postal Service</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Mission_of_India_v._City_of_New_York" title="Permanent Mission of India v. City of New York">Permanent Mission of India v. City of New York</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_v._Federal_Bureau_of_Prisons" title="Ali v. Federal Bureau of Prisons">Ali v. Federal Bureau of Prisons</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samantar_v._Yousuf" title="Samantar v. Yousuf">Samantar v. Yousuf</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Bormes" title="United States v. Bormes">United States v. Bormes</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Argentina_v._NML_Capital,_Ltd." title="Republic of Argentina v. NML Capital, Ltd.">Republic of Argentina v. NML Capital, Ltd.</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OBB_Personenverkehr_AG_v._Sachs" title="OBB Personenverkehr AG v. Sachs">OBB Personenverkehr AG v. Sachs</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jam_v._International_Finance_Corp." title="Jam v. International Finance Corp.">Jam v. International Finance Corp.</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Sudan_v._Harrison" title="Republic of Sudan v. Harrison">Republic of Sudan v. Harrison</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opati_v._Republic_of_Sudan" title="Opati v. Republic of Sudan">Opati v. Republic of Sudan</a> (2020)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Trump v. United States</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Jurisdiction" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Federal_jurisdiction_(United_States)" title="Federal jurisdiction (United States)">Jurisdiction</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chisholm_v._Georgia" title="Chisholm v. Georgia">Chisholm v. Georgia</a> (1793)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marbury_v._Madison" title="Marbury v. Madison">Marbury v. Madison</a> (1803)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._More" title="United States v. More">United States v. More</a> (1805)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_v._Hunter%27s_Lessee" title="Martin v. Hunter's Lessee">Martin v. Hunter's Lessee</a> (1816)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Insurance_Co._v._356_Bales_of_Cotton" title="American Insurance Co. v. 356 Bales of Cotton">American Insurance Co. v. 356 Bales of Cotton</a> (1828)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheldon_v._Sill" title="Sheldon v. Sill">Sheldon v. Sill</a> (1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Jackalow" title="United States v. Jackalow">United States v. Jackalow</a> (1862)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex_parte_Vallandigham" title="Ex parte Vallandigham">Ex parte Vallandigham</a> (1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex_parte_McCardle" title="Ex parte McCardle">Ex parte McCardle</a> (1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Klein" title="United States v. Klein">United States v. Klein</a> (1871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_St._Louis_v._Myers" title="City of St. Louis v. Myers">City of St. Louis v. Myers</a> (1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrett_v._United_States" title="Barrett v. United States">Barrett v. United States</a> (1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burton_v._United_States#Burton_I_(1905)" title="Burton v. United States">Burton v. United States I</a> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burton_v._United_States#Burton_II_(1906)" title="Burton v. United States">Burton v. United States II</a> (1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisville_%26_Nashville_Railroad_Co._v._Mottley" title="Louisville & Nashville Railroad Co. v. Mottley">Louisville & Nashville Railroad Co. v. Mottley</a> (1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskrat_v._United_States" title="Muskrat v. United States">Muskrat v. United States</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Well_Works_Co._v._Layne_%26_Bowler_Co." title="American Well Works Co. v. Layne & Bowler Co.">American Well Works Co. v. Layne & Bowler Co.</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_v._Kansas_City_Title_%26_Trust_Co." title="Smith v. Kansas City Title & Trust Co.">Smith v. Kansas City Title & Trust Co.</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartsville_Oil_Mill_v._United_States" title="Hartsville Oil Mill v. United States">Hartsville Oil Mill v. United States</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_v._Illinois" title="Wisconsin v. Illinois">Wisconsin v. Illinois</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowell_v._Benson" title="Crowell v. Benson">Crowell v. Benson</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colegrove_v._Green" title="Colegrove v. Green">Colegrove v. Green</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glidden_Co._v._Zdanok" title="Glidden Co. v. Zdanok">Glidden Co. v. Zdanok</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneida_Indian_Nation_of_New_York_v._County_of_Oneida" title="Oneida Indian Nation of New York v. County of Oneida">Oneida Indian Nation of New York v. County of Oneida</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_v._New_Mexico" title="Arizona v. New Mexico">Arizona v. New Mexico</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mt._Healthy_City_School_District_Board_of_Education_v._Doyle" title="Mt. Healthy City School District Board of Education v. Doyle">Mt. Healthy City School District Board of Education v. Doyle</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Pipeline_Construction_Co._v._Marathon_Pipe_Line_Co." title="Northern Pipeline Construction Co. v. Marathon Pipe Line Co.">Northern Pipeline Construction Co. v. Marathon Pipe Line Co.</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_v._Union_Carbide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas v. Union Carbide (page does not exist)">Thomas v. Union Carbide</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodity_Futures_Trading_Commission_v._Schor" title="Commodity Futures Trading Commission v. Schor">Commodity Futures Trading Commission v. Schor</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merrell_Dow_Pharmaceuticals_Inc._v._Thompson" title="Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals Inc. v. Thompson">Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals Inc. v. Thompson</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaut_v._Spendthrift_Farm,_Inc." title="Plaut v. Spendthrift Farm, Inc.">Plaut v. Spendthrift Farm, Inc.</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPMorgan_Chase_Bank_v._Traffic_Stream_(BVI)_Infrastructure_Ltd." title="JPMorgan Chase Bank v. Traffic Stream (BVI) Infrastructure Ltd.">JPMorgan Chase Bank v. Traffic Stream (BVI) Infrastructure Ltd.</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grable_%26_Sons_Metal_Products,_Inc._v._Darue_Engineering_%26_Mfg." title="Grable & Sons Metal Products, Inc. v. Darue Engineering & Mfg.">Grable & Sons Metal Products, Inc. v. Darue Engineering & Mfg.</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowles_v._Russell" title="Bowles v. Russell">Bowles v. Russell</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patchak_v._Zinke" title="Patchak v. Zinke">Patchak v. Zinke</a> (2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Justiciability" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Justiciability" title="Justiciability">Justiciability</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mootness" title="Mootness">Mootness</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DeFunis_v._Odegaard" title="DeFunis v. Odegaard">DeFunis v. Odegaard</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campbell-Ewald_Co._v._Gomez" title="Campbell-Ewald Co. v. Gomez">Campbell-Ewald Co. v. Gomez</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzuegbunam_v._Preczewski" title="Uzuegbunam v. Preczewski">Uzuegbunam v. Preczewski</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acheson_Hotels,_LLC_v._Laufer" title="Acheson Hotels, LLC v. Laufer">Acheson Hotels, LLC v. Laufer</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_question" title="Political question">Political question</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baker_v._Carr" title="Baker v. Carr">Baker v. Carr</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldwater_v._Carter" title="Goldwater v. Carter">Goldwater v. Carter</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_v._United_States" title="Nixon v. United States">Nixon v. United States</a> (1993)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ripeness" title="Ripeness">Ripeness</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poe_v._Ullman" title="Poe v. Ullman">Poe v. Ullman</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toilet_Goods_Ass%27n,_Inc._v._Gardner" title="Toilet Goods Ass'n, Inc. v. Gardner">Toilet Goods Ass'n, Inc. v. Gardner</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laird_v._Tatum" title="Laird v. Tatum">Laird v. Tatum</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williamson_County_Regional_Planning_Commission_v._Hamilton_Bank_of_Johnson_City" title="Williamson County Regional Planning Commission v. Hamilton Bank of Johnson City">Williamson County Regional Planning Commission v. Hamilton Bank of Johnson City</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_v._New_York" title="Trump v. New York">Trump v. New York</a> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Standing_(law)#United_States" title="Standing (law)">Standing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailiff_v._Tipping" title="Bailiff v. Tipping">Bailiff v. Tipping</a> (1805)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairchild_v._Hughes" title="Fairchild v. Hughes">Fairchild v. Hughes</a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_v._Mellon" title="Massachusetts v. Mellon">Massachusetts v. Mellon</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex_parte_Levitt" title="Ex parte Levitt">Ex parte Levitt</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altvater_v._Freeman" title="Altvater v. Freeman">Altvater v. Freeman</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flast_v._Cohen" title="Flast v. Cohen">Flast v. Cohen</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Club_v._Morton" title="Sierra Club v. Morton">Sierra Club v. Morton</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Students_Challenging_Regulatory_Agency_Procedures" title="United States v. Students Challenging Regulatory Agency Procedures">United States v. Students Challenging Regulatory Agency Procedures</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schlesinger_v._Reservists_Committee_to_Stop_the_War" title="Schlesinger v. Reservists Committee to Stop the War">Schlesinger v. Reservists Committee to Stop the War</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warth_v._Seldin" title="Warth v. Seldin">Warth v. Seldin</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Brick_Co._v._Illinois" title="Illinois Brick Co. v. Illinois">Illinois Brick Co. v. Illinois</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pfizer_Inc._v._Government_of_India" title="Pfizer Inc. v. Government of India">Pfizer Inc. v. Government of India</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_Forge_Christian_College_v._Americans_United_for_Separation_of_Church_%26_State" title="Valley Forge Christian College v. Americans United for Separation of Church & State">Valley Forge Christian College v. Americans United for Separation of Church & State</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Los_Angeles_v._Lyons" title="City of Los Angeles v. Lyons">City of Los Angeles v. Lyons</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_v._Wright" title="Allen v. Wright">Allen v. Wright</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_v._Charles" title="Diamond v. Charles">Diamond v. Charles</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lujan_v._Defenders_of_Wildlife" title="Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife">Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raines_v._Byrd" title="Raines v. Byrd">Raines v. Byrd</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FEC_v._Akins" title="FEC v. Akins">FEC v. Akins</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_the_Earth,_Inc._v._Laidlaw_Environmental_Services,_Inc." title="Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Environmental Services, Inc.">Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Environmental Services, Inc.</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DaimlerChrysler_Corp._v._Cuno" title="DaimlerChrysler Corp. v. Cuno">DaimlerChrysler Corp. v. Cuno</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hein_v._Freedom_From_Religion_Foundation" title="Hein v. Freedom From Religion Foundation">Hein v. Freedom From Religion Foundation</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_v._Environmental_Protection_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency">Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Christian_School_Tuition_Organization_v._Winn" title="Arizona Christian School Tuition Organization v. Winn">Arizona Christian School Tuition Organization v. Winn</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bond_v._United_States_(2011)" title="Bond v. United States (2011)">Bond v. United States</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clapper_v._Amnesty_International_USA" title="Clapper v. Amnesty International USA">Clapper v. Amnesty International USA</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spokeo,_Inc._v._Robins" title="Spokeo, Inc. v. Robins">Spokeo, Inc. v. Robins</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_v._Pennsylvania" title="Texas v. Pennsylvania">Texas v. Pennsylvania</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_v._New_York" title="Trump v. New York">Trump v. New York</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzuegbunam_v._Preczewski" title="Uzuegbunam v. Preczewski">Uzuegbunam v. Preczewski</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TransUnion_LLC_v._Ramirez" title="TransUnion LLC v. Ramirez">TransUnion LLC v. Ramirez</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biden_v._Nebraska" title="Biden v. Nebraska">Biden v. Nebraska</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FDA_v._Alliance_for_Hippocratic_Medicine" title="FDA v. Alliance for Hippocratic Medicine">FDA v. Alliance for Hippocratic Medicine</a> (2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murthy_v._Missouri" title="Murthy v. Missouri">Murthy v. Missouri</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hayburn%27s_Case" title="Hayburn's Case">Hayburn's Case</a> (1792)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Oneida_v._Oneida_Indian_Nation_of_New_York_State" title="County of Oneida v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York State">County of Oneida v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York State</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davis_v._Bandemer" title="Davis v. Bandemer">Davis v. Bandemer</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vieth_v._Jubelirer" title="Vieth v. Jubelirer">Vieth v. Jubelirer</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rucho_v._Common_Cause" title="Rucho v. Common Cause">Rucho v. Common Cause</a> / <a href="/wiki/Benisek_v._Lamone" title="Benisek v. Lamone">Benisek v. Lamone</a> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Treason" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Treason_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Treason laws in the United States">Treason</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ex_parte_Bollman" title="Ex parte Bollman">Ex parte Bollman</a> (1807)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burr_conspiracy" title="Burr conspiracy">United States v. Burr</a> (1807)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cramer_v._United_States" title="Cramer v. United States">Cramer v. United States</a> (1945)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Others" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Others</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_v._Laird" title="Stuart v. Laird">Stuart v. Laird</a> (1803)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osborn_v._Bank_of_the_United_States" title="Osborn v. Bank of the United States">Osborn v. Bank of the United States</a> (1824)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forrester_v._White" title="Forrester v. White">Forrester v. White</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mistretta_v._United_States" title="Mistretta v. United States">Mistretta v. United States</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peretz_v._United_States" title="Peretz v. United States">Peretz v. United States</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Hatter" title="United States v. Hatter">United States v. Hatter</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stern_v._Marshall" title="Stern v. Marshall">Stern v. Marshall</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_Markazi_v._Peterson" title="Bank Markazi v. Peterson">Bank Markazi v. Peterson</a> (2016)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trump_v._United_States_(2024)&oldid=1257500811">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trump_v._United_States_(2024)&oldid=1257500811</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2024_in_United_States_case_law" title="Category:2024 in United States case law">2024 in United States case law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Supreme_Court_cases" title="Category:United States Supreme Court cases">United States Supreme Court cases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_of_the_Roberts_Court" title="Category:United States Supreme Court cases of the Roberts Court">United States Supreme Court cases of the Roberts Court</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_executive_privilege_case_law" title="Category:United States executive privilege case law">United States executive privilege case law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2024_controversies_in_the_United_States" title="Category:2024 controversies in the United States">2024 controversies in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:February_2024_events_in_the_United_States" title="Category:February 2024 events in the United States">February 2024 events in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Donald_Trump_2024_presidential_campaign" title="Category:Donald Trump 2024 presidential campaign">Donald Trump 2024 presidential campaign</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Donald_Trump_controversies" title="Category:Donald Trump controversies">Donald Trump controversies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Donald_Trump_litigation" title="Category:Donald Trump litigation">Donald Trump litigation</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_July_2024" title="Category:Use mdy dates from July 2024">Use mdy dates from July 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hAudio_microformats" title="Category:Articles with hAudio microformats">Articles with hAudio microformats</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_video_clips" title="Category:Articles containing video clips">Articles containing video clips</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 15 November 2024, at 06:30 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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