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[o]" accesskey="o"> Meld aan</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Bladsye vir uitgemelde redakteurs <a href="/wiki/Hulp:Inleiding" aria-label="Leer meer oor redigering">leer meer</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybydrae" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Bydraes</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybespreking" title="Bespreking oor bydraes van hierdie IP-adres [n]" accesskey="n">Bespreking</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div 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id="toc-Klimaat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Klimaat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Klimaat </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Klimaat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ekologie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ekologie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Ekologie </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ekologie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Omgewingskwessies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Omgewingskwessies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Omgewingskwessies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Omgewingskwessies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geskiedenis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geskiedenis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geskiedenis </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geskiedenis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Wissel Geskiedenis subafdeling </button> <ul id="toc-Geskiedenis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vroeë_tydperk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vroeë_tydperk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Vroeë tydperk </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vroeë_tydperk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arabiese_en_Europese_kontak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arabiese_en_Europese_kontak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Arabiese en Europese kontak </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arabiese_en_Europese_kontak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Koninkryk_Madagaskar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Koninkryk_Madagaskar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Koninkryk Madagaskar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Koninkryk_Madagaskar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Franse_kolonisasie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Franse_kolonisasie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Franse kolonisasie </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Franse_kolonisasie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Onafhanklike_staat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Onafhanklike_staat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Onafhanklike staat </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Onafhanklike_staat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Regering </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Regering-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Wissel Regering subafdeling </button> <ul id="toc-Regering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Struktuur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Struktuur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Struktuur </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Struktuur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politiek" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politiek"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Politiek </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politiek-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administratiewe_verdeling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administratiewe_verdeling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Administratiewe verdeling </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administratiewe_verdeling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ekonomie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ekonomie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Ekonomie </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ekonomie-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Wissel Ekonomie subafdeling </button> <ul id="toc-Ekonomie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Natuurlike_hulpbronne_en_handel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natuurlike_hulpbronne_en_handel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Natuurlike hulpbronne en handel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natuurlike_hulpbronne_en_handel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastruktuur_en_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastruktuur_en_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Infrastruktuur en media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infrastruktuur_en_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gesondheid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gesondheid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Gesondheid </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gesondheid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opvoeding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opvoeding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Opvoeding </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opvoeding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demografie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demografie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Demografie </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demografie-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Wissel Demografie subafdeling </button> <ul id="toc-Demografie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Etniese_groepe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etniese_groepe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Etniese groepe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etniese_groepe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Taal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Godsdiens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Godsdiens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Godsdiens </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Godsdiens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kultuur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kultuur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Kultuur </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Kultuur-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Wissel Kultuur subafdeling </button> <ul id="toc-Kultuur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kunste" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kunste"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Kunste </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kunste-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport_en_ontspanning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport_en_ontspanning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Sport en ontspanning </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport_en_ontspanning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Kos </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verwysings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verwysings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Verwysings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verwysings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ander_bronne" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ander_bronne"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Ander bronne </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ander_bronne-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eksterne_skakels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eksterne_skakels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Eksterne skakels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eksterne_skakels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Wissel die inhoudsopgawe" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Wissel die inhoudsopgawe </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Madagaskar</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gaan na 'n artikel in 'n ander taal. Beskikbaar in 251 tale" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-251" aria-hidden="true" > 251 tale </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Мадагаскар – Abkasies" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Мадагаскар" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkasies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Atsjenees" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Atsjenees" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Switserse Duits" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Switserse Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%9B%E1%8B%B3%E1%8C%8B%E1%88%B5%E1%8A%AB%E1%88%AD" title="ማዳጋስካር – Amharies" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ማዳጋስካር" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharies" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Madagascar" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar – Aragonees" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Madagascar" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonees" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Madagascar" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagasika" title="Madagasika – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Madagasika" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Obolo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="माडागास्कार – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="माडागास्कार" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%BA%D8%B4%D9%82%D8%B1" title="مدغشقر – Arabies" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مدغشقر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabies" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%DD%A3%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="ماداݣاسكار – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ماداݣاسكار" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="مادجاسكار – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مادجاسكار" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0" title="মাদাগাস্কাৰ – Assamees" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="মাদাগাস্কাৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamees" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar – Asturies" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Madagascar" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagasikara" title="Madagasikara – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Madagasikara" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madaqaskar" title="Madaqaskar – Azerbeidjans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Madaqaskar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidjans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="ماداقاسکار – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ماداقاسکار" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Мадагаскар – Baskir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Мадагаскар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Baskir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Balinees" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinees" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskars" title="Madagaskars – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Madagaskars" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Toba</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Мадагаскар – Belarussies" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мадагаскар" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Мадагаскар – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мадагаскар" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Мадагаскар – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мадагаскар" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0" title="मेडागास्कर – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="मेडागास्कर" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="মাদাগাস্কার – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মাদাগাস্কার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%B1%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%80%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8D" title="མ་ད་གཱ་སི་ཀར། – Tibettaans" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="མ་ད་གཱ་སི་ཀར།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibettaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="মাদাগাস্কার – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="মাদাগাস্কার" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Bretons" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Bretons" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Bosnies" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Мадагаскар – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Мадагаскар" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar – Katalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Madagascar" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Madagascar" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Madagascar" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Мадагаскар – Tsjetsjeens" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Мадагаскар" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Tsjetsjeens" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Madagascar" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar – Cheyennees" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Madagascar" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyennees" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="ماداگاسکار – Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ماداگاسکار" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascara" title="Madagascara – Korsikaans" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Madagascara" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Korsikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Tsjeggies" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjeggies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Мадагаскар Республики – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Мадагаскар Республики" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagasgar" title="Madagasgar – Wallies" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Madagasgar" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Wallies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Madagascar" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagathkar" title="Madagathkar – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Madagathkar" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target">Thuɔŋjäŋ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Benedesorbies" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Benedesorbies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0" title="मडागास्कर – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="मडागास्कर" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%89%DE%A6%DE%91%DE%A6%DE%8E%DE%A6%DE%90%DE%B0%DE%86%DE%A6%DE%83%DE%A6" title="މަޑަގަސްކަރަ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="މަޑަގަސްކަރަ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malagasi" title="Malagasi – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Malagasi" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%B4%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B7" title="Μαδαγασκάρη – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μαδαγασκάρη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voorbladartikel"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Madagascar" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskaro" title="Madagaskaro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Madagaskaro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Madagascar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Estnies" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estnies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Baskies" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascal" title="Madagascal – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Madagascal" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="ماداگاسکار – Persies" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ماداگاسکار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persies" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaska" title="Madagaska – Fulah" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Madagaska" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fulah" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madaqasika" title="Madaqasika – Fidjiaans" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Madaqasika" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fidjiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Faroëes" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroëes" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Madagascar" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagasc%C3%A2r" title="Madagascâr – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Madagascâr" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Noord-Fries" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Noord-Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Fries" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar – Iers" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Madagascar" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Iers" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar – Skotse Gallies" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Madagascar" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Skotse Gallies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar – Galisies" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Madagascar" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandagaka" title="Mandagaka – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Mandagaka" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gpe mw-list-item"><a href="https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar – Ghanaian Pidgin" lang="gpe" hreflang="gpe" data-title="Madagascar" data-language-autonym="Ghanaian Pidgin" data-language-local-name="Ghanaian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ghanaian Pidgin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%A1%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%97%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%B0" title="મડાગાસ્કર – Goedjarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="મડાગાસ્કર" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Goedjarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gur mw-list-item"><a href="https://gur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar – Frafra" lang="gur" hreflang="gur" data-title="Madagascar" data-language-autonym="Farefare" data-language-local-name="Frafra" class="interlanguage-link-target">Farefare</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Madagascar" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar – Hakka-Sjinees" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Madagascar" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%92%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%A8" title="מדגסקר – Hebreeus" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מדגסקר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeus" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0" title="मेडागास्कर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मेडागास्कर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Madagascar" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Kroaties" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Oppersorbies" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Oppersorbies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Haïtiaans" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haïtiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaszk%C3%A1r" title="Madagaszkár – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Madagaszkár" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80" title="Մադագասկար – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մադագասկար" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BD%D6%84%D5%A1%D6%80" title="Մատակասքար – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Մատակասքար" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Madagascar" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Indonesies" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Madagascar" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Madagascar" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Madagascar" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Yslands" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Yslands" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Madagascar" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%80%E3%82%AC%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AB" title="マダガスカル – Japannees" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マダガスカル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japannees" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagiaska" title="Madagiaska – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Madagiaska" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhagaskar" title="Madhagaskar – Javaans" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Madhagaskar" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="მადაგასკარი – Georgies" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მადაგასკარი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgies" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madakas%C9%A9kar%C9%A9" title="Madakasɩkarɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Madakasɩkarɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mada%CC%B1ga%CC%B1si%CC%B1ka" title="Mada̱ga̱si̱ka – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Mada̱ga̱si̱ka" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malagasi" title="Malagasi – Kongolees" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Malagasi" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongolees" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Madagascar" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Мадагаскар – Kazaks" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мадагаскар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazaks" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8A%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%A0%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%B6" title="ម៉ាដាហ្កាស្កា – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ម៉ាដាហ្កាស្កា" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D" title="ಮಡಗಾಸ್ಕರ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮಡಗಾಸ್ಕರ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EB%8B%A4%EA%B0%80%EC%8A%A4%EC%B9%B4%EB%A5%B4" title="마다가스카르 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마다가스카르" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Koerdies" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Koerdies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Kornies" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Kornies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Мадагаскар – Kirgisies" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Мадагаскар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgisies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascaria" title="Madagascaria – Latyn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Madagascaria" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Luxemburgs" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxemburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagasicara" title="Madagasicara – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Madagasicara" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Madagascar" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Limburgs" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Madagascar" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Madagascar" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Madagascar" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagasikari" title="Madagasikari – Lingaals" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Madagasikari" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingaals" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskaras" title="Madagaskaras – Litaus" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Madagaskaras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litaus" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskars" title="Madagaskars – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Madagaskars" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskara" title="Madagaskara – Letties" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Madagaskara" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Letties" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Мадагаскар – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Мадагаскар" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagasikara" title="Madagasikara – Malgassies" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Madagasikara" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malgassies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marak%C4%81hia" title="Marakāhia – Maori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Marakāhia" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Maori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Minangkabaus" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabaus" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Мадагаскар – Masedonies" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мадагаскар" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Masedonies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BC" title="മഡഗാസ്കർ – Malabaars" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മഡഗാസ്കർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malabaars" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Мадагаскар – Mongools" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Мадагаскар" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongools" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%97%EA%AF%92%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%94" title="ꯃꯦꯗꯒꯥꯁ꯭ꯀꯔ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯃꯦꯗꯒꯥꯁ꯭ꯀꯔ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0" title="मादागास्कर – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मादागास्कर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Мадагаскар – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Мадагаскар" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Maltees" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltees" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%92%E1%80%AB%E1%80%82%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="မဒါဂတ်စကားနိုင်ငံ – Birmaans" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မဒါဂတ်စကားနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Birmaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="ماداگاسکار – Masanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ماداگاسکار" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Masanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Nederduits" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Nederduits" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Nedersaksies" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Nedersaksies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0" title="माडागास्कर – Nepalees" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="माडागास्कर" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepalees" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0" title="मादागास्कर – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="मादागास्कर" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Nederlands" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Nederlands" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Nuwe Noors" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nuwe Noors" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Boeknoors" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Boeknoors" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar – Noord-Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Madagascar" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Noord-Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mag%C3%AD_Bitsee%CA%BC_Nood%C7%AB%CC%81z%C3%AD_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Magí Bitseeʼ Noodǫ́zí Bikéyah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Magí Bitseeʼ Noodǫ́zí Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar – Oksitaans" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Madagascar" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Oksitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskaar" title="Madagaskaar – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Madagaskaar" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Мадагаскар – Osseties" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Мадагаскар" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Osseties" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B0" title="ਮਾਦਾਗਾਸਕਰ – Pandjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਾਦਾਗਾਸਕਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Pandjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Madagascar" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Madagascar" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Madagascar" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0" title="मडगास्कर – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="मडगास्कर" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Madagascar" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Madagascar" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DA%88%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%B1" title="مڈغاسکر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مڈغاسکر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%B4%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B7%CE%BD" title="Μαδαγασκάρην – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Μαδαγασκάρην" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ποντιακά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%B1" title="مادغاسکر – Pasjtoe" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مادغاسکر" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pasjtoe" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madag%C3%A1scar" title="Madagáscar – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Madagáscar" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathaqaskar" title="Mathaqaskar – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Mathaqaskar" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Madagascar" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Мадагаскар – Russies" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мадагаскар" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagasikari" title="Madagasikari – Rwandees" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Madagasikari" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Rwandees" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0" title="मडगास्कर – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="मडगास्कर" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Мадагаскар – Sakhaans" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Мадагаскар" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Sakhaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8" title="ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱜᱟᱥᱠᱟᱨ – Santalies" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱢᱟᱫᱟᱜᱟᱥᱠᱟᱨ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santalies" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagasc%C3%A0r" title="Madagascàr – Sardinies" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Madagascàr" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar – Sisiliaans" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Madagascar" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sisiliaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar – Skots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Madagascar" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Skots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DA%8A%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%AA%D8%B1" title="مڊگاسڪر – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="مڊگاسڪر" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Noord-Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Noord-Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagask%C3%A4ra" title="Madagaskära – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Madagaskära" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sängö</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Serwo-Kroaties" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serwo-Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mada%C9%A3acqar" title="Madaɣacqar – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Madaɣacqar" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%81%A2%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88%E1%80%90%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%81%B5%E1%81%A2%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88%E1%80%9E%E1%81%B5%E1%82%83%E1%82%87" title="မိူင်းမၢတ်ႈတႃႇၵၢတ်ႈသၵႃႇ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းမၢတ်ႈတႃႇၵၢတ်ႈသၵႃႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%A9%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%BA" title="මැඩගස්කරය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මැඩගස්කරය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Madagascar" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Sloweens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloweens" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar – Samoaans" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Madagascar" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matagadzikwa" title="Matagadzikwa – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Matagadzikwa" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Somalies" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somalies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskari" title="Madagaskari – Albanees" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Madagaskari" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanees" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Мадагаскар – Serwies" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мадагаскар" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serwies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMadagasikha" title="IMadagasikha – Swazi" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IMadagasikha" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swazi" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar – Suid-Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Madagascar" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Suid-Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Sundanees" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanees" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Sweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaska" title="Madagaska – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Madagaska" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Madagascar" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="மடகாசுகர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மடகாசுகர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Madagascar" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D" title="మడగాస్కర్ – Teloegoe" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మడగాస్కర్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Teloegoe" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Мадагаскар – Tadjiks" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Мадагаскар" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tadjiks" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="ประเทศมาดากัสการ์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศมาดากัสการ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%9B%E1%8B%B3%E1%8C%8B%E1%88%B5%E1%8A%AB%E1%88%AD" title="ማዳጋስካር – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ማዳጋስካር" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target">ትግርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Turkmeens" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmeens" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Madagascar" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matakasika" title="Matakasika – Tongaans" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Matakasika" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Madagascar" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Madagascar" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Мадагаскар – Tataars" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Мадагаскар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tataars" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar – Toemboeka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Madagascar" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Toemboeka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matatatihata" title="Matatatihata – Tahities" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Matatatihata" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahities" class="interlanguage-link-target">Reo tahiti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Мадагаскар – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Мадагаскар" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="ماداگاسكار – Uighur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ماداگاسكار" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uighur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Мадагаскар – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мадагаскар" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DA%88%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%B1" title="مڈغاسکر – Oerdoe" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مڈغاسکر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Oerdoe" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Oezbeeks" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Oezbeeks" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Madagascar" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voorbladartikel"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar – Viëtnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Madagascar" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Viëtnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Madagaskar" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malagase%C3%A4n" title="Malagaseän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Malagaseän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Madagascar" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Madagascar" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagaskaar" title="Madagaskaar – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Madagaskaar" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E9%81%94%E5%8A%A0%E6%96%AF%E5%8A%A0" title="馬達加斯加 – Wu-Sjinees" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="馬達加斯加" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="მადაგასკარი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მადაგასკარი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%93%D7%90%D7%92%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A8" title="מאדאגאסקאר – Jiddisj" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מאדאגאסקאר" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Jiddisj" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madag%C3%A1s%C3%ADk%C3%A0" title="Madagásíkà – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Madagásíkà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Madagascar" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madahaskar" title="Madahaskar – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Madahaskar" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%8E%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B7%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B3%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%99%E2%B4%BD%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%94" title="ⵎⴰⴷⴰⴳⴰⵙⴽⴰⵔ – Standaard Marokkaanse Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵎⴰⴷⴰⴳⴰⵙⴽⴰⵔ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standaard Marokkaanse Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voorbladartikel"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E8%BE%BE%E5%8A%A0%E6%96%AF%E5%8A%A0" title="马达加斯加 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="马达加斯加" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E9%81%94%E5%8A%A0%E6%96%AF%E5%8A%A0" title="馬達加斯加 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="馬達加斯加" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar – Min Nan-Sjinees" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Madagascar" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Min Nan-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E9%81%94%E5%8A%A0%E6%96%AF%E5%8A%A0" title="馬達加斯加 – Kantonees" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="馬達加斯加" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonees" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMadagasika" title="IMadagasika – Zoeloe" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IMadagasika" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zoeloe" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1019#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Wysig skakels tussen tale" class="wbc-editpage">Wysig skakels</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Naamruimtes"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Bekyk die inhoudbladsy [c]" accesskey="c">Bladsy</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bespreking:Madagaskar" rel="discussion" title="Bespreking oor die inhoudbladsy [t]" accesskey="t">Bespreking</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Verander taalvariant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Afrikaans </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Weergawes"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Madagaskar">Lees</a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&veaction=edit" title="Redigeer hierdie bladsy [v]" accesskey="v">Wysig</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&action=edit" title="Wysig die bladsy se bonkode [e]" accesskey="e">Wysig bron</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&action=history" title="Ouer weergawes van hierdie bladsy [h]" accesskey="h">Wys geskiedenis</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gereedskap" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Gereedskap </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Gereedskap</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">versteek</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Madagaskar">Lees</a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&veaction=edit" title="Redigeer hierdie bladsy [v]" accesskey="v">Wysig</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&action=edit" title="Wysig die bladsy se bonkode [e]" accesskey="e">Wysig bron</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&action=history">Wys geskiedenis</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Algemeen </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Skakels_hierheen/Madagaskar" title="'n Lys bladsye wat hierheen skakel [j]" accesskey="j">Skakels hierheen</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:OnlangseVeranderingsMetSkakels/Madagaskar" rel="nofollow" title="Onlangse wysigings aan bladsye wat vanaf hierdie bladsy geskakel is [k]" accesskey="k">Verwante veranderings</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Spesiale_bladsye" title="'n Lys van al die spesiale bladsye [q]" accesskey="q">Spesiale bladsye</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&oldid=2707552" title="'n Permanente skakel na hierdie weergawe van die bladsy">Permanente skakel</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&action=info" title="More information about this page">Bladinligting</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:CiteThisPage&page=Madagaskar&id=2707552&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Inligting oor hoe u hierdie bladsy kan verwys">Haal dié blad aan</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Faf.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMadagaskar">Kry verkorte URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Faf.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMadagaskar">Laai QR-kode af</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Druk/uitvoer </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Boek&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Madagaskar">Skep boek</a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:DownloadAsPdf&page=Madagaskar&action=show-download-screen">Laai af as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&printable=yes" title="Drukbare weergawe van hierdie bladsy [p]" accesskey="p">Drukbare weergawe</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Ander projekte </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Madagasikara_/_Madagascar" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1019" title="Skakel na gekonnekteerde databank item [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata-item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Voorkoms"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Voorkoms</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">versteek</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Geografiese_ko%C3%B6rdinatestelsel" title="Geografiese koördinatestelsel">Koördinate</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2670708">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Madagaskar&language=af&params=20_S_47_O_">20°S 47°O / 20°S 47°O / -20; 47</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">in Wikipedia, die vrye ensiklopedie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="af" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox bordered" cellpadding="4" style="width: 250px; font-size: 88%;"> <caption style="margin-left: inherit; font-size: 120%;">Republiek Madagaskar Repoblikan'i Madagasikara (<a href="/wiki/Malgassies" title="Malgassies">Malgassies</a>) République de Madagascar (<a href="/wiki/Frans" title="Frans">Frans</a>) </caption> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2"> <table style="text-align: center; margin: 0 auto; background: none;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border: 0; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 95%;"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Madagascar.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Madagaskar"><img alt="Vlag van Madagaskar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/125px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/188px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/250px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> </td> <td style="border: 0; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Seal_of_Madagascar.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seël van Madagaskar"><img alt="Seël van Madagaskar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Seal_of_Madagascar.svg/85px-Seal_of_Madagascar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Seal_of_Madagascar.svg/128px-Seal_of_Madagascar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Seal_of_Madagascar.svg/170px-Seal_of_Madagascar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size: 95%;"> <td style="border: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Vlag_van_Madagaskar" title="Vlag van Madagaskar">Vlag</a> </td> <td style="border: 0;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Se%C3%ABl_van_Madagaskar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seël van Madagaskar (bladsy bestaan nie)">Seël</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="font-size: 95%; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Lys_van_nasionale_leuses" title="Lys van nasionale leuses">Nasionale leuse</a>: Fitiavana, Tanindrazana, Fandrosoana (Malgassies) Amour, patrie, progrès (Frans) (<a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a>: "Liefde, Vaderland, Vooruitgang"<a href="#cite_note-4thRepublic-1">[1]</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="font-size: 95%; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Volkslied" title="Volkslied">Volkslied</a>: Ry Tanindrazanay malala ô! (Malgassies vir: "O, geliefde land van ons voorvaders!") <center><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="63" data-mwtitle="Ry_Tanindrazanay_malala_ô!_(instrumental).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Ry_Tanindrazanay_malala_%C3%B4%21_%28instrumental%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dd/Ry_Tanindrazanay_malala_%C3%B4%21_%28instrumental%29.ogg/Ry_Tanindrazanay_malala_%C3%B4%21_%28instrumental%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ARy_Tanindrazanay_malala_%C3%B4%21_%28instrumental%29.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ARy_Tanindrazanay_malala_%C3%B4%21_%28instrumental%29.ogg&lang=fr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fr" label="français ‪(fr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ARy_Tanindrazanay_malala_%C3%B4%21_%28instrumental%29.ogg&lang=id&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="id" label="Bahasa Indonesia ‪(id)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ARy_Tanindrazanay_malala_%C3%B4%21_%28instrumental%29.ogg&lang=mg&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="mg" label="Malagasy ‪(mg)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></center> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background: white;"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Location_Madagascar_AU_Africa.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ligging van Madagaskar"><img alt="Ligging van Madagaskar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Location_Madagascar_AU_Africa.svg/250px-Location_Madagascar_AU_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Location_Madagascar_AU_Africa.svg/375px-Location_Madagascar_AU_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Location_Madagascar_AU_Africa.svg/500px-Location_Madagascar_AU_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1300" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hoofstad" title="Hoofstad">Hoofstad</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Antananarivo" title="Antananarivo">Antananarivo</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2670708">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Madagaskar&language=af&params=18_55_S_47_31_O_">18°55′S 47°31′O / 18.917°S 47.517°O / -18.917; 47.517</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Grootste stad </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Antananarivo" title="Antananarivo">Antananarivo</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amptelike_taal" title="Amptelike taal">Amptelike tale</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Frans" title="Frans">Frans</a> en <a href="/wiki/Malgassies" title="Malgassies">Malgassies</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Lys_van_lande_volgens_regeringstipe" title="Lys van lande volgens regeringstipe">Regering</a> <div style="text-align: left;"> • <a href="/wiki/President" title="President">President</a> • <a href="/wiki/Eerste_minister" title="Eerste minister">Eerste minister</a></div> </td> <td style="white-space: nowrap;">Unitêre semi-presidensiële grondwetlike <a href="/wiki/Republiek" title="Republiek">republiek</a> <a href="/wiki/Andry_Rajoelina" title="Andry Rajoelina">Andry Rajoelina</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Ntsay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christian Ntsay (bladsy bestaan nie)">Christian Ntsay</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Lys_van_lande_volgens_onafhanklikheidsdatum" title="Lys van lande volgens onafhanklikheidsdatum">Onafhanklikheid</a> <div style="text-align: left;">• van <a href="/wiki/Frankryk" title="Frankryk">Frankryk</a> • Huidige grondwet </div> </td> <td style="white-space: nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/26_Junie" title="26 Junie">26 Junie</a> <a href="/wiki/1960" title="1960">1960</a> <a href="/wiki/17_November" title="17 November">17 November</a> <a href="/wiki/2010" title="2010">2010</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oppervlakte" title="Oppervlakte">Oppervlakte</a>  - Totaal    - Water (%) </td> <td>  587 041<a href="#cite_note-CIA-2">[2]</a> km2  (<a href="/wiki/Lys_van_lande_volgens_oppervlak" title="Lys van lande volgens oppervlak">49ste</a>) 228 880 myl2 0,9 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Lys_van_lande_volgens_bevolking" title="Lys van lande volgens bevolking">Bevolking</a>  - 2023-skatting  - 1993-sensus  - <a href="/wiki/Bevolkingsdigtheid" title="Bevolkingsdigtheid">Digtheid</a> </td> <td>  28 812 195<a href="#cite_note-CIA-2">[2]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lys_van_lande_volgens_bevolking" title="Lys van lande volgens bevolking">53ste</a>) 12 238 914 47,7 / km2 (<a href="/wiki/Lys_van_lande_volgens_bevolkingsdigtheid" title="Lys van lande volgens bevolkingsdigtheid">174ste</a>) 123,5 / myl2 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Bruto_binnelandse_produk" title="Bruto binnelandse produk">BBP</a> (<a href="/wiki/Koopkragpariteit" title="Koopkragpariteit">KKP</a>)  - Totaal  - Per capita </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2024" title="2024">2024</a>-skatting $60,826 miljard<a href="#cite_note-imf2-3">[3]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lys_van_lande_volgens_BBP_(Koopkragpariteit)" title="Lys van lande volgens BBP (Koopkragpariteit)">117de</a>) $1 988<a href="#cite_note-imf2-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lys_van_lande_volgens_BBP_(Koopkragpariteit)_per_capita" class="mw-redirect" title="Lys van lande volgens BBP (Koopkragpariteit) per capita">(182ste)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Lys_van_lande_volgens_BBP_(nominaal)" title="Lys van lande volgens BBP (nominaal)">BBP</a> (nominaal)  - Totaal  - Per capita </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2024" title="2024">2024</a>-skatting $16,769 miljard<a href="#cite_note-imf2-3">[3]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lys_van_lande_volgens_BBP_(nominaal)" title="Lys van lande volgens BBP (nominaal)">139ste</a>) $548<a href="#cite_note-imf2-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lys_van_lande_volgens_BBP_(nominaal)_per_capita" title="Lys van lande volgens BBP (nominaal) per capita">(188ste)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Menslike_ontwikkelingsindeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Menslike ontwikkelingsindeks">MOI</a> (<a href="/wiki/2021" title="2021">2021</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/10px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/15px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/20px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700" /></a> 0,501<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lys_van_lande_volgens_Menslike_Ontwikkelingsindeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Lys van lande volgens Menslike Ontwikkelingsindeks">173ste</a>)  –  laag </td></tr> <tr> <td style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Gini-ko%C3%ABffisi%C3%ABnt" title="Gini-koëffisiënt">Gini</a> (<a href="/wiki/2012" title="2012">2012</a>) </td> <td>42,6<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> –  medium </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Geld" title="Geld">Geldeenheid</a> </td> <td style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Malgassiese_ariary" title="Malgassiese ariary">Ariary</a> (<code><a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">MGA</a></code>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tydsone" title="Tydsone">Tydsone</a>  - <a href="/wiki/Somertyd" title="Somertyd">Somertyd</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oos-Afrika_Tyd" title="Oos-Afrika Tyd">OAT</a> (<a href="/wiki/Geko%C3%B6rdineerde_Universele_Tyd" title="Gekoördineerde Universele Tyd">UTC</a><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B03:00" title="UTC+03:00">+3</a>) nie toegepas nie (<a href="/wiki/Geko%C3%B6rdineerde_Universele_Tyd" title="Gekoördineerde Universele Tyd">UTC</a><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B03:00" title="UTC+03:00">+3</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lys_van_Internettopvlakdomeine" title="Lys van Internettopvlakdomeine">Internet-TLD</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/.mg" title=".mg">.mg</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lys_van_landskakelkodes" title="Lys van landskakelkodes">Skakelkode</a> </td> <td>+261 </td></tr></tbody></table> Madagaskar (<a href="/wiki/Frans" title="Frans">Frans</a>: Madagascar, <a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Fr-Madagascar.oga" class="internal" title="Fr-Madagascar.oga">luister</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Mediahulp" title="Wikipedia:Mediahulp">hulp</a>·<a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Fr-Madagascar.oga" title="Lêer:Fr-Madagascar.oga">inligting</a>); <a href="/wiki/Malgassies" title="Malgassies">Malgassies</a>: Madagasikara, <a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/Mg-Madagasikara.ogg" class="internal" title="Mg-Madagasikara.ogg">luister</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Mediahulp" title="Wikipedia:Mediahulp">hulp</a>·<a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Mg-Madagasikara.ogg" title="Lêer:Mg-Madagasikara.ogg">inligting</a>)), amptelik die Republiek Madagaskar (Frans: République de Madagascar; Malgassies: Repoblikan'i Madagasikara, [republiˈkʲan madaɡasˈkʲarə̥]), is ’n <a href="/wiki/Eilandstaat" title="Eilandstaat">eilandstaat</a> in <a href="/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika">Afrika</a> sowat 400 km oos van die <a href="/wiki/Mosambiek" title="Mosambiek">Mosambiekse</a> kus. Dit is die grootste eilandstaat in die <a href="/wiki/Indiese_Oseaan" title="Indiese Oseaan">Indiese Oseaan</a> en naas <a href="/wiki/Indonesi%C3%AB" title="Indonesië">Indonesië</a> die grootste ter wêreld. Teen sowat ’n halfmiljoen vierkante kilometer is die eiland so groot soos <a href="/wiki/Frankryk" title="Frankryk">Frankryk</a>, sy voormalige koloniseerder. Die <a href="/wiki/Hoofstad" title="Hoofstad">hoofstad</a> en grootste stad is <a href="/wiki/Antananarivo" title="Antananarivo">Antananarivo</a>, wat in die middel van die land geleë is. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Madagaskarkaart.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Madagaskarkaart.png/170px-Madagaskarkaart.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="369" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Madagaskarkaart.png/255px-Madagaskarkaart.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Madagaskarkaart.png/340px-Madagaskarkaart.png 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="956" /></a><figcaption>’n Kaart van Madagaskar. Nosy beteken "eiland" in Malgassies</figcaption></figure> Madagaskar is teenoor Mosambiek geleë, net suidoos van die <a href="/wiki/Comore-eilande" title="Comore-eilande">Comore-eilande</a> en <a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a>, en wes van <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a> en <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a>. Dit word deur die <a href="/wiki/Mosambiekkanaal" title="Mosambiekkanaal">Mosambiekkanaal</a> van Mosambiek geskei. Die land bestaan uit Madagaskar, die wêreld se vierde grootste <a href="/wiki/Eiland" title="Eiland">eiland</a>, en talle klein eilandjies. Ná die <a href="/wiki/Voorgeskiedenis" title="Voorgeskiedenis">prehistoriese</a> verbrokkeling van die <a href="/wiki/Superkontinent" title="Superkontinent">superkontinent</a> <a href="/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwana</a> het Madagaskar sowat 88 miljoen jaar gelede geskei geraak van die <a href="/wiki/Indiese_subkontinent" title="Indiese subkontinent">Indiese subkontinent</a>. Dit het tot gevolg gehad dat die eiland se <a href="/wiki/Dier" title="Dier">diere</a> en <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plante</a> in redelike isolasie ontwikkel het – meer as 90% van die natuurlewe word nêrens anders op <a href="/wiki/Aarde" title="Aarde">aarde</a> aangetref nie. Die eiland se uiteenlopende <a href="/wiki/Ekostelsel" title="Ekostelsel">ekostelsels</a> en unieke natuurlewe word bedreig deur die vinnige uitbreiding van die bevolking en ander omgewingsfaktore. Die eerste <a href="/wiki/Argeologie" title="Argeologie">argeologiese</a> bewyse van menslike lewe op Madagaskar dateer van 2000 v.C. <a href="/wiki/Austronesiese_volke" title="Austronesiese volke">Austronesiese volke</a> het tussen 350 v.C. en 550 n.C. in <a href="/wiki/Vlerkprou" title="Vlerkprou">vlerkproue</a> van <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a> af gekom. Omstreeks 1000 n.C. het <a href="/wiki/Bantoevolke" title="Bantoevolke">Bantoevolke</a> van <a href="/wiki/Oos-Afrika" title="Oos-Afrika">Oos-Afrika</a> die Mosambiekkanaal oorgesteek na Madagaskar. Mettertyd het nog volke hulle op die eiland gevestig, wat elk ’n blywende invloed op die Malgassiese <a href="/wiki/Kultuur" title="Kultuur">kultuurlewe</a> gehad het. Die bevolking word dikwels in 18 of meer subgroepe verdeel waarvan die grootste die <a href="/wiki/Merina" title="Merina">Merina</a> van die sentrale hoogland is. Tot in die laat <a href="/wiki/18de_eeu" title="18de eeu">18de eeu</a> is die eiland regeer deur ’n gefragmenteerde verskeidenheid sosiopolitieke bondgenootskappe. Aan die begin van die <a href="/wiki/19de_eeu" title="19de eeu">19de eeu</a> is die grootste deel van die eiland verenig en deur ’n reeks Merina-adellikes regeer as die <a href="#Koninkryk_Madagaskar">Koninkryk Madagaskar</a>. Die monargie het in 1897 tot ’n einde gekom toe die eiland in die <a href="/wiki/Franse_koloniale_ryk" title="Franse koloniale ryk">Franse koloniale ryk</a> opgeneem is. Madagaskar het in 1960 sy onafhanklikheid van <a href="/wiki/Frankryk" title="Frankryk">Frankryk</a> verkry. Die outonome staat Madagaskar het sedertdien deur vier groot konstitusionele tydperke gegaan wat as republieke bekend staan. Sedert 1992 is die nasie amptelik as ’n konstitusionele demokrasie vanaf sy hoofstad, <a href="/wiki/Antananarivo" title="Antananarivo">Antananarivo</a>, regeer. In 2009 is president Marc Ravalomanana egter in ’n volksopstand gedwing om te bedank en in Maart 2009 het Andry Rajoelina president geword. Die konstitusionele regering is in Januarie 2014 herstel nadat <a href="/wiki/Hery_Rajaonarimampianina" title="Hery Rajaonarimampianina">Hery Rajaonarimampianina</a> die vorige jaar in ’n verkiesing as president verkies is. Madagaskar is lid van die <a href="/wiki/Verenigde_Nasies" title="Verenigde Nasies">Verenigde Nasies</a>, die <a href="/wiki/Afrika-unie" title="Afrika-unie">Afrika-unie</a>, die <a href="/wiki/Suider-Afrikaanse_Ontwikkelingsgemeenskap" title="Suider-Afrikaanse Ontwikkelingsgemeenskap">Suider-Afrikaanse Ontwikkelingsgemeenskap</a> en die Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie. Madagaskar is volgens die VN een van die wêreld se mins ontwikkelde lande.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Malgassies en Frans is albei amptelike tale. Die grootste deel van die bevolking volg tradisionele gelowe, <a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christenskap</a> of ’n mengsel van die twee. Ekotoerisme en landbou, wat gepaardgaan met groter beleggings in opvoeding, gesondheid en privaat ondernemings, is sleutelelemente van Madagaskar se ontwikkelingstrategie. Onder Ravalomanana het hierdie beleggings tot aansienlike ekonomiese groei gelei, maar die voordele is nie eweredig onder die bevolking versprei nie en die toenemenede lewenskoste en dalende lewenstandaarde het spanning veroorsaak onder die armes en sekere dele van die middelklas. Sedert 2017 het die ekonomie agteruitgegaan weens die politieke krisis van 2009 tot 2013, en die grootste deel van die bevolking se lewensgehalte bly laag. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etimologie">Etimologie</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Wysig afdeling: Etimologie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Etimologie">wysig bron</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Malgassies" title="Malgassies">Malgassies</a>, die taal van Madagaskar, is die eiland se naam Madagasikara. Die mense word <a href="/wiki/Malgasse_(volk)" title="Malgasse (volk)">Malgasse</a> genoem. Die naam "Madagaskar" is nie van plaaslike oorsprong nie, maar is in die <a href="/wiki/Middeleeue" title="Middeleeue">Middeleeue</a> deur Europeërs gebruik en gevestig.<a href="#cite_note-Cousins-7">[7]</a> Die naam Madageiscar het die eerste keer in die memoires van die 13de-eeuse <a href="/wiki/Venesi%C3%AB" title="Venesië">Venesiese</a> verkenner <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a> voorgekom. Op Sint Lawrence-dag in 1500 het die <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugese</a> verkenner Diogo Dias op die eiland geland en dit São Lourenço gedoop. Polo se naam is egter verkies op kaarte van die <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>. Dit lyk nie of enige ander naam voor Madagasikara in Malgassies gebruik is nie, hoewel sommige gemeenskappe hul eie name het vir die grond of dele van die grond wat hulle bewoon. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geografie">Geografie</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Wysig afdeling: Geografie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Geografie">wysig bron</a>]</div> <div class="thumb tleft" style="width: 545px;"> <div class="thumbinner"> <div style="float: left; margin: 1px; width: 182px"> <div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Imerina_countryside_riziere_rice_paddies_Madagascar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="terraced emerald paddy fields checker softly rolling hills" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Imerina_countryside_riziere_rice_paddies_Madagascar.jpg/180px-Imerina_countryside_riziere_rice_paddies_Madagascar.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Imerina_countryside_riziere_rice_paddies_Madagascar.jpg/270px-Imerina_countryside_riziere_rice_paddies_Madagascar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Imerina_countryside_riziere_rice_paddies_Madagascar.jpg/360px-Imerina_countryside_riziere_rice_paddies_Madagascar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1023" data-file-height="656" /></a> </div> </div><div style="float: left; margin: 1px; width: 192px"> <div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Rainforestmadagascar04.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Hills covered with dense blue green tropical forests" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Rainforestmadagascar04.tif/lossless-page1-190px-Rainforestmadagascar04.tif.png" decoding="async" width="190" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Rainforestmadagascar04.tif/lossless-page1-285px-Rainforestmadagascar04.tif.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Rainforestmadagascar04.tif/lossless-page1-380px-Rainforestmadagascar04.tif.png 2x" data-file-width="1535" data-file-height="945" /></a> </div> </div><div style="float: left; margin: 1px; width: 157px"> <div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Beach_in_Madagascar_with_pirogues_and_palm_trees.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="White sand beach lined with palm trees along a turquoise sea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Beach_in_Madagascar_with_pirogues_and_palm_trees.jpg/155px-Beach_in_Madagascar_with_pirogues_and_palm_trees.jpg" decoding="async" width="155" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Beach_in_Madagascar_with_pirogues_and_palm_trees.jpg/233px-Beach_in_Madagascar_with_pirogues_and_palm_trees.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Beach_in_Madagascar_with_pirogues_and_palm_trees.jpg/310px-Beach_in_Madagascar_with_pirogues_and_palm_trees.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> </div> </div><div class="thumbcaption" style="clear: left; text-align: left; background: transparent; color:inherit">Die terasse met rysvelde van die sentrale hoogland van Madagaskar (links), die tropiese reënwoud aan die ooskus (middel) en die kus van die <a href="/wiki/Indiese_Oseaan" title="Indiese Oseaan">Indiese Oseaan</a> (regs). </div> </div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Satellite_image_of_Madagascar_in_September_2003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Satellite_image_of_Madagascar_in_September_2003.jpg/220px-Satellite_image_of_Madagascar_in_September_2003.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="422" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Satellite_image_of_Madagascar_in_September_2003.jpg/330px-Satellite_image_of_Madagascar_in_September_2003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Satellite_image_of_Madagascar_in_September_2003.jpg/440px-Satellite_image_of_Madagascar_in_September_2003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3214" data-file-height="6164" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nasa" title="Nasa">Nasa</a>-satellietbeeld van Madagaskar</figcaption></figure> Teen 592 800 km²<a href="#cite_note-BGNote-8">[8]</a> is Madagaskar die 49ste grootste land<a href="#cite_note-CIA-2">[2]</a> en die vierde grootste eiland<a href="#cite_note-BGNote-8">[8]</a> ter wêreld. Die land lê hoofsaaklik tussen die <a href="/wiki/Breedtegraad" title="Breedtegraad">breedtegrade</a> 12°S en 26°S, en die <a href="/wiki/Lengtegraad" title="Lengtegraad">lengtegrade</a> 43°O en 51°O.<a href="#cite_note-georeport-9">[9]</a> Naburige eilande sluit in die Franse Réunion en die land Mauritius in die ooste, en die staat Comore en die Franse gebied Mayotte in die noordweste. Die naaste land op die vasteland is <a href="/wiki/Mosambiek" title="Mosambiek">Mosambiek</a> in die weste. Met die prehistoriese verbrokkeling van die superkontinent Gondwana is die landmassa Madagaskar-Antarktika-Indië sowat 135 miljoen jaar gelede geskei van die landmassa Afrika-Suid-Amerika. Madagaskar het sowat 88 miljoen jaar gelede wegbeweeg van Indië. Dit het meegebring dat die eiland se plante en diere in taamlike isolasie ontwikkel het.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Aan die ooskus loop ’n smal, steil <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">platorand</a> met ’n groot deel van die eiland se oorblywende tropiese laaglandwoud. Wes hiervan lê ’n plato in die middel van die eiland wat in hoogte wissel tussen 750 en 1 500 m bo die seevlak. Hierdie sentrale hoogland is tradisioneel die tuiste van die Merina-volk en die ligging van hul historiese hoofstad, <a href="/wiki/Antananarivo" title="Antananarivo">Antananarivo</a>; dit is die digs bevolkte deel van die eiland en word gekenmerk deur terrasse met <a href="/wiki/Rys" title="Rys">ryslande</a> wat lê tussen grasbedekte heuwels en kolle van die grasveldwoude wat voorheen die hooglandstreek bedek het. Wes van die hoogland loop die al hoe droër terrein geleidelik af na die Mosambiekkanaal en wortelboomvleie aan die kus.<a href="#cite_note-endemicstats-11">[11]</a> <div class="thumb tleft" style="width: 545px;"> <div class="thumbinner"> <div style="float: left; margin: 1px; width: 179px"> <div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Isalo_canyons.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Pastel striated stone outcroppings jut from the plains" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Isalo_canyons.jpg/177px-Isalo_canyons.jpg" decoding="async" width="177" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Isalo_canyons.jpg/266px-Isalo_canyons.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Isalo_canyons.jpg/354px-Isalo_canyons.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2092" data-file-height="1452" /></a> </div> </div><div style="float: left; margin: 1px; width: 166px"> <div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:All%C3%A9e_des_Baobabs_near_Morondava,_Madagascar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Giant baobabs clustered against the sky" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/All%C3%A9e_des_Baobabs_near_Morondava%2C_Madagascar.jpg/164px-All%C3%A9e_des_Baobabs_near_Morondava%2C_Madagascar.jpg" decoding="async" width="164" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/All%C3%A9e_des_Baobabs_near_Morondava%2C_Madagascar.jpg/246px-All%C3%A9e_des_Baobabs_near_Morondava%2C_Madagascar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/All%C3%A9e_des_Baobabs_near_Morondava%2C_Madagascar.jpg/328px-All%C3%A9e_des_Baobabs_near_Morondava%2C_Madagascar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1701" data-file-height="1276" /></a> </div> </div><div style="float: left; margin: 1px; width: 186px"> <div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Spiny_Forest_Ifaty_Madagascar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Bizarre succulents growing sparsely from deep red earth" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Spiny_Forest_Ifaty_Madagascar.jpg/184px-Spiny_Forest_Ifaty_Madagascar.jpg" decoding="async" width="184" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Spiny_Forest_Ifaty_Madagascar.jpg/276px-Spiny_Forest_Ifaty_Madagascar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Spiny_Forest_Ifaty_Madagascar.jpg/368px-Spiny_Forest_Ifaty_Madagascar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> </div> </div><div class="thumbcaption" style="clear: left; text-align: left; background: transparent; color:inherit">Die grasvlaktes van die westelike landskap bevat klipmassiewe (links) en kolle bladwisselende woude en kremetartbome (middel), terwyl die suide gekenmerk word deur woestyne en doringboomwoude (regs). </div> </div> </div> Madagaskar se hoogste pieke kom in drie prominente hooglandmassiewe voor: Maromokotro (2 876 m) in die Tsaratanana-massief is die eiland se hoogste punt, gevolg deur Boby Peak (2 658 m) in die Andringitra-massief en Tsiafajavona (2 643 m) in die Ankaratra-massief. In die ooste is die Canal des Pangalanes, ’n ketting mensgemaakte en natuurlike mere wat deur kanale verbind word wat die Franse ’n ent van die ooskus gebou het en 600 km ver parallel met die kus loop.<a href="#cite_note-EBLand-12">[12]</a> Die westelike en suidelike dele, wat in die reënskadu van die sentrale hoogland lê, is die tuiste van droë, bladwisselende woude en woestyne. Omdat die gebied minder dig bevolk is, het die droë woude beter bewaar gebly as die oostelike reënwoude of die oorspronklike boslande van die sentrale plato. Die weskus het baie beskermde hawens, maar aanslikking is ’n groot probleem. Dit word veroorsaak deur <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediment</a> weens die hoë vlak van binnelandse erosie wat in die riviere beland wat die breë westelike vlaktes deurkruis.<a href="#cite_note-EBLand-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Klimaat">Klimaat</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Wysig afdeling: Klimaat" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Klimaat">wysig bron</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Madagascar_map_of_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification_af.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Madagascar_map_of_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification_af.png/220px-Madagascar_map_of_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification_af.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Madagascar_map_of_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification_af.png/330px-Madagascar_map_of_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification_af.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Madagascar_map_of_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification_af.png/440px-Madagascar_map_of_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification_af.png 2x" data-file-width="1900" data-file-height="1900" /></a><figcaption>’n Kaart van Madagaskar se <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen-klimaatklassifikasie" title="Köppen-klimaatklassifikasie">Köppen-klimaatklassifikasie</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Biogeographic_timetable_of_Madagascar_-_journal.pone.0062086.g003.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Biogeographic_timetable_of_Madagascar_-_journal.pone.0062086.g003.png/170px-Biogeographic_timetable_of_Madagascar_-_journal.pone.0062086.g003.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Biogeographic_timetable_of_Madagascar_-_journal.pone.0062086.g003.png/255px-Biogeographic_timetable_of_Madagascar_-_journal.pone.0062086.g003.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Biogeographic_timetable_of_Madagascar_-_journal.pone.0062086.g003.png/340px-Biogeographic_timetable_of_Madagascar_-_journal.pone.0062086.g003.png 2x" data-file-width="2925" data-file-height="4163" /></a><figcaption>’n Biologiese tydlyn van Madagaskar oor die afgelope 200 miljoen jaar.</figcaption></figure> Die kombinasie van suidoostelike <a href="/wiki/Passaatwind" title="Passaatwind">passaatwinde</a> en noordwestelike <a href="/wiki/Moesonwind" class="mw-redirect" title="Moesonwind">moesonwinde</a> lei tot ’n warm reënseisoen (November-April) met gereelde vernietigende <a href="/wiki/Sikloon" title="Sikloon">siklone</a>, en ’n relatief koeler, droë seisoen (Mei-Oktober). Reënwolke wat oor die <a href="/wiki/Indiese_Oseaan" title="Indiese Oseaan">Indiese Oseaan</a> ontstaan, bring neerslae oor die eiland se ooskus; die swaar neerslae ondersteun die gebied se <a href="/wiki/Re%C3%ABnwoud" title="Reënwoud">reënwoudekostelsel</a>. Die sentrale hoogland is droër, asook koeler, terwyl die weste nog droër is. ’n Halfdroë klimaat heers in die suidweste en suidelike binneland.<a href="#cite_note-endemicstats-11">[11]</a> Tropiese siklone veroorsaak elke jaar skade aan die infrastruktuur en plaaslike ekonomieë asook lewensverlies.<a href="#cite_note-LOC-13">[13]</a> In 2004 was sikloon Gafilo die sterkste sikloon wat nog in Madagaskar aangeteken is. Die storm het 172 mense gedood, 214 260 dakloos gelaat<a href="#cite_note-gafilo-14">[14]</a> en miljarde rande se skade aangerig.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ekologie">Ekologie</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Wysig afdeling: Ekologie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Ekologie">wysig bron</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:OaklandZooLemurs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/OaklandZooLemurs.jpg/220px-OaklandZooLemurs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/OaklandZooLemurs.jpg/330px-OaklandZooLemurs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/OaklandZooLemurs.jpg/440px-OaklandZooLemurs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="899" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption>Die <a href="/wiki/Ringstertlemur" class="mw-redirect" title="Ringstertlemur">ringstertlemur</a> is een van die meer as 100 bekende spesies en subspesies van die <a href="/wiki/Lemur" title="Lemur">lemur</a> wat net op Madagaskar aangetref word.<a href="#cite_note-2009Mittermeier-16">[16]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Ravenala_madagascariensis_Maui.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Ravenala_madagascariensis_Maui.jpg/170px-Ravenala_madagascariensis_Maui.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Ravenala_madagascariensis_Maui.jpg/255px-Ravenala_madagascariensis_Maui.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Ravenala_madagascariensis_Maui.jpg/340px-Ravenala_madagascariensis_Maui.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="1535" /></a><figcaption>Die eiland se ikoniese reisigerspalm (Ravenala madagascariensis) kom in die land se nasionale embleem voor</figcaption></figure> Vanweë die eiland se lang isolasie van naburige kontinente word talle plante en diere op Madagaskar nêrens anders ter wêreld aangetref nie.<a href="#cite_note-CIHotSpot-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-tattersall-18">[18]</a> Sowat 90% van die spesies is <a href="/wiki/Endemies" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Endemies">endemies</a>,<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> insluitende die <a href="/wiki/Lemur" title="Lemur">lemur</a> (’n soort <a href="/wiki/Halfaap" title="Halfaap">halfaap</a>), die <a href="/wiki/Karnivoor" title="Karnivoor">karnivore</a> <a href="/wiki/Fossa" title="Fossa">fossa</a> (of fretkat) en baie <a href="/wiki/Vo%C3%ABl" title="Voël">voëls</a>. Hierdie eiesoortige ekologie maak dat sommige ekoloë na Madagaskar verwys as "die agtste kontinent",<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> en Conservation International noem die eiland ’n bioversiteitswarmkol.<a href="#cite_note-CIHotSpot-17">[17]</a> Meer as 80 persent van die 14 883 plantspesies word nêrens anders op aarde aangetref nie; dit sluit vyf plantfamilies in.<a href="#cite_note-endemism-21">[21]</a> Die <a href="/wiki/Familie_(biologie)" title="Familie (biologie)">familie</a> <a href="/wiki/Didiereaceae" title="Didiereaceae">Didiereaceae</a>, wat uit vier <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genera</a> en 11 <a href="/wiki/Spesie" title="Spesie">spesies</a> bestaan, is beperk tot Suidwes-Madagaskar se doringboomwoude.<a href="#cite_note-endemicstats-11">[11]</a> Viervyfdes van die wêreld se <a href="/wiki/Pachypodium" title="Pachypodium">Pachypodium</a>-spesies is endemies op die eiland.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Driekwart<a href="#cite_note-B2011plant-23">[23]</a> van die 860<a href="#cite_note-endemism-21">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/Orgidee" class="mw-redirect" title="Orgidee">orgideespesies</a> word net hier aangetref, asook ses van die wêreld se nege <a href="/wiki/Kremetartboom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kremetartboom">kremetartboomspesies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Sowat 170 <a href="/wiki/Palm" class="mw-redirect" title="Palm">palmspesies</a> word hier aangetref – drie keer soveel as op die hele vasteland van <a href="/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika">Afrika</a>; 165 van hulle is endemies.<a href="#cite_note-B2011plant-23">[23]</a> Baie inheemse plantspesies word gebruik as kruiemedisyne vir ’n verskeidenheid kwale. Die middels vinblastine<a href="#cite_note-MoleculesReview-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> en vincristine<a href="#cite_note-MoleculesReview-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> is vinca-<a href="/wiki/Alkalo%C3%AFede" title="Alkaloïede">alkaloïedes</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> wat gebruik word vir die behandeling van Hodgkinsiekte,<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <a href="/wiki/Leukemie" title="Leukemie">leukemie</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> en ander soorte <a href="/wiki/Kanker" title="Kanker">kanker</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Dit word gemaak van die <a href="/wiki/Malgassiese_kanniedood" class="mw-redirect" title="Malgassiese kanniedood">Malgassiese kanniedood</a>.<a href="#cite_note-periw-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Die <a href="/wiki/Reisigerspalm" title="Reisigerspalm">reisigerspalm</a>, wat plaaslik as ravinala bekend is<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> en endemies in die oostelike reënwoude is,<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> is baie ikonies van Madagaskar en kom voor in onder meer die nasionale embleem.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Nes sy <a href="/wiki/Flora" class="mw-redirect" title="Flora">flora</a>, is Madagaskar se <a href="/wiki/Fauna" class="mw-redirect" title="Fauna">fauna</a> uiteenlopend en ’n groot deel daarvan is endemies. Conservation International het die <a href="/wiki/Lemur" title="Lemur">lemur</a> al Madagaskar se vlagskip-soogdierspesie" genoem.<a href="#cite_note-CIHotSpot-17">[17]</a> In die afwesigheid van <a href="/wiki/Aap" title="Aap">ape</a> en ander mededingers het hierdie <a href="/wiki/Primaat" title="Primaat">primate</a> aangepas by ’n groot verskeidenheid <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">habitats</a> en in verskeie spesies ontwikkel. In 2012 was daar amptelik 103 spesies en subspesies,<a href="#cite_note-lemurextinction-38">[38]</a> waarvan 39 tussen 2000 en 2008 beskryf is.<a href="#cite_note-Mittermeier2008-39">[39]</a> Hulle is feitlik almal geklassifiseer as seldsaam, kwesbaar of bedreig. Minstens 17 spesies het uitgesterf sedert die mens op die eiland aangekom het – hulle was almal groter as die bestaande spesies.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> ’n Paar ander <a href="/wiki/Soogdier" title="Soogdier">soogdiere</a>, onder meer die katagtige <a href="/wiki/Fossa" title="Fossa">fossa</a>, is endemies op Madagaskar. Meer as 300 voëlspesies is op die eiland aangeteken, waarvan meer as 60 persent (insluitende vier families en 42 genera) endemies is.<a href="#cite_note-CIHotSpot-17">[17]</a> Die paar families en genera van <a href="/wiki/Reptiel" title="Reptiel">reptiele</a> wat Madagaskar bereik het, het in meer as 260 spesies gediversifiseer; van hulle is meer as 90 persent endemies<a href="#cite_note-Okajima-41">[41]</a> (insluitende een endemiese familie).<a href="#cite_note-CIHotSpot-17">[17]</a> Die eiland is die tuiste van tweederdes van die wêreld se <a href="/wiki/Verkleurmannetjie" title="Verkleurmannetjie">verkleurmannetjiespesies</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Okajima-41">[41]</a> insluitende die kleinste bekende spesie, Brookesia micra.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Navorsers het al voorgestel dat verkleurmannetjies in geheel op Madagaskar ontstaan het. Endemiese <a href="/wiki/Vis" title="Vis">vissoorte</a> sluit in twee families, 15 genera en meer as 100 spesies. Hulle kom veral voor in die eiland se <a href="/wiki/Meer" title="Meer">varswatermere</a> en <a href="/wiki/Rivier" title="Rivier">riviere</a>. Hoewel <a href="/wiki/Ongewerweldes" title="Ongewerweldes">ongewerweldes</a> op Madagaskar nie goed bestudeer is nie, glo navorsers daar is ook ’n groot mate van endemisme onder die bekende spesies. Al 651 spesies van die <a href="/wiki/Slak" title="Slak">aardslakke</a> is endemies, asook baie van die eiland se <a href="/wiki/Skoenlapper" title="Skoenlapper">skoenlappers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miskruier" title="Miskruier">miskruiers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaasvlerkiges" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaasvlerkiges">Gaasvlerkiges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spinnekop" title="Spinnekop">spinnekoppe</a> en <a href="/wiki/Naaldekoker" title="Naaldekoker">naaldekokers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CIHotSpot-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Omgewingskwessies">Omgewingskwessies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Wysig afdeling: Omgewingskwessies" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Omgewingskwessies">wysig bron</a>]</div> Madagaskar se verskeidenheid fauna en flora word deur menslike aktiwiteit bedreig.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Sedert die aankoms van die <a href="/wiki/Mens" title="Mens">mens</a> sowat 2 350 jaar gelede het meer as 90 persent van die eiland se oorspronklike woude verlore gegaan. Dit is hoofsaaklik te wyte aan die tradisionele afbrand van woude vir landboudoeleindes.<a href="#cite_note-Gade_1996-44">[44]</a> Malgassiese boere pas nie net die metode toe ter wille van die voordele daarvan as ’n landboutegniek nie, maar ook oor die kulturele verbintenisse daarvan met vooruitgang, gesondheid en gebruike om eerbied aan voorouers te betoon (fomba malagasy).<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> <div class="thumb tright" style="width: 620px;"> <div class="thumbinner"> <div style="float: left; margin: 1px; width: 202px"> <div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Manantenina_bushfire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Burning Malagasy rainforest" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Manantenina_bushfire.jpg/200px-Manantenina_bushfire.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Manantenina_bushfire.jpg/300px-Manantenina_bushfire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Manantenina_bushfire.jpg/400px-Manantenina_bushfire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2166" /></a> </div> </div><div style="float: left; margin: 1px; width: 202px"> <div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Madagascar_erosion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A vast, red soil gully caused by erosion" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Madagascar_erosion.jpg/200px-Madagascar_erosion.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Madagascar_erosion.jpg/300px-Madagascar_erosion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Madagascar_erosion.jpg/400px-Madagascar_erosion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a> </div> </div><div style="float: left; margin: 1px; width: 202px"> <div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Bombetoka_Bay,_April_2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Aerial photograph of a forked river that has turned red due to red soil runoff." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Bombetoka_Bay%2C_April_2005.jpg/200px-Bombetoka_Bay%2C_April_2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Bombetoka_Bay%2C_April_2005.jpg/300px-Bombetoka_Bay%2C_April_2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Bombetoka_Bay%2C_April_2005.jpg/400px-Bombetoka_Bay%2C_April_2005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a> </div> </div><div class="thumbcaption" style="clear: left; text-align: left; background: transparent; color:inherit">Die afbrand van woude kom algemeen voor (links), en dit veroorsaak erosie (middel) en die aanslikking van riviere (regs). </div> </div> </div> Namate die digtheid van die bevolking op die eiland toegeneem het, het ontbossing sedert sowat 1 400 jaar gelede begin toeneem.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-46">[46]</a> Teen die 16de eeu was daar min woude op die sentrale hoogland oor.<a href="#cite_note-Gade_1996-44">[44]</a> Meer onlangse faktore wat tot ontbossing bygedra het, sluit in die toename in die grootte van beeskuddes vandat hulle sowat 1 000 jaar gelede na die eiland gebring is, ’n toenemende behoefte aan <a href="/wiki/Steenkool" title="Steenkool">steenkool</a> as ’n brandstof vir kook, en die toenemende belangrikheid van <a href="/wiki/Koffie" title="Koffie">koffieverbouing</a> in die afgelope eeu.<a href="#cite_note-spittingwind-47">[47]</a> Volgens ’n konserwatiewe raming het sowat 40 persent van die eiland se oorspronklike woude tussen die 1950's en 2000 verdwyn, met ’n uitdunning van sowat 80 persent van die oorblywende woudgebiede.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Daarbenewens word die bewaring van die natuurlewe bemoeilik deur die onwettige verwydering van hout uit beskermde woude en die wettige bymekaarmaak van hout in nasionale parke vir uitvoer. Hoewel dit van 2000 tot 2009 onwettig was onder oudpresident Marc Ravalomanana, is die beperkte versameling van hout uit nasionale parke weer in Januarie 2009 toegelaat en dit het onder president Andry Rajoelina drasties toegeneem as ’n sleutelbron van staatsinkomste om op te maak vir die afname in internasionale skenkings ná Ravalomanana se afsetting.<a href="#cite_note-CrossroadsMarcus-49">[49]</a> Daar word verwag al die eiland se reënwoude buiten dié in beskermde gebiede en aan die steilste oostelike berghange, sal teen 2025 weg wees.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Mense het ook indringerspesies na die eiland gebring. Ná die ontdekking in 2014 op die eiland van die Asiatiese padda, ’n verwant van die paddaspesie wat sedert die 1930's groot skade aan <a href="/wiki/Australi%C3%AB" title="Australië">Australië</a> se natuurlewe aangerig het, het navorsers gewaarsku die padda "kan verwoesting saai onder die land se unieke fauna".<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Die vernietiging van habitats en jag het daartoe gelei dat baie endemiese spesies bedreig word of uitgesterf het. Die eiland se <a href="/wiki/Olifantvo%C3%ABl" title="Olifantvoël">olifantvoëls</a>, ’n familie endemiese reuseloopvoëls, het in die 17de eeu of vroeër uitgesterf, waarskynlik omdat mense die volwasse voëls gejag en hul groot eiers bymekaargemaak het om te eet.<a href="#cite_note-Davies-52">[52]</a> Baie groot lemurspesies het verdwyn met die aankoms van die mens, terwyl ander deur die eeue uitgesterf het weens die druk wat die groeiende bevolking op hul habitats geplaas het en omdat sekere bevolkings al hoe meer jag op die lemurs gemaak het vir kos.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> In ’n opname in Julie 2012 is bevind die ontginning van natuurlike hulpbronne sedert 2009 het groot nadelige gevolge vir die natuurlewe gehad: 90 persent van die lemurspesies word bedreig, die hoogste persentasie van enige soogdiergroep. Van hulle word 23 spesies kritiek bedreig. In teenstelling hiermee het ’n studie in 2008 bevind net 38 persent van die lemurspesies word bedreig.<a href="#cite_note-lemurextinction-38">[38]</a> In 2003 het Ravalomanana die Durbanvisie aangekondig, ’n inisiatief om die eiland se beskermde natuurgebiede meer as te verdriedubbel tot 60 000 km², of 10 persent van Madagaskar se grondoppervlakte. In 2011 het gebiede wat deur die staat beskerm is, ingesluit vyf integrale natuurreservate (Réserves Naturelles Intégrales), 21 spesiale reservate (Réserves Spéciales) en 21 nasionale parke (Parcs Nationaux).<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> In 2007 het ses van die nasionale parke ’n <a href="/wiki/W%C3%AArelderfenisgebied" title="Wêrelderfenisgebied">wêrelderfenisgebied</a> geword met die naam "Reënwoude van die Atsinanana".<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Om die publiek bewus te maak van Madagaskar se omgewingsuitdagings, het die Natuurlewebewaringsvereniging in Junie 2008 ’n uitstalling met die naam Madagascar! by die Bronxdieretuin in <a href="/wiki/New_York_Stad" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Stad">New York</a> gehou.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geskiedenis">Geskiedenis</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Wysig afdeling: Geskiedenis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Geskiedenis">wysig bron</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vroeë_tydperk">Vroeë tydperk</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Wysig afdeling: Vroeë tydperk" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Vroeë tydperk">wysig bron</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Malagasy_girls_Madagascar_Merina.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Malagasy_girls_Madagascar_Merina.jpg/220px-Malagasy_girls_Madagascar_Merina.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Malagasy_girls_Madagascar_Merina.jpg/330px-Malagasy_girls_Madagascar_Merina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Malagasy_girls_Madagascar_Merina.jpg/440px-Malagasy_girls_Madagascar_Merina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Die Malgasse se gelaatstrekke weerspieël ’n vermenging van <a href="/wiki/Suidoos-Asi%C3%AB" title="Suidoos-Asië">Austronesiese</a> (Suidoos-Asiatiese) en <a href="/wiki/Bantoevolke" title="Bantoevolke">Bantoe-</a> (Oos-Afrikaanse) wortels</figcaption></figure> Navorsing en debatte duur voort oor die aanvanklike inwoners van Madagaskar. <a href="/wiki/Argeologie" title="Argeologie">Argeologiese</a> vondste soos snymerke aan bene wat in die noordweste ontdek is en steengereedskap uit die noordooste dui daarop plunderaars het Madagaskar omstreeks 2000 v.C. al besoek.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Argeoloë het tradisioneel geraam die eerste setlaars het in die tydperk tussen 350 v.C. en 550 n.C. in vlae na die eiland gekom, terwyl ander glo dit was nie voor 250 n.C. nie. Madagaskar is in elk geval een van die laaste groot landmassas op aarde waar mense gaan woon het.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Die vroeë setlaars het vermoedelik in <a href="/wiki/Vlerkprou" title="Vlerkprou">vlerkproue</a> uit Suid-<a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a> gekom. Hier het hulle reënwoude aan die kus afgebrand om plek te maak vir landbou. Hulle het ’n oorvloed fauna aangetref, insluitende reuselemurs, olifantvoëls, reusefossa en die Malgassiese seekoei – dié het almal intussen uitgesterf omdat hulle gejag en hul habitats vernietig is.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Teen 600 n.C. het groepe setlaars begin om die woude van die sentrale hoogland af te brand.<a href="#cite_note-Camp93-61">[61]</a> <a href="/wiki/Arabiere" title="Arabiere">Arabiese</a> handelaars het tussen die 7de en 9de eeu op die eiland aangekom.<a href="#cite_note-Wink-62">[62]</a> ’n Vlaag <a href="/wiki/Bantoetale" title="Bantoetale">Bantoesprekende</a> migrante uit Suidoos-Afrika het omstreeks 1000 n.C. hierheen gekom. Hulle het die <a href="/wiki/Seboe" title="Seboe">seboe</a>, ’n soort bees met ’n boggel en lang horings, saamgebring wat hulle in groot kuddes aangehou het.<a href="#cite_note-Gade_1996-44">[44]</a> Teen 1600 is rysvelde aangelê in die Betsileo-koninkryk van die sentrale hoogland. Die terasse het ’n eeu later uitgebrei tot deur die naburige Imerina-koninkryk.<a href="#cite_note-Camp93-61">[61]</a> Die toename in landbou en aanvraag na weiveld vir die seboes het die sentrale hoogland teen die 17de eeu verander van ’n woud-ekostelsel in ’n grasland.<a href="#cite_note-Gade_1996-44">[44]</a> In die mondelinge geskiedenis van die Merinavolk, wat moontlik tussen 600 en 1 000 jaar gelede op die hoogland begin aankom het, word vertel van ’n gevestigde bevolking met die naam Vazimba wat hulle op die hoogland aangetref het. Hulle was waarskynlik die afstammelinge van ’n vroeëre en tegnologies minder gevorderde Austronesiese setlaarsvlaag en is in die 16de en 17de eeu óf in die Merina opgeneem óf deur konings <a href="/wiki/Andriamanelo" title="Andriamanelo">Andriamanelo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ralambo" title="Ralambo">Ralambo</a> en <a href="/wiki/Andrianjaka" title="Andrianjaka">Andrianjaka</a> verdryf.<a href="#cite_note-vazimbadjp-63">[63]</a> Vandag verwys baie tradisionele Malgassiese gemeenskappe na die Vazimba se geeste as tompontany (voorouermeesters van die land).<a href="#cite_note-Mythe-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arabiese_en_Europese_kontak">Arabiese en Europese kontak</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Wysig afdeling: Arabiese en Europese kontak" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Arabiese en Europese kontak">wysig bron</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Pirates_Cemetery_Ile_Ste_Marie_Madagascar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Pirates_Cemetery_Ile_Ste_Marie_Madagascar.jpg/220px-Pirates_Cemetery_Ile_Ste_Marie_Madagascar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Pirates_Cemetery_Ile_Ste_Marie_Madagascar.jpg/330px-Pirates_Cemetery_Ile_Ste_Marie_Madagascar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Pirates_Cemetery_Ile_Ste_Marie_Madagascar.jpg/440px-Pirates_Cemetery_Ile_Ste_Marie_Madagascar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>’n Seerowersbegraafplaas op Île Sainte-Marie</figcaption></figure> Madagaskar was ’n belangrike transoseaniese middelpunt vir handel wat die hawens van die Indiese Oseaan in die vroeë eeue van menslike besetting verbind het. Die eiland se aangetekende geskiedenis begin by die Arabiere, wat omstreeks die 10de eeu handelsposte aan die noordweskus opgerig het. Hulle het <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, die <a href="/wiki/Arabiese_alfabet" title="Arabiese alfabet">Arabiese skrif</a> (wat gebruik is om Malgassies te skryf in ’n alfabet bekend as <a href="/wiki/Sorabe" title="Sorabe">Sorabe</a>), Arabiese <a href="/wiki/Astrologie" title="Astrologie">astrologie</a> en ander kultuurelemente ingevoer.<a href="#cite_note-LOC-13">[13]</a> Kontak deur <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europeërs</a> het in 1500 begin nadat die <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugese</a> seekaptein Diogo Dias die eiland gesien het.<a href="#cite_note-BGNote-8">[8]</a> Die <a href="/wiki/Frankryk" title="Frankryk">Franse</a> het in die laat 17de eeu handelsposte aan die ooskus opgerig.<a href="#cite_note-LOC-13">[13]</a> Van omstreeks 1774 tot 1824 het Madagaskar die aandag getrek van seerowers en Europese handelaars, veral dié wat betrokke was by die <a href="/wiki/Transatlantiese_slawehandel" title="Transatlantiese slawehandel">Transatlantiese slawehandel</a>. Sommige historici het al die klein eiland <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Sainte-Marie" title="Île Sainte-Marie">Île Sainte-Marie</a> (Nosy Boroha) aan die noordooskus van Madagaskar voorgestel as die terrein van die legendariese seerower-<a href="/wiki/Utopie" title="Utopie">utopie</a> <a href="/wiki/Libertalia" title="Libertalia">Libertalia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Baie Europsese matrose het aan die eiland se kus gestrand, onder andere Robert Drury, wie se joernaal een van die min geskrewe uitbeeldings van die lewe in die 18de eeu in Suid-Madagaskar is.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Die rykdom wat deur die handel meegebring is, het gelei tot die opkoms van georganiseerde <a href="/wiki/Koninkryk" class="mw-disambig" title="Koninkryk">koninkryke</a> op die eiland, waarvan sommige teen die 17de eeu taamlik magtig was.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Onder hulle was die Betsimisaraka-bondgenootskap van die ooskus en die Sakalava-hoofskappe van Menabe en Boina aan die weskus. Die Imerina-koninkryk in die sentrale hoogland, met sy hoofstad by die <a href="/wiki/Rova_van_Antananarivo" title="Rova van Antananarivo">koninklike paleis</a> van Antananarivo, het min of meer in dié tyd tot stand gekom onder koning <a href="/wiki/Andriamanelo" title="Andriamanelo">Andriamanelo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ogot-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Koninkryk_Madagaskar">Koninkryk Madagaskar</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Wysig afdeling: Koninkryk Madagaskar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Koninkryk Madagaskar">wysig bron</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Andrianampoinimerina_HQ.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Andrianampoinimerina_HQ.jpg/220px-Andrianampoinimerina_HQ.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Andrianampoinimerina_HQ.jpg/330px-Andrianampoinimerina_HQ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Andrianampoinimerina_HQ.jpg/440px-Andrianampoinimerina_HQ.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1073" data-file-height="1297" /></a><figcaption>Koning Andrianampoinimerina (1787–1810)</figcaption></figure> Toe die hooglandkoninkryk Imerina in die vroeë 17de eeu tot stand kom, was dit aanvanklik ’n klein mag in vergelyking met die groter koninkryke aan die kus.<a href="#cite_note-Ogot-68">[68]</a> Dit het in die vroeë 18de eeu nog verder verswak toe koning <a href="/wiki/Andriamasinavalona" title="Andriamasinavalona">Andriamasinavalona</a> dit tussen sy vier seuns verdeel. Ná byna ’n eeu van <a href="/wiki/Oorlog" title="Oorlog">oorlogvoering</a> en <a href="/wiki/Hongersnood" title="Hongersnood">hongersnood</a> is Imerina in 1793 deur koning <a href="/wiki/Andrianampoinimerina" title="Andrianampoinimerina">Andrianampoinimerina</a> (1787–1810) herenig.<a href="#cite_note-Hodder-69">[69]</a> Uit sy aanvanklike hoofstad, Ambohimanga,<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> en later uit die <a href="/wiki/Rova_van_Antananarivo" title="Rova van Antananarivo">Rova van Antananarivo</a>, het hierdie Merina-koning sy heerskappy vinnig oor naburige koninkryke uitgebrei. Sy ambisie om die hele eiland onder sy beheer te verenig is grootliks bereik deur sy seun en opvolger, <a href="/wiki/Radama_I" title="Radama I">Radama I</a> (1810-'28), wat deur die Britse regering erken is as die koning van Madagaskar. Radama het in 1817 ’n verdrag met die Britse goewerneur van <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a> gesluit om die winsgewende slawehandel af te skaf in ruil vir Britse militêre en finansiële bystand. Afgesante van die <a href="/wiki/Londense_Sendinggenootskap" title="Londense Sendinggenootskap">Londense Sendinggenootskap</a> het in 1818 op die eiland begin aankom en het sulke belangrike figure soos James Cameron, David Jones en David Griffiths ingesluit – hulle het skole opgerig, Malgassies in die <a href="/wiki/Latynse_alfabet" title="Latynse alfabet">Latynse alfabet</a> <a href="/wiki/Transkripsie" title="Transkripsie">getranskribeer</a>, die <a href="/wiki/Bybel" title="Bybel">Bybel</a> vertaal en verskeie nuwe <a href="/wiki/Tegnologie" title="Tegnologie">tegnologieë</a> bekend gestel.<a href="#cite_note-Ade_Ajayi_1998,_bl._413–422-71">[71]</a> Radama se opvolger, koningin <a href="/wiki/Ranavalona_I" title="Ranavalona I">Ranavalona I</a> (1828-'61), het op toenemende politieke en kulturele inmenging deur die Britte en Franse gereageer deur ’n koninklike edik uit te vaardig wat die beoefening van die <a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christelike geloof</a> op Madagaskar verbied het, en druk op die meeste buitelanders geplaas het om die gebied te verlaat. Sy het gebruik gemaak van fanompoana (dwangarbeid as ’n manier om belasting te betaal) om openbare projekte te voltooi en het ’n vaste weermag van tussen 20 000 en 30 000 Merina-soldate opgebou wat sy gebruik het om vrede in afgeleë streke te handhaaf en die Merina-koninkryk verder uit te brei tot oor die grootste deel van die eiland. Inwoners van Madagaskar kon mekaar van ’n verskeidenheid misdade aankla, insluitende diefstal, die beoefening van die Christelike geloof en veral heksery, waar iemand se skuld dikwels deur ’n soort beproewing, bekend as <a href="/wiki/Tangena" title="Tangena">tangena</a>, bepaal is. Tydens haar bewind van 33 jaar het ’n kombinasie van gereelde oorlogvoering, siektes, dwangarbeid en streng regsmaatstawwe gelei tot ’n hoë sterftesyfer onder soldate sowel as burgerlikes.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Tussen 1828 en 1861 het tangena jaarliks tot sowat 3 000 sterftes gelei. In 1838 is geraam dat tot 100 000 mense in Imerina dood is as gevolg daarvan – dit was rofweg 20% van die bevolking.<a href="#cite_note-Stats-73">[73]</a> Onder die buitelanders wat in Imerina gebly het, was Jean Laborde, ’n <a href="/wiki/Entrepreneur" class="mw-redirect" title="Entrepreneur">entrepreneur</a> wat munisie en ander nywerhede namens die monargie ontwikkel het, en Joseph-François Lambert, ’n Franse avonturier en slawehandelaar, met wie die destydse prins Rakoto ’n omstrede handelsooreenkoms, bekend as die Lambert-charter, onderteken het. Rakoto het sy ma as <a href="/wiki/Radama_II" title="Radama II">Radama II</a> (1861-'63) opgevolg en probeer om haar streng beleide te verslap, maar sy bewind is twee jaar later omvergewerp deur die <a href="/wiki/Eerste_minister" title="Eerste minister">eerste minister</a>, Rainivoninahitriniony (1852–1865), en ’n bondgenootskap van die <a href="/wiki/Andriana" title="Andriana">andriana</a> (adellikes) en <a href="/wiki/Hova" title="Hova">hova</a> (burgerlikes) wat ’n einde aan die absolute mag van die monarg wou bring.<a href="#cite_note-LOC-13">[13]</a> Ná die staatsgreep is Radama se koningin, <a href="/wiki/Rasoherina" title="Rasoherina">Rasoherina</a> (1863-'68), die geleentheid gebied om te regeer as sy sou instem om mag te deel met die eerste minister, in ’n nuwe sosiale kontrak wat behels het dat sy ’n politieke huwelik met hom aangaan.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Sy het dit aanvaar. Sy het eers met Rainivoninahitriniony getrou, maar later van hom ontslae geraak en met sy broer, eerste minister Rainilaiarivony (1864-'95), getrou. Dié het later ook met koninginne <a href="/wiki/Ranavalona_II" title="Ranavalona II">Ranavalona II</a> (1868-'83) en <a href="/wiki/Ranavalona_III" title="Ranavalona III">Ranavalona III</a> (1883-'97) getrou.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Tydens Rainilaiarivony se ampstydperk van 31 jaar as eerste minister is talle beleide aanvaar om die mag van die sentrale regering te moderniseer en konsolideer.<a href="#cite_note-TA910-76">[76]</a> Skole is dwarsoor die eiland gebou en bywoning was verpligtend. Die weermag is verbeter en Britse konsultante is aangestel om die soldate op te lei.<a href="#cite_note-FFO522-77">[77]</a> <a href="/wiki/Poligamie" title="Poligamie">Poligamie</a> is verbied en die Christelike geloof, wat in 1869 die amptelike godsdiens geword het, is naas tradisionele gelowe deur baie mense aanvaar.<a href="#cite_note-TA910-76">[76]</a> Regskodes is hervorm, geskoei op Britse <a href="/wiki/Gemenereg" title="Gemenereg">gemene reg</a>, en drie howe in die Europese styl is in die hoofstad opgerig.<a href="#cite_note-FFO522-77">[77]</a> In sy rol as bevelvoerder het Rainilaiarivony Madagaskar ook suksesvol teen verskeie Franse invalle verdedig.<a href="#cite_note-FFO522-77">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Franse_kolonisasie">Franse kolonisasie</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Wysig afdeling: Franse kolonisasie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Franse kolonisasie">wysig bron</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Colonie_de_Madagascar_1897.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Colonie_de_Madagascar_1897.jpg/220px-Colonie_de_Madagascar_1897.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Colonie_de_Madagascar_1897.jpg/330px-Colonie_de_Madagascar_1897.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Colonie_de_Madagascar_1897.jpg/440px-Colonie_de_Madagascar_1897.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4981" data-file-height="3493" /></a><figcaption>’n <a href="/w/index.php?title=Obligasie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Obligasie (bladsy bestaan nie)">Obligasie</a> van die Franse kolonie Madagaskar (7 Mei 1897)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:LaGuerreAMadagascar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/LaGuerreAMadagascar.jpg/220px-LaGuerreAMadagascar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/LaGuerreAMadagascar.jpg/330px-LaGuerreAMadagascar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/LaGuerreAMadagascar.jpg/440px-LaGuerreAMadagascar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5300" data-file-height="7976" /></a><figcaption>’n Franse plakkaat oor die Frans-Hova-oorlog</figcaption></figure> Hoofsaaklik op grond daarvan dat die Lambert-charter nie eerbiedig is nie, het Frankryk Madagaskar in 1883 binnegeval in wat bekend geword het as die eerste <a href="/wiki/Frans-Hova-oorlog" class="mw-redirect" title="Frans-Hova-oorlog">Frans-Hova-oorlog</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Boogaerde_p7-78">[78]</a> Aan die einde van die oorlog het Madagaskar die noordelike hawestad Antsiranana (Diego Suarez) aan Frankryk afgestaan en 560 000 frank aan Lambert se erfgename betaal.<a href="#cite_note-Randier_p400-79">[79]</a> In 1890 het die Britte ’n volle, amptelike instelling van ’n Franse <a href="/wiki/Protektoraat" title="Protektoraat">protektoraat</a> op die eiland erken, maar die Malgassiese regering het nie Frankryk se gesag aanvaar nie. Om ’n voorwaardelike oorgawe af te dwing het Frankryk die hawe Toamasina aan die ooskus en Mahajanga aan die weskus onderskeidelik in Desember 1894 en Januarie 1895 gebombardeer en beset.<a href="#cite_note-Disease-80">[80]</a> ’n Franse kolon het na Antananarivo opgeruk, maar baie soldate is aan <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a> en ander siektes dood. Versterkings het uit <a href="/wiki/Algeri%C3%AB" title="Algerië">Algerië</a> en <a href="/wiki/Afrika_suid_van_die_Sahara" title="Afrika suid van die Sahara">Afrika suid van die Sahara</a> gekom. Toe die kolon die stad in September 1895 bereik, het hulle die paleis met swaargeskut gebombardeer en talle sterftes veroorsaak. Koningin Ranavalona III het toe oorgegee.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Die Franse het Madagaskar in 1896 geannekseer en die eiland die volgende jaar tot ’n kolonie verklaar. Die Merina-monargie is afgeskaf en die koninklike familie is na <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a> en Algerië verban. ’n Twee jaar lange rebellie teen die Franse is einde 1897 onderdruk.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Onder koloniale heerskappy is plantasies aangeplant vir die vervaardiging van ’n verskeidenheid uitvoergewasse.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Slawerny is in 1896 afgeskaf en sowat 500 000 slawe is vrygelaat; baie het in hul voormalige eienaars se huis as diensknegte aangebly.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Vandag is daar in baie dele van die eiland steeds sterk diskriminasie teenoor die afstammelinge van slawe.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Breë, geplaveide boulevards en vergaderplekke is in die hoofstad aangelê<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> en die Rova-paleiskompleks is in ’n museum omskep.<a href="#cite_note-Frémigacci-87">[87]</a> Nog skole is gebou, veral in plattelandse en kusgebiede. Opvoeding vir kinders tussen 6 en 13 jaar het verpligtend geraak en het hoofsaaklik op <a href="/wiki/Frans" title="Frans">Frans</a> en ’n praktiese aanleg gefokus.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Die Merina-tradisie van belasting wat in die vorm van arbeid betaal word, is onder Franse heerskappy voortgesit en gebruik om ’n spoorlyn en <a href="/wiki/Pad" title="Pad">padverbindings</a> te bou wat belangrike kusstede met Antananarivo verbind.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Malgassiese troepe het in die <a href="/wiki/Eerste_W%C3%AAreldoorlog" title="Eerste Wêreldoorlog">Eerste Wêreldoorlog</a> vir Frankryk geveg.<a href="#cite_note-BGNote-8">[8]</a> In die 1930's het <a href="/wiki/Nazi-Duitsland" title="Nazi-Duitsland">Nazi</a>-politieke denkers die <a href="/wiki/Madagaskarplan" title="Madagaskarplan">Madagaskarplan</a> ontwikkel waarvolgens die eiland geïdentifiseer is as ’n moontlike plek om Europa se <a href="/wiki/Jode" title="Jode">Jode</a> heen te deporteer.<a href="#cite_note-contemplation-90">[90]</a> Tydens die <a href="/wiki/Tweede_W%C3%AAreldoorlog" title="Tweede Wêreldoorlog">Tweede Wêreldoorlog</a> was Madagaskar die terrein van die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Slag_van_Madagaskar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slag van Madagaskar (bladsy bestaan nie)">Slag van Madagaskar</a> tussen Frankryk en Brittanje.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Die beleg van Frankryk tydens WOII het die aansien van die koloniale administrasie op Madagaskar geknou en gelei tot ’n groeiende onafhanklikheidsbeweging en die <a href="/wiki/Malgassiese_Opstand" title="Malgassiese Opstand">Malgassiese Opstand</a> van 1947.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Die gevolg was dat Frankryk in 1956 hervormde instellings gevestig het onder die Loi Cadre (Oorsese Hervormingswet), en Madagaskar het vreedsaam na onafhanklikheid beweeg.<a href="#cite_note-Kitchen_1962,_bl._256-93">[93]</a> Die <a href="/wiki/Malgassiese_Republiek" class="mw-redirect" title="Malgassiese Republiek">Malgassiese Republiek</a> is op 14 Oktober 1958 afgekondig as ’n outonome staat in die <a href="/wiki/Franse_Gemeenskap" class="mw-redirect" title="Franse Gemeenskap">Franse Gemeenskap</a>. ’n Tydperk met ’n tussentydse regering het geëindig met die aanvaarding van ’n <a href="/wiki/Grondwet" title="Grondwet">grondwet</a> in 1959 en volle onafhanklikheid op <a href="/wiki/26_Junie" title="26 Junie">26 Junie</a> <a href="/wiki/1960" title="1960">1960</a>.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Onafhanklike_staat">Onafhanklike staat</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Wysig afdeling: Onafhanklike staat" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Onafhanklike staat">wysig bron</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Philibert_Tsiranana_1962.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Philibert_Tsiranana_1962.jpg/170px-Philibert_Tsiranana_1962.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Philibert_Tsiranana_1962.jpg/255px-Philibert_Tsiranana_1962.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Philibert_Tsiranana_1962.jpg/340px-Philibert_Tsiranana_1962.jpg 2x" data-file-width="531" data-file-height="705" /></a><figcaption>Philibert Tsiranana, die eerste president van Madagaskar (1960-'72)</figcaption></figure> Sedert Madagaskar onafhanklik geword het, het dit deur ’n tydperk van vier republieke gegaan met ooreenstemmende hersienings van sy grondwet. Die Malgassiese Republiek (1960-'72) onder president <a href="/w/index.php?title=Philibert_Tsiranana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philibert Tsiranana (bladsy bestaan nie)">Philibert Tsiranana</a>, wat deur Frankryk aangestel is, is gekenmerk deur die voortsetting van sterk ekonomiese en politieke bande met Frankryk. Baie tegniese poste op hoë vlak is deur Franse gevul en Franse onderwysers, handboeke en leerplanne is in skole gebruik. ’n Algemene afkeer van Tsiranana se verdraagsaamheid teenoor hierdie "neokoloniale" reëling het gelei tot ’n reeks opstande deur boere en studente en die omverwerping van sy regering in 1972.<a href="#cite_note-LOC-13">[13]</a> Gabriel Ramanantsoa, ’n generaal-majoor in die weermag, is aangestel as tussentydse president en eerste minister, maar sy ongewildheid het daartoe gelei dat hy in 1975 bedank het. Kolonel Richard Ratsimandrava, wat aangestel is om hom op te volg, is ná ses dae in die amp in ’n <a href="/wiki/Sluipmoord" title="Sluipmoord">sluipmoordaanval</a> dood. Generaal Gilles Andriamahazo was daarna vier maande lank aan die bewind voordat hy deur ’n ander militêre aanstelling, viseadmiraal <a href="/w/index.php?title=Didier_Ratsiraka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Didier Ratsiraka (bladsy bestaan nie)">Didier Ratsiraka</a>, vervang is. Hy het die <a href="/wiki/Sosialisme" title="Sosialisme">sosialisties</a>-<a href="/wiki/Marxisme" title="Marxisme">Marxistiese</a> Tweede Republiek gestig wat van 1975 tot 1993 geduur het. Hierdie tydperk is gekenmerk deur ’n politieke verbond met die <a href="/wiki/Oosblok" title="Oosblok">Oosblok</a> en ’n beweging na ekonomiese isolasie. Hierdie beleide, tesame met ekonomiese druk weens die oliekrisis van 1973, het gelei tot die vinnige ineenstorting van Madagaskar se ekonomie en ’n sterk daling in lewenstandaarde.<a href="#cite_note-LOC-13">[13]</a> Teen 1979 was die land heeltemal bankrot. Die Ratsiraka-administrasie het die voorwaardes van deursigtigheid, maatreëls teen korrupsie en ’n vryemarkstelsel aanvaar wat deur die <a href="/wiki/Internasionale_Monet%C3%AAre_Fonds" title="Internasionale Monetêre Fonds">Internasionale Monetêre Fonds</a>, die <a href="/wiki/W%C3%AAreldbank" title="Wêreldbank">Wêreldbank</a> en verskeie bilaterale skenkers gestel is in ruil vir hul redding van die land se ekonomie.<a href="#cite_note-ISS-95">[95]</a> Ratsiraka se dalende gewildheid in die laat 1980's het in 1991 ’n kritieke punt bereik toe presidensiële wagte losbrand op ongewapende betogers. Binne twee maande is ’n oorgangsregering aangestel onder <a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Zafy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albert Zafy (bladsy bestaan nie)">Albert Zafy</a> (1993-'96), wat in 1992 die presidentsverkiesing gewen en die Derde Republiek (1992–2010) ingelui het.<a href="#cite_note-crisisgroup-96">[96]</a> Die nuwe grondwet het ’n veelpartydemokrasie daargestel asook ’n skeiding van mag wat aansienlike beheer in die hande van die Nasionale Vergadering geplaas het. Klem is ook gelê op <a href="/wiki/Menseregte" title="Menseregte">menseregte</a>, sosiale en politieke vryhede en vrye handel.<a href="#cite_note-LOC-13">[13]</a> Zafy se termyn is egter gekenmerk deur ekonomiese agteruitgang, bewerings van korrupsie en sy instelling van wette waardeur hy groter mag gekry het. Hy is in 1996 in ’n staat van beskuldiging geplaas en ’n tussentydse president, Norbert Ratsirahonana, is aangestel vir die drie maande tot die volgende presidentsverkiesing. Ratsiraka is toe herverkies vir ’n tweede termyn van 1996 tot 2001.<a href="#cite_note-ISS-95">[95]</a> Die betwiste verkiesing van 2001 waarin die destydse burgemeester van Antananarivo, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marc_Ravalomanana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marc Ravalomanana (bladsy bestaan nie)">Marc Ravalomanana</a>, eindelik geseëvier het, het in 2002 ’n sewe maande lange dooie punt tussen ondersteuners van Ravalomanana en van Ratsiraka veroorsaak. Die negatiewe ekonomiese uitwerking van die politieke krisis is geleidelik oorkom deur Ravalomanana se progressiewe ekonomiese en politieke beleide, wat beleggings in opvoeding en ekotoerisme aangemoedig, buitelandse direkte beleggings vergemaklik en nasionale sowel as internasionale handelsooreenkomste tot stand gebring het. Die <a href="/wiki/Bruto_binnelandse_produk" title="Bruto binnelandse produk">bruto binnelandse produk</a> het gegroei teen ’n gemiddelde koers van 7 persent per jaar. In die laaste helfte van sy tweede termyn is Ravalomanana gekritiseer deur binne- en buitelandse waarnemers, wat hom beskuldig het van toenemende <a href="/wiki/Outoritarisme" title="Outoritarisme">outoritarisme</a> en <a href="/wiki/Korrupsie" title="Korrupsie">korrupsie</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ISS-95">[95]</a> Die opposisieleier en destydse burgemeester van Antananarivo, Andry Rajoelina, het vroeg in 2009 ’n beweging gelei waarin Ravalomanana uitgedwing is in ’n ongrondwetlike proses wat algemeen as ’n staatsgreep veroordeel is. In Maart 2009 is Rajoelina deur die hooggeregshof tot president verklaar van ’n oorgangsregering wat die land na presidentsverkiesings moes lei. In 2010 is die Vierde Republiek gestig met ’n nuwe grondwet wat deur ’n referendum bepaal is. Dit het die demokratiese veelpartystelsel behou wat in die vorige grondwet gevestig is.<a href="#cite_note-crisisgroup-96">[96]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hery_Rajaonarimampianina" title="Hery Rajaonarimampianina">Hery Rajaonarimampianina</a> is aangewys as wenner van die 2013-presidentsverkiesing, wat die internasionale gemeenskap bepaal het regverdig en deursigtig was.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regering">Regering</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Wysig afdeling: Regering" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Regering">wysig bron</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Struktuur">Struktuur</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Wysig afdeling: Struktuur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Struktuur">wysig bron</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Antananarivo06.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Antananarivo06.jpg/220px-Antananarivo06.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Antananarivo06.jpg/330px-Antananarivo06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Antananarivo06.jpg/440px-Antananarivo06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Antananarivo is die politieke en ekonomiese hoofstad van Madagaskar</figcaption></figure> Madagaskar is ’n semipresidensiële veelpartyrepubliek waar die verkose <a href="/wiki/President" title="President">president</a> die <a href="/wiki/Staatshoof" title="Staatshoof">staatshoof</a> is; hy kies ’n <a href="/wiki/Eerste_minister" title="Eerste minister">eerste minister</a>, wat kandidate voorstel vir die vorming van ’n <a href="/wiki/Kabinet" title="Kabinet">kabinet</a>. Volgens die land se <a href="/wiki/Grondwet" title="Grondwet">grondwet</a> is die uitvoerende gesag in die hande van die <a href="/wiki/Regering" title="Regering">regering</a>, terwyl die wetgewende gesag by die kabinet, senaat en nasionale vergadering lê, hoewel die laasgenoemde twee liggame baie min mag het en ’n klein wetgewende rol vervul. Die grondwet maak voorsiening vir onafhanklike uitvoerende, wetgewende en geregtelike takke asook ’n verkose president wat beperk is tot drie termyne van vyf jaar elk.<a href="#cite_note-BGNote-8">[8]</a> Die 127 lede van die nasionale vergadering se termyn is ook vyf jaar en dié van die 33 lede van die senaat ses jaar – 22 senatore word deur plaaslike amptenare gekies en 11 word deur die president aangestel. Die laaste verkiesing vir die nasionale vergadering is op 20 Desember 2013 gehou<a href="#cite_note-BGNote-8">[8]</a> en die laaste senaatsverkiesing op 30 Desember 2015.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Op plaaslike vlak word die eiland se 22 provinsies deur ’n goewerneur en ’n provinsiale raad geadministreer. Provinsies word verder verdeel in streke en kommunes. Die geregtelike gesag is geskoei op die <a href="/wiki/Frankryk" title="Frankryk">Franse</a> stelsel.<a href="#cite_note-justiceMada-99">[99]</a> Die howe is nie in staat om sake vinnig en met deursigtigheid af te handel nie en dit lei daartoe dat aangeklaagdes dikwels voor hul verskyning lang tye in onhigiëniese en oorvol tronke deurbring.<a href="#cite_note-mediainfo-100">[100]</a> <a href="/wiki/Antananarivo" title="Antananarivo">Antananarivo</a> is die administratiewe <a href="/wiki/Hoofstad" title="Hoofstad">hoofstad</a> en grootste stad van Madagaskar.<a href="#cite_note-BGNote-8">[8]</a> Dit is in die hooglandstreek geleë, naby die geografiese middelpunt van die eiland. Koning Andrianjaka het Antananarivo omstreeks 1610 of 1625 as die hoofstad van sy Imerina-koninkryk gestig op die terrein van die verowerde Vazimba-hoofstad op die heuweltop van <a href="/wiki/Twaalf_heilige_heuwels_van_Imerina#Analamanga" title="Twaalf heilige heuwels van Imerina">Analamanga</a>.<a href="#cite_note-vazimbadjp-63">[63]</a> Toe die Merina se heerskappy vroeg in die 19de eeu na naburige volke versprei het en die Koninkryk Madagaskar gestig is, het Antananarivo die administratiewe hoofstad van feitlik die hele eiland geword. In 1896 het die Franse kolonialiste die Merina-hoofstad aanvaar as hul administratiewe hoofstad. Dit het die hoofstad van Madagaskar gebly ná onafhanklikwording in 1960. In 2017 is die hoofstad se inwonertal geraam op 1 391 433.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Die ander groot stede is Antsirabe (500 000), Toamasina (450 000) en Mahajanga (400 000).<a href="#cite_note-BGNote-8">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politiek">Politiek</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Wysig afdeling: Politiek" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Politiek">wysig bron</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Madagascar_senate.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Madagascar_senate.JPG/220px-Madagascar_senate.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Madagascar_senate.JPG/330px-Madagascar_senate.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Madagascar_senate.JPG/440px-Madagascar_senate.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Die Senaat van Madagaskar</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Andry_Rajoelina_greeting_crowd.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Andry_Rajoelina_greeting_crowd.jpg/170px-Andry_Rajoelina_greeting_crowd.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Andry_Rajoelina_greeting_crowd.jpg/255px-Andry_Rajoelina_greeting_crowd.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Andry_Rajoelina_greeting_crowd.jpg/340px-Andry_Rajoelina_greeting_crowd.jpg 2x" data-file-width="716" data-file-height="839" /></a><figcaption>Andry Rajoelina dien sedert 2019 as president van Madagaskar</figcaption></figure> Sedert Madagaskar in 1960 sy onafhanklikheid van Frankryk verkry het, is die eiland se politiek gekenmerk deur verskeie opstande, betwiste verkiesings, ’n staat van beskuldiging, twee militêre <a href="/wiki/Staatsgreep" title="Staatsgreep">staatsgrepe</a> en een <a href="/wiki/Sluipmoord" title="Sluipmoord">sluipmoord</a>. Die politieke krisisse is dikwels uitgerek, met nadelige gevolge vir die plaaslike ekonomie, internasionale betrekkinge en plaaslike lewenstandaarde. Die agt maande lange dooie punt tussen oudpresident Didier Ratsiraka en sy teenstander, Marc Ravalomanana, ná die presidentsverkiesing van 2001 het Madagaskar miljoene dollars gekos weens die verlies aan toerisme- en handelsinkomste en skade aan die infrastruktuur, soos brûe wat met bomme bestook is en geboue wat aan die brand gesteek is.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> ’n Reeks opstande vroeg in 2009 onder Andry Rajoelina teen Ravalomanana het gewelddadig geraak en meer as 170 mense is dood.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Die moderne politiek op Madagaskar word beïnvloed deur die geskiedenis van die Merina se onderwerping van die kusgemeenskappe in die 19de eeu. Die gevolglike spanning tussen die hoogland- en kusgemeenskappe vlam soms weer op in geïsoleerde gevalle van geweld.<a href="#cite_note-ethnicstrife-104">[104]</a> Madagaskar is histories beskou as uitgesluit van belangrike Afrika-sake ondanks die feit dat dit ’n stigterslid was van die <a href="/wiki/Organisasie_vir_Afrika-eenheid" title="Organisasie vir Afrika-eenheid">Organisasie vir Afrika-eenheid</a>, wat in 1963 gestig is en in 2002 deur die <a href="/wiki/Afrika-unie" title="Afrika-unie">Afrika-unie</a> (AU) vervang is. Madagaskar is nie toegelaat om die eerste AU-beraad by te woon nie weens ’n dispuut oor die uitslae van die 2001-presidentsverkiesing. Die land het egter in Julie 2003 weer by die AU aangesluit ná ’n afwesigheid van 14 maande. Lidmaatskap is weer in Maart 2009 deur die AU opgeskort ná die ongrondwetlike oorname van gesag deur Rajoelina in daardie jaar.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> Altesaam 11 lande het ambassades op Madagaskar, onder meer Frankryk, Brittanje, die VSA, China en Indië.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> <a href="/wiki/Menseregte" title="Menseregte">Menseregte</a> in die land word beskerm onder die grondwet en Madagaskar het verskeie internasionale ooreenkomste onderteken, insluitende die <a href="/wiki/Universele_Verklaring_van_Menseregte" title="Universele Verklaring van Menseregte">Universele Verklaring van Menseregte</a> en die Kinderregtekonvensie.<a href="#cite_note-DOS-107">[107]</a> Godsdienstige, etniese en seksuele minderhede word regtens beskerm. Vryheid van assosiasie en byeenkomste word ook deur die reg beskerm, hoewel toestemming vir politieke opstande soms geweier word.<a href="#cite_note-CrossroadsMarcus-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-DOS-107">[107]</a> Marteling deur die veiligheidsmagte is seldsaam en onderdrukking deur die staat kom min voor in vergelyking met ander lande met net so min geregtelike beskermingsmaatreëls, hoewel arbitrêre inhegtenisnemings en korrupsie in die weermag en polisie soms ’n probleem is. Ravalomanana se stigting in 2004 van Bianco, ’n teenkorrupsiediens, het gelei tot minder korrupsie onder veral Antananarivo se laervlakburokrate, hoewel hoërvlakamptenare nog nie deur die diens vervolg is nie.<a href="#cite_note-CrossroadsMarcus-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administratiewe_verdeling">Administratiewe verdeling</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Wysig afdeling: Administratiewe verdeling" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Administratiewe verdeling">wysig bron</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Regions_of_Madagascar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Regions_of_Madagascar.svg/220px-Regions_of_Madagascar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="399" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Regions_of_Madagascar.svg/330px-Regions_of_Madagascar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Regions_of_Madagascar.svg/440px-Regions_of_Madagascar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="803" data-file-height="1458" /></a><figcaption>’n Kaart van Madagaskar se streke</figcaption></figure> Madagaskar word in 22 streke (faritra) verdeel.<a href="#cite_note-BGNote-8">[8]</a> Die streke word verder verdeel in 119 distrikte, 1 579 kommunes en 17 485 fokontany.<a href="#cite_note-INSTAT-108">[108]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"> <caption>Streke en voormalige provinsies<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Nuwe streke</th> <th>Voormalige provinsies</th> <th>Oppervlakte (in km²)</th> <th>Inwoners (2013-raming)<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Diana (1)</td> <td>Antsiranana</td> <td align="right">19 266</td> <td align="right">700 021 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sava (2)</td> <td>Antsiranana</td> <td align="right">25 518</td> <td align="right">980 807 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Itasy (3)</td> <td>Antananarivo</td> <td align="right">6 993</td> <td align="right">732 834 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Analamanga (4)</td> <td>Antananarivo</td> <td align="right">16 911</td> <td align="right">3 348 794 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vakinankaratra (5)</td> <td>Antananarivo</td> <td align="right">16 599</td> <td align="right">1 803 307 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bongolava (6)</td> <td>Antananarivo</td> <td align="right">16 688</td> <td align="right">457 368 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sofia (7)</td> <td>Mahajanga</td> <td align="right">50 100</td> <td align="right">1 247 037 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Boeny (8)</td> <td>Mahajanga</td> <td align="right">31 046</td> <td align="right">799 675 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Betsiboka (9)</td> <td>Mahajanga</td> <td align="right">30 025</td> <td align="right">293 522 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Melaky (10)</td> <td>Mahajanga</td> <td align="right">38 852</td> <td align="right">289 594 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Alaotra Mangoro (11)</td> <td>Toamasina</td> <td align="right">31 948</td> <td align="right">1 027 110 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Atsinanana (12)</td> <td>Toamasina</td> <td align="right">21 934</td> <td align="right">1 270 680 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Analanjirofo (13)</td> <td>Toamasina</td> <td align="right">21 930</td> <td align="right">1 035 132 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Amoron'i Mania (14)</td> <td>Fianarantsoa</td> <td align="right">16 141</td> <td align="right">715 027 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Haute-Matsiatra (15)</td> <td>Fianarantsoa</td> <td align="right">21 080</td> <td align="right">1 199 183 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vatovavy-Fitovinany (16)</td> <td>Fianarantsoa</td> <td align="right">19 605</td> <td align="right">1 416 459 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Atsimo-Atsinanana (17)</td> <td>Fianarantsoa</td> <td align="right">18 863</td> <td align="right">898 702 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ihorombe (18)</td> <td>Fianarantsoa</td> <td align="right">26 391</td> <td align="right">312 307 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Menabe (19)</td> <td>Toliara</td> <td align="right">46 121</td> <td align="right">592 113 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Atsimo-Andrefana (20)</td> <td>Toliara</td> <td align="right">66 236</td> <td align="right">1 316 756 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Androy (21)</td> <td>Toliara</td> <td align="right">19 317</td> <td align="right">733 933 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Anosy (22)</td> <td>Toliara</td> <td align="right">25 731</td> <td align="right">671 805 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Totaal</td> <td></td> <td align="right">587 295</td> <td align="right">21 842 167 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ekonomie">Ekonomie</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Wysig afdeling: Ekonomie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Ekonomie">wysig bron</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:NappesNosyKomba.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/NappesNosyKomba.JPG/220px-NappesNosyKomba.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/NappesNosyKomba.JPG/330px-NappesNosyKomba.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/NappesNosyKomba.JPG/440px-NappesNosyKomba.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Geborduurde tafeldoeke word op die eiland Nosy Komba aan toeriste verkoop</figcaption></figure> In die tyd van die Eerste Republiek het Frankryk Madagaskar se ekonomiese beplanning en beleid grootliks beïnvloed en was hy die eiland se belangrikste handelsvennoot. Regeringsinisiatiewe soos ’n plattelandse ontwikkelingsprogram en staatsplase is in werking gestel om die vervaardiging van produkte soos rys, koffie, sy en palmolie aan te moedig. Ontevredenheid met hierdie beleide was ’n belangrike faktor in die stigting van die sosialisties-Marxistiese Tweede Republiek, toe die voorheen private bank en die versekeringsbedryf genasionaliseer is; staatsmonopolieë is daargestel vir nywerhede soos tekstiel, katoen en elektrisiteit; en invoer-uitvoer-handel en skeepvaart is onder staatsbeheer geplaas. Madagaskar se ekonomie het vinnig agteruitgegaan en uitvoer het afgeneem, nywerheidsproduksie het met 75% gedaal, inflasie het die hoogte ingeskiet en die regering se skuld het toegeneem; die plattelandse bevolking het gou onder die broodlyn gelewe. Meer as 50% van die nasie se inkomste uit uitvoer is gebruik om skuld af te betaal.<a href="#cite_note-EBLand-12">[12]</a> Die <a href="/wiki/Internasionale_Monet%C3%AAre_Fonds" title="Internasionale Monetêre Fonds">Internasionale Monetêre Fonds</a> (IMF) het Madagskar gedwing om hul beleide aan te pas en die ekonomie vry te maak toe die staat in 1982 bankrot speel. Deur die loop van die 1980's is staatsbeheerde nywerhede geleidelik geprivatiseer. Die politieke krisis van 1991 het gelei tot die opskorting van hulp van die IMF en <a href="/wiki/W%C3%AAreldbank" title="Wêreldbank">Wêreldbank</a>. Voorwaardes vir die hervatting van hulp is nie onder Zafy nagekom nie; hy het onsuksesvol probeer om ander inkomstebronne vir die staat te kry voordat hulp hervat is onder die tussentydse regering wat ná Zafy se staat van beskuldiging ingestel is. Die IMF het in 2004 onder die Ravalomanana-administrasie ingestem om die helfte van Madagaskar se skuld af te skryf. Dit het gelei tot streng maatstawwe vir ekonomiese, regerings- en menseregtehervormings.<a href="#cite_note-BGNote-8">[8]</a> Madagaskar se <a href="/wiki/Bruto_binnelandse_produk" title="Bruto binnelandse produk">bruto binnelandse produk</a> (BBP) is in 2015 op 9,98 miljard dollar geraam, met ’n per capita-BBP van $411,82.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> Sowat 69% van die bevolking lewe onder die nasionale broodlyn van ’n dollar per dag.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Oor die afgelope vyf jaar was die gemiddelde groeikoers 2,6%, maar daar is verwag dat sou toeneem danksy openbarewerkprogramme en die groei van die dienssektor.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> Die landbousektor het in 2011 altesaam 29% van die BBP bygedra en vervaardiging 15%. Madagaskar se ander bronne van groei is toerisme, landbou en die natuurproduktebedryf.<a href="#cite_note-AEO2011-115">[115]</a> Toerisme fokus op die ekotoerismemark en steun op die eiland se unieke <a href="/wiki/Biodiversiteit" title="Biodiversiteit">biodiversiteit</a>, ongerepte natuurhabitats, nasionale parke en <a href="/wiki/Lemur" title="Lemur">lemurspesies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-tourismsector-116">[116]</a> ’n Geraamde 365 000 toeriste het Madagaskar in 2008 besoek, maar dit het afgeneem tydens die politieke krisis van 2009, met 180 000 toeriste in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-AEO2011-115">[115]</a> Die afgelope paar jaar groei die bedryf weer stelselmatig; in 2016 het 293 000 toeriste die eiland besoek. Die regering se doelwit teen 2018 is 500 000 toeriste per jaar.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natuurlike_hulpbronne_en_handel">Natuurlike hulpbronne en handel</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Wysig afdeling: Natuurlike hulpbronne en handel" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Natuurlike hulpbronne en handel">wysig bron</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Raffia_animals_created_by_artisans_in_Madagascar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Raffia_animals_created_by_artisans_in_Madagascar.jpg/220px-Raffia_animals_created_by_artisans_in_Madagascar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Raffia_animals_created_by_artisans_in_Madagascar.jpg/330px-Raffia_animals_created_by_artisans_in_Madagascar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Raffia_animals_created_by_artisans_in_Madagascar.jpg/440px-Raffia_animals_created_by_artisans_in_Madagascar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Speelgoeddiere word van raffia, die vesel van ’n inheemse <a href="/wiki/Palm" class="mw-redirect" title="Palm">palm</a>, gemaak.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a></figcaption></figure> Madagaskar se hulpbronne sluit ’n verskeidenheid ongeprosesseerde landbou- en minerale bronne in. <a href="/wiki/Landbou" title="Landbou">Landbou</a> (insluitende <a href="/wiki/Raffia" class="mw-redirect" title="Raffia">raffia</a>), <a href="/wiki/Vissery" title="Vissery">vissery</a> en <a href="/wiki/Bosbou" title="Bosbou">bosbou</a> is van die belangrikste bedrywe. Madagaskar is die wêreld se grootste verskaffer van <a href="/wiki/Vanielje" title="Vanielje">vanielje</a> en <a href="/wiki/Naeltjies" title="Naeltjies">naeltjies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> Ander belangrike uitvoerprodukte sluit in <a href="/wiki/Koffie" title="Koffie">koffie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lietsjie" title="Lietsjie">lietsjies</a> en <a href="/wiki/Garnaal" title="Garnaal">garnale</a>. Belangrike minerale bronne sluit verskeie soorte edel- en halfedelstene in. Madagaskar voorsien in die helfte van die wêreld se aanvraag na <a href="/wiki/Saffier" class="mw-redirect" title="Saffier">saffiere</a>, wat in die laat 1990's naby Ilakaka, ’n dorpie in die suidweste van die eiland, ontdek is.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> Madagaskar het ook groot neerslae van <a href="/wiki/Ilmeniet" title="Ilmeniet">ilmeniet</a> (titaanerts), <a href="/wiki/Chromiet" title="Chromiet">chromiet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steenkool" title="Steenkool">steenkool</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yster" title="Yster">yster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kobalt" title="Kobalt">kobalt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koper" title="Koper">koper</a> en <a href="/wiki/Nikkel" title="Nikkel">nikkel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EBLand-12">[12]</a> Verskeie groot projekte in die <a href="/wiki/Mynbou" title="Mynbou">mynbou</a>-, <a href="/wiki/Olie" class="mw-disambig" title="Olie">olie</a>- en <a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gassektore</a> sal Madagaskar se ekonomie na verwagting in die toekoms ’n aansienlike inspuiting gee.<a href="#cite_note-RioTinto-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-RioTinto-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> Uitvoer het in 2009 altesaam 28% van die BBP uitgemaak.<a href="#cite_note-BGNote-8">[8]</a> Die grootste deel van die land se inkomste uit uitvoer kom van die tekstielbedryf, vissery, vanielje, naeltjies en ander kosprodukte.<a href="#cite_note-AEO2011-115">[115]</a> <a href="/wiki/Frankryk" title="Frankryk">Frankryk</a> is die grootste handelsvennoot, hoewel die <a href="/wiki/VSA" class="mw-redirect" title="VSA">VSA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> en <a href="/wiki/Duitsland" title="Duitsland">Duitsland</a> ook sterk ekonomiese bande met Madagaskar het.<a href="#cite_note-EBLand-12">[12]</a> Die invoer van kosprodukte, <a href="/wiki/Brandstof" title="Brandstof">brandstof</a>, kapitaalgoedere, <a href="/wiki/Voertuig" title="Voertuig">voertuie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Verbruiker" title="Verbruiker">verbruikersgoedere</a> en <a href="/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika">elektronika</a> sluk ’n geraamde 52% van die BBP in. Die belangrikste bronne van die eiland se invoerprodukte is <a href="/wiki/China" class="mw-disambig" title="China">China</a>, Frankryk, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a> en <a href="/wiki/Hongkong" title="Hongkong">Hongkong</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BGNote-8">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infrastruktuur_en_media">Infrastruktuur en media</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Wysig afdeling: Infrastruktuur en media" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Infrastruktuur en media">wysig bron</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Antananarivo_Madagascar_people_reading_news.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Antananarivo_Madagascar_people_reading_news.JPG/220px-Antananarivo_Madagascar_people_reading_news.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Antananarivo_Madagascar_people_reading_news.JPG/330px-Antananarivo_Madagascar_people_reading_news.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Antananarivo_Madagascar_people_reading_news.JPG/440px-Antananarivo_Madagascar_people_reading_news.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>’n Koerantstalletjie in Antananarivo.</figcaption></figure> In 2010 het Madagaskar sowat 7 617 km gestrate paaie, 854 km spoorlyne en 432 km bevaarbare waterweë gehad.<a href="#cite_note-Bradtp2-123">[123]</a> Die meeste paaie op die eiland is ongestraat en baie raak onbegaanbaar in die reënseisoen. Nasionale roetes verbind die ses grootste streeksdorpe met Antananarivo.<a href="#cite_note-LOC-13">[13]</a> Antananarivo word per spoor verbind met Toamasina, Ambatondrazaka en Antsirabe, en nog ’n spoorlyn verbind Fianarantsoa met Manakara. Die meeste belangrike seehawens lê aan die ooskus by Toamasina. Die nuutste hawe, by Ehoala, is in 2008 gebou en word privaat deur Rio Tinto besit; dit sal onder staatsbeheer kom sodra die maatskappy se mynprojek naby Tôlanaro omstreeks 2038 voltooi is.<a href="#cite_note-RioTinto-121">[121]</a> <a href="/wiki/Air_Madagascar" title="Air Madagascar">Air Madagascar</a> verbind die eiland se baie klein streekslughawens en is die enigste praktiese manier om die meer afgeleë gebiede te bereik, veral in die reënseisoen wanneer baie paaie verspoel.<a href="#cite_note-LOC-13">[13]</a> Lopende <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> en <a href="/wiki/Elektrisiteit" title="Elektrisiteit">elektrisiteit</a> word op nasionale vlak deur die regering se diensverskaffer, Jirama, verskaf, maar hulle kan nie die hele bevolking bedien nie. In 2009 het net 6,8% van Madagaskar se fokontany toegang tot Jirama se water gehad, terwyl 9,5% elektrisiteit gehad het.<a href="#cite_note-INSTAT-108">[108]</a> Altesaam 56% van die krag word deur <a href="/wiki/Hidro%C3%ABlektrisiteit" title="Hidroëlektrisiteit">hidroëlektriese</a> <a href="/wiki/Kragsentrale" title="Kragsentrale">kragsentrales</a> verskaf en die res deur dieselenjinopwekkers.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> Baie mense in die stede het toegang tot <a href="/wiki/Selfoon" title="Selfoon">mobiele telefone</a> en die <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">internet</a>, maar dit is beperk in plattelandse gebiede. Sowat 30% van die distrikte het toegang tot die land se verskeie privaat <a href="/wiki/Telekommunikasie" title="Telekommunikasie">telekommunikasienetwerke</a> deur ’n selfoon of landlyn.<a href="#cite_note-INSTAT-108">[108]</a> Die <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a> is die manier waarop die meeste mense plaaslike, landwye of internasionale nuus kry. Die hele eiland vang staatsbeheerde radio-uitsendings op. Honderde openbare of privaat stasies met plaaslike of streeksdekking bied alternatiewe dienste.<a href="#cite_note-mediainfo-100">[100]</a> Benewens die staatstelevisiekanaal beeldsend ’n verskeidenheid privaat beheerde <a href="/wiki/Televisie" title="Televisie">TV-stasies</a> plaaslike en internasionale programme oor die hele eiland. Verskeie mediamaatskappye word besit deur politici, soos die mediagroepe MBS (onder besit van Ravalomanana) en Viva (besit deur Rajoelina),<a href="#cite_note-CrossroadsMarcus-49">[49]</a> en dit lei tot politieke polarisasie in verslaggewing. Die media het al in verskillende mates druk ondervind om hul kritiek van die regering te sensor. Verslaggewers is al gedreig en mediamaatskappy moet soms noodgedwonge sluit.<a href="#cite_note-mediainfo-100">[100]</a> Beskuldigings van mediasensuur het sedert 2009 gestyg.<a href="#cite_note-DOS-107">[107]</a> Internettoegang het oor die laaste dekade drasties toegeneem – 352 000 inwoners het in Desember 2011 toegang tuis of danksy die land se baie internetkafees gehad.<a href="#cite_note-mediainfo-100">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gesondheid">Gesondheid</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Wysig afdeling: Gesondheid" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: Gesondheid">wysig bron</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Madagascar_woman_with_child.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Madagascar_woman_with_child.jpg/170px-Madagascar_woman_with_child.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Madagascar_woman_with_child.jpg/255px-Madagascar_woman_with_child.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Madagascar_woman_with_child.jpg/340px-Madagascar_woman_with_child.jpg 2x" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Sterftes onder vroue tydens swangerskap het ná 1990 afgeneem, maar weer ná 2009 gestyg weens politieke onstabiliteit.<a href="#cite_note-INSTAT-108">[108]</a></figcaption></figure> Mediese sentrums, <a href="/wiki/Farmasie" title="Farmasie">apteke</a> en <a href="/wiki/Hospitaal" title="Hospitaal">hospitale</a> word dwarsoor die eiland aangetref, hoewel hulle in stedelike gebiede, veral Antananarivo, gekonsentreer is. Toegang tot mediese sorg bly buite die bereik van baie Malgasse, veral op die platteland, en baie wend hulle tot tradisionele helers.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> Benewens die groot koste van mediese sorg in vergelyking met die gemiddelde inkomste, is daar min professionele medici. In 2010 het Madagaskar gemiddeld drie hospitaalbeddens per 10 000 mense gehad, en altesaam 3 150 <a href="/wiki/Dokter" title="Dokter">dokters</a>, 5 661 <a href="/wiki/Verpleegster" class="mw-redirect" title="Verpleegster">verpleegsters</a>, 385 gemeenskapsgesondheidswerkers, 175 <a href="/wiki/Apteker" title="Apteker">aptekers</a> en 57 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tandarts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tandarts (bladsy bestaan nie)">tandartse</a> vir ’n bevolking van meer as 22 miljoen. Altesaam 14,6% van die regering se uitgawes was in 2008 vir die gesondheidsektor. Sowat 70% van mediese uitgawes is deur die regering bygedra en die res deur internasionale skenkers en ander privaat bronne.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2011-126">[126]</a> Die regering verskaf minstens een basiese gesondheidsentrum per kommune. Privaat gesondheidsentrums is gekonsentreer in stedelike gebiede, veral dié op die sentrale hoogland.<a href="#cite_note-INSTAT-108">[108]</a> Ondanks dié beperkings lyk dit of gesondheidsdienste die afgelope 20 jaar verbeter het. Inentings vir kinders teen siektes soos <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_B" title="Hepatitis B">hepatitis B</a>, <a href="/wiki/Witseerkeel" title="Witseerkeel">witseerkeel</a> en <a href="/wiki/Masels" title="Masels">masels</a> het in dié tyd met gemiddeld 60% toegeneem, wat daarop dui dat basiese mediese dienste en behandelings min is, maar al hoe meer beskikbaar raak. Die Malgassiese vrugbaarheidsyfer was in 2009 net 4,6 kind per vrou, ’n afname van 6,3 in 1990. Tienerswangerskappe van 14,8% in 2011, veel hoër as die gemiddeld in Afrika, dra by tot die vinnige bevolkingsaanwas.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2011-126">[126]</a> In 2010 was daar 440 sterftes onder swanger ma's per 100 000 geboortes, in vergelyking met 373,1 in 2008 en 484,4 in 1990, wat dui op ’n afname in perinatale sorg (kort voor, tydens of kort ná geboorte) ná die staatsgreep van 2009. Die sterftesyfer onder babas was in 2011 41 per 1 000 geboortes<a href="#cite_note-BGNote-8">[8]</a> en onder kinders jonger as vyf jaar 61 per 1 000 geboortes.<a href="#cite_note-SOWMY-127">[127]</a> <a href="/wiki/Skistosomiase" class="mw-redirect" title="Skistosomiase">Skistosomiase</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a> en <a href="/wiki/Seksueel_oordraagbare_infeksie" title="Seksueel oordraagbare infeksie">seksueel oordraagbare infeksies</a> is algemeen, hoewel <a href="/wiki/Vigs" title="Vigs">vigs</a> min voorkom in vergelyking met ander lande in Afrika; dit raak net 0,2% van die volwasse bevolking. Die sterftesyfer weens malaria is ook van die laagstes in Afrika.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2011-126">[126]</a> Die lewensverwagting in 2009 was 63 jaar vir mans en 67 jaar vir vroue.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2011-126">[126]</a> In 2017 was daar ’n uitbraak van <a href="/wiki/Builepes" class="mw-redirect" title="Builepes">builepes</a> in Madagaskar, veral in stedelike gebiede.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opvoeding">Opvoeding</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Wysig afdeling: Opvoeding" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section's source code: Opvoeding">wysig bron</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Ministry_of_Education_Madagascar.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Ministry_of_Education_Madagascar.JPG/220px-Ministry_of_Education_Madagascar.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Ministry_of_Education_Madagascar.JPG/330px-Ministry_of_Education_Madagascar.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Ministry_of_Education_Madagascar.JPG/440px-Ministry_of_Education_Madagascar.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Madagaskar se Departement van Onderwys</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Diego_Suarez_Antsiranana_urban_public_primary_school_(EPP)_Madagascar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Diego_Suarez_Antsiranana_urban_public_primary_school_%28EPP%29_Madagascar.jpg/220px-Diego_Suarez_Antsiranana_urban_public_primary_school_%28EPP%29_Madagascar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Diego_Suarez_Antsiranana_urban_public_primary_school_%28EPP%29_Madagascar.jpg/330px-Diego_Suarez_Antsiranana_urban_public_primary_school_%28EPP%29_Madagascar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Diego_Suarez_Antsiranana_urban_public_primary_school_%28EPP%29_Madagascar.jpg/440px-Diego_Suarez_Antsiranana_urban_public_primary_school_%28EPP%29_Madagascar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2916" data-file-height="2386" /></a><figcaption>Klem is onder Ravalomanana geplaas op toegang tot onderwys en die gehalte daarvan</figcaption></figure> Voor die 19de eeu was alle opvoeding op Madagaskar informeel en hoofsaaklik daarop gemik om praktiese aanleg en sosiale en kulturele waardes te bevorder, insluitende respek vir voorvaders en ouer persone.<a href="#cite_note-LOC-13">[13]</a> Die eerste amptelike skole in die Europese styl is in 1818 by Toamasina gebou deur lede van die Londense Sendinggenootskap. Die genootskap is deur koning Radama I (1810-'28) genooi om skole in Imerina uit te brei en kinders van die <a href="/wiki/Aristokrasie" title="Aristokrasie">aristokrasie</a> basiese geletterdheid en syferkundigheid te leer. Die skole is in 1835 deur Ranavalona I gesluit,<a href="#cite_note-Ralibera-129">[129]</a> maar in die dekades ná haar dood heropen. Teen die einde van die 19de eeu het Madagaskar die bes ontwikkelde en modernste skolestelsel in die voorkoloniale <a href="/wiki/Afrika_suid_van_die_Sahara" title="Afrika suid van die Sahara">Afrika suid van die Sahara</a> gehad. Toegang tot skole is in die koloniale tydperk in die kusstreke uitgebrei, met die klem op Frans en basiese werkvaardighede. Tydens die postkoloniale Eerste Republiek is steeds gebruik gemaak van Franse burgers as onderwysers en was Frans die onderrigtaal, en dit het ontevredenheid veroorsaak onder Malgasse wat ’n algehele skeiding van die voormalige koloniale mag voorgestaan het.<a href="#cite_note-LOC-13">[13]</a> In die tyd van die Tweede Republiek is Franse onderwysers en burgers verban, Malgassies het die taal van onderrig geword en baie jong Malgasse is vinnig opgelei om in afgeleë plattelandse gebiede onderwys te gee onder die beleid van verpligte twee jaar lange nasionale diens.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> Die beleid, bekend as malgachization, het gepaardgegaan met kwaai ekonomiese agteruitgang en ’n drastiese afname in die gehalte van onderwys. Leerlinge kon in dié tyd nie Frans of ander vakke baasraak nie en het gesukkel om ná skool werk te kry. Baie moes noodgedwonge werke met ’n lae salaris in die informele of swartmark aanvaar wat hulle verder in armoede gedompel het. Buiten die kort tyd van Zafy as president, van 1992 tot 1996, was Ratsiraka van 1975 tot 2001 aan die bewind en hy kon nie daarin slaag om die onderwys veel te verbeter nie.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> Onder die Ravalomanana-administrasie (2002-'09) is klem op onderwys gelê – dit is tans gratis en verpligtend vir kinders tussen 6 en 13 jaar oud.<a href="#cite_note-WBeducation-132">[132]</a> Primêre opvoeding duur vyf jaar, ’n lae sekondêre vlak vier jaar en ’n hoër sekondêre vlak drie jaar.<a href="#cite_note-LOC-13">[13]</a> Tydens Ravalomanana se eerste termyn is duisende nuwe laerskole en bykomende klaskamers gebou, ouer geboue is gerestoureer en tienduisende laerskoolonderwysers is opgelei. Laerskoolopvoeding is gratis gemaak en stelle met basiese skoolbehoeftes is in die laerskole uitgedeel.<a href="#cite_note-WBeducation-132">[132]</a> Eindelik was daar minstens een primêre skool per fokontany, een laer sekondêre skool per kommune en een hoër sekondêre skool in al die stedelike gebiede.<a href="#cite_note-INSTAT-108">[108]</a> Die drie kampusse van die nasionale openbare universiteit is geleë in Antananarivo (in 1961 gestig), Mahajanga (1977) en Fianarantsoa (1988). Daar is ook verskeie kolleges en privaat universiteite en tegniese kolleges.<a href="#cite_note-LOC-13">[13]</a> Danksy die groter beskikbaarheid van onderwysinstellings het studentetalle tussen 1996 en 2006 meer as verdubbel. Die gehalte is egter swak en baie studente moet jare herhaal of skop op.<a href="#cite_note-WBeducation-132">[132]</a> Opvoedingsbeleide tydens Ravalomanana se tweede termyn het gefokus op gehalte, insluitende hoër minimum opvoedingstandaarde vir voornemende laerskoolonderwysers, van die besit van ’n sertifikaat van ’n middelbare skool tot dié van ’n hoërskool. Die opleidingsprogram vir onderwysers is ook verbeter.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> In 2008 was die regering se besteding aan die onderwys 13,4% van sy totale uitgawes en 2,9% van die BBP. Laerskoolklasse is oorvol, met ’n verhouding van leerling tot onderwyser van 47:1 in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demografie">Demografie</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Wysig afdeling: Demografie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section's source code: Demografie">wysig bron</a>]</div> In 2016 is Madagaskar se bevoling op 25 miljoen geraam, teenoor 2,2 miljoen in 1900.<a href="#cite_note-LOC-13">[13]</a> Die jaarlikse bevolkingsaanwas was in 2009 sowat 2,9%.<a href="#cite_note-BGNote-8">[8]</a> Sowat 42,5% van die bevolking is jonger as 15 jaar, terwyl 54,5% tussen 15 en 64 jaar oud is. Dié wat 65 en ouer is, is 3% van die bevolking.<a href="#cite_note-AEO2011-115">[115]</a> Net twee <a href="/wiki/Sensus" title="Sensus">sensusopnames</a>, in 1975 en 1993, is gedoen sedert onafhanklikwording. Die digs bevolkte gebiede is die oostelike hoogland en die ooskus, terwyl die westelike vlaktes die yls bewoonde dele is.<a href="#cite_note-LOC-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etniese_groepe">Etniese groepe</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Wysig afdeling: Etniese groepe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section's source code: Etniese groepe">wysig bron</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Ethnic_groups_of_Madagascar_Map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Ethnic_groups_of_Madagascar_Map.png/220px-Ethnic_groups_of_Madagascar_Map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Ethnic_groups_of_Madagascar_Map.png/330px-Ethnic_groups_of_Madagascar_Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Ethnic_groups_of_Madagascar_Map.png/440px-Ethnic_groups_of_Madagascar_Map.png 2x" data-file-width="471" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption>Die streeksverspreiding van etniese subgroepe op Madagaskar</figcaption></figure> Die Malgasse maak meer as 90% van die eiland se bevolking uit en word gewoonlik in 18 subgroepe verdeel.<a href="#cite_note-BGNote-8">[8]</a> Onlangse <a href="/wiki/DNS" title="DNS">DNS</a>-navorsing het getoon die genetiese samestelling van die gemiddelde Malgas is min of meer ’n gelyke mengsel van Suidoos-Asiatiese en Oos-Afrikaanse gene,<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tofanelli-136">[136]</a> hoewel die genetika van sommige gemeenskappe ’n groter oorsprong van een van dié twee groepe toon of tekens van Arabiese, Indiese of Europese afkoms.<a href="#cite_note-Adelaar-137">[137]</a> Suidoos-Asiatiese kenmerke, veral van Suid-Borneo, is veral oorheersend in die <a href="/wiki/Merina" title="Merina">Merina</a> van die sentrale hoogland.<a href="#cite_note-ethnicstrife-104">[104]</a> Hulle is die grootste Malgassiese subgroep, sowat 26% van die bevolking, terwyl sekere kusvolke sterker Oos-Afrikaanse eienskappe het. Die grootste etniese kusgroepe is die <a href="/wiki/Betsimisaraka" title="Betsimisaraka">Betsimisaraka</a> (14,9%) en die <a href="/wiki/Tsimihety" title="Tsimihety">Tsimihety</a> en <a href="/wiki/Sakalava" title="Sakalava">Sakalava</a> (6% elk).<a href="#cite_note-LOC-13">[13]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Etniese subgroep</th> <th>Streeksverspreiding </th></tr> <tr> <td>Antankarana, Sakalava, Tsimihety</td> <td>Voormalige Antsiranana-provinsie </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sakalava, Vezo</td> <td>Voormalige Mahajanga-provinsie </td></tr> <tr> <td>Betsimisaraka, Sihanaka, Bezanozano</td> <td>Voormalige Toamasina-provinsie </td></tr> <tr> <td>Merina</td> <td>Voormalige Antananarivo-provinsie </td></tr> <tr> <td>Betsileo, Antaifasy, Antambahoaka, Antaimoro, Antaisaka, Tanala</td> <td>Voormalige Fianarantsoa-provinsie </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mahafaly, Antandroy, Antanosy, Bara, Vezo</td> <td>Voormalige Toliara-provinsie </td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/China" class="mw-disambig" title="China">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indi%C3%AB" title="Indië">Indiese</a> en <a href="/wiki/Comore" class="mw-redirect" title="Comore">Comoraanse</a> minderhede kom op Madagaskar voor, sowel as ’n klein <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europese</a> (hoofsaaklik <a href="/wiki/Frankryk" title="Frankryk">Franse</a>) bevolking. Emigrasie in die laat 20ste eeu het hierdie minderhede verder laat afneem, soms in skielike vlae soos met die uittog van Comorane in 1976 ná anti-Comoraanse betogings in Mahajanga.<a href="#cite_note-LOC-13">[13]</a> Daarteenoor was daar geen aansienlike emigrasie van Malgasse nie.<a href="#cite_note-EBLand-12">[12]</a> Die getal Europeërs het afgeneem sedert onafhanklikwording, van 68 430 in 1958<a href="#cite_note-Kitchen_1962,_bl._256-93">[93]</a> tot 17 000 drie dekades later. In die middel 1980's het daar sowat 25 000 Comorane, 18 000 Indiërs en 9 000 Chinese op Madagaskar gewoon.<a href="#cite_note-LOC-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taal">Taal</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Wysig afdeling: Taal" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section's source code: Taal">wysig bron</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Madagascar_Kids_5_(4814978342).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Madagascar_Kids_5_%284814978342%29.jpg/220px-Madagascar_Kids_5_%284814978342%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Madagascar_Kids_5_%284814978342%29.jpg/330px-Madagascar_Kids_5_%284814978342%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Madagascar_Kids_5_%284814978342%29.jpg/440px-Madagascar_Kids_5_%284814978342%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>’n Malgassiese kind</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Malgassies" title="Malgassies">Malgassies</a> is van <a href="/wiki/Maleis-Polinesiese_tale" title="Maleis-Polinesiese tale">Maleis-Polinesiese</a> oorsprong en word algemeen gepraat. Die talle Malgassiese <a href="/wiki/Dialek" title="Dialek">dialekte</a>, wat gewoonlik onderling verstaan word,<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> kan in twee hoofgroepe geklassifiseer word: Oos-Malgassies, wat in die oostelike woudstreke en hoogland gepraat word, insluitende die Merina-dialek van Antananarivo; en Wes-Malgassies van die westelike kusvlaktes. <a href="/wiki/Frans" title="Frans">Frans</a> het tydens die Franse heerskappy die amptelike taal geword, maar volgens die eerste grondwet van 1958 was Malgassies en Frans albei amptelike tale. Frans word veral deur die opgevoede deel van die bevolking gepraat en vir internasionale kommunikasie gebruik.<a href="#cite_note-LOC-13">[13]</a> Volgens die grondwet van 2007 het Malgassies die nasionale taal gebly, maar was daar drie amptelike tale: Malgassies, Frans en <a href="/wiki/Engels" title="Engels">Engels</a>.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> Engels is verwyder uit die grondwet wat in 2010 deur kiesers in ’n referendum goedgekeur is.<a href="#cite_note-4thRepublic-1">[1]</a> Vandag word Malgassies en Frans as die twee amptelike tale erken. Albei word in laer- en hoërskole gebruik. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Godsdiens">Godsdiens</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Wysig afdeling: Godsdiens" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section's source code: Godsdiens">wysig bron</a>]</div> <div class="staafgrafiek tleft" style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:300px; background: white"> <table style="border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td style="padding:0 4px;"></td> <td style="padding:0 4px; text-align:right;"></td> <td style="width:100px;"> </td><td style="padding:0 4px; width:5em; text-align:right;"></td> <td style="padding:0 4px; text-align:right;"></td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em;min-width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Protestantisme" title="Protestantisme">Protestants</a></td> <td style="width:100px;border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:red; width:51.8%; overflow:hidden">  </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em" align="right">51.8%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em;min-width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Rooms-Katolieke_Kerk" title="Rooms-Katolieke Kerk">Rooms-Katoliek</a></td> <td style="width:100px;border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:blue; width:38.1%; overflow:hidden">  </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em" align="right">38.1%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em;min-width:8em">Ander Christene</td> <td style="width:100px;border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:orange; width:1.1%; overflow:hidden">  </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em" align="right">1.1%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em;min-width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></td> <td style="width:100px;border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:green; width:3%; overflow:hidden">  </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em" align="right">3%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em;min-width:8em">Volksgelowe</td> <td style="width:100px;border-left:solid 1px silver;border-right:solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:gray; width:5.4%; overflow:hidden">  </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em" align="right">5.4%</td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="5" style="padding:5px">Godsdiens op Madagaskar<a href="#cite_note-pew-140">[140]</a></td></tr> </tbody></table> </div> Volgens die Amerikaanse departement van buitelandse sake was 41% van Malgasse in 2011 Christene en 52% het tradisionele godsdienste aangehang<a href="#cite_note-BGNote-8">[8]</a> wat gewoonlik klem lê op die lewendes en die razana (voorouers). Volgens die Pew-navorsingsentrum was 85% van die bevolking egter in 2010 Christene en net 4,5% het tradisionele godsdienste beoefen. Onder die Christene was daar meer <a href="/wiki/Protestantisme" title="Protestantisme">Protestante</a> as <a href="/wiki/Rooms-Katolieke_Kerk" title="Rooms-Katolieke Kerk">Rooms-Katolieke</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pew-140">[140]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Famadihana_reburial_razana_ancestor_Madagascar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Famadihana_reburial_razana_ancestor_Madagascar.jpg/220px-Famadihana_reburial_razana_ancestor_Madagascar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Famadihana_reburial_razana_ancestor_Madagascar.jpg/330px-Famadihana_reburial_razana_ancestor_Madagascar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Famadihana_reburial_razana_ancestor_Madagascar.jpg/440px-Famadihana_reburial_razana_ancestor_Madagascar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4288" /></a><figcaption>’n Famadihana-herbegrafnis</figcaption></figure> Eerbetoon aan voorouers het gelei tot die tradisie om graftombes te bou, sowel as die hooglandse praktyk die <a href="/wiki/Famadihana" title="Famadihana">famadihana</a>, waar ’n afgestorwe familielid se oorskot opgegrawe en in skoon sydoeke toegdraai word voordat dit in die graf teruggeplaas word. Die famadihana is ’n geleentheid waarop die geliefde voorouer geëer, daar met familie en die gemeenskap herenig en ’n feesatmosfeer geniet kan word. Inwoners van omringende dorpe word ook dikwels genooi na die geleentheid, waar <a href="/wiki/Kos" class="mw-disambig" title="Kos">kos</a> en <a href="/wiki/Rum" title="Rum">rum</a> gewoonlik voorgesit en musiek gemaak word.<a href="#cite_note-famadihana-141">[141]</a> Agting vir voorouers word ook dikwels gewys deur die handhawing van <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fady&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fady (bladsy bestaan nie)">fady</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Taboe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taboe (bladsy bestaan nie)">taboes</a> wat gerespekteer word tydens die lewe en ná die dood van die persoon wat dit ingestel het. Daar word geglo as respek aan voorouers betoon word, sal hulle die lewendes help. Net so word ongelukke dikwels toegeskryf aan voorouers wie se wense verwaarloos is. Die offering van ’n <a href="/wiki/Seboe" title="Seboe">seboe</a> is ’n tradisionele manier om voorouers te paai of eer. Die Malgasse glo ook tradisioneel in ’n skeppergod, wat Zanahary of Andriamanitra genoem word.<a href="#cite_note-Bradtbeliefs-142">[142]</a> In 1818 het die <a href="/wiki/Londense_Sendinggenootskap" title="Londense Sendinggenootskap">Londense Sendinggenootskap</a> die eerste Christelike sendelinge na Madagasar gestuur. Hulle het kerke gebou, die Bybel in Malgassies vertaal en mense bekeer. Van 1835 af het koningin Ranavalona I hierdie bekeerdes vervolg as deel van ’n poging om die Europese kulturele en politieke invloed op die eiland stop te sit. In 1869 het ’n opvolger van haar, koningin Ranavalona II, die Christelike geloof teruggebring en sendingwerk aangemoedig.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> Vandag meng baie Christene hul godsdiens met tradisionele gelowe vir die verering van voorouers. Hulle sal byvoorbeeld iemand uit die kerk begrawe en daarna tradisonele begrafnisrituele hou, of ’n Christelike predikant nooi om ’n famadihana-herbegrafnis te seën.<a href="#cite_note-famadihana-141">[141]</a> <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> word ook beoefen. Dit is in die <a href="/wiki/Middeleeue" title="Middeleeue">Middeleeue</a> na die eiland gebring deur handelaars uit Arabië en <a href="/wiki/Somali%C3%AB" title="Somalië">Somalië</a> wat verskeie Islamitiese skole aan die ooskus geopen het. Terwyl die Arabiese skrif, leenwoorde en Islamitiese astrologie oor die eiland versprei het, het die Islamitiese godsdiens nie veel byval gevind nie, behalwe by ’n klompie gemeenskappe aan die suidooskus. Vandag maak <a href="/wiki/Moslem" title="Moslem">Moslems</a> 3-7% van die bevolking uit en is hulle hoofsaaklik in die noordwestelike provinsies Mahajanga en Antsiranana gekonsentreer. Die meerderheid van hulle is <a href="/wiki/Soenni" title="Soenni">Soenni</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hindoe%C3%AFsme" title="Hindoeïsme">Hindoeïsme</a> is meer onlangs, in die laat 19de eeu, aan die eilandbewoners bekend gestel deur mense uit <a href="/wiki/Indi%C3%AB" title="Indië">Indië</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kultuur">Kultuur</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Wysig afdeling: Kultuur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section's source code: Kultuur">wysig bron</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Hira_gasy_musicians_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Hira_gasy_musicians_2008.jpg/220px-Hira_gasy_musicians_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Hira_gasy_musicians_2008.jpg/330px-Hira_gasy_musicians_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Hira_gasy_musicians_2008.jpg/440px-Hira_gasy_musicians_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1398" data-file-height="782" /></a><figcaption>Hiragasy musikante geklee in tradisionele <a href="/wiki/Lamba" title="Lamba">Lambas</a></figcaption></figure> Elk van die baie etniese subgroepe op Madagaskar het sy eie gelowe, gebruike en lewenswyse wat histories bygedra het tot ’n eie identiteit. Daar is egter ’n aantal eienskappe wat algemeen voorkom en ’n sterk verenigde Malgassiese kultuur skep. Benewens ’n gedeelde taal en gedeelde tradisionele godsdienste wat sentreer om ’n skeppergod en die verering van voorouers, word die tradisionele Malgassiese opvattings gevorm deur waardes wat klem lê op fihavanana (solidariteit), vintana (bestemming), tody (karma) en hasina, ’n heilige lewenskrag wat tradisionele gemeenskappe glo magsfigure in die gemeenskap of familie vul en dus wettigheid aan hulle verleen. Ander kultuurelemente wat algemeen voorkom is, is manlike <a href="/wiki/Besnydenis" title="Besnydenis">besnydenis</a>; sterk familiebande; ’n geloof in toorkrag, wiggelaars, astrologie en toordokters; en ’n tradisionele verdeling van die sosiale klasse in adellikes, vrye burgers en slawe.<a href="#cite_note-LOC-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bradtbeliefs-142">[142]</a> Hoewel sosiale <a href="/wiki/Kaste" title="Kaste">kastes</a> nie meer wetlik erken word nie, raak die kasteverbintenisse van die voorvaders steeds sosiale status, ekonomiese geleenthede en rolle in die gemeenskap.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> Malgasse raadpleeg tradisioneel Mpanandro ("Makers van die Dae") om die beste dae vas te stel vir belangrike geleenthede soos troues of famadihana; dit word bepaal met ’n tradisionele <a href="/wiki/Astrologie" title="Astrologie">astrologiestelsel</a> wat die Arabiere na die eiland gebring het. Die uiteenlopende oorspronge van die Malgassiese kultuur is duidelik. Die gewildste instrument, die <a href="/wiki/Valiha" title="Valiha">valiha</a>, is ’n bamboesbuis-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Siter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siter (bladsy bestaan nie)">siter</a> wat vroeë setlaars uit Suid-Borneo met hulle saamgebring het. Die vorm daarvan stem baie ooreen met instrumente wat vandag in <a href="/wiki/Indonesi%C3%AB" title="Indonesië">Indonesië</a> en die <a href="/wiki/Filippyne" title="Filippyne">Filippyne</a> aangetref word.<a href="#cite_note-Blench,_R._1982_bl._81-93-145">[145]</a> Tradisionele huise op Madagaskar lyk ook soos dié in Suid-Borneo wat betref <a href="/wiki/Simbool" title="Simbool">simbolisme</a> en voorkoms, met ’n reghoekige uitleg, spitsdak en sentrale steunpilaar.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> ’n Weerspieëling van die algemene verering van voorvaders is die graftombes wat van beter materiaal gebou en mooier versier is as die huise van die lewendes.<a href="#cite_note-Acquier,_Jean-Louis.-147">[147]</a> Die vervaardiging en weef van <a href="/wiki/Sy" title="Sy">sy</a> kan teruggevoer word na die eerste setlaars en die eiland se nasionale drag, die geweefde <a href="/wiki/Lamba" title="Lamba">lamba</a>, het ontwikkel in ’n fyn kuns.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> Die <a href="/wiki/Suidoos-Asi%C3%AB" title="Suidoos-Asië">Suidoos-Asiatiese</a> invloed is ook duidelik in Madagaskar se kos, wat bestaan uit ’n verskeidenheid geurige <a href="/wiki/Groente" title="Groente">groentes</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vleis" title="Vleis">vleisgeregte</a> en altyd saam met <a href="/wiki/Rys" title="Rys">rys</a> geëet word.<a href="#cite_note-Antal-149">[149]</a> Die <a href="/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika">Afrika</a>-invloed word weerspieël deur die heilige belangrikheid van die <a href="/wiki/Seboe" title="Seboe">seboes</a> en hul verpersoonliking van hul eienaar se rykdom – tradisies wat op die vasteland van Afrika ontstaan het. Beesdiefstel, oorspronklik ’n <a href="/wiki/Deurgangsrite" title="Deurgangsrite">deurgangsrite</a> vir jong mans op die vlaktes waar die grootste beeskuddes voorkom, het ’n gevaarlike en soms dodelike misdaadbedryf geword; beeswagters in die suidweste probeer hul beeste met tradisionele spiese beskerm teen professionele veediewe wat al hoe swaarder gewapen is.<a href="#cite_note-Camp93-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kunste">Kunste</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&veaction=edit&section=26" title="Wysig afdeling: Kunste" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section's source code: Kunste">wysig bron</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Hira_gasy_dancer_Madagascar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Hira_gasy_dancer_Madagascar.jpg/170px-Hira_gasy_dancer_Madagascar.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Hira_gasy_dancer_Madagascar.jpg/255px-Hira_gasy_dancer_Madagascar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Hira_gasy_dancer_Madagascar.jpg/340px-Hira_gasy_dancer_Madagascar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="3712" /></a><figcaption>’n Hiragasy-danser</figcaption></figure> ’n Groot verskeidenheid mondelinge en geskrewe <a href="/wiki/Letterkunde" title="Letterkunde">letterkunde</a> het op Madagaskar ontwikkel. Een van die eiland se gewildste <a href="/wiki/Kuns" title="Kuns">kunstradisies</a> is die redenaarskuns, soos uitgedruk in die verskillende vorme van hainteny (<a href="/wiki/Po%C3%ABsie" title="Poësie">poësie</a>), kabary (openbare redevoering) en ohabolana (<a href="/wiki/Spreekwoord" title="Spreekwoord">spreekwoorde</a>).<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-Madatana-151">[151]</a> ’n Epiese gedig, die Ibonia, is deur die eeue in verskillende vorme oorgedra en gee ’n insig in die uiteenlopende <a href="/wiki/Mitologie" title="Mitologie">mitologieë</a> en gelowe van die tradisionele Malgassiese gemeenskappe.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> Hierdie tradisie is in die 20ste eeu voortgesit deur sulke kunstenaars soos Jean-Joseph Rabearivelo, wat beskou word as Afrika se eerste moderne digter,<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> en Elie Rajaonarison, ’n digter van die nuwe vlaag Malgassiese poësie.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> Madagaskar het ook ’n ryk <a href="/wiki/Musiek" title="Musiek">musiekerfenis</a>, en dit is duidelik uit die tientalle streekmusiekgenres soos die kusstreke se salegy en die hoogland se hiragasy wat lewe gee aan dorpsbyeenkomste, plaaslike dansvloere en nasionale radio.<a href="#cite_note-Randrianary-155">[155]</a> ’n Dag lange byeenkoms met hiragasy, danse en kabary word veral deur die Merina gehou, met groepe wat teen mekaar meeding. Daar is ook ’n groeiende kultuur van <a href="/wiki/Klassieke_musiek" title="Klassieke musiek">klassieke musiek</a>, met jongmense wat onderrig word in jeugakademies en orkeste wat die jeug se betrokkenheid by klassieke musiek bevorder. Saam met syweefwerk en lamba-vervaardiging word die weef van <a href="/wiki/Raffia" class="mw-redirect" title="Raffia">raffia</a> en ander plaaslike plantmateriaal gebruik om ’n groot verskeidenheid praktiese items soos matte, mandjies, beursies en hoede te maak.<a href="#cite_note-handicrafts-156">[156]</a> Houtsneewerk is ’n goed ontwikkelde kunsvorm, en streekstyle kan gesien word in die versierings van balkonrelings en ander <a href="/wiki/Argitektuur" title="Argitektuur">argitektoniese</a> elemente. Beeldhouers skep ’n verskeidenheid meubels en huishoudelike items, begrafnispilare en beeldhouwerke, waarvan baie vir die plaaslike <a href="/wiki/Toerisme" title="Toerisme">toeristemark</a> gemaak word.<a href="#cite_note-Terrible-157">[157]</a> Die versierende en funksionele houtwerktradisies van die Zafimaniry-volk van die sentrale hoogland is in 2008 opgeneem in <a href="/wiki/Unesco" title="Unesco">Unesco</a> se lys van ontasbare kulturele erfenisgoed.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> Onder die Antaimoro-volk is die vervaardiging van <a href="/wiki/Papier" title="Papier">papier</a> met ingelegde blomme en ander natuurlike materiale ’n tradisie wat die gemeenskap begin het om ekotoerisme te bevorder.<a href="#cite_note-Terrible-157">[157]</a> Borduur- en ander naaldwerk word gebruik in die vervaardiging van klere, tafeldoeke en ander huishoudelike materiaalitems, asook vir plaaslike kunsmarkte.<a href="#cite_note-handicrafts-156">[156]</a> ’n Paar kunsgalerye in Antananarivo en ander stadsgebiede verkoop skilderye deur plaaslike kunstenaars en jaarlikse kunsgeleenthede word gehou, soos die Hosotra-opeluguitstalling in die hoofstad.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport_en_ontspanning">Sport en ontspanning</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&veaction=edit&section=27" title="Wysig afdeling: Sport en ontspanning" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section's source code: Sport en ontspanning">wysig bron</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Moraingy_fighting_Madagascar_sport.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Moraingy_fighting_Madagascar_sport.jpg/220px-Moraingy_fighting_Madagascar_sport.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Moraingy_fighting_Madagascar_sport.jpg/330px-Moraingy_fighting_Madagascar_sport.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Moraingy_fighting_Madagascar_sport.jpg/440px-Moraingy_fighting_Madagascar_sport.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1617" data-file-height="1301" /></a><figcaption>Moraingy is ’n tradisionele gevegskuns</figcaption></figure> Verskeie tradisionele soorte sport en vermaak bestaan op Madagaskar. <a href="/wiki/Moraingy" title="Moraingy">Moraingy</a>, ’n soort handgevegskuns, is ’n gewilde sportsoort in die kusstreke. Dit word tradisioneel deur mans beoefen, maar vroue het ook onlangs begin deelneem.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> Stoei met seboes, tolon-omby, word ook in baie streke beoefen.<a href="#cite_note-lambatradition-161">[161]</a> Verskeie soorte speletjies word ook gespeel, onder meer fanorona, ’n bordspel wat veral op die hoogland gewild is. Deur die afgelope twee eeue het <a href="/wiki/Weste" title="Weste">Westerse</a> ontspanningsbedrywighede ook na Madagaskar oorgespoel. <a href="/wiki/Rugby" title="Rugby">Rugby</a> word beskou as die eiland se nasionale sportsoort<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> en is tydens die Franse koloniale tydperk deur spoorwegingenieurs, wat in die hoofstad Antananarivo gewerk en rugby gespeel het, na die eilandstaat saamgeneem.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Malgassiese_nasionale_rugbyspan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Malgassiese nasionale rugbyspan (bladsy bestaan nie)">Madagaskar</a> het tot dusver nog nie vir 'n <a href="/wiki/Rugbyw%C3%AAreldbeker" title="Rugbywêreldbeker">rugbywêreldbeker</a> gekwalifiseer nie. Hulle ding in die Afrikanasiesbeker met ander opkomende rugbyspanne mee. <a href="/wiki/Sokker" title="Sokker">Sokker</a> is ook gewild en Madagaskar het al ’n wêreldkampioen opgelewer in pétanque, ’n Franse spel soortgelyk aan <a href="/wiki/Rolbal" title="Rolbal">rolbal</a> wat algemeen in stedelike gebiede en op die hoogland gespeel word.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> Skoolatletiekprogramme sluit gewoonlik sokker, <a href="/wiki/Atletiek" title="Atletiek">baan- en veldnommers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">judo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boks" title="Boks">boks</a>, vroue<a href="/wiki/Korfbal" title="Korfbal">korfbal</a> en vroue<a href="/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis">tennis</a> in. Madagaskar het in 1964 die eerste keer ’n span na die <a href="/wiki/Olimpiese_Spele" title="Olimpiese Spele">Olimpiese Spele</a> gestuur en het ook al aan die Afrikaspele deelgeneem.<a href="#cite_note-EBLand-12">[12]</a> Verkennerswerk is ook gewild, met drie verkennersklubs wat in 2011 ’n ledetal van 14 905 gehad het.<a href="#cite_note-Census_2010-165">[165]</a> Danksy sy goeie sportgeriewe is verskeie Afrika-basketbal- en korfbalkampioenskappe al in <a href="/wiki/Antananarivo" title="Antananarivo">Antananarivo</a> gehou.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kos">Kos</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&veaction=edit&section=28" title="Wysig afdeling: Kos" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section's source code: Kos">wysig bron</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Kakapizon_and_chips_food_vendor_in_Antananarivo_Madagascar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Kakapizon_and_chips_food_vendor_in_Antananarivo_Madagascar.jpg/220px-Kakapizon_and_chips_food_vendor_in_Antananarivo_Madagascar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Kakapizon_and_chips_food_vendor_in_Antananarivo_Madagascar.jpg/330px-Kakapizon_and_chips_food_vendor_in_Antananarivo_Madagascar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Kakapizon_and_chips_food_vendor_in_Antananarivo_Madagascar.jpg/440px-Kakapizon_and_chips_food_vendor_in_Antananarivo_Madagascar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2047" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption>'n Straathandelaar verkoop vars aartappelskyfies en kaka pizon</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Achards_de_mangue_et_citron_lemon_mango_achar_Madagascar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Achards_de_mangue_et_citron_lemon_mango_achar_Madagascar.jpg/220px-Achards_de_mangue_et_citron_lemon_mango_achar_Madagascar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Achards_de_mangue_et_citron_lemon_mango_achar_Madagascar.jpg/330px-Achards_de_mangue_et_citron_lemon_mango_achar_Madagascar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Achards_de_mangue_et_citron_lemon_mango_achar_Madagascar.jpg/440px-Achards_de_mangue_et_citron_lemon_mango_achar_Madagascar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="642" /></a><figcaption>Suurlemoen- en mangoplukkels (achards) word tradisioneel by etes in die noordwestelike kusstreke van Madagaskar bedien</figcaption></figure> Malgassiese kos weerspieël die uiteenlopende invloede van Suidoos-Asië, Afrika, Indië, China en Europa. Maaltye kan wissel van die eenvoudige, tradisionele geregte wat deur die vroegste setlaars berei is tot die feesgeregte wat aan die 19de-eeuse monarge voorgesit is. Die kos bestaan vandag gewoonlik uit <a href="/wiki/Rys" title="Rys">rys</a> (vary) as basis saam met laoka. Die baie soorte laoka sluit <a href="/wiki/Vegetarisme" title="Vegetarisme">vegetariese</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vleis" title="Vleis">vleisgeregte</a> in en daar is gewoonlik ook ’n sous wat gegeur is met bestanddele soos <a href="/wiki/Gemmer" title="Gemmer">gemmer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ui" title="Ui">uie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Knoffel" title="Knoffel">knoffel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamatie" title="Tamatie">tamaties</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vanielje" title="Vanielje">vanielje</a>, <a href="/wiki/Klappermelk" title="Klappermelk">klappermelk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sout" class="mw-redirect" title="Sout">sout</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerrie" title="Kerrie">kerriepoeier</a> en <a href="/wiki/Peper" title="Peper">groenpeper</a> en soms ook ander <a href="/wiki/Krui" class="mw-redirect" title="Krui">kruie</a> en <a href="/wiki/Spesery" title="Spesery">speserye</a>. In dele van die droë suide en weste kan boeregesinne rys vervang met <a href="/wiki/Mielie" title="Mielie">mielies</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kassawe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kassawe (bladsy bestaan nie)">kassawe</a> of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wrongel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wrongel (bladsy bestaan nie)">wrongel</a> wat van seboemelk gemaak word. ’n Groot verskeidenheid soet en sout <a href="/wiki/Poffertjie" title="Poffertjie">poffertjies</a> en ander versnaperinge soos tropiese <a href="/wiki/Vrugte" class="mw-redirect" title="Vrugte">vrugte</a> is dwarsoor die eiland beskikbaar. Plaaslik vervaardigde drankies sluit in vrugtesappe, <a href="/wiki/Koffie" title="Koffie">koffie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kruietee" title="Kruietee">kruietees</a> en <a href="/wiki/Alkohol" title="Alkohol">alkoholiese</a> dranke soos <a href="/wiki/Rum" title="Rum">rum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wyn" title="Wyn">wyn</a> en <a href="/wiki/Bier" title="Bier">bier</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Antal-149">[149]</a> Die eiland vervaardig ook van die beste <a href="/wiki/Sjokolade" title="Sjokolade">sjokolade</a> in die wêreld.<a href="#cite_note-prize-171">[171]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verwysings">Verwysings</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&veaction=edit&section=29" title="Wysig afdeling: Verwysings" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section's source code: Verwysings">wysig bron</a>]</div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-4" style="-moz-column-count: 4; -webkit-column-count: 4; column-count: 4; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4thRepublic-1">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-4thRepublic_1-0">1,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-4thRepublic_1-1">1,1</a> (fr) <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2205490">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:12px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFLe_Comité_Consultatif_Constitutionnel2010" class="citation web cs1">Le Comité Consultatif Constitutionnel (1 Oktober 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.madagascar-tribune.com/IMG/pdf/constitution.pdf">"Projet de Constitution de la Quatrième République de Madagascar"</a> (PDF). Madagascar Tribune. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200519164522/https://www.madagascar-tribune.com/IMG/pdf/constitution.pdf">Geargiveer</a> (PDF) vanaf die oorspronklike op 19 Mei 2020. Besoek op 18 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Projet+de+Constitution+de+la+Quatri%C3%A8me+R%C3%A9publique+de+Madagascar&rft.pub=Madagascar+Tribune&rft.date=2010-10-01&rft.au=Le+Comit%C3%A9+Consultatif+Constitutionnel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.madagascar-tribune.com%2FIMG%2Fpdf%2Fconstitution.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIA-2">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_2-0">2,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_2-1">2,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_2-2">2,2</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/madagascar/">"Madagascar"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. Besoek op 9 Maart 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Madagascar&rft.pub=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fmadagascar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-imf2-3">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-imf2_3-0">3,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-imf2_3-1">3,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-imf2_3-2">3,2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-imf2_3-3">3,3</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=674,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2021&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1">"Madagascar"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Internasionale_Monet%C3%AAre_Fonds" title="Internasionale Monetêre Fonds">Internasionale Monetêre Fonds</a>. Oktober 2023. Besoek op 9 Maart 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Madagascar&rft.pub=Internasionale+Monet%C3%AAre+Fonds&rft.date=2023-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FPublications%2FWEO%2Fweo-database%2F2023%2FOctober%2Fweo-report%3Fc%3D674%2C%26s%3DNGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC%2C%26sy%3D2021%26ey%3D2028%26ssm%3D0%26scsm%3D1%26scc%3D0%26ssd%3D1%26ssc%3D0%26sic%3D0%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf">"Human Development Report 2021/2022"</a> (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 2021. Besoek op 9 Maart 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Development+Report+2021%2F2022&rft.pub=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fglobal-report-document%2Fhdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=MG">"Gini Index – Madagascar"</a>. <a href="/wiki/W%C3%AAreldbank" title="Wêreldbank">Wêreldbank</a>. Besoek op 9 Maart 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gini+Index+%E2%80%93+Madagascar&rft.pub=W%C3%AAreldbank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSI.POV.GINI%3Flocations%3DMG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unohrlls.org/about-ldcs/">"About LDCs"</a>. UN-OHRLLS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200515124949/http://unohrlls.org/about-ldcs/">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 15 Mei 2020. Besoek op 22 Februarie 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+LDCs&rft.pub=UN-OHRLLS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funohrlls.org%2Fabout-ldcs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cousins-7"><a href="#cite_ref-Cousins_7-0">↑</a> Cousins (1895), pp. 11–12 </li> <li id="cite_note-BGNote-8">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-BGNote_8-0">8,00</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BGNote_8-1">8,01</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BGNote_8-2">8,02</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BGNote_8-3">8,03</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BGNote_8-4">8,04</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BGNote_8-5">8,05</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BGNote_8-6">8,06</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BGNote_8-7">8,07</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BGNote_8-8">8,08</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BGNote_8-9">8,09</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BGNote_8-10">8,10</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BGNote_8-11">8,11</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BGNote_8-12">8,12</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BGNote_8-13">8,13</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BGNote_8-14">8,14</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BGNote_8-15">8,15</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFBureau_of_African_Affairs2011" class="citation web cs1">Bureau of African Affairs (3 Mei 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5460.htm">"Background Note: Madagascar"</a>. U.S. Department of State. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190508153424/https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5460.htm">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 8 Mei 2019. Besoek op 24 Augustus 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Background+Note%3A+Madagascar&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+State&rft.date=2011-05-03&rft.au=Bureau+of+African+Affairs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Fr%2Fpa%2Fei%2Fbgn%2F5460.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-georeport-9"><a href="#cite_ref-georeport_9-0">↑</a> Moriarty (1891), bl. 1–2 </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFUniversity_of_Berkeley:_Understanding_Evolution2009" class="citation web cs1">University of Berkeley: Understanding Evolution (Oktober 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/news/091001_madagascar">"Where did all of Madagascar's species come from?"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200516011018/https://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/news/091001_madagascar">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 16 Mei 2020. Besoek op 19 Maart 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Where+did+all+of+Madagascar%27s+species+come+from%3F&rft.date=2009-10&rft.au=University+of+Berkeley%3A+Understanding+Evolution&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fevolution.berkeley.edu%2Fevolibrary%2Fnews%2F091001_madagascar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-endemicstats-11">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-endemicstats_11-0">11,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-endemicstats_11-1">11,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-endemicstats_11-2">11,2</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFVencesWollenbergVieitesLees2009" class="citation journal cs1">Vences M, Wollenberg KC, Vieites DR, Lees DC (Junie 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mvences.de/p/p1/Vences_A163.pdf">"Madagascar as a model region of species diversification"</a> (PDF). Trends in Ecology and Evolution. 24 (8): 456–465. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tree.2009.03.011">10.1016/j.tree.2009.03.011</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19500874">19500874</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/65N9YtmnD?url=http://www.mvences.de/p/p1/Vences_A163.pdf">Geargiveer</a> (PDF) vanaf die oorspronklike op 11 Februarie 2012. Besoek op 11 Februarie 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trends+in+Ecology+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=Madagascar+as+a+model+region+of+species+diversification&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=456-465&rft.date=2009-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.tree.2009.03.011&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19500874&rft.aulast=Vences&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Wollenberg%2C+KC&rft.au=Vieites%2C+DR&rft.au=Lees%2C+DC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mvences.de%2Fp%2Fp1%2FVences_A163.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EBLand-12">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-EBLand_12-0">12,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBLand_12-1">12,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBLand_12-2">12,2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBLand_12-3">12,3</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBLand_12-4">12,4</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBLand_12-5">12,5</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBLand_12-6">12,6</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFEncyclopædia_Britannica2011" class="citation web cs1">Encyclopædia Britannica (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/355562/Madagascar">"Madagascar"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. Eb.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090401084959/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/355562/Madagascar">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 1 April 2009. Besoek op 25 Augustus 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Madagascar&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F355562%2FMadagascar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LOC-13">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-LOC_13-0">13,00</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LOC_13-1">13,01</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LOC_13-2">13,02</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LOC_13-3">13,03</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LOC_13-4">13,04</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LOC_13-5">13,05</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LOC_13-6">13,06</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LOC_13-7">13,07</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LOC_13-8">13,08</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LOC_13-9">13,09</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LOC_13-10">13,10</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LOC_13-11">13,11</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LOC_13-12">13,12</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LOC_13-13">13,13</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LOC_13-14">13,14</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LOC_13-15">13,15</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LOC_13-16">13,16</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LOC_13-17">13,17</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LOC_13-18">13,18</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LOC_13-19">13,19</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFMetz1994" class="citation web cs1">Metz, Helen Chapin (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/madagascar/">"Library of Congress Country Studies: Madagascar"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200409012237/http://countrystudies.us/madagascar/">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 9 April 2020. Besoek op 1 Februarie 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Library+of+Congress+Country+Studies%3A+Madagascar&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Metz&rft.aufirst=Helen+Chapin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Fmadagascar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gafilo-14"><a href="#cite_ref-gafilo_14-0">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Federation_of_Red_Cross_And_Red_Crescent_Societies2005" class="citation web cs1">International Federation of Red Cross And Red Crescent Societies (25 Februarie 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/DDAD-69XMQW?OpenDocument&rc=1&emid=2004-0103">"Madagascar: Cyclone Gafilo, Final Report, Appeal 08/04"</a>. ReliefWeb. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080414201049/http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/DDAD-69XMQW?OpenDocument">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 14 April 2008. Besoek op 31 Maart 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Madagascar%3A+Cyclone+Gafilo%2C+Final+Report%2C+Appeal+08%2F04&rft.pub=ReliefWeb&rft.date=2005-02-25&rft.au=International+Federation+of+Red+Cross+And+Red+Crescent+Societies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reliefweb.int%2Frw%2Frwb.nsf%2Fdb900sid%2FDDAD-69XMQW%3FOpenDocument%26rc%3D1%26emid%3D2004-0103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-15"><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_15-0">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFIntegrated_Regional_Information_Networks2004" class="citation web cs1">Integrated Regional Information Networks (2 Julie 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reliefweb.int/report/madagascar/madagascar-saving-children-gafilos-aftermath">"Madagascar: Saving the children from Gafilo's aftermath"</a>. ReliefWeb. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200519164908/https://reliefweb.int/report/madagascar/madagascar-saving-children-gafilos-aftermath">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 19 Mei 2020. Besoek op 9 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Madagascar%3A+Saving+the+children+from+Gafilo%27s+aftermath&rft.pub=ReliefWeb&rft.date=2004-07-02&rft.au=Integrated+Regional+Information+Networks&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freliefweb.int%2Freport%2Fmadagascar%2Fmadagascar-saving-children-gafilos-aftermath&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2009Mittermeier-16"><a href="#cite_ref-2009Mittermeier_16-0">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFMittermeierWallisRylandsGanzhorn2009" class="citation journal cs1">Mittermeier, R.A.; Wallis, J.; Rylands, A.B.; Ganzhorn, J.U.; Oates, J.F.; Williamson, E.A.; Palacios, E.; Heymann, E.W.; Kierulff, M.C.M.; Yongcheng, Long; Supriatna, J.; Roos, C.; Walker, S.; Cortés-Ortiz, L.; Schwitzer, C., reds. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.primate-sg.org/storage/PDF/Primates.in.Peril.2008-2010.pdf">"Primates in Peril: The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates 2008–2010"</a> (PDF). Illustrated by S.D. Nash. IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group, International Primatological Society, and Conservation International: 1–92.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Primates+in+Peril%3A+The+World%27s+25+Most+Endangered+Primates+2008%E2%80%932010&rft.pages=1-92&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.primate-sg.org%2Fstorage%2FPDF%2FPrimates.in.Peril.2008-2010.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Cite_journal" title="Sjabloon:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Hulp:AS1-foute#missing_periodical" title="Hulp:AS1-foute">hulp</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-CIHotSpot-17">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-CIHotSpot_17-0">17,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIHotSpot_17-1">17,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIHotSpot_17-2">17,2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIHotSpot_17-3">17,3</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIHotSpot_17-4">17,4</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIHotSpot_17-5">17,5</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFConservation_International2007" class="citation web cs1">Conservation International (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biodiversityhotspots.org/xp/hotspots/madagascar/pages/biodiversity.aspx">"Madagascar and the Indian Ocean Islands"</a>. Biodiversity Hotspots. Conservation International. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120324000527/http://www.biodiversityhotspots.org/xp/Hotspots/madagascar/pages/biodiversity.aspx">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 24 Maart 2012. Besoek op 24 Augustus 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biodiversity+Hotspots&rft.atitle=Madagascar+and+the+Indian+Ocean+Islands&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Conservation+International&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversityhotspots.org%2Fxp%2Fhotspots%2Fmadagascar%2Fpages%2Fbiodiversity.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tattersall-18"><a href="#cite_ref-tattersall_18-0">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFTattersall2006" class="citation book cs1">Tattersall, Ian (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nsBtrhsMU5EC&pg=PA3">Origin of the Malagasy Strepshirhine Primates</a>. Springer. pp. 1–6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-387-34585-X" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-387-34585-X"><bdi>0-387-34585-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origin+of+the+Malagasy+Strepshirhine+Primates&rft.pages=1-6&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-387-34585-X&rft.aulast=Tattersall&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnsBtrhsMU5EC%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a> Hobbes & Dolan (2008), bl. 517 </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a> Hillstrom & Collier Hillstrom (2003), bl. 50 </li> <li id="cite_note-endemism-21">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-endemism_21-0">21,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-endemism_21-1">21,1</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFCallmander2011" class="citation journal cs1">Callmander, Martin (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/curators/pdf/PLECEVO_2011.pdf">"The endemic and non-endemic vascular flora of Madagascar updated"</a> (PDF). Plant Ecology and Evolution. 144 (2): 121–125. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5091%2Fplecevo.2011.513">10.5091/plecevo.2011.513</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/65NBBr5AX?url=http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/curators/pdf/PLECEVO_2011.pdf">Geargiveer</a> (PDF) vanaf die oorspronklike op 11 Februarie 2012. Besoek op 11 Februarie 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plant+Ecology+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=The+endemic+and+non-endemic+vascular+flora+of+Madagascar+updated&rft.volume=144&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=121-125&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5091%2Fplecevo.2011.513&rft.aulast=Callmander&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mobot.org%2FMOBOT%2FResearch%2Fcurators%2Fpdf%2FPLECEVO_2011.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFLavranos2004" class="citation journal cs1">Lavranos, John (2004). "Pachypodium makayense: A New Species From Madagascar". Cactus and Succulent Journal. 76 (2): 85–88.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cactus+and+Succulent+Journal&rft.atitle=Pachypodium+makayense%3A+A+New+Species+From+Madagascar&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=85-88&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Lavranos&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-B2011plant-23">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-B2011plant_23-0">23,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-B2011plant_23-1">23,1</a> Bradt (2011), bl. 38 </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFBaumSmallWendel1998" class="citation journal cs1">Baum DA, Small RL, Wendel JF (1998). "Biogeography and floral evolution of baobabs (Adansonia, Bombacaceae) as inferred from multiple data sets". Systematic Biology. 47 (2): 181–207. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F106351598260879">10.1080/106351598260879</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12064226">12064226</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Systematic+Biology&rft.atitle=Biogeography+and+floral+evolution+of+baobabs+%28Adansonia%2C+Bombacaceae%29+as+inferred+from+multiple+data+sets&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=181-207&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F106351598260879&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12064226&rft.aulast=Baum&rft.aufirst=DA&rft.au=Small%2C+RL&rft.au=Wendel%2C+JF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MoleculesReview-25">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-MoleculesReview_25-0">25,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MoleculesReview_25-1">25,1</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFKeglevichHazaiKalausSzántay2012" class="citation journal cs1">Keglevich, Péter; Hazai, Laszlo; Kalaus, György; Szántay, Csaba (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/17/5/5893/pdf">"Modifications on the basic skeletons of vinblastine and vincristine"</a>. Molecules. 17 (5): 5893–5914. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fmolecules17055893">10.3390/molecules17055893</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22609781">22609781</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecules&rft.atitle=Modifications+on+the+basic+skeletons+of+vinblastine+and+vincristine&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=5893-5914&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fmolecules17055893&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22609781&rft.aulast=Keglevich&rft.aufirst=P%C3%A9ter&rft.au=Hazai%2C+Laszlo&rft.au=Kalaus%2C+Gy%C3%B6rgy&rft.au=Sz%C3%A1ntay%2C+Csaba&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2F1420-3049%2F17%2F5%2F5893%2Fpdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFSearsBoger2015" class="citation journal cs1">Sears, Justin E.; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dale_L._Boger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dale L. Boger (bladsy bestaan nie)">Boger, Dale L.</a> (2015). "Total Synthesis of Vinblastine, Related Natural Products, and Key Analogues and Development of Inspired Methodology Suitable for the Systematic Study of Their Structure-Function Properties". Accounts of Chemical Research. 48 (3): 653–662. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Far500400w">10.1021/ar500400w</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Accounts+of+Chemical+Research&rft.atitle=Total+Synthesis+of+Vinblastine%2C+Related+Natural+Products%2C+and+Key+Analogues+and+Development+of+Inspired+Methodology+Suitable+for+the+Systematic+Study+of+Their+Structure-Function+Properties&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=653-662&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Far500400w&rft.aulast=Sears&rft.aufirst=Justin+E.&rft.au=Boger%2C+Dale+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFKuboyamaYokoshimaTokuyamaFukuyama2004" class="citation journal cs1">Kuboyama, Takeshi; Yokoshima, Satoshi; Tokuyama, Hidetoshi; Fukuyama, Tohru (2004). "Stereocontrolled total synthesis of (+)-vincristine". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 101 (33): 11966–11970. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004PNAS..10111966K">2004PNAS..10111966K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0401323101">10.1073/pnas.0401323101</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Stereocontrolled+total+synthesis+of+%28%2B%29-vincristine&rft.volume=101&rft.issue=33&rft.pages=11966-11970&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0401323101&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004PNAS..10111966K&rft.aulast=Kuboyama&rft.aufirst=Takeshi&rft.au=Yokoshima%2C+Satoshi&rft.au=Tokuyama%2C+Hidetoshi&rft.au=Fukuyama%2C+Tohru&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFvan_der_HeijdenJacobsSnoeijerHallard2004" class="citation journal cs1">van der Heijden, Robert; Jacobs, Denise I.; Snoeijer, Wim; Hallard, Didier; Verpoorte, Robert (2004). "The Catharanthus alkaloids: Pharmacognosy and biotechnology". Current Medicinal Chemistry. 11 (5): 607–628. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2174%2F0929867043455846">10.2174/0929867043455846</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15032608">15032608</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Medicinal+Chemistry&rft.atitle=The+Catharanthus+alkaloids%3A+Pharmacognosy+and+biotechnology&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=607-628&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2174%2F0929867043455846&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15032608&rft.aulast=van+der+Heijden&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Jacobs%2C+Denise+I.&rft.au=Snoeijer%2C+Wim&rft.au=Hallard%2C+Didier&rft.au=Verpoorte%2C+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFRaviña2011" class="citation book cs1">Raviña, Enrique (2011). "Vinca alkaloids". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iDNy0XxGqT8C&pg=PA157">The evolution of drug discovery: From traditional medicines to modern drugs</a>. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 157–159. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-3-527-32669-3" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-3-527-32669-3"><bdi>978-3-527-32669-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Vinca+alkaloids&rft.btitle=The+evolution+of+drug+discovery%3A+From+traditional+medicines+to+modern+drugs&rft.pages=157-159&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-3-527-32669-3&rft.aulast=Ravi%C3%B1a&rft.aufirst=Enrique&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiDNy0XxGqT8C%26pg%3DPA157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cancer.org/cancer/hodgkin-lymphoma/treating/chemotherapy.html">"Chemotherapy for Hodgkin Lymphoma"</a>. cancer.org. American Cancer Society. 29 Maart 2017. Besoek op 22 Junie 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cancer.org&rft.atitle=Chemotherapy+for+Hodgkin+Lymphoma&rft.date=2017-03-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cancer.org%2Fcancer%2Fhodgkin-lymphoma%2Ftreating%2Fchemotherapy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cancer.org/cancer/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/treating/chemotherapy.html">"Chemotherapy for Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma"</a>. cancer.org. American Cancer Society. 31 Mei 2016. Besoek op 22 Junie 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cancer.org&rft.atitle=Chemotherapy+for+Non-Hodgkin+Lymphoma&rft.date=2016-05-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cancer.org%2Fcancer%2Fnon-hodgkin-lymphoma%2Ftreating%2Fchemotherapy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cancer.org/cancer/acute-lymphocytic-leukemia/treating/chemotherapy.html">"Chemotherapy for Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia"</a>. cancer.org. American Cancer Society. 18 Februarie 2016. Besoek op 22 Junie 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cancer.org&rft.atitle=Chemotherapy+for+Acute+Lymphocytic+Leukemia&rft.date=2016-02-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cancer.org%2Fcancer%2Facute-lymphocytic-leukemia%2Ftreating%2Fchemotherapy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cancer.org/cancer/chronic-myeloid-leukemia/treating/chemotherapy.html">"Chemotherapy for Chronic Myeloid Leukemia"</a>. cancer.org. American Cancer Society. 22 Februarie 2016. Besoek op 22 Junie 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cancer.org&rft.atitle=Chemotherapy+for+Chronic+Myeloid+Leukemia&rft.date=2016-02-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cancer.org%2Fcancer%2Fchronic-myeloid-leukemia%2Ftreating%2Fchemotherapy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cancer.org/cancer/leukemia-in-children/treating/chemotherapy.html">"Chemotherapy for Childhood Leukemia"</a>. cancer.org. American Cancer Society. 3 Februarie 2016. Besoek op 22 Junie 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cancer.org&rft.atitle=Chemotherapy+for+Childhood+Leukemia&rft.date=2016-02-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cancer.org%2Fcancer%2Fleukemia-in-children%2Ftreating%2Fchemotherapy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cancer.org/cancer/neuroblastoma/treating/chemotherapy.html">"Chemotherapy for Neuroblastoma"</a>. cancer.org. American Cancer Society. 22 Januarie 2016. Besoek op 22 Junie 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cancer.org&rft.atitle=Chemotherapy+for+Neuroblastoma&rft.date=2016-01-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cancer.org%2Fcancer%2Fneuroblastoma%2Ftreating%2Fchemotherapy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cancer.org/cancer/brain-spinal-cord-tumors-children/treating/chemotherapy.html">"Chemotherapy for Brain and Spinal Cord Tumors in Children"</a>. cancer.org. American Cancer Society. 21 Januarie 2016. Besoek op 22 Junie 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cancer.org&rft.atitle=Chemotherapy+for+Brain+and+Spinal+Cord+Tumors+in+Children&rft.date=2016-01-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cancer.org%2Fcancer%2Fbrain-spinal-cord-tumors-children%2Ftreating%2Fchemotherapy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cancer.org/cancer/non-small-cell-lung-cancer/treating/chemotherapy.html">"Chemotherapy for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer"</a>. cancer.org. American Cancer Society. 16 Mei 2016. Besoek op 22 Junie 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cancer.org&rft.atitle=Chemotherapy+for+Non-Small+Cell+Lung+Cancer&rft.date=2016-05-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cancer.org%2Fcancer%2Fnon-small-cell-lung-cancer%2Ftreating%2Fchemotherapy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-periw-33"><a href="#cite_ref-periw_33-0">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFFoster2010" class="citation journal cs1">Foster, Steven (2010). "From Herbs to Medicines: The Madagascar Periwinkle's Impact on Childhood Leukemia: A Serendipitous Discovery for Treatment". Alternative and Complementary Therapies. 16 (6): 347–350. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1089%2Fact.2010.16609">10.1089/act.2010.16609</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Alternative+and+Complementary+Therapies&rft.atitle=From+Herbs+to+Medicines%3A+The+Madagascar+Periwinkle%27s+Impact+on+Childhood+Leukemia%3A+A+Serendipitous+Discovery+for+Treatment&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=347-350&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1089%2Fact.2010.16609&rft.aulast=Foster&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFCooperDeakin2016" class="citation book cs1">Cooper, Raymond; Deakin, Jeffrey John (2016). "Africa's gift to the world". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aXGmCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA46">Botanical Miracles: Chemistry of Plants That Changed the World</a>. CRC Press. pp. 46–51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-1-4987-0430-4" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-1-4987-0430-4"><bdi>978-1-4987-0430-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Africa%27s+gift+to+the+world&rft.btitle=Botanical+Miracles%3A+Chemistry+of+Plants+That+Changed+the+World&rft.pages=46-51&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4987-0430-4&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft.au=Deakin%2C+Jeffrey+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaXGmCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a> Ellis (1859), bl. 302 </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFMcLendon2000" class="citation web cs1">McLendon, Chuck (16 Mei 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.floridata.com/ref/R/rave_mad.cfm">"Ravenala madagascariensis"</a>. Floridata.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200519164943/https://floridata.com/ref/R/rave_mad.cfm">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 19 Mei 2020. Besoek op 14 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ravenala+madagascariensis&rft.pub=Floridata.com&rft.date=2000-05-16&rft.aulast=McLendon&rft.aufirst=Chuck&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.floridata.com%2Fref%2FR%2Frave_mad.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFLambahoany_Ecotourism_Centre2011" class="citation web cs1">Lambahoany Ecotourism Centre (24 Augustus 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150722155407/http://www.lambahoany.org/madagascar/nature-of-madagascar/">"Nature of Madagascar"</a>. Lambahoany Ecotourism Centre. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lambahoany.org/madagascar/nature-of-madagascar/">die oorspronklike</a> op 22 Julie 2015. Besoek op 24 Augustus 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nature+of+Madagascar&rft.pub=Lambahoany+Ecotourism+Centre&rft.date=2011-08-24&rft.au=Lambahoany+Ecotourism+Centre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lambahoany.org%2Fmadagascar%2Fnature-of-madagascar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lemurextinction-38">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-lemurextinction_38-0">38,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lemurextinction_38-1">38,1</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFBlack2012" class="citation news cs1">Black, Richard (13 Julie 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-18825901">"Lemurs sliding toward extinction"</a>. BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200519165002/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-18825901">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 19 Mei 2020. Besoek op 26 Augustus 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Lemurs+sliding+toward+extinction&rft.date=2012-07-13&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fscience-environment-18825901&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mittermeier2008-39"><a href="#cite_ref-Mittermeier2008_39-0">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFMittermeier,_R.;_Ganzhorn,_J.;_Konstant,_W.;_Glander,_K.;_Tattersall,_I.;_Groves,_C.;_Rylands,_A.;_Hapke,_A.;_Ratsimbazafy,_J.;_Mayor,_M.;_Louis,_E.;_Rumpler,_Y.;_Schwitzer,_C.;_Rasoloarison,_R.2008" class="citation journal cs1">Mittermeier, R.; Ganzhorn, J.; Konstant, W.; Glander, K.; Tattersall, I.; Groves, C.; Rylands, A.; Hapke, A.; Ratsimbazafy, J.; Mayor, M.; Louis, E.; Rumpler, Y.; Schwitzer, C.; Rasoloarison, R. (Desember 2008). "Lemur diversity in Madagascar". International Journal of Primatology. 29 (6): 1607–1656. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10764-008-9317-y">10.1007/s10764-008-9317-y</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Primatology&rft.atitle=Lemur+diversity+in+Madagascar&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1607-1656&rft.date=2008-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10764-008-9317-y&rft.au=Mittermeier%2C+R.%3B+Ganzhorn%2C+J.%3B+Konstant%2C+W.%3B+Glander%2C+K.%3B+Tattersall%2C+I.%3B+Groves%2C+C.%3B+Rylands%2C+A.%3B+Hapke%2C+A.%3B+Ratsimbazafy%2C+J.%3B+Mayor%2C+M.%3B+Louis%2C+E.%3B+Rumpler%2C+Y.%3B+Schwitzer%2C+C.%3B+Rasoloarison%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Cite_journal" title="Sjabloon:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: AS1-onderhoud: meer as een naam (<a href="/wiki/Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud:_meer_as_een_naam" title="Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud: meer as een naam">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFJungers,_W.L.Godfrey,_L.R.Simons,_E.L.Chatrath,_P.S.1997" class="citation journal cs1">Jungers, W.L.; Godfrey, L.R.; Simons, E.L.; Chatrath, P.S. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC23681">"Phalangeal curvature and positional behavior in extinct sloth lemurs (Primates, Palaeopropithecidae)"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 94 (22): 11998–2001. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997PNAS...9411998J">1997PNAS...9411998J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.94.22.11998">10.1073/pnas.94.22.11998</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC23681">23681</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11038588">11038588</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+USA&rft.atitle=Phalangeal+curvature+and+positional+behavior+in+extinct+sloth+lemurs+%28Primates%2C+Palaeopropithecidae%29&rft.volume=94&rft.issue=22&rft.pages=11998-2001&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC23681%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11038588&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.94.22.11998&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997PNAS...9411998J&rft.au=Jungers%2C+W.L.&rft.au=Godfrey%2C+L.R.&rft.au=Simons%2C+E.L.&rft.au=Chatrath%2C+P.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC23681&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Okajima-41">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Okajima_41-0">41,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Okajima_41-1">41,1</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFOkajimaKumazawa2009" class="citation journal cs1">Okajima Y, Kumazawa Y (2009). "Mitogenomic perspectives into iguanid phylogeny and biogeography: Gondwanan vicariance for the origin of Madagascan oplurines". Gene. 441 (1–2): 28–35. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.gene.2008.06.011">10.1016/j.gene.2008.06.011</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18598742">18598742</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gene&rft.atitle=Mitogenomic+perspectives+into+iguanid+phylogeny+and+biogeography%3A+Gondwanan+vicariance+for+the+origin+of+Madagascan+oplurines&rft.volume=441&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=28-35&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.gene.2008.06.011&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18598742&rft.aulast=Okajima&rft.aufirst=Y&rft.au=Kumazawa%2C+Y&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Cite_journal" title="Sjabloon:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Onbekende parameter <code class="cs1-code">|lastauthoramp=</code> geïgnoreer (<a href="/wiki/Hulp:AS1-foute#parameter_ignored" title="Hulp:AS1-foute">hulp</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFGlawKöhlerTownsendVences2012" class="citation journal cs1">Glaw, F.; Köhler, J. R.; Townsend, T. M.; Vences, M. (2012). Salamin, Nicolas (red.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3279364">"Rivaling the World's Smallest Reptiles: Discovery of Miniaturized and Microendemic New Species of Leaf Chameleons (Brookesia) from Northern Madagascar"</a>. PLoS ONE. 7 (2): e31314. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PLoSO...731314G">2012PLoSO...731314G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0031314">10.1371/journal.pone.0031314</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3279364">3279364</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22348069">22348069</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLoS+ONE&rft.atitle=Rivaling+the+World%27s+Smallest+Reptiles%3A+Discovery+of+Miniaturized+and+Microendemic+New+Species+of+Leaf+Chameleons+%28Brookesia%29+from+Northern+Madagascar&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=e31314&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3279364%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22348069&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0031314&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012PLoSO...731314G&rft.aulast=Glaw&rft.aufirst=F.&rft.au=K%C3%B6hler%2C+J.+R.&rft.au=Townsend%2C+T.+M.&rft.au=Vences%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3279364&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110628193053/http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory?id=11291024">"Everglades, Madagascar Rain Forest on Unesco List"</a>. ABC News. 30 Julie 2010. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory?id=11291024">die oorspronklike</a> op 28 Junie 2011. Besoek op 11 Februarie 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Everglades%2C+Madagascar+Rain+Forest+on+Unesco+List&rft.pub=ABC+News&rft.date=2010-07-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FTechnology%2FwireStory%3Fid%3D11291024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gade_1996-44">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Gade_1996_44-0">44,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gade_1996_44-1">44,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gade_1996_44-2">44,2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gade_1996_44-3">44,3</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFGade1996" class="citation journal cs1">Gade, Daniel W. (1996). "Deforestation and its effects in Highland Madagascar". Mountain Research and Development. 16 (2): 101–116. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3674005">10.2307/3674005</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3674005">3674005</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mountain+Research+and+Development&rft.atitle=Deforestation+and+its+effects+in+Highland+Madagascar&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=101-116&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3674005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3674005%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Gade&rft.aufirst=Daniel+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Cite_journal" title="Sjabloon:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Ongeldige <code class="cs1-code">|ref=harv</code> (<a href="/wiki/Hulp:AS1-foute#invalid_param_val" title="Hulp:AS1-foute">hulp</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a> Kull (2004), bl. 153 </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated4-46"><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated4_46-0">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell1993" class="citation journal cs1">Campbell, Gwyn (1993). "The Structure of Trade in Madagascar, 1750–1810". The International Journal of African Historical Studies. 26 (1): 111–148. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F219188">10.2307/219188</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/219188">219188</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+International+Journal+of+African+Historical+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Structure+of+Trade+in+Madagascar%2C+1750%E2%80%931810&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=111-148&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F219188&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F219188%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Gwyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-spittingwind-47"><a href="#cite_ref-spittingwind_47-0">↑</a> Emoff (2004), bl. 51–62 </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFHarperSteiningerTuckerJuhn2007" class="citation journal cs1">Harper, Grady J.; Steininger, Marc; Tucker, Compton; Juhn, Daniel; Hawkins, Frank (2007). "Fifty years of deforestation and forest fragmentation in Madagascar". Environmental Conservation. Cambridge Journals. 34 (4): 325–333. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0376892907004262">10.1017/S0376892907004262</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Conservation&rft.atitle=Fifty+years+of+deforestation+and+forest+fragmentation+in+Madagascar&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=325-333&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0376892907004262&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Grady+J.&rft.au=Steininger%2C+Marc&rft.au=Tucker%2C+Compton&rft.au=Juhn%2C+Daniel&rft.au=Hawkins%2C+Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CrossroadsMarcus-49">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-CrossroadsMarcus_49-0">49,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CrossroadsMarcus_49-1">49,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CrossroadsMarcus_49-2">49,2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CrossroadsMarcus_49-3">49,3</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFBachelardMarcus2011" class="citation web cs1">Bachelard, Jerome; Marcus, Richard (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/inline_images/MADAGASCARfinal.pdf">"Countries at the Crossroads 2011: Madagascar"</a> (PDF). Freedom House. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160307085236/http://www.webcitation.org/6AAqjglXX">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 7 Maart 2016. Besoek op 25 Augustus 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Countries+at+the+Crossroads+2011%3A+Madagascar&rft.pub=Freedom+House&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Bachelard&rft.aufirst=Jerome&rft.au=Marcus%2C+Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.freedomhouse.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Finline_images%2FMADAGASCARfinal.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFGreenSussman1990" class="citation journal cs1">Green GM, Sussman RW (1990). "Deforestation history of the eastern rainforests of Madagascar from satellite images". Science. 248 (4952): 212–215. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990Sci...248..212G">1990Sci...248..212G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.248.4952.212">10.1126/science.248.4952.212</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17740137">17740137</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Deforestation+history+of+the+eastern+rainforests+of+Madagascar+from+satellite+images&rft.volume=248&rft.issue=4952&rft.pages=212-215&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17740137&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.248.4952.212&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1990Sci...248..212G&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=GM&rft.au=Sussman%2C+RW&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Cite_journal" title="Sjabloon:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Onbekende parameter <code class="cs1-code">|lastauthoramp=</code> geïgnoreer (<a href="/wiki/Hulp:AS1-foute#parameter_ignored" title="Hulp:AS1-foute">hulp</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFMorelle2014" class="citation news cs1">Morelle, Rebecca (29 Mei 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-27607978">"Asian relative of cane toad threatens Madagascar havoc"</a>. BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180910020015/https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-27607978">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 10 September 2018. Besoek op 29 Julie 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Asian+relative+of+cane+toad+threatens+Madagascar+havoc&rft.date=2014-05-29&rft.aulast=Morelle&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fscience-environment-27607978&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davies-52"><a href="#cite_ref-Davies_52-0">↑</a> Davies (2003), bl. 99–101 </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFHandwerk2009" class="citation web cs1">Handwerk, Brian (21 Augustus 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010190139/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2009/08/090821-lemurs-killing-madagascar.html">"Lemurs Hunted, Eaten Amid Civil Unrest, Group Says"</a>. National Geographic News. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2009/08/090821-lemurs-killing-madagascar.html">die oorspronklike</a> op 10 Oktober 2017. Besoek op 15 Maart 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lemurs+Hunted%2C+Eaten+Amid+Civil+Unrest%2C+Group+Says&rft.pub=National+Geographic+News&rft.date=2009-08-21&rft.aulast=Handwerk&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2Fnews%2F2009%2F08%2F090821-lemurs-killing-madagascar.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFMadagascar_National_Parks2011" class="citation web cs1">Madagascar National Parks (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150506120753/http://www.parcs-madagascar.com/madagascar-national-parks_en.php?Navigation=26">"The Conservation"</a>. parcs-madagascar.com. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parcs-madagascar.com/madagascar-national-parks_en.php?Navigation=26">die oorspronklike</a> op 6 Mei 2015. Besoek op 25 Augustus 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Conservation&rft.pub=parcs-madagascar.com&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Madagascar+National+Parks&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parcs-madagascar.com%2Fmadagascar-national-parks_en.php%3FNavigation%3D26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1257">"Rainforests of the Atsinanana"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Unesco" title="Unesco">Unesco</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200519165047/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1257">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 19 Mei 2020. Besoek op 30 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rainforests+of+the+Atsinanana&rft.pub=Unesco&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F1257&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFLuna" class="citation web cs1">Luna, Kenny. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110911201852/http://www.treehugger.com/files/2008/06/madagascar-opens-at-bronx-zoo.php">"Madagascar! to Open at Bronx Zoo in Green, Refurbished Lion House"</a>. Treehugger. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treehugger.com/files/2008/06/madagascar-opens-at-bronx-zoo.php">die oorspronklike</a> op 11 September 2011. Besoek op 11 Junie 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Madagascar%21+to+Open+at+Bronx+Zoo+in+Green%2C+Refurbished+Lion+House&rft.pub=Treehugger&rft.aulast=Luna&rft.aufirst=Kenny&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.treehugger.com%2Ffiles%2F2008%2F06%2Fmadagascar-opens-at-bronx-zoo.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFGommeryRamanivosoaFaureGuérin2011" class="citation journal cs1">Gommery, D.; Ramanivosoa, B.; Faure, M.; Guérin, C.; Kerloc'h, P.; Sénégas, F.; Randrianantenaina, H. (2011). "Oldest evidence of human activities in Madagascar on subfossil hippopotamus bones from Anjohibe (Mahajanga Province)". Comptes Rendus Palevol. 10 (4): 271–278. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.crpv.2011.01.006">10.1016/j.crpv.2011.01.006</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comptes+Rendus+Palevol&rft.atitle=Oldest+evidence+of+human+activities+in+Madagascar+on+subfossil+hippopotamus+bones+from+Anjohibe+%28Mahajanga+Province%29&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=271-278&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.crpv.2011.01.006&rft.aulast=Gommery&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=Ramanivosoa%2C+B.&rft.au=Faure%2C+M.&rft.au=Gu%C3%A9rin%2C+C.&rft.au=Kerloc%27h%2C+P.&rft.au=S%C3%A9n%C3%A9gas%2C+F.&rft.au=Randrianantenaina%2C+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFDewarRadimilahyWrightJacobs2013" class="citation journal cs1">Dewar, R. E.; Radimilahy, C.; Wright, H. T.; Jacobs, Z.; Kelly, G. O.; Berna, F. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3732966">"Stone tools and foraging in northern Madagascar challenge Holocene extinction models"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 110 (31): 12583–12588. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PNAS..11012583D">2013PNAS..11012583D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1306100110">10.1073/pnas.1306100110</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3732966">3732966</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23858456">23858456</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Stone+tools+and+foraging+in+northern+Madagascar+challenge+Holocene+extinction+models&rft.volume=110&rft.issue=31&rft.pages=12583-12588&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3732966%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23858456&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1306100110&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013PNAS..11012583D&rft.aulast=Dewar&rft.aufirst=R.+E.&rft.au=Radimilahy%2C+C.&rft.au=Wright%2C+H.+T.&rft.au=Jacobs%2C+Z.&rft.au=Kelly%2C+G.+O.&rft.au=Berna%2C+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3732966&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFCrowley2010" class="citation journal cs1">Crowley, B.E. (2010). "A refined chronology of prehistoric Madagascar and the demise of the megafauna". Quaternary Science Reviews. 29 (19–20): 2591–2603. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010QSRv...29.2591C">2010QSRv...29.2591C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.quascirev.2010.06.030">10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.06.030</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaternary+Science+Reviews&rft.atitle=A+refined+chronology+of+prehistoric+Madagascar+and+the+demise+of+the+megafauna&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=19%E2%80%9320&rft.pages=2591-2603&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.quascirev.2010.06.030&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010QSRv...29.2591C&rft.aulast=Crowley&rft.aufirst=B.E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFVirah-SawmyWillis,_K._J.Gillson,_L.2010" class="citation journal cs1">Virah-Sawmy, M.; Willis, K. J.; Gillson, L. (2010). "Evidence for drought and forest declines during the recent megafaunal extinctions in Madagascar". Journal of Biogeography. 37 (3): 506–519. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2699.2009.02203.x">10.1111/j.1365-2699.2009.02203.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biogeography&rft.atitle=Evidence+for+drought+and+forest+declines+during+the+recent+megafaunal+extinctions+in+Madagascar&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=506-519&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2699.2009.02203.x&rft.aulast=Virah-Sawmy&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Willis%2C+K.+J.&rft.au=Gillson%2C+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Camp93-61">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Camp93_61-0">61,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Camp93_61-1">61,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Camp93_61-2">61,2</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell1993" class="citation journal cs1">Campbell, Gwyn (1993). "The Structure of Trade in Madagascar, 1750–1810". The International Journal of African Historical Studies. 26 (1): 111. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F219188">10.2307/219188</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/219188">219188</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+International+Journal+of+African+Historical+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Structure+of+Trade+in+Madagascar%2C+1750%E2%80%931810&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=111&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F219188&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F219188%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Gwyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wink-62"><a href="#cite_ref-Wink_62-0">↑</a> Wink (2004), bl. 185 </li> <li id="cite_note-vazimbadjp-63">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-vazimbadjp_63-0">63,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vazimbadjp_63-1">63,1</a> (fr) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFDomenichini" class="citation web cs1">Domenichini, J.P. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.madatana.com/article-antehiroka-et-royaute-vazimba.php">"Antehiroka et Royauté Vazimba"</a>. Express de Madagascar. Madatana.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200215083902/http://www.madatana.com/article-antehiroka-et-royaute-vazimba.php">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 15 Februarie 2020. Besoek op 5 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Express+de+Madagascar&rft.atitle=Antehiroka+et+Royaut%C3%A9+Vazimba&rft.aulast=Domenichini&rft.aufirst=J.P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.madatana.com%2Farticle-antehiroka-et-royaute-vazimba.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mythe-64"><a href="#cite_ref-Mythe_64-0">↑</a> (fr) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFRazafimahazo2011" class="citation web cs1">Razafimahazo, S. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.madatana.com/article-vazimba-mythe-ou-realite.php">"Vazimba: Mythe ou Realité?"</a>. Revue de l'Océan Indien. Madatana.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200215083906/http://www.madatana.com/article-vazimba-mythe-ou-realite.php">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 15 Februarie 2020. Besoek op 8 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Revue+de+l%27Oc%C3%A9an+Indien&rft.atitle=Vazimba%3A+Mythe+ou+Realit%C3%A9%3F&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Razafimahazo&rft.aufirst=S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.madatana.com%2Farticle-vazimba-mythe-ou-realite.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">↑</a> Oliver (1886), bl. 16 </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">↑</a> Kent (1976), bl. 65–71 </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/madg_1/hd_madg_1.htm">"Kingdoms of Madagascar: Maroserana and Merina"</a>. Metmuseum.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200519164631/https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/madg_1/hd_madg_1.htm">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 19 Mei 2020. Besoek op 25 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kingdoms+of+Madagascar%3A+Maroserana+and+Merina&rft.pub=Metmuseum.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Ftoah%2Fhd%2Fmadg_1%2Fhd_madg_1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ogot-68">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Ogot_68-0">68,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ogot_68-1">68,1</a> Ogot (1992), bl. 418 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hodder-69"><a href="#cite_ref-Hodder_69-0">↑</a> Hodder (1982), bl. 59 </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/950">"Royal Hill of Ambohimanga"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Unesco" title="Unesco">Unesco</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200519164647/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/950">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 19 Mei 2020. Besoek op 30 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Royal+Hill+of+Ambohimanga&rft.pub=Unesco&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F950&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ade_Ajayi_1998,_bl._413–422-71"><a href="#cite_ref-Ade_Ajayi_1998,_bl._413–422_71-0">↑</a> Ade Ajayi (1998), bl. 413–422 </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell1991" class="citation journal cs1">Campbell, Gwyn (Oktober 1991). "The state and pre-colonial demographic history: the case of nineteenth century Madagascar". Journal of African History. 23 (3): 415–445.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+African+History&rft.atitle=The+state+and+pre-colonial+demographic+history%3A+the+case+of+nineteenth+century+Madagascar&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=415-445&rft.date=1991-10&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Gwyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stats-73"><a href="#cite_ref-Stats_73-0">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell1991" class="citation journal cs1">Campbell, Gwyn (Oktober 1991). "The state and pre-colonial demographic history: the case of nineteenth century Madagascar". Journal of African History. 23 (3): 415–445.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+African+History&rft.atitle=The+state+and+pre-colonial+demographic+history%3A+the+case+of+nineteenth+century+Madagascar&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=415-445&rft.date=1991-10&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Gwyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">↑</a> Oliver (1886), bl. 124–126 </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">↑</a> Uwechue (1981), bl. 473 </li> <li id="cite_note-TA910-76">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-TA910_76-0">76,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TA910_76-1">76,1</a> Thompson & Adloff (1965), bl. 9–10 </li> <li id="cite_note-FFO522-77">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FFO522_77-0">77,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FFO522_77-1">77,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FFO522_77-2">77,2</a> Fage, Flint & Oliver (1986), bl. 522–524 </li> <li id="cite_note-Boogaerde_p7-78"><a href="#cite_ref-Boogaerde_p7_78-0">↑</a> Van Den Boogaerde (2008), bl. 7 </li> <li id="cite_note-Randier_p400-79"><a href="#cite_ref-Randier_p400_79-0">↑</a> Randier (2006), bl. 400 </li> <li id="cite_note-Disease-80"><a href="#cite_ref-Disease_80-0">↑</a> Curtin (1998), bl. 186 </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">↑</a> Oliver, Fage & Sanderson (1985), bl. 529 </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">↑</a> Oliver, Fage & Sanderson (1985), bl. 532 </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">↑</a> Campbell (2005), bl. 107 </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">↑</a> Shillington (2005), bl. 878 </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">↑</a> Regnier (2015), bl. 152–154 </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">↑</a> Fournet-Guérin (2007), bl. 45–54 </li> <li id="cite_note-Frémigacci-87"><a href="#cite_ref-Frémigacci_87-0">↑</a> Frémigacci (1999), bl. 421–444 </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">↑</a> Gallieni (1908), bl. 341–343 </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">↑</a> Reinsch (1905), bl. 377 </li> <li id="cite_note-contemplation-90"><a href="#cite_ref-contemplation_90-0">↑</a> Browning (2004), bl. 81–89 </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">↑</a> Kennedy (2007), bl. 511–512 </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">↑</a> Lehoullier (2010), bl. 107 </li> <li id="cite_note-Kitchen_1962,_bl._256-93">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Kitchen_1962,_bl._256_93-0">93,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kitchen_1962,_bl._256_93-1">93,1</a> Kitchen (1962), bl. 256 </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">↑</a> Pryor (1990), bl. 209–210 </li> <li id="cite_note-ISS-95">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-ISS_95-0">95,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ISS_95-1">95,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ISS_95-2">95,2</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFMarcus2004" class="citation journal cs1">Marcus, Richard (Augustus 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040907223329/http://www.iss.org.za/pubs/papers/89/Paper89.htm">"Political change in Madagascar: populist democracy or neopatrimonialism by another name?"</a> (Occasional Paper no. 89). Institute for Security Studies. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.issafrica.org/publications/papers/political-change-in-madagascar-populist-democracy-or-neopatrimonialism-by-another-name">die oorspronklike</a> op 7 September 2004. Besoek op 15 Februarie 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Political+change+in+Madagascar%3A+populist+democracy+or+neopatrimonialism+by+another+name%3F&rft.issue=Occasional+Paper+no.+89&rft.date=2004-08&rft.aulast=Marcus&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.issafrica.org%2Fpublications%2Fpapers%2Fpolitical-change-in-madagascar-populist-democracy-or-neopatrimonialism-by-another-name&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Cite_journal" title="Sjabloon:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Hulp:AS1-foute#missing_periodical" title="Hulp:AS1-foute">hulp</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-crisisgroup-96">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-crisisgroup_96-0">96,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-crisisgroup_96-1">96,1</a> (fr) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/africa/southern-africa/madagascar/166%20Madagascar%20a%20un%20tournant%20critique.ashx">"Madagascar: La Crise a un Tournant Critique?"</a>. International Crisis Group. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160307085333/http://www.webcitation.org/604mS5hLn">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 7 Maart 2016. Besoek op 25 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Crisis+Group&rft.atitle=Madagascar%3A+La+Crise+a+un+Tournant+Critique%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crisisgroup.org%2F~%2Fmedia%2FFiles%2Fafrica%2Fsouthern-africa%2Fmadagascar%2F166%2520Madagascar%2520a%2520un%2520tournant%2520critique.ashx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">↑</a> (fr) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/apps/newsFr/storyF.asp?NewsID=31715&Cr=Madagascar&Cr1=#.UrVg67Sp6RM">"Centre d'actualités de l'ONU – Madagascar: l'ONU salue le bon déroulement du deuxième tour des élections présidentielles"</a>. Un.org. Besoek op 10 Februarie 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Centre+d%27actualit%C3%A9s+de+l%27ONU+%E2%80%93+Madagascar%3A+l%27ONU+salue+le+bon+d%C3%A9roulement+du+deuxi%C3%A8me+tour+des+%C3%A9lections+pr%C3%A9sidentielles&rft.pub=Un.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fapps%2FnewsFr%2FstoryF.asp%3FNewsID%3D31715%26Cr%3DMadagascar%26Cr1%3D%23.UrVg67Sp6RM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/madagascar-finally-elects-senate-after-2009-coup-115123000064_1.html">"Madagascar finally elects Senate after 2009 coup"</a>. Business Standard. 30 Desember 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190411172745/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/madagascar-finally-elects-senate-after-2009-coup-115123000064_1.html">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 11 April 2019. Besoek op 27 Februarie 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Madagascar+finally+elects+Senate+after+2009+coup&rft.pub=Business+Standard&rft.date=2015-12-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.business-standard.com%2Farticle%2Fpti-stories%2Fmadagascar-finally-elects-senate-after-2009-coup-115123000064_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-justiceMada-99"><a href="#cite_ref-justiceMada_99-0">↑</a> Nalla (2010), bl. 122–128 </li> <li id="cite_note-mediainfo-100">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-mediainfo_100-0">100,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mediainfo_100-1">100,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mediainfo_100-2">100,2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mediainfo_100-3">100,3</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13861846">"Madagascar Profile: Media"</a>. BBC News. 20 Junie 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191106233542/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13861846">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 6 November 2019. Besoek op 25 Augustus 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Madagascar+Profile%3A+Media&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft.date=2012-06-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-13861846&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/madagascar-population/cities/">"Population of Cities in Madagascar (2017)"</a>. worldpopulationreview.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191015204227/http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/madagascar-population/cities/">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 15 Oktober 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=worldpopulationreview.com&rft.atitle=Population+of+Cities+in+Madagascar+%282017%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldpopulationreview.com%2Fcountries%2Fmadagascar-population%2Fcities%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=47721">"Madagascar: Former president sentenced to five years in prison"</a>. Irinnews.org. 17 Desember 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110910212445/http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=47721">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 10 September 2011. Besoek op 25 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Madagascar%3A+Former+president+sentenced+to+five+years+in+prison&rft.pub=Irinnews.org&rft.date=2003-12-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irinnews.org%2Freport.aspx%3Freportid%3D47721&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=83838">"Madagascar: Appeal launched despite political uncertainty"</a>. Irinnews.org. 7 April 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110919164406/http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=83838">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 19 September 2011. Besoek op 25 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Madagascar%3A+Appeal+launched+despite+political+uncertainty&rft.pub=Irinnews.org&rft.date=2009-04-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irinnews.org%2FReport.aspx%3FReportId%3D83838&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ethnicstrife-104">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-ethnicstrife_104-0">104,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ethnicstrife_104-1">104,1</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFLeithead2002" class="citation news cs1">Leithead, Alastair (14 Mei 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1987383.stm">"Ethnic strife rocks Madagascar"</a>. BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200519165130/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1987383.stm">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 19 Mei 2020. Besoek op 22 Januarie 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Ethnic+strife+rocks+Madagascar&rft.date=2002-05-14&rft.aulast=Leithead&rft.aufirst=Alastair&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fafrica%2F1987383.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7954356.stm">"Pressure grows on Madagascar coup"</a>. BBC News. 20 Maart 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090324065326/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7954356.stm">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 24 Maart 2009. Besoek op 30 Maart 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Pressure+grows+on+Madagascar+coup&rft.date=2009-03-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2F7954356.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">↑</a> (fr) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.airmadagascar.com/contact/numeros-utiles">"Numéros utiles"</a>. AirMadagascar.com. 28 Januarie 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171111212428/http://www.webcitation.org/651QcKNqa">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 11 November 2017. Besoek op 28 Januarie 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Num%C3%A9ros+utiles&rft.pub=AirMadagascar.com&rft.date=2012-01-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.airmadagascar.com%2Fcontact%2Fnumeros-utiles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DOS-107">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-DOS_107-0">107,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DOS_107-1">107,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DOS_107-2">107,2</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFBureau_of_Democracy,_Human_Rights,_and_Labor2011" class="citation web cs1">Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor (8 April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/160130.pdf">"2010 Human Rights Report: Madagascar"</a> (PDF). U.S. Department of State. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170502071451/https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/160130.pdf">Geargiveer</a> (PDF) vanaf die oorspronklike op 2 Mei 2017. Besoek op 10 Julie 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2010+Human+Rights+Report%3A+Madagascar&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+State&rft.date=2011-04-08&rft.au=Bureau+of+Democracy%2C+Human+Rights%2C+and+Labor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Fdocuments%2Forganization%2F160130.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Cite_web" title="Sjabloon:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: AS1-onderhoud: meer as een naam (<a href="/wiki/Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud:_meer_as_een_naam" title="Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud: meer as een naam">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-INSTAT-108">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-INSTAT_108-0">108,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-INSTAT_108-1">108,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-INSTAT_108-2">108,2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-INSTAT_108-3">108,3</a> <a href="#cite_ref-INSTAT_108-4">108,4</a> <a href="#cite_ref-INSTAT_108-5">108,5</a> (fr) Institut nationale de la statistique (INSTAT), Government of Madagascar (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/64jHAqXGw?url=http://www.instat.mg/pdf/carto_poly.pdf">"Presentation des resultats de la cartographie numerique en preparation du troisieme recensement generale de la population et de l'habitation"</a>. Persberig. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.instat.mg/pdf/carto_poly.pdf">the original</a> on 16 Januarie 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.webcitation.org/64jHAqXGw?url=http://www.instat.mg/pdf/carto_poly.pdf">https://www.webcitation.org/64jHAqXGw?url=http://www.instat.mg/pdf/carto_poly.pdf</a>. Besoek op 15 Januarie 2012.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Presentation+des+resultats+de+la+cartographie+numerique+en+preparation+du+troisieme+recensement+generale+de+la+population+et+de+l%27habitation&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Institut+nationale+de+la+statistique+%28INSTAT%29%2C+Government+of+Madagascar&rft.au=Institut+nationale+de+la+statistique+%28INSTAT%29%2C+Government+of+Madagascar&rft.date=2010&rft.series=Persberig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.webcitation.org%2F64jHAqXGw%3Furl%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.instat.mg%2Fpdf%2Fcarto_poly.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Madagaskar">  </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">↑</a> (fr) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFRalisonGoossens2006" class="citation book cs1">Ralison, Eliane; Goossens, Frans (Januarie 2006). World Food Programme (red.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://documents.wfp.org/stellent/groups/public/documents/ena/wfp086538.pdf">Madagascar: profile des marches pour les evaluations d'urgence de la securite alimentaire</a> (PDF). Strengthening Emergency Needs Assessment Capacity. Rome, Italië: Katholieke Universiteit Leuven. p. 3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/64jbiYSCf?url=http://documents.wfp.org/stellent/groups/public/documents/ena/wfp086538.pdf">Geargiveer</a> (PDF) vanaf die oorspronklike op 16 Januarie 2012. Besoek op 14 Januarie 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Madagascar%3A+profile+des+marches+pour+les+evaluations+d%27urgence+de+la+securite+alimentaire&rft.place=Rome%2C+Itali%C3%AB&rft.series=Strengthening+Emergency+Needs+Assessment+Capacity&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Katholieke+Universiteit+Leuven&rft.date=2006-01&rft.aulast=Ralison&rft.aufirst=Eliane&rft.au=Goossens%2C+Frans&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdocuments.wfp.org%2Fstellent%2Fgroups%2Fpublic%2Fdocuments%2Fena%2Fwfp086538.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">↑</a> Institut National de la Statistique, Madagaskar. </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/publicdata/explore?ds=d5bncppjof8f9_&met_y=ny_gdp_mktp_cd&idim=country:MDG:MUS:MOZ&hl=en&dl=en">"World Bank"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191029052604/http://www.google.com/publicdata/explore?ds=d5bncppjof8f9_">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 29 Oktober 2019. Besoek op 27 Februarie 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Bank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fpublicdata%2Fexplore%3Fds%3Dd5bncppjof8f9_%26met_y%3Dny_gdp_mktp_cd%26idim%3Dcountry%3AMDG%3AMUS%3AMOZ%26hl%3Den%26dl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/publicdata/explore?ds=d5bncppjof8f9_&met_y=ny_gdp_mktp_cd&idim=country:MDG:MUS:MOZ&hl=en&dl=en#!ctype=l&strail=false&bcs=d&nselm=h&met_y=ny_gdp_pcap_cd&scale_y=lin&ind_y=false&rdim=region&idim=country:MDG:MUS:MOZ&ifdim=region&hl=en_US&dl=en&ind=false">"World Development Indicators – Google Public Data Explorer"</a>. www.google.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191029052604/http://www.google.com/publicdata/explore?ds=d5bncppjof8f9_#!ctype=l&strail=false&bcs=d&nselm=h&met_y=ny_gdp_pcap_cd&scale_y=lin&ind_y=false&rdim=region&idim=country:MDG:MUS:MOZ&ifdim=region&hl=en_US&dl=en&ind=false">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 29 Oktober 2019. Besoek op 22 Februarie 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.google.com&rft.atitle=World+Development+Indicators+%E2%80%93+Google+Public+Data+Explorer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fpublicdata%2Fexplore%3Fds%3Dd5bncppjof8f9_%26met_y%3Dny_gdp_mktp_cd%26idim%3Dcountry%3AMDG%3AMUS%3AMOZ%26hl%3Den%26dl%3Den%23%21ctype%3Dl%26strail%3Dfalse%26bcs%3Dd%26nselm%3Dh%26met_y%3Dny_gdp_pcap_cd%26scale_y%3Dlin%26ind_y%3Dfalse%26rdim%3Dregion%26idim%3Dcountry%3AMDG%3AMUS%3AMOZ%26ifdim%3Dregion%26hl%3Den_US%26dl%3Den%26ind%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140706053706/http://devdata.worldbank.org/AAG/mdg_aag.pdf">"Madagascar at a glance"</a> (PDF). World Bank. 25 Februarie 2011. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://devdata.worldbank.org/AAG/mdg_aag.pdf">die oorspronklike</a> (PDF) op 6 Julie 2014. Besoek op 4 Februarie 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Madagascar+at+a+glance&rft.pub=World+Bank&rft.date=2011-02-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdevdata.worldbank.org%2FAAG%2Fmdg_aag.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/madagascar/overview">"Madagascar Overview"</a>. www.worldbank.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200409090650/https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/madagascar/overview">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 9 April 2020. Besoek op 22 Februarie 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.worldbank.org&rft.atitle=Madagascar+Overview&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldbank.org%2Fen%2Fcountry%2Fmadagascar%2Foverview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AEO2011-115">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-AEO2011_115-0">115,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AEO2011_115-1">115,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AEO2011_115-2">115,2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AEO2011_115-3">115,3</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFAFDB,_OECD,_UNDP,_UNECA2011" class="citation web cs1">AFDB, OECD, UNDP, UNECA (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.africaneconomicoutlook.org/fileadmin/uploads/aeo/Country_Notes/2011/Full/Madagascar.pdf">"African Economic Outlook 2011: Madagascar"</a> (PDF). AfricanEconomicOutlook.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200511131641/http://www.africaneconomicoutlook.org/fileadmin/uploads/aeo/Country_Notes/2011/Full/Madagascar.pdf">Geargiveer</a> (PDF) vanaf die oorspronklike op 11 Mei 2020. Besoek op 28 Januarie 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=African+Economic+Outlook+2011%3A+Madagascar&rft.pub=AfricanEconomicOutlook.org&rft.date=2011&rft.au=AFDB%2C+OECD%2C+UNDP%2C+UNECA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.africaneconomicoutlook.org%2Ffileadmin%2Fuploads%2Faeo%2FCountry_Notes%2F2011%2FFull%2FMadagascar.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Cite_web" title="Sjabloon:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: AS1-onderhoud: meer as een naam (<a href="/wiki/Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud:_meer_as_een_naam" title="Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud: meer as een naam">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-tourismsector-116"><a href="#cite_ref-tourismsector_116-0">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFChristieCrompton2003" class="citation journal cs1">Christie, Iain; Crompton, Elizabeth (November 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldbank.org/afr/wps/wp63.pdf">"Republic of Madagascar: Tourism Sector Study"</a> (PDF). Africa Region Working Paper No. 63. Antananarivo: World Bank. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/651T9jMDr?url=http://www.worldbank.org/afr/wps/wp63.pdf">Geargiveer</a> (PDF) vanaf die oorspronklike op 28 Januarie 2012. Besoek op 28 Januarie 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Republic+of+Madagascar%3A+Tourism+Sector+Study&rft.date=2003-11&rft.aulast=Christie&rft.aufirst=Iain&rft.au=Crompton%2C+Elizabeth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldbank.org%2Fafr%2Fwps%2Fwp63.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Cite_journal" title="Sjabloon:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Hulp:AS1-foute#missing_periodical" title="Hulp:AS1-foute">hulp</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.guidaviaggi.it/notizie/183551/madagascar-obiettivo-">http://www.guidaviaggi.it/notizie/183551/madagascar-obiettivo-</a> 500 thousand visitors-in-the-2018 </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">↑</a> Rodd & Stackhouse (2008), bl. 246 </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_Nations2013" class="citation web cs1">United Nations (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faostat.fao.org/site/339/default.aspx">"FAO Stat"</a>. Food and Agriculture Organization. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161016200146/http://faostat.fao.org/site/339/default.aspx">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 16 Oktober 2016. Besoek op 13 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FAO+Stat&rft.pub=Food+and+Agriculture+Organization&rft.date=2013&rft.au=United+Nations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffaostat.fao.org%2Fsite%2F339%2Fdefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">↑</a> Pezzotta (2001), bl. 32 </li> <li id="cite_note-RioTinto-121">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-RioTinto_121-0">121,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RioTinto_121-1">121,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RioTinto_121-2">121,2</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sherritt.com/Operations/Metals/Ambatovy-Joint-Venture">"About QMM"</a>. Rio Tinto. 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200519165249/https://www.sherritt.com/Operations/Metals/Ambatovy-Joint-Venture/">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 19 Mei 2020. Besoek op 19 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+QMM&rft.pub=Rio+Tinto&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sherritt.com%2FOperations%2FMetals%2FAmbatovy-Joint-Venture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ogj.com/articles/print/vol-110/issue-2/exploration-developmet/madagascar-s-oil.html">"Madagascar's oil fortunes evolving slowly"</a>. PennWell Corporation. 6 Februarie 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180116074406/http://www.webcitation.org/6Ammp424j">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 16 Januarie 2018. Besoek op 19 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Madagascar%27s+oil+fortunes+evolving+slowly&rft.pub=PennWell+Corporation&rft.date=2012-02-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ogj.com%2Farticles%2Fprint%2Fvol-110%2Fissue-2%2Fexploration-developmet%2Fmadagascar-s-oil.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bradtp2-123"><a href="#cite_ref-Bradtp2_123-0">↑</a> Bradt (2011), bl. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">↑</a> (fr) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130816055715/http://www.jirama.mg/index.php?w=scripts&f=Jirama-page.php&act=pdcelec">"Production Electricité"</a>. Jirama. 2011. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jirama.mg/index.php?w=scripts&f=Jirama-page.php&act=pdcelec">die oorspronklike</a> op 16 Augustus 2013. Besoek op 28 Augustus 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Production+Electricit%C3%A9&rft.pub=Jirama&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jirama.mg%2Findex.php%3Fw%3Dscripts%26f%3DJirama-page.php%26act%3Dpdcelec&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFLegrip-RandriambeloRegnier2014" class="citation journal cs1">Legrip-Randriambelo, Olivia; Regnier, Denis (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hcs.pitt.edu/ojs/index.php/hcs/article/viewFile/188/219">"The place of healers-diviners (ombiasa) in Betsileo medical pluralism"</a>. Health, Culture & Society. 7 (1): 28–37. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5195%2Fhcs.2014.188">10.5195/hcs.2014.188</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Health%2C+Culture+%26+Society&rft.atitle=The+place+of+healers-diviners+%28ombiasa%29+in+Betsileo+medical+pluralism&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=28-37&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5195%2Fhcs.2014.188&rft.aulast=Legrip-Randriambelo&rft.aufirst=Olivia&rft.au=Regnier%2C+Denis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhcs.pitt.edu%2Fojs%2Findex.php%2Fhcs%2Farticle%2FviewFile%2F188%2F219&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WHO2011-126">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2011_126-0">126,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2011_126-1">126,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2011_126-2">126,2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2011_126-3">126,3</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unfpa.org/sowmy/resources/docs/main_report/en_SOWMR_Full.pdf">World Health Statistics 2011</a> (PDF). Paris: World Health Organization. 2011. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-92-4-156419-9" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-92-4-156419-9"><bdi>978-92-4-156419-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/64qsWUjYm?url=http://www.who.int/whosis/whostat/EN_WHS2011_Full.pdf">Geargiveer</a> (PDF) vanaf die oorspronklike op 21 Januarie 2012. Besoek op 21 Januarie 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Health+Statistics+2011&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-92-4-156419-9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unfpa.org%2Fsowmy%2Fresources%2Fdocs%2Fmain_report%2Fen_SOWMR_Full.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SOWMY-127"><a href="#cite_ref-SOWMY_127-0">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unfpa.org/sowmy/report/home.html">"The State Of The World's Midwifery"</a>. United Nations Population Fund. Augustus 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/64rH7WUJi?url=http://www.unfpa.org/sowmy/report/home.html">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 21 Januarie 2012. Besoek op 22 Januarie 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+State+Of+The+World%27s+Midwifery&rft.date=2011-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unfpa.org%2Fsowmy%2Freport%2Fhome.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Cite_journal" title="Sjabloon:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Hulp:AS1-foute#missing_periodical" title="Hulp:AS1-foute">hulp</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFBeaumont2017" class="citation news cs1">Beaumont, Peter (19 Oktober 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2017/oct/19/madagascar-plague-death-toll-reaches-74">"'It is a dangerous moment': Madagascar plague death toll reaches 74"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200519165330/https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2017/oct/19/madagascar-plague-death-toll-reaches-74">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 19 Mei 2020. Besoek op 21 Oktober 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27It+is+a+dangerous+moment%27%3A+Madagascar+plague+death+toll+reaches+74&rft.date=2017-10-19&rft.aulast=Beaumont&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fglobal-development%2F2017%2Foct%2F19%2Fmadagascar-plague-death-toll-reaches-74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ralibera-129"><a href="#cite_ref-Ralibera_129-0">↑</a> Ralibera (1993), bl. 196 </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">↑</a> (fr) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFRanaivoson1980" class="citation journal cs1">Ranaivoson, Samuel (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0004/000404/040436Fb.pdf">"La formation du personnel enseignant de l'éducation de base à Madagascar: Une etude de cas. Quelques reflections intéressant la programmation de l'assistance de l'UNICEF"</a> (PDF). Parys: UNESCO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/604ferPRD?url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0004/000404/040436Fb.pdf">Geargiveer</a> (PDF) vanaf die oorspronklike op 10 Julie 2011. Besoek op 10 Julie 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=La+formation+du+personnel+enseignant+de+l%27%C3%A9ducation+de+base+%C3%A0+Madagascar%3A+Une+etude+de+cas.+Quelques+reflections+int%C3%A9ressant+la+programmation+de+l%27assistance+de+l%27UNICEF&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Ranaivoson&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funesdoc.unesco.org%2Fimages%2F0004%2F000404%2F040436Fb.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Cite_journal" title="Sjabloon:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Hulp:AS1-foute#missing_periodical" title="Hulp:AS1-foute">hulp</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFMukonoweshuro1990" class="citation journal cs1">Mukonoweshuro, E.G. (1990). "State "resilience" and chronic political instability in Madagascar". Canadian Journal of African Studies. 24 (3): 376–398. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F485627">10.2307/485627</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/485627">485627</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+African+Studies&rft.atitle=State+%22resilience%22+and+chronic+political+instability+in+Madagascar&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=376-398&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F485627&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F485627%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Mukonoweshuro&rft.aufirst=E.G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WBeducation-132">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-WBeducation_132-0">132,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WBeducation_132-1">132,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WBeducation_132-2">132,2</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFLassibilleTanJesseNguyen2010" class="citation journal cs1">Lassibille, Gerard; Tan, Jee-Peng; Jesse, Cornelia; Nguyen, Trang Van (6 Augustus 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.povertyactionlab.org/publication/managing-results-primary-education-madagascar-evaluating-impact-selected-workflow-interventions">"Managing for results in primary education in Madagascar: Evaluating the impact of selected workflow interventions"</a>. The World Bank Economic Review. Oxford University Press. 24 (2): 303–329. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fwber%2Flhq009">10.1093/wber/lhq009</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/65MknBr6d?url=http://www.povertyactionlab.org/publication/managing-results-primary-education-madagascar-evaluating-impact-selected-workflow-interventions">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 11 Februarie 2012. Besoek op 10 Februarie 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+World+Bank+Economic+Review&rft.atitle=Managing+for+results+in+primary+education+in+Madagascar%3A+Evaluating+the+impact+of+selected+workflow+interventions&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=303-329&rft.date=2010-08-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fwber%2Flhq009&rft.aulast=Lassibille&rft.aufirst=Gerard&rft.au=Tan%2C+Jee-Peng&rft.au=Jesse%2C+Cornelia&rft.au=Nguyen%2C+Trang+Van&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.povertyactionlab.org%2Fpublication%2Fmanaging-results-primary-education-madagascar-evaluating-impact-selected-workflow-interventions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">↑</a> (fr) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFMinistère_de_l'Education_Secondaire_et_l'Education_de_Base2005" class="citation journal cs1">Ministère de l'Education Secondaire et l'Education de Base (2005). "Curriculum de formation des élèves-maîtres". Antananarivo, Madagascar: Government Printing Office.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Curriculum+de+formation+des+%C3%A9l%C3%A8ves-ma%C3%AEtres&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Minist%C3%A8re+de+l%27Education+Secondaire+et+l%27Education+de+Base&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Cite_journal" title="Sjabloon:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Hulp:AS1-foute#missing_periodical" title="Hulp:AS1-foute">hulp</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tradingeconomics.com/madagascar/public-spending-on-education-total-percent-of-government-expenditure-wb-data.html">"Public spending on education; total (percent of government expenditure) in Madagascar"</a>. TradingEconomics.com. 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200519165357/https://tradingeconomics.com/madagascar/public-spending-on-education-total-percent-of-government-expenditure-wb-data.html">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 19 Mei 2020. Besoek op 28 Januarie 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Public+spending+on+education%3B+total+%28percent+of+government+expenditure%29+in+Madagascar&rft.pub=TradingEconomics.com&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tradingeconomics.com%2Fmadagascar%2Fpublic-spending-on-education-total-percent-of-government-expenditure-wb-data.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFHurles_ME,_Sykes_BC,_Jobling_MA,_Forster_PSykesJoblingForster2005" class="citation journal cs1">Hurles ME, Sykes BC, Jobling MA, Forster P; Sykes; Jobling; Forster (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sanger.ac.uk/about/press/2005/050504.html">"The dual origin of the Malagasy in Island Southeast Asia and East Africa: evidence from maternal and paternal lineages"</a>. American Journal of Human Genetics. 76 (5): 894–901. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F430051">10.1086/430051</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1199379">1199379</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15793703">15793703</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/5xKUHogZj?url=http://www.sanger.ac.uk/about/press/2005/050504.html">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 20 Maart 2011. Besoek op 30 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=The+dual+origin+of+the+Malagasy+in+Island+Southeast+Asia+and+East+Africa%3A+evidence+from+maternal+and+paternal+lineages&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=894-901&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1199379%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15793703&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F430051&rft.au=Hurles+ME%2C+Sykes+BC%2C+Jobling+MA%2C+Forster+P&rft.au=Sykes&rft.au=Jobling&rft.au=Forster&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sanger.ac.uk%2Fabout%2Fpress%2F2005%2F050504.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Cite_journal" title="Sjabloon:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: AS1-onderhoud: meer as een naam (<a href="/wiki/Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud:_meer_as_een_naam" title="Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud: meer as een naam">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Tofanelli-136"><a href="#cite_ref-Tofanelli_136-0">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFTofanelli_S,_Bertoncini_S,_Castrì_L,_Luiselli_D,_Calafell_F,_Donati_G,_Paoli_G.BertonciniCastrìLuiselli2009" class="citation journal cs1">Tofanelli S, Bertoncini S, Castrì L, Luiselli D, Calafell F, Donati G, Paoli G.; Bertoncini; Castrì; Luiselli; Calafell; Donati; Paoli (2009). "On the origins and admixture of Malagasy: new evidence from high-resolution analyses of paternal and maternal lineages". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 26 (9): 2109–2124. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsp120">10.1093/molbev/msp120</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19535740">19535740</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Biology+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=On+the+origins+and+admixture+of+Malagasy%3A+new+evidence+from+high-resolution+analyses+of+paternal+and+maternal+lineages&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=2109-2124&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsp120&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19535740&rft.au=Tofanelli+S%2C+Bertoncini+S%2C+Castr%C3%AC+L%2C+Luiselli+D%2C+Calafell+F%2C+Donati+G%2C+Paoli+G.&rft.au=Bertoncini&rft.au=Castr%C3%AC&rft.au=Luiselli&rft.au=Calafell&rft.au=Donati&rft.au=Paoli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Cite_journal" title="Sjabloon:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: AS1-onderhoud: meer as een naam (<a href="/wiki/Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud:_meer_as_een_naam" title="Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud: meer as een naam">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Adelaar-137"><a href="#cite_ref-Adelaar_137-0">↑</a> Adelaar (2006), bl. 205–235 </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">↑</a> Rajaonarimanana (2001), bl. 8 </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190729051959/https://eisa.org.za/wep/mad2007results.htm">"Madagascar: 2007 Constitutional referendum"</a>. Electoral Institute for the Sustainability of Democracy in Africa. Junie 2010. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eisa.org.za/WEP/mad2007results.htm">die oorspronklike</a> op 29 Julie 2019. Besoek op 22 Januarie 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Madagascar%3A+2007+Constitutional+referendum&rft.pub=Electoral+Institute+for+the+Sustainability+of+Democracy+in+Africa&rft.date=2010-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eisa.org.za%2FWEP%2Fmad2007results.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pew-140">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-pew_140-0">140,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pew_140-1">140,1</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/madagascar#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2010&region_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2015">"Religions in Madagascar | PEW-GRF"</a>. Globalreligiousfutures.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191109064122/http://globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/madagascar#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2010&region_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2015">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 9 November 2019. Besoek op 20 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religions+in+Madagascar+%26%23124%3B+PEW-GRF&rft.pub=Globalreligiousfutures.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalreligiousfutures.org%2Fcountries%2Fmadagascar%23%2F%3Faffiliations_religion_id%3D0%26affiliations_year%3D2010%26region_name%3DAll%2520Countries%26restrictions_year%3D2015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-famadihana-141">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-famadihana_141-0">141,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-famadihana_141-1">141,1</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFBearak2010" class="citation news cs1">Bearak, Barry (5 September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/06/world/africa/06madagascar.html">"Dead Join the Living in a Family Celebration"</a>. New York Times. p. A7. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200405160110/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/06/world/africa/06madagascar.html">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 5 April 2020. Besoek op 13 Januarie 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Dead+Join+the+Living+in+a+Family+Celebration&rft.pages=A7&rft.date=2010-09-05&rft.aulast=Bearak&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F09%2F06%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2F06madagascar.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bradtbeliefs-142">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Bradtbeliefs_142-0">142,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bradtbeliefs_142-1">142,1</a> Bradt (2011), bl. 13–20 </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">↑</a> Ade Ajayi (1989), bl. 437 </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">↑</a> Middleton (1999), bl. 259–262, 272, 309 </li> <li id="cite_note-Blench,_R._1982_bl._81-93-145"><a href="#cite_ref-Blench,_R._1982_bl._81-93_145-0">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFBlench1982" class="citation journal cs1">Blench, Roger (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.21504%2Famj.v6i2.1118">"Evidence for the Indonesian origins of certain elements of African culture"</a>. African Music. 6 (2): 81–93. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.21504%2Famj.v6i2.1118">10.21504/amj.v6i2.1118</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30249759">30249759</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=African+Music&rft.atitle=Evidence+for+the+Indonesian+origins+of+certain+elements+of+African+culture&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=81-93&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.21504%2Famj.v6i2.1118&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30249759%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Blench&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.21504%252Famj.v6i2.1118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFKusRaharijaona2000" class="citation journal cs1">Kus, Susan; Raharijaona, Victor (2000). "House to Palace, Village to State: Scaling up Architecture and Ideology". American Anthropologist. New Series. 1 (102): 98–113. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Faa.2000.102.1.98">10.1525/aa.2000.102.1.98</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Anthropologist&rft.atitle=House+to+Palace%2C+Village+to+State%3A+Scaling+up+Architecture+and+Ideology&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=102&rft.pages=98-113&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Faa.2000.102.1.98&rft.aulast=Kus&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft.au=Raharijaona%2C+Victor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Acquier,_Jean-Louis.-147"><a href="#cite_ref-Acquier,_Jean-Louis._147-0">↑</a> Acquier (1997), bl. 143–175 </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">↑</a> Kusimba, Odland & Bronson (2004), bl. 12 </li> <li id="cite_note-Antal-149">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Antal_149-0">149,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Antal_149-1">149,1</a> Bradt (2011), bl. 312 </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">↑</a> Fox (1990), bl. 39 </li> <li id="cite_note-Madatana-151"><a href="#cite_ref-Madatana_151-0">↑</a> (fr) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFRavalitera" class="citation web cs1">Ravalitera, P. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.madatana.com/article-origine-confuse-des-vazimba-du-betsiriry.php">"Origine Confuse des Vazimba du Betsiriry"</a>. Journal Express. Madatana.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200511131912/http://www.madatana.com/article-origine-confuse-des-vazimba-du-betsiriry.php">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 11 Mei 2020. Besoek op 11 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Journal+Express&rft.atitle=Origine+Confuse+des+Vazimba+du+Betsiriry&rft.aulast=Ravalitera&rft.aufirst=P&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.madatana.com%2Farticle-origine-confuse-des-vazimba-du-betsiriry.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFOnbekend" class="citation web cs1">Onbekend. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://xroads.virginia.edu/~Public/Ibonia/text.html">"Ibonia: the text in 17 sections"</a>. University of Virginia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190207012531/https://www.webcitation.org/604h5KUmV">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 7 Februarie 2019. Besoek op 15 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ibonia%3A+the+text+in+17+sections&rft.pub=University+of+Virginia&rft.au=Onbekend&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fxroads.virginia.edu%2F~Public%2FIbonia%2Ftext.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">↑</a> Rabearivelo (2007), bl. x </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">↑</a> Auzias & Labourdette (2007), p. 142 </li> <li id="cite_note-Randrianary-155"><a href="#cite_ref-Randrianary_155-0">↑</a> Randrianary (2001), bl. 109–137 </li> <li id="cite_note-handicrafts-156">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-handicrafts_156-0">156,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-handicrafts_156-1">156,1</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFAshamuGomez-PickeringLukeMorrison2005" class="citation web cs1">Ashamu, Charlotte; Gomez-Pickering, Diego; Luke, Amanda; Morrison, Paul; Pedersen, Mark; Symes, Mara; Weyandt, Marthe (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171111203914/http://www.webcitation.org/604ZDmy4U">"Made in Madagascar: Exporting Handicrafts to the U.S. Market: Final Report"</a>. United Nations Public-Private Alliance for Rural Development. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sipa.columbia.edu/academics/concentrations/epd/documents/2004-5/MalagasyHandicrafts_Report.pdf">die oorspronklike</a> (PDF) op 11 November 2017. Besoek op 10 Julie 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Made+in+Madagascar%3A+Exporting+Handicrafts+to+the+U.S.+Market%3A+Final+Report&rft.pub=United+Nations+Public-Private+Alliance+for+Rural+Development&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Ashamu&rft.aufirst=Charlotte&rft.au=Gomez-Pickering%2C+Diego&rft.au=Luke%2C+Amanda&rft.au=Morrison%2C+Paul&rft.au=Pedersen%2C+Mark&rft.au=Symes%2C+Mara&rft.au=Weyandt%2C+Marthe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sipa.columbia.edu%2Facademics%2Fconcentrations%2Fepd%2Fdocuments%2F2004-5%2FMalagasyHandicrafts_Report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Terrible-157">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Terrible_157-0">157,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Terrible_157-1">157,1</a> Heale & Abdul Latif (2008), bl. 108–111 </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/00080">"Woodcrafting Knowledge of the Zafimaniry"</a>. Unesco. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151106231807/http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/00080">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 6 November 2015. Besoek op 24 Augustus 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Woodcrafting+Knowledge+of+the+Zafimaniry&rft.pub=Unesco&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.org%2Fculture%2Fich%2Fen%2FRL%2F00080&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">↑</a> (fr) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141215100832/http://www.lexpressmada.com/4376/hosotra-2009-madagascar/284-des-nouveaux-talents-mis-en-relief.html">"Des nouveaux talents mis en relief"</a>. L'Express de Madagascar. l'expressmada.com. 7 Augustus 2009. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexpressmada.com/4376/hosotra-2009-madagascar/284-des-nouveaux-talents-mis-en-relief.html">die oorspronklike</a> op 15 Desember 2014. Besoek op 24 Augustus 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=L%27Express+de+Madagascar&rft.atitle=Des+nouveaux+talents+mis+en+relief&rft.date=2009-08-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexpressmada.com%2F4376%2Fhosotra-2009-madagascar%2F284-des-nouveaux-talents-mis-en-relief.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">↑</a> Ratsimbazafy (2010), bl. 14–18 </li> <li id="cite_note-lambatradition-161"><a href="#cite_ref-lambatradition_161-0">↑</a> Kusimba, Odland & Bronson (2004), bl. 87 </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006100702/http://www.irb.com/newsmedia/regional/newsid=53025.html">"Madagascar take Sevens honours"</a>. International Rugby Board. 23 Augustus 2007. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irb.com/newsmedia/regional/newsid=53025.html">die oorspronklike</a> op 6 Oktober 2014. Besoek op 24 Julie 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Madagascar+take+Sevens+honours&rft.pub=International+Rugby+Board&rft.date=2007-08-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irb.com%2Fnewsmedia%2Fregional%2Fnewsid%3D53025.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theroar.com.au/2009/01/17/rugby-and-the-red-island-an-unlikely-union/">"Rugby and the Red Island: an unlikely union"</a>. The Roar. 16 Januarie 2019. Besoek op 14 Februarie 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rugby+and+the+Red+Island%3A+an+unlikely+union&rft.pub=The+Roar&rft.date=2019-01-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theroar.com.au%2F2009%2F01%2F17%2Frugby-and-the-red-island-an-unlikely-union%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFVegar1999" class="citation web cs1">Vegar, Ness (4 Oktober 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.petanque.org/news/admin/61.shtml">"Madagascar won the World Championship"</a>. petanque.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010191049/http://petanque.org/news/admin/61.shtml">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 10 Oktober 2017. Besoek op 14 Januarie 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Madagascar+won+the+World+Championship&rft.pub=petanque.org&rft.date=1999-10-04&rft.aulast=Vegar&rft.aufirst=Ness&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.petanque.org%2Fnews%2Fadmin%2F61.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Census_2010-165"><a href="#cite_ref-Census_2010_165-0">↑</a> (en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130902233053/http://scout.org/en/content/download/22261/199900/file/Census.pdf">"Triennal review: Census as at 1 December 2010"</a> (PDF). World Organization of the Scout Movement. 1 Desember 2010. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scout.org/en/content/download/22261/199900/file/Census.pdf">die oorspronklike</a> (PDF) op 2 September 2013. Besoek op 13 Januarie 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Triennal+review%3A+Census+as+at+1+December+2010&rft.pub=World+Organization+of+the+Scout+Movement&rft.date=2010-12-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscout.org%2Fen%2Fcontent%2Fdownload%2F22261%2F199900%2Ffile%2FCensus.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://madagascar2011.fiba.com/">2011 FIBA Africa Championship</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110828040545/http://madagascar2011.fiba.com/">Geargiveer</a> 28 Augustus 2011 op <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, FIBA.com, besoek op 26 Oktober 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/event/p/sid/6996/_/2009_FIBA_Africa_Championship_for_Women/index.html">2009 FIBA Africa Championship for Women</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304071148/http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/event/p/sid/6996/_/2009_FIBA_Africa_Championship_for_Women/index.html">Geargiveer</a> 4 Maart 2016 op <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, FIBA.com, besoek op 26 Oktober 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://u18madagascar2014.fibaafrica.com/">2014 FIBA Africa Under-18 Championship</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140812204620/http://u18madagascar2014.fibaafrica.com/">Geargiveer</a> 12 Augustus 2014 op <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, FIBA.com, besoek op 26 Oktober 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/event/p/cid/AFMCM/sid/9678/_/2013_FIBA_Africa_U16_Championship_for_Men/index.html">2013 FIBA Africa Under-16 Championship</a>, FIBA.com, besoek op 26 Oktober 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/event/p/cid//sid/11791/_/2015_FIBA_Africa_U16_Championship_for_Women/index.html">2015 FIBA Africa Under-16 Championship for Women</a>, FIBA.com, besoek op 26 Oktober 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-prize-171"><a href="#cite_ref-prize_171-0">↑</a> (fr) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chocolaterierobert.com/un-peu-dhistoire/">"Un peu d'histoire"</a>. Chocolaterie Robert. 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180310133102/http://www.chocolaterierobert.com/un-peu-dhistoire/">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 10 Maart 2018. Besoek op 26 Februarie 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Un+peu+d%27histoire&rft.pub=Chocolaterie+Robert&rft.date=2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chocolaterierobert.com%2Fun-peu-dhistoire%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ander_bronne">Ander bronne</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&veaction=edit&section=30" title="Wysig afdeling: Ander bronne" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section's source code: Ander bronne">wysig bron</a>]</div> <div style="font-size:90%; -moz-column-count:4; -webkit-column-count:4; column-count:4;margin-left:1.5em;"> <ul><li>(fr) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFAcquier1997" class="citation book cs1">Acquier, Jean-Louis (1997). Architectures de Madagascar. Berlin: Berger-Levrault. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-2-7003-1169-3" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-2-7003-1169-3"><bdi>978-2-7003-1169-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architectures+de+Madagascar&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Berger-Levrault&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-2-7003-1169-3&rft.aulast=Acquier&rft.aufirst=Jean-Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"></li> <li>(en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFAde_Ajayi1989" class="citation book cs1">Ade Ajayi, Jacob Festus (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sMpMuJalFKoC&printsec=frontcover">General history of Africa: Africa in the nineteenth century until the 1880s</a>. Paris: UNESCO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-520-03917-9" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-520-03917-9"><bdi>978-0-520-03917-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=General+history+of+Africa%3A+Africa+in+the+nineteenth+century+until+the+1880s&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-520-03917-9&rft.aulast=Ade+Ajayi&rft.aufirst=Jacob+Festus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsMpMuJalFKoC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"></li> <li>(en) <cite style="font-style:normal">Adelaar, Alexander (2006). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Szvr5hUtD5kC&printsec=frontcover">Austronesian diaspora and the ethnogeneses of people in Indonesian archipelago</a>".. Jakarta, Indonesië: LIPI Press. <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/9789792624366" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-979-26-2436-6</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rft.type=encyclopediaArticle&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft.aulast=Adelaar&rft.title=Austronesian+diaspora+and+the+ethnogeneses+of+people+in+Indonesian+archipelago&rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSzvr5hUtD5kC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rft.publisher=LIPI+Press&rft.place=Jakarta%2C+Indonesi%C3%AB&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-979-26-2436-6"> </li></ul> <ul><li>(en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFAmes2003" class="citation book cs1">Ames, Glenn Joseph (2003). Distant lands and diverse cultures: the French experience in Asia, 1600–1700. New York: Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-313-30864-2" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-313-30864-2"><bdi>978-0-313-30864-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Distant+lands+and+diverse+cultures%3A+the+French+experience+in+Asia%2C+1600%E2%80%931700&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-313-30864-2&rft.aulast=Ames&rft.aufirst=Glenn+Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"></li> <li>(fr) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFAuziasLabourdette2008" class="citation book cs1">Auzias, Dominique; Labourdette, Jean-Paul (2008). Petit Futé: Madagascar 2008. 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Sharpe. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-7656-0729-4" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-7656-0729-4"><bdi>978-0-7656-0729-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arabian+seas%3A+the+Indian+Ocean+world+of+the+seventeenth+century&rft.place=Berlyn&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7656-0729-4&rft.aulast=Barendse&rft.aufirst=R.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_qvq9dN8j5MC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"></li> <li>(en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFBradt2011" class="citation book cs1">Bradt, Hilary (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uTRPnMlOcwgC&printsec=frontcover">Madagascar, 10th Ed.: The Bradt Travel Guide</a>. London: Bradt Travel Guides. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-1-84162-341-2" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-1-84162-341-2"><bdi>978-1-84162-341-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Madagascar%2C+10th+Ed.%3A+The+Bradt+Travel+Guide&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Bradt+Travel+Guides&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-84162-341-2&rft.aulast=Bradt&rft.aufirst=Hilary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuTRPnMlOcwgC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"></li> <li>(en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFBrowning2004" class="citation book cs1">Browning, Christopher R. 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Jerusalem: Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/3-540-63293-X" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/3-540-63293-X"><bdi>3-540-63293-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+the+Final+Solution&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.pub=Martyrs%27+and+Heroes%27+Remembrance+Authority&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=3-540-63293-X&rft.aulast=Browning&rft.aufirst=Christopher+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjHQdRHNdK44C%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"></li> <li>(en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2005" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Gwyn (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=13Yt9jLuKzsC&printsec=frontcover">An economic history of Imperial Madagascar, 1750–1895: the rise and fall of an island empire</a>. 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Londen: The Religious Tract Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Madagascar+of+to-day%3A+A+sketch+of+the+island%2C+with+chapters+on+its+past+history+and+present+prospects&rft.place=Londen&rft.pub=The+Religious+Tract+Society&rft.date=1895&rft.aulast=Cousins&rft.aufirst=William+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DgvREAAAAIAAJ%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"></li> <li>(en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFCurtin1998" class="citation book cs1">Curtin, Philip D. (1998). Disease and empire: the health of European troops in the conquest of Africa. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-521-59835-4" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-521-59835-4"><bdi>978-0-521-59835-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Disease+and+empire%3A+the+health+of+European+troops+in+the+conquest+of+Africa&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-521-59835-4&rft.aulast=Curtin&rft.aufirst=Philip+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"></li> <li>(en) <cite style="font-style:normal">Davies, S.J.J.F. (2003). "Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia". (2) 8. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group. <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0787657840" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-7876-5784-0</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rft.type=encyclopediaArticle&rft.aufirst=S.J.J.F.&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.title=Grzimek%27s+Animal+Life+Encyclopedia&rft.edition=2&rft.volume=8&rft.publisher=Gale+Group&rft.place=Farmington+Hills%2C+MI&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-7876-5784-0"> </li></ul> <ul><li>(fr) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFDeschamps1965" class="citation book cs1">Deschamps, Hubert Jules (1965). Histoire de Madagascar. 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Londen: Oxford University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Three+visits+to+Madagascar+during+...+1853-1854-1856&rft.place=Londen&rft.pub=Oxford+University&rft.date=1859&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DnPoGAAAAQAAJ%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"></li> <li>(en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFEmoff2004" class="citation book cs1">Emoff, Ron (2004). "Spitting into the wind: Multi-edged environmentalism in Malagasy song". In Dawe, Kevin (red.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=owU3-pCIvyYC&printsec=frontcover">Island Musics</a>. New York: Berg. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-1-85973-703-3" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-1-85973-703-3"><bdi>978-1-85973-703-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Spitting+into+the+wind%3A+Multi-edged+environmentalism+in+Malagasy+song&rft.btitle=Island+Musics&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Berg&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-85973-703-3&rft.aulast=Emoff&rft.aufirst=Ron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DowU3-pCIvyYC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"></li> <li>(en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFFageFlintOliver1986" class="citation book cs1">Fage, J.D.; Flint, J.E.; Oliver, R.A. 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Washington, D.C.: World Bank. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-19-520823-8" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-19-520823-8"><bdi>978-0-19-520823-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+political+economy+of+poverty%2C+equity%2C+and+growth%3A+Malawi+and+Madagascar&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=World+Bank&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-19-520823-8&rft.aulast=Pryor&rft.aufirst=Frederic+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0P0fDzMA5lEC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"></li> <li>(en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFRabearivelo2007" class="citation book cs1">Rabearivelo, Jean-Joseph (2007) [1936 (vertaling deur Robert Ziller)]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F-5I6QlMfJEC&printsec=frontcover">Translated from the Night</a>. 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Los Angeles: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-520-25650-7" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-520-25650-7"><bdi>978-0-520-25650-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trees%3A+A+Visual+Guide&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-520-25650-7&rft.aulast=Rodd&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft.au=Stackhouse%2C+Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DMpsc2hsYk1YC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"></li> <li>(en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFRoom2006" class="citation book cs1">Room, Adrian (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M1JIPAN-eJ4C&printsec=frontcover">Placenames of the world: origins and meanings of the names for 6,600 countries, cities, territories, natural features, and historic sites</a>. 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San Francisco, CA: Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-8047-0279-9" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-8047-0279-9"><bdi>978-0-8047-0279-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Malagasy+Republic%3A+Madagascar+today&rft.place=San+Francisco%2C+CA&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1965&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-0279-9&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Virginia&rft.au=Adloff%2C+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"></li> <li>(en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFUwechue1981" class="citation book cs1">Uwechue, Raph (1981). Makers of modern Africa: profiles in history, Volume 1. Dearborne, MI: Africa Books Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-903274-14-2" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-903274-14-2"><bdi>978-0-903274-14-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Makers+of+modern+Africa%3A+profiles+in+history%2C+Volume+1&rft.place=Dearborne%2C+MI&rft.pub=Africa+Books+Ltd&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-903274-14-2&rft.aulast=Uwechue&rft.aufirst=Raph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"></li> <li>(en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Den_Boogaerde2008" class="citation book cs1">Van Den Boogaerde, Pierre (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=I_S1D8cnTiEC&pg=PT19">Shipwrecks of Madagascar</a>. New York: AEG Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-1-60693-494-4" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-1-60693-494-4"><bdi>978-1-60693-494-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shipwrecks+of+Madagascar&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=AEG+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-60693-494-4&rft.aulast=Van+Den+Boogaerde&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DI_S1D8cnTiEC%26pg%3DPT19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"></li> <li>(en) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFWink2004" class="citation book cs1">Wink, André (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nyYslywJUE8C&printsec=frontcover">Volume 3 of Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Indo-Islamic society, 14th–15th centuries</a>. Leiden, Nederland: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-90-04-13561-1" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-90-04-13561-1"><bdi>978-90-04-13561-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Volume+3+of+Al-Hind%3A+The+Making+of+the+Indo-Islamic+World%3A+Indo-Islamic+society%2C+14th%E2%80%9315th+centuries&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Nederland&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-90-04-13561-1&rft.aulast=Wink&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnyYslywJUE8C%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMadagaskar" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eksterne_skakels">Eksterne skakels</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&veaction=edit&section=31" title="Wysig afdeling: Eksterne skakels" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagaskar&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section's source code: Eksterne skakels">wysig bron</a>]</div> <ul><li>(en) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13861843">Country Profile</a> van <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" class="mw-redirect" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></li> <li>(en) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/madagascar.htm">Madagascar</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120829212249/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/madagascar.htm">Geargiveer</a> 29 Augustus 2012 op <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> van UCB Libraries GovPubs</li> <li>(en) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=MG">Key Development Forecasts for Madagascar</a> van International Futures</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikimedia Commons logo"><img alt="Wikimedia Commons logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> het meer media in die kategorie <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Madagascar" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Madagascar">Madagaskar</a>.</li> <li>(en) Toerisme-inligting oor <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Madagascar">Madagaskar</a> op <a href="/wiki/Wikivoyage" title="Wikivoyage">Wikivoyage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Crystal_txt.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Crystal_txt.png/15px-Crystal_txt.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Crystal_txt.png/23px-Crystal_txt.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Crystal_txt.png/30px-Crystal_txt.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a> Hierdie artikel is vertaal uit die <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar" class="extiw" title="en:Madagascar">Engelse Wikipedia</a></li></ul> <table class="navbox" style="text-align: center; width:80%; font-size:95%; margin:0.5em auto"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td width="5%" style="text-align: center" rowspan="5"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Compass_rose_pale-50x50.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Comore-eilande"><img alt="Vlag van Comore-eilande" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Comore-eilande" title="Comore-eilande">Comore-eilande</a> • <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_France.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Mayotte"><img alt="Vlag van Mayotte" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/22px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/33px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/44px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mosambiekkanaal" title="Mosambiekkanaal">Mosambiekkanaal</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Indiese_Oseaan" title="Indiese Oseaan">Indiese Oseaan</a> • <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Seychelles.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Seychelles"><img alt="Flag of Seychelles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Seychelles.svg/22px-Flag_of_Seychelles.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Seychelles.svg/33px-Flag_of_Seychelles.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Seychelles.svg/44px-Flag_of_Seychelles.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Seychelle" title="Seychelle">Seychelle</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Indiese_Oseaan" title="Indiese Oseaan">Indiese Oseaan</a> </td> <td width="5%" style="text-align: center; padding: 0" rowspan="5"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Compass_rose_pale-50x50.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Mozambique.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Mosambiek"><img alt="Vlag van Mosambiek" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/22px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/33px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/44px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mosambiek" title="Mosambiek">Mosambiek</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mosambiekkanaal" title="Mosambiekkanaal">Mosambiekkanaal</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/North.svg/17px-North.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/North.svg/26px-North.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/North.svg/34px-North.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="17" data-file-height="17" /> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Indiese_Oseaan" title="Indiese Oseaan">Indiese Oseaan</a> • <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Mauritius.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Mauritius"><img alt="Vlag van Mauritius" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/22px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/33px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/44px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a> • <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_France.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Réunion"><img alt="Vlag van Réunion" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/22px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/33px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/44px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center" nowrap="nowrap"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/West.svg/17px-West.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/West.svg/26px-West.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/West.svg/34px-West.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="17" data-file-height="17" />   <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Madagascar.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Madagaskar"><img alt="Vlag van Madagaskar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/22px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/33px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/44px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Madagaskar</a>    <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Boxed_East_arrow.svg/17px-Boxed_East_arrow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Boxed_East_arrow.svg/26px-Boxed_East_arrow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Boxed_East_arrow.svg/34px-Boxed_East_arrow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="17" data-file-height="17" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/South.svg/17px-South.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/South.svg/26px-South.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/South.svg/34px-South.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="17" data-file-height="17" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_South_Africa.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Suid-Afrika"><img alt="Vlag van Suid-Afrika" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/22px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/33px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/44px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Suid-Afrika" title="Suid-Afrika">Suid-Afrika</a> • <a href="/wiki/Indiese_Oseaan" title="Indiese Oseaan">Indiese Oseaan</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Indiese_Oseaan" title="Indiese Oseaan">Indiese Oseaan</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Indiese_Oseaan" title="Indiese Oseaan">Indiese Oseaan</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2670708"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Madagaskar&language=af&params=20_S_47_O_">20°S 47°O / 20°S 47°O / -20; 47</a> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Artikels_oor_Madagaskar" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-lees"><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Artikels_oor_Madagaskar" title="Sjabloon:Artikels oor Madagaskar"><abbr title="Lees hierdie sjabloon" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bespreek"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjabloonbespreking:Artikels_oor_Madagaskar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sjabloonbespreking:Artikels oor Madagaskar (bladsy bestaan nie)"><abbr title="Bespreek hierdie sjabloon" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-wysig"><a class="external text" href="https://af.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Artikels_oor_Madagaskar&action=edit"><abbr title="Wysig hierdie sjabloon" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">w</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Artikels_oor_Madagaskar" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Artikels oor <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Madagaskar</a> </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geskiedenis</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Koninkryk_Imerina" title="Koninkryk Imerina">Koninkryk Imerina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lys_van_Malgassiese_monarge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lys van Malgassiese monarge (bladsy bestaan nie)">Monarge</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabiese_slawehandel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arabiese slawehandel (bladsy bestaan nie)">Arabiese slawehandel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertatia">Libertatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frans-Malgassiese_Oorlo%C3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Frans-Malgassiese Oorloë">Frans-Malgassiese Oorloë</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malgassiese_Protektoraat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Malgassiese Protektoraat (bladsy bestaan nie)">Malgassiese Protektoraat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frans-Madagaskar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frans-Madagaskar (bladsy bestaan nie)">Frans-Madagaskar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lys_van_koloniale_goewerneurs_van_Madagaskar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lys van koloniale goewerneurs van Madagaskar (bladsy bestaan nie)">Koloniale goewerneurs</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slag_van_Madagaskar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slag van Madagaskar (bladsy bestaan nie)">Slag van Madagaskar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malgassiese_Opstand" title="Malgassiese Opstand">Malgassiese Opstand</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malgassiese_grondwetlike_referendum_van_1958&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Malgassiese grondwetlike referendum van 1958 (bladsy bestaan nie)">Onafhanklikheid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malgassiese_politieke_krisis_van_2009&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Malgassiese politieke krisis van 2009 (bladsy bestaan nie)">Politieke krisis van 2009</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malgassiese_grondwetlike_referendum_van_2010&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Malgassiese grondwetlike referendum van 2010 (bladsy bestaan nie)">Referendum van 2010</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Madagascar" title="Coat of arms of Madagascar"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Seal_of_Madagascar.svg/100px-Seal_of_Madagascar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Seal_of_Madagascar.svg/150px-Seal_of_Madagascar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Seal_of_Madagascar.svg/200px-Seal_of_Madagascar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geografie</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lys_van_biosfeerreservate_in_Madagaskar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lys van biosfeerreservate in Madagaskar (bladsy bestaan nie)">Biosfeerreservate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lys_van_stede_in_Madagaskar" title="Lys van stede in Madagaskar">Stede</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klimaat_van_Madagaskar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klimaat van Madagaskar (bladsy bestaan nie)">Klimaat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Distrikte_van_Madagaskar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Distrikte van Madagaskar (bladsy bestaan nie)">Distrikte</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lys_van_ekogebiede_in_Madagaskar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lys van ekogebiede in Madagaskar (bladsy bestaan nie)">Ekogebiede</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategorie:Eilande_van_Madagaskar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategorie:Eilande van Madagaskar (bladsy bestaan nie)">Eilande</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lys_van_nasionale_parke_in_Madagaskar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lys van nasionale parke in Madagaskar (bladsy bestaan nie)">Beskermde gebiede</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Provinsies_van_Madagaskar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Provinsies van Madagaskar (bladsy bestaan nie)">Provinsies</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Streke_van_Madagaskar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Streke van Madagaskar (bladsy bestaan nie)">Streke</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lys_van_riviere_in_Madagaskar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lys van riviere in Madagaskar (bladsy bestaan nie)">Riviere</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lys_van_vulkane_in_Madagaskar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lys van vulkane in Madagaskar (bladsy bestaan nie)">Vulkane</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_Madagascar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wildlife of Madagascar (bladsy bestaan nie)">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lys_van_W%C3%AArelderfenisgebiede_in_Madagaskar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lys van Wêrelderfenisgebiede in Madagaskar (bladsy bestaan nie)">Wêrelderfenisgebiede</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politiek</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grondwet_van_Madagaskar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grondwet van Madagaskar (bladsy bestaan nie)">Grondwet</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Verkiesings_in_Madagaskar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Verkiesings in Madagaskar (bladsy bestaan nie)">Verkiesings</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buitelandse_betrekkinge_van_Madagaskar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buitelandse betrekkinge van Madagaskar (bladsy bestaan nie)">Buitelandse betrekkinge</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menseregte_in_Madagaskar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Menseregte in Madagaskar (bladsy bestaan nie)">Menseregte</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBT-regte_in_Madagaskar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LGBT-regte in Madagaskar (bladsy bestaan nie)">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wetstoepassing_in_Madagaskar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wetstoepassing in Madagaskar (bladsy bestaan nie)">Wetstoepassing</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weermag_van_Madagaskar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Weermag van Madagaskar (bladsy bestaan nie)">Weermag</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malgassiese_Lugmag&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Malgassiese Lugmag (bladsy bestaan nie)">Lugmag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parlement_van_Madagaskar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parlement van Madagaskar (bladsy bestaan nie)">Parlement</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nasionale_Vergadering_van_Madagaskar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nasionale Vergadering van Madagaskar (bladsy bestaan nie)">Nasionale Vergadering</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senaat_van_Madagaskar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Senaat van Madagaskar (bladsy bestaan nie)">Senaat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lys_van_politieke_partye_in_Madagaskar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lys van politieke partye in Madagaskar (bladsy bestaan nie)">Politieke partye</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lys_van_presidente_van_Madagaskar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lys van presidente van Madagaskar (bladsy bestaan nie)">President</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eerste_minister_van_Madagaskar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eerste minister van Madagaskar (bladsy bestaan nie)">Eerste minister</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deelgebiede_van_Madagaskar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deelgebiede van Madagaskar (bladsy bestaan nie)">Deelgebiede</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ho%C3%AB_Oorgangsgesag&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hoë Oorgangsgesag (bladsy bestaan nie)">Oorgangsgesag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ekonomie</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landbou_in_Madagaskar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Landbou in Madagaskar (bladsy bestaan nie)">Landbou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malgassiese_ariary" title="Malgassiese ariary">Ariary (geldeenheid)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reserwebank_van_Madagaskar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reserwebank van Madagaskar (bladsy bestaan nie)">Reserwebank</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lys_van_maatskappye_van_Madagaskar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lys van maatskappye van Madagaskar (bladsy bestaan nie)">Maatskappye</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voedselsekuriteit_in_Madagaskar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voedselsekuriteit in Madagaskar (bladsy bestaan nie)">Voedselsekuriteit</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Onwettige_houtkappery_in_Madagaskar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Onwettige houtkappery in Madagaskar (bladsy bestaan nie)">Onwettige houtkappery</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telekommunikasie_in_Madagaskar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telekommunikasie in Madagaskar (bladsy bestaan nie)">Telekommunikasie</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toerisme_in_Madagaskar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Toerisme in Madagaskar (bladsy bestaan nie)">Toerisme</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vervoer_in_Madagaskar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vervoer in Madagaskar (bladsy bestaan nie)">Vervoer</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lys_van_lughawens_in_Madagaskar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lys van lughawens in Madagaskar (bladsy bestaan nie)">Lughawens</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Samelewing</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ry_Tanindrazanay_malala_%C3%B4!&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ry Tanindrazanay malala ô! (bladsy bestaan nie)">Nasionale lied</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Se%C3%ABl_van_Madagaskar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seël van Madagaskar (bladsy bestaan nie)">Seël</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argitektuur_in_Madagaskar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Argitektuur in Madagaskar (bladsy bestaan nie)">Argitektuur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kultuur_in_Madagaskar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kultuur in Madagaskar (bladsy bestaan nie)">Kultuur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malgassiese_kookkuns&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Malgassiese kookkuns (bladsy bestaan nie)">Kookkuns</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demografie_van_Madagaskar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Demografie van Madagaskar (bladsy bestaan nie)">Demografie</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Onderwys_in_Madagaskar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Onderwys in Madagaskar (bladsy bestaan nie)">Onderwys</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Etniese_groepe_in_Madagaskar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Etniese groepe in Madagaskar (bladsy bestaan nie)">Etniese groepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlag_van_Madagaskar" title="Vlag van Madagaskar">Vlag</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tale_van_Madagaskar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tale van Madagaskar (bladsy bestaan nie)">Tale</a></li> <li>Media <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lys_van_koerante_in_Madagaskar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lys van koerante in Madagaskar (bladsy bestaan nie)">Koerante</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telekommunikasie_in_Madagaskar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telekommunikasie in Madagaskar (bladsy bestaan nie)">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telekommunikasie_in_Madagaskar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telekommunikasie in Madagaskar (bladsy bestaan nie)">TV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Musiek_in_Madagaskar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Musiek in Madagaskar (bladsy bestaan nie)">Musiek</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malgassiese_mitologie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Malgassiese mitologie (bladsy bestaan nie)">Mitologie</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Openbare_vakansiedae_in_Madagaskar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Openbare vakansiedae in Madagaskar (bladsy bestaan nie)">Openbare vakansiedae</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religie_in_Madagaskar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Religie in Madagaskar (bladsy bestaan nie)">Religie</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategorie:Sport_in_Madagaskar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategorie:Sport in Madagaskar (bladsy bestaan nie)">Sport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Madagaskar" title="Kategorie:Madagaskar">Kategorie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lande_en_gebiede_in_Afrika" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-lees"><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Lande_van_Afrika" title="Sjabloon:Lande van Afrika"><abbr title="Lees hierdie sjabloon" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bespreek"><a href="/wiki/Sjabloonbespreking:Lande_van_Afrika" title="Sjabloonbespreking:Lande van Afrika"><abbr title="Bespreek hierdie sjabloon" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-wysig"><a class="external text" href="https://af.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Lande_van_Afrika&action=edit"><abbr title="Wysig hierdie sjabloon" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">w</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lande_en_gebiede_in_Afrika" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lande en gebiede in <a href="/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika">Afrika</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lys_van_lande" title="Lys van lande">Lande</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Algeri%C3%AB" title="Algerië">Algerië</a> • <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a> • <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a> • <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a> • <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a> • <a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a> • <a href="/wiki/Comore-eilande" title="Comore-eilande">Comore-eilande</a> • <a href="/wiki/Demokratiese_Republiek_die_Kongo" title="Demokratiese Republiek die Kongo">Demokratiese Republiek die Kongo</a> • <a href="/wiki/Djiboeti" title="Djiboeti">Djiboeti</a> • <a href="/wiki/Egipte" title="Egipte">Egipte</a>1 • <a href="/wiki/Ekwatoriaal-Guinee" title="Ekwatoriaal-Guinee">Ekwatoriaal-Guinee</a> • <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a> • <a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ethiopi%C3%AB" title="Ethiopië">Ethiopië</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gaboen" title="Gaboen">Gaboen</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gambi%C3%AB" title="Gambië">Gambië</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> • <a href="/wiki/Guinee" title="Guinee">Guinee</a> • <a href="/wiki/Guinee-Bissau" title="Guinee-Bissau">Guinee-Bissau</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ivoorkus" title="Ivoorkus">Ivoorkus</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kaap_Verde" title="Kaap Verde">Kaap Verde</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kameroen" title="Kameroen">Kameroen</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kenia" title="Kenia">Kenia</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a> • <a href="/wiki/Liberi%C3%AB" title="Liberië">Liberië</a> • <a href="/wiki/Libi%C3%AB" title="Libië">Libië</a> • <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Madagaskar</a> • <a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> • <a href="/wiki/Marokko" title="Marokko">Marokko</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mauritani%C3%AB" title="Mauritanië">Mauritanië</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mosambiek" title="Mosambiek">Mosambiek</a> • <a href="/wiki/Namibi%C3%AB" title="Namibië">Namibië</a> • <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nigeri%C3%AB" title="Nigerië">Nigerië</a> • <a href="/wiki/Republiek_die_Kongo" title="Republiek die Kongo">Republiek die Kongo</a> • <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a> • <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_en_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé en Príncipe">São Tomé en Príncipe</a> • <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sentraal-Afrikaanse_Republiek" title="Sentraal-Afrikaanse Republiek">Sentraal-Afrikaanse Republiek</a> • <a href="/wiki/Seychelle" title="Seychelle">Seychelle</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a> • <a href="/wiki/Soedan" title="Soedan">Soedan</a> • <a href="/wiki/Somali%C3%AB" title="Somalië">Somalië</a> • <a href="/wiki/Suid-Afrika" title="Suid-Afrika">Suid-Afrika</a> • <a href="/wiki/Suid-Soedan" title="Suid-Soedan">Suid-Soedan</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tanzani%C3%AB" title="Tanzanië">Tanzanië</a> • <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tsjad" title="Tsjad">Tsjad</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tunisi%C3%AB" title="Tunisië">Tunisië</a> • <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> • <a href="/wiki/Zambi%C3%AB" title="Zambië">Zambië</a> • <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Africa_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/100px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/200px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lys_van_omstrede_gebiede" title="Lys van omstrede gebiede">Omstrede gebiede</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">(<a href="/wiki/Cabinda_(provinsie)" title="Cabinda (provinsie)">Cabinda</a> • <a href="/wiki/Galmudug" title="Galmudug">Galmudug</a>) • <a href="/wiki/Puntland" title="Puntland">Puntland</a> • <a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a> • <a href="/wiki/Arabiese_Demokratiese_Republiek_Sahara" title="Arabiese Demokratiese Republiek Sahara">Wes-Sahara</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lys_van_afhanklike_gebiede" title="Lys van afhanklike gebiede">Afhanklike gebiede</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Frankryk" title="Frankryk">Frankryk</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a> • <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Madeiraeilande" title="Madeiraeilande">Madeiraeilande</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spanje" title="Spanje">Spanje</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Kanariese_Eilande" title="Kanariese Eilande">Kanariese Eilande</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a> • <a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Verenigde_Koninkryk" title="Verenigde Koninkryk">Verenigde Koninkryk</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Sint_Helena,_Ascension_en_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Sint Helena, Ascension en Tristan da Cunha">Sint Helena, Ascension en Tristan da Cunha</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lande van</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Lande_van_Asi%C3%AB" title="Sjabloon:Lande van Asië">Asië</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Lande_van_Europa" title="Sjabloon:Lande van Europa">Europa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Lande_van_Noord-Amerika" title="Sjabloon:Lande van Noord-Amerika">Noord-Amerika</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Lande_van_Oseani%C3%AB" title="Sjabloon:Lande van Oseanië">Oseanië</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Lande_van_Suid-Amerika" title="Sjabloon:Lande van Suid-Amerika">Suid-Amerika</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><div style="text-align:center;">1. Land <a href="/wiki/Transkontinentale_land" title="Transkontinentale land">deels</a> in <a href="/wiki/Asi%C3%AB" title="Asië">Asië</a>.</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Suider-Afrikaanse_Ontwikkelingsgemeenskap_(SAOG)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-lees"><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Suider-Afrikaanse_Ontwikkelingsgemeenskap" title="Sjabloon:Suider-Afrikaanse Ontwikkelingsgemeenskap"><abbr title="Lees hierdie sjabloon" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bespreek"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjabloonbespreking:Suider-Afrikaanse_Ontwikkelingsgemeenskap&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sjabloonbespreking:Suider-Afrikaanse Ontwikkelingsgemeenskap (bladsy bestaan nie)"><abbr title="Bespreek hierdie sjabloon" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-wysig"><a class="external text" href="https://af.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Suider-Afrikaanse_Ontwikkelingsgemeenskap&action=edit"><abbr title="Wysig hierdie sjabloon" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">w</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Suider-Afrikaanse_Ontwikkelingsgemeenskap_(SAOG)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Suider-Afrikaanse_Ontwikkelingsgemeenskap" title="Suider-Afrikaanse Ontwikkelingsgemeenskap">Suider-Afrikaanse Ontwikkelingsgemeenskap</a> (SAOG)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lidlande</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demokratiese_Republiek_van_die_Kongo" class="mw-redirect" title="Demokratiese Republiek van die Kongo">Demokratiese Republiek van die Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Madagaskar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosambiek" title="Mosambiek">Mosambiek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibi%C3%AB" title="Namibië">Namibië</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelle" title="Seychelle">Seychelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suid-Afrika" title="Suid-Afrika">Suid-Afrika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaziland" class="mw-redirect" title="Swaziland">Swaziland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzani%C3%AB" title="Tanzanië">Tanzanië</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambi%C3%AB" title="Zambië">Zambië</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leiers</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Voorsitters</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Levy_Mwanawasa" title="Levy Mwanawasa">Levy Mwanawasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kgalema_Motlanthe" title="Kgalema Motlanthe">Kgalema Motlanthe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Sekretarisse-Generaal</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaire_Mbuende&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaire Mbuende (bladsy bestaan nie)">Kaire Mbuende</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prega_Ramsamy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prega Ramsamy (bladsy bestaan nie)">Prega Ramsamy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tomaz_Salom%C3%A3o&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tomaz Salomão (bladsy bestaan nie)">Tomaz Salomão</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sien ook</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suider-Afrikaanse_Ontwikkelingskonferensie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suider-Afrikaanse Ontwikkelingskonferensie (bladsy bestaan nie)">Suider-Afrikaanse Ontwikkelingskonferensie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suider-Afrikaanse_Doeane-unie" title="Suider-Afrikaanse Doeane-unie">Suider-Afrikaanse Doeane-unie (SADU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemeenskaplike_Monet%C3%AAre_Gebied" title="Gemeenskaplike Monetêre Gebied">Gemeenskaplike Monetêre Gebied (GMG)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gemeenskaplike_Mark_vir_Oostelike_en_Suidelike_Afrika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gemeenskaplike Mark vir Oostelike en Suidelike Afrika (bladsy bestaan nie)">Gemeenskaplike Mark vir Oostelike en Suidelike Afrika (GEMOSA)</a></li></ul> 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bestaan nie)">KulturNav</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/b93313b8-ab7c-4321-a8f7-9bd7982fe7fe">b93313b8-ab7c-4321-a8f7-9bd7982fe7fe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n80087494">n80087494</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MusicBrainz" title="MusicBrainz">MusicBrainz</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/f3a30678-3d23-3f42-8056-d32ebe58c66d">f3a30678-3d23-3f42-8056-d32ebe58c66d</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">NARA</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10035736">10035736</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Diet_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="National Diet Library">NDL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external 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