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href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%82%D9%82_%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AC_%D8%B9%D9%86_%D8%A5%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A2%D9%83%D9%84" title="تشقق ناتج عن إجهاد التآكل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تشقق ناتج عن إجهاد التآكل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spannungsrisskorrosion" title="Spannungsrisskorrosion – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Spannungsrisskorrosion" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="خوردگی تنشی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خوردگی تنشی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrosion_sous_contrainte" title="Corrosion sous contrainte – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Corrosion sous contrainte" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensocorrosione" title="Tensocorrosione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tensocorrosione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanningscorrosie" title="Spanningscorrosie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Stress+corrosion+cracking%22">"Stress corrosion cracking"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Stress+corrosion+cracking%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Stress+corrosion+cracking%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Stress+corrosion+cracking%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Stress+corrosion+cracking%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Stress+corrosion+cracking%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2007</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stress-Corrosion-Cracking-caused-by-weld-stress-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Stress-Corrosion-Cracking-caused-by-weld-stress-01.jpg/260px-Stress-Corrosion-Cracking-caused-by-weld-stress-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Stress-Corrosion-Cracking-caused-by-weld-stress-01.jpg/390px-Stress-Corrosion-Cracking-caused-by-weld-stress-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Stress-Corrosion-Cracking-caused-by-weld-stress-01.jpg/520px-Stress-Corrosion-Cracking-caused-by-weld-stress-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5545" data-file-height="3697" /></a><figcaption>Stress corrosion cracking caused by tension developed in an unsuitably welded reinforcement collar</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stress_corrosion_cracking_revealed_by_magnetic_particles.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Stress_corrosion_cracking_revealed_by_magnetic_particles.JPG/260px-Stress_corrosion_cracking_revealed_by_magnetic_particles.JPG" decoding="async" width="260" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Stress_corrosion_cracking_revealed_by_magnetic_particles.JPG/390px-Stress_corrosion_cracking_revealed_by_magnetic_particles.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Stress_corrosion_cracking_revealed_by_magnetic_particles.JPG/520px-Stress_corrosion_cracking_revealed_by_magnetic_particles.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1717" /></a><figcaption>A close-up of the surface of a steel pipeline showing stress corrosion cracking (two clusters of small black lines) revealed by <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_particle_inspection" title="Magnetic particle inspection">magnetic particle inspection</a>. Cracks which would normally have been invisible are detectable due to the magnetic particles clustering at the crack openings. The scale at the bottom is in centimeters (each division indicates a millimeter).</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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.sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title">Mechanical failure modes</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buckling" title="Buckling">Buckling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrosion" title="Corrosion">Corrosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrosion_fatigue" title="Corrosion fatigue">Corrosion fatigue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creep_(deformation)" title="Creep (deformation)">Creep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatigue_(material)" title="Fatigue (material)">Fatigue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fouling" title="Fouling">Fouling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fracture" title="Fracture">Fracture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_embrittlement" title="Hydrogen embrittlement">Hydrogen embrittlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_(mechanics)" title="Impact (mechanics)">Impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_metal_embrittlement" title="Liquid metal embrittlement">Liquid metal embrittlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_overload" title="Mechanical overload">Mechanical overload</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal-induced_embrittlement" title="Metal-induced embrittlement">Metal-induced embrittlement</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stress corrosion cracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfide_stress_cracking" title="Sulfide stress cracking">Sulfide stress cracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_shock" title="Thermal shock">Thermal shock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wear" title="Wear">Wear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yield_(engineering)" title="Yield (engineering)">Yielding</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mechanical_failure_modes" title="Template:Mechanical failure modes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mechanical_failure_modes" title="Template talk:Mechanical failure modes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mechanical_failure_modes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mechanical failure modes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Stress corrosion cracking</b> (<b>SCC</b>) is the growth of crack formation in a <a href="/wiki/Corrosion" title="Corrosion">corrosive</a> environment. It can lead to unexpected and sudden failure of normally <a href="/wiki/Ductile" class="mw-redirect" title="Ductile">ductile</a> metal <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloys</a> subjected to a <a href="/wiki/Tensile_stress" class="mw-redirect" title="Tensile stress">tensile stress</a>, especially at elevated temperature. SCC is highly chemically specific in that certain alloys are likely to undergo SCC only when exposed to a small number of chemical environments. The chemical environment that causes SCC for a given alloy is often one which is only mildly <a href="/wiki/Corrosion" title="Corrosion">corrosive</a> to the metal. Hence, metal parts with severe SCC can appear bright and shiny, while being filled with microscopic cracks. This factor makes it common for SCC to go undetected prior to failure. SCC often progresses rapidly, and is more common among alloys than pure metals. The specific environment is of crucial importance, and only very small concentrations of certain highly active chemicals are needed to produce catastrophic cracking, often leading to devastating and unexpected failure.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The stresses can be the result of the crevice loads due to <a href="/wiki/Stress_concentration" title="Stress concentration">stress concentration</a>, or can be caused by the type of assembly or <a href="/wiki/Residual_stress" title="Residual stress">residual stresses</a> from fabrication (e.g. cold working); the residual stresses can be relieved by <a href="/wiki/Annealing_(metallurgy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Annealing (metallurgy)">annealing</a> or other surface treatments. Unexpected and premature failure of chemical process equipment, for example, due to stress corrosion cracking constitutes a serious hazard in terms of safety of personnel, operating facilities and the environment. By weakening the reliability of these types of equipment, such failures also adversely affect productivity and profitability. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mechanisms">Mechanisms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stress_corrosion_cracking&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Mechanisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stress corrosion cracking mainly affects <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">metallic alloys</a>. A comparable effect also known as <a href="/wiki/Environmental_stress_cracking" title="Environmental stress cracking">environmental stress cracking</a> also affects other materials such as <a href="/wiki/Polymer" title="Polymer">polymers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ceramic" title="Ceramic">ceramics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">glass</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metals">Metals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stress_corrosion_cracking&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Metals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lower <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> and lower applied <a href="/wiki/Redox_potential" class="mw-redirect" title="Redox potential">redox potential</a> facilitate the evolution and the enrichment of hydrogen during the process of SCC, thus increasing the SCC intensity.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable floatright" style="margin:auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Alloy </th> <th><i>K</i><sub>Ic</sub> <p>MN/m<sup>3/2</sup> </p> </th> <th>SCC environment </th> <th><i>K</i><sub>Iscc</sub> <p>MN/m<sup>3/2</sup> </p> </th></tr> <tr> <td>13Cr steel</td> <td>60</td> <td>3% NaCl</td> <td>12 </td></tr> <tr> <td>18Cr-8Ni</td> <td>200</td> <td>42% MgCl<sub>2</sub></td> <td>10 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cu-30Zn</td> <td>200</td> <td>NH<sub>4</sub>OH (pH 7)</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Al-3Mg-7Zn</td> <td>25</td> <td>Aqueous halides</td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ti-6Al-1V</td> <td>60</td> <td>0.6 M KCl</td> <td>20 </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Certain <a href="/wiki/Austenite" title="Austenite">austenitic</a> <a href="/wiki/Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">stainless steels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a> <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloys</a> crack in the presence of <a href="/wiki/Chloride" title="Chloride">chlorides</a>. This limits the usefulness of austenitic stainless steel for containing water with higher than a few parts per million content of chlorides at temperatures above 50 °C (122 °F);</li> <li>mild <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a> cracks in the presence of <a href="/wiki/Alkali" title="Alkali">alkali</a> (e.g. <b>boiler cracking</b> and <b>caustic stress corrosion cracking</b>) and <a href="/wiki/Nitrate" title="Nitrate">nitrates</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_copper_alloys" title="List of copper alloys">copper alloys</a> crack in <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammoniacal</a> solutions (<a href="/wiki/Season_cracking" title="Season cracking">season cracking</a>);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-tensile_steel" class="mw-redirect" title="High-tensile steel">high-tensile steels</a> have been known to crack in an unexpectedly brittle manner in a whole variety of aqueous environments, especially when chlorides are present.</li></ul> <p>With the possible exception of the latter, which is a special example of <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_embrittlement" title="Hydrogen embrittlement">hydrogen cracking</a>, all the others display the phenomenon of subcritical <a href="/wiki/Structural_failure" class="mw-redirect" title="Structural failure">crack</a> growth, i.e. small surface flaws propagate (usually smoothly) under conditions where <a href="/wiki/Fracture_mechanics" title="Fracture mechanics">fracture mechanics</a> predicts that failure should not occur. That is, in the presence of a corrodent, cracks develop and propagate well below <a href="/wiki/Stress_intensity_factor#Critical_stress_intensity_factor" title="Stress intensity factor">critical stress intensity factor</a> (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle K_{\mathrm {Ic} }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">I</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle K_{\mathrm {Ic} }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/62dc08cc78884876749371f0d41a226b95df7985" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.529ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle K_{\mathrm {Ic} }}"></span>). The subcritical value of the stress intensity, designated as <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle K_{\mathrm {Iscc} }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">I</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle K_{\mathrm {Iscc} }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f7cafe5e95d9ce7ce818ccf8b252b42786661539" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.907ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle K_{\mathrm {Iscc} }}"></span>, may be less than 1% of <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle K_{\mathrm {Ic} }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">I</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle K_{\mathrm {Ic} }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/62dc08cc78884876749371f0d41a226b95df7985" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.529ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle K_{\mathrm {Ic} }}"></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polymers">Polymers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stress_corrosion_cracking&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Polymers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A similar process (<a href="/wiki/Environmental_stress_cracking" title="Environmental stress cracking">environmental stress cracking</a>) occurs in <a href="/wiki/Polymer" title="Polymer">polymers</a>, when products are exposed to specific solvents or aggressive chemicals such as <a href="/wiki/Acids" class="mw-redirect" title="Acids">acids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alkalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkalis">alkalis</a>. As with metals, attack is confined to specific polymers and particular chemicals. Thus <a href="/wiki/Polycarbonate" title="Polycarbonate">polycarbonate</a> is sensitive to attack by alkalis, but not by acids. On the other hand, <a href="/wiki/Polyesters" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyesters">polyesters</a> are readily degraded by acids, and SCC is a likely <a href="/wiki/Failure" title="Failure">failure</a> mechanism. Polymers are susceptible to <a href="/wiki/Environmental_stress_cracking" title="Environmental stress cracking">environmental stress cracking</a> where attacking agents do not necessarily degrade the materials chemically. <a href="/wiki/Nylon" title="Nylon">Nylon</a> is sensitive to degradation by acids, a process known as <a href="/wiki/Hydrolysis" title="Hydrolysis">hydrolysis</a>, and nylon mouldings will crack when attacked by strong acids. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Broken_fuel_pipe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Broken_fuel_pipe.jpg/220px-Broken_fuel_pipe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Broken_fuel_pipe.jpg/330px-Broken_fuel_pipe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Broken_fuel_pipe.jpg/440px-Broken_fuel_pipe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="347" /></a><figcaption>Close-up of broken nylon fuel pipe connector caused by SCC</figcaption></figure> <p>For example, the fracture surface of a fuel connector showed the progressive growth of the crack from acid attack (Ch) to the final cusp (C) of polymer. In this case the failure was caused by <a href="/wiki/Hydrolysis" title="Hydrolysis">hydrolysis</a> of the polymer by contact with <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a> leaking from a <a href="/wiki/Car_battery" class="mw-redirect" title="Car battery">car battery</a>. The degradation reaction is the reverse of the synthesis reaction of the polymer: </p> <dl><dd><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Condensation_polymerization_diacid_diamine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Condensation_polymerization_diacid_diamine.svg/500px-Condensation_polymerization_diacid_diamine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Condensation_polymerization_diacid_diamine.svg/750px-Condensation_polymerization_diacid_diamine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Condensation_polymerization_diacid_diamine.svg/1000px-Condensation_polymerization_diacid_diamine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3063" data-file-height="385" /></a></span><div style="clear:left;" class=""></div></dd> <dd><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amide_hydrolysis.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Amide_hydrolysis.svg/512px-Amide_hydrolysis.svg.png" decoding="async" width="512" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Amide_hydrolysis.svg/768px-Amide_hydrolysis.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Amide_hydrolysis.svg/1024px-Amide_hydrolysis.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="80" /></a></span></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ozone_cracks_in_tube1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Ozone_cracks_in_tube1.jpg/220px-Ozone_cracks_in_tube1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Ozone_cracks_in_tube1.jpg/330px-Ozone_cracks_in_tube1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Ozone_cracks_in_tube1.jpg/440px-Ozone_cracks_in_tube1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="270" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ozone_cracking" title="Ozone cracking">Ozone cracking</a> in <a href="/wiki/Natural_rubber" title="Natural rubber">natural rubber</a> tubing</figcaption></figure> <p>Cracks can be formed in many different <a href="/wiki/Elastomers" class="mw-redirect" title="Elastomers">elastomers</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">ozone</a> attack, another form of SCC in polymers. Tiny traces of the gas in the air will attack double bonds in rubber chains, with <a href="/wiki/Natural_rubber" title="Natural rubber">natural rubber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Styrene-butadiene" title="Styrene-butadiene">styrene-butadiene</a> rubber, and <a href="/wiki/Nitrile_butadiene_rubber" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrile butadiene rubber">nitrile butadiene rubber</a> being most sensitive to degradation. Ozone cracks form in products under tension, but the critical strain is very small. The cracks are always oriented at right angles to the strain axis, so will form around the circumference in a rubber tube bent over. Such cracks are dangerous when they occur in fuel pipes because the cracks will grow from the outside exposed surfaces into the bore of the pipe, so fuel leakage and fire may follow. <a href="/wiki/Ozone_cracking" title="Ozone cracking">Ozone cracking</a> can be prevented by adding anti-ozonants to the rubber before <a href="/wiki/Vulcanization" title="Vulcanization">vulcanization</a>. Ozone cracks were commonly seen in automobile <a href="/wiki/Tire" title="Tire">tire</a> sidewalls, but are now seen rarely thanks to the use of these additives. On the other hand, the problem does recur in unprotected products such as rubber tubing and seals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ceramics">Ceramics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stress_corrosion_cracking&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ceramics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This effect is significantly less common in ceramics which are typically more resilient to chemical attack. Although phase changes are common in ceramics under stress these usually result in toughening rather than failure (see <a href="/wiki/Zirconium_dioxide" title="Zirconium dioxide">Zirconium dioxide</a>). Recent studies have shown that the same driving force for this toughening mechanism can also enhance oxidation of reduced cerium oxide, resulting in slow crack growth and spontaneous failure of dense ceramic bodies.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Glass">Glass</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stress_corrosion_cracking&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Glass"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Regions_of_Stress_Corrosion_Cracking.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Regions_of_Stress_Corrosion_Cracking.png/220px-Regions_of_Stress_Corrosion_Cracking.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Regions_of_Stress_Corrosion_Cracking.png/330px-Regions_of_Stress_Corrosion_Cracking.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Regions_of_Stress_Corrosion_Cracking.png/440px-Regions_of_Stress_Corrosion_Cracking.png 2x" data-file-width="618" data-file-height="762" /></a><figcaption> Illustrated are regions of different crack propagation under stress corrosion cracking. In region I, crack propagation is dominated by chemical attack of strained bonds in the crack. In region II, propagation is controlled by diffusion of chemical into the crack. In region III, the stress intensity reaches its critical value and propagates independent of its environment.</figcaption></figure> <p>Subcritical crack propagation in glasses falls into three regions. In region I, the velocity of crack propagation increases with ambient humidity due to stress-enhanced chemical reaction between the glass and water. In region II, crack propagation velocity is diffusion controlled and dependent on the rate at which chemical reactants can be transported to the tip of the crack. In region III, crack propagation is independent of its environment, having reached a critical stress intensity. Chemicals other than water, like ammonia, can induce subcritical crack propagation in silica glass, but they must have an <a href="/wiki/Electron_donor" title="Electron donor">electron donor</a> site and a <a href="/wiki/Proton_donor" class="mw-redirect" title="Proton donor">proton donor</a> site.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevention">Prevention</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stress_corrosion_cracking&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Prevention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The compressive residual stresses imparted by <a href="/wiki/Laser_peening" title="Laser peening">laser peening</a> are precisely controlled both in location and intensity and can be applied to mitigate sharp transitions into tensile regions. Laser peening imparts deep compressive residual stresses on the order of 10 to 20 times deeper than conventional shot peening, making them significantly more beneficial at preventing SCC.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Laser peening is widely used in the aerospace and power generation industries in gas fired turbine engines.<sup id="cite_ref-Crooker_2011_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crooker_2011-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Material Selection: Choosing the right material for a specific environment can help prevent SCC. Materials with higher resistance to corrosion and stress corrosion cracking should be used in corrosive environments. For example, using stainless steel instead of carbon steel in a marine environment can reduce the likelihood of SCC.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Protective Coatings: Applying a protective coating or barrier can help prevent corrosive substances from coming into contact with the metal surface, thus reducing the likelihood of SCC. For example, using an epoxy coating on the interior surface of a pipeline can reduce the likelihood of SCC.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Cathodic Protection: Cathodic protection is a technique used to protect metals from corrosion by applying a small electrical current to the metal surface. This technique can also help prevent SCC by reducing the corrosion potential of the metal.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Environmental Controls: Controlling the environment around the metal can help prevent SCC. For example, reducing the temperature or acidity of the environment can help prevent SCC.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Inspection and Maintenance: Regular inspections and maintenance can help detect SCC before it causes a failure. This includes visual inspections, non-destructive testing, and monitoring of environmental factors.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_failures">Notable failures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stress_corrosion_cracking&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notable failures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Silver_Bridge_collapsed,_Ohio_side.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Silver_Bridge_collapsed%2C_Ohio_side.jpg/220px-Silver_Bridge_collapsed%2C_Ohio_side.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Silver_Bridge_collapsed%2C_Ohio_side.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="231" data-file-height="166" /></a><figcaption>The collapsed <a href="/wiki/Silver_Bridge" title="Silver Bridge">Silver Bridge</a>, as seen from the <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a> side</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>A 32-inch diameter gas transmission pipeline, north of <a href="/wiki/Natchitoches,_Louisiana" title="Natchitoches, Louisiana">Natchitoches, Louisiana</a>, belonging to the Tennessee Gas Pipeline exploded and burned from SCC on March 4, 1965, killing 17 people. At least 9 others were injured, and 7 homes 450 feet from the rupture were destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>SCC caused the catastrophic collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Silver_Bridge" title="Silver Bridge">Silver Bridge</a> in December 1967, when an <a href="/wiki/Eyebar" title="Eyebar">eyebar</a> <a href="/wiki/Suspension_bridge" title="Suspension bridge">suspension bridge</a> across the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio River</a> at <a href="/wiki/Point_Pleasant,_West_Virginia" title="Point Pleasant, West Virginia">Point Pleasant</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a>, suddenly failed. The main chain joint failed and the entire structure fell into the river, killing 46 people who were traveling in vehicles across the bridge. Rust in the eyebar joint had caused a stress corrosion crack, which went critical as a result of high bridge loading and low temperature. The failure was exacerbated by a high level of <a href="/wiki/Residual_stress" title="Residual stress">residual stress</a> in the eyebar. The disaster led to a nationwide reappraisal of bridges.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Hartford_(SSN-768)" title="USS Hartford (SSN-768)">USS Hartford</a> submarine periscope: In 2009, the periscope of the submarine USS Hartford failed due to SCC. The periscope is used to provide a view of the surface while the submarine is submerged. The failure occurred when the periscope was extended through the hull of the submarine, causing seawater to enter the periscope's seal. The seawater caused SCC to occur in the periscope's steel support structure, which led to the periscope falling back into the submarine. Fortunately, there were no injuries, but the submarine had to be taken out of service for repairs.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Alaska_Pipeline" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans-Alaska Pipeline">Trans-Alaska Pipeline</a>: In 2001, a section of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline failed due to SCC. The pipeline is used to transport crude oil from the North Slope of Alaska to the Valdez Marine Terminal. The failure occurred when a 34-foot section of the pipeline ruptured, causing a spill of over 285,000 gallons of crude oil. The investigation into the failure found that SCC had occurred in the pipeline due to the presence of water and bacteria, which had created a corrosive environment.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aloha_Airlines_Flight_243" title="Aloha Airlines Flight 243">Aloha Airlines Flight 243</a>: In 1988, Aloha Airlines Flight 243 experienced a partial fuselage failure due to SCC. The Boeing 737-200 was flying from Hilo to Honolulu, Hawaii when a section of the fuselage ruptured, causing a decompression event. The investigation into the failure found that SCC had occurred in the aluminum skin of the fuselage due to the repeated pressurization and depressurization cycles of the aircraft. The incident led to changes in maintenance procedures and inspections for aircraft to prevent similar failures in the future.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stress_corrosion_cracking&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output 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title="commons:Category:Stress corrosion cracking"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Stress corrosion cracking</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_chemistry" title="Forensic chemistry">Forensic chemistry</a> – Forensic application of the study of chemistry</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_engineering" title="Forensic engineering">Forensic engineering</a> – Investigation of failures associated with legal intervention</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_materials_engineering" title="Forensic materials engineering">Forensic materials engineering</a> – branch of forensic engineering<span style="display:none" class="category-wikidata-fallback-annotation">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_polymer_engineering" title="Forensic polymer engineering">Forensic polymer engineering</a> – Study of failure in polymeric products</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fracture_mechanics" title="Fracture mechanics">Fracture mechanics</a> – Study of propagation of cracks in materials</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_stress_cracking" title="Environmental stress cracking">Environmental stress cracking</a> – Brittle failure of thermoplastic polymers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_stress_fracture" title="Environmental stress fracture">Environmental stress fracture</a> – Material failure</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_embrittlement" title="Hydrogen embrittlement">Hydrogen embrittlement</a> – Reduction in ductility of a metal exposed to hydrogen</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_cracking" title="Ozone cracking">Ozone cracking</a> – Cracks in many different elastomers due to ozone attack</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymer_degradation" title="Polymer degradation">Polymer degradation</a> – Alteration in the polymer properties under the influence of environmental factors</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Season_cracking" title="Season cracking">Season cracking</a> – Form of stress-corrosion cracking of brass cartridge cases</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfide_stress_cracking" title="Sulfide stress cracking">Sulfide stress cracking</a> – Form of hydrogen embrittlement due to hydrogen sulfide</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stress_corrosion_cracking&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Notes</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book 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IEEE. pp. 780–786. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2Fictis.2015.7232149">10.1109/ictis.2015.7232149</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4799-8694-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4799-8694-1"><bdi>978-1-4799-8694-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2908608">2908608</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Simulation+of+the+effect+of+safety+investment+on+flight+safety+level+in+the+airlines&rft.btitle=2015+International+Conference+on+Transportation+Information+and+Safety+%28ICTIS%29&rft.pages=780-786&rft.pub=IEEE&rft.date=2015-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2908608%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2Fictis.2015.7232149&rft.isbn=978-1-4799-8694-1&rft.aulast=Hong-bing&rft.aufirst=Du&rft.au=Qing-qing%2C+Zhang&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1109%2Fictis.2015.7232149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStress+corrosion+cracking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <dl><dt>Sources</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>ASM International, Metals Handbook (Desk Edition) Chapter 32 (Failure Analysis), American Society for Metals, (1997) pp 32–24 to 32–26</li> <li>ASM Handbook Volume 11 "Failure Analysis and Prevention" (2002) "Stress-Corrosion Cracking" Revised by W.R. Warke, American Society of Metals. Pages 1738-1820</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFASTM2018" class="citation web cs1">ASTM (5 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.astm.org/g0036-94r18.html">"ASTM G36-94 (2018) Standard practice for evaluating stress-corrosion-cracking resistance of metals and alloys in a boiling magnesium chloride solution"</a>. <i>astm.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221203193503/https://www.astm.org/g0036-94r18.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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