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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Multidisciplinary study of freshwater and marine ecosystems</div> <p><b>Aquatic science</b> is the study of the various bodies of water that make up our planet including <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">oceanic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fresh_water" title="Fresh water">freshwater</a> environments.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aquatic scientists study the <a href="/wiki/Water_cycle" title="Water cycle">movement of water</a>, the chemistry of water, aquatic organisms, <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_ecosystem" title="Aquatic ecosystem">aquatic ecosystems</a>, the movement of materials in and out of aquatic ecosystems, and the use of water by humans, among other things. Aquatic scientists examine current processes as well as historic processes, and the water bodies that they study can range from tiny areas measured in millimeters to full oceans. Moreover, aquatic scientists work in <a href="/wiki/Interdisciplinarity" title="Interdisciplinarity">Interdisciplinary</a> groups. For example, a physical oceanographer might work with a biological oceanographer to understand how physical processes, such as <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">tropical cyclones</a> or <a href="/wiki/Rip_current" title="Rip current">rip currents</a>, affect organisms in the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a>. Chemists and biologists, on the other hand, might work together to see how the chemical makeup of a certain body of water affects the plants and animals that reside there. Aquatic scientists can work to tackle global problems such as <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans" title="Effects of climate change on oceans">global oceanic change</a> and local problems, such as trying to understand why a <a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">drinking water</a> supply in a certain area is polluted.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are two main fields of study that fall within the field of aquatic science. These fields of study include <a href="/wiki/Oceanography" title="Oceanography">oceanography</a> and <a href="/wiki/Limnology" title="Limnology">limnology</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oceanography">Oceanography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquatic_science&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Oceanography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Oceanography" title="Oceanography">Oceanography</a></div> <p>Oceanography refers to the study of the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of oceanic environments. Oceanographers study the history, current condition, and future of the planet's oceans.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also study marine life and ecosystems, ocean circulation, <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">plate tectonics</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">geology</a> of the seafloor, and the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_property" title="Chemical property">chemical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Physical_property" title="Physical property">physical properties</a> of the ocean. </p><p>Oceanography is interdisciplinary. For example, there are biological oceanographers and marine biologists. These scientists specialize in marine organisms. They study how these organisms develop, their relationship with one another, and how they interact and adapt to their environment. Biological oceanographers and marine biologists often utilize <a href="/wiki/Field_research" title="Field research">field observations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computational_model" title="Computational model">computer models</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laboratory" title="Laboratory">laboratory</a> experiments, or <a href="/wiki/Field_experiment" title="Field experiment">field experiments</a> for their research. In the field of oceanography, there are also chemical oceanographers and marine chemists. These scientist's areas of focus are the composition of <a href="/wiki/Seawater" title="Seawater">seawater</a>. They study the processes and cycles of seawater, as well as how seawater chemically interacts with the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a> and seafloor. Some examples of jobs that chemical oceanographers and marine chemists perform are analyzing seawater components, exploring the effects <a href="/wiki/Pollutant" title="Pollutant">pollutants</a> have on seawater, and analyzing the effects that <a href="/wiki/Chemical_reaction" title="Chemical reaction">chemical processes</a> have on marine animals. In addition, a chemical oceanographer might use chemistry to better understand how ocean currents move seawater and how the ocean affects the climate. They might also search for ocean resources that could be beneficial, such as products that have medicinal properties. </p><p>The field of oceanography also consists of geological oceanographers and marine geologists who study the ocean floor and how its <a href="/wiki/Mountain" title="Mountain">mountains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canyon" title="Canyon">canyons</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Valley" title="Valley">valleys</a> were formed. Geological oceanographers and marine geologists use sampling to examine the history of sea-floor spreading, plate tectonics, <a href="/wiki/Thermohaline_circulation" title="Thermohaline circulation">thermohaline circulation</a>, and climates. In addition, they study <a href="/wiki/Submarine_volcano" title="Submarine volcano">undersea volcanos</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Mantle_(geology)" title="Mantle (geology)">mantle (geology)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_circulation" title="Hydrothermal circulation">hydrothermal circulation</a>. Their research helps us to better understand the events that led to the creation of <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_basin" title="Oceanic basin">oceanic basins</a> and how the ocean interacts with the <a href="/wiki/Seabed" title="Seabed">seabed</a>. Lastly, under the field of oceanography, there are physical oceanographers. Physical oceanographers are experts on the physical conditions and processes that occur naturally in the ocean. These include <a href="/wiki/Wind_wave" title="Wind wave">waves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ocean_current" title="Ocean current">currents</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eddy_(fluid_dynamics)" title="Eddy (fluid dynamics)">eddies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gyre_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Gyre (disambiguation)">gyres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tide" title="Tide">tides</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Coastal_erosion" title="Coastal erosion">coastal erosion</a>. Physical oceanographers also study topics such as the transmission of light and sound through water and the effects that the ocean has on <a href="/wiki/Weather" title="Weather">weather</a> and <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a>. All of these fields are intertwined. In order for an oceanographer to succeed in their field, they need to have an adequate understanding of other related sciences, such as <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Limnology">Limnology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquatic_science&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Limnology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Limnology" title="Limnology">Limnology</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Evening,_Nile_River,_Uganda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Evening%2C_Nile_River%2C_Uganda.jpg/220px-Evening%2C_Nile_River%2C_Uganda.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Evening%2C_Nile_River%2C_Uganda.jpg/330px-Evening%2C_Nile_River%2C_Uganda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Evening%2C_Nile_River%2C_Uganda.jpg/440px-Evening%2C_Nile_River%2C_Uganda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="679" /></a><figcaption>Nile River</figcaption></figure> <p>Limnology is the study of freshwater environments, such as <a href="/wiki/River" title="River">rivers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stream" title="Stream">streams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake" title="Lake">lakes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reservoir" title="Reservoir">reservoirs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">groundwater</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marsh" title="Marsh">marshlands</a>. Limnologists work to understand the various natural and man made factors that affect our natural water bodies such as pesticides, <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">runoff</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_animal" title="Aquatic animal">aquatic life</a>. For example, a limnologist might study the effects of <a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">pesticides</a> on the temperature of a lake or they might seek to understand why a certain species of <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> River is declining. </p><p>In order to increase their understanding of what they are studying, limnologists employ three main study techniques. The first study technique has to do with <a href="/wiki/Observation" title="Observation">observations</a>. Limnologists make descriptive observations of conditions and note how those conditions have changed over time. These observations allow limnologists to form <a href="/wiki/Theory" title="Theory">theories</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hypothesis" title="Hypothesis">hypotheses</a>. The second study technique that limnologists use has to do with <a href="/wiki/Experiment" title="Experiment">experimentation</a>. Limnologists conduct <a href="/wiki/Scientific_control" title="Scientific control">controlled experiments</a> under laboratory conditions in order to further their understanding of the impact of small, individual changes in the <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystem</a>. Lastly, limnologists come up with <a href="/wiki/Prediction" title="Prediction">predictions</a>. After they have conducted their experiments, they can apply what they have learned to known data about the wider ecosystem and make predictions about the <a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">natural environment</a>. </p><p>Within the field of limnology, there are more specific areas of study. One of those areas of study is <a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">ecology</a>, particularly the ecology of water systems. The ecology of water systems focuses on the organisms that live in freshwater environments and how they are affected by changes in their habitat. For example, a limnologist specializing in ecology could study how chemical or temperature changes in a body of water inhibit or support new <a href="/wiki/Organic_growth" title="Organic growth">organic growth</a>. Another aspect that they may examine are the effects of a <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">nonnative species</a> on native populations of aquatic life. Most ecological limnologists conduct their studies in laboratory settings, where their hypotheses can be tested, verified, and controlled. Another area of study under limnology is biology. Limnologists who specialize in the biology field only study the living aquatic organisms that are present in a certain freshwater environment. They aim to understand various aspects of the organisms, such as their history, their <a href="/wiki/Biological_life_cycle" title="Biological life cycle">life cycles</a>, and their populations. These scientists study living organisms in order to support the proper management of fresh bodies of water and their ecosystems.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aquatic_environments">Aquatic environments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquatic_science&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Aquatic environments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_ecosystem" title="Aquatic ecosystem">Aquatic ecosystem</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mixed_phytoplankton_community.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Mixed_phytoplankton_community.png/220px-Mixed_phytoplankton_community.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Mixed_phytoplankton_community.png/330px-Mixed_phytoplankton_community.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Mixed_phytoplankton_community.png/440px-Mixed_phytoplankton_community.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Phytoplankton</figcaption></figure> <p>Most aquatic environments contain both plants and animals. Aquatic plants are plants that grow in water. Examples of aquatic plants are <a href="/wiki/Nymphaeaceae" title="Nymphaeaceae">waterlilies</a>, floating hearts, the lattice plant, seagrass, and phytoplankton. Aquatic plants can be rooted in mud, such as the <a href="/wiki/Nelumbo_nucifera" title="Nelumbo nucifera">lotus flower</a> or they can be found floating on the surface of the water such as the <a href="/wiki/Eichhornia_crassipes" class="mw-redirect" title="Eichhornia crassipes">water hyacinth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aquatic plants provide oxygen, food, and shelter for many aquatic animals. In addition, underwater vegetation provides several species of marine animals with grounds to spawn, nurse, take refuge, and forage.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Seagrass" title="Seagrass">Seagrass</a>, for example, is a vital source of food for commercial and recreational fish. Seagrass stabilizes sediments, produces the organic material that small aquatic <a href="/wiki/Invertebrate" title="Invertebrate">invertebrates</a> need, and adds oxygen to the water. <a href="/wiki/Phytoplankton" title="Phytoplankton">Phytoplankton</a> are also an important class of aquatic plant. Phytoplankton are similar to <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_plant" title="Terrestrial plant">terrestrial plants</a> in that they require <a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll" title="Chlorophyll">chlorophyll</a> and sunlight to grow. Most Phytoplankton are buoyant, floating in the upper part of the ocean, where sunlight penetrates the water. There are two main classes of phytoplankton: dinoflagellates and diatoms. <a href="/wiki/Dinoflagellate" title="Dinoflagellate">Dinoflagellates</a> have a whip-like tail called a <a href="/wiki/Flagellum" title="Flagellum">Flagellum</a>, which they use to move through the water, and their bodies are covered with complex shells. <a href="/wiki/Diatom" title="Diatom">Diatoms</a>, on the other hand, have shells, but they are made of a different substance. Instead of relying on flagella to travel through the water, diatoms use <a href="/wiki/Ocean_current" title="Ocean current">ocean currents</a>. Both classes of phytoplankton provide food for a variety of sea creatures, such as <a href="/wiki/Shrimp" title="Shrimp">shrimp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snail" title="Snail">snails</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jellyfish" title="Jellyfish">jellyfish</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both aquatic animals and plants contribute to the health of our environment and to the quality of human life. Humans depend on their ecological functions for our survival. Humans use surface waters and their inhabitants in order to process our waste products.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aquatic plants and animals provide us with necessities such as medicine, food, energy, shelter, and several raw materials. Today, more than 40% of <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicines</a> are derived from aquatic plants and animals.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, aquatic wildlife are an important source of food for many people.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, aquatic wildlife is a big source of atmospheric oxygen and plays a big role in preventing humans from being affected by new <a href="/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">diseases</a>, pests, <a href="/wiki/Predator_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Predator (disambiguation)">predators</a>, food shortages, and <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">global climate change</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aquatic_animals">Aquatic animals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquatic_science&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Aquatic animals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_animal" title="Aquatic animal">Aquatic animal</a></div> <p>Aquatic animals are <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">organisms</a> that spend most of their life underwater. These animals consist of <a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">crustaceans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">reptiles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca">mollusks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_bird" title="Water bird">aquatic birds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_insect" title="Aquatic insect">aquatic insects</a>, and even <a href="/wiki/Starfish" title="Starfish">starfish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coral" title="Coral">coral</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aquatic animals unfortunately face a lot of threats, with most of these threats resulting from human behaviors. One major threat that aquatic animals face is <a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">overfishing</a>. Scientists have figured out a way to replenish the species of fish that humans have over hunted by creating marine protected areas or <a href="/wiki/Regeneration_(biology)" title="Regeneration (biology)">fish regeneration zones</a><sup id="cite_ref-Stone_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stone-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These fish regeneration zones help protect their ecosystems and help rebuild their abundance.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another threat that aquatic animals face is <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">pollution</a>, particularly coastal pollution. This pollution is caused by <a href="/wiki/Intensive_farming" title="Intensive farming">industrial agriculture</a>. These agricultural practices result in reactive <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a> being poured into the rivers, which then gets transported to the ocean. These chemicals have created what is known as <a href="/wiki/Dead_zone_(ecology)" title="Dead zone (ecology)">"dead zones"</a> which is when there is less <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> in the water. Moreover, another detrimental threat that aquatic animals face is the threat of <a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">habitat destruction</a>. This can be exemplified with the clearing of <a href="/wiki/Mangrove_swamp" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangrove swamp">mangrove forests</a> for shrimp production and the scraping of underwater mountain ranges through <a href="/wiki/Bottom_trawling" title="Bottom trawling">deep-sea trawling</a>. Other threats that aquatic animals face are global warming and <a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">acidification</a>. Global warming is responsible for killing the <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a> that keeps coral alive, forcing species out of their natural habitats and into new areas, and for causing sea levels to rise. Acidification, on the other hand, is decreasing the pH level of oceans. High acidity levels in the water are preventing <a href="/wiki/Marine_biogenic_calcification#:~:text=Marine_biogenic_calcification_is_the,and_clams_form_calcium_carbonate.&text=Calcifying_organisms_in_the_ocean,as_sea_urchins,_and_corals." title="Marine biogenic calcification">marine-calcifying organisms</a>, such as coral, from forming shells.<sup id="cite_ref-Stone_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stone-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_Aquatic_Animal_Day">World Aquatic Animal Day</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquatic_science&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: World Aquatic Animal Day"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although there are not many currently existing formal <a href="/wiki/Holiday" title="Holiday">holidays</a> celebrating aquatic science, a new one has been made called World Aquatic Animal Day. World Aquatic Animal Day was created on April 3, 2020, as a way to raise awareness for these often forgotten animals.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The holiday begun as a project of the Aquatic Animal Law Initiative and the Animal Law Clinic at the <a href="/wiki/Lewis_%26_Clark_Law_School" title="Lewis & Clark Law School">Lewis & Clark Law School</a> as part of the Center for Animal Law Studies. In addition to raising awareness for these animals, this holiday aims to increase our appreciation and understanding of them. Under this holiday, the definition of aquatic animals is not limited to fish.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquatic_science&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GIS_and_aquatic_science" title="GIS and aquatic science">GIS and aquatic science</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pan-American_Journal_of_Aquatic_Sciences" title="Pan-American Journal of Aquatic Sciences">Pan-American Journal of Aquatic Sciences</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquatic_science&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aslo.org/what-is-aquatic-science/">"What Is Aquatic Science?"</a>. <i>ASLO</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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