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</button> <ul id="toc-Responses_to_the_nomination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-American_Bar_Association_rating" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_Bar_Association_rating"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 American Bar Association rating </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_Bar_Association_rating-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Support </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Opposition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hearing_preparations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hearing_preparations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Hearing preparations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hearing_preparations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Documents_battle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Documents_battle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Documents battle </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Documents_battle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Confirmation_hearing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Confirmation_hearing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Confirmation hearing </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Confirmation_hearing-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Confirmation hearing subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Confirmation_hearing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-September_4,_2018" 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id="toc-September_7,_2018-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sexual_assault_allegations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexual_assault_allegations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Sexual assault allegations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sexual_assault_allegations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Sexual assault allegations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Sexual_assault_allegations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Allegations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allegations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Allegations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allegations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Christine_Blasey_Ford" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christine_Blasey_Ford"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 Christine Blasey Ford </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christine_Blasey_Ford-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deborah_Ramirez" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deborah_Ramirez"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.2 Deborah Ramirez </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deborah_Ramirez-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Julie_Swetnick" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Julie_Swetnick"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.3 Julie Swetnick </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Julie_Swetnick-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judy_Munro-Leighton" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judy_Munro-Leighton"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.4 Judy Munro-Leighton </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judy_Munro-Leighton-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Support_for_parties_involved_and_investigation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Support_for_parties_involved_and_investigation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Support for parties involved and investigation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Support_for_parties_involved_and_investigation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kavanaugh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kavanaugh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1 Kavanaugh </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kavanaugh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accusers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accusers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.2 Accusers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accusers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Investigation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Investigation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.3 Investigation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Investigation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-September_27,_2018" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#September_27,_2018"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 September 27, 2018 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-September_27,_2018-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supplemental_FBI_investigation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supplemental_FBI_investigation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Supplemental FBI investigation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supplemental_FBI_investigation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Political impact </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Senate_votes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Senate_votes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Senate votes </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Senate_votes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Senate votes subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Senate_votes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Judiciary_committee" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judiciary_committee"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Judiciary committee </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judiciary_committee-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cloture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cloture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Cloture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cloture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Full_Senate_vote" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Full_Senate_vote"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Full Senate vote </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Full_Senate_vote-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Swearing-in_ceremony" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Swearing-in_ceremony"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Swearing-in ceremony </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Swearing-in_ceremony-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethics_complaints_filed_against_Kavanaugh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethics_complaints_filed_against_Kavanaugh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Ethics complaints filed against Kavanaugh </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethics_complaints_filed_against_Kavanaugh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn n org">Brett Kavanaugh Supreme Court nomination</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Kavanaugh_family_and_Donald_Trump_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/The_Kavanaugh_family_and_Donald_Trump_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-The_Kavanaugh_family_and_Donald_Trump_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/The_Kavanaugh_family_and_Donald_Trump_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-The_Kavanaugh_family_and_Donald_Trump_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/The_Kavanaugh_family_and_Donald_Trump_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-The_Kavanaugh_family_and_Donald_Trump_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2475" data-file-height="1216" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">President Trump announcing the nomination, joined by Kavanaugh and Kavanaugh's family</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nominee</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh">Brett Kavanaugh</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nominated by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> (<a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president of the United States</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Succeeding</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Anthony Kennedy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">associate justice</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date nominated</th><td class="infobox-data">July 9, 2018</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date confirmed</th><td class="infobox-data">October 6, 2018</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Outcome</th><td class="infobox-data">Approved by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senate</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Vote of the <a href="/wiki/Senate_Judiciary_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Judiciary Committee">Senate Judiciary Committee</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Votes in favor</th><td class="infobox-data">11</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Votes against</th><td class="infobox-data">10</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Result</th><td class="infobox-data">Reported favorably</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Senate <a href="/wiki/Cloture" title="Cloture">cloture</a> vote</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Votes in favor</th><td class="infobox-data">51</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Votes against</th><td class="infobox-data">49</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Result</th><td class="infobox-data">Cloture invoked</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Senate confirmation vote</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Votes in favor</th><td class="infobox-data">50</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Votes against</th><td class="infobox-data">48</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Not voting</th><td class="infobox-data">2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Result</th><td class="infobox-data">Confirmed</td></tr></tbody></table> <style 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><table class="sidebar nomobile sidebar-person vcard hlist" style="border-color: #d69d36"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><table><tbody><tr> <td class="sidebar-person-title-image" style="background-color: #002466;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/File:Donald_Trump_official_portrait,_2025_(cropped_headshot).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Donald_Trump_official_portrait%2C_2025_%28cropped_headshot%29.jpg/75px-Donald_Trump_official_portrait%2C_2025_%28cropped_headshot%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Donald_Trump_official_portrait%2C_2025_%28cropped_headshot%29.jpg/113px-Donald_Trump_official_portrait%2C_2025_%28cropped_headshot%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Donald_Trump_official_portrait%2C_2025_%28cropped_headshot%29.jpg/150px-Donald_Trump_official_portrait%2C_2025_%28cropped_headshot%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1270" data-file-height="1707" /></a></td> <td class="sidebar-person-title" style="background-color: #002466;color: #FFF;"><div>This article is part of a series about</div><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Business and personal</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_career_of_Donald_Trump" title="Business career of Donald Trump">Business career</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Trump_Organization" title="The Trump Organization">The Trump Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_of_Donald_Trump" title="Wealth of Donald Trump">wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_returns_of_Donald_Trump" title="Tax returns of Donald Trump">tax returns</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_career_of_Donald_Trump" title="Media career of Donald Trump">Media career</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Apprentice_(American_TV_series)" title="The Apprentice (American TV series)">The Apprentice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Donald_Trump" title="Bibliography of Donald Trump">bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_filmography" title="Donald Trump filmography">filmography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_endorsements_by_Donald_Trump" title="List of endorsements by Donald Trump">Endorsements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Donald_Trump" title="List of things named after Donald Trump">Eponyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Donald_Trump" title="Family of Donald Trump">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_J._Trump_Foundation" title="Donald J. Trump Foundation">Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_and_American_football" title="Donald Trump and American football">American football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_and_golf" title="Donald Trump and golf">Golf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_and_honors_received_by_Donald_Trump" title="List of awards and honors received by Donald Trump">Honors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_image_of_Donald_Trump" title="Public image of Donald Trump">Public image</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_in_popular_culture" title="Donald Trump in popular culture">in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live_parodies_of_Donald_Trump" title="Saturday Night Live parodies of Donald Trump">SNL parodies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_and_handshakes" title="Donald Trump and handshakes">handshakes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_and_business_legal_affairs_of_Donald_Trump" title="Personal and business legal affairs of Donald Trump">Legal affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_sexual_misconduct_allegations" title="Donald Trump sexual misconduct allegations">Sexual misconduct allegations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nicknames_used_by_Donald_Trump" title="List of nicknames used by Donald Trump">Nicknames</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pseudonyms_used_by_Donald_Trump" title="Pseudonyms used by Donald Trump">pseudonyms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_views_of_Donald_Trump" title="Racial views of Donald Trump">Racial views</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump%27s_comments_on_John_McCain" title="Donald Trump's comments on John McCain">Comments on John McCain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conspiracy_theories_promoted_by_Donald_Trump" title="List of conspiracy theories promoted by Donald Trump">Conspiracy theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residences_of_Donald_Trump" title="Residences of Donald Trump">Residences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric_of_Donald_Trump" title="Rhetoric of Donald Trump">Rhetoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_incidents_involving_Donald_Trump" title="Security incidents involving Donald Trump">Security incidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_dance" title="Trump dance">Trump dance</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">45th and 47th President of the United States Incumbent</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li>Presidencies <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">first</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second presidency of Donald Trump">second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Donald_Trump_presidencies" title="Timeline of the Donald Trump presidencies">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li>Transitions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_presidential_transition_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidential transition of Donald Trump">first</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_presidential_transition_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second presidential transition of Donald Trump">second</a></li></ul></li> <li>Inaugurations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Donald_Trump" title="First inauguration of Donald Trump">first</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second inauguration of Donald Trump">second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_J._Trump_Presidential_Library" title="Donald J. Trump Presidential Library">Presidential library</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Tenure</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_executive_actions_by_Donald_Trump" title="List of executive actions by Donald Trump">Executive actions</a> <ul><li>executive orders <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_executive_orders_in_the_first_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="List of executive orders in the first presidency of Donald Trump">first term</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_executive_orders_in_the_second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="List of executive orders in the second presidency of Donald Trump">second term</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_proclamations_by_Donald_Trump" title="Lists of proclamations by Donald Trump">proclamations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_granted_executive_clemency_by_Donald_Trump" title="List of people granted executive clemency by Donald Trump">pardons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Donald_Trump" title="List of presidential trips made by Donald Trump">Trips</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_Donald_Trump" title="List of international presidential trips made by Donald Trump">foreign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Donald_Trump_(2017)" title="List of presidential trips made by Donald Trump (2017)">'17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Donald_Trump_(2018)" title="List of presidential trips made by Donald Trump (2018)">'18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Donald_Trump_(2019)" title="List of presidential trips made by Donald Trump (2019)">'19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Donald_Trump_(2020%E2%80%9321)" title="List of presidential trips made by Donald Trump (2020–21)">'20–'21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Donald_Trump_(2025)" title="List of presidential trips made by Donald Trump (2025)">'25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namaste_Trump" title="Namaste Trump">Namaste Trump</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_Korean_peace_process" title="2018–19 Korean peace process">North Korea summits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2018_North_Korea%E2%80%93United_States_Singapore_Summit" title="2018 North Korea–United States Singapore Summit">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_North_Korea%E2%80%93United_States_Hanoi_Summit" title="2019 North Korea–United States Hanoi Summit">Hanoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Koreas%E2%80%93United_States_DMZ_Summit" title="2019 Koreas–United States DMZ Summit">DMZ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Riyadh_summit" title="2017 Riyadh summit">Riyadh summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Russia%E2%80%93United_States_summit" title="2018 Russia–United States summit">Helsinki summit</a></li> <li>Shutdowns <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_2018_United_States_federal_government_shutdown" title="January 2018 United States federal government shutdown">January 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018%E2%80%932019_United_States_federal_government_shutdown" title="2018–2019 United States federal government shutdown">2018–2019</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opinion_polling_on_the_first_Donald_Trump_administration" title="Opinion polling on the first Donald Trump administration">Polls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_affairs_of_Donald_Trump_as_president" title="Legal affairs of Donald Trump as president">Legal affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_against_Donald_Trump" title="Protests against Donald Trump">Protests</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_deployment_of_federal_forces_in_the_United_States" title="2020 deployment of federal forces in the United States">federal law enforcement deployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_photo_op_at_St._John%27s_Church" title="Donald Trump photo op at St. John's Church">St. John's Church photo op</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_used_by_Donald_Trump" class="mw-redirect" title="Social media used by Donald Trump">Social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_or_misleading_statements_by_Donald_Trump" title="False or misleading statements by Donald Trump">False or misleading statements</a></li> <li>Killings <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi" title="Death of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi">al-Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Qasem_Soleimani" title="Assassination of Qasem Soleimani">Soleimani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_U.S._troop_withdrawal_from_Afghanistan" title="2020–2021 U.S. troop withdrawal from Afghanistan">Afghanistan withdrawal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump%E2%80%93TikTok_controversy" title="Donald Trump–TikTok controversy">TikTok controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attempts_to_overturn_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election">Attempts to overturn the 2020 presidential election</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trump_fake_electors_plot" title="Trump fake electors plot">Fake electors plot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chesebro_memos" class="mw-redirect" title="Chesebro memos">Chesebro memos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastman_memos" title="Eastman memos">Eastman memos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-election_lawsuits_related_to_the_2020_U.S._presidential_election" title="Post-election lawsuits related to the 2020 U.S. presidential election">Lawsuits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Texas_v._Pennsylvania" title="Texas v. Pennsylvania">Texas v. Pennsylvania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Clark_letter" title="Jeffrey Clark letter">Jeffrey Clark letter</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style=""><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Donald_Trump" title="Political positions of Donald Trump">Policies</a></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_first_Donald_Trump_administration" title="Economic policy of the first Donald Trump administration">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Cuts_and_Jobs_Act" title="Tax Cuts and Jobs Act">tax cuts</a></li> <li>tariffs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Trump_tariffs" title="First Trump tariffs">First term</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Trump_tariffs" title="Second Trump tariffs">Second term</a></li></ul></li> <li>trade war <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war" title="China–United States trade war">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_United_States_trade_war_with_Canada_and_Mexico" title="2025 United States trade war with Canada and Mexico">Canada and Mexico</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_administration_farmer_bailouts" title="Trump administration farmer bailouts">farmer bailouts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_policy_of_the_first_Donald_Trump_administration" title="Environmental policy of the first Donald Trump administration">Environment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_and_the_Paris_Agreement" title="United States and the Paris Agreement">Paris withdrawal</a></li></ul></li> <li>Foreign policy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_first_Donald_Trump_administration" title="Foreign policy of the first Donald Trump administration">First term overview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_second_Donald_Trump_administration" title="Foreign policy of the second Donald Trump administration">Second term overview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/America_First_(policy)" title="America First (policy)">America First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_United_States%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_arms_deal" title="2017 United States–Saudi Arabia arms deal">Saudi Arabia arms deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_withdrawal_from_the_Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="United States withdrawal from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Iran nuclear deal withdrawal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_recognition_of_Jerusalem_as_capital_of_Israel" title="United States recognition of Jerusalem as capital of Israel">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_recognition_of_the_Golan_Heights_as_part_of_Israel" title="United States recognition of the Golan Heights as part of Israel">Golan Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_peace_plan" title="Trump peace plan">Palestine peace plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Accords" title="Abraham Accords">Abraham Accords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Mexico%E2%80%93Canada_Agreement" title="United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement">USMCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Taliban_deal" title="United States–Taliban deal">United States–Taliban deal</a></li></ul></li> <li>Immigration <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_policy_of_the_first_Donald_Trump_administration" title="Immigration policy of the first Donald Trump administration">first term overview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_policy_of_the_second_Donald_Trump_administration" title="Immigration policy of the second Donald Trump administration">second term overview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_travel_ban" title="Trump travel ban">travel ban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border_wall" title="Mexico–United States border wall">wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_administration_family_separation_policy" title="Trump administration family separation policy">family separation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migrant_detentions_under_the_Trump_administration" title="Migrant detentions under the Trump administration">migrant detentions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Faithful_Patriot" title="Operation Faithful Patriot">troop deployments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Emergency_Concerning_the_Southern_Border_of_the_United_States" title="National Emergency Concerning the Southern Border of the United States">national emergency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_policy_of_Donald_Trump" title="Infrastructure policy of Donald Trump">Infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_policy_of_the_first_Donald_Trump_administration" title="Social policy of the first Donald Trump administration">Social issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Step_Act" title="First Step Act">First Step Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_policy_of_the_first_Donald_Trump_administration" title="Cannabis policy of the first Donald Trump administration">cannabis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_first_Donald_Trump_administration" title="Space policy of the first Donald Trump administration">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater United States">Greater United States</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Appointments (<a href="/wiki/Political_appointments_of_the_first_Trump_administration" title="Political appointments of the first Trump administration">first</a>  · <a href="/wiki/Political_appointments_of_the_second_Trump_administration" title="Political appointments of the second Trump administration">second</a>)</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li>Cabinets <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_cabinet_of_Donald_Trump" title="First cabinet of Donald Trump">first</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_cabinet_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second cabinet of Donald Trump">second</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ambassadors <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_appointed_by_Donald_Trump_(2017%E2%80%932021)" title="List of ambassadors appointed by Donald Trump (2017–2021)">first</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_nominated_by_Donald_Trump_(2025%E2%80%932029)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ambassadors nominated by Donald Trump (2025–2029)">second</a></li></ul></li> <li>Federal judges <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Donald_Trump" title="List of federal judges appointed by Donald Trump">first</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Donald_Trump" title="List of federal judges appointed by Donald Trump">second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Neil Gorsuch Supreme Court nomination">Gorsuch</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kavanaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Amy Coney Barrett Supreme Court nomination">Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="Donald Trump Supreme Court candidates">Supreme Court candidates</a></li></ul></li> <li>Executives <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Office_appointments_of_the_first_Trump_administration" title="Executive Office appointments of the first Trump administration">first</a></li> <li>second</li></ul></li> <li>U.S. Attorneys <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_attorneys_appointed_by_Donald_Trump" title="List of United States attorneys appointed by Donald Trump">first</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_attorneys_appointed_by_Donald_Trump" title="List of United States attorneys appointed by Donald Trump">second</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style=""><a href="/wiki/Political_career_of_Donald_Trump" title="Political career of Donald Trump">Presidential campaigns</a></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_2000_presidential_campaign" title="Donald Trump 2000 presidential campaign">2000</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_Reform_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2000 Reform Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign">2016</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2016 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Donald_Trump_2016_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rallies_for_the_2016_Donald_Trump_presidential_campaign" title="List of rallies for the 2016 Donald Trump presidential campaign">rallies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Donald_Trump_Las_Vegas_rally_incident" title="2016 Donald Trump Las Vegas rally incident">Las Vegas incident</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_National_Convention" title="2016 Republican National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2016 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Make_America_Great_Again" title="Make America Great Again">Make America Great Again</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Never_Trump_movement" title="Never Trump movement">Never Trump movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Republicans_who_opposed_the_Donald_Trump_2016_presidential_campaign" title="List of Republicans who opposed the Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign">people</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_Access_Hollywood_tape" title="Donald Trump Access Hollywood tape">Access Hollywood tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_Tower_wiretapping_allegations" title="Trump Tower wiretapping allegations">wiretapping allegations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spygate_(conspiracy_theory)" title="Spygate (conspiracy theory)">Spygate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign">2020</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election">election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li> <li>endorsements <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Donald_Trump_2020_presidential_campaign_political_endorsements" title="List of Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign political endorsements">political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Donald_Trump_2020_presidential_campaign_non-political_endorsements" title="List of Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign non-political endorsements">non-political</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Republicans_who_opposed_the_Donald_Trump_2020_presidential_campaign" title="List of Republicans who opposed the Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign">opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_post%E2%80%932016_election_Donald_Trump_rallies#2020_presidential_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="List of post–2016 election Donald Trump rallies">rallies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Republican_National_Convention" title="2020 Republican National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2020 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_reactions_to_Donald_Trump%27s_claims_of_2020_election_fraud" title="Republican reactions to Donald Trump's claims of 2020 election fraud">GOP reactions to election fraud claims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump%E2%80%93Raffensperger_phone_call" title="Trump–Raffensperger phone call">Trump–Raffensperger phone call</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_2024_presidential_campaign" title="Donald Trump 2024 presidential campaign">2024</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_election" title="2024 United States presidential election">election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2024 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Donald_Trump_2024_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Donald Trump 2024 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Republicans_who_oppose_the_Donald_Trump_2024_presidential_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Republicans who oppose the Donald Trump 2024 presidential campaign">opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_eligibility_of_Donald_Trump" title="Presidential eligibility of Donald Trump">eligibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agenda_47" title="Agenda 47">Agenda 47</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rallies_for_the_2024_Donald_Trump_presidential_campaign" title="List of rallies for the 2024 Donald Trump presidential campaign">rallies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_National_Convention" title="2024 Republican National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2024 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li> <li>assassination attempts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attempted_assassination_of_Donald_Trump_in_Pennsylvania" title="Attempted assassination of Donald Trump in Pennsylvania">PA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Matthew_Crooks" title="Thomas Matthew Crooks">perpetrator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_raised-fist_photographs" title="Donald Trump raised-fist photographs">photographs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attempted_assassination_of_Donald_Trump_in_Florida" title="Attempted assassination of Donald Trump in Florida">FL</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ryan_Wesley_Routh" title="Ryan Wesley Routh">suspect</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Impeachments</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Efforts_to_impeach_Donald_Trump" title="Efforts to impeach Donald Trump">Efforts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_impeachment_resolutions_introduced_against_Donald_Trump" title="List of impeachment resolutions introduced against Donald Trump">resolutions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_impeachment_of_Donald_Trump" title="First impeachment of Donald Trump">First impeachment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trump%E2%80%93Ukraine_scandal" title="Trump–Ukraine scandal">Trump–Ukraine scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_inquiry_into_Donald_Trump" title="Impeachment inquiry into Donald Trump">House inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_impeachment_trial_of_Donald_Trump" title="First impeachment trial of Donald Trump">Senate trial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_impeachment_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second impeachment of Donald Trump">Second impeachment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="January 6 United States Capitol attack">Capitol attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_impeachment_trial_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second impeachment trial of Donald Trump">Senate trial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_expungements_of_the_impeachments_of_Donald_Trump" title="Proposed expungements of the impeachments of Donald Trump">Proposed expungements</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Civil and criminal prosecutions</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_prosecution_of_Donald_Trump_(election_obstruction_case)" title="Federal prosecution of Donald Trump (election obstruction case)">2020 election federal indictment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_prosecution_of_Donald_Trump_(classified_documents_case)" title="Federal prosecution of Donald Trump (classified documents case)">Classified documents federal indictment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smith_special_counsel_investigation" title="Smith special counsel investigation">special counsel investigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBI_investigation_into_Donald_Trump%27s_handling_of_government_documents" title="FBI investigation into Donald Trump's handling of government documents">Plasmic Echo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBI_search_of_Mar-a-Lago" title="FBI search of Mar-a-Lago">FBI search of Mar-a-Lago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_v._United_States_(2022)" title="Trump v. United States (2022)">Trump v. United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosecution_of_Donald_Trump_in_New_York" title="Prosecution of Donald Trump in New York">New York felony conviction for falsifying business records</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stormy_Daniels%E2%80%93Donald_Trump_scandal" title="Stormy Daniels–Donald Trump scandal">Stormy Daniels scandal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_investigations_of_the_Trump_Organization" title="New York investigations of the Trump Organization">Criminal and civil New York investigations of the Trump Organization for financial fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_election_racketeering_prosecution" title="Georgia election racketeering prosecution">Georgia election indictment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Georgia_election_investigation" title="2020 Georgia election investigation">Georgia election investigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mug_shot_of_Donald_Trump" title="Mug shot of Donald Trump">mug shot</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style=""><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19 pandemic</a></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_House_Coronavirus_Task_Force" title="White House Coronavirus Task Force">Taskforce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communication_of_the_Trump_administration_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Communication of the Trump administration during the COVID-19 pandemic">Communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._federal_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="U.S. federal government response to the COVID-19 pandemic">Government response</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stimulus_(economics)" title="Stimulus (economics)">stimulus bills</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CARES_Act" title="CARES Act">CARES Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_Appropriations_Act,_2021" title="Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021">Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Warp_Speed" title="Operation Warp Speed">Operation Warp Speed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_COVID-19_outbreak" title="White House COVID-19 outbreak">White House outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_interference_with_science_agencies_by_the_first_Trump_administration" title="Political interference with science agencies by the first Trump administration">Interference with science agencies</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="skin-invert-image"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump's signature"><img alt="Donald Trump's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6f/Donald_Trump_%28Presidential_signature%29.svg/130px-Donald_Trump_%28Presidential_signature%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6f/Donald_Trump_%28Presidential_signature%29.svg/195px-Donald_Trump_%28Presidential_signature%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6f/Donald_Trump_%28Presidential_signature%29.svg/260px-Donald_Trump_%28Presidential_signature%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="429" /></a></div> <img alt="Seal of the President of the United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/70px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/105px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/140px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2424" data-file-height="2425" /></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Donald_Trump_series" title="Template:Donald Trump series"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Donald_Trump_series" title="Template talk:Donald Trump series"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Donald_Trump_series" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Donald Trump series"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> On July 9, 2018, <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> nominated <a href="/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh">Brett Kavanaugh</a> for <a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate Justice</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a> to succeed retiring Justice <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Anthony Kennedy</a>. When nominated, Kavanaugh was a judge of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit</a>, a position he was appointed to in 2006 by President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Senate_Judiciary_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Judiciary Committee">Senate Judiciary Committee</a> questioned Kavanaugh and heard witness testimonies concerning his nomination to the Supreme Court over the course of a four-day hearing, September 4–7, 2018.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> Several days later, it was revealed that psychology professor <a href="/wiki/Christine_Blasey_Ford" title="Christine Blasey Ford">Christine Blasey Ford</a> had written a letter to Senator <a href="/wiki/Dianne_Feinstein" title="Dianne Feinstein">Dianne Feinstein</a> in July accusing Kavanaugh of sexual assault while they were both in high school in 1982. The Committee postponed its vote and invited both Kavanaugh and Blasey Ford to appear at a public Senate hearing. In the interim, two other women, Deborah Ramirez and Julie Swetnick, accused Kavanaugh of separate past instances of sexual assault.<a href="#cite_note-HB10218axios-2">[2]</a> Both Kavanaugh and Blasey Ford testified before the Committee on September 27; the following day the nomination was forwarded to the full Senate on an 11–10 vote.<a href="#cite_note-HB10218axios-2">[2]</a> Then, on October 6, 2018, following a supplemental <a href="/wiki/FBI" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI">FBI</a> investigation into the allegations, the Senate voted 50–48 to confirm Kavanaugh's nomination to the Supreme Court.<a href="#cite_note-bbc.com-3">[3]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nomination">Nomination</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brett_Kavanaugh_Supreme_Court_nomination&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Nomination">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Potential_candidates">Potential candidates</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brett_Kavanaugh_Supreme_Court_nomination&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Potential candidates">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Anthony Kennedy</a>, a pivotal "swing" vote on the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> announced on June 27, 2018, that he would retire at the end of July, after having served on the Court for over 30 years. His departure gave President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> his second opportunity to appoint a justice to the Supreme Court (following the <a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Neil Gorsuch Supreme Court nomination">nomination of Neil Gorsuch</a> a year earlier).<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016 presidential campaign</a>, then-candidate Trump released two lists of <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="Donald Trump Supreme Court candidates">potential Supreme Court nominees</a>, along with a supplemental list in November 2017. While responding to reporters' questions following Kennedy's announcement, President Trump said that the vacancy would be filled by "somebody from that list." Those considered front-runners for the nomination by press reports, in addition to Kavanaugh, were: <a href="/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett" title="Amy Coney Barrett">Amy Coney Barrett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Gruender" title="Raymond Gruender">Raymond Gruender</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hardiman" title="Thomas Hardiman">Thomas Hardiman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Kethledge" title="Raymond Kethledge">Raymond Kethledge</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_H._Pryor_Jr." title="William H. Pryor Jr.">William H. Pryor Jr.</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amul_Thapar" title="Amul Thapar">Amul Thapar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-who06272018WPO-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-7">[7]</a> It was reported by Politico that Kennedy had expressed partiality towards Kavanaugh in his conversations with Trump and was more inclined to retire after Kavanaugh's addition to Trump's list.<a href="#cite_note-:1-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Announcement">Announcement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brett_Kavanaugh_Supreme_Court_nomination&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Announcement">edit</a>]</div> President Trump announced that he would nominate Kavanaugh, then a judge of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit</a>, to succeed Justice Anthony Kennedy on July 9, 2018.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Trump's stated reasons for choosing Kavanaugh included his "impeccable credentials, unsurpassed qualifications, and a proven commitment to equal justice under the law", and he went on to emphasize that "what matters is not a judge's political views, but whether they can set aside those views to do what the law and the Constitution require."<a href="#cite_note-auto-9">[9]</a> From 1993 to 1994, Kavanaugh had served as a <a href="/wiki/Law_clerk" title="Law clerk">law clerk</a> for Justice Kennedy.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> His name was not on either of the Trump campaign's pre-election "potential nominees" lists, but was one of those added in November 2017; a decision designed perhaps to make Kennedy more comfortable with retiring.<a href="#cite_note-who06272018WPO-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Voting_alignment">Voting alignment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brett_Kavanaugh_Supreme_Court_nomination&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Voting alignment">edit</a>]</div> In reference to Kavanaugh's voting alignment if confirmed, <a href="/wiki/FiveThirtyEight" title="FiveThirtyEight">FiveThirtyEight</a> used Lee Epstein et al.'s <a href="/wiki/Judicial_Common_Space" title="Judicial Common Space">Judicial Common Space</a> scores<a href="#cite_note-EpsteinMartinSegalWesterland2007-11">[11]</a> (which are not based on a judge's behavior, but rather the ideology scores of either home state senators or the appointing president) to find that Kavanaugh would likely be more conservative than justices <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Samuel Alito</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Neil Gorsuch</a>, but less conservative than Justice <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a>, if placed on the Supreme Court.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Also, a Washington Post statistical analysis estimated that the ideologies of most of Trump's announced candidates were "statistically indistinguishable" and placed Kavanaugh between Justices Neil Gorsuch and Samuel Alito.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Responses_to_the_nomination">Responses to the nomination</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brett_Kavanaugh_Supreme_Court_nomination&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Responses to the nomination">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_Bar_Association_rating">American Bar Association rating</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brett_Kavanaugh_Supreme_Court_nomination&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: American Bar Association rating">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/American_Bar_Association" title="American Bar Association">American Bar Association</a> (ABA) gave Kavanaugh a unanimous "well qualified" rating for his nomination.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> However, on October 5, after Kavanaugh was accused of sexual impropriety, the chairman of the ABA Standing Committee on the Federal Judiciary announced that the committee had reopened its evaluation "regarding temperament" and that reassessment and re-vote would not be completed before the Senate vote.<a href="#cite_note-LRawles-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Following Kavanaugh's confirmation, the standing committee discontinued the re-evaluation because there is "no process for the evaluation of sitting judges or justices."<a href="#cite_note-LRawles-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Support">Support</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brett_Kavanaugh_Supreme_Court_nomination&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Support">edit</a>]</div> Senate Republicans leaders expressed support for Kavanaugh's nomination. <a href="/wiki/Senate_Majority_Leader" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Majority Leader">Senate Majority Leader</a> <a href="/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">Mitch McConnell</a> stated his intent to support the nomination, referring to Kavanaugh as "highly regarded throughout the legal community". <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_the_Judiciary" title="United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary">Senate Judiciary Committee</a> chairman <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Grassley" title="Chuck Grassley">Chuck Grassley</a> also had high praise for Kavanaugh, calling him "one of the most qualified Supreme Court nominees to come before the Senate."<a href="#cite_note-auto1-18">[18]</a> <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Law_School" title="Stanford Law School">Stanford Law School</a> professor <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Persily" title="Nathaniel Persily">Nathaniel Persily</a>, a scholar of constitutional law, election law, and the democratic process,<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> responded to the nomination writing that Kavanaugh "is eminently qualified and a very talented jurist." However, he went on to observe, "that is all quite beside the point in today’s political environment. The norms of Supreme Court confirmations have been degrading for some time."<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <a href="/wiki/Yale_Law_School" title="Yale Law School">Yale Law School</a> professor <a href="/wiki/Akhil_Reed_Amar" title="Akhil Reed Amar">Akhil Reed Amar</a>, an expert on constitutional law and <a href="/wiki/Originalism" title="Originalism">originalism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-yaledailynews_Tam_2008-21">[21]</a> whose notable students include Kavanaugh, <a href="/wiki/Chris_Coons" title="Chris Coons">Chris Coons</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cory_Booker" title="Cory Booker">Cory Booker</a>, called the nomination of Kavanaugh Trump's "finest hour, his classiest move". Amar also remarked that Kavanaugh "commands wide and deep respect among scholars, lawyers, and jurists".<a href="#cite_note-nytimes_Amar-22">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Bennett" title="Robert S. Bennett">Robert S. Bennett</a>, an attorney who represented President Bill Clinton during the <a href="/wiki/Lewinsky_scandal" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewinsky scandal">Lewinsky scandal</a> (opposite Kavanaugh, who worked for independent counsel <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Starr" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenneth Starr">Kenneth Starr</a>), stated that he supported Kavanaugh's confirmation.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> In their blog, The Libre Initiative, a group funded by <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Partners" title="Freedom Partners">Freedom Partners</a>, a nonprofit group backed by the <a href="/wiki/Political_activities_of_the_Koch_brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Political activities of the Koch brothers">Koch brothers</a> and other conservative donors,<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> encouraged Latinos to support Kavanaugh.<a href="#cite_note-libreinitiative_2018-25">[25]</a> The Latino Coalition (TLC), established in 1995 by Hispanic business owners and whose chairman is <a href="/wiki/Hector_Barreto_Jr." title="Hector Barreto Jr.">Hector Barreto</a>,<a href="#cite_note-barreto-26">[26]</a> Administrator of the United States <a href="/wiki/Small_Business_Administration" title="Small Business Administration">Small Business Administration</a> from 2001 to 2006,<a href="#cite_note-barreto-26">[26]</a> also supported Kavanaugh.<a href="#cite_note-latinocoalition_2018-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opposition">Opposition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brett_Kavanaugh_Supreme_Court_nomination&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Opposition">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stop_Kavanaugh_Rally_-_US_Capitol_Grounds_-_09-04-2018_11.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Stop_Kavanaugh_Rally_-_US_Capitol_Grounds_-_09-04-2018_11.jpg/200px-Stop_Kavanaugh_Rally_-_US_Capitol_Grounds_-_09-04-2018_11.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Stop_Kavanaugh_Rally_-_US_Capitol_Grounds_-_09-04-2018_11.jpg/300px-Stop_Kavanaugh_Rally_-_US_Capitol_Grounds_-_09-04-2018_11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Stop_Kavanaugh_Rally_-_US_Capitol_Grounds_-_09-04-2018_11.jpg/400px-Stop_Kavanaugh_Rally_-_US_Capitol_Grounds_-_09-04-2018_11.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Deb_Haaland" title="Deb Haaland">Deb Haaland</a> and several other <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> women at Stop Kavanaugh Rally on the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">U.S. Capitol</a> Grounds, September 4, 2018</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Protest_against_Brett_Kavanaugh_in_Seattle_6_Oct_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Protest_against_Brett_Kavanaugh_in_Seattle_6_Oct_2018.jpg/200px-Protest_against_Brett_Kavanaugh_in_Seattle_6_Oct_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Protest_against_Brett_Kavanaugh_in_Seattle_6_Oct_2018.jpg/300px-Protest_against_Brett_Kavanaugh_in_Seattle_6_Oct_2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Protest_against_Brett_Kavanaugh_in_Seattle_6_Oct_2018.jpg/400px-Protest_against_Brett_Kavanaugh_in_Seattle_6_Oct_2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3018" data-file-height="3018" /></a><figcaption>Following Kavanaugh's confirmation, several protests were held around the United States by <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">women's rights</a> activists.</figcaption></figure> A number of Senate Democrats, including <a href="/wiki/Senate_Minority_Leader" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Minority Leader">Senate Minority Leader</a> <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">Chuck Schumer</a>, stated their intent to oppose Kavanaugh's confirmation shortly after his nomination was announced.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-18">[18]</a> A progressive group, <a href="/wiki/Demand_Justice" title="Demand Justice">Demand Justice</a>, pledged $5 million to block the nomination.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Demand Justice is a <a href="/wiki/Sixteen_Thirty_Fund" title="Sixteen Thirty Fund">Sixteen Thirty Fund</a> initiative.<a href="#cite_note-ThePolitico-30">[30]</a> It purchased ads on Twitter, Facebook, and TV.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> It was reported by <a href="/wiki/Vox_(website)" title="Vox (website)">Vox</a> that some <a href="/wiki/Social_conservatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Social conservatives">social conservatives</a> were disappointed that Trump nominated Brett Kavanaugh. The <a href="/wiki/American_Family_Association" title="American Family Association">American Family Association</a>, a socially conservative organization founded in 1977, immediately called on its members to rally against Kavanaugh. <a href="/wiki/March_for_Life_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="March for Life (Washington, D.C.)">March for Life</a> also expressed concerns that Kavanaugh's leadership bore similarities to that of Vice President <a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Mike Pence</a>, saying that the judge lacked the "backbone" to overturn <a href="/wiki/Roe_v._Wade" title="Roe v. Wade">Roe v. Wade</a>.<a href="#cite_note-VOX_Coaston_2018-33">[33]</a> An <a href="/wiki/Open_letter" title="Open letter">open letter</a> rebuking Yale Law School over a <a href="/wiki/Press_release" title="Press release">press release</a> celebrating Kavanaugh's nomination was signed by over 600 of its <a href="/wiki/Alumnus" class="mw-redirect" title="Alumnus">alumni</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> The <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="American Civil Liberties Union">American Civil Liberties Union</a> stated that Kavanaugh's record "demonstrates hostility to international law as a constraint on government action as well as an unwillingness to hold the government to account when it violates the constitutional and human rights of U.S. citizens and noncitizens" and that his "approach would give the president exceedingly broad and dangerous powers".<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> A number of <a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States" title="Progressivism in the United States">progressive</a> groups joined to launch a campaign known as #WhipTheVote to rally opposition to Kavanaugh's nomination, aimed particularly among moderate and conservative Democrats. "Democratic senators should be united in opposition to Kavanaugh, instead of letting Republican senators ram through the confirmation of a nominee who was selected to protect the president from prosecution,” read a statement from the effort's website.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> An open letter from <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a> called upon senators to closely examine Kavanaugh's record regarding Native peoples, and felt he had failed to acknowledge the <a href="/wiki/Tribal_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Tribal sovereignty in the United States">sovereignty</a>, natural resources, and history and heritage of native people.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Wittes" title="Benjamin Wittes">Benjamin Wittes</a>, an official at the <a href="/wiki/Brookings_Institution" title="Brookings Institution">Brookings Institution</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution" title="Hoover Institution">Hoover Institution</a> and a vocal critic of Donald Trump, initially expressed support for Kavanaugh but said that he would be confirmed "for all the wrong reasons" in an article attacking partisanship surrounding Supreme Court nominations.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Wittes withdrew his support after Ford and Kavanaugh's testimony before the Senate, finding Ford "wholly credible" and Kavanaugh's account not credible on his drinking habits, and his performance improper and "unacceptable in a justice."<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> More than 2,400 American law professors signed a letter opposing Kavanaugh's confirmation on the basis of his "intemperate, inflammatory and partial manner" during his congressional testimony, without referencing any of the accusations about his behavior decades earlier.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Former Supreme Court justice <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Stevens" title="John Paul Stevens">John Paul Stevens</a>, 98 years old at the time, stated on October 4, 2018, that he previously thought Kavanaugh "had the qualifications for the Supreme Court should he be selected," but "his performance in the hearings ultimately changed my mind."<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Between September 10 and 16, 2018, Kavanaugh had the highest opposition (42%) of any of the eleven Supreme Court nominees <a href="/wiki/Gallup_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup (company)">Gallup</a> has polled about since <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bork" title="Robert Bork">Robert Bork</a> in 1987.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-dinan1-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-jones1-46">[46]</a> The interdenominational <a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Churches" title="National Council of Churches">National Council of Churches</a>, which represents 100,000 congregations and 45 million churchgoers, released a statement on October 3, saying that Kavanaugh "possesses neither the temperament nor the character essential for a member of the highest court in our nation.”<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> On October 4, a Washington Post editorial came out opposing Kavanaugh's confirmation, their first opposition to a nominee since Robert Bork, citing his "hyperpartisan rhetoric" that "poisoned any sense that he could serve as an impartial judge."<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> That same day, three of Kavanaugh's Yale "drinking buddies" published an opinion piece opposing his confirmation, asserting he was dishonest in his sworn testimony and in a Fox News interview, without referencing any of the sexual abuse accusations against him.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hearing_preparations">Hearing preparations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brett_Kavanaugh_Supreme_Court_nomination&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Hearing preparations">edit</a>]</div> Kavanaugh's nomination was officially submitted to the Senate on July 10, 2018.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Immediately afterward, he began preparing for the confirmation hearings to come. White House officials provided him with legal background materials, and Kavanaugh, along with key senators of the Judiciary Committee, hold intensive on the full range of questions that might be asked by Judiciary Committee members. As confirmation hearings approached, Committee members and staff were also busy preparing, closely studying Kavanaugh's public record and investigative information compiled on him.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-CRS-R44236-53">[53]</a> <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Leo" title="Leonard Leo">Leonard Leo</a> played a crucial role in orchestrating political and financial support for Kavanaugh's confirmation hearings.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Kavanaugh's guide through the confirmation process, informally titled "chief <a href="/wiki/Sherpa_(political_consultant)" title="Sherpa (political consultant)">sherpa</a>", was <a href="/wiki/Jon_Kyl" title="Jon Kyl">Jon Kyl</a>. Kyl was tasked with creating a smooth path for Kavanaugh by acting as his advance man, media messenger and etiquette advisor.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> At the time he agreed to be Kavanaugh's guide, Kyl was a former U.S. senator. After Senator <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a>'s death on August 25, 2018, the governor of Arizona <a href="/wiki/Doug_Ducey" title="Doug Ducey">Doug Ducey</a> named Kyl as McCain's successor. He was sworn in on September 5, 2018, the opening day of the confirmation hearing.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Documents_battle">Documents battle</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brett_Kavanaugh_Supreme_Court_nomination&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Documents battle">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chuck_Grassley_and_Brett_Kavanaugh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Chuck_Grassley_and_Brett_Kavanaugh.jpg/170px-Chuck_Grassley_and_Brett_Kavanaugh.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Chuck_Grassley_and_Brett_Kavanaugh.jpg/255px-Chuck_Grassley_and_Brett_Kavanaugh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Chuck_Grassley_and_Brett_Kavanaugh.jpg/340px-Chuck_Grassley_and_Brett_Kavanaugh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1367" /></a><figcaption>Brett Kavanaugh with Senate Judiciary Committee Chairman Chuck Grassley, July 12, 2018</figcaption></figure> Shortly after being nominated, Kavanaugh began making courtesy visits to senators at their <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_Complex" title="United States Capitol Complex">Capitol Hill offices</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> By the first week of August, Kavanaugh had met with 47 senators, all but one of them (Joe Manchin) Republican. According to the <a href="/wiki/Senate_Historical_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Historical Office">Senate Historical Office</a>, this custom was initiated by Supreme Court nominee <a href="/wiki/Harry_Blackmun" title="Harry Blackmun">Harry Blackmun</a> in 1970, and has been an important part of the process since.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Senate Democrats initially refused to meet with Kavanaugh, saying that before they did, the Republican leadership needed to agree to make available for their review all documents (perhaps exceeding 1 million pages) pertaining to Kavanaugh's: tenure as <a href="/wiki/White_House_Office_of_the_Staff_Secretary" title="White House Office of the Staff Secretary">White House staff secretary</a> in the George W. Bush administration, work on the <a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election_recount_in_Florida" title="2000 United States presidential election recount in Florida">2000 United States presidential election recount in Florida</a> and on Independent Counsel <a href="/wiki/Ken_Starr" title="Ken Starr">Ken Starr</a>'s investigations concerning President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> By mid-August, however, several Democrats had either met with or had scheduled meetings with Kavanaugh.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-NPR_-66">[66]</a> As of August 10, when Judiciary Committee chairman Grassley announced the confirmation hearing start-date, the committee had received more than 184,000 pages of records from Kavanaugh's work as a White House lawyer and his work for Independent Counsel Ken Starr. It had also received documents detailing the 307 cases in which Kavanaugh wrote an opinion as an appeals court judge, the hundreds more opinions he joined, and the more than 17,500 pages of material he provided in response to the committee's bipartisan questionnaire.<a href="#cite_note-judiciary_senate_2018-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Subsequently, on September 3, the day before the hearing began, an additional 42,000 pages of documents became available to the committee. Altogether, about 415,000 pages of information had been transmitted to the committee, with about 147,000 of them withheld from public view.<a href="#cite_note-WaPo42000-69">[69]</a> Though the <a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">Trump administration</a> had released to the committee the largest number of Executive Branch records ever for the consideration of a Supreme Court nominee, it blocked release of over 101,000 additional pages of records citing <a href="/wiki/Executive_privilege" title="Executive privilege">executive privilege</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AP-3Sep2018-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Confirmation_hearing">Confirmation hearing</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brett_Kavanaugh_Supreme_Court_nomination&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Confirmation hearing">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Senate_Judiciary_Committee_reviews_of_nominations_to_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Senate Judiciary Committee reviews of nominations to the Supreme Court of the United States">Senate Judiciary Committee reviews of nominations to the Supreme Court of the United States</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="September_4,_2018">September 4, 2018</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brett_Kavanaugh_Supreme_Court_nomination&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: September 4, 2018">edit</a>]</div> The Kavanaugh confirmation hearing before the Senate Judiciary Committee, chaired by Chuck Grassley, began September 4, 2018, in the <a href="/wiki/Hart_Senate_Office_Building" title="Hart Senate Office Building">Hart Senate Office Building</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PBS_Day1_2018-71">[71]</a> The hearing quickly became chaotic with protesters and also Senator <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> interrupting Senator Grassley's opening statement.<a href="#cite_note-:0-72">[72]</a> The hearings were delayed by one hour because of procedural questions by Harris, <a href="/wiki/Cory_Booker" title="Cory Booker">Cory Booker</a> and others, who called for a delay in the proceedings<a href="#cite_note-PBS_Day1_2018-71">[71]</a> because of the last-minute release by former president George W. Bush's lawyer of 42,000 pages of documents from Kavanaugh's service under then-president Bush.<a href="#cite_note-WaPo42000-69">[69]</a> Senate Minority Leader <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">Chuck Schumer</a> called for a delay prior to the proceedings saying that, "Not a single senator will be able to review these records before tomorrow to delay the proceedings."<a href="#cite_note-WaPo42000-69">[69]</a> Once the hearing was underway, the nominee first listened to senators’ opening statements before being formally introduced by the testimony of former Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice" title="Condoleezza Rice">Condoleezza Rice</a>, Senator <a href="/wiki/Rob_Portman" title="Rob Portman">Rob Portman</a>, and liberal appellate attorney <a href="/wiki/Lisa_Blatt" title="Lisa Blatt">Lisa Blatt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Kavanaugh then read his own statement, in which he praised his parents, his daughters, his favorite sports teams, and professed that "I'm not a pro-prosecution or pro-defense judge. I am a pro-law judge."<a href="#cite_note-NYT5sept18-75">[75]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_Police" title="United States Capitol Police">Capitol Police</a> reported that 17 protestors were arrested in the first hour of the hearing.<a href="#cite_note-:0-72">[72]</a> <a href="/wiki/Linda_Sarsour" title="Linda Sarsour">Linda Sarsour</a> was one of the first in line for the hearing and was one of the first to be arrested.<a href="#cite_note-NYT5sept18-75">[75]</a> Ultimately, 70 people were arrested that day.<a href="#cite_note-NYT5sept18-75">[75]</a> Altogether, at least 227 protestors were arrested over the course of the four-day hearing, with most being charged with <a href="/wiki/Disorderly_conduct" title="Disorderly conduct">disorderly conduct</a>, crowding or obstructing with fines paid between $35 – $50 <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">USD</a>. Senator <a href="/wiki/Orrin_Hatch" title="Orrin Hatch">Orrin Hatch</a> said, "These people are so out of line they shouldn't even be allowed in the doggone room." His statements were echoed by President Trump who expressed concern over "...why don't they take care of a situation like that..." and "I think it's embarrassing for the country to allow protestors, you don't even know which side the protestors were on."<a href="#cite_note-npr_arrests-76">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="September_5,_2018">September 5, 2018</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brett_Kavanaugh_Supreme_Court_nomination&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: September 5, 2018">edit</a>]</div> The second day of the hearing began with the senators asking direct questions at Kavanaugh about specific incidents, or his personal position on cases or general ideas.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Members of the committee were allowed 30 minutes per individual to question the Judge on his record, with key points being his judicial philosophy, <a href="/wiki/Roe_v._Wade" title="Roe v. Wade">Roe v. Wade</a>, and his role in programs implemented after <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">9/11</a> by the Bush administration.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Kavanaugh testified that he believed Roe was "settled as a precedent of the Supreme Court" and that <a href="/wiki/Planned_Parenthood_v._Casey" title="Planned Parenthood v. Casey">Planned Parenthood v. Casey</a> was "precedent on precedent". He explained that he "did my level best in an emergency posture" when voting to deny a detained teenager an abortion in <a href="/wiki/Garza_v._Hargan" class="mw-redirect" title="Garza v. Hargan">Garza v. Hargan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> There were several contentious exchanges between Kavanaugh and Democratic senators during the day. During one, Cory Booker implied that Kavanaugh had been open to <a href="/wiki/Racial_profiling" title="Racial profiling">racial profiling</a> tactics, citing an email exchange between Kavanaugh and a colleague, emails marked "committee confidential," meaning that they could not be discussed publicly.<a href="#cite_note-APGR09082918FN-80">[80]</a> In another, Kamala Harris pointedly asked Kavanaugh if he had ever discussed the <a href="/wiki/Special_Counsel_investigation_(2017%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Counsel investigation (2017–present)">Robert Mueller investigation</a> with anybody at the <a href="/wiki/Kasowitz_Benson_Torres" title="Kasowitz Benson Torres">Kasowitz Benson Torres firm</a>, that was founded by <a href="/wiki/Marc_Kasowitz" title="Marc Kasowitz">Marc Kasowitz</a>, a former personal attorney of President Trump.<a href="#cite_note-APGR09082918FN-80">[80]</a> Kavanaugh was reticent about answering, saying that he would need the names of people who worked there to know if he spoke with anyone about it. Harris repeated her question over and over again as Kavanaugh repeatedly evaded giving a direct answer.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Interruptions from protestors continued to be seen in the courtroom, with both Judge Kavanaugh and Senator Grassley and others speaking about the disruptions, with Grassley placing blame on the Democrat senators. According to Capitol Police officials, 73 protesters were arrested and charged for unlawful demonstrations during the day of the hearing including 66 who were removed from the hearing room.<a href="#cite_note-APGR09082918FN-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="September_6,_2018">September 6, 2018</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brett_Kavanaugh_Supreme_Court_nomination&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: September 6, 2018">edit</a>]</div> The third day of the hearing saw Kavanaugh answering some questions posed to him by the committee, but declining to answer others. One such refusal came when he was asked to comment on Senator <a href="/wiki/Richard_Blumenthal" title="Richard Blumenthal">Richard Blumenthal</a>'s concern over President Trump's "blatant, craven and repeated attacks" on the federal judiciary, referring specifically to then-candidate Trump's July 2016 tweet asserting that Justice <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ruth Bader Ginsburg</a> had "embarrassed all by making very dumb political statements about me. Her mind is shot – resign!"<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> The hearing also saw highly charged arguing between senators about whether key documents were being withheld. Cory Booker released a series of documents containing communications Kavanaugh had made while serving President Bush, including the email regarding racial profiling that Senator Booker referenced on the second day of the hearing.<a href="#cite_note-NYT7sept18-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Senator <a href="/wiki/John_Cornyn" title="John Cornyn">John Cornyn</a> accused Booker of being disruptive because he was "running for president" and threatened him with <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_from_the_United_States_Congress" title="Expulsion from the United States Congress">expulsion from the United States Congress</a>. Booker responded by stating, "I understand the penalty comes with potential ousting from the Senate",<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> and, viewing the release of emails that were marked confidential as an act of "<a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">civil disobedience</a>", defiantly declared that this was his "<a href="/wiki/I_am_Spartacus" class="mw-redirect" title="I am Spartacus">I am Spartacus</a> moment."<a href="#cite_note-NYT7sept18-83">[83]</a> Former president Bush's attorney later announced that he had already granted Booker's request to make the documents public the day before, and criticized Booker for "histrionics".<a href="#cite_note-NYT7sept18-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="September_7,_2018">September 7, 2018</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brett_Kavanaugh_Supreme_Court_nomination&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: September 7, 2018">edit</a>]</div> On the fourth day, outside witnesses in support or dissent of Judge Kavanaugh being appointed to the Supreme Court gave testimony to the committee on their position. One such invited individual was <a href="/wiki/John_Dean" title="John Dean">John Dean</a>, a former <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidency of Richard Nixon">Nixon administration</a> White House counsel, who testified against the administration during the <a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal" title="Watergate scandal">Watergate scandal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Senators also heard from a survivor of the <a href="/wiki/Stoneman_Douglas_High_School_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="Stoneman Douglas High School shooting">Stoneman Douglas High School shooting</a>, the attorney who represented an undocumented teenager whose request for an abortion Kavanaugh was legally involved in,<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> former law clerks, students, representatives of the <a href="/wiki/American_Bar_Association" title="American Bar Association">American Bar Association</a>, former <a href="/wiki/Solicitor_General_of_the_United_States" title="Solicitor General of the United States">U.S. solicitors general</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">G. W. Bush administration</a> and former <a href="/wiki/Boston_Marathon" title="Boston Marathon">Boston Marathon</a> running partners.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4">Panel II<a href="#cite_note-JudiciaryCommD4-90">[90]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Witness</th> <th colspan="3">Association </th></tr> <tr> <td>Paul T. Moxley</td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/American_Bar_Association" title="American Bar Association">American Bar Association</a> Standing Committee on the Federal Judiciary Chair </td></tr> <tr> <td>John R. Tarpley</td> <td colspan="3">American Bar Association Standing Committee on the Federal Judiciary Principal Evaluator </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4">Panels III–V<a href="#cite_note-JudiciaryCommD4-90">[90]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Majority Witness</th> <th>Association</th> <th>Minority Witness</th> <th>Association </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luke_McCloud&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luke McCloud (page does not exist)">Luke McCloud</a></td> <td>Former <a href="/wiki/Law_Clerk" class="mw-redirect" title="Law Clerk">Law Clerk</a></td> <td>Rep. <a href="/wiki/Cedric_Richmond" title="Cedric Richmond">Cedric Richmond</a></td> <td>Chairman, <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Black_Caucus" title="Congressional Black Caucus">Congressional Black Caucus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Louisa Garry</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Friends_Academy" title="Friends Academy">Friends Academy</a></td> <td>Rochelle Garza</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Azar_v._Garza" title="Azar v. Garza">Garza & Garza Law</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Olson" title="Theodore Olson">Theodore Olson</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Solicitor_General_of_the_United_States" title="Solicitor General of the United States">Solicitor General of the United States</a> (2001–2004)</td> <td>Elizabeth Weintraub</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Association_of_University_Centers_on_Disabilities" title="Association of University Centers on Disabilities">Association of University Centers on Disabilities</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Colleen E. Roh Sinzdak</td> <td>Former Student</td> <td>Alicia Baker</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Akhil_Amar" class="mw-redirect" title="Akhil Amar">Akhil Amar</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sterling_Professor" title="Sterling Professor">Sterling Professor</a> <a href="/wiki/Yale_Law_School" title="Yale Law School">Yale Law School</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Melissa_Murray_(academic)" title="Melissa Murray (academic)">Melissa Murray</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_York_University_School_of_Law" title="New York University School of Law">New York University School of Law</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>A.J. Kramer</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Federal_Public_Defender" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Public Defender">Federal Public Defender</a> for the District of Columbia</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aalayah_Eastmond" title="Aalayah Eastmond">Aalayah Eastmond</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rebecca Taibleson</td> <td>Former Law Clerk</td> <td>Jackson Corbin</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Maureen_Mahoney" title="Maureen Mahoney">Maureen Mahoney</a></td> <td>Deputy Solicitor General of the United States (1991–1993)</td> <td>Hunter Lachance</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kenneth Christmas</td> <td><a href="/wiki/MarVista_Entertainment" title="MarVista Entertainment">MarVista Entertainment</a></td> <td>Melissa Smith</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Monica Mastal</td> <td>Basketball player's mother</td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Dean" title="John Dean">John Dean</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/White_House_Counsel" title="White House Counsel">White House Counsel</a> (1970–1973) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Paul_Clement" title="Paul Clement">Paul Clement</a></td> <td>Solicitor General of the United States (2004–2008)</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cardozo.yu.edu/directory/rebecca-ingber">Rebecca Ingber</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boston_University_School_of_Law" title="Boston University School of Law">Boston University School of Law</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adam_White_(lawyer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adam White (lawyer) (page does not exist)">Adam White</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia_Law_School" title="Antonin Scalia Law School">Antonin Scalia Law School</a></td> <td>Lisa Heinzerling</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Georgetown_University_Law_Center" title="Georgetown University Law Center">Georgetown University Law Center</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jennifer Mascott</td> <td>Antonin Scalia Law School</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Peter_M._Shane" title="Peter M. Shane">Peter M. Shane</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Moritz_College_of_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Moritz College of Law">Moritz College of Law</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sexual_assault_allegations">Sexual assault allegations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brett_Kavanaugh_Supreme_Court_nomination&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Sexual assault allegations">edit</a>]</div> During the confirmation process, Kavanaugh was accused of sexually assaulting <a href="/wiki/Christine_Blasey_Ford" title="Christine Blasey Ford">Christine Blasey Ford</a> while they were both in high school. Ford's accusations were made public in a Washington Post report on September 16, 2018,<a href="#cite_note-HB100218AXIOS-91">[91]</a> four days before the Judiciary Committee was scheduled to vote on whether to send the Kavanaugh nomination to the Senate floor for final consideration.<a href="#cite_note-politico24-92">[92]</a> Several senators, including <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Flake" title="Jeff Flake">Jeff Flake</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lindsey_Graham" title="Lindsey Graham">Lindsey Graham</a>, said the committee should hear from Ford before the vote.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> Kavanaugh issued a statement on September 17, denying Ford's allegations, saying he has "never done anything like what the accuser describes – to her or to anyone."<a href="#cite_note-HB100218AXIOS-91">[91]</a> In response, Trump expressed his complete confidence in Kavanaugh and stated firmly that he would not withdraw the nomination, though he did acknowledge that there could be a "little delay."<a href="#cite_note-auto2-95">[95]</a> On September 17, it was announced that the nomination would not proceed until the Judiciary Committee had interviewed both Ford and Kavanaugh, who were initially scheduled to testify before the Committee on September 24.<a href="#cite_note-wsjsept17-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-sept17-97">[97]</a> Ford was given the option of testifying before the Judiciary Committee either in public or in private.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> On September 20, Ford's lawyers sent a message to the committee stating that Ford was willing to testify, but on a different day.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> After much back and forth between chairman Grassley and Ford, she agreed to speak to the Judiciary Committee on September 27 about the alleged incident.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> On September 23, a second woman, Deborah Ramirez, accused Kavanaugh of sexual assault in 1983.<a href="#cite_note-:3-102">[102]</a> Kavanaugh categorically denied the allegations made by Ford and Ramirez.<a href="#cite_note-:4-103">[103]</a> On September 26, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Avenatti" title="Michael Avenatti">Michael Avenatti</a> released a sworn declaration by a third woman, Julie Swetnick, who alleged another incident had occurred.<a href="#cite_note-:2-104">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allegations">Allegations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brett_Kavanaugh_Supreme_Court_nomination&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Allegations">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Christine_Blasey_Ford">Christine Blasey Ford</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brett_Kavanaugh_Supreme_Court_nomination&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Christine Blasey Ford">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Dr_Blasey_Ford_tells_Durbin%2C_with_100_percent_certainty%2C_that_Brett_Kavanaugh_sexually_assaulted_her.webm/220px--Dr_Blasey_Ford_tells_Durbin%2C_with_100_percent_certainty%2C_that_Brett_Kavanaugh_sexually_assaulted_her.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="288" data-mwtitle="Dr_Blasey_Ford_tells_Durbin,_with_100_percent_certainty,_that_Brett_Kavanaugh_sexually_assaulted_her.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Dr_Blasey_Ford_tells_Durbin,_with_100_percent_certainty,_that_Brett_Kavanaugh_sexually_assaulted_her.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c4/Dr_Blasey_Ford_tells_Durbin%2C_with_100_percent_certainty%2C_that_Brett_Kavanaugh_sexually_assaulted_her.webm/Dr_Blasey_Ford_tells_Durbin%2C_with_100_percent_certainty%2C_that_Brett_Kavanaugh_sexually_assaulted_her.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c4/Dr_Blasey_Ford_tells_Durbin%2C_with_100_percent_certainty%2C_that_Brett_Kavanaugh_sexually_assaulted_her.webm/Dr_Blasey_Ford_tells_Durbin%2C_with_100_percent_certainty%2C_that_Brett_Kavanaugh_sexually_assaulted_her.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/Dr_Blasey_Ford_tells_Durbin%2C_with_100_percent_certainty%2C_that_Brett_Kavanaugh_sexually_assaulted_her.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c4/Dr_Blasey_Ford_tells_Durbin%2C_with_100_percent_certainty%2C_that_Brett_Kavanaugh_sexually_assaulted_her.webm/Dr_Blasey_Ford_tells_Durbin%2C_with_100_percent_certainty%2C_that_Brett_Kavanaugh_sexually_assaulted_her.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c4/Dr_Blasey_Ford_tells_Durbin%2C_with_100_percent_certainty%2C_that_Brett_Kavanaugh_sexually_assaulted_her.webm/Dr_Blasey_Ford_tells_Durbin%2C_with_100_percent_certainty%2C_that_Brett_Kavanaugh_sexually_assaulted_her.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c4/Dr_Blasey_Ford_tells_Durbin%2C_with_100_percent_certainty%2C_that_Brett_Kavanaugh_sexually_assaulted_her.webm/Dr_Blasey_Ford_tells_Durbin%2C_with_100_percent_certainty%2C_that_Brett_Kavanaugh_sexually_assaulted_her.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c4/Dr_Blasey_Ford_tells_Durbin%2C_with_100_percent_certainty%2C_that_Brett_Kavanaugh_sexually_assaulted_her.webm/Dr_Blasey_Ford_tells_Durbin%2C_with_100_percent_certainty%2C_that_Brett_Kavanaugh_sexually_assaulted_her.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>Professor Christine Blasey Ford testimony</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christine_Blasey_Ford_swearing_in.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Christine_Blasey_Ford_swearing_in.jpg/220px-Christine_Blasey_Ford_swearing_in.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Christine_Blasey_Ford_swearing_in.jpg/330px-Christine_Blasey_Ford_swearing_in.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Christine_Blasey_Ford_swearing_in.jpg/440px-Christine_Blasey_Ford_swearing_in.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1150" data-file-height="1534" /></a><figcaption>Christine Blasey Ford</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Feinstein_Calls_for_Postponement_of_Kavanaugh_Nomination,_FBI_Investigation.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Feinstein_Calls_for_Postponement_of_Kavanaugh_Nomination%2C_FBI_Investigation.pdf/page1-220px-Feinstein_Calls_for_Postponement_of_Kavanaugh_Nomination%2C_FBI_Investigation.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Feinstein_Calls_for_Postponement_of_Kavanaugh_Nomination%2C_FBI_Investigation.pdf/page1-330px-Feinstein_Calls_for_Postponement_of_Kavanaugh_Nomination%2C_FBI_Investigation.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Feinstein_Calls_for_Postponement_of_Kavanaugh_Nomination%2C_FBI_Investigation.pdf/page1-440px-Feinstein_Calls_for_Postponement_of_Kavanaugh_Nomination%2C_FBI_Investigation.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1275" data-file-height="1650" /></a><figcaption>Judiciary Committee Ranking Member <a href="/wiki/Dianne_Feinstein" title="Dianne Feinstein">Dianne Feinstein</a> calls for postponement of Kavanaugh confirmation process, for FBI investigation</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/President_Donald_Trump-_Judge_Brett_Kavanaugh_Is_%27Anxious_To_Testify%27_-_Andrea_Mitchell_-_MSNBC.webm/220px--President_Donald_Trump-_Judge_Brett_Kavanaugh_Is_%27Anxious_To_Testify%27_-_Andrea_Mitchell_-_MSNBC.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="296" data-mwtitle="President_Donald_Trump-_Judge_Brett_Kavanaugh_Is_'Anxious_To_Testify'_-_Andrea_Mitchell_-_MSNBC.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:President_Donald_Trump-_Judge_Brett_Kavanaugh_Is_%27Anxious_To_Testify%27_-_Andrea_Mitchell_-_MSNBC.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/80/President_Donald_Trump-_Judge_Brett_Kavanaugh_Is_%27Anxious_To_Testify%27_-_Andrea_Mitchell_-_MSNBC.webm/President_Donald_Trump-_Judge_Brett_Kavanaugh_Is_%27Anxious_To_Testify%27_-_Andrea_Mitchell_-_MSNBC.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/80/President_Donald_Trump-_Judge_Brett_Kavanaugh_Is_%27Anxious_To_Testify%27_-_Andrea_Mitchell_-_MSNBC.webm/President_Donald_Trump-_Judge_Brett_Kavanaugh_Is_%27Anxious_To_Testify%27_-_Andrea_Mitchell_-_MSNBC.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/80/President_Donald_Trump-_Judge_Brett_Kavanaugh_Is_%27Anxious_To_Testify%27_-_Andrea_Mitchell_-_MSNBC.webm/President_Donald_Trump-_Judge_Brett_Kavanaugh_Is_%27Anxious_To_Testify%27_-_Andrea_Mitchell_-_MSNBC.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/President_Donald_Trump-_Judge_Brett_Kavanaugh_Is_%27Anxious_To_Testify%27_-_Andrea_Mitchell_-_MSNBC.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/80/President_Donald_Trump-_Judge_Brett_Kavanaugh_Is_%27Anxious_To_Testify%27_-_Andrea_Mitchell_-_MSNBC.webm/President_Donald_Trump-_Judge_Brett_Kavanaugh_Is_%27Anxious_To_Testify%27_-_Andrea_Mitchell_-_MSNBC.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/80/President_Donald_Trump-_Judge_Brett_Kavanaugh_Is_%27Anxious_To_Testify%27_-_Andrea_Mitchell_-_MSNBC.webm/President_Donald_Trump-_Judge_Brett_Kavanaugh_Is_%27Anxious_To_Testify%27_-_Andrea_Mitchell_-_MSNBC.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/80/President_Donald_Trump-_Judge_Brett_Kavanaugh_Is_%27Anxious_To_Testify%27_-_Andrea_Mitchell_-_MSNBC.webm/President_Donald_Trump-_Judge_Brett_Kavanaugh_Is_%27Anxious_To_Testify%27_-_Andrea_Mitchell_-_MSNBC.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/80/President_Donald_Trump-_Judge_Brett_Kavanaugh_Is_%27Anxious_To_Testify%27_-_Andrea_Mitchell_-_MSNBC.webm/President_Donald_Trump-_Judge_Brett_Kavanaugh_Is_%27Anxious_To_Testify%27_-_Andrea_Mitchell_-_MSNBC.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3APresident_Donald_Trump-_Judge_Brett_Kavanaugh_Is_%27Anxious_To_Testify%27_-_Andrea_Mitchell_-_MSNBC.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video><figcaption>President Trump: Judge Brett Kavanaugh Is 'Anxious To Testify'. Video from <a href="/wiki/MSNBC" title="MSNBC">MSNBC</a> published on September 18, 2018</figcaption></figure> On July 30, 2018, Christine Blasey Ford wrote U.S. Senator <a href="/wiki/Dianne_Feinstein" title="Dianne Feinstein">Dianne Feinstein</a> a letter accusing Kavanaugh of having sexually assaulted her in the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-USA_Today-105">[105]</a> Ford requested that her allegation be kept confidential.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> Feinstein did not refer the allegation to the FBI until September 14, 2018,<a href="#cite_note-USA_Today-105">[105]</a> after the Judiciary Committee had completed its hearings on Kavanaugh's nomination and "after leaks to the media about [the Ford allegation] had reached a "fever pitch".<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-USA_Today-105">[105]</a> On September 16, Ford was revealed by The Washington Post to be the author of the allegations against Kavanaugh.<a href="#cite_note-:5-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> In her report to the Post, Ford stated that in the early 1980s, when she and Kavanaugh were teenagers, Kavanaugh and his classmate <a href="/wiki/Mark_Judge_(writer)" title="Mark Judge (writer)">Mark Judge</a> "corralled" her in a bedroom at a party in Maryland. According to Ford, Kavanaugh pinned her to the bed, groped her, ground against her, and tried to pull off her clothes and covered her mouth when she tried to scream.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Ford said that she was afraid Kavanaugh "might inadvertently kill me" during the attack.<a href="#cite_note-:6-111">[111]</a> She got away when Judge jumped on the bed, knocking them all over.<a href="#cite_note-:5-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> Ford said she later attended couples counseling with her husband where she first talked about the incident in 2012. The therapist's notes from the time, parts of which were released on September 16, 2018, said that she had stated that she was assaulted by students "from an elitist boys' school", who eventually became "highly respected and high-ranking members of society in Washington", although the notes do not name Kavanaugh. Notes from another session a year later say that Ford had previously described a "rape attempt" while in high school.<a href="#cite_note-:5-108">[108]</a> In August, Ford took a <a href="/wiki/Polygraph" title="Polygraph">polygraph</a> test with a former FBI agent, who concluded Ford was being truthful when she endorsed a statement summarizing her allegations as accurate.<a href="#cite_note-:5-108">[108]</a> Multiple U.S. senators acquired copies of Judge's books about his time at Georgetown Preparatory School, in order to prepare for questioning of Kavanaugh and Ford before the committee.<a href="#cite_note-dickerson-113">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Deborah_Ramirez">Deborah Ramirez</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brett_Kavanaugh_Supreme_Court_nomination&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Deborah Ramirez">edit</a>]</div> On September 23, Deborah Ramirez made a second allegation against Kavanaugh relating to sexual assault. The alleged incident occurred in 1983 when Kavanaugh was 18 years old (the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Age_of_majority" title="Age of majority">age of majority</a>). Kavanaugh and Ramirez, both <a href="/wiki/Freshman" title="Freshman">freshman</a> students at Yale University, are described as joining a dorm-room party at Lawrance Hall, in Yale's "Old Campus". In The New Yorker reporting of her account, an inebriated Kavanaugh "thrust his penis in her face, and caused her to touch it without her consent as she pushed him away", before pulling his pants back up and laughing at Ramirez.<a href="#cite_note-ronanfarrow-114">[114]</a> The New Yorker also reported that four people that Ramirez had identified as eyewitnesses explicitly denied that Kavanaugh had been involved in the incident (2 male classmates identified by Ramirez, the wife of a third male student, and one other classmate, Dan Murphy)<a href="#cite_note-ronanfarrow-114">[114]</a> The New York Times reported that Ramirez contacted some of her classmates and said she could not be certain Kavanaugh was the one who exposed himself.<a href="#cite_note-StolbergFando1-115">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Julie_Swetnick">Julie Swetnick</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brett_Kavanaugh_Supreme_Court_nomination&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Julie Swetnick">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2018_09_26_letter_by_US_Senate_Judiciary_Committee_Democrats_on_affidavit_of_Julie_Swetnick.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/2018_09_26_letter_by_US_Senate_Judiciary_Committee_Democrats_on_affidavit_of_Julie_Swetnick.png/220px-2018_09_26_letter_by_US_Senate_Judiciary_Committee_Democrats_on_affidavit_of_Julie_Swetnick.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/2018_09_26_letter_by_US_Senate_Judiciary_Committee_Democrats_on_affidavit_of_Julie_Swetnick.png/330px-2018_09_26_letter_by_US_Senate_Judiciary_Committee_Democrats_on_affidavit_of_Julie_Swetnick.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/2018_09_26_letter_by_US_Senate_Judiciary_Committee_Democrats_on_affidavit_of_Julie_Swetnick.png/440px-2018_09_26_letter_by_US_Senate_Judiciary_Committee_Democrats_on_affidavit_of_Julie_Swetnick.png 2x" data-file-width="1203" data-file-height="498" /></a><figcaption>Judiciary Committee Democrats on affidavit of Julie Swetnick</figcaption></figure> A third allegation of sexual assault against Kavanaugh was announced by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Avenatti" title="Michael Avenatti">Michael Avenatti</a>, the lawyer for a third woman, on September 23.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> On September 26, the woman, Julie Swetnick, released a sworn statement alleging that she had witnessed Kavanaugh and Mark Judge trying to get teenage girls "inebriated and disoriented so they could then be <a href="/wiki/Gang_rape" title="Gang rape">gang raped</a> in a side room or bedroom by a 'train' of numerous boys".<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> Swetnick also alleged Kavanaugh and Judge were both present when she was the victim of one such gang rape.<a href="#cite_note-:2-104">[104]</a> Swetnick subsequently walked back the allegations.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> Swetnick contacted NBC News October 5 and reiterated her denial of ever seeing Kavanaugh spike punch or act inappropriately toward women, and accused Avenatti of twisting her words.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> Several Democratic senators blamed Avenatti, as the Swetnick accusation "gave Republicans an opportunity to shift the narrative away from Ford's allegations and make a broader case that the growing accusations of sexual misconduct amounted to an orchestrated Democratic smear campaign". Senator <a href="/wiki/Susan_Collins" title="Susan Collins">Susan Collins</a>, a Republican swing vote, called the Swetnick allegation "outlandish... [without] any credible supporting evidence", and ended up supporting Kavanaugh's nomination. Senator <a href="/wiki/Gary_Peters" title="Gary Peters">Gary Peters</a> said that Avenatti's allegation "turns it into a circus atmosphere and certainly that's not where we should be", while another Senate aide said that "Democrats and the country would have been better off if Mr. Avenatti spent his time on his Iowa vanity project rather than meddling in Supreme Court fights". Avenatti fired back, criticizing anonymous Democrats as "cowards", arguing that this showed "failed leadership" in the Democratic Party.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> On October 25, Judiciary Committee Chairman Chuck Grassley referred Avenatti and Swetnick for criminal investigation, claiming they made potentially false statements.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Avenatti responded by tweeting that he and his client "welcome[d] the investigation." <a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Judy_Munro-Leighton">Judy Munro-Leighton</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brett_Kavanaugh_Supreme_Court_nomination&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Judy Munro-Leighton">edit</a>]</div> During the hearings, another accusation of rape surfaced in a letter by "<a href="/wiki/Jane_Doe" class="mw-redirect" title="Jane Doe">Jane Doe</a>" from <a href="/wiki/Oceanside,_California" title="Oceanside, California">Oceanside, California</a>, addressed to Grassley but mailed anonymously to Senator Kamala Harris on September 19. The Senate committee interrogated Kavanaugh about this claim on September 26; Kavanaugh called the accusation "ridiculous".<a href="#cite_note-usatoday-20181103-123">[123]</a> On November 2, 2018, Grassley announced that a woman named Judy Munro-Leighton, from Kentucky, had come forward by e-mail on October 3 as the anonymous accuser, and admitted that her accusations were fabricated.<a href="#cite_note-usatoday-20181103-123">[123]</a> When committee staff managed to talk with her on November 1, Munro-Leighton changed her story, denying that she had penned the anonymous letter while stating that she had contacted Congress as "a ploy" in order to "get attention".<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> She was referred to the Department of Justice and FBI for making false accusations and <a href="/wiki/Obstructing_justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Obstructing justice">obstructing justice</a>.<a href="#cite_note-usatoday-20181103-123">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Support_for_parties_involved_and_investigation">Support for parties involved and investigation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brett_Kavanaugh_Supreme_Court_nomination&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Support for parties involved and investigation">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kavanaugh">Kavanaugh</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brett_Kavanaugh_Supreme_Court_nomination&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Kavanaugh">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2018-09-24_Kavanaugh_to_Grassley_-_Kavanaugh_Nomination.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/2018-09-24_Kavanaugh_to_Grassley_-_Kavanaugh_Nomination.pdf/page1-220px-2018-09-24_Kavanaugh_to_Grassley_-_Kavanaugh_Nomination.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/2018-09-24_Kavanaugh_to_Grassley_-_Kavanaugh_Nomination.pdf/page1-330px-2018-09-24_Kavanaugh_to_Grassley_-_Kavanaugh_Nomination.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/2018-09-24_Kavanaugh_to_Grassley_-_Kavanaugh_Nomination.pdf/page1-440px-2018-09-24_Kavanaugh_to_Grassley_-_Kavanaugh_Nomination.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1275" data-file-height="1650" /></a><figcaption>Kavanaugh letter to Judiciary Committee chairman Grassley, after second allegation of sexual assault</figcaption></figure> During a cabinet meeting regarding the National Council for the American Worker, President Trump commented on the initial sexual assault allegation against Brett Kavanaugh for the first time on September 17, 2018, saying, "Judge Kavanaugh is one of the finest people that I've ever known. He's an outstanding intellect, an outstanding judge, respected by everybody. Never had even a little blemish on his record. The FBI has, I think, gone through a process six times with him over the years, where he went to higher and higher positions. He is somebody very special."<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> Patrick J. Smyth, who attended the same school and graduated in 1983 with Kavanaugh released a statement concerning the allegations. "I understand that I have been identified by Dr. Christine Blasey Ford as the person she remembers as 'PJ' who supposedly was present at the party she described in her statements to the Washington Post," Smyth says in his statement to the Senate Judiciary Committee. "I am issuing this statement today to make it clear to all involved that I have no knowledge of the party in question; nor do I have any knowledge of the allegations of improper conduct she has leveled against Brett Kavanaugh." Ford did not actually identify or name Smyth in connection to the party in her public account.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> On September 20, at a <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas" title="Las Vegas">Las Vegas</a> rally, Trump again strongly endorsed Kavanaugh, stating that "Brett Kavanaugh is one of the finest human beings you will ever have the privilege of knowing or meeting." Trump also responded to Democrats' insistence upon an FBI probe by asking why the FBI wasn't notified of the alleged attack, 36 years ago. He added, "So we'll let it play out, and I think everything is going to be just fine. This is a high-quality person."<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> That same day, <a href="/wiki/Politico" title="Politico">Politico</a> reported that former Democratic staffer <a href="/wiki/Ricki_Seidman" title="Ricki Seidman">Ricki Seidman</a> is serving as an adviser to Ford; Seidman had previously assisted in prepping <a href="/wiki/Anita_Hill" title="Anita Hill">Anita Hill</a> in her testimony against <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NBCPrep-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> Her involvement was criticized by Cassie Smedile, press secretary for the <a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Committee" title="Republican National Committee">Republican National Committee</a> who stated "If you're concerned about an appearance of partisanship, hiring a Democratic operative with a history of smearing conservative judges doesn't exactly mitigate that."<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> Kavanaugh retained litigator <a href="/wiki/Beth_Wilkinson" title="Beth Wilkinson">Beth Wilkinson</a> to assist in his preparation.<a href="#cite_note-NBCPrep-128">[128]</a> At another rally on October 2, Trump mocked the testimony of Ford, specifically the gaps in her memory about the assault and that her accusation had left a man's life in tatters.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> A <a href="/wiki/YouGov" title="YouGov">YouGov</a>/<a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a> poll on September 23–25 found 55% of Republicans thought he should be confirmed even if the allegations of sexual assault were true, compared to 28% of the whole sample and 13% of Democrats.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Accusers">Accusers</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brett_Kavanaugh_Supreme_Court_nomination&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Accusers">edit</a>]</div> On September 19, Ford's schoolmate Cristina King Miranda stated on a Facebook post that while she did not attend the party where the alleged incident happened, she did hear an incident regarding Ford being discussed at their school. However, in a later interview, she stated "That it happened or not, I have no idea."<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> It was also reported that as a result of the allegations, Trump's daughter <a href="/wiki/Ivanka_Trump" title="Ivanka Trump">Ivanka</a> had told her father she would not support Kavanaugh's nomination.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> On September 21, actress and author <a href="/wiki/Patti_Davis" title="Patti Davis">Patti Davis</a>, the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>, wrote an <a href="/wiki/Op-ed" title="Op-ed">op-ed</a> supporting Ford. Davis writes how she herself was sexually assaulted around 40 years earlier by an unnamed famous music executive, and that she "never told anyone for decades", not even her husband, due to shame over her own inaction to stop the assault. Davis explained the gaps in Ford's memories with her own experience of "how memory works in a traumatic event" – the haunting memory of the actual sexual assault remained with Davis even while the other details of the event were forgotten.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> On September 24, <a href="/wiki/Yale_Law_School" title="Yale Law School">Yale Law School</a> students staged a sit-in at the law school in protest against the nomination of Kavanaugh, with some professors canceling classes to accommodate the <a href="/wiki/Sit-in" title="Sit-in">sit-in</a> and not penalize the students.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Investigation">Investigation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brett_Kavanaugh_Supreme_Court_nomination&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Investigation">edit</a>]</div> On September 18, 2018, <a href="/wiki/Anita_Hill" title="Anita Hill">Anita Hill</a> penned an op-ed for The New York Times in which she compared her <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas_Supreme_Court_nomination#Sexual_harassment_allegations" title="Clarence Thomas Supreme Court nomination">accusations of sexual harassment</a> against <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a> in 1991 to the accusations against Kavanaugh. In it, she wrote, "That the Senate Judiciary Committee still lacks a protocol for vetting sexual harassment and assault claims that surface during a confirmation hearing suggests that the committee has learned little from the Thomas hearing, much less the more recent <a href="/wiki/Me_Too_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Me Too movement">#MeToo movement</a>."<a href="#cite_note-hill-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> She advocated for improvements to the ways in which these accusations are handled, and wrote, "The details of what that process would look like should be guided by experts who have devoted their careers to understanding sexual violence. The job of the Senate Judiciary Committee is to serve as fact-finders, to better serve the American public, and the weight of the government should not be used to destroy the lives of witnesses who are called to testify."<a href="#cite_note-hill-138">[138]</a> Senator <a href="/wiki/Orrin_Hatch" title="Orrin Hatch">Orrin Hatch</a>, who had previously spoken out against Hill in 1991 (saying "There are a lot of things that just don't make sense to me about Anita Hill's testimony. Some of it just doesn't square with what I think is basic reality and common sense") also spoke out against Ford in 2018, saying that her recollection of events was "mixed up".<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> On September 20, it was revealed that more than 1,000 alumnae of <a href="/wiki/Holton-Arms_School" title="Holton-Arms School">Ford's high school</a> from between the 1940s and present day had signed a letter in support of Ford's call for a "thorough and independent investigation" before she testifies before the Senate Judiciary Committee.<a href="#cite_note-sept20-141">[141]</a> The letter also stated that the school has a long history of similar incidents.<a href="#cite_note-sept20-141">[141]</a> These signatories also stated that they were "survivors" who either heard about or experienced sex abuse at the school.<a href="#cite_note-sept20-141">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="September_27,_2018">September 27, 2018</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brett_Kavanaugh_Supreme_Court_nomination&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: September 27, 2018">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_2" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/LIVE-_Brett_Kavanaugh_and_Christine_Blasey_Ford_testify_before_the_Senate_Judiciary_Committee.webm/200px--LIVE-_Brett_Kavanaugh_and_Christine_Blasey_Ford_testify_before_the_Senate_Judiciary_Committee.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="200" height="113" data-durationhint="17413" data-mwtitle="LIVE-_Brett_Kavanaugh_and_Christine_Blasey_Ford_testify_before_the_Senate_Judiciary_Committee.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:LIVE-_Brett_Kavanaugh_and_Christine_Blasey_Ford_testify_before_the_Senate_Judiciary_Committee.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/25/LIVE-_Brett_Kavanaugh_and_Christine_Blasey_Ford_testify_before_the_Senate_Judiciary_Committee.webm/LIVE-_Brett_Kavanaugh_and_Christine_Blasey_Ford_testify_before_the_Senate_Judiciary_Committee.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/25/LIVE-_Brett_Kavanaugh_and_Christine_Blasey_Ford_testify_before_the_Senate_Judiciary_Committee.webm/LIVE-_Brett_Kavanaugh_and_Christine_Blasey_Ford_testify_before_the_Senate_Judiciary_Committee.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/LIVE-_Brett_Kavanaugh_and_Christine_Blasey_Ford_testify_before_the_Senate_Judiciary_Committee.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/25/LIVE-_Brett_Kavanaugh_and_Christine_Blasey_Ford_testify_before_the_Senate_Judiciary_Committee.webm/LIVE-_Brett_Kavanaugh_and_Christine_Blasey_Ford_testify_before_the_Senate_Judiciary_Committee.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/25/LIVE-_Brett_Kavanaugh_and_Christine_Blasey_Ford_testify_before_the_Senate_Judiciary_Committee.webm/LIVE-_Brett_Kavanaugh_and_Christine_Blasey_Ford_testify_before_the_Senate_Judiciary_Committee.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/25/LIVE-_Brett_Kavanaugh_and_Christine_Blasey_Ford_testify_before_the_Senate_Judiciary_Committee.webm/LIVE-_Brett_Kavanaugh_and_Christine_Blasey_Ford_testify_before_the_Senate_Judiciary_Committee.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/25/LIVE-_Brett_Kavanaugh_and_Christine_Blasey_Ford_testify_before_the_Senate_Judiciary_Committee.webm/LIVE-_Brett_Kavanaugh_and_Christine_Blasey_Ford_testify_before_the_Senate_Judiciary_Committee.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>Part 1: 'Brett Kavanaugh and Christine Blasey Ford testify before the Senate Judiciary Committee'. Video from <a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a>. </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_3" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Brett_Kavanaugh_and_Christine_Blasey_Ford_testify_before_the_Senate_Judiciary_Committee_-_part_two.webm/200px--Brett_Kavanaugh_and_Christine_Blasey_Ford_testify_before_the_Senate_Judiciary_Committee_-_part_two.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="200" height="113" data-durationhint="11684" data-mwtitle="Brett_Kavanaugh_and_Christine_Blasey_Ford_testify_before_the_Senate_Judiciary_Committee_-_part_two.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Brett_Kavanaugh_and_Christine_Blasey_Ford_testify_before_the_Senate_Judiciary_Committee_-_part_two.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/09/Brett_Kavanaugh_and_Christine_Blasey_Ford_testify_before_the_Senate_Judiciary_Committee_-_part_two.webm/Brett_Kavanaugh_and_Christine_Blasey_Ford_testify_before_the_Senate_Judiciary_Committee_-_part_two.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/09/Brett_Kavanaugh_and_Christine_Blasey_Ford_testify_before_the_Senate_Judiciary_Committee_-_part_two.webm/Brett_Kavanaugh_and_Christine_Blasey_Ford_testify_before_the_Senate_Judiciary_Committee_-_part_two.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Brett_Kavanaugh_and_Christine_Blasey_Ford_testify_before_the_Senate_Judiciary_Committee_-_part_two.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/09/Brett_Kavanaugh_and_Christine_Blasey_Ford_testify_before_the_Senate_Judiciary_Committee_-_part_two.webm/Brett_Kavanaugh_and_Christine_Blasey_Ford_testify_before_the_Senate_Judiciary_Committee_-_part_two.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/09/Brett_Kavanaugh_and_Christine_Blasey_Ford_testify_before_the_Senate_Judiciary_Committee_-_part_two.webm/Brett_Kavanaugh_and_Christine_Blasey_Ford_testify_before_the_Senate_Judiciary_Committee_-_part_two.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/09/Brett_Kavanaugh_and_Christine_Blasey_Ford_testify_before_the_Senate_Judiciary_Committee_-_part_two.webm/Brett_Kavanaugh_and_Christine_Blasey_Ford_testify_before_the_Senate_Judiciary_Committee_-_part_two.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/09/Brett_Kavanaugh_and_Christine_Blasey_Ford_testify_before_the_Senate_Judiciary_Committee_-_part_two.webm/Brett_Kavanaugh_and_Christine_Blasey_Ford_testify_before_the_Senate_Judiciary_Committee_-_part_two.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>Part 2: 'Brett Kavanaugh and Christine Blasey Ford testify before the Senate Judiciary Committee'. Video from <a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a>. </figcaption></figure> The additional hearing on sexual abuse allegations featured just two witnesses: Kavanaugh and Ford, who were separately questioned. Republican members of the committee said they would not question the witnesses directly and instead enlisted <a href="/wiki/Rachel_Mitchell" title="Rachel Mitchell">Rachel Mitchell</a>, a Phoenix sex crimes prosecutor, to question the witnesses on their behalf.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> Mitchell questioned Ford in five-minute segments, alternating with five-minute segments from the Democratic members of the committee.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> Mitchell did not question Kavanaugh, as most of the Republicans took back their time and used it to defend Kavanaugh.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> The session began with statements by Republican Senator Grassley and Democratic Senator Feinstein. Ford began by describing the events leading up to the incident. She said that she and Kavanaugh had mutual friends while in school, and, in the summer of 1982, she and her friend Leland Keyser wound up attending a small gathering of Kavanaugh's friends, including Mark Judge, Patrick "PJ" Smyth and another boy whose name she did not recall. She stated that Kavanaugh and Judge were visibly drunk when she arrived. During the gathering, Ford said she was pushed into a bedroom by Judge and Kavanaugh before Kavanaugh pinned her down to the bed and aggressively groped and attempted to unclothe her. Ford said she was eventually able to escape and recalled Kavanaugh and Judge laughing as she fled. She stated that she felt ashamed afterwards and kept quiet about the assault until a couples counseling session in 2012. She said the assault had been "seared into my memory and haunted me episodically as an adult" and said that she felt it was her civic duty to testify.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> Democrats entered into the record thousands of letters of support for Ford from her former classmates, other alumni, colleagues, students, mentors and 50 Yale Law School faculty members. They also noted that Ford passed a polygraph test, although polygraph tests are not generally admissible in court under these circumstances.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> Mitchell asked a number of probing questions, including if Ford had anything to drink or was on any medication during the gathering and if she was given tips before taking the polygraph test. She also contrasted Ford's record of flying with her stated fear of flying.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> In a subsequent memorandum reviewing Ford's allegations that was sent to all members of the <a href="/wiki/Senate_Republican_Conference" title="Senate Republican Conference">Senate Republican Conference</a>, Mitchell stated that she "[did] not think that a reasonable prosecutor would bring this case based on the evidence before the Committee. Nor do I believe that this evidence is sufficient to satisfy the <a href="/wiki/Burden_of_proof_(law)#Preponderance_of_the_evidence" title="Burden of proof (law)">preponderance-of-the-evidence standard</a>."<a href="#cite_note-axio_Read-148">[148]</a> In the months following her testimony, Ford was inundated with death threats that forced her to flee her home and made her unable to return to work. She additionally hired private security.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> Kavanaugh denied the allegations "immediately, categorically and unequivocally." He said that Ford's friend Keyser had no recollection of the incident and to "think about that." Keyser, a Democrat, stated that she believed Ford's allegation but never corroborated any details of Ford's account, saying she could not remember the incident. Keyser later stated that she no longer believed Ford's account, and was pushed into initially supporting Ford's allegations due to pressure from Ford's friends.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> Kavanaugh furiously condemned the Democrats for criticizing his record and called the confirmation process a "national disgrace" that had "ruined my good name." He spoke extensively about his schooling, where he "focused on academics and athletics, going to church every Sunday at Little Flower, working on my service projects, and friendship with my fellow classmates and friendship with girls from the local all-girls Catholic schools."<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> Democrats brought up Kavanaugh's high school yearbook page, which boasted of "Keg City Club (Treasurer)—100 Kegs or Bust" and referenced Mark Judge's memoir: "Wasted, Tales of a Gen X Drunk." When asked about his drinking habits by Senator Amy Klobuchar, Kavanaugh said he "liked beer" and asked if she had a drinking problem before denying having one himself. However, two of his Yale classmates told CNN that he did indeed have a drinking problem, with one describing Kavanaugh as a "stumbling drunk." Democrats further questioned Kavanaugh about the terms "boofed" and "devil's triangle" in his yearbook page, which Kavanaugh said referred to flatulence and a drinking game, respectively. Republican Senator Lindsey Graham decried Kavanaugh as a victim of "the most unethical sham" he had seen in his time in politics, claiming that if Kavanaugh was looking for fair process, he had "c[o]me to the wrong town at the wrong time" and comparing Kavanaugh's experience to "hell". A CNN commentator characterized Graham's speech as an "audition" for Attorney General.<a href="#cite_note-cnn._Lind-154">[154]</a> During the day, an estimated 1,200-plus protesters streamed into Senate office buildings on Capitol Hill, mostly in support of Ford. Afterward, the Judiciary Committee announced that the committee would vote on the nomination the following day, September 28.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Supplemental_FBI_investigation">Supplemental FBI investigation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brett_Kavanaugh_Supreme_Court_nomination&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Supplemental FBI investigation">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:220px; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <table role="presentation" style="line-height: normal; width: 100%; background: transparent; color: inherit; display: table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding-right: 5px; width: 28px;"> <div style="height: 28px; width: 28px; padding: 0; border-radius: 50%; overflow: hidden;"> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SarahHuckabeeSanders.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Avatar of Sarah Sanders"><img alt="Avatar of Sarah Sanders" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/SarahHuckabeeSanders.jpg/28px-SarahHuckabeeSanders.jpg" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/SarahHuckabeeSanders.jpg/42px-SarahHuckabeeSanders.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/SarahHuckabeeSanders.jpg/56px-SarahHuckabeeSanders.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Avatar of Sarah Sanders</figcaption></figure> </div> </td> <td style="text-align: left; white-space: nowrap;">Sarah Sanders <div style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d); white-space: nowrap;">@PressSec</div></td> <td style="text-align: right; color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d); vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter"><img alt="Twitter logo, a stylized blue bird" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Logo_of_Twitter.svg/18px-Logo_of_Twitter.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Logo_of_Twitter.svg/27px-Logo_of_Twitter.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Logo_of_Twitter.svg/36px-Logo_of_Twitter.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="421" /></a></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <div style="text-align: left"> Statement from President @realDonaldTrump: “I’ve ordered the FBI to conduct a supplemental investigation to update Judge Kavanaugh’s file. As the Senate has requested, this update must be limited in scope and completed in less than one week.” </div> <div style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">September 28, 2018<a href="#cite_note-TweetPressSec-158">[158]</a> </div> </blockquote> </div> Following the Judiciary Committee's vote to send the Kavanaugh nomination to the full senate with a "favorable" recommendation, Jeff Flake called for a one-week delay to the vote to allow for a brief FBI investigation into the misconduct allegations against Kavanaugh; he went so far as to say that his floor vote ("yes") would be contingent on such a probe. Several other senators, including Republicans <a href="/wiki/Lisa_Murkowski" title="Lisa Murkowski">Lisa Murkowski</a> and <a href="/wiki/Susan_Collins" title="Susan Collins">Susan Collins</a> along with Democrat <a href="/wiki/Joe_Manchin" title="Joe Manchin">Joe Manchin</a>, voiced their support for the proposal. Dianne Feinstein, the senior Democrat on the committee, who along with <a href="/wiki/Chris_Coons" title="Chris Coons">Chris Coons</a> had been advocating for an FBI investigation, supported the proposal, calling it "the best way to ensure a fair process to both Kavanaugh and Ford." In response, the president opened up a "limited" investigation into the accusations.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-TordersprobeCNN-160">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-GOPagreesCNBC-161">[161]</a> On September 29, it was reported that the FBI was looking into the second allegations and had contacted Ramirez.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> On September 30, it was confirmed that the FBI had spoken to her.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> On October 1, The New York Times reported that the FBI had communicated with all four people whom the White House had directed it to interview.<a href="#cite_note-:8-164">[164]</a> Other individuals have spoken to the FBI about the case, such as a classmate of Kavanaugh's from Yale, detailing claims of "violent drunken behavior by Kavanaugh in college"<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> and claims that Kavanaugh lied about the extent of his drinking during the hearing.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> Also on September 29, <a href="/wiki/NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC News</a> reported that the White House had set several strict parameters for the investigation; these included heavy restrictions on investigating Mark Judge (including blocking any access to Judge's employment records) and limiting the investigation to looking into only Ford's and Ramirez's allegations; looking into Swetnick's was blocked.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> This report led to widespread controversy; Avenatti responded by calling the report "outrageous" and vowing to "take the facts to the American people" if Swetnick was not included in the investigation.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> In response, the president denied the report, stating "I want them to interview whoever they deem appropriate, at their discretion". The White House followed up on this by stating that it was not restricting the investigation but that the investigation should not become a "<a href="/wiki/Fishing_expedition" title="Fishing expedition">fishing expedition</a>".<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> However, on September 30, it was confirmed by <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> that the restrictions were still in effect due to the parameters set by White House counsel <a href="/wiki/Don_McGahn" title="Don McGahn">Don McGahn</a>. The article also stated that the investigation had been restricted to only 4 individuals that could be interviewed: Judge, Ramirez, Leland Keyser (a friend of Ford's who allegedly also attended the party) and P. J. Smyth (another party attendee). Access was denied to Swetnick and to any of Kavanaugh's classmates who stated that he drank heavily.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> In response to the reports, on September 30, Feinstein called for the White House and FBI to release the scope of the investigation.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> On October 1, The New York Times reported that the White House had authorized the FBI to expand its investigation and interview "anybody they want within reason". McGahn followed up on this by calling the FBI and stating that the investigation could be expanded. On interviewing Swetnick, Trump stated "It wouldn’t bother me at all. Now I don’t know all three of the accusers. Certainly I imagine they’re going to interview two. The third one I don’t know much about."<a href="#cite_note-:8-164">[164]</a> Despite this, later reports continued stating that the FBI had not contacted many people due to the White House restrictions, including Ford and Kavanaugh themselves.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> On October 4, the White House announced that it had found no corroboration of Ford's allegation after reviewing the FBI's latest probe into Kavanaugh's past.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> The following day, the Senate Judiciary Committee also released a report saying that they found "no corroboration of the allegations" against Kavanaugh.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> On June 30, 2021, FBI assistant director Jill C. Tyson sent a letter to Democratic senators <a href="/wiki/Chris_Coons" title="Chris Coons">Chris Coons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Whitehouse" title="Sheldon Whitehouse">Sheldon Whitehouse</a>, in reply to a letter that the two senators had sent the Bureau on August 1, 2019, inquiring about the supplemental background investigation of Kavanaugh.<a href="#cite_note-WhitehouseLetter-175">[175]</a> The letter was publicly released by Senator Whitehouse in late July.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> In it, the Tyson disclosed that the White House Counsel had never granted the Bureau the authority to unilaterally investigate the tips it received without first receiving further approval from the White House Counsel. In the letter, Tyson claimed that the FBI received 4,500 tips through the tip line it established, and that "all relevant tips" were forwarded to the Office of the White House Counsel.<a href="#cite_note-WhitehouseLetter-175">[175]</a> Following the letter to Whitehouse and Coons, Senators <a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Whitehouse" title="Sheldon Whitehouse">Sheldon Whitehouse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chris_Coons" title="Chris Coons">Chris Coons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dick_Durbin" title="Dick Durbin">Dick Durbin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Leahy" title="Patrick Leahy">Patrick Leahy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Blumenthal" title="Richard Blumenthal">Richard Blumenthal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mazie_Hirono" title="Mazie Hirono">Mazie Hirono</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cory_Booker" title="Cory Booker">Cory Booker</a> requested additional information from FBI Director <a href="/wiki/Christopher_A._Wray" title="Christopher A. Wray">Christopher Wray</a> on the 2018 supplemental background investigation of Kavanaugh. On July 21, 2021, the senators wrote to Wray: "The admissions in your letter corroborate and explain numerous credible accounts by individuals and firms that they had contacted the FBI with information ‘highly relevant to . . . allegations’ of sexual misconduct by Justice Kavanaugh, only to be ignored."<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> The senators ultimately asked for an explanation as to how the tips were evaluated, what follow-up occurred for this investigation, and why the FBI purposefully did not interview key witnesses.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> During Kavanaugh's confirmation process the FBI received about 4,500 tips about him, which were referred to the White House. Five years later, the FBI confirmed that it didn't investigate many such tips. When it actually followed up some, the White House curtailed the scope of the investigations. During a Senate Judiciary Committee hearing in 2022, Rhode Island Senator <a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Whitehouse" title="Sheldon Whitehouse">Sheldon Whitehouse</a> made these inquiries of FBI Director Christopher Wray, who was appointed to that post by Trump in 2017:<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> <blockquote>"As you know, we are now entering the fourth year of a frustrating saga that began with an August 2019 letter from me and Senator <a href="/wiki/Chris_Coons" title="Chris Coons">Chris Coons</a>, regarding the Kavanaugh supplemental background investigation, and I'd like to try to get that matter wrapped up.<a href="#cite_note-VF-180">[180]</a> First, is it true that after Kavanaugh-related tips were separated from regular tip-line traffic, they were forwarded to White House counsel without investigation?"</blockquote> Wray responded: <blockquote>"I apologize in advance that it has been frustrating for you. We have tried to be clear about our process. So when it comes to the tip line, we wanted to make sure that the White House had all the information we have.<a href="#cite_note-VF-180">[180]</a> So when the hundreds of calls started coming in, we gathered those up, reviewed them, and provided them to the White House."</blockquote> Whitehouse asked: "Without investigation?" After a long pause, Wray answered, "We reviewed them and then provided them to..." Whitehouse interjected: "You reviewed them for purposes of separating them from tip-line traffic, but did not further investigate the ones that related to Kavanaugh, correct?"<a href="#cite_note-VF-180">[180]</a> Wray confirmed that process. Whitehouse asked, "Is it also true that, in that supplemental B.I. (background investigation), the FBI took direction from the White House as to whom the FBI would question, and even what questions the FBI could ask?"<a href="#cite_note-VF-180">[180]</a> Wray confirmed that process.<a href="#cite_note-VF-180">[180]</a> Kavanaugh had Eighty-three ethics complaints brought against him regarding his behavior during those Supreme Court confirmation hearings. Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">John Roberts</a> appointed a special federal panel of judges to investigate them. In December 2018, the panel dismissed all the complaints, calling them "serious" but deciding that lower court judges are without any authority to investigate Supreme Court appointees.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> In October 2024, Whitehouse published a final report supporting the view that the supplemental investigation was heavily curtailed by the Trump administration. <a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_impact">Political impact</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brett_Kavanaugh_Supreme_Court_nomination&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Political impact">edit</a>]</div> The hearings took place within weeks of the <a href="/wiki/2018_United_States_elections" title="2018 United States elections">2018 United States elections</a>. They were seen as galvanizing support for Republicans in certain Senate races, a phenomenon that became known as the "Kavanaugh Effect."<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> Republican challengers did manage to unseat some Democratic incumbents, in states that Donald Trump won in 2016. Democratic senators <a href="/wiki/Claire_McCaskill" title="Claire McCaskill">Claire McCaskill</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joe_Donnelly" title="Joe Donnelly">Joe Donnelly</a> blamed their election losses on how their party handled Kavanuagh's hearings.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> Other researchers have claimed that the effect on the election was overblown, noting that several Democratic incumbent senators in Trump 2016 states voted against Kavanaugh's confirmation but still won re-election.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Senate_votes">Senate votes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brett_Kavanaugh_Supreme_Court_nomination&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Senate votes">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judiciary_committee">Judiciary committee</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brett_Kavanaugh_Supreme_Court_nomination&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Judiciary committee">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_4" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/LIVE-_Senate_Committee_Votes_on_Brett_Kavanaugh_Supreme_Court_Nomination.webm/220px--LIVE-_Senate_Committee_Votes_on_Brett_Kavanaugh_Supreme_Court_Nomination.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="706" data-mwtitle="LIVE-_Senate_Committee_Votes_on_Brett_Kavanaugh_Supreme_Court_Nomination.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:LIVE-_Senate_Committee_Votes_on_Brett_Kavanaugh_Supreme_Court_Nomination.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f9/LIVE-_Senate_Committee_Votes_on_Brett_Kavanaugh_Supreme_Court_Nomination.webm/LIVE-_Senate_Committee_Votes_on_Brett_Kavanaugh_Supreme_Court_Nomination.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f9/LIVE-_Senate_Committee_Votes_on_Brett_Kavanaugh_Supreme_Court_Nomination.webm/LIVE-_Senate_Committee_Votes_on_Brett_Kavanaugh_Supreme_Court_Nomination.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f9/LIVE-_Senate_Committee_Votes_on_Brett_Kavanaugh_Supreme_Court_Nomination.webm/LIVE-_Senate_Committee_Votes_on_Brett_Kavanaugh_Supreme_Court_Nomination.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/LIVE-_Senate_Committee_Votes_on_Brett_Kavanaugh_Supreme_Court_Nomination.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f9/LIVE-_Senate_Committee_Votes_on_Brett_Kavanaugh_Supreme_Court_Nomination.webm/LIVE-_Senate_Committee_Votes_on_Brett_Kavanaugh_Supreme_Court_Nomination.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f9/LIVE-_Senate_Committee_Votes_on_Brett_Kavanaugh_Supreme_Court_Nomination.webm/LIVE-_Senate_Committee_Votes_on_Brett_Kavanaugh_Supreme_Court_Nomination.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f9/LIVE-_Senate_Committee_Votes_on_Brett_Kavanaugh_Supreme_Court_Nomination.webm/LIVE-_Senate_Committee_Votes_on_Brett_Kavanaugh_Supreme_Court_Nomination.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f9/LIVE-_Senate_Committee_Votes_on_Brett_Kavanaugh_Supreme_Court_Nomination.webm/LIVE-_Senate_Committee_Votes_on_Brett_Kavanaugh_Supreme_Court_Nomination.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>Judiciary Committee votes on the nomination, September 28, 2018. Video from <a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a> </figcaption></figure> When the Judiciary Committee convened on September 28, 2018, to deliberate on whether to send Kavanaugh's nomination to the full Senate for final approval, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Blumenthal" title="Richard Blumenthal">Richard Blumenthal</a> made a motion to subpoena Mark Judge to testify about Christine Blasey Ford's alleged sexual assault,<a href="#cite_note-jordaincarney-188">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-washpostsubpoena-189">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-anaradelat-190">[190]</a> Saying, "He [Judge] has never been interviewed by the FBI. He has never been questioned by any member of our committee."<a href="#cite_note-jordaincarney-188">[188]</a> The motion was defeated, as every Republican on the committee voted against it in a <a href="/wiki/Party-line_vote" title="Party-line vote">party-line vote</a>.<a href="#cite_note-jordaincarney-188">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-washpostsubpoena-189">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-tuckerhiggins-191">[191]</a> Following the vote, Blumenthal, along with fellow Democrats <a href="/wiki/Mazie_Hirono" title="Mazie Hirono">Mazie Hirono</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Whitehouse" title="Sheldon Whitehouse">Sheldon Whitehouse</a>, staged a brief walkout in protest.<a href="#cite_note-tuckerhiggins-191">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> Later that day, after extensive debate, the committee voted 11–10 to send the Kavanaugh nomination to the full Senate with a favorable recommendation – all Republican members voted in favor of the motion and all Democratic members voting against it.<a href="#cite_note-TordersprobeCNN-160">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-senatepanelNYT-193">[193]</a> The Judiciary Committee also announced that the Senate vote on Kavanaugh's confirmation would be delayed for one week to allow for a "supplemental FBI background investigation" into the "credible allegations [of sexual misconduct] against the nominee" raised during the hearings.<a href="#cite_note-TordersprobeCNN-160">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-GOPagreesCNBC-161">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-senatepanelNYT-193">[193]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cloture">Cloture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brett_Kavanaugh_Supreme_Court_nomination&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Cloture">edit</a>]</div> Kavanaugh needed to win a simple majority vote of the full Senate to be confirmed. Republicans held 51 seats in the 100-seat Senate at the time, and, if needed, could count on the <a href="/wiki/Casting_vote" title="Casting vote">tie-breaking vote</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a> <a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence</a>, acting in his Constitutional capacity as President of the Senate.<a href="#cite_note-JPSG10618BI-194">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> On October 5, the Senate voted 51–49 for <a href="/wiki/Cloture" title="Cloture">cloture</a>; a procedural vote that brought debate to end and allowed the Senate to move forward on the Kavanaugh nomination. The vote was almost entirely along party lines, with the exception of Democrat Joe Manchin, who voted yes, and Republican Lisa Murkowski, who voted no.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> For many years, in order for a cloture motion on a Supreme Court nomination to pass in the Senate a three-fifths <a href="/wiki/Super-majority" class="mw-redirect" title="Super-majority">super-majority</a> vote (60 senators) was required. However, in 2017, during the <a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Neil Gorsuch Supreme Court nomination">Neil Gorsuch confirmation process</a>, Senate Majority Leader <a href="/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">Mitch McConnell</a> invoked the so-called <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_option" title="Nuclear option">nuclear option</a>, which changed the 60 votes needed for cloture to 51.<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> On the eve of the cloture vote, Kavanaugh published an op-ed in the Wall Street Journal saying that he might have been too emotional at times in part due to his overwhelming frustration at being wrongly accused and that there were a few things he should not have said, but that going forward he would be an independent, impartial judge.<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Full_Senate_vote">Full Senate vote</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brett_Kavanaugh_Supreme_Court_nomination&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Full Senate vote">edit</a>]</div> The Senate confirmed Brett Kavanaugh to the Supreme Court as an associate justice on October 6, by a vote of 50–48.<a href="#cite_note-bbc.com-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> One senator, Republican <a href="/wiki/Steve_Daines" title="Steve Daines">Steve Daines</a>, who supported the nomination, was absent during the vote due to his attendance that day at his daughter's wedding in Montana. Republican Lisa Murkowski, who opposed the nomination, agreed to <a href="/wiki/Pair_(parliamentary_convention)" title="Pair (parliamentary convention)">pair</a> her vote with Daines' by voting "<a href="/wiki/Abstention" title="Abstention">present</a>" on the nomination,<a href="#cite_note-present-202">[a]</a> so that their two votes would be cancelled out and the balance of the vote would be retained, while registering her opposition in the <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Record" title="Congressional Record">Congressional Record</a>.<a href="#cite_note-JPSG10618BI-194">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[202]</a> All other Republicans voted to approve the nomination, and all Democrats voted in opposition, except <a href="/wiki/Joe_Manchin" title="Joe Manchin">Joe Manchin</a> who voted to approve the nomination.<a href="#cite_note-204">[203]</a> Kavanaugh's confirmation vote was historically close. In terms of actual votes, the only Supreme Court confirmation vote that was closer was the vote on <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Stanley_Matthews" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Stanley Matthews">Thomas Stanley Matthews</a>, nominated by President <a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">James A. Garfield</a> in 1881. Matthews was confirmed by the margin of a single vote, 24–23; no other justice has been confirmed by a single vote.<a href="#cite_note-205">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[206]</a> However, in percentage terms, Kavanaugh's vote was even closer than Matthews'. Matthews was supported by 51.06% of the senators voting, but Kavanaugh only got 51.02% of the vote.<a href="#cite_note-208">[207]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="5" style="background:#f5f5f5">Vote to confirm the Kavanaugh nomination </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:bottom;"> <th rowspan="2" style="width: 9em;">October 6, 2018 </th> <th colspan="3">Party </th> <th rowspan="2">Total vote </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:bottom;"> <th style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> </th> <th style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> </th> <th style="background-color:#DDDDBB"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Yea </td> <td style="background:#ffffff">1 </td> <td style="background:#ffffff">49 </td> <td style="background:#ffffff">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffffff">50  (51.02%) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nay </td> <td style="background:#ffffff">46 </td> <td style="background:#ffffff">0 </td> <td style="background:#ffffff">2 </td> <td style="background:#ffffff">48  (48.98%) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5" style="text-align:left;">Result: Confirmed </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" style="background:#f9f7f0"> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:1em auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4" style="background:#f5f5f5"><a href="/wiki/Voting_methods_in_deliberative_assemblies#Recorded_vote" title="Voting methods in deliberative assemblies">Roll call vote</a> on the nomination </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="col" style="width: 170px;">Senator</th> <th>Party</th> <th scope="col" style="width: 115px;">State</th> <th>Vote </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lamar_Alexander" title="Lamar Alexander">Lamar Alexander</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffb6b6; text-align: center;">R</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tammy_Baldwin" title="Tammy Baldwin">Tammy Baldwin</a></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffdd88;">Nay </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Barrasso" title="John Barrasso">John Barrasso</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffb6b6; text-align: center;">R</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Michael_Bennet" title="Michael Bennet">Michael Bennet</a></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffdd88;">Nay </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Richard_Blumenthal" title="Richard Blumenthal">Richard Blumenthal</a></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffdd88;">Nay </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Roy_Blunt" title="Roy Blunt">Roy Blunt</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffb6b6; text-align: center;">R</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cory_Booker" title="Cory Booker">Cory Booker</a></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffdd88;">Nay </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Boozman" title="John Boozman">John Boozman</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffb6b6; text-align: center;">R</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sherrod_Brown" title="Sherrod Brown">Sherrod Brown</a></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffdd88;">Nay </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Richard_Burr" title="Richard Burr">Richard Burr</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffb6b6; text-align: center;">R</td> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Maria_Cantwell" title="Maria Cantwell">Maria Cantwell</a></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffdd88;">Nay </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shelley_Moore_Capito" title="Shelley Moore Capito">Shelley Moore Capito</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffb6b6; text-align: center;">R</td> <td><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ben_Cardin" title="Ben Cardin">Ben Cardin</a></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffdd88;">Nay </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tom_Carper" title="Tom Carper">Tom Carper</a></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffdd88;">Nay </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bob_Casey_Jr." title="Bob Casey Jr.">Bob Casey Jr.</a></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffdd88;">Nay </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bill_Cassidy" title="Bill Cassidy">Bill Cassidy</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffb6b6; text-align: center;">R</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Susan_Collins" title="Susan Collins">Susan Collins</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffb6b6; text-align: center;">R</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chris_Coons" title="Chris Coons">Chris Coons</a></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffdd88;">Nay </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bob_Corker" title="Bob Corker">Bob Corker</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffb6b6; text-align: center;">R</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Cornyn" title="John Cornyn">John Cornyn</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffb6b6; text-align: center;">R</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Cortez_Masto" title="Catherine Cortez Masto">Catherine Cortez Masto</a></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffdd88;">Nay </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tom_Cotton" title="Tom Cotton">Tom Cotton</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffb6b6; text-align: center;">R</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mike_Crapo" title="Mike Crapo">Mike Crapo</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffb6b6; text-align: center;">R</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz" title="Ted Cruz">Ted Cruz</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffb6b6; text-align: center;">R</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Steve_Daines" title="Steve Daines">Steve Daines</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffb6b6; text-align: center;">R</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ada89f;">Absent </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Joe_Donnelly" title="Joe Donnelly">Joe Donnelly</a></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffdd88;">Nay </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tammy_Duckworth" title="Tammy Duckworth">Tammy Duckworth</a></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffdd88;">Nay </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dick_Durbin" title="Dick Durbin">Dick Durbin</a></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffdd88;">Nay </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mike_Enzi" title="Mike Enzi">Mike Enzi</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffb6b6; text-align: center;">R</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Joni_Ernst" title="Joni Ernst">Joni Ernst</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffb6b6; text-align: center;">R</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dianne_Feinstein" title="Dianne Feinstein">Dianne Feinstein</a></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffdd88;">Nay </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Deb_Fischer" title="Deb Fischer">Deb Fischer</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffb6b6; text-align: center;">R</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Flake" title="Jeff Flake">Jeff Flake</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffb6b6; text-align: center;">R</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cory_Gardner" title="Cory Gardner">Cory Gardner</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffb6b6; text-align: center;">R</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kirsten_Gillibrand" title="Kirsten Gillibrand">Kirsten Gillibrand</a></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffdd88;">Nay </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lindsey_Graham" title="Lindsey Graham">Lindsey Graham</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffb6b6; text-align: center;">R</td> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Grassley" title="Chuck Grassley">Chuck Grassley</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffb6b6; text-align: center;">R</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffdd88;">Nay </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Maggie_Hassan" title="Maggie Hassan">Maggie Hassan</a></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffdd88;">Nay </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Orrin_Hatch" title="Orrin Hatch">Orrin Hatch</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffb6b6; text-align: center;">R</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heinrich" title="Martin Heinrich">Martin Heinrich</a></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffdd88;">Nay </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Heidi_Heitkamp" title="Heidi Heitkamp">Heidi Heitkamp</a></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffdd88;">Nay </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dean_Heller" title="Dean Heller">Dean Heller</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffb6b6; text-align: center;">R</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mazie_Hirono" title="Mazie Hirono">Mazie Hirono</a></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffdd88;">Nay </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Hoeven" title="John Hoeven">John Hoeven</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffb6b6; text-align: center;">R</td> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cindy_Hyde-Smith" title="Cindy Hyde-Smith">Cindy Hyde-Smith</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffb6b6; text-align: center;">R</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jim_Inhofe" title="Jim Inhofe">Jim Inhofe</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffb6b6; text-align: center;">R</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Isakson" title="Johnny Isakson">Johnny Isakson</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffb6b6; text-align: center;">R</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ron_Johnson" title="Ron Johnson">Ron Johnson</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffb6b6; text-align: center;">R</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Doug_Jones_(politician)" title="Doug Jones (politician)">Doug Jones</a></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffdd88;">Nay </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tim_Kaine" title="Tim Kaine">Tim Kaine</a></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffdd88;">Nay </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Neely_Kennedy" class="mw-redirect" title="John Neely Kennedy">John Neely Kennedy</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffb6b6; text-align: center;">R</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Angus_King" title="Angus King">Angus King</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ddddbb; text-align: center;">I</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffdd88;">Nay </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amy_Klobuchar" title="Amy Klobuchar">Amy Klobuchar</a></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffdd88;">Nay </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jon_Kyl" title="Jon Kyl">Jon Kyl</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffb6b6; text-align: center;">R</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/James_Lankford" title="James Lankford">James Lankford</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffb6b6; text-align: center;">R</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Leahy" title="Patrick Leahy">Patrick Leahy</a></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffdd88;">Nay </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mike_Lee" title="Mike Lee">Mike Lee</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffb6b6; text-align: center;">R</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Joe_Manchin" title="Joe Manchin">Joe Manchin</a></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ed_Markey" title="Ed Markey">Ed Markey</a></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffdd88;">Nay </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Claire_McCaskill" title="Claire McCaskill">Claire McCaskill</a></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffdd88;">Nay </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">Mitch McConnell</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffb6b6; text-align: center;">R</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bob_Menendez" title="Bob Menendez">Bob Menendez</a></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffdd88;">Nay </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Merkley" title="Jeff Merkley">Jeff Merkley</a></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffdd88;">Nay </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Moran" title="Jerry Moran">Jerry Moran</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffb6b6; text-align: center;">R</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Murkowski" title="Lisa Murkowski">Lisa Murkowski</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffb6b6; text-align: center;">R</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a></td> <td style="background-color:#fff3d6;">Present<a href="#cite_note-present-202">[a]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chris_Murphy" title="Chris Murphy">Chris Murphy</a></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffdd88;">Nay </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Patty_Murray" title="Patty Murray">Patty Murray</a></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffdd88;">Nay </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bill_Nelson" title="Bill Nelson">Bill Nelson</a></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffdd88;">Nay </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rand_Paul" title="Rand Paul">Rand Paul</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffb6b6; text-align: center;">R</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/David_Perdue" title="David Perdue">David Perdue</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffb6b6; text-align: center;">R</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gary_Peters_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gary Peters (politician)">Gary Peters</a></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffdd88;">Nay </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rob_Portman" title="Rob Portman">Rob Portman</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffb6b6; text-align: center;">R</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jack_Reed_(Rhode_Island_politician)" title="Jack Reed (Rhode Island politician)">Jack Reed</a></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffdd88;">Nay </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jim_Risch" title="Jim Risch">Jim Risch</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffb6b6; text-align: center;">R</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pat_Roberts" title="Pat Roberts">Pat Roberts</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffb6b6; text-align: center;">R</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mike_Rounds" title="Mike Rounds">Mike Rounds</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffb6b6; text-align: center;">R</td> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Marco_Rubio" title="Marco Rubio">Marco Rubio</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffb6b6; text-align: center;">R</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ddddbb; text-align: center;">I</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffdd88;">Nay </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ben_Sasse" title="Ben Sasse">Ben Sasse</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffb6b6; text-align: center;">R</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Brian_Schatz" title="Brian Schatz">Brian Schatz</a></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffdd88;">Nay </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">Chuck Schumer</a></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffdd88;">Nay </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tim_Scott" title="Tim Scott">Tim Scott</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffb6b6; text-align: center;">R</td> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_Shaheen" title="Jeanne Shaheen">Jeanne Shaheen</a></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffdd88;">Nay </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Richard_Shelby" title="Richard Shelby">Richard Shelby</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffb6b6; text-align: center;">R</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tina_Smith" title="Tina Smith">Tina Smith</a></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffdd88;">Nay </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Debbie_Stabenow" title="Debbie Stabenow">Debbie Stabenow</a></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffdd88;">Nay </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dan_Sullivan_(U.S._senator)" title="Dan Sullivan (U.S. senator)">Dan Sullivan</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffb6b6; text-align: center;">R</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jon_Tester" title="Jon Tester">Jon Tester</a></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffdd88;">Nay </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Thune" title="John Thune">John Thune</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffb6b6; text-align: center;">R</td> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Thom_Tillis" title="Thom Tillis">Thom Tillis</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffb6b6; text-align: center;">R</td> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pat_Toomey" title="Pat Toomey">Pat Toomey</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffb6b6; text-align: center;">R</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tom_Udall" title="Tom Udall">Tom Udall</a></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffdd88;">Nay </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chris_Van_Hollen" title="Chris Van Hollen">Chris Van Hollen</a></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffdd88;">Nay </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mark_Warner" title="Mark Warner">Mark Warner</a></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffdd88;">Nay </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Warren" title="Elizabeth Warren">Elizabeth Warren</a></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffdd88;">Nay </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Whitehouse" title="Sheldon Whitehouse">Sheldon Whitehouse</a></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffdd88;">Nay </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Roger_Wicker" title="Roger Wicker">Roger Wicker</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffb6b6; text-align: center;">R</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ron_Wyden" title="Ron Wyden">Ron Wyden</a></td> <td style="background-color:#b0ceff; text-align: center;">D</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffdd88;">Nay </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Todd_Young" title="Todd Young">Todd Young</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffb6b6; text-align: center;">R</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ffffff;">Yea </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Sources: <a href="#cite_note-bbc.com-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[208]</a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> Following Kavanaugh's confirmation, protesters began singing, "We Shall Not Be Moved," outside the capitol. Also, a throng of protesters pushed past a police line, storming up steps to pound on the doors of the U.S. Supreme Court.<a href="#cite_note-210">[209]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Swearing-in_ceremony">Swearing-in ceremony</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brett_Kavanaugh_Supreme_Court_nomination&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Swearing-in ceremony">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_5" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/President_Trump_Participates_in_the_Swearing-In_Ceremony_of_the_Honorable_Brett_M._Kavanaugh.webm/220px-seek%3D776-President_Trump_Participates_in_the_Swearing-In_Ceremony_of_the_Honorable_Brett_M._Kavanaugh.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="1558" data-mwtitle="President_Trump_Participates_in_the_Swearing-In_Ceremony_of_the_Honorable_Brett_M._Kavanaugh.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:President_Trump_Participates_in_the_Swearing-In_Ceremony_of_the_Honorable_Brett_M._Kavanaugh.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fc/President_Trump_Participates_in_the_Swearing-In_Ceremony_of_the_Honorable_Brett_M._Kavanaugh.webm/President_Trump_Participates_in_the_Swearing-In_Ceremony_of_the_Honorable_Brett_M._Kavanaugh.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fc/President_Trump_Participates_in_the_Swearing-In_Ceremony_of_the_Honorable_Brett_M._Kavanaugh.webm/President_Trump_Participates_in_the_Swearing-In_Ceremony_of_the_Honorable_Brett_M._Kavanaugh.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/President_Trump_Participates_in_the_Swearing-In_Ceremony_of_the_Honorable_Brett_M._Kavanaugh.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fc/President_Trump_Participates_in_the_Swearing-In_Ceremony_of_the_Honorable_Brett_M._Kavanaugh.webm/President_Trump_Participates_in_the_Swearing-In_Ceremony_of_the_Honorable_Brett_M._Kavanaugh.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fc/President_Trump_Participates_in_the_Swearing-In_Ceremony_of_the_Honorable_Brett_M._Kavanaugh.webm/President_Trump_Participates_in_the_Swearing-In_Ceremony_of_the_Honorable_Brett_M._Kavanaugh.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fc/President_Trump_Participates_in_the_Swearing-In_Ceremony_of_the_Honorable_Brett_M._Kavanaugh.webm/President_Trump_Participates_in_the_Swearing-In_Ceremony_of_the_Honorable_Brett_M._Kavanaugh.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fc/President_Trump_Participates_in_the_Swearing-In_Ceremony_of_the_Honorable_Brett_M._Kavanaugh.webm/President_Trump_Participates_in_the_Swearing-In_Ceremony_of_the_Honorable_Brett_M._Kavanaugh.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3APresident_Trump_Participates_in_the_Swearing-In_Ceremony_of_the_Honorable_Brett_M._Kavanaugh.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video><figcaption>Retired Associate Justice <a href="/wiki/Anthony_M._Kennedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthony M. Kennedy">Anthony M. Kennedy</a> administers the Judicial Oath to Justice Kavanaugh in front of his family and President Trump</figcaption></figure> Hours after his Senate confirmation, Kavanaugh was sworn in at a private ceremony, followed by a public ceremony in the White House on October 7. Chief Justice John Roberts administered the constitutional oath and retired Justice Anthony Kennedy administered the judicial oath. Also in attendance were officials that had supported Kavanaugh's nomination, the justice's wife, children and parents and four of the sitting Judges, while three were unable to attend due to previous engagements. In the past public swearing-in ceremonies have taken place once the newly placed justice's work is well underway rather than before their first official day on the bench.<a href="#cite_note-211">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[211]</a> President Trump spoke thanking those in attendance and then apologized to Kavanaugh and his family for "the terrible pain and suffering you have been forced to endure", calling the Senate hearing "a campaign of political and personal destruction based on lies and deception."<a href="#cite_note-chicago.suntimes.com-213">[212]</a> Justice Kavanaugh spoke thanking his family, friends, and those that had supported his nomination. He thanked President Trump for his "steadfast and unwavering support" and several Republican senators, including Majority Leader Mitch McConnell and Senator Susan Collins, who cast what was considered the deciding vote in his favor. He also thanked the only Democrat who voted for him, Sen. Joe Manchin III of West Virginia. He closed saying, "As a Justice on the Supreme Court, I will always strive to preserve the Constitution of the United States and the American rule of law."<a href="#cite_note-chicago.suntimes.com-213">[212]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethics_complaints_filed_against_Kavanaugh">Ethics complaints filed against Kavanaugh</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brett_Kavanaugh_Supreme_Court_nomination&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Ethics complaints filed against Kavanaugh">edit</a>]</div> Multiple ethics complaints were filed against Kavanaugh during his confirmation hearings, 83 in all. The first two were filed in the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit Court during the hearings by the <a href="/wiki/Super_PAC" title="Super PAC">Super PAC</a> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Coalition_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Coalition (United States)">Democratic Coalition</a>. The first on September 10, accused Kavanaugh of lying when he told the Senate Judiciary Committee he was unaware that he received information stolen from Senate Democrats when he was working in the Bush White House in the early 2000s; the second on September 27, alleging that Kavanaugh violated the judiciary's code of conduct by 'engaging in a public and partisan campaign of lies to cover-up and conceal sexual misconduct and crimes he committed in the past.' On October 10, Chief Justice John Roberts appointed judges from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Tenth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit">10th Circuit Court of Appeals</a> to address the complaints.<a href="#cite_note-214">[213]</a> In December 2018, the judicial panel dismissed all 83 ethics complaints, concluding that while the complaints "are serious," there is no existing authority that allows lower court judges to investigate or discipline Supreme Court justices.<a href="#cite_note-215">[214]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brett_Kavanaugh_Supreme_Court_nomination&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nomination_and_confirmation_to_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Nomination and confirmation to the Supreme Court of the United States">Nomination and confirmation to the Supreme Court of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Judiciary_Committee_reviews_of_nominations_to_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Senate Judiciary Committee reviews of nominations to the Supreme Court of the United States">Senate Judiciary Committee reviews of nominations to the Supreme Court of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="Donald Trump Supreme Court candidates">Donald Trump Supreme Court candidates</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brett_Kavanaugh_Supreme_Court_nomination&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-present-202">^ <a href="#cite_ref-present_202-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-present_202-1">b</a> Votes of "present" do not count in <a href="/wiki/Tally_(voting)" title="Tally (voting)">tallying</a> the vote negatively or positively. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brett_Kavanaugh_Supreme_Court_nomination&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRochaTatumRies2018" class="citation news cs1">Rocha, Veronica; Tatum, Sophie; Ries, Brian (September 7, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/kavanaugh-hearing-dle/index.html">"The Kavanaugh hearing"</a>. CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190620015621/https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/kavanaugh-hearing-dle/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 20, 2019. 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Retrieved June 3, 2020. <q>Demand Justice, the prominent nonprofit fighting to block Supreme Court nominee Brett Kavanaugh, which is a Sixteen Thirty Fund project</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=Liberal+secret-money+network+hammers+House+GOP&rft.date=2018-07-29&rft.au=SCOTT+BLAND&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fstory%2F2018%2F07%2F29%2Fdemocrats-dark-money-midterms-house-745145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh+Supreme+Court+nomination" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichelle_Ye_Hee_Lee2018" class="citation news cs1">Michelle Ye Hee Lee (September 17, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/groups-launch-ad-campaigns-in-wake-of-kavanaugh-allegations/2018/09/17/dbf0cb02-baa2-11e8-9812-a389be6690af_story.html#comments-wrapper">"Groups launch ad campaigns in wake of Kavanaugh allegations"</a>. 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Retrieved September 4, 2018. <q>Some have regret over an "exceedingly uninspiring" choice for the Supreme Court.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vox&rft.atitle=Why+social+conservatives+are+disappointed+that+Trump+picked+Brett+Kavanaugh&rft.date=2018-07-10&rft.aulast=Coaston&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vox.com%2F2018%2F7%2F10%2F17551502%2Fkavanaugh-supreme-court-abortion-conservatives-gop&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh+Supreme+Court+nomination" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScUrOBy5sPzw1VGusbYr2VqVqPiNmO5adNdo8mIcsryvgOfrw/viewform">"Open Letter from Yale Law Students, Alumni, and Educators Regarding Brett Kavanaugh"</a>. 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Retrieved October 5, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Retired+Justice+Stevens+calls+Kavanaugh%27s+hearing+performance+disqualifying&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2Fcourts_law%2Fretired-justice-stevens-calls-kavanaughs-hearing-performance-disqualifying%2F2018%2F10%2F04%2F70c4a36e-c81a-11e8-b2b5-79270f9cce17_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh+Supreme+Court+nomination" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlanton2018" class="citation news cs1">Blanton, Dana (September 23, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180923212417/http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2018/09/23/fox-news-poll-record-number-voters-oppose-kavanaugh-nomination.amp.html">"Fox News Poll: Record number of voters oppose Kavanaugh nomination"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a>. 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Retrieved June 29, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=%27Moral+dry-rot%27%3A+The+only+Supreme+Court+justice+who+divided+the+Senate+more+than+Kavanaugh&rft.date=2018-10-08&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Kristine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fhistory%2F2018%2F10%2F08%2Fmoral-dry-rot-only-supreme-court-justice-who-divided-senate-more-than-kavanaugh%2F%3F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh+Supreme+Court+nomination" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeller2018" class="citation news cs1">Keller, Chris (October 6, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/nation/la-pol-scotus-confirmation-votes-over-the-years-20181005-htmlstory.html">"Senate vote on Kavanaugh was historically close"</a>. The Los Angeles Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190701215620/https://www.latimes.com/nation/la-pol-scotus-confirmation-votes-over-the-years-20181005-htmlstory.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 1, 2019. Retrieved July 2, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Senate+vote+on+Kavanaugh+was+historically+close&rft.date=2018-10-06&rft.aulast=Keller&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fnation%2Fla-pol-scotus-confirmation-votes-over-the-years-20181005-htmlstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh+Supreme+Court+nomination" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/115-2018/s223">"On the Nomination PN2259: Brett M. Kavanaugh, of Maryland, to be an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States"</a>. govtrack.us. Senate Vote #223 in 2018 (115th Congress). October 6, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190701034807/https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/115-2018/s223">Archived</a> from the original on July 1, 2019. 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NBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240110184908/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/ncna917351">Archived</a> from the original on January 10, 2024. Retrieved June 29, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Protesters+pound+the+doors+of+the+Supreme+Court+following+Kavanaugh+confirmation&rft.date=2018-10-06&rft.aulast=Rosenblatt&rft.aufirst=Kalhan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fnews%2Fncna917351&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh+Supreme+Court+nomination" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/kavanaugh-vote-divided-senate-poised-to-confirm-trumps-nominee/2018/10/06/64bf69fa-c969-11e8-b2b5-79270f9cce17_story.html">"Kavanaugh sworn in as Supreme Court justice after divided Senate votes for confirmation"</a>. 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Retrieved October 10, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Kavanaugh+sworn+in+as+Supreme+Court+justice+after+divided+Senate+votes+for+confirmation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2Fkavanaugh-vote-divided-senate-poised-to-confirm-trumps-nominee%2F2018%2F10%2F06%2F64bf69fa-c969-11e8-b2b5-79270f9cce17_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh+Supreme+Court+nomination" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEgan2018" class="citation web cs1">Egan, Lauren (October 9, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/white-house/trump-apologizes-behalf-nation-kavanaugh-says-he-was-proven-innocent-n917956">"Trump apologizes to Kavanaugh on 'behalf of our nation,' says judge 'proven innocent'"</a>. NBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181009205734/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/white-house/trump-apologizes-behalf-nation-kavanaugh-says-he-was-proven-innocent-n917956">Archived</a> from the original on October 9, 2018. Retrieved October 10, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Trump+apologizes+to+Kavanaugh+on+%27behalf+of+our+nation%2C%27+says+judge+%27proven+innocent%27&rft.date=2018-10-09&rft.aulast=Egan&rft.aufirst=Lauren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fpolitics%2Fwhite-house%2Ftrump-apologizes-behalf-nation-kavanaugh-says-he-was-proven-innocent-n917956&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh+Supreme+Court+nomination" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-chicago.suntimes.com-213">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chicago.suntimes.com_213-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chicago.suntimes.com_213-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFtranscript2018" class="citation web cs1">transcript (October 9, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chicago.suntimes.com/news/transcript-president-donald-trump-brett-kavanaugh-ceremonial-swearing-supreme-court/">"Transcript: Remarks of Trump, Kavanaugh at ceremonial swearing-in"</a>. Chicago Sun-Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181009115417/https://chicago.suntimes.com/news/transcript-president-donald-trump-brett-kavanaugh-ceremonial-swearing-supreme-court/">Archived</a> from the original on October 9, 2018. Retrieved October 10, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Sun-Times&rft.atitle=Transcript%3A+Remarks+of+Trump%2C+Kavanaugh+at+ceremonial+swearing-in&rft.date=2018-10-09&rft.au=transcript&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchicago.suntimes.com%2Fnews%2Ftranscript-president-donald-trump-brett-kavanaugh-ceremonial-swearing-supreme-court%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh+Supreme+Court+nomination" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChamberlainMears2018" class="citation web cs1">Chamberlain, Samuel; Mears, Bill (October 10, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/politics/roberts-refers-ethics-complaints-against-kavanaugh-to-federal-judges">"Roberts refers ethics complaints against Kavanaugh to federal judges"</a>. Fox News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191002194812/https://www.foxnews.com/politics/roberts-refers-ethics-complaints-against-kavanaugh-to-federal-judges">Archived</a> from the original on October 2, 2019. Retrieved October 2, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fox+News&rft.atitle=Roberts+refers+ethics+complaints+against+Kavanaugh+to+federal+judges&rft.date=2018-10-10&rft.aulast=Chamberlain&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft.au=Mears%2C+Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fpolitics%2Froberts-refers-ethics-complaints-against-kavanaugh-to-federal-judges&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh+Supreme+Court+nomination" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTotenberg2018" class="citation news cs1">Totenberg, Nina (December 18, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2018/12/18/678004085/federal-panel-of-judges-dismiss-all-83-ethics-complaints-against-brett-kavanaugh">"Federal Panel Of Judges Dismisses All 83 Ethics Complaints Against Brett Kavanaugh"</a>. NPR. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181226123238/https://www.npr.org/2018/12/18/678004085/federal-panel-of-judges-dismiss-all-83-ethics-complaints-against-brett-kavanaugh">Archived</a> from the original on December 26, 2018. Retrieved December 26, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=Federal+Panel+Of+Judges+Dismisses+All+83+Ethics+Complaints+Against+Brett+Kavanaugh&rft.date=2018-12-18&rft.aulast=Totenberg&rft.aufirst=Nina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2018%2F12%2F18%2F678004085%2Ffederal-panel-of-judges-dismiss-all-83-ethics-complaints-against-brett-kavanaugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh+Supreme+Court+nomination" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brett_Kavanaugh_Supreme_Court_nomination&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJudge2018" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Judge_(writer)" title="Mark Judge (writer)">Judge, Mark Gauvreau</a> (September 18, 2018), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/2018-09-18%20Judge%20to%20Grassley,%20Feinstein%20(Kavanaugh%20Nomination).pdf">Mark Judge letter to United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary</a> (PDF), <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_the_Judiciary" title="United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary">United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary</a>, retrieved September 22, 2018</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mark+Judge+letter+to+United+States+Senate+Committee+on+the+Judiciary&rft.pub=United+States+Senate+Committee+on+the+Judiciary&rft.date=2018-09-18&rft.aulast=Judge&rft.aufirst=Mark+Gauvreau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.judiciary.senate.gov%2Fimo%2Fmedia%2Fdoc%2F2018-09-18%2520Judge%2520to%2520Grassley%2C%2520Feinstein%2520%28Kavanaugh%2520Nomination%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh+Supreme+Court+nomination" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/4945864/Ford-Testimony-2018-09-26.pdf">"Written Testimony of Dr. Christine Blasey Ford to U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee"</a> (PDF). Published September 26, 2018. Retrieved September 27, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Written+Testimony+of+Dr.+Christine+Blasey+Ford+to+U.S.+Senate+Judiciary+Committee&rft.pub=Published+September+26%2C+2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.documentcloud.org%2Fdocuments%2F4945864%2FFord-Testimony-2018-09-26.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh+Supreme+Court+nomination" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?451895-1/judge-kavanaugh-professor-blasey-ford-testify-sexual-assault-allegations">"Judge Brett Kavanaugh & Professor Christine Blasey Ford Testify"</a>. <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a>. Retrieved September 27, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Judge+Brett+Kavanaugh+%26+Professor+Christine+Blasey+Ford+Testify&rft.pub=C-SPAN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.c-span.org%2Fvideo%2F%3F451895-1%2Fjudge-kavanaugh-professor-blasey-ford-testify-sexual-assault-allegations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrett+Kavanaugh+Supreme+Court+nomination" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Justice-Trial-Kavanaugh-Confirmation-Supreme/dp/1621579832">Justice on Trial: The Kavanaugh Confirmation and the Future of the Supreme Court</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nominations_to_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States158" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nominations_to_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Template:Nominations to the Supreme Court of the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nominations_to_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Nominations to the Supreme Court of the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nominations_to_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nominations to the Supreme Court of the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nominations_to_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States158" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nomination_and_confirmation_to_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Nomination and confirmation to the Supreme Court of the United States">Nominations</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individual nominations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Rutledge_Supreme_Court_nominations" title="John Rutledge Supreme Court nominations">John Rutledge (1789; 1795)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Brandeis_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Louis Brandeis Supreme Court nomination">Louis Brandeis (1916)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlan_F._Stone_Supreme_Court_nominations" title="Harlan F. Stone Supreme Court nominations">Harlan F. Stone (1925; 1941)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiley_Rutledge_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Wiley Rutledge Supreme Court nomination">Wiley Rutledge (1943)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman_Minton_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Sherman Minton Supreme Court nomination">Sherman Minton (1949)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Thurgood Marshall Supreme Court nomination">Thurgood Marshall (1967)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bork_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Robert Bork Supreme Court nomination">Robert Bork (1987)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Clarence Thomas Supreme Court nomination">Clarence Thomas (1991)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts_Supreme_Court_nominations" title="John Roberts Supreme Court nominations">John Roberts (2005; 2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Miers_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Harriet Miers Supreme Court nomination">Harriet Miers (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Samuel Alito Supreme Court nomination">Samuel Alito (2005–06)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Sonia Sotomayor Supreme Court nomination">Sonia Sotomayor (2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elena_Kagan_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Elena Kagan Supreme Court nomination">Elena Kagan (2010)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merrick_Garland_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Merrick Garland Supreme Court nomination">Merrick Garland (2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Neil Gorsuch Supreme Court nomination">Neil Gorsuch (2017)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Brett Kavanaugh (2018)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Amy Coney Barrett Supreme Court nomination">Amy Coney Barrett (2020)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketanji_Brown_Jackson_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Ketanji Brown Jackson Supreme Court nomination">Ketanji Brown Jackson (2022)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Judiciary_Committee_reviews_of_nominations_to_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Senate Judiciary Committee reviews of nominations to the Supreme Court of the United States">Senate Judiciary Committee reviews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nominations_to_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="List of nominations to the Supreme Court of the United States">List of all nominations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States">List of confirmed justices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsuccessful_nominations_to_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Unsuccessful nominations to the Supreme Court of the United States">List of unsuccessful nominations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_confirmation_votes_for_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="List of confirmation votes for the Supreme Court of the United States">List of confirmation votes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump_(2017–2021)352" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="Template:First presidency of Donald Trump"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="Template talk:First presidency of Donald Trump"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="Special:EditPage/Template:First presidency of Donald Trump"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump_(2017–2021)352" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">First presidency of Donald Trump</a> (2017–2021)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tenure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_presidential_transition_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidential transition of Donald Trump">Transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Donald_Trump" title="First inauguration of Donald Trump">Inauguration</a> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Donald_Trump%27s_First_Inaugural_Address" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Donald Trump's First Inaugural Address">speech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opinion_polling_on_the_first_Donald_Trump_administration" title="Opinion polling on the first Donald Trump administration">Opinion polling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2017_opinion_polling_on_the_Donald_Trump_administration" title="2017 opinion polling on the Donald Trump administration">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_opinion_polling_on_the_Donald_Trump_administration" title="2018 opinion polling on the Donald Trump administration">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_opinion_polling_on_the_Donald_Trump_administration" title="2019 opinion polling on the Donald Trump administration">2019</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_use_by_Donald_Trump" title="Social media use by Donald Trump">Social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_United_States_elections" title="2018 United States elections">2018 midterm elections</a></li> <li>Government shutdowns <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_2018_United_States_federal_government_shutdown" title="January 2018 United States federal government shutdown">January 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018%E2%80%932019_United_States_federal_government_shutdown" title="2018–2019 United States federal government shutdown">2018–2019</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_executive_actions_by_Donald_Trump" title="List of executive actions by Donald Trump">Executive actions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_executive_orders_in_the_first_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="List of executive orders in the first presidency of Donald Trump">executive orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_proclamations_by_Donald_Trump" title="Lists of proclamations by Donald Trump">presidential proclamations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Death and state funeral of George H. W. Bush">State funeral of George H. W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Death and state funeral of Ruth Bader Ginsburg">State funeral of Ruth Bader Ginsburg</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_granted_executive_clemency_by_Donald_Trump" title="List of people granted executive clemency by Donald Trump">Executive clemency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pardon_of_Joe_Arpaio" title="Pardon of Joe Arpaio">pardon of Joe Arpaio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Wallie_Howard_Jr." title="Murder of Wallie Howard Jr.">commutation of Jaime Davidson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_travel_ban" title="Trump travel ban">Travel bans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_Executive_Order_13769" title="Reactions to Executive Order 13769">reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_challenges_to_the_Trump_travel_ban" title="Legal challenges to the Trump travel ban">legal challenges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_against_Executive_Order_13769" title="Protests against Executive Order 13769">protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13780" title="Executive Order 13780">replacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13767" title="Executive Order 13767">Executive Order 13767</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_administration_family_separation_policy" title="Trump administration family separation policy">Family separation policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_administration_migrant_detentions" class="mw-redirect" title="Trump administration migrant detentions">Migrant detentions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Faithful_Patriot" title="Operation Faithful Patriot">Operation Faithful Patriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stormy_Daniels%E2%80%93Donald_Trump_scandal" title="Stormy Daniels–Donald Trump scandal">Stormy Daniels scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_Am_Part_of_the_Resistance_Inside_the_Trump_Administration" title="I Am Part of the Resistance Inside the Trump Administration">Anonymous senior official op-ed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93United_States_relations#Trump_administration_(2017–2021)" title="Israel–United States relations">Relations with Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_recognition_of_Jerusalem_as_capital_of_Israel" title="United States recognition of Jerusalem as capital of Israel">Jerusalem recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_recognition_of_the_Golan_Heights_as_part_of_Israel" title="United States recognition of the Golan Heights as part of Israel">Golan Heights recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_peace_plan" title="Trump peace plan">Peace plan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Accords" title="Abraham Accords">Abraham Accords</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93United_Arab_Emirates_normalization_agreement" title="Israel–United Arab Emirates normalization agreement">UAE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain%E2%80%93Israel_normalization_agreement" title="Bahrain–Israel normalization agreement">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Sudan_normalization_agreement" title="Israel–Sudan normalization agreement">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Morocco_normalization_agreement" title="Israel–Morocco normalization agreement">Morocco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_and_Serbia_economic_normalization_agreements" title="Kosovo and Serbia economic normalization agreements">Kosovo–Serbia agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%932018_North_Korea_crisis" title="2017–2018 North Korea crisis">North Korea crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_Korean_peace_process" title="2018–19 Korean peace process">peace process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_North_Korea%E2%80%93United_States_Singapore_Summit" title="2018 North Korea–United States Singapore Summit">Singapore summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_North_Korea%E2%80%93United_States_Hanoi_Summit" title="2019 North Korea–United States Hanoi Summit">Hanoi summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Koreas%E2%80%93United_States_DMZ_Summit" title="2019 Koreas–United States DMZ Summit">DMZ summit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump%E2%80%93Ukraine_scandal" title="Trump–Ukraine scandal">Trump–Ukraine scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93United_States_relations#Trump_administration_(2017–2021)" title="Russia–United States relations">Relations with Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2018_Russia%E2%80%93United_States_summit" title="2018 Russia–United States summit">Helsinki summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Links_between_Trump_associates_and_Russian_officials" title="Links between Trump associates and Russian officials">Links between Trump administration and Russian government officials</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_bounty_program" title="Russian bounty program">Russian bounty program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_administration_farmer_bailouts" title="Trump administration farmer bailouts">Farmer bailouts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_United_States%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_arms_deal" title="2017 United States–Saudi Arabia arms deal">Saudi Arabia arms deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="US intervention in the Syrian civil war">Syria strikes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2017_Shayrat_missile_strike" title="2017 Shayrat missile strike">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2018_missile_strikes_against_Syria" title="April 2018 missile strikes against Syria">2018</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_United_States_invasion_of_Venezuela" title="Proposed United States invasion of Venezuela">Proposed invasion of Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump%E2%80%93Tsai_call" title="Trump–Tsai call">Taiwan call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_withdrawal_from_the_Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="United States withdrawal from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Withdrawal from the Iran nuclear deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi" title="Death of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi">Death of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Qasem_Soleimani" title="Assassination of Qasem Soleimani">Assassination of Qasem Soleimani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_U.S._troop_withdrawal_from_Afghanistan" title="2020–2021 U.S. troop withdrawal from Afghanistan">Afghanistan withdrawal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._federal_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="U.S. federal government response to the COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic response</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communication_of_the_Trump_administration_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Communication of the Trump administration during the COVID-19 pandemic">Communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_COVID-19_outbreak" title="White House COVID-19 outbreak">White House COVID-19 outbreak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_interference_with_science_agencies_by_the_first_Trump_administration" title="Political interference with science agencies by the first Trump administration">Political interference with science agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_federal_government_data_breach" title="2020 United States federal government data breach">Federal government data breach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossfire_Hurricane_(FBI_investigation)" title="Crossfire Hurricane (FBI investigation)">Crossfire Hurricane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump%27s_disclosures_of_classified_information" title="Donald Trump's disclosures of classified information">Classified information disclosures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mueller_special_counsel_investigation" title="Mueller special counsel investigation">Mueller special counsel investigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durham_special_counsel_investigation" title="Durham special counsel investigation">Durham special counsel investigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_affairs_of_Donald_Trump_as_president" title="Legal affairs of Donald Trump as president">Legal affairs</a></li> <li>Impeachments <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Efforts_to_impeach_Donald_Trump_during_his_first_presidency" class="mw-redirect" title="Efforts to impeach Donald Trump during his first presidency">efforts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_impeachment_resolutions_introduced_against_Donald_Trump" title="List of impeachment resolutions introduced against Donald Trump">resolutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_inquiry_into_Donald_Trump" title="Impeachment inquiry into Donald Trump">impeachment inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_impeachment_of_Donald_Trump" title="First impeachment of Donald Trump">first impeachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_impeachment_trial_of_Donald_Trump" title="First impeachment trial of Donald Trump">first trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_impeachment_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second impeachment of Donald Trump">second impeachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_impeachment_trial_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second impeachment trial of Donald Trump">second trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_expungements_of_the_impeachments_of_Donald_Trump" title="Proposed expungements of the impeachments of Donald Trump">proposed expungements</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namaste_Trump" title="Namaste Trump">Namaste Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_photo_op_at_St._John%27s_Church" title="Donald Trump photo op at St. John's Church">Photo op at St. John's Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore_Fireworks_Celebration" title="Mount Rushmore Fireworks Celebration">2020 Mount Rushmore Fireworks Celebration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Garden_of_American_Heroes" title="National Garden of American Heroes">National Garden of American Heroes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attempts_to_overturn_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election">Attempts to overturn the 2020 presidential election</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trump_fake_electors_plot" title="Trump fake electors plot">Fake electors plot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chesebro_memos" class="mw-redirect" title="Chesebro memos">Chesebro memos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastman_memos" title="Eastman memos">Eastman memos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-election_lawsuits_related_to_the_2020_U.S._presidential_election" title="Post-election lawsuits related to the 2020 U.S. presidential election">Lawsuits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Texas_v._Pennsylvania" title="Texas v. Pennsylvania">Texas v. Pennsylvania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Clark_letter" title="Jeffrey Clark letter">Jeffrey Clark letter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="January 6 United States Capitol attack">January 6 United States Capitol attack</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="Timeline of the January 6 United States Capitol attack">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="Aftermath of the January 6 United States Capitol attack">aftermath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_United_States_inauguration_week_protests" title="2021 United States inauguration week protests">continued protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_reactions_to_the_January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="Domestic reactions to the January 6 United States Capitol attack">domestic reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="International reactions to the January 6 United States Capitol attack">international reactions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_J._Trump_Presidential_Library" title="Donald J. Trump Presidential Library">Presidential Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Donald_Trump" title="List of federal judges appointed by Donald Trump">Judicial appointments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Neil Gorsuch Supreme Court nomination">Gorsuch</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kavanaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Amy Coney Barrett Supreme Court nomination">Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="Donald Trump Supreme Court candidates">Supreme Court candidates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_judicial_appointment_controversies" title="Donald Trump judicial appointment controversies">controversies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Joe_Biden" title="Presidential transition of Joe Biden">Biden transition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Donald_Trump_presidencies" title="Timeline of the Donald Trump presidencies">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_100_days_of_the_first_Donald_Trump_presidency" title="First 100 days of the first Donald Trump presidency">First 100 days</a></li> <li>2017 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Donald_Trump%27s_first_presidency_(2017_Q1)" title="Timeline of Donald Trump's first presidency (2017 Q1)">Q1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Donald_Trump%27s_first_presidency_(2017_Q2)" title="Timeline of Donald Trump's first presidency (2017 Q2)">Q2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Donald_Trump%27s_first_presidency_(2017_Q3)" title="Timeline of Donald Trump's first presidency (2017 Q3)">Q3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Donald_Trump%27s_first_presidency_(2017_Q4)" title="Timeline of Donald Trump's first presidency (2017 Q4)">Q4</a></li></ul></li> <li>2018 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Donald_Trump%27s_first_presidency_(2018_Q1)" title="Timeline of Donald Trump's first presidency (2018 Q1)">Q1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Donald_Trump%27s_first_presidency_(2018_Q2)" title="Timeline of Donald Trump's first presidency (2018 Q2)">Q2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Donald_Trump%27s_first_presidency_(2018_Q3)" title="Timeline of Donald Trump's first presidency (2018 Q3)">Q3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Donald_Trump%27s_first_presidency_(2018_Q4)" title="Timeline of Donald Trump's first presidency (2018 Q4)">Q4</a></li></ul></li> <li>2019 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Donald_Trump%27s_first_presidency_(2019_Q1)" title="Timeline of Donald Trump's first presidency (2019 Q1)">Q1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Donald_Trump%27s_first_presidency_(2019_Q2)" title="Timeline of Donald Trump's first presidency (2019 Q2)">Q2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Donald_Trump%27s_first_presidency_(2019_Q3)" title="Timeline of Donald Trump's first presidency (2019 Q3)">Q3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Donald_Trump%27s_first_presidency_(2019_Q4)" title="Timeline of Donald Trump's first presidency (2019 Q4)">Q4</a></li></ul></li> <li>2020 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Donald_Trump%27s_first_presidency_(2020_Q1)" title="Timeline of Donald Trump's first presidency (2020 Q1)">Q1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Donald_Trump%27s_first_presidency_(2020_Q2)" title="Timeline of Donald Trump's first presidency (2020 Q2)">Q2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Donald_Trump%27s_first_presidency_(2020_Q3)" title="Timeline of Donald Trump's first presidency (2020 Q3)">Q3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Donald_Trump%27s_first_presidency_(2020_Q4%E2%80%93January_2021)" title="Timeline of Donald Trump's first presidency (2020 Q4–January 2021)">Q4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Donald_Trump%27s_first_presidency_(2020_Q4%E2%80%93January_2021)#January_2021" title="Timeline of Donald Trump's first presidency (2020 Q4–January 2021)">January 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Donald_Trump" title="List of presidential trips made by Donald Trump">Trips</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Donald_Trump_(2017)" title="List of presidential trips made by Donald Trump (2017)">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Donald_Trump_(2018)" title="List of presidential trips made by Donald Trump (2018)">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Donald_Trump_(2019)" title="List of presidential trips made by Donald Trump (2019)">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Donald_Trump_(2020%E2%80%9321)" title="List of presidential trips made by Donald Trump (2020–21)">2020–2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_Donald_Trump" title="List of international presidential trips made by Donald Trump">international</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Rex_Tillerson_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Rex Tillerson as United States Secretary of State">by Rex Tillerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Mike_Pompeo_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Mike Pompeo as United States Secretary of State">by Mike Pompeo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Riyadh_summit" title="2017 Riyadh summit">Riyadh summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_North_Korea%E2%80%93United_States_Singapore_Summit" title="2018 North Korea–United States Singapore Summit">Singapore summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Russia%E2%80%93United_States_summit" title="2018 Russia–United States summit">Helsinki summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_North_Korea%E2%80%93United_States_Hanoi_Summit" title="2019 North Korea–United States Hanoi Summit">Hanoi summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Koreas%E2%80%93United_States_DMZ_Summit" title="2019 Koreas–United States DMZ Summit">DMZ summit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Speeches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2017_Donald_Trump_speech_to_a_joint_session_of_Congress" title="2017 Donald Trump speech to a joint session of Congress">Joint session of Congress</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Donald_Trump_speech_in_Warsaw" title="2017 Donald Trump speech in Warsaw">Warsaw speech</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_National_Scout_Jamboree" title="2017 National Scout Jamboree">National Scout Jamboree</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union" title="State of the Union">State of the Union Address</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2018_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2018 State of the Union Address">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2019 State of the Union Address">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2020 State of the Union Address">2020</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Oval_Office_address" title="2019 Oval Office address">2019 Oval Office address</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Oval_Office_address" title="2020 Oval Office address">2020 Oval Office address</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump%27s_first_farewell_address" title="Donald Trump's first farewell address">Farewell address</a> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Donald_Trump" title="Political positions of Donald Trump">Policies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_first_Donald_Trump_administration" title="Economic policy of the first Donald Trump administration">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Cuts_and_Jobs_Act" title="Tax Cuts and Jobs Act">tax cuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war" title="China–United States trade war">China trade war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Trump_tariffs" title="First Trump tariffs">tariffs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Mexico%E2%80%93Canada_Agreement" title="United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement">USMCA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_policy_of_the_first_Donald_Trump_administration" title="Environmental policy of the first Donald Trump administration">Environment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_and_the_Paris_Agreement" title="United States and the Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement withdrawal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/America%27s_Water_Infrastructure_Act_of_2018" title="America's Water Infrastructure Act of 2018">America's Water Infrastructure Act of 2018</a></li></ul></li> <li>Foreign policy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_Donald_Trump_during_the_2016_presidential_election" title="Foreign policy of Donald Trump during the 2016 presidential election">as candidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_first_Donald_Trump_administration" title="Foreign policy of the first Donald Trump administration">as President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/America_First_(policy)" title="America First (policy)">America First</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_policy_of_the_first_Donald_Trump_administration" title="Immigration policy of the first Donald Trump administration">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_policy_of_Donald_Trump" title="Infrastructure policy of Donald Trump">Infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_views_of_Donald_Trump" title="Racial views of Donald Trump">Racial views</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_policy_of_the_first_Donald_Trump_administration" title="Social policy of the first Donald Trump administration">Social issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_policy_of_the_first_Donald_Trump_administration" title="Cannabis policy of the first Donald Trump administration">cannabis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_first_Donald_Trump_administration" title="Space policy of the first Donald Trump administration">Space policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_appointments_of_the_first_Trump_administration" title="Political appointments of the first Trump administration">Personnel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_cabinet_of_Donald_Trump" title="First cabinet of Donald Trump">Cabinet</a> <ul><li>formation</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_appointed_by_Donald_Trump_(2017%E2%80%932021)" title="List of ambassadors appointed by Donald Trump (2017–2021)">Ambassadors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_attorneys_appointed_by_Donald_Trump" title="List of United States attorneys appointed by Donald Trump">Attorneys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_economic_advisors_to_Donald_Trump" title="List of economic advisors to Donald Trump">Economic advisors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Donald_Trump_nominees_who_have_withdrawn" title="List of Donald Trump nominees who have withdrawn">Withdrawn appointees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_short-tenure_Donald_Trump_political_appointments" title="List of short-tenure Donald Trump political appointments">Short-tenure appointees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Trump_administration_dismissals_and_resignations" title="List of Trump administration dismissals and resignations">Dismissals and resignations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2017_dismissal_of_U.S._attorneys" title="2017 dismissal of U.S. attorneys">attorneys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dismissal_of_James_Comey" title="Dismissal of James Comey">Comey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_dismissal_of_inspectors_general" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 dismissal of inspectors general">inspectors general</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">← Obama administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Joe_Biden" 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