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<ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=%E1%B8%AAilakku" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=%E1%B8%AAilakku" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. 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[o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Name" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Name"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Name </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Name-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Name subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Name-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ḫilakku" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ḫilakku"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Ḫilakku </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ḫilakku-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pirindu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pirindu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Pirindu </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pirindu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Location" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Location"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Location </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Location-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neighbours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neighbours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Neighbours </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neighbours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Cities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bronze_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bronze_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Bronze Age </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bronze_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iron_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iron_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Iron Age </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iron_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kingdom_of_Ḫilakku" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kingdom_of_Ḫilakku"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 Kingdom of Ḫilakku </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kingdom_of_Ḫilakku-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Between_Assyria_and_Phrygia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Between_Assyria_and_Phrygia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1.1 Between Assyria and Phrygia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Between_Assyria_and_Phrygia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_part_of_Bīt-Burutaš" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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.infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">𒆳𒄭𒋃𒆪 (Ḫilakku: earlier) 𒆳𒉿𒊑𒅔𒁺 (Pirindu: later)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">Unknown–713 BC</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:NeoHittiteStates.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Ḫilakku among the Neo-Hittite states"><img alt="Ḫilakku among the Neo-Hittite states" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/NeoHittiteStates.gif/250px-NeoHittiteStates.gif" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/NeoHittiteStates.gif/375px-NeoHittiteStates.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/NeoHittiteStates.gif 2x" data-file-width="380" data-file-height="380" /></a><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Ḫilakku among the Neo-Hittite states</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Luwian_language" title="Luwian language">Luwian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Luwian_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Luwian mythology">Luwian religion</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data">Monarchy</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">King</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 858 BC </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Piḫirim</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 718 BC – 713 BC </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Ambaris</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 662 BC </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Sandašarme</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 557 BC </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Appuwašu</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Unknown</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Disestablished </div></th><td class="infobox-data">713 BC</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> Preceded by</td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;">Succeeded by </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tar%E1%B8%ABunta%C5%A1%C5%A1a" title="Tarḫuntašša">Tarḫuntašša</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Cilicia#Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Cilicia</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Ḫilakku (𒆳𒄭𒋃𒆪<a href="#cite_note-ORACCHilakku-1">[1]</a>), later known as Pirindu (𒆳𒉿𒊑𒅔𒁺 and 𒆳𒉿𒆸𒁺<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrayson1975103-2">[2]</a>), was a <a href="/wiki/Luwian_language" title="Luwian language">Luwian</a>-speaking <a href="/wiki/Syro-Hittite_states" title="Syro-Hittite states">Syro-Hittite state</a> which existed in southeastern <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%B8%AAilakku&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ḫilakku">Ḫilakku</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%B8%AAilakku&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ḫilakku">edit</a>]</div> The native name of this kingdom is still unknown due to a lack of Hieroglyphic Luwian inscriptions from it during the Iron Age,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2012161-3">[3]</a> although it has been tentatively identified with the land of Hilikka mentioned in the records of Halparuntiyas I of Gurgum.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeeden2023968-969-4">[4]</a> Ḫilakku (𒆳𒄭𒋃𒆪<a href="#cite_note-ORACCHilakku-1">[1]</a>) was the name given by Neo-Assyrian Akkadian sources to this kingdom, and the name of the region which in Graeco-Roman times was called <a href="/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Cilicia</a> was derived from that of Ḫilakku.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce201239-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2012161-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pirindu">Pirindu</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%B8%AAilakku&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pirindu">edit</a>]</div> Following the collapse of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, the country of Ḫilakku reappeared in Neo-Babylonian Akkadian sources under the name of Pirindu (𒆳𒉿𒊑𒅔𒁺 and 𒆳𒉿𒆸𒁺<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrayson1975103-2">[2]</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStreck2005572-573-6">[6]</a> The name Pirindu was derived from a Luwian name *Piruwandas, meaning <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'stony (place)', corresponding to the later Greek and Turkish appelations of this region as Kilikia Trakheia (Κιλικια Τραχεια) and <a href="/wiki/Ta%C5%9Feli" title="Taşeli">Taşeli</a>, which have the same meanings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasabonneLebretonLebrun201391-7">[7]</a> It is uncertain whether the Neo-Babylonian name Pirindu is identical to the country of Pirundummeya (<a href="/wiki/Hittite_language" title="Hittite language">Hittite</a>: 𒌷𒁉𒊒𒌦𒁺𒌝𒈨𒅀<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKryszeń2023-8">[8]</a>) mentioned in the records of the Hittite Empire as a source of gold.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStreck2005573-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%B8%AAilakku&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Location">Location</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%B8%AAilakku&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Location">edit</a>]</div> The kingdom of Ḫilakku was located in the western section of the territory which later in Classical Antiquity became known as <a href="/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Cilicia</a>, more specifically in the part which was referred to as Rough Cilicia (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: Κιλικια Τραχεια, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: Kilikia Trakheia; <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: Cilicia Aspera),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStreck2005572-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2009309-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce201238-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2012161-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2012240-13">[13]</a> in the region of the Taurus and Bolkar mountains to the north and north-west of Ḫiyawa, between it and the Tabalian region.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawkins1975402-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZoroğlu1994301-15">[15]</a> Ḫilakku's eastern boundary was located in the mountainous region between the southeastern Konya Plain and northern Tarsus, while its western border was the Calycadnus river,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZoroğlu1994301-302-16">[16]</a> whose valley linked it to the Konya Plain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeeden2023923-17">[17]</a> By the Neo-Babylonian period, Pirindu had expanded to include the lands to the west of the Calycadnus river, where it reached Sallunê in the west and the Mediterranean sea in the south.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZoroğlu1994303-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neighbours">Neighbours</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%B8%AAilakku&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Neighbours">edit</a>]</div> The neighbours of Ḫilakku were <a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%AAiyawa" title="Ḫiyawa">Ḫiyawa</a> to its east and the kingdoms of the <a href="/wiki/Tabal_(region)" title="Tabal (region)">Tabalian region</a> to its north,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2009309-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce201249-19">[19]</a> hence why Neo-Assyrian records associated Ḫilakku with Que (Ḫiyawa) and Tabal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawkins1975402-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cities">Cities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%B8%AAilakku&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Cities">edit</a>]</div> Neo-Assyrian sources recorded the existence of a city of Ḫilakku, although this cannot be taken as evidence for the kingdom being a city-state, and its attempted identification with the city of Mazaka, corresponding to modern-day <a href="/wiki/Kayseri" title="Kayseri">Kayseri</a> is inaccurate. These sources also mention the existence of "21 strong towns and their surrounding villages" (<a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Akkadian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Assyrian Akkadian language">Neo-Assyrian Akkadian</a>: 𒌋𒌋𒁹 𒌷𒈨𒌍𒋙𒉡 𒆗𒉡𒋾 𒅇 𒌷𒈨𒌍 𒌉𒈨𒌍 𒁲 𒇷𒈨𒋾𒋙𒉡, romanized: 21 ālānišunu dannūti u ālāni ṣeḫrūti ša limētišunu<a href="#cite_note-ORACCEsarhaddon001-20">[20]</a>) in Ḫilakku.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawkins1975402-14">[14]</a> During the Neo-Babylonian period, the capital of Pirindu was <a href="/wiki/Ura,_Anatolia" title="Ura, Anatolia">Urā</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Ura,_Anatolia" title="Ura, Anatolia">Urâ</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ura,_Anatolia" title="Ura, Anatolia">Uraʾa</a>), and another of its royal cities was <a href="/wiki/Meydanc%C4%B1k_Castle" title="Meydancık Castle">Kirši</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2009310-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%B8%AAilakku&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bronze_Age">Bronze Age</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%B8%AAilakku&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bronze Age">edit</a>]</div> In the Late Bronze Age, the region which would later become Ḫilakku was part of the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Kizzuwatna" title="Kizzuwatna">Kizzuwatna</a> and later of the southeastern border regions of the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Tar%E1%B8%ABunta%C5%A1%C5%A1a" title="Tarḫuntašša">Tarḫuntašša</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce201238-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2012161-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iron_Age">Iron Age</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%B8%AAilakku&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Iron Age">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kingdom_of_Ḫilakku">Kingdom of Ḫilakku</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%B8%AAilakku&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Kingdom of Ḫilakku">edit</a>]</div> Some time during the early Iron Age, the kingdom of Ḫilakku was formed as a result of the disintegration of Tarḫuntašša,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZoroğlu1994303-18">[18]</a> although nothing is known about it during its early history except that <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2012207-22">[22]</a>it maintained close cultural relations with Ḫiyawa and the other states to its east.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZoroğlu1994303-18">[18]</a> In the 9th century BC, Assyria experienced a resurgence in the form of the fledgling Neo-Assyrian Empire, leading to the formation of various military coalitions by the various Syro-Hittite states in reaction to the campaigns of the Neo-Assyrian king Ashurnasirpal II in Syria during the <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 870s to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 860s BC. The campaigns of Ashurnasirpal II's son and successor, Shalmaneser III would further lead to an intensification of activities in opposition to the Neo-Assyrian Empire in the kingdoms of Syria.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2012218-23">[23]</a> After Shalmaneser III had defeated a coalition of Karkamis, Sam'al, Pattin and Bit-Adini in Sam'alian territory during his first campaign to the west in 858 BC, the king Suppiluliumas of Pattin convened the coalition again when Shalmaneser III threatened his own kingdom. In addition to the coalition forces, the Arab tribe of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yasbuq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yasbuq (page does not exist)">Yasbuq</a> and the country of Yahan from the Aramaean kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Bit_Agusi" title="Bit Agusi">Bēt-Gūš</a> sent reinforcements to these allied forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2012220-221-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeeden2023967-25">[25]</a> And, although the Neo-Assyrian Empire was a more distant threat to Ḫilakku and its western neighbour Ḫiyawa which were located to the west of the passes of the Amanus Mountains, Shalmaneser III had erected a gigantic statue of himself at the foot of these mountains as a warning that they were not safe from his forces. Therefore, Ḫilakku and Ḫiyawa feared that Shalmaneser III would attack them next should Pattin fall:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2012220-221-24">[24]</a> during this time, Ḫilakku was ruled by the king Piḫirim, who along with his neighbour Katiyas of Ḫiyawa, also contributed troops to this alliance, which was however defeated by the Neo-Assyrian army.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawkins2008191-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2009309-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2009583-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2012155-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2012161-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeeden2023967-25">[25]</a> Katiyas of Ḫiyawa and Piḫirim of Ḫilakku had nonetheless manage to escape from this defeat with their troops unharmed, and Shalmaneser III at most only demanded tribute on them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2012222-29">[29]</a> Although Shalmaneser III campaigned against Ḫiyawa in 839 BC, into the Tabalian region in 837 BC, and later campaigned into Ḫiyawa again in 834 and 833 BC, he however made no attempt to attack Ḫilakku, which was further to the west of his campaign route, as well as because Ḫilakku was more isolated and inaccessible due to ts rough terrain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawkins1975402-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2009309-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2012161-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2012240-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2012329-30">[30]</a> While both Ḫilakku and Ḫiyawa were mentioned in the records of the Neo-Assyrian king Tiglath-pileser III, Ḫilakku was not listed as one of his tributaries, showing that Ḫilakku had remained independent from Neo-Assyrian imperialism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawkins1975402-403-31">[31]</a> Ḫilakku remained independent of Neo-Assyrian rule until the late 8th century BC, but both it as well as Ḫiyawa (under the name of Que) had become provinces of the Neo-Assyrian Empire at some point during the reigns of the Neo-Assyrian king <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_V" title="Shalmaneser V">Shalmaneser V</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sargon_II" title="Sargon II">Sargon II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2009309-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2012162-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Between_Assyria_and_Phrygia">Between Assyria and Phrygia</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%B8%AAilakku&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Between Assyria and Phrygia">edit</a>]</div> Following the union of the <a href="/wiki/Phrygians" title="Phrygians">Phrygians</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mu%C5%A1ki" class="mw-redirect" title="Muški">Muški</a> under the Phrygian king <a href="/wiki/Midas" title="Midas">Midas</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2009685-33">[33]</a> this latter king was able to extend his kingdom to the east across the Halys river into the former core territory of the Hittite Empire<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce201242-34">[34]</a> and build a large empire in Anatolia which reached the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a> in the west and the environs of the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a> and borders of the Tabalian region in the east and south.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce201242-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2012277-278-35">[35]</a> The eastward expansionist ventures of Midas in the east soon led to his fledgling <a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygian</a> empire becoming a major rival to Neo-Assyrian power in eastern Anatolia, especially when Midas initiated contacts with Neo-Assyrian vassals, causing the Tabalian region which bordered on Ḫiyawa to the north to become contested between the Neo-Assyrian and Phrygian empires.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2009685-33">[33]</a> As part of his expansionist ventures, Midas attempted to connect his empire to the Mediterranean sea through <a href="/wiki/Karaman" title="Karaman">Laranda</a> and the eastern bank of the Calycadnus river valley.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZoroğlu1994303-18">[18]</a> After this, Midas resorted to attempting to reach the Mediterranean sea through the route of <a href="/wiki/Bozk%C4%B1r" title="Bozkır">Bozkır</a>-<a href="/wiki/Hadim" title="Hadim">Hadim</a>-<a href="/wiki/Ermenek" title="Ermenek">Ermenek</a> to reach the sea passages of the mountainous regions to the west of Ḫiyawa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZoroğlu1994303-18">[18]</a> Since the Tabalian region was a subject of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, this Phrygian expansion increased the possibility of war between the two rival empires. Thus, the Tabalian region found itself wedged between the Neo-Assyrian and Phrygian empires, both of whom saw it as a strategically useful buffer zone to contain the other's expansionist ambitions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce201241-42-36">[36]</a> Therefore, Midas tried to persuade the still independent local rulers of the Tabalian region to switch their allegiances to Phrygia:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2009685-33">[33]</a> the loyalty of the Tabalian kings to the Neo-Assyrian Empire was unsteady, and those among them who were diplomatically approached by Midas might have preferred renouncing their allegiance to the Neo-Assyrian Empire and instead allying with Midas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2012280-281-37">[37]</a> Thus, the kings of the Tabalian region found themselves having to choose whether aligning themselves with the Neo-Assyrian or the Phrygian empire was in their interests,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce201243-38">[38]</a> and several of them did accept Midas's offer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2009685-33">[33]</a> In addition to the wavering loyalty of the Tabalian kings, the possibility of an alliance between Midas and <a href="/wiki/Rusa_I" title="Rusa I">Rusa I</a> of Urartu further threatened Neo-Assyrian power not only in southeastern Anatolia, but also throughout all of eastern Anatolia and in northern <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2012281-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="As_part_of_Bīt-Burutaš">As part of Bīt-Burutaš</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%B8%AAilakku&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: As part of Bīt-Burutaš">edit</a>]</div> To counter the threat of the rising power of Phrygia, Sargon II tried to establish a centralised authority under a ruler whom he could trust in the Tabalian region, and he therefore reorganised the kingdom of Tabal proper into the state of <a href="/wiki/B%C4%ABt-Buruta%C5%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Bīt-Burutaš">Bīt-Burutaš</a> under the rule of the king Ambaris, who was himself the son of the former Tabalian king Ḫulliyas, to whom he had married his daughter Aḫat-abiša: as part of this arrangement, the new kingdom of Bīt-Burutaš consisted of the kingdom of Tabal which had been significantly enlarged with the territory of Ḫilakku, which had itself been offered to Ambaris as Aḫat-abiša's dowry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbeling193293-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawkins1975403-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2009684-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker2023298-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2012279-280-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeeden2023999-45">[45]</a> Since Ḫilakku was a country with a rough terrain and its inhabitants were extremely independent, the Neo-Assyrian rule on it was itself nominal at most, and it is unlikely that Ambaris would have had any significant involvement in managing Ḫilakku.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2012162-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2012280-46">[46]</a> However, Midas continued pressuring the western Neo-Assyrian territories and intensified his efforts to persuade the local rulers of this region to renounce their vassalage to the Neo-Assyrian Empire, and he even launched attacks until as far south as the territories of Ḫiyawa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2012281-39">[39]</a> In addition to finding themselves pressured by Phrygia or Urartu, several of the western vassals of the Neo-Assyrian Empire might also have themselves initiated contacts with Phrygia and Urartu with the hope of freeing themselves from Neo-Assyrian suzerainty, thus leading to a series of anti-Assyrian uprisings by the Anatolian vassals of the Neo-Assyrian Empire during the rest of Sargon II's reign.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2012232-47">[47]</a> Ambaris himself came under pressure from Midas, who attempted to persuade him to renounce Neo-Assyrian allegiance and join him, initially through diplomatic means and later through military threats.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2012283-48">[48]</a> This situation left Ambaris with little choice but to accept an alliance with Phrygia and renounce his allegiance to the Neo-Assyrian Empire. Facing increased pressure from both Midas of Phrygia and Argišti II of Urartu, Ambaris communicated with them seeking guarantees that they would protect him should he break his ties with the Neo-Assyrian Empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbeling193293-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeeden201042-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2012283-48">[48]</a> Neo-Assyrian intelligence however intercepted Ambaris's messages to Phrygia and Urartu,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2012283-48">[48]</a> causing him to lose favour with Sargon II, who accused him of conspiring with these rival powers and consequently deported Ambaris, his family and his chief courtiers to Assyria in 713 BCE, after which a Neo-Assyrian governor was imposed on Bīt-Burutaš, Ḫilakku and Ḫiyawa by Sargon II,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2009685-33">[33]</a> with the first of these being Aššur-šarru-uṣur, who possibly as early as 713 BCE was appointed as governor of Ḫiyawa and also held authority on Ḫilakku and the Tabalian region.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbeling193293-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeeden201042-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2012152-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2012158-159-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2012283-284-52">[52]</a> Thus, after the deposition of Ambaris in 713 BC, Ḫilakku and Bīt-Burutaš were both placed under direct Neo-Assyrian rule as provinces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawkins1975403-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2009309-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2012162-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2012284-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Regained_independence">Regained independence</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%B8%AAilakku&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Regained independence">edit</a>]</div> Ḫilakku was able to regain its independence during the several rebellions against the Neo-Assyrian Empire broke out in Anatolia after Sargon II's death,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2009309-11">[11]</a> with one Kirua who was city-lord of Illubru,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdzard1980607-54">[54]</a> instigating a revolt in Ḫilakku. The Ḫiyawaean cities of Ingira and Tarsus also joined this rebellion and blocked the passes in the Amanus range which led to Ḫiyawa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawkins2008192-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2009309-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2012292-56">[56]</a> In 696 BC, Sargon II's son and successor, Sennacherib, sent an army to suppress this rebellion: the Neo-Assyrian forces captured Ingira and Tarsus, before besieging Illubru and flaying the rebels after seizing it,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdzard1980607-54">[54]</a> following which they deported Illubru's inhabitants and resettled it, and erected a stela dedicated to the Assyrian national god Aššur there.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKessler198060-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeeden20231002-58">[58]</a> However, Sennacherib was only able to deport some inhabitants of Ḫilakku and destroy their towns, showing that Ḫilakku was independent of the Neo-Assyrian Empire by then.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawkins1975403-41">[41]</a> Therefore, although the suppression of this revolt possibly allowed Sennacherib to reimpose a level of control on Que,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawkins2008192-193-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2009584-60">[60]</a> Ḫilakku was able to maintain its independence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2009309-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2012292-56">[56]</a> According to records of the later Hellenistic Babylonian writer Berossus summarised by the Roman historian Eusebius of Caesarea, Ionian Greek pirates also participated in this rebellion, although Sennacherib appears to have failed at subduing them due to their greater mobility.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERöllig1971644-645-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawkins2008192-193-59">[59]</a> Although Sennacherib's son and successor <a href="/wiki/Esarhaddon" title="Esarhaddon">Esarhaddon</a> claimed to have conquered the rebellious people of Ḫilakku,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2009309-11">[11]</a> his actions there only amounted to a raid against its population, whom Esarhaddon himself conceded was unruly and insubmissive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawkins1975403-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2012292-56">[56]</a> By the reign of Esarhaddon's son and successor <a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a>, Ḫilakku was fully independent, and Ashurbanipal himself described Ḫilakku as not having submitted to his predecessors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawkins1975403-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2009309-310-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2012292-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Cimmerian_invasions">Cimmerian invasions</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%B8%AAilakku&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Cimmerian invasions">edit</a>]</div> In 679 BC, Esarhaddon campaigned in the Tabalian region against the Cimmerians from his base in Que and Ḫilakku, resulting in the defeat and killing of the Cimmerian king <a href="/wiki/Teu%C5%A1p%C3%A2" title="Teušpâ">Teušpâ</a> in Ḫubišna and the annexation of a part of the territory of Ḫilakku and of the sub-kingdom of Kundu and Sissu in Que.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvantchik1993a57–61-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdalı201763-64">[64]</a> Esarhaddon appears to have reached Ḫubišna by passing through the <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ksu" title="Göksu">Calycadnus river</a> valley and bypassing the Anti-Taurus Mountains and Tabal proper.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawkins2008193-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2009685-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED'Alfonso2012183-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAro2013390-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAro2023116-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeeden20231004-69">[69]</a> Despite this victory, and although Esarhaddon had managed to stop the advance of Cimmerians in Que so it remained under Neo-Assyrian control,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdalı201768-70">[70]</a> the military operations were not successful enough for the Assyrians to firmly occupy the areas around of Ḫubišna, nor were they able to secure the borders of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, leaving Que vulnerable to incursions from Tabal, Kuzzurak and Ḫilakku,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvantchik1993a65-71">[71]</a> who were allied to the western Cimmerians who were establishing themselves in Anatolia at this time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvantchik1993a123-72">[72]</a> Thus, Esarhaddon was left remaining wary of possible attacks on Que by Ḫilakku or Tabal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawkins2008192-55">[55]</a> Some time around <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 675 BCE,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvantchik1993a73-74-73">[73]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Cimmerian_invasion_of_Phrygia" title="Cimmerian invasion of Phrygia">Cimmerians invaded and destroyed</a> the Phrygian empire and sacked its capital of <a href="/wiki/Gordion" title="Gordion">Gordion</a>, due to which Midas committed suicide.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce201244-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2012160-75">[75]</a> The Cimmerians consequently settled in Phrygia<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdalı201763-64">[64]</a> and subdued part of the <a href="/wiki/Phrygians" title="Phrygians">Phrygians</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvantchik1993a74-76">[76]</a> so that they controlled a large area consisting of Phrygia from its western limits which bordered on <a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydia</a> to its eastern boundaries neighbouring the Neo-Assyrian Empire,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvantchik1993a69-77">[77]</a> after which they made the Tabalian region into their centre of operations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrousset19708-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips1972136-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991559-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETokhtas’ev1991-81">[81]</a> Neo-Assyrian sources from around this same time therefore recorded a Cimmerian presence in the area of Tabal,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvantchik1993a73-82">[82]</a> and, between <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 672 and <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 669 BCE, a Neo-Assyrian oracular text recorded that the Cimmerians, together with the Phrygians and the Cilicians, were threatening the Neo-Assyrian Empire's newly conquered territory of <a href="/wiki/Melid" class="mw-redirect" title="Melid">Melid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETokhtas’ev1991-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvantchik1993a68-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvantchik1993a74-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2000a92-84">[84]</a> The Cimmerians were thus active in Tabal, Ḫilakku and Phrygia in the 670s BCE,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvantchik1993a74-76">[76]</a> and, in alliance with these former two states, were attacking the western Neo-Assyrian provinces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvantchik1993a123-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2000a92-84">[84]</a> Thus, the Cimmerians became the masters of Anatolia,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiakonoff198595-85">[85]</a> where they controlled a large territory<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParzinger200423-86">[86]</a> bordering Lydia in the west, covering Phrygia, and reaching <a href="/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Cilicia</a> and the borders of Urartu in the east.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdalı201763-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdalı201770-87">[87]</a> The disturbances experienced by the Neo-Assyrian Empire as result of the activities of the Cimmerians in Anatolia led to many of the rulers of this region to try to break away from Neo-Assyrian overlordship,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips1972132-88">[88]</a> with Ḫilakku having become an independent polity again under the king Sandašarme<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdalı201768-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeeden20231004-69">[69]</a> by the time that Esarhaddon had been succeeded as king of the Neo-Assyrian Empire by his son, <a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 669 – 631 BCE), so that by then the Cimmerians had effectively ended Neo-Assyrian control in Anatolia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrayson1991c145-89">[89]</a> The defeat of the Cimmerians by the Lydian king <a href="/wiki/Gyges_of_Lydia" title="Gyges of Lydia">Gyges</a> between <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 665 to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 660 BCE weakened their allies, Mugallu of Tabal and Sandašarme of Ḫilakku, enough that they were left with no choice but to submit to the authority of the Neo-Assyrian Empire in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 662 BCE,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvantchik1993a124-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdalı201771-91">[91]</a> forcing Sandašarme to send an embassy as well as one of his daughters with a large dowry to the Neo-Assyrian capital of Nineveh for the royal harem.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawkins1975403-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2009309-310-62">[62]</a> Thus, Ḫilakku was beyond the limits of concrete Neo-Assyrian control,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawkins1975402-14">[14]</a> and whatever control the Neo-Assyrian Empire might have had on it was weak and temporary at most, unlike Ḫiyawa, which the Neo-Assyrian Empire was able to keep as a province under three governors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawkins1975403-41">[41]</a> Following the collapse of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, the kingdom's original name of Ḫilakku ceased to be mentioned in Mesopotamian records, and the state itself instead reappeared in the records of the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a> under the name of Pirindu.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawkins1975403-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStreck2005573-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2009310-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeeden20231005-92">[92]</a> Due to its then geographical isolation, Pirindu was less influenced by the cultures of the polities to its east,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZoroğlu1994303-18">[18]</a> and, along with the Tabalian states, remained one of the last bastions of still existing Neo-Hittite culture after the end of the Neo-Assyrian Empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeeden20231007-93">[93]</a> According to a text from the reign of the Neo-Babylonian king <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II" title="Nebuchadnezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar II</a>, he had captured prisoners from Pirindu in 592 or 591 BC, during a campaign which might be recorded in a Neo-Babylonian text mentioning conquests "from Egypt to Ḫuwê (Ḫiyawa) and Lydia."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStreck2005572-573-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2009310-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Campaign_of_Neriglissar">Campaign of Neriglissar</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%B8%AAilakku&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Campaign of Neriglissar">edit</a>]</div> In 557 BC, the king Appuwašu of Pirindu attempted to attack the Syrian provinces of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, possibly as a result of tensions regarding the control of Ḫuwê.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStreck2005573-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawkins2008194-94">[94]</a> Nebuchadnezzar II's son-in-law, the Neo-Babylonian king <a href="/wiki/Neriglissar" title="Neriglissar">Neriglissar</a>, responded by marching to Ḫuwê, where Appuwašu launched a failed ambush attempt on him before being defeated, after which Neriglissar pursued Appuwašu into Pirindu itself, where he captured Ura and Kiršu, after which he marched till the sea at <a href="/wiki/Ayd%C4%B1nc%C4%B1k,_Mersin" title="Aydıncık, Mersin">Kelenderis</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZoroğlu1994303-18">[18]</a> and then to the <a href="/wiki/Dana_Island" title="Dana Island">island fortress of Pitusu</a>, before marching till <a href="/wiki/Selinus_(Cilicia)" title="Selinus (Cilicia)">Sallunê</a>, which was the most western city on the coast of Cilicia, and to the borders of the Lydian Empire before returning to Babylon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStreck2005573-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawkins2008194-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2009310-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeeden20231005-92">[92]</a> The aim of Neriglissar's campaign was not to dominate Pirindu, but to instead expel Appuwašu out of Ḫuwê. Neriglissar appears to have been successful, and Appuwašu was forced to retreat to the west of the Calycadnus river.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZoroğlu1994303-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Legacy">Legacy</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%B8%AAilakku&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> In the 6th century BC, a <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cilicia_(ancient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Cilicia (ancient)">native kingdom</a> encompassing the territories of Ḫilakku and Ḫiyawa might have been established in southeastern Anatolia. The Ancient Greeks borrowed the name of Ḫilakku, under the form of Kilikia (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: Κιλικια; <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: Cilicia), to designate this state, thus extending the name of Ḫilakku to the whole of the territories of both Ḫilakku and Ḫiyawa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawkins1975403-41">[41]</a> Meanwhile, the Neo-Assyrian period distinction between Ḫilakku and Ḫiyawa was preserved in the Greek designation for the two sections of Cilicia: Kilikia Trakheia (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: Κιλικια Τραχεια, <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'Rough Cilicia'; <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: Cilicia Aspera) corresponded to Ḫilakku, while Kilikia Pedias (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: Κιλικια Πεδιας, <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'Plain Cilicia'; <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: Cilicia Campestris) corresponded to Ḫiyawa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawkins1975403-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2012240-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%B8%AAilakku&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Society and culture">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population">Population</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%B8%AAilakku&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Population">edit</a>]</div> Like Ḫiyawa and the kingdoms of the nearby Tabalian region, the population of Ḫilakku was descended from the largely Late Bronze Age Luwian inhabitants of the region and remained so until the Hellenistic and Roman periods.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZoroğlu1994303-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce201238-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce201249-50-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2012161-3">[3]</a> Esarhaddon's description of the population of Ḫilakku as "evil Hittites" (<a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Akkadian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Assyrian Akkadian language">Neo-Assyrian Akkadian</a>: 𒇽𒉺𒋼𒂊 𒅆𒉡𒌑𒋾, romanized: Ḫattê lemnūti<a href="#cite_note-ORACCEsarhaddon001-20">[20]</a>) attests of the predominantly Luwian character of the population of Ḫilakku throughout the 1st millennium BC,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawkins1975402-14">[14]</a> and Luwian personal names would remain attested in Ḫilakku until the Roman period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce201238-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phrygian_influence">Phrygian influence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%B8%AAilakku&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Phrygian influence">edit</a>]</div> The presence of a monument at Dibektaşi similar to Phrygian stepped altars or cult thrones of the goddess Kubeleya suggests that aspects of Phrygian culture such as the worship of Kubeleya had reached into Ḫilakku.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZoroğlu1994303-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greek_and_Phoenician_colonisation">Greek and Phoenician colonisation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%B8%AAilakku&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Greek and Phoenician colonisation">edit</a>]</div> During the 9th and 8th centuries BC, Cypriots, Greeks and Phoenicians settled in cities founded by the native peoples of Ḫiyawa and Ḫilakku which were located on the maritime trade routes linking these regions to the western Mediterranean sea and also functioned as outlets for resources from the inner regions of Anatolia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZoroğlu1994304-96">[96]</a> An inscription dating from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 625 to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 600 BC attests of the presence of Phoenicians in Pirindu.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZoroğlu1994304-96">[96]</a> The increased importance of these sites led to the Neo-Assyrian Empire taking interest in this region beginning with the successful campaigns of Sargon II, which led to a weakening of the cities to the east of the Calycadnus river. This pushed the Greek and Phoenician traders to the west of the Calycadnus river, beyond the control of the Neo-Assyrian Empire and its restrictions on control and cultural influence on Ḫiyawa and Ḫilakku, where they founded several settlements during the 8th and 7th centuries BC, such as Nagidos, Kelenderis, and Aphrodisias.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZoroğlu1994304-305-97">[97]</a> These colonies were densely populated by traders over the course of <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 750 to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 500 BC, and the population of Ionian Greeks and Cypriots in these colonies later increased.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZoroğlu1994303-304-98">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_rulers">List of rulers</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%B8%AAilakku&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: List of rulers">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Di%C5%A1" title="Diš">ᵐ</a>Piḫirim (<a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Akkadian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Assyrian Akkadian language">Neo-Assyrian Akkadian</a>: 𒁹𒉿𒄭𒊑𒅎<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a>), <abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 858 BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Di%C5%A1" title="Diš">ᵐ</a>Ambaris (<a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Akkadian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Assyrian Akkadian language">Neo-Assyrian Akkadian</a>: 𒁹𒄠𒁀𒊑𒄑<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a>), <abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 718 BC – 713 BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Di%C5%A1" title="Diš">ᵐ</a>Sandašarme (<a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Akkadian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Assyrian Akkadian language">Neo-Assyrian Akkadian</a>: 𒁹𒊓𒀭𒁕𒊬𒈨;<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> <a href="/wiki/Luwian_language" title="Luwian language">Luwian</a>: *Sanda-Sarrumas<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimon2018127-107">[107]</a>), <abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 662 BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Di%C5%A1" title="Diš">ᵐ</a>Appuwašu (<a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Akkadian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Babylonian Akkadian language">Neo-Babylonian Akkadian</a>: 𒁹𒀊𒁍𒌑𒀀𒍪<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrayson1975103-104-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlassner2004232-233-109">[109]</a>), <abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 557 BC</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%B8%AAilakku&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ORACCHilakku-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ORACCHilakku_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ORACCHilakku_1-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oracc.org/tsae/cbd/qpn/x000048070.html">"Hilakku [CILICIA] (GN)"</a>. Textual Sources of the Assyrian Empire. <a href="/wiki/Open_Richly_Annotated_Cuneiform_Corpus" title="Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus">Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Maximilian_University_of_Munich" title="Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich">Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Textual+Sources+of+the+Assyrian+Empire&rft.atitle=Hilakku+%5BCILICIA%5D+%28GN%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foracc.org%2Ftsae%2Fcbd%2Fqpn%2Fx000048070.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%E1%B8%AAilakku" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oracc.org/atae/cbd/qpn-x-places/x000002390.html">"Hilakku [CILICIA] (GN)"</a>. Archival Texts of the Assyrian Empire. <a href="/wiki/Open_Richly_Annotated_Cuneiform_Corpus" title="Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus">Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Maximilian_University_of_Munich" title="Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich">Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Archival+Texts+of+the+Assyrian+Empire&rft.atitle=Hilakku+%5BCILICIA%5D+%28GN%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foracc.org%2Fatae%2Fcbd%2Fqpn-x-places%2Fx000002390.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%E1%B8%AAilakku" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oracc.org//atae/cbd/qpn/x000046540.html">"Hilakku [CILICIA] (GN)"</a>. Archival Texts of the Assyrian Empire. <a href="/wiki/Open_Richly_Annotated_Cuneiform_Corpus" title="Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus">Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Maximilian_University_of_Munich" title="Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich">Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Archival+Texts+of+the+Assyrian+Empire&rft.atitle=Hilakku+%5BCILICIA%5D+%28GN%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foracc.org%2F%2Fatae%2Fcbd%2Fqpn%2Fx000046540.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%E1%B8%AAilakku" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oracc.org/saao/sig?%E2%98%A3%40saao%2Fsaa11%25akk-x-neoass%3A{KUR}hi-lak-ku%3DHilakku%5bCilicia%2F%2FCilicia%5dGN%C2%B4GN%24Hilakku">"Hilakku [CILICIA] (GN)"</a>. Imperial Administrative Records, Part II: Provincial and Military Administration. State Archives of Assyria Online. <a href="/wiki/Open_Richly_Annotated_Cuneiform_Corpus" title="Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus">Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Maximilian_University_of_Munich" title="Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich">Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=State+Archives+of+Assyria+Online&rft.atitle=Hilakku+%5BCILICIA%5D+%28GN%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foracc.org%2Fsaao%2Fsig%3F%25E2%2598%25A3%2540saao%252Fsaa11%2525akk-x-neoass%253A%7BKUR%7Dhi-lak-ku%253DHilakku%5BCilicia%252F%252FCilicia%5DGN%25C2%25B4GN%2524Hilakku&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%E1%B8%AAilakku" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oracc.org//saao/saa11/cbd/qpn-x-places/x000000460.html">"Hilakku [CILICIA] (GN)"</a>. Imperial Administrative Records, Part II: Provincial and Military Administration. State Archives of Assyria Online. <a href="/wiki/Open_Richly_Annotated_Cuneiform_Corpus" title="Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus">Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Maximilian_University_of_Munich" title="Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich">Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=State+Archives+of+Assyria+Online&rft.atitle=Hilakku+%5BCILICIA%5D+%28GN%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foracc.org%2F%2Fsaao%2Fsaa11%2Fcbd%2Fqpn-x-places%2Fx000000460.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%E1%B8%AAilakku" class="Z3988"></li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrayson1975103-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrayson1975103_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrayson1975103_2-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrayson1975">Grayson 1975</a>, p. 103. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2012161-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryce2012161_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryce2012161_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryce2012161_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryce2012161_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryce2012161_3-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryce2012161_3-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryce2012161_3-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFBryce2012">Bryce 2012</a>, p. 161. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeeden2023968-969-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeeden2023968-969_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeeden2023">Weeden 2023</a>, p. 968-969. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce201239-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryce201239_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBryce2012">Bryce 2012</a>, p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStreck2005572-573-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStreck2005572-573_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStreck2005572-573_6-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFStreck2005">Streck 2005</a>, p. 572-573. </li> <li 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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvantchik1993a123-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvantchik1993a123_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvantchik1993a123_72-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFIvantchik1993a">Ivantchik 1993a</a>, p. 123. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvantchik1993a73-74-73"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvantchik1993a73-74_73-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIvantchik1993a">Ivantchik 1993a</a>, p. 73-74. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce201244-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryce201244_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBryce2012">Bryce 2012</a>, p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2012160-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryce2012160_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBryce2012">Bryce 2012</a>, p. 160. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvantchik1993a74-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvantchik1993a74_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvantchik1993a74_76-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvantchik1993a74_76-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFIvantchik1993a">Ivantchik 1993a</a>, p. 74. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvantchik1993a69-77"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvantchik1993a69_77-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIvantchik1993a">Ivantchik 1993a</a>, p. 69. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrousset19708-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrousset19708_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrousset1970">Grousset 1970</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips1972136-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1972136_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPhillips1972">Phillips 1972</a>, p. 136. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991559-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulimirskiTaylor1991559_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSulimirskiTaylor1991">Sulimirski & Taylor 1991</a>, p. 559. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETokhtas’ev1991-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETokhtas’ev1991_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETokhtas’ev1991_81-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFTokhtas’ev1991">Tokhtas’ev 1991</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvantchik1993a73-82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvantchik1993a73_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIvantchik1993a">Ivantchik 1993a</a>, p. 73. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvantchik1993a68-83"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvantchik1993a68_83-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIvantchik1993a">Ivantchik 1993a</a>, p. 68. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2000a92-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2000a92_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlbrycht2000a92_84-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFOlbrycht2000a">Olbrycht 2000a</a>, p. 92. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiakonoff198595-85"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiakonoff198595_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDiakonoff1985">Diakonoff 1985</a>, p. 95. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParzinger200423-86"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParzinger200423_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFParzinger2004">Parzinger 2004</a>, p. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdalı201770-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdalı201770_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdalı2017">Adalı 2017</a>, p. 70. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips1972132-88"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1972132_88-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPhillips1972">Phillips 1972</a>, p. 132. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrayson1991c145-89"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrayson1991c145_89-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrayson1991c">Grayson 1991c</a>, p. 145. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvantchik1993a124-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIvantchik1993a124_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIvantchik1993a">Ivantchik 1993a</a>, p. 124. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdalı201771-91"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdalı201771_91-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdalı2017">Adalı 2017</a>, p. 71. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeeden20231005-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeeden20231005_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeeden20231005_92-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeeden2023">Weeden 2023</a>, p. 1005. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeeden20231007-93"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeeden20231007_93-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeeden2023">Weeden 2023</a>, p. 1007. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawkins2008194-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawkins2008194_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawkins2008194_94-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHawkins2008">Hawkins 2008</a>, p. 194. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce201249-50-95"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryce201249-50_95-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBryce2012">Bryce 2012</a>, p. 49-50. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZoroğlu1994304-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZoroğlu1994304_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZoroğlu1994304_96-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFZoroğlu1994">Zoroğlu 1994</a>, p. 304. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZoroğlu1994304-305-97"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZoroğlu1994304-305_97-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZoroğlu1994">Zoroğlu 1994</a>, p. 304-305. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZoroğlu1994303-304-98"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZoroğlu1994303-304_98-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZoroğlu1994">Zoroğlu 1994</a>, p. 303-304. </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oracc.org/riao/cbd/qpn-x-people/x000006530.html">"Pihrim [RULER OF HILAKKU] (RN)"</a>. The Royal Inscriptions of Assyria online. <a href="/wiki/Open_Richly_Annotated_Cuneiform_Corpus" title="Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus">Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Maximilian_University_of_Munich" title="Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich">Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Royal+Inscriptions+of+Assyria+online&rft.atitle=Pihrim+%5BRULER+OF+HILAKKU%5D+%28RN%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foracc.org%2Friao%2Fcbd%2Fqpn-x-people%2Fx000006530.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%E1%B8%AAilakku" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oracc.org/riao/sig?%E2%98%A3%40riao%2Fria5%25akk%3A{m}pi-hi-ri-im%3DPihrim%5bruler%20of%20Hilakku%2F%2Fruler%20of%20Hilakku%5dRN%C2%B4RN%24Pihrim">"Pihrim [RULER OF HILAKKU] (RN)"</a>. The Royal Inscriptions of Assyria online. <a href="/wiki/Open_Richly_Annotated_Cuneiform_Corpus" title="Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus">Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Maximilian_University_of_Munich" title="Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich">Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Royal+Inscriptions+of+Assyria+online&rft.atitle=Pihrim+%5BRULER+OF+HILAKKU%5D+%28RN%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foracc.org%2Friao%2Fsig%3F%25E2%2598%25A3%2540riao%252Fria5%2525akk%253A%7Bm%7Dpi-hi-ri-im%253DPihrim%5Bruler%2520of%2520Hilakku%252F%252Fruler%2520of%2520Hilakku%5DRN%25C2%25B4RN%2524Pihrim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%E1%B8%AAilakku" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oracc.org//armep/cbd/qpn/x000148690.html">"Ambaris [KING OF TABAL] (RN)"</a>. Ancient Records of Middle Eastern Polities. <a href="/wiki/Open_Richly_Annotated_Cuneiform_Corpus" title="Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus">Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Maximilian_University_of_Munich" title="Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich">Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ancient+Records+of+Middle+Eastern+Polities&rft.atitle=Ambaris+%5BKING+OF+TABAL%5D+%28RN%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foracc.org%2F%2Farmep%2Fcbd%2Fqpn%2Fx000148690.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%E1%B8%AAilakku" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oracc.org/riao/sig?%E2%98%A3%40riao%2Fria5%25akk%3A{m}ka-ti-i%3DKati%5bruler%20of%20Que%2F%2Fruler%20of%20Que%5dRN%C2%B4RN%24Kati">"Sanda-šarme [KING OF CILICIA] (RN)"</a>. The Royal Inscriptions of Assyria online. <a href="/wiki/Open_Richly_Annotated_Cuneiform_Corpus" title="Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus">Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Maximilian_University_of_Munich" title="Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich">Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Royal+Inscriptions+of+Assyria+online&rft.atitle=Sanda-%C5%A1arme+%5BKING+OF+CILICIA%5D+%28RN%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foracc.org%2Friao%2Fsig%3F%25E2%2598%25A3%2540riao%252Fria5%2525akk%253A%7Bm%7Dka-ti-i%253DKati%5Bruler%2520of%2520Que%252F%252Fruler%2520of%2520Que%5DRN%25C2%25B4RN%2524Kati&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%E1%B8%AAilakku" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oracc.org/tsae/cbd/qpn/x000132680.html">"Sanda-šarme [KING OF CILICIA] (RN)"</a>. Textual Sources of the Assyrian Empire. <a href="/wiki/Open_Richly_Annotated_Cuneiform_Corpus" title="Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus">Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Maximilian_University_of_Munich" title="Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich">Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Textual+Sources+of+the+Assyrian+Empire&rft.atitle=Sanda-%C5%A1arme+%5BKING+OF+CILICIA%5D+%28RN%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foracc.org%2Ftsae%2Fcbd%2Fqpn%2Fx000132680.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%E1%B8%AAilakku" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oracc.org/tsae/cbd/qpn-x-people/x000076890.html">"Sanda-šarme [KING OF CILICIA] (RN)"</a>. Textual Sources of the Assyrian Empire. <a href="/wiki/Open_Richly_Annotated_Cuneiform_Corpus" title="Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus">Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Maximilian_University_of_Munich" title="Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich">Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Textual+Sources+of+the+Assyrian+Empire&rft.atitle=Sanda-%C5%A1arme+%5BKING+OF+CILICIA%5D+%28RN%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foracc.org%2Ftsae%2Fcbd%2Fqpn-x-people%2Fx000076890.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%E1%B8%AAilakku" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oracc.org/cams/akno/cbd/qpn-x-people/x000008640.html">"Sanda-šarme [KING OF CILICIA] (RN)"</a>. Ancient Knowledge Networks online. Corpus of Ancient Mesopotamian Scholarship. <a href="/wiki/Open_Richly_Annotated_Cuneiform_Corpus" title="Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus">Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Maximilian_University_of_Munich" title="Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich">Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Corpus+of+Ancient+Mesopotamian+Scholarship&rft.atitle=Sanda-%C5%A1arme+%5BKING+OF+CILICIA%5D+%28RN%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foracc.org%2Fcams%2Fakno%2Fcbd%2Fqpn-x-people%2Fx000008640.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%E1%B8%AAilakku" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oracc.org/riao/sig?%E2%98%A3%40rinap%2Frinap5%25akk%3A{m}sa-an-da-%C5%A1ar-me%3DSanda-%C5%A1arme%5bking%20of%20Cilicia%2F%2Fking%20of%20Cilicia%5dRN%C2%B4RN%24Sanda-%C5%A1arme">"Sanda-šarme [KING OF CILICIA] (RN)"</a>. The Royal Inscriptions of Assyria online. <a href="/wiki/Open_Richly_Annotated_Cuneiform_Corpus" title="Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus">Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Maximilian_University_of_Munich" title="Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich">Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Royal+Inscriptions+of+Assyria+online&rft.atitle=Sanda-%C5%A1arme+%5BKING+OF+CILICIA%5D+%28RN%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foracc.org%2Friao%2Fsig%3F%25E2%2598%25A3%2540rinap%252Frinap5%2525akk%253A%7Bm%7Dsa-an-da-%25C5%25A1ar-me%253DSanda-%25C5%25A1arme%5Bking%2520of%2520Cilicia%252F%252Fking%2520of%2520Cilicia%5DRN%25C2%25B4RN%2524Sanda-%25C5%25A1arme&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%E1%B8%AAilakku" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimon2018127-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimon2018127_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSimon2018">Simon 2018</a>, p. 127. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrayson1975103-104-108"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrayson1975103-104_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrayson1975">Grayson 1975</a>, p. 103-104. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlassner2004232-233-109"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlassner2004232-233_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGlassner2004">Glassner 2004</a>, p. 232-233. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%B8%AAilakku&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdalı2017" class="citation book cs1">Adalı, Selim Ferruh (2017). "Cimmerians and the Scythians: the Impact of Nomadic Powers on the Assyrian Empire and the Ancient Near East". In <a href="/wiki/Hyun_Jin_Kim" title="Hyun Jin Kim">Kim, Hyun Jin</a>; Vervaet, Frederik Juliaan; Adalı, Selim Ferruh (eds.). 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Foster, Benjamin R. (ed.). Mesopotamian Chronicles. Writings from the Ancient World. Vol. 19. <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>: <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Biblical_Literature" title="Society of Biblical Literature">Society of Biblical Literature</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-589-83090-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-589-83090-5"><bdi>978-1-589-83090-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mesopotamian+Chronicles&rft.place=Atlanta%2C+United+States&rft.series=Writings+from+the+Ancient+World&rft.pub=Society+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-589-83090-5&rft.aulast=Glassner&rft.aufirst=Jean-Jacques&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%E1%B8%AAilakku" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrayson1975" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Kirk_Grayson" class="extiw" title="de:Albert Kirk Grayson">Grayson, A.K.</a> [in German] (1975). Assyrian and Babylonian Chronicles. Texts from Cuneiform Sources. Vol. 5. <a href="/wiki/Locust_Valley,_New_York" title="Locust Valley, New York">Locust Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>: J. J. Augustin Publisher.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Assyrian+and+Babylonian+Chronicles&rft.place=Locust+Valley%2C+United+States&rft.series=Texts+from+Cuneiform+Sources&rft.pub=J.+J.+Augustin+Publisher&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Grayson&rft.aufirst=A.K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%E1%B8%AAilakku" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrayson1991c" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Kirk_Grayson" class="extiw" title="de:Albert Kirk Grayson">Grayson, A. K.</a> [in German] (1991c). "Assyria 668-635 B.C.: the reign of Ashurbanipal". In <a href="/wiki/John_Boardman_(art_historian)" title="John Boardman (art historian)">Boardman, John</a>; <a href="/wiki/I._E._S._Edwards" title="I. E. S. Edwards">Edwards, I. E. S.</a>; <a href="/wiki/N._G._L._Hammond" title="N. G. L. Hammond">Hammond, N. G. L.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Edmond_Sollberger" title="Edmond Sollberger">Sollberger, E.</a>; Walker, C. B. F. (eds.). The Assyrian and Babylonian Empires and other States of the Near East, from the Eighth to the Sixth Centuries B.C. <a href="/wiki/The_Cambridge_Ancient_History" title="The Cambridge Ancient History">The Cambridge Ancient History</a>. Vol. 3. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 142–161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-05429-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-05429-4"><bdi>978-1-139-05429-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Assyria+668-635+B.C.%3A+the+reign+of+Ashurbanipal&rft.btitle=The+Assyrian+and+Babylonian+Empires+and+other+States+of+the+Near+East%2C+from+the+Eighth+to+the+Sixth+Centuries+B.C.&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.series=The+Cambridge+Ancient+History&rft.pages=142-161&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-1-139-05429-4&rft.aulast=Grayson&rft.aufirst=A.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%E1%B8%AAilakku" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrousset1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Grousset" title="René Grousset">Grousset, René</a> (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppesh00prof">The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia</a>. 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"Ḫilakku". In <a href="/wiki/Dietz-Otto_Edzard" title="Dietz-Otto Edzard">Edzard, Dietz-Otto</a>; <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Calmeyer" class="extiw" title="de:Peter Calmeyer">Calmeyer, P.</a> [in German]; <a href="/wiki/Anton_Moortgat" title="Anton Moortgat">Moortgat, A.</a>; Otten, H.; <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_R%C3%B6llig" class="extiw" title="de:Wolfgang Röllig">Röllig, Wolfgang</a> [in German]; <a href="/wiki/Wolfram_von_Soden" title="Wolfram von Soden">v. Soden, W.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Donald_Wiseman" title="Donald Wiseman">Wiseman, D. J.</a> (eds.). <a href="/wiki/Reallexikon_der_Assyriologie_und_Vorderasiatischen_Arch%C3%A4ologie" title="Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie">Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie</a> [Encyclopaedia of Ancient Near Eastern Studies]. 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"Que". In <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_P._Streck" class="extiw" title="de:Michael P. Streck">Streck, Michael P.</a> [in German]; Frantz-Szabó, Gabriella; <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manfred_Krebernik" class="extiw" title="de:Manfred Krebernik">Krebernik, M.</a> [in German]; <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Postgate_(academic)" title="Nicholas Postgate (academic)">Postgate, J.N.</a>; <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursula_Seidl" class="extiw" title="de:Ursula Seidl">Seidl, U.</a> [in German]; Stol, M.; <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gernot_Wilhelm" class="extiw" title="de:Gernot Wilhelm">Wilhelm, G.</a> [in German]; Ecklin, Sabine (eds.). <a href="/wiki/Reallexikon_der_Assyriologie_und_Vorderasiatischen_Arch%C3%A4ologie" title="Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie">Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie</a> [Encyclopaedia of Ancient Near Eastern Studies] (in German). 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"Illubru". In <a href="/wiki/Dietz-Otto_Edzard" title="Dietz-Otto Edzard">Edzard, Dietz Otto</a>; <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Calmeyer" class="extiw" title="de:Peter Calmeyer">Calmeyer, P.</a> [in German]; <a href="/wiki/Anton_Moortgat" title="Anton Moortgat">Moortgat, A.</a>; <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Otten" class="extiw" title="de:Heinrich Otten">Otten, H.</a> [in German]; <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_R%C3%B6llig" class="extiw" title="de:Wolfgang Röllig">Röllig, W.</a> [in German]; <a href="/wiki/Wolfram_von_Soden" title="Wolfram von Soden">von Soden, W.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Donald_Wiseman" title="Donald Wiseman">Wiseman, D. J.</a> (eds.). <a href="/wiki/Reallexikon_der_Assyriologie_und_Vorderasiatischen_Arch%C3%A4ologie" title="Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie">Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie</a> [Encyclopaedia of Ancient Near Eastern Studies] (in German). 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Retrieved 23 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hittite+Toponyms&rft.atitle=Pirundummeya&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Krysze%C5%84&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhethport.uni-wuerzburg.de%2FHiTop%2Fhetgeoitem.php%3Fi%3DPirundummeya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%E1%B8%AAilakku" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlbrycht2000a" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name">Olbrycht, Marek Jan (2000a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1509846">"The Cimmerian Problem Re-Examined: the Evidence of the Classical Sources"</a>. In <a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jadwiga_Pstrusi%C5%84ska" class="extiw" title="pl:Jadwiga Pstrusińska">Pstrusińska, Jadwiga</a> [in Polish]; Fear, Andrew (eds.). 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cilicia+Tracheia+in+the+Iron+Age%3A+the+Khilakku+Problem&rft.btitle=Anatolian+Ages+3%3A+The+Proceedings+of+the+Third+Anatolian+Iron+Ages+Colloquium+held+at+Van%2C+6-12+August+1990&rft.place=London%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pages=301-309&rft.pub=British+Institute+at+Ankara&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-912-09069-3&rft.aulast=Zoro%C4%9Flu&rft.aufirst=Levent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%E1%B8%AAilakku" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Tabal_(region)" title="Tabal (region)">Tabal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tabal_(state)" title="Tabal (state)">Tabal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuwana" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuwana">Tuwana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atuna_(state)" title="Atuna (state)">Atuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%AAubi%C5%A1na" class="mw-redirect" title="Ḫubišna">Ḫubišna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0inu%E1%B8%ABtu" title="Šinuḫtu">Šinuḫtu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C5%A1tuanda" title="Ištuanda">Ištuanda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.75em"><a href="/wiki/Kammanu" title="Kammanu">Kammanu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Melid" class="mw-redirect" title="Melid">Melid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.75em"><a href="/wiki/Kummuh" title="Kummuh">Kummuh</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samsat" title="Samsat">Samsat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.75em"><a href="/wiki/Quw%C3%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="Quwê">Quwê</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karatepe" title="Karatepe">Karatepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adana" title="Adana">Adana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.75em"><a href="/wiki/Hilakku" class="mw-redirect" title="Hilakku">Hilakku</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.75em"><a href="/wiki/Gurgum" title="Gurgum">Gurgum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marqas" class="mw-redirect" title="Marqas">Marqas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.75em"><a href="/wiki/Carchemish" title="Carchemish">Carchemish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carchemish" title="Carchemish">Carchemish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:NeoHittiteStates.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="The Neo-Hittite states circa 800 BCE"><img alt="The Neo-Hittite states circa 800 BCE" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/NeoHittiteStates.gif/300px-NeoHittiteStates.gif" decoding="async" width="300" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/NeoHittiteStates.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="380" data-file-height="380" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aramaeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaeans">Aramaean</a> states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.75em"><a href="/wiki/Palistin" title="Palistin">Palistin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kinalua" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinalua">Kinalua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.75em"><a href="/wiki/Pattin" title="Pattin">Unqi-Pattina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kinalua" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinalua">Kinalua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.75em"><a href="/wiki/Sam%27al" class="mw-redirect" title="Sam'al">Bit Gabbari</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sam%27al" class="mw-redirect" title="Sam'al">Sam'al</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.75em"><a href="/wiki/Bit_Adini" title="Bit Adini">Bit Adini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Til_Barsip" title="Til Barsip">Til Barsip</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.75em"><a href="/wiki/Bit_Bahiani" title="Bit Bahiani">Bit Bahiani</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guzana" class="mw-redirect" title="Guzana">Guzana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.75em"><a href="/wiki/Bit_Agusi" title="Bit Agusi">Bit Agusi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arpad,_Syria" title="Arpad, Syria">Arpad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nampigi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nampigi (page does not exist)">Nampigi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Halab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.75em"><a href="/wiki/Luhuti" title="Luhuti">Luhuti</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Afis" title="Tell Afis">Hatarikka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Sukas" title="Tell Sukas">Shuksi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.75em"><a href="/wiki/Hama" title="Hama">Hamath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hama" title="Hama">Hamath</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_kingdoms_of_Anatolia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_kingdoms_in_Anatolia" title="Template:Ancient kingdoms in Anatolia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_kingdoms_in_Anatolia" title="Template talk:Ancient kingdoms in Anatolia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_kingdoms_in_Anatolia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient kingdoms in Anatolia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_kingdoms_of_Anatolia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_kingdoms_of_Anatolia" title="List of ancient kingdoms of Anatolia">Ancient kingdoms of Anatolia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bronze Age</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaeans_(Homer)#Hittite_documents" title="Achaeans (Homer)">Ahhiyawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arzawa" title="Arzawa">Arzawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assuwa" title="Assuwa">Assuwa League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carchemish" title="Carchemish">Carchemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hapalla" title="Hapalla">Hapalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hattians" title="Hattians">Hatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayasa-Azzi" title="Hayasa-Azzi">Hayasa-Azzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurrians" title="Hurrians">Hurrian States</a> (<a href="/wiki/Isuwa" title="Isuwa">Isuwa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kizzuwatna" title="Kizzuwatna">Kizzuwatna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kala%C5%A1ma" title="Kalašma">Kalašma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaskians" title="Kaskians">Kaskia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kussara" title="Kussara">Kussara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lukka_lands" title="Lukka lands">Lukka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luwians" title="Luwians">Luwia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miletus" title="Miletus">Miletus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mira_(kingdom)" title="Mira (kingdom)">Mira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysia" title="Mysia">Mysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nairi" title="Nairi">Nairi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pala_(Anatolia)" title="Pala (Anatolia)">Pala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisidia" title="Pisidia">Pisidia</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sagalassos" title="Sagalassos">Sagalassos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purushanda" title="Purushanda">Purushanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seha_River_Land" title="Seha River Land">Seha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shupria" title="Shupria">Shupria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urshu" title="Urshu">Urshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urumeans" title="Urumeans">Urumu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilusa" title="Wilusa">Wilusa</a>/<a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Troy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalpuwa" title="Zalpuwa">Zalpuwa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Iron Age</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeolis" title="Aeolis">Aeolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caria" title="Caria">Caria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimmerians" title="Cimmerians">Cimmerians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colchis" title="Colchis">Colchis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diauehi" title="Diauehi">Diauehi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Hexapolis" title="Doric Hexapolis">Doris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiuni" title="Etiuni">Etiuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycia" title="Lycia">Lycia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushki" title="Mushki">Mushki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Hittite_states" title="Syro-Hittite states">Neo-Hittites</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tunna" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunna">Atuna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carchemish" title="Carchemish">Carchemish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gurgum" title="Gurgum">Gurgum</a>, <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ḫilakku</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kammanu" title="Kammanu">Kammanu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kummuh" title="Kummuh">Kummuh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quw%C3%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="Quwê">Quwê</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tabal_(state)" title="Tabal (state)">Tabal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classical Age</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigonid_dynasty" title="Antigonid dynasty">Antigonids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_Armenia" title="Lesser Armenia">Armenia Minor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bithynia" title="Bithynia">Bithynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cappadocia" title="Kingdom of Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cilicia_(ancient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Cilicia (ancient)">Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commagene" title="Commagene">Commagene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatia" title="Galatia">Galatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordyene" title="Gordyene">Gordyene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osroene" title="Osroene">Osroene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paphlagonia" title="Paphlagonia">Paphlagonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pergamon" title="Kingdom of Pergamon">Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus" title="Kingdom of Pontus">Pontus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/16px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/24px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/32px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Turkey" title="Portal:Turkey">Turkey portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div 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