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Bahasa Ibrani Alkitab - Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas

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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Awal</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Nomenklatur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nomenklatur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Nomenklatur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nomenklatur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sejarah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sejarah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Sejarah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sejarah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Klasifikasi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Klasifikasi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Klasifikasi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Klasifikasi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ortografi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ortografi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Ortografi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ortografi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fonologi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fonologi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Fonologi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Fonologi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Fonologi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Fonologi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Huruf_mati" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Huruf_mati"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Huruf mati</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Huruf_mati-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Huruf_hidup" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Huruf_hidup"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Huruf hidup</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Huruf_hidup-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reduksi_suku-suku_kata_short_open_stressed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reduksi_suku-suku_kata_short_open_stressed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>Reduksi suku-suku kata <i>short open stressed</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reduksi_suku-suku_kata_short_open_stressed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Penekanan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penekanan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Penekanan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penekanan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catatan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catatan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Catatan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catatan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referensi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referensi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Referensi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referensi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Daftar_pustaka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Daftar_pustaka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Daftar pustaka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Daftar_pustaka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pranala_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pranala_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Pranala luar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pranala_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gulingkan daftar isi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bahasa Ibrani Alkitab</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 40 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebreu_biblico" title="Hebreu biblico – Aragon" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Hebreu biblico" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="عبرية توراتية – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عبرية توراتية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%87" title="العبريه التراثيه – Arab Mesir" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="العبريه التراثيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Arab Mesir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="توراتی عیبری دیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="توراتی عیبری دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F%D1%9E%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Старажытнаяўрэйская мова – Belarusia" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Старажытнаяўрэйская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Старажытнажыдоўская мова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Старажытнажыдоўская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Древноеврейски език – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Древноеврейски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klasick%C3%A1_hebrej%C5%A1tina" title="Klasická hebrejština – Cheska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Klasická hebrejština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Cheska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klassisk_hebraisk" title="Klassisk hebraisk – Dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Klassisk hebraisk" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibelhebr%C3%A4isch" title="Bibelhebräisch – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bibelhebräisch" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel bagus"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Biblical Hebrew" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblia_hebrea" title="Biblia hebrea – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Biblia hebrea" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebreo_b%C3%ADblico" title="Hebreo bíblico – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hebreo bíblico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliako_hebreera" title="Bibliako hebreera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bibliako hebreera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="عبری توراتی – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="عبری توراتی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9breu_biblique" title="Hébreu biblique – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hébreu biblique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebreo_b%C3%ADblico" title="Hebreo bíblico – Galisia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Hebreo bíblico" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%99%D7%AA" title="עברית מקראית – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עברית מקראית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%96%E6%9B%B8%E3%83%98%E3%83%96%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E8%AA%9E" title="聖書ヘブライ語 – Jepang" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="聖書ヘブライ語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB_%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96_%D0%B4%D3%99%D1%81%D1%82%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%96" title="Еврей тіл білімі дәстүрі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Еврей тіл білімі дәстүрі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B1%EC%84%9C_%ED%9E%88%EB%B8%8C%EB%A6%AC%EC%96%B4" title="성서 히브리어 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="성서 히브리어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senebreju_valoda" title="Senebreju valoda – Latvi" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Senebreju valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_hebreon%27_ny_Baiboly" title="Fiteny hebreon&#039; ny Baiboly – Malagasi" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny hebreon&#039; ny Baiboly" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Библиски хебрејски јазик – Makedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Библиски хебрејски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Ibrani_Alkitabiah" title="Bahasa Ibrani Alkitabiah – Melayu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Ibrani Alkitabiah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Melayu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A_%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A" title="توراتي عبراني – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="توراتي عبراني" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebraico_b%C3%ADblico" title="Hebraico bíblico – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hebraico bíblico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebraica_biblic%C4%83_arhaic%C4%83" title="Ebraica biblică arhaică – Rumania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ebraica biblică arhaică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Древнееврейский язык – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Древнееврейский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebraishtja_biblike" title="Hebraishtja biblike – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Hebraishtja biblike" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibelhebreiska" title="Bibelhebreiska – Swedia" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bibelhebreiska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="விவிலிய எபிரேயம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="விவிலிய எபிரேயம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5" title="ภาษาฮีบรูไบเบิล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาฮีบรูไบเบิล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutsal_%C4%B0branice" title="Kutsal İbranice – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kutsal İbranice" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%94%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Давньоєврейська мова – Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Давньоєврейська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="توراتی عبرانی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="توراتی عبرانی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Hebrew_Kinh_Th%C3%A1nh" title="Tiếng Hebrew Kinh Thánh – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Hebrew Kinh Thánh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E7%BB%8F%E5%B8%8C%E4%BC%AF%E6%9D%A5%E8%AF%AD" title="圣经希伯来语 – Tionghoa" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="圣经希伯来语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8ng-keng_Hi-pek-l%C3%A2i-g%C3%AD" title="Sèng-keng Hi-pek-lâi-gí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sèng-keng Hi-pek-lâi-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%96%E7%B6%93%E5%B8%8C%E4%BC%AF%E4%BE%86%E6%96%87" title="聖經希伯來文 – Kanton" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="聖經希伯來文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kanton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1982248#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pranala interwiki" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pranala</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Ibrani_Alkitab" title="Lihat halaman isi [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Halaman</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan:Bahasa_Ibrani_Alkitab" rel="discussion" 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<nav aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Ibrani_Alkitab"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Ibrani_Alkitab&amp;veaction=edit" title="Sunting halaman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Ibrani_Alkitab&amp;action=edit" title="Sunting kode sumber halaman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Ibrani_Alkitab&amp;action=history" title="Revisi sebelumnya dari halaman ini. 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vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Perkakas</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Opsi lainnya" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tindakan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Ibrani_Alkitab"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Ibrani_Alkitab&amp;veaction=edit" title="Sunting halaman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Ibrani_Alkitab&amp;action=edit" title="Sunting kode sumber halaman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Ibrani_Alkitab&amp;action=history"><span>Lihat riwayat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umum </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pranala_balik/Bahasa_Ibrani_Alkitab" title="Daftar semua halaman wiki yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pranala balik</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Perubahan_terkait/Bahasa_Ibrani_Alkitab" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terbaru halaman-halaman yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Perubahan terkait</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_istimewa" title="Daftar semua halaman istimewa [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Halaman istimewa</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Ibrani_Alkitab&amp;oldid=26161169" title="Pranala permanen untuk revisi halaman ini"><span>Pranala permanen</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Ibrani_Alkitab&amp;action=info" title="Informasi lanjut tentang halaman ini"><span>Informasi 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href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buku&amp;bookcmd=book_creator&amp;referer=Bahasa+Ibrani+Alkitab"><span>Buat buku</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:DownloadAsPdf&amp;page=Bahasa_Ibrani_Alkitab&amp;action=show-download-screen"><span>Unduh versi PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Ibrani_Alkitab&amp;printable=yes" title="Versi cetak halaman ini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versi cetak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam proyek lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Biblical_Hebrew_language" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1982248" title="Pranala untuk menghubungkan butir pada ruang penyimpanan data [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Butir di Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="id" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r22657712">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r25451299">.mw-parser-output .bahasa{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Picto_infobox_comicballoon.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output 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.bg-wp{background:radial-gradient(closest-side,lightgray,transparent)}.mw-parser-output .nilai{display:inline;margin:0;padding:0;border:0}.mw-parser-output .nilai:before{content:"—";animation-name:animate;animation-duration:2s;animation-delay:1s;animation-iteration-count:infinite}@keyframes nilai{0%{content:"Memuat"}5%{content:"Mengambil data penilaian dari halaman pembicaraan"}80%{content:"Memuat"}87%{content:"Mengubah susunan templat WP Banner"}89%{content:"Menyiapkan"}98%{content:"Selesai"}100%{content:""}}</style><table class="infobox" style="box-shadow: rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.3) 0px 1px 2px 0px, rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.15) 0px 2px 6px 2px;border-radius: 2px;; text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above bahasa" style="margin:0.2em;font-size:130%; color: black; background-color: #faecc8;">Bahasa Ibrani Alkitab <div style="font-weight:normal;margin-top:0.1em;padding-top:0.1em;border-top:1.3px solid #F9FAFC; font-size:80%"> <span dir="rtl"> <span lang="he">שְֹפַת כְּנַעַן</span>, <span lang="he">יְהוּדִית</span>, <span lang="he">(לָשׁוֹן) עִבְרִית</span>, <span lang="he">לְשׁוֹן הַקֹּדֶשׁ</span></span> </div><div style="font-weight:normal;margin-top:0.1em;padding-top:0.1em;border-top:1.3px solid #F9FAFC; font-size:80%">Bahasa Ibrani Klasik </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Shiloach.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Shiloach.jpg/200px-Shiloach.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Shiloach.jpg/300px-Shiloach.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/Shiloach.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="194" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><div style="line-height:normal">Sebuah gambar <a href="/wiki/Prasasti_Siloam" title="Prasasti Siloam">Prasasti Siloam</a> yang saat ini menjadi koleksi dari <a href="/wiki/Museum_Arkeologi_Istanbul" title="Museum Arkeologi Istanbul">Museum Arkeologi Istanbul</a> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.1em;line-height:1.3em; padding-right:0.5em;">Wilayah</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.05em"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23782729">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kerajaan_Israel_(kerajaan_bersatu)" title="Kerajaan Israel (kerajaan bersatu)">Kerajaan Israel (kerajaan bersatu)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kerajaan_Yehuda" title="Kerajaan Yehuda">Kerajaan Yehuda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kerajaan_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kerajaan Israel (Samaria)">Kerajaan Israel (Samaria)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hashmonayim" title="Hashmonayim">Dinasti Hashmonayim</a></li><li>Seluruh dunia (sebagai <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_sakral" title="Bahasa sakral">bahasa liturgikal</a> untuk <a href="/wiki/Agama_Yahudi" class="mw-redirect" title="Agama Yahudi">agama Yahudi</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.1em;line-height:1.3em; padding-right:0.5em;">Era</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.05em">diperkirakan berasal dari abad ke-10 sebelum Masehi; berkembang menjadi <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Ibrani_Mishnaik" title="Bahasa Ibrani Mishnaik">Bahasa Ibrani Mishnaik</a> setelah <a href="/wiki/Peperangan_Romawi%E2%80%93Yahudi" title="Peperangan Romawi–Yahudi">Peperangan Romawi–Yahudi</a> pada kisaran abad pertama Masehi </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.05em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r22657712"><table class="infobox mw-collapsible" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left;font-weight:normal; padding-right:0.5em;"><span style="white-space: normal;"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Rumpun_bahasa" title="Rumpun bahasa">Rumpun bahasa</a></b></div></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><div style="text-align:left;margin-left:0.5em"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r14051308">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li 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href="/wiki/Rumpun_bahasa_Semit_Tengah" class="mw-redirect" title="Rumpun bahasa Semit Tengah">Semit Tengah</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Rumpun_bahasa_Semit_Barat_Laut" title="Rumpun bahasa Semit Barat Laut">Semit Barat Laut</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Rumpun_bahasa_Kanaan" title="Rumpun bahasa Kanaan">Kanaan</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Bahasa Ibrani Alkitab</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r22657712"><table class="infobox mw-collapsible" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.1em;line-height:1.3em; padding-right:0.5em;"><span style="white-space: normal;"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Sistem_penulisan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistem penulisan">Sistem penulisan</a></div></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.05em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782729"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sinai" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Sinai">Abjad Proto-Kanaan / Proto-Sinai</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Alfabet_Paleo-Ibrani" title="Alfabet Paleo-Ibrani">Alfabet Paleo-Ibrani</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Alfabet_Ibrani" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfabet Ibrani">Alfabet Ibrani</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Abjad_Samaria" title="Abjad Samaria">Abjad Samaria</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="margin:0.2em;opacity:80%;color: black; background-color: 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title="Bahasa Ibrani Samaria">Bahasa Ibrani Samaria</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.1em;line-height:1.3em; padding-right:0.5em;"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">LINGUIST List</div> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://linguistlist.org/multitree/" title="LINGUIST list sudah tidak beroperasi lagi" rel="nofollow"><img alt="LINGUIST list sudah tidak beroperasi lagi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/OOjs_UI_icon_clear-destructive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_clear-destructive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/OOjs_UI_icon_clear-destructive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_clear-destructive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/OOjs_UI_icon_clear-destructive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_clear-destructive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.05em"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://multitree.org/codes/hbo">hbo</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.1em;line-height:1.3em; padding-right:0.5em;">&#160;</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.05em"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://multitree.org/codes/smp">smp</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.1em;line-height:1.3em; padding-right:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.05em"><code style="padding-bottom:0.1em;padding-top:0.1em"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/anci1244">anci1244</a></code>&#160; <span class="nowrap">(Ancient Hebrew)</span><sup id="cite_ref-Glottolog_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glottolog-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><br /><code style="padding-bottom:0.1em;padding-top:0.1em"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/sama1313">sama1313</a></code>&#160; <span class="nowrap">(Samaritan)</span><sup id="cite_ref-Glottolog2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glottolog2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.1em;line-height:1.3em; padding-right:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Penanda_bahasa_IETF" class="mw-redirect" title="Penanda bahasa IETF">IETF</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em; 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a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .DE-hover:hover a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .VU-hover a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .VU-hover:hover a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .NE-hover a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .NE-hover:hover a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .tooltip{position:relative;display:inline-block;border-bottom:1px dotted black}.mw-parser-output .tooltip .tooltiptext{visibility:hidden;width:120px;background-color:#F8F9FB;color:black;line-height:1.2;text-align:center;border-radius:3px;box-shadow:1px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.35);padding:5px 0;position:absolute;z-index:1;top:150%;left:50%;margin-left:-60px;border:1px solid #C8CBD0;font-size:60%}.mw-parser-output .tooltip .tooltiptext::after{content:"";position:absolute;bottom:100%;left:50%;margin-left:-5px;border-width:5px;border-style:solid;font-size:60%;border-color:transparent transparent #C8CBD0 transparent}.mw-parser-output .tooltip:hover .tooltiptext{visibility:visible;z-index:900}.mw-parser-output .tooltip:hover .tooltiptext{visibility:visible;border:1px solid #C8CBD0;font-size:70%;z-index:900}.mw-parser-output .tooltip .tooltiptext{opacity:0;transition:opacity 0.15s;z-index:900}.mw-parser-output .tooltip:hover .tooltiptext{visibility:visible;opacity:1;z-index:900}</style> <center> <div class="sk-container" style="justify-content: center;"> <div><span style="font-size:90%;"><center><b>Punah</b></center><br /></span> <a href="/wiki/Kategori:Bahasa_yang_telah_punah" title="Kategori:Bahasa yang telah punah"><div class="EX-hover tooltip" style="display:inline; height:22.5px; width:22.5px; line-height:100%; border:1px solid #C8CBD0; border-radius:50%;padding:0.3em;margin:0.2em; background:black;color:white"><b>EX</b><span class="tooltiptext">Singkatan dari <i>Extinct</i> (Punah)</span></div></a></div><div><span style="font-size:90%"><center><b>Terancam</b></center><br /></span> <div style="border-top:2px solid black; border-radius:20%;display:inline;padding-top:1em"> <div class="CR-hover tooltip" style="height:22.5px; width:22.5px; line-height:100%; display:inline;border:1px solid #C8CBD0; border-radius:50%;padding:0.3em;margin:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Bahasa-bahasa_yang_terancam_kritis" title="Kategori:Bahasa-bahasa yang terancam kritis"><b>CR</b></a><span class="tooltiptext">Singkatan dari <i>Critically endangered</i> (Terancam Kritis)</span></div> <div class="SE-hover tooltip" style="height:22.5px; width:22.5px; line-height:100%; display:inline;border:1px solid #C8CBD0; border-radius:50%;padding:0.3em;margin:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Bahasa-bahasa_yang_terancam_berat" title="Kategori:Bahasa-bahasa yang terancam berat"><b>SE</b></a><span class="tooltiptext">Singkatan dari <i>Severely endangered</i> (Terancam berat)</span></div> <div class="DE-hover tooltip" style="height:22.5px; width:22.5px; line-height:100%;display:inline;border:1px solid #C8CBD0; border-radius:50%;padding:0.3em;margin:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Bahasa-bahasa_yang_terancam_punah" title="Kategori:Bahasa-bahasa yang terancam punah"><b>DE</b></a><span class="tooltiptext">Singkatan dari <i>Devinitely endangered</i> (Terancam)</span></div> <div class="VU-hover tooltip" style="height:22.5px; width:22.5px; line-height:100%; display:inline;border:1px solid #C8CBD0; border-radius:50%;padding:0.3em;margin:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Bahasa-bahasa_yang_rentan_punah" title="Kategori:Bahasa-bahasa yang rentan punah"><b>VU</b></a><span class="tooltiptext">Singkatan dari <i>Vulnerable</i> (Rentan)</span></div> </div></div><div><span style="font-size:90%"><center><b>Aman</b></center><br /></span> <div class="NE-hover tooltip" style="height:22.5px; width:22.5px; line-height:100%; display:inline;border:1px solid #C8CBD0; border-radius:50%;padding:0.3em;margin:0.2em;"><b>NE</b><span class="tooltiptext">Singkatan dari <i>Not Endangered</i> (Tidak terancam)</span></div></div></div> <div style="text-align:left;font-size:90%;margin-top:0.4em; line-height:1.3"><center><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Atlas_Bahasa-Bahasa_di_Dunia_yang_Terancam_Kepunahan" title="Atlas Bahasa-Bahasa di Dunia yang Terancam Kepunahan"><b>ICHEL <i>Red Book</i></b></a>: <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2011/apr/15/language-extinct-endangered">Extinct</a></span></span></center> <p>Bahasa Ibrani Alkitab diklasifikasikan sebagai bahasa yang telah <b>punah</b> (<b>EX</b>) pada <i><a href="/wiki/Atlas_Bahasa-Bahasa_di_Dunia_yang_Terancam_Kepunahan" title="Atlas Bahasa-Bahasa di Dunia yang Terancam Kepunahan">Atlas Bahasa-Bahasa di Dunia yang Terancam Kepunahan</a></i> </p> </div></center> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.35em;text-align:left;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r26504802">.mw-parser-output .flex-container{justify-content:center;display:flex;flex-wrap:nowrap;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .flex-container>div{margin:1px;text-align:left;justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .sk-container{display:flex;width:auto}.mw-parser-output .sk-container>div{margin:1px;text-align:center;float:none}.mw-parser-output .c10-hover:hover{background:black;color:white}.mw-parser-output .c9-hover:hover{background:red;color:black}.mw-parser-output .c8b-hover:hover{background:#FF6F3B;color:black}.mw-parser-output .c8a-hover:hover{background:#FF9067;color:black}.mw-parser-output .c7-hover:hover{background:#FFB367;color:black}.mw-parser-output .c6b-hover:hover{background:#FFE867;color:black}.mw-parser-output .c6a-hover:hover{background:#FFFF68;color:black}.mw-parser-output .c5-hover:hover{background:#D9FF68;color:black}.mw-parser-output .c4-hover:hover{background:#9BFF68;color:black}.mw-parser-output .c3-hover:hover{background:#68FF93;color:black}.mw-parser-output .c2-hover:hover{background:#69FFF5;color:black}.mw-parser-output .c1-hover:hover{background:#69CFFF;color:black}.mw-parser-output .c0-hover:hover{background:#699BFF;color:black}.mw-parser-output .c10-hover a{color:white}.mw-parser-output .c10-hover:hover{color:white}.mw-parser-output .c9-hover a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .c9-hover:hover a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .c8b-hover a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .c8b-hover:hover a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .c8a-hover a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .c8a-hover:hover a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .c7-hover a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .c7-hover:hover a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .c6b-hover a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .c6b-hover:hover a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .c6a-hover a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .c6a-hover:hover a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .c5-hover a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .c5-hover:hover a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .c4-hover a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .c4-hover:hover a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .c3-hover a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .c3-hover:hover a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .c2-hover a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .c2-hover:hover a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .c1-hover a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .c1-hover:hover a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .c0-hover a{color:black;background:#3E5C97}.mw-parser-output .c0-hover:hover a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .tooltip{position:relative;display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .tooltip .tooltiptext{visibility:hidden;width:120px;background-color:#F8F9FB;color:black;line-height:1.2;text-align:center;border-radius:3px;box-shadow:1px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.35);padding:5px 0;position:absolute;z-index:1;top:150%;left:50%;margin-left:-60px;border:1px solid #C8CBD0;font-size:60%}.mw-parser-output .tooltip .tooltiptext::after{content:"";position:absolute;bottom:100%;left:50%;margin-left:-5px;border-width:5px;border-style:solid;font-size:60%;border-color:transparent transparent #C8CBD0 transparent}.mw-parser-output .tooltip:hover .tooltiptext{visibility:visible;z-index:900}.mw-parser-output .tooltip:hover .tooltiptext{visibility:visible;border:1px solid #C8CBD0;font-size:70%;z-index:900}.mw-parser-output .tooltip .tooltiptext{opacity:0;transition:opacity 0.15s;z-index:900}.mw-parser-output .tooltip:hover .tooltiptext{visibility:visible;opacity:1;z-index:900}</style> <center> <div style="justify-content: center;margin-left:2em;margin-right:2em;text-align:center"> <a href="/wiki/Kategori:Bahasa_kategori_10_di_Ethnologue" title="Kategori:Bahasa kategori 10 di Ethnologue"><div class="c10-hover tooltip" style="width:8%;height:18px;border:1px solid lightgray;align:left;Border-radius:12px 0px 0px 12px;display: inline-block;border-right:0.5px solid transparent;"><span class="tooltiptext"><span style="font-size: 120%;"><span style="font-size: 120%;"><span style="font-size: 120%;"><b>C10</b></span></span></span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><b>Kategori 10</b></span><hr />Kategori ini menunjukkan bahwa bahasa <b>telah punah</b> (<i>Extinct</i>)</span></div></a><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Bahasa_kategori_9_di_Ethnologue" title="Kategori:Bahasa kategori 9 di Ethnologue"><div class="c9-hover tooltip" style="width:8%;height:18px;border:1px solid lightgray;align:left;display: inline-block;border-right:0.5px solid transparent;border-left:0.5px solid transparent;background:red"><span class="tooltiptext"><span style="font-size: 120%;"><span style="font-size: 120%;"><span style="font-size: 120%;"><b>C9</b></span></span></span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><b>Kategori 9</b></span><hr />Kategori ini menunjukkan bahwa bahasa sudah <b>ditinggalkan</b> dan hanya <b>segelintir</b> yang menuturkannya (<i>Dormant</i>)</span></div></a><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Bahasa_kategori_8b_di_Ethnologue" title="Kategori:Bahasa kategori 8b di Ethnologue"><div class="c8b-hover tooltip" style="width:4%;height:18px;border:1px solid lightgray;align:left;display: inline-block;border-right:0px;border-left:0.5px solid transparent;"><span class="tooltiptext"><span style="font-size: 120%;"><span style="font-size: 120%;"><span style="font-size: 120%;"><b>C8b</b></span></span></span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><b>Kategori 8b</b></span><hr />Kategori ini menunjukkan bahwa bahasa <b>hampir punah</b> (<i>Nearly extinct</i>)</span></div></a><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Bahasa_kategori_8a_di_Ethnologue" title="Kategori:Bahasa kategori 8a di Ethnologue"><div class="c8a-hover tooltip" style="width:4%;height:18px;border:1px solid lightgray;align:left;display: inline-block;border-left:0px;border-right:0.5px solid transparent;"><span class="tooltiptext"><span style="font-size: 120%;"><span style="font-size: 120%;"><span style="font-size: 120%;"><b>C8a</b></span></span></span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><b>Kategori 8a</b></span><hr />Kategori ini menunjukkan bahwa bahasa <b>sangat sedikit</b> dituturkan dan <b>terancam berat</b> untuk punah (<i>Moribund</i>)</span></div></a><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Bahasa_kategori_7_di_Ethnologue" title="Kategori:Bahasa kategori 7 di Ethnologue"><div class="c7-hover tooltip" style="width:8%;height:18px;border:1px solid lightgray;align:left;display: inline-block;border-right:0.5px solid transparent;border-left:0.5px solid transparent;;"><span class="tooltiptext"><span style="font-size: 120%;"><span style="font-size: 120%;"><span style="font-size: 120%;"><b>C7</b></span></span></span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><b>Kategori 7</b></span><hr />Kategori ini menunjukkan bahwa bahasa mulai <b>mengalami penurunan</b> ataupun penutur mulai <b>berpindah</b> menggunakan bahasa lain (<i>Shifting</i>)</span></div></a><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Bahasa_kategori_6b_di_Ethnologue" title="Kategori:Bahasa kategori 6b di Ethnologue"><div class="c6b-hover tooltip" style="width:4%;height:18px;border:1px solid lightgray;align:left;display: inline-block;border-right:0px;border-left:0.5px solid transparent;"><span class="tooltiptext"><span style="font-size: 120%;"><span style="font-size: 120%;"><span style="font-size: 120%;"><b>C6b</b></span></span></span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><b>Kategori 6b</b></span><hr />Kategori ini menunjukkan bahwa bahasa <b>mulai terancam</b> (<i>Threatened</i>)</span></div></a><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Bahasa_kategori_6a_di_Ethnologue" title="Kategori:Bahasa kategori 6a di Ethnologue"><div class="c6a-hover tooltip" style="width:4%;height:18px;border:1px solid lightgray;align:left;display: inline-block;border-left:0px;border-right:0.5px solid transparent;;"><span class="tooltiptext"><span style="font-size: 120%;"><span style="font-size: 120%;"><span style="font-size: 120%;"><b>C6a</b></span></span></span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><b>Kategori 6a</b></span><hr />Kategori ini menunjukkan bahwa bahasa masih <b>cukup banyak dituturkan</b> (<i>Vigorous</i>)</span></div></a><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Bahasa_kategori_5_di_Ethnologue" title="Kategori:Bahasa kategori 5 di Ethnologue"><div class="c5-hover tooltip" style="width:8%;height:18px;border:1px solid lightgray;align:left;display: inline-block;border-right:0.5px solid transparent;border-left:0.5px solid transparent;;"><span class="tooltiptext"><span style="font-size: 120%;"><span style="font-size: 120%;"><span style="font-size: 120%;"><b>C5</b></span></span></span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><b>Kategori 5</b></span><hr />Kategori ini menunjukkan bahwa bahasa mengalami <b>pertumbuhan populasi penutur</b> (<i>Developing</i>)</span></div></a><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Bahasa_kategori_4_di_Ethnologue" title="Kategori:Bahasa kategori 4 di Ethnologue"><div class="c4-hover tooltip" style="width:8%;height:18px;border:1px solid lightgray;align:left;display: inline-block;border-right:0.5px solid transparent;border-left:0.5px solid transparent;;"><span class="tooltiptext"><span style="font-size: 120%;"><span style="font-size: 120%;"><span style="font-size: 120%;"><b>C4</b></span></span></span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><b>Kategori 4</b></span><hr />Kategori ini menunjukkan bahwa bahasa digunakan dalam <b>institusi pendidikan</b> (<i>Educational</i>)</span></div></a><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Bahasa_kategori_3_di_Ethnologue" title="Kategori:Bahasa kategori 3 di Ethnologue"><div class="c3-hover tooltip" style="width:8%;height:18px;border:1px solid lightgray;align:left;display: inline-block;border-right:0.5px solid transparent;border-left:0.5px solid transparent;;"><span class="tooltiptext"><span style="font-size: 120%;"><span style="font-size: 120%;"><span style="font-size: 120%;"><b>C3</b></span></span></span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><b>Kategori 3</b></span><hr />Kategori ini menunjukkan bahwa bahasa digunakan <b>cukup luas</b> (<i>Wider Communication</i>)</span></div></a><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Bahasa_kategori_2_di_Ethnologue" title="Kategori:Bahasa kategori 2 di Ethnologue"><div class="c2-hover tooltip" style="width:8%;height:18px;border:1px solid lightgray;align:left;display: inline-block;border-right:0.5px solid transparent;border-left:0.5px solid transparent;;"><span class="tooltiptext"><span style="font-size: 120%;"><span style="font-size: 120%;"><span style="font-size: 120%;"><b>C2</b></span></span></span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><b>Kategori 2</b></span><hr />Kategori ini menunjukkan bahwa bahasa yang digunakan di <b>berbagai wilayah</b> (<i>Provincial</i>)</span></div></a><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Bahasa_kategori_1_di_Ethnologue" title="Kategori:Bahasa kategori 1 di Ethnologue"><div class="c1-hover tooltip" style="width:8%;height:18px;border:1px solid lightgray;align:left;display: inline-block;border-right:0.5px solid transparent;border-left:0.5px solid transparent;"><span class="tooltiptext"><span style="font-size: 120%;"><span style="font-size: 120%;"><span style="font-size: 120%;"><b>C1</b></span></span></span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><b>Kategori 1</b></span><hr />Kategori ini menunjukkan bahwa bahasa <b>nasional</b> maupun bahasa <b>resmi</b> dari suatu negara (<i>National</i>)</span></div></a><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Bahasa_kategori_0_di_Ethnologue" title="Kategori:Bahasa kategori 0 di Ethnologue"><div class="c0-hover tooltip" style="width:8%;height:18px;border:1px solid lightgray;align:left;display: inline-block; border-radius:0px 12px 12px 0px;border-left:0.5px solid transparent;"><span class="tooltiptext"><span style="font-size: 120%;"><span style="font-size: 120%;"><span style="font-size: 120%;"><b>C0</b></span></span></span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><b>Kategori 0</b></span><hr />Kategori ini menunjukkan bahwa bahasa merupakan <b>bahasa pengantar internasional</b> ataupun bahasa yang digunakan pada kancah antar bangsa (<i>International</i>)</span></div></a><div style="font-size:80%"><div style="width:8%;border:1px solid transparent; text-align:center; font-size:95%;align:left;display: inline-block; line-height: normal">10</div><div style="width:8%;border:1px solid transparent; text-align:center; font-size:95%;align:left;display: inline-block; line-height: normal">9</div><div style="width:8%;border:1px solid transparent; text-align:center; font-size:95%;display: inline-block; line-height: normal">8</div><div style="width:8%;border:1px solid transparent; text-align:center; font-size:95%;align:left;display: inline-block; line-height: normal">7</div><div style="width:8%;border:1px solid transparent; text-align:center; font-size:95%;align:left;display: inline-block; line-height: normal">6</div><div style="width:8%;border:1px solid transparent; text-align:center; font-size:95%;align:left;display: inline-block; line-height: normal">5</div><div style="width:8%;border:1px solid transparent; text-align:center; font-size:95%;align:left;display: inline-block; line-height: normal">4</div><div style="width:8%;border:1px solid transparent; text-align:center; font-size:95%;align:left;display: inline-block; line-height: normal">3</div><div style="width:8%;border:1px solid transparent; text-align:center; font-size:95%;align:left;display: inline-block; line-height: normal">2</div><div style="width:8%;border:1px solid transparent; text-align:center; font-size:95%;align:left;display: inline-block; line-height: normal">1</div><div style="width:8%;border:1px solid transparent; text-align:center; font-size:95%;align:left;display: inline-block; line-height: normal">0</div></div></div><div style="text-align:left;font-size:90%;margin-top:0.4em; line-height:1.3"><center><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/about/language-status"><b>EGIDS SIL Ethnologue</b></a>:&#160;</span><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/">C9 Dormant</a></span></span></center>Bahasa Ibrani Alkitab dikategorikan sebagai <i><b>C9 Dormant</b></i> menurut <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">SIL Ethnologue</a>, artinya bahasa ini sudah <b>ditinggalkan</b> mayoritas penuturnya dan hanya dituturkan oleh segelintir orang <div style="font-size:90%;text-align: center;margin-bottom:0.2em"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/cloud/lang-hbo.png">Buka versi koordinat status pemertahanan rinci</a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://cam.ethnologue.com/" title="Perlu masuk" rel="nofollow"><img alt="Perlu masuk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/10px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/15px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/20px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a></span></div> </div> </center> <span style="font-size:80%; line-height:0.3"><div class="metadata" style="text-align: right;">&#91;<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1982248" class="extiw" title="d:Q1982248">sunting di Wikidata</a>]</div></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <center><sup>Referensi:</sup> <sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></center> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r22657712"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="opacity:80%;color: black; background-color: #faecc8;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Lokasi penuturan</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.35em; padding-right:0em; padding-left:0em"><div style="opacity:85%; z-index:1;overflow:hidden;position:absolute;width:250px;margin-top:0.2em;align:left;z-index:120"><div style="font-size:70%;margin:0.2em; background:white; display:inline;padding:0.1em 0.3em; line-height:normal"> <a href="/wiki/PW:BAHASA" class="mw-redirect" title="PW:BAHASA">ProyekWiki Bahasa</a> | <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_Bahasa_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia">Wikipedia</a> | <a href="/wiki/Templat:Peta_interaktif_bahasa" title="Templat:Peta interaktif bahasa">Kode sumber</a> </div><div style="float:left; text-align:left:display:inline"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://w.wiki/AiAJ" rel="nofollow"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/45px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/60px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a></span>&#160;<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:ProyekWiki_Bahasa/pemeliharaan/peta#/map/0"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Wikivoyage-logo.svg/20px-Wikivoyage-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Wikivoyage-logo.svg/30px-Wikivoyage-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Wikivoyage-logo.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span><div style="font-size:60%;line-height:0.6;display:inline; background: white;text-align:left"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:ProyekWiki_Bahasa/pemeliharaan/peta#/map/1">Lihat dalam mode terbatas</a></span></div></div></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r17451292">.mw-parser-output .mapframe-multi-container>label:first-of-type{clear:both}.mw-parser-output .mapframe-multi-container a.mw-kartographer-container.floatright,.mw-parser-output .mapframe-multi-container a.mw-kartographer-container.floatleft,.mw-parser-output .mapframe-multi-container div.mw-kartographer-container.tright,.mw-parser-output .mapframe-multi-container div.mw-kartographer-container.tleft{padding:0 0 0 0;margin:0 0 0 0}</style><div class="switcher-container mapframe-multi-container center"><div><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 323px; height: 270px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="323" data-height="270" data-zoom="9" data-overlays="[&quot;_563d26f705e05860fae9baba48b246346bd2c5b7&quot;]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,9,a,a,323x270.png?lang=id&amp;domain=id.wikipedia.org&amp;title=Bahasa_Ibrani_Alkitab&amp;revid=26161169&amp;groups=_563d26f705e05860fae9baba48b246346bd2c5b7" width="323" height="270" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,9,a,a,323x270@2x.png?lang=id&amp;domain=id.wikipedia.org&amp;title=Bahasa_Ibrani_Alkitab&amp;revid=26161169&amp;groups=_563d26f705e05860fae9baba48b246346bd2c5b7 2x" alt="Peta" /></a><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Tampilkan peta yang diperbesar</span></div><div><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 323px; height: 270px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="323" data-height="270" data-zoom="6" data-overlays="[&quot;_563d26f705e05860fae9baba48b246346bd2c5b7&quot;]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,6,a,a,323x270.png?lang=id&amp;domain=id.wikipedia.org&amp;title=Bahasa_Ibrani_Alkitab&amp;revid=26161169&amp;groups=_563d26f705e05860fae9baba48b246346bd2c5b7" width="323" height="270" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,6,a,a,323x270@2x.png?lang=id&amp;domain=id.wikipedia.org&amp;title=Bahasa_Ibrani_Alkitab&amp;revid=26161169&amp;groups=_563d26f705e05860fae9baba48b246346bd2c5b7 2x" alt="Peta" /></a><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Tampilkan peta yang diperkecil</span></div><div><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 323px; height: 270px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="323" data-height="270" data-zoom="3" data-overlays="[&quot;_563d26f705e05860fae9baba48b246346bd2c5b7&quot;]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,3,a,a,323x270.png?lang=id&amp;domain=id.wikipedia.org&amp;title=Bahasa_Ibrani_Alkitab&amp;revid=26161169&amp;groups=_563d26f705e05860fae9baba48b246346bd2c5b7" width="323" height="270" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,3,a,a,323x270@2x.png?lang=id&amp;domain=id.wikipedia.org&amp;title=Bahasa_Ibrani_Alkitab&amp;revid=26161169&amp;groups=_563d26f705e05860fae9baba48b246346bd2c5b7 2x" alt="Peta" /></a><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Tampilkan peta penuh</span></div></div>Perkiraan persebaran penuturan bahasa ini.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.35em; padding-right:0em; padding-left:0em"><div style="font-size:80%"><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Halaman_artikel_bahasa_dengan_peta" title="Kategori:Halaman artikel bahasa dengan peta">Peta bahasa lain</a></div><span style="font-size:85%;">Koordinat jamak <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1982248#P625" title="Sunting ini di Wikidata"><img alt="Sunting ini di Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span><br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782729"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r25917590">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25917590"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bahasa_Ibrani_Alkitab&amp;language=id&amp;params=32_4_51.6_N_35_27_0.4_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">32°4′51.6″N</span> <span class="longitude">35°27′0.4″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">32.081000°N 35.450111°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">32.081000; 35.450111</span></span></span></a></span></span></li></ul></div> </span></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r22657712"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:90%;text-align:left; background:lavender;padding: 0.2em 0.5em 0.2em; line-height:1.3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25451299"> <div class="flex-container"> <div></div><div> <b>Artikel ini mengandung simbol fonetik <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>.</b> Tanpa <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Catatan_teknis" class="mw-redirect" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">bantuan render</a> yang baik, Anda akan melihat <a href="/wiki/Mojibake" title="Mojibake">tanda tanya, kotak, atau simbol lain</a>, bukan karakter <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a>. Untuk pengenalan mengenai simbol IPA, lihat <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengucapan" title="Bantuan:Pengucapan">Bantuan:IPA</a>.</div> </div></th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r22657712"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="padding-top:0px;height:20px;font-weight:normal;font-size:90%;text-align:center;color:black; background-color: #faecc8;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/20px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/30px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/40px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Portal:Bahasa" title="Portal:Bahasa"><span style="color: black;"><b>Portal Bahasa</b></span></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:80%;text-align:left;height:20px;padding-top:0.2em;padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em;padding-bottom:0.1em"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Kotak_info_bahasa" title="Templat:Kotak info bahasa">L</a>&#160;• <a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan_Templat:Kotak_info_bahasa" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Kotak info bahasa">B</a>&#160;• <a href="/wiki/PW:BAHASA" class="mw-redirect" title="PW:BAHASA">PW</a>&#160;&#160;&#160;<div style="float:right;right:0em; text-align:right:display:inline"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Ibrani_Alkitab&amp;action=edit&amp;section=top&amp;editintro=Templat:Kotak_info_bahasa/Pemberitahuan/editintro2"><img alt="Sunting kotak info" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span>&#160;&#160;<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1982248" title="Lihat butir Wikidata"><img alt="Lihat butir Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/OOjs_UI_icon_tag-rtl-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_tag-rtl-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/OOjs_UI_icon_tag-rtl-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_tag-rtl-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/OOjs_UI_icon_tag-rtl-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_tag-rtl-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span>&#160;&#160;<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Kotak_info_bahasa/doc" title="Bantuan penggunaan templat ini"><img alt="Info templat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/10px-Info_Simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/15px-Info_Simple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/20px-Info_Simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table><div class="metadata i-tooltip" style="position:absolute;z-index:100;top:-85px;right:0.5em; line-height:normal;border-radius:7px;color:white"><div style="opacity:60%"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Tentang artikel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/OOjs_UI_icon_add.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_add.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/OOjs_UI_icon_add.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_add.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/OOjs_UI_icon_add.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_add.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div><span class="i-tooltiptext" style="padding:0.2em;-moz-box-shadow: 2px 2px 4px gray; -webkit-box-shadow: 2px 2px 4px gray; box-shadow: 2px 2px 4px gray;"><div class="autoconfirmed-show"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r22657712"><table class="infobox" style="background:transparent;border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;color:white"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:transparent;text-align:center;">Pemberitahuan</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="font-size:80%;text-align:left">Templat ini mendeteksi bahwa artikel bahasa ini masih <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:ProyekWiki_Bahasa/Penilaian" title="Wikipedia:ProyekWiki Bahasa/Penilaian"><span style="color:lavender">belum dinilai</span></a></b> kualitasnya oleh <a href="/wiki/PW:Bahasa" class="mw-redirect" title="PW:Bahasa"><span style="color:lavender">ProyekWiki Bahasa</span></a> dan <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:ProyekWiki" title="Wikipedia:ProyekWiki"><span style="color:lavender">ProyekWiki</span></a> terkait dengan subjek.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="font-size:80%;text-align:left"><div class="mw-inputbox-centered" style="background-color: ; color: inherit;"><form name="createbox" class="createbox mw-inputbox-form-inline" action="/w/index.php" method="get"><input type="hidden" value="edit" name="action" /><input type="hidden" value="Templat:Kotak info bahasa/Pemberitahuan/preload" name="preload" /><input type="hidden" value="Templat:Kotak info bahasa/Pemberitahuan/editintro" name="editintro" /><input type="hidden" value="Pembicaraan:Bahasa Ibrani Alkitab" name="prefix" /><div class="cdx-text-input"><input type="hidden" name="title" class="mw-inputbox-createbox cdx-text-input__input" placeholder="" size="12" dir="ltr" /></div> <input type="submit" name="create" value="Berikan penilaian" class="cdx-button cdx-button--action-progressive cdx-button--weight-primary" /></form></div><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="color:red"><b>Perhatian:</b> untuk penilai, halaman pembicaraan artikel ini telah diisi sehingga penilaian akan berkonflik dengan isi sebelumnya. Harap salin kode dibawah ini sebelum menilai. <p><code>&#123;&#123;<a href="/wiki/Templat:PW_Bahasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Templat:PW Bahasa">PW Bahasa</a>&#124;importance=&#124;class=&#125;&#125;</code> </p> </span></span><hr /><span style="font-size:85%;"> <p>Terjadi <i>[[<span style="color:lavender">false positive</span>]]</i>? Silakan <a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan_Wikipedia:ProyekWiki_Bahasa" title="Pembicaraan Wikipedia:ProyekWiki Bahasa"><span style="color:lavender">laporkan kesalahan ini</span></a>. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r22657712"></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="font-weight:normal;text-align:right;font-size:80%; background: transparent"><span class="nowrap">08.41, Selasa, 26 November, 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Waktu_Universal_Terkoordinasi" title="Waktu Universal Terkoordinasi">UTC</a>)</span>&#160;• <div class="plainlinks" style="font-weight:bold;"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Ibrani_Alkitab&amp;action=purge">hapus singgahan</a></div> Sebanyak <b><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_bahasa_yang_membutuhkan_penilaian" title="Kategori:Artikel bahasa yang membutuhkan penilaian">1.557</a></b> artikel belum dinilai</th></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> Artikel ini <b>belum dinilai</b> oleh <a href="/wiki/PW:BAHASA" class="mw-redirect" title="PW:BAHASA">ProyekWiki Bahasa</a></span></div> <div class="metadata s-tooltip" style="position:absolute;z-index:100;top:-85px;right:3.5em; line-height:normal;border-radius:7px;"><div style="opacity:60%"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Cari artikel bahasa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/OOjs_UI_icon_search-ltr.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_search-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/OOjs_UI_icon_search-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_search-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/OOjs_UI_icon_search-ltr.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_search-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div><span class="s-tooltiptext" style="-moz-box-shadow: 2px 2px 4px gray; -webkit-box-shadow: 2px 2px 4px gray; box-shadow: 2px 2px 4px gray;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Cari artikel bahasa<div class="mw-inputbox-centered" style=""><form name="searchbox" class="searchbox mw-inputbox-form-inline" action="/wiki/Istimewa:Pencarian"><div class="cdx-text-input"><input class="mw-searchInput searchboxInput cdx-text-input__input" name="search" value="Bahasa" placeholder="" size="25" dir="ltr" /></div> <input type="submit" name="go" value="Tuju" class="cdx-button" />&#160;<input type="submit" name="fulltext" value="Cari" class="cdx-button" /></form></div>Cari berdasarkan kode ISO 639 (Uji coba)<div class="mw-inputbox-centered" style=""><form name="searchbox" class="searchbox mw-inputbox-form-inline" action="/wiki/Istimewa:Pencarian"><div class="cdx-text-input"><input class="mw-searchInput searchboxInput cdx-text-input__input" name="search" value="ISO 639:" placeholder="" size="8" dir="ltr" /></div> <input type="submit" name="go" value="Tuju" class="cdx-button" />&#160;<input type="submit" name="fulltext" value="Cari" class="cdx-button" /></form></div><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Kolom pencarian ini hanya didukung oleh beberapa antarmuka</span></span> </span></span></span></div><div class="metadata r-tooltip" style=";position:absolute;z-index:100;top:-85px;right:2em; line-height:normal;border-radius:7px;"><div style="opacity:60%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sembarang_di_kategori/Artikel_bahasa_dengan_kotak_info_bahasa" title="Istimewa:Sembarang di kategori/Artikel bahasa dengan kotak info bahasa"><img alt="Artikel bahasa sembarang" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/OOjs_UI_icon_die.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_die.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/OOjs_UI_icon_die.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_die.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/OOjs_UI_icon_die.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_die.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div><span class="r-tooltiptext" style="-moz-box-shadow: 2px 2px 4px gray; -webkit-box-shadow: 2px 2px 4px gray; box-shadow: 2px 2px 4px gray;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Halaman bahasa acak</span></span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23035139">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r24044134">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref" style="width: 22em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782729"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Shalom" title="Shalom"><img alt="שָׁלוֹם" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Shalom2.svg/40px-Shalom2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Shalom2.svg/60px-Shalom2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Shalom2.svg/80px-Shalom2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="741" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist" style="vertical-align:middle; font-size:95%;"><b>Artikel ini mengandung <a href="/wiki/Alfabet_Ibrani" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfabet Ibrani">teks karakter bahasa Ibrani</a>.</b> Tanpa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bantuan:Abjad_Ibrani&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bantuan:Abjad Ibrani (halaman belum tersedia)">dukungan perenderan</a> yang baik, Anda mungkin akan melihat <a href="/wiki/Specials_(blok_Unicode)" title="Specials (blok Unicode)">tanda tanya, kotak, atau simbol lain</a>&#44; bukan karakter dari Alfabet Ibrani.</div></div> </div> <p><b>Bahasa Ibrani Alkitab</b> (bentuk jamak: Bahasa Ibrani Alkitabiah; <span lang="he" dir="rtl">עִבְרִית מִקְרָאִית</span>, <small><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{&quot;_&quot;:&quot;mw.Phonos.PhonosButton&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/d0\/Ivritmiqrait.ogg\/Ivritmiqrait.ogg.mp3&quot;,&quot;rel&quot;:[&quot;nofollow&quot;],&quot;framed&quot;:false,&quot;icon&quot;:&quot;volumeUp&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:{&quot;html&quot;:&quot;(&lt;i&gt;Ivrit Miqra&#39;it&lt;\/i&gt;)&quot;},&quot;data&quot;:{&quot;ipa&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;lang&quot;:&quot;id&quot;,&quot;wikibase&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;file&quot;:&quot;Ivritmiqrait.ogg&quot;},&quot;classes&quot;:[&quot;ext-phonos-PhonosButton&quot;,&quot;noexcerpt&quot;]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/Ivritmiqrait.ogg/Ivritmiqrait.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Putar audio" title="Putar audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">(<i>Ivrit Miqra'it</i>)</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Ivritmiqrait.ogg" title="Berkas:Ivritmiqrait.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></small> atau <span lang="he" dir="rtl">לְשׁוֹן הַמִּקְרָא</span>, <small><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{&quot;_&quot;:&quot;mw.Phonos.PhonosButton&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/7\/7c\/Leshonhamiqra.ogg\/Leshonhamiqra.ogg.mp3&quot;,&quot;rel&quot;:[&quot;nofollow&quot;],&quot;framed&quot;:false,&quot;icon&quot;:&quot;volumeUp&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:{&quot;html&quot;:&quot;(&lt;i&gt;Leshon ha-Miqra&lt;\/i&gt;)&quot;},&quot;data&quot;:{&quot;ipa&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;lang&quot;:&quot;id&quot;,&quot;wikibase&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;file&quot;:&quot;Leshonhamiqra.ogg&quot;},&quot;classes&quot;:[&quot;ext-phonos-PhonosButton&quot;,&quot;noexcerpt&quot;]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7c/Leshonhamiqra.ogg/Leshonhamiqra.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Putar audio" title="Putar audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">(<i>Leshon ha-Miqra</i>)</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Leshonhamiqra.ogg" title="Berkas:Leshonhamiqra.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></small>), atau yang juga dikenal sebagai <b>Bahasa Ibrani Klasik</b>, adalah sebuah bentuk <a href="https://id.wiktionary.org/wiki/archaic" class="extiw" title="wikt:archaic">kuno</a> dari <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Ibrani" title="Bahasa Ibrani">bahasa Ibrani</a>, sebuah bahasa dalam rumpun <a href="/wiki/Rumpun_bahasa_Kanaan" title="Rumpun bahasa Kanaan">Kanaan</a> yang merupakan cabang dari rumpun bahasa <a href="/wiki/Rumpun_bahasa_Semit" title="Rumpun bahasa Semit">Semit</a> dan dituturkan oleh <a href="/wiki/Bangsa_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangsa Israel">bangsa Israel</a> pada wilayah yang dikenal sebagai <a href="/wiki/Tanah_Israel" title="Tanah Israel">Tanah Israel</a>, kira-kira di sebelah barat dari <a href="/wiki/Sungai_Yordania" class="mw-redirect" title="Sungai Yordania">sungai Yordania</a> dan di sebelah timur <a href="/wiki/Laut_Mediterania" class="mw-redirect" title="Laut Mediterania">Laut Mediterania</a>. Istilah <i>ivrit</i> (Ibrani) tidak digunakan sebagai untuk menamai bahasa dalam <a href="/wiki/Alkitab" title="Alkitab">Alkitab</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Barton_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barton-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> dan digantikan dengan istilah yang disebut sebagai <span lang="he"> שְֹפַת כְּנַעַן</span> (<i>sefat kena'an</i>, terjemahan: Bahasa dari Kanaan) atau <span lang="he">יְהוּדִית</span> (<i>Yehudit</i>, terjemahan: <a href="/wiki/Orang_Yahudi" title="Orang Yahudi">orang Yahudi</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Barton_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barton-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sementara itu, istilah <i>ibrit</i> digunakan pada teks Alkitab dalam bahasa <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Yunani_Kuno" title="Bahasa Yunani Kuno">Yunani Kuno</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Ibrani_Mishnaik" title="Bahasa Ibrani Mishnaik">Ibrani Mishnaik</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Barton_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barton-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bahasa Ibrani Alkitab diperkirakan berasal dari abad ke-10 sebelum Masehi dengan ditemukannya sebuah prasasti tertua yang mendukung keberadaan bahasa tersebut.<sup id="cite_ref-eurekalert.org_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eurekalert.org-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Bahasa Ibrani Alkitab terus dituturkan oleh bangsa Ibrani hingga <a href="/wiki/Pengepungan_Yerusalem_(70)" title="Pengepungan Yerusalem (70)">Pengepungan Yerusalem</a> berlangsung pada tahun 70 Masehi, sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa bahasa tersebut dituturkan melebihi masa <a href="/wiki/Bait_Allah_Kedua" class="mw-redirect" title="Bait Allah Kedua">Bait Allah Kedua</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bar_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bar-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Bahasa tersebut kemudian berkembang menjadi bahasa <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Ibrani_Mishnaik" title="Bahasa Ibrani Mishnaik">Ibrani Mishnaik</a> dan dituturkan hingga akhir abad ke-5 Masehi. </p><p>Bahasa Ibrani Alkitab dituangkan dalam <a href="/wiki/Alkitab_Ibrani" title="Alkitab Ibrani">Alkitab Ibrani</a> yang melambangkan strata mendalam dan tahapan-tahapan dari bahasa Ibrani dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Akar_kata_rumpun_bahasa_Semit&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Akar kata rumpun bahasa Semit (halaman belum tersedia)">struktur konsonanta Semitnya</a>, dan juga penambahan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vokalisasi_Tiberian&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Vokalisasi Tiberian (halaman belum tersedia)">struktur vokalisasi</a> pada <a href="/wiki/Abad_Pertengahan" title="Abad Pertengahan">Abad Pertengahan</a> oleh <a href="/wiki/Kaum_Masorah" title="Kaum Masorah">Kaum Masorah</a>. Terdapat beberapa bukti dari variasi <a href="/wiki/Dialek" title="Dialek">dialekal</a>, termasuk perbedaan antara Bahasa Ibrani Alkitab yang dituturkan di wilayah utara (<a href="/wiki/Kerajaan_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kerajaan Israel (Samaria)">Kerajaan Israel</a>) dengan wilayah selatan (<a href="/wiki/Kerajaan_Yehuda" title="Kerajaan Yehuda">Kerajaan Yehuda</a>). Teks <a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">konsonanta</a> dituliskan kedalam bentuk prasasti dan Kitab. Sistem penulisan semacam itu mengalami perubahan sistem tulis pada masa <a href="/wiki/Bait_Allah_Kedua" class="mw-redirect" title="Bait Allah Kedua">Bait Allah Kedua</a>, sehingga beberapa bagian karya tulis yang lebih awal (seperti Kitab <a href="/wiki/Kitab_Amos" title="Kitab Amos">Amos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kitab_Yesaya" title="Kitab Yesaya">Yesaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kitab_Hosea" title="Kitab Hosea">Hosea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kitab_Mikha" title="Kitab Mikha">Mikha</a>) <a href="/wiki/Penanggalan_Alkitab" title="Penanggalan Alkitab">yang berasal</a> dari akhir abad ke-8 hingga awal abad ke-7 sebelum Masehi menunjukkan tanda-tanda penulisan sebelum perubahan dilakukan. </p><p>Bahasa Ibrani Alkitab telah dituliskan kedalam beberapa <a href="/wiki/Sistem_penulisan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistem penulisan">sistem penulisan</a>. Dari kisaran abad ke-12 hingga abad ke-6 sebelim Masehi, bangsa Ibrani menggunakan <a href="/wiki/Alfabet_Paleo-Ibrani" title="Alfabet Paleo-Ibrani">alfabet Paleo-Ibrani</a>. Penggunaan alfabet ini kemudian digantikan oleh aksara turunan <a href="/wiki/Abjad_Samaria" title="Abjad Samaria">Abjad Samaria</a> oleh <a href="/wiki/Orang_Samaria" title="Orang Samaria">orang Samaria</a> hingga hari ini. Meskipun demikian, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfabet_Aram_Imperium&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfabet Aram Imperium (halaman belum tersedia)">alfabet Aram Imperium</a> juga turut menggantikan alfabet Paleo-Ibrani setelah terjadinya <a href="/wiki/Pembuangan_ke_Babilonia" title="Pembuangan ke Babilonia">pemindahan bangsa Ibrani ke Babilonia</a>, dan alfabet tersebut menjadi sumber dari <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Ibrani_Modern#Alfabet" title="Bahasa Ibrani Modern">Alfabet bahasa Ibrani Modern</a>. Semua dari sistem penulisan diatas tidak benar-benar dapat melambangkan semua <a href="/wiki/Fonem" title="Fonem">fonem</a> bahasa Ibrani Alkitab dikarenakan kurangnya huruf yang tersedia. Meskipun begitu, terjemahan ataupun alih-aksara dalam <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Yunani" title="Bahasa Yunani">bahasa Yunani</a> maupun <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Latin" title="Bahasa Latin">bahasa Latin</a> dapat memuat fonem yang ada. Aksara-aksara ini awalnya hanya melambangkan konsonan, akan tetapi beberapa diantaranya dapat memiliki penanda <a href="/wiki/Vokal" title="Vokal">vokal</a> dalam beberapa kata maupun huruf yang dikenal sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mater_lectionis&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mater lectionis (halaman belum tersedia)"><i>matres lectionis</i></a> dalam istilah Latin. Pada masa Abad Pertengahan, berbagai macam <a href="/wiki/Diakritik" title="Diakritik">diakritik</a> bermunculan untuk melambangkan vokal. Meskipun begitu, dari sekian jenis, hanya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vokalisasi_Tiberian&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Vokalisasi Tiberian (halaman belum tersedia)">vokalisasi Tiberian</a> yang digunakan secara luas hingga saat ini. </p><p>Bahasa Ibrani Alkitab memiliki berbagai macam <a href="/wiki/Konsonan_emfatis" title="Konsonan emfatis">konsonan emfatis</a> yang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fonetik_artikuloris&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Fonetik artikuloris (halaman belum tersedia)">fonetik artikuloris</a> pastinya masih diperdebatkan, fonem emfatis tersebut kemungkinan merupakan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konsonan_sembur&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Konsonan sembur (halaman belum tersedia)">konsonan sembur</a> ataupun konsonan yang <a href="/wiki/Faringalisasi" title="Faringalisasi">terfaringalisasi</a>. Bahasa Ibrani periode awal memiliki tiga konsonan yang tidak memiliki huruf perlambangan dalam sistem penulisan Ibrani, tetapi fonem tersebut mengalami penyatuan dengan konsonan lain seiring berjalannya waktu. <a href="/wiki/Konsonan_letup" title="Konsonan letup">Konsonan letup</a> yang ada menghasilkan <a href="/wiki/Alofoni" class="mw-redirect" title="Alofoni">alofoni</a> konsonan <a href="/wiki/Konsonan_frikatif" class="mw-redirect" title="Konsonan frikatif">frikatif</a> karena adanya pengaruh dari <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Aram" title="Bahasa Aram">bahasa Aram</a>, sehingga konsonan tersebut pada akhirnya menjadi konsonan <a href="/wiki/Fonem" title="Fonem">fonemik</a>. Konsonan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konsonan_faringal&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Konsonan faringal (halaman belum tersedia)">faringal</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Konsonan_celah-suara" title="Konsonan celah-suara">celah-suara</a> mengalami pelemahan pada beberapa dialek regional, seperti yang dapat dilihat pada kebudayaan membaca masyarakat Ibrani Samaria. Sistem vokal dari bahasa Ibrani Alkitab mengalami perubahan seiring dengan waktu, hal ini menyebabkan penerjemahan dan alih aksara beberapa sastra dan kitab dalam bahasa Yunani Kuno, Latin, sistem vokalisasi abad pertengahan, dan kebudayaan literatur modern menjadi berbeda satu sama lainnya. </p><p>Bahasa Ibrani Alkitab memiliki morfologi Semit umum dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Morfologi_tak_berkelanjutan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Morfologi tak berkelanjutan (halaman belum tersedia)">morfologi tak berkelanjutan</a>, sehingga memungkinkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Akar_kata_rumpun_bahasa_Semit&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Akar kata rumpun bahasa Semit (halaman belum tersedia)">akar kata rumpun bahasa Semitnya</a> disusun menggunakan beberapa pola untuk menghasilkan sebuah kata. Bahasa Ibrani Alkitab memiliki dua penggolongan <a href="/wiki/Gender_(tata_bahasa)" title="Gender (tata bahasa)">gender</a> (maskulin, dan feminim), tiga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nominalia_(tata_bahasa)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Nominalia (tata bahasa) (halaman belum tersedia)">nominalia</a> (tunggal, jamak, dan ganda—untuk kasus yang sangat jarang terjadi). <a href="/wiki/Verba" title="Verba">Verba</a> ditandai dengan adanya <a href="/wiki/Diatesis" title="Diatesis">diatesis</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Modus" title="Modus">modus</a> dan memiliki dua <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konjungsi_(tata_bahasa)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Konjungsi (tata bahasa) (halaman belum tersedia)">konjungsi</a> yang mungkin ditandai dengan adanya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspek_(tata_bahasa)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Aspek (tata bahasa) (halaman belum tersedia)">aspek</a> dan/atau <a href="/wiki/Kala_(linguistik)" title="Kala (linguistik)">kala</a> (masih menjadi perdebatan). Unsur aspek dan kala pada verba juga dipengaruhi oleh konjungsi <span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">ו</span>, yang seringkali disebut sebagai struktur <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konsekutif_wau&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Konsekutif wau (halaman belum tersedia)">konsekutif wau</a>. Tidak seperti bahasa Ibrani Modern, susunan kata dasar pada bahasa Ibrani Alkitab adalah <a href="/wiki/Predikat-subjek-objek" class="mw-redirect" title="Predikat-subjek-objek">predikat-subjek-objek</a> (PSO), sementara verba berubah dan diinfleksikan menurut numeralia, gender, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Persona_(tata_bahasa)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Persona (tata bahasa) (halaman belum tersedia)">persona</a> dari subjek. Akhiran pronomina juga dapat ditambahkan pada verba (untuk mengindikasikan <a href="/wiki/Objek_(tata_bahasa)" title="Objek (tata bahasa)">objek</a>) atau nomina (untuk mengindikasikan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Posesi_(tata_bahasa)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Posesi (tata bahasa) (halaman belum tersedia)">posesi</a>), dan nomina memiliki <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tingkatan_konstruktif&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tingkatan konstruktif (halaman belum tersedia)">tingkatan konstruktif</a> istimewa untuk digunakan dalam penyusunan posesi. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nomenklatur">Nomenklatur</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Ibrani_Alkitab&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Sunting bagian: Nomenklatur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Ibrani_Alkitab&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Nomenklatur"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table style="font-size: 88%; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid #ddd; margin: 0.5em 1em; text-align: center; clear: left; float: left; margin-left: 0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0.75em; background-color: white"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D36.png?9d512" height="12" title="D36 [a]" alt="a" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Q3.png?42130" height="15" title="Q3 [p]" alt="p" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D21.png?9bfb9" height="11" title="D21 [r]" alt="r" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G43.png?6eb40" height="38" title="G43" alt="G43" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_A1.png?f2968" height="38" title="A1" alt="A1" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color:#ccc">ˁ<a href="/w/index.php?title=Apiru&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Apiru (halaman belum tersedia)">Apiru</a> (ʕprw)<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0.1em; background:#ddd"><a href="/wiki/Hieroglif_Mesir" title="Hieroglif Mesir">Hieroglif Mesir</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Sumber tertulis tertua menyebut bahasa Ibrani Alkitabiah menurut nama negeri di mana bahasa itu digunakan yaitu: <span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">שפת כנען</span> <i>sefat kena'an</i>, artinya "bahasa Kanaan" (lihat <a href="/wiki/Yesaya_19:18" class="mw-redirect" title="Yesaya 19:18">Yesaya 19:18</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-s1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Selain itu juga tercatat disebut sebagai <span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">יהודית</span> <i>Yehudit</i>, artinya "bahasa Yehuda" atau "bahasa Yudea" (misalnya, <a href="/wiki/2_Raja-raja_18:26" class="mw-redirect" title="2 Raja-raja 18:26">2 Raja-raja 18:26</a><a href="/wiki/2_Raja-raja_18:28" class="mw-redirect" title="2 Raja-raja 18:28">,28</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-s1_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Dalam periode Helenistik, tulisan-tulisan Yunani menggunakan istilah <i>Hebraios</i>, <i>Hebraïsti</i> (<a href="/wiki/Flavius_Yosefus" title="Flavius Yosefus">Yosefus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antiquitates_Iudaicae" title="Antiquitates Iudaicae"><i>Antiquities</i></a> I, 1:2, dll.), dan dalam Ibrani Mishnah didapati istilah <span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">עברית</span> <i>ivrit</i>, artinya "(bahasa) Ibrani dan <span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">לשון עברית</span> "bahasa Ibrani" (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nashim&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Nashim (halaman belum tersedia)">Mishnah Gittin</a> 9:8, dll.).<sup id="cite_ref-s1_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Asal usul istilah ini tidak jelas; sejumlah usulan asal mulanya meliputi nama tokoh Alkitab <a href="/wiki/Eber" title="Eber">Eber</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethnonym&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ethnonym (halaman belum tersedia)">etnonim</a> <a href="/wiki/Habiru" title="Habiru">Ḫabiru</a>, Ḫapiru, dan ˁApiru yang ditemukan dalam sumber-sumber dari <a href="/wiki/Mesir_Kuno" title="Mesir Kuno">Mesir</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Timur_Dekat" title="Timur Dekat">Timur Dekat</a>, serta turunan atau derivasi dari akar kata <span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">עבר</span> "melewati", "menyeberangi", yang mengacu pada penyeberangan melewati sungai Yordan.<sup id="cite_ref-s1_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERainey2008_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERainey2008-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Orang Yahudi juga menyebut bahasa Ibrani sebagai <span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">לשון הקדש</span> "Bahasa Kudus" (Inggris: "<i>the Holy Tongue</i>") dalam Ibrani Mishnah.<sup id="cite_ref-s1_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Istilah <i>Bahasa Ibrani Klasik</i> dapat meliputi semua dialek Ibrani sebelum <a href="/wiki/Abad_Pertengahan" title="Abad Pertengahan">Abad Pertengahan</a>, termasuk Ibrani Mishnah, atau dapat dibatasi pada bahasa Ibrani yang sezaman dengan Alkitab Ibrani. Istilah <i>Bahasa Ibrani Alkitabiah</i> merujuk kepada dialek-dialek sebelum <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a> (kadang kala tidak memasukkan bahasa Ibrani yang dipakai dalam karya-karya non-Alkitab dari antara <a href="/wiki/Naskah_Laut_Mati" title="Naskah Laut Mati">Naskah Laut Mati</a>). Istilah Bahasa Ibrani Alkitabiah juga dapat meliputi atau tidak meliputi teks-teks di luar Alkitab, seperti prasasti-prasasti (misalnya: <a href="/wiki/Inskripsi_Siloam" class="mw-redirect" title="Inskripsi Siloam">Inskripsi Siloam</a>), dan umumnya juga meliputi tradisi vokalisasi di kemudian hari untuk teks konsonantal Alkitab Ibrani, di mana yang paling umum adalah vokalisasi Tiberias dari awal Abad Pertengahan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sejarah">Sejarah</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Ibrani_Alkitab&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Sunting bagian: Sejarah" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Ibrani_Alkitab&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Sejarah"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Barkokhba-silver-tetradrachm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Koin dari zaman pemberontakan Bar-Kokhba menggunakan tulisan Ibrani Kuno (Paleo-Hebrew), di satu sisi menggambarkan lorong di Bait Suci, Tabut Perjanjian di dalamnya, bintang di atasnya; dan di sisi lain sebuah lulav dengan etrog." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Barkokhba-silver-tetradrachm.jpg/200px-Barkokhba-silver-tetradrachm.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Barkokhba-silver-tetradrachm.jpg/300px-Barkokhba-silver-tetradrachm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Barkokhba-silver-tetradrachm.jpg/400px-Barkokhba-silver-tetradrachm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="424" /></a><figcaption>Koin yang dicetak selama <a href="/wiki/Perang_Bar_Kokhba" title="Perang Bar Kokhba">Perang Bar Kokhba</a>. Teks dalam <a href="/wiki/Abjad_Ibrani_Kuno" class="mw-redirect" title="Abjad Ibrani Kuno">abjad Ibrani Kuno (<i>Paleo-Hebrew</i>)</a> berbunyi <span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">שמעון</span> "Simeon" di bagian depan dan <span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">לחרות ירושלם</span> "untuk kemerdekaan Yerusalem" di bagian belakang.</figcaption></figure> <p>Catatan <a href="/wiki/Arkeologi" title="Arkeologi">arkeologi</a> mengenai prasejarah bahasa Ibrani Alkitabiah jauh lebih lengkap daripada catatan bahasa Ibrani Alkitabiah itu sendiri.<sup id="cite_ref-enws_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enws-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Materi terkait <a href="/wiki/Rumpun_bahasa_Semit_Barat_Laut" title="Rumpun bahasa Semit Barat Laut">bahasa Semit Barat Laut</a> Awal (<i>ENWS</i>; Inggris: <i><u>E</u>arly <u>N</u>orth<u>w</u>est <u>S</u>emitic</i>) memiliki bukti keberadaan dari tahun 2350&#160;SM sampai 1200&#160;SM, yaitu akhir <a href="/wiki/Zaman_Perunggu" title="Zaman Perunggu">Zaman Perunggu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-enws_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enws-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Bahasa-bahasa Semit Barat laut, termasuk bahasa Ibrani, jelas terdiferensiasi selama <a href="/wiki/Zaman_Besi" title="Zaman Besi">Zaman Besi</a> (1200–540&#160;SM), meskipun pada tahapan paling awalnya bahasa Ibrani Alkitabiah tidak sangat berbeda dari bahasa-bahasa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugaritic&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ugaritic (halaman belum tersedia)">Ugarit</a> dan Kanaan yang didapati dalam <a href="/wiki/Surat-surat_Amarna" class="mw-redirect" title="Surat-surat Amarna">Surat-surat Amarna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wo8-9_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wo8-9-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bahasa Ibrani berkembang selama paruh kedua <a href="/wiki/Milenium_kedua_SM" class="mw-redirect" title="Milenium kedua SM">milenium kedua SM</a> di antara sungai Yordan dan <a href="/wiki/Laut_Tengah" title="Laut Tengah">Laut Tengah</a>, daerah yang dikenal sebagai <a href="/wiki/Kanaan" title="Kanaan">Kanaan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-s1_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Suku-suku Israel mendirikan suatu kerajaan di Kanaan pada permulaan milennium pertama&#160;SM, yang kemudian terpecah menjadi kerajaan Israel di utara dan <a href="/wiki/Kerajaan_Yehuda" title="Kerajaan Yehuda">kerajaan Yehuda</a> di selatan setelahs pertikaian terkait pergantian tahta.<sup id="cite_ref-sthist_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sthist-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Tulisan bahasa Ibrani tertua saat ini ditemukan di <a href="/wiki/Khirbet_Qeiyafa" title="Khirbet Qeiyafa">Khirbet Qeiyafa</a> dan bertarikh abad ke-10&#160;SM.<sup id="cite_ref-eurekalert.org_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eurekalert.org-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bar_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bar-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kerajaan Israel direbut oleh orang Asyur pada tahun 722&#160;SM.<sup id="cite_ref-sthist_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sthist-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kerajaan Yehuda ditaklukkan oleh orang Babel pada tahun 586&#160;SM, kalangan bangsawan <a href="/wiki/Pembuangan_ke_Babel" class="mw-redirect" title="Pembuangan ke Babel">dibuang ke Babel</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Bait_Salomo" title="Bait Salomo">Bait Salomo</a> dihancurkan.<sup id="cite_ref-sthist_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sthist-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-s112_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s112-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kemudian orang Persia menjadikan Yehuda (Yudea) sebuah provinsi dan mengizinkan orang buangan Yahudi pulang dan membangun Bait Suci kembali.<sup id="cite_ref-sthist_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sthist-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Menurut <i><a href="/wiki/Gemara" title="Gemara">Gemara</a></i>, bahasa Ibrani pada periode ini mirip dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Aramaic&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Imperial Aramaic (halaman belum tersedia)">bahasa Aram Kerajaan</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pesachim_(Talmud)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pesachim (Talmud) (halaman belum tersedia)">Pesahim</a>, Tractate 87b, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanina_bar_Hama&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hanina bar Hama (halaman belum tersedia)">Hanina bar Hama</a> mengatakan bahwa Allah mengirimkan orang-orang buangan Yahudi ke Babel karena "bahasa [Babilonia] itu seperti <i>Leshon Hakodesh</i>". </p><p>Bahasa Aram menjadi bahasa umum di Israel utara, di <a href="/wiki/Galilea" title="Galilea">Galilea</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Samaria" title="Samaria">Samaria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-s112_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s112-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Bahasa Ibrani tetap digunakan di Yehuda; tetapi orang-orang buangan membawa pulang pengaruh bahasa Aram dan memakai bahasa itu untuk berkomunikasi dengan suku bangsa lain selama periode Persia.<sup id="cite_ref-s112_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s112-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Aleksander Agung menguasai Yehuda pada tahun 332&#160;SM, memulai periode dominasi Helenistik (Yunani).<sup id="cite_ref-s112_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s112-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Selama periode Helenistik Yudea menjadi merdeka di bawah <a href="/wiki/Hashmonayim" title="Hashmonayim">dinasti Hashmonayim</a>, tetapi kemudian orang Romawi mengakhiri kemerdekaan mereka, menjadikan <a href="/wiki/Herodes_Agung" title="Herodes Agung">Herodes Agung</a> gubernur mereka.<sup id="cite_ref-sthist_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sthist-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pemberontakan orang Yahudi melawan orang Romawi sampai kehancuran <a href="/wiki/Bait_Kedua" title="Bait Kedua">Bait Kedua</a> pada tahun 70&#160;M, dan <a href="/wiki/Perang_Bar_Kokhba" title="Perang Bar Kokhba">Perang Bar Kokhba</a> kedua pada tahun 132–135 menyebabkan keberangkatan sejumlah besar penduduk Yahudi dari Yudea.<sup id="cite_ref-sthist_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sthist-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bahasa Ibrani Alkitabiah setelah periode Bait Suci Kedua berkembang menjadi bahasa Ibrani Mishnah, yang berhenti menjadi bahasa percakapan dan berkembang menjadi bahasa sastra sekitar tahun 200 M.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Bahasa Ibrani terus digunakan sebagai bahasa sastra dan liturgis dalam bentuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_Hebrew&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Medieval Hebrew (halaman belum tersedia)">bahasa Ibrani Abad Pertengahan</a>, lalu bahasa Ibrani memulai proses revival pada abad ke-19, berpuncak dengan dijadikannya <a href="/wiki/Ibrani_modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibrani modern">bahasa Ibrani Modern</a> sebagai bahasa resmi <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>. Saat ini, bahasa Ibrani Klasik umumnya diajarkan di sekolah-sekolah publik di <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, sedangkan bentuk-bentuk bahasa Ibrani Alkitabiah kadang-kadang digunakan dalam sastra Ibrani Modern, sebanyak konstruksi arkaik dan alkiabiah digunakan dalam sastra Inggris Modern. Mengingat bahasa Ibrani Modern memuat banyak unsur-unsur alkitabiah, bahasa Ibrani Alkitabiah cukup mudah dibaca oleh para pemakai bahasa Ibrani Modern.<sup id="cite_ref-blau11_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blau11-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sumber utama materi bahasa Ibrani Alkitabiah adalah Alkitab Ibrani.<sup id="cite_ref-wo8-9_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wo8-9-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-b10_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b10-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Materi <a href="/wiki/Epigrafi" title="Epigrafi">epigrafi</a> dari wilayah Israel ditulis dalam suatu bentuk bahasa Ibrani yang disebut <i>Inscriptional Hebrew</i>, meskipun buktinya tidak banyak.<sup id="cite_ref-b10_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b10-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wo8a_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wo8a-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Menurut Waltke &amp; O'Connor, Inscriptional Hebrew "tidak jauh berbeda dari bahasa Ibrani yang terlestarikan dalam teks Masoret."<sup id="cite_ref-wo8a_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wo8a-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Iklim lembap Israel menyebabkan cepatnya kerusakan dokumen papirus dan perkamen, berlawanan dengan lingkungan kering di Mesir, sehingga pelestarian Alkitab Ibrani lebih dikarenakan tekad para jurutulis dalam membuat salinan-salinan.<sup id="cite_ref-wo16_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wo16-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Tidak ditemukan naskah Alkitab Ibrani sebelum tahun 400&#160;SM, meskipun dua gulungan perak (gulungan <a href="/wiki/Ketef_Hinnom" title="Ketef Hinnom">Ketef Hinnom</a>) dari abad ke-7 atau ke-6&#160;SM yang memuat suatu versi <a href="/wiki/Berkat_Imamat" title="Berkat Imamat">Berkat Imamat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wo16_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wo16-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-yheb_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yheb-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Huruf hidup dan tanda-tanda <a href="/wiki/Kantilasi" title="Kantilasi">kantilasi</a> ditambahkan pada lapisan konsonantal yang lebih tua pada Alkitab antara tahun 600&#160;M dan awal abad ke-10.<sup id="cite_ref-b7_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b7-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>nb 1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Para cendekiawan yang melestarikan pelafalan Alkitab dikenal sebagai <a href="/wiki/Kaum_Masoret" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaum Masoret">kaum Masoret</a>. Sistem yang dikembangkan dan terlestarikan terbaik serta satu-satunya yang masih digunakan dalam keagamaan adalah vokalisasi Tiberias, tetapi baik vokalisasi Babilonia dan Palestina juga ada bukti keberadaannya.<sup id="cite_ref-b7_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b7-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sistem Palestinian terlestarikan terutama dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Piyyut&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Piyyut (halaman belum tersedia)">piyyutim</a>, yang memuat kutipan-kutipan Alkitab.<sup id="cite_ref-b7_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b7-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Klasifikasi">Klasifikasi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Ibrani_Alkitab&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Sunting bagian: Klasifikasi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Ibrani_Alkitab&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Klasifikasi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18844875">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Lihat pula: <a href="/wiki/Rumpun_bahasa_Semit" title="Rumpun bahasa Semit">Rumpun bahasa Semit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rumpun_bahasa_Semit_Barat_Laut" title="Rumpun bahasa Semit Barat Laut">Rumpun bahasa Semit Barat Laut</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Rumpun_bahasa_Kanaan" title="Rumpun bahasa Kanaan">Rumpun bahasa Kanaan</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23035139"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right noprint selfref"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782729"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Kurung_siku.svg/32px-Kurung_siku.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Kurung_siku.svg/47px-Kurung_siku.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Kurung_siku.svg/63px-Kurung_siku.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="515" data-file-height="651" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Artikel ini mengandung <b><a href="/wiki/Transkripsi_fonetik" title="Transkripsi fonetik">transkripsi fonetik</a></b> dalam <a href="/wiki/Alfabet_Fonetik_Internasional" title="Alfabet Fonetik Internasional">Alfabet Fonetik Internasional</a> <b>(IPA)</b>.&#32;Untuk bantuan dalam membaca simbol IPA, lihat <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:IPA" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantuan:IPA">Bantuan:IPA</a>.&#32;Untuk penjelasan perbedaan <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[&#160;]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/&#160;/</span> dan <span class="Unicode">&#x27e8;</span>&#160;<span class="Unicode">&#x27e9;</span>, Lihat <a href="/wiki/Alfabet_Fonetik_Internasional#Tanda_kurung_dan_delimitasi_transkripsi" title="Alfabet Fonetik Internasional">IPA §&#160;Tanda kurung dan delimitasi transkripsi</a>.</div></div> </div> <table class="wikitable floatright" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Refleks konsonan Proto-Semit dalam bahasa Ibrani<sup id="cite_ref-bmerge_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bmerge-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Proto-Semit </th> <th rowspan="2">IPA </th> <th rowspan="2">Ibrani </th> <th rowspan="2">Aram </th> <th rowspan="2">Arab </th> <th colspan="4">Contoh </th></tr> <tr> <th>Ibrani </th> <th>Aram </th> <th>Arab </th> <th>Arti </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%8E%C4%81l" class="mw-redirect" title="Ḏāl">*ḏ</a> </th> <th><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*/ð/</span> </th> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/z/</span> <span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">ז</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d/</span> <span lang="arc-Hebr" dir="rtl">ד</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ð/</span> <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ذ</span> </td> <td><span lang="hbo" dir="rtl"><b>ז</b>הב</span> </td> <td><span lang="arc-Hebr" dir="rtl"><b>ד</b>הב</span> </td> <td><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ذهب</span> </td> <td>'emas' </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Zayin" class="mw-redirect" title="Zayin">*z</a> </th> <th><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*/z/</span> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/z/</span> <span lang="arc-Hebr" dir="rtl">ז</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/z/</span> <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ز</span> </td> <td><span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">מא<b>ז</b>נים</span> </td> <td><span lang="arc-Hebr" dir="rtl">מא<b>ז</b>נין</span> </td> <td><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">موازين</span> </td> <td>'skala' </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shin (letter)">*š</a> </th> <th><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*/ʃ/</span> </th> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃ/</span> <span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">שׁ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃ/</span> <span lang="arc-Hebr" dir="rtl">שׁ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span> <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">س</span> </td> <td><span lang="hbo" dir="rtl"><b>ש</b>נה</span> </td> <td><span lang="arc-Hebr" dir="rtl"><b>ש</b>נה</span> </td> <td><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">سنة</span> </td> <td>'tahun' </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%AE%C4%81%CA%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="Ṯāʾ">*ṯ</a> </th> <th><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*/θ/</span> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span> <span lang="arc-Hebr" dir="rtl">ת</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/θ/</span> <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ث</span> </td> <td><span lang="hbo" dir="rtl"><b>ש</b>לו<b>ש</b>ה</span> </td> <td><span lang="arc-Hebr" dir="rtl"><b>ת</b>ל<b>ת</b>ה</span> </td> <td><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ثلاثة</span> </td> <td>'tiga' </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E1%BA%92%C4%81%CA%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="Ẓāʾ">*ṱ</a> </th> <th><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*/θʼ/</span> </th> <td rowspan="3"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/sˤ/</span> <span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">צ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tˤ/</span> <span lang="arc-Hebr" dir="rtl">ט</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ðˤ/</span> <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ظ</span> </td> <td><span lang="hbo" dir="rtl"><b>צ</b>ל</span> </td> <td><span lang="arc-Hebr" dir="rtl"><b>ט</b>לה</span> </td> <td><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ظل</span> </td> <td>'bayangan' </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%8C%C4%81d" class="mw-redirect" title="Ḍād">*ṣ́</a> </th> <th><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*/ɬʼ/</span> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʕ/</span> <span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">ע</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dˤ/</span> <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ض</span> </td> <td><span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">אר<b>ץ</b></span> </td> <td><span lang="arc-Hebr" dir="rtl">אר<b>ע</b></span> </td> <td><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">أرض</span> </td> <td>'tanah' </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Tsade" title="Tsade">*ṣ</a> </th> <th><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*/sʼ/</span> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/sˤ/</span> <span lang="arc-Hebr" dir="rtl">צ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/sˤ/</span> <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ص</span> </td> <td><span lang="hbo" dir="rtl"><b>צ</b>רח</span> </td> <td><span lang="arc-Hebr" dir="rtl"><b>צ</b>רח</span> </td> <td><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">صرخ</span> </td> <td>'jeritan' </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Bahasa Ibrani Alkitabiah merupakan suatu <a href="/wiki/Rumpun_bahasa_Semit_Barat_Laut" title="Rumpun bahasa Semit Barat Laut">bahasa Semit Barat Laut</a> dari <a href="/wiki/Rumpun_bahasa_Kanaan" title="Rumpun bahasa Kanaan">subgrup Kanaan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESáenz-Badillos199329_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESáenz-Badillos199329-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Karena bahasa Ibrani Alkitabiah berkembang dari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Proto-Semitic_language&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Proto-Semitic language (halaman belum tersedia)">bahasa Proto-Semit</a>, maka mengalami sejumlah penggabungan atau peleburan konsonantal yang paralel dengan bahasa-bahasa Kanaan lainnya.<sup id="cite_ref-bmerge_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bmerge-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sclas_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sclas-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>nb 2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Tidak ada bukti bahwa peleburan ini terjadi setelah adaptasi abjad Ibrani.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>nb 3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sebagai suatu bahasa Semit Barat Laut, bahasa Ibrani menunjukkan pergeseran <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*/w/</span> inisial menjadi <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span>, suatu sistem kata ganti orang independen yang mirip dengan bahasa-bahasa Semit Barat Laut lainnya (dengan kata ganti orang ketiga tidak pernah memuat <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃ/</span>), bentuk-bentuk purba/arkaik, seperti <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/naħnu/</span> "kita" atau "kami", akhiran untuk kata ganti orang pertama tunggal -i atau -ya, dan <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span> umumnya mendahului akhiran-akhiran kata ganti orang (<i>pronominal suffixes</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-sclas_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sclas-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Akhiran-akhiran semacam itu dijumpai dalam bahasa-bahasa Semit Barat Laut pada milennium kedua&#160;SM, tetapi kemudian menghilang hampir seluruhnya.<sup id="cite_ref-sclas_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sclas-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimation&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mimation (halaman belum tersedia)">Mimation</a></i> tidak dijumpai dalam kata-kata benda tunggal/singular, tetapi sering dipertahankan dalam bentuk jamak/plural, sebagaimana dalam bahasa Ibrani.<sup id="cite_ref-sclas_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sclas-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bahasa-bahasa Semit Barat Laut membentuk suatu keberlangsungan (<i>continuum</i>) dialek pada <a href="/wiki/Zaman_Besi" title="Zaman Besi">Zaman Besi</a> (1200–540&#160;SM), dengan <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Fenisia" title="Bahasa Fenisia">bahasa Fenisia</a> dan Aram pada masing-masing ujungnya.<sup id="cite_ref-sclas_32-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sclas-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-scon_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scon-37"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Bahasa Ibrani digolongkan bersama bahasa Fenisia dalam subgrup Kanaan, yang juga meliputi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ammonite_language&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ammonite language (halaman belum tersedia)">bahasa Amon</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edomite_language&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Edomite language (halaman belum tersedia)">Edom</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Moab#Language" title="Moab">Moab</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sclas_32-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sclas-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Bahasa Moab dapat dianggap sebagai suatu dialek bahasa Ibrani, meskipun memiliki ciri-ciri khusus bahasa Aram.<sup id="cite_ref-scon_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scon-37"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bmoab_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bmoab-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Meskipun Ugaritik menunjukkan afinitas kuat dalam bahasa Ibrani untuk struktur puisi, kosakata, dan sejumlah gramatika, tetapi tidak mempunyai sejumlah ciri Kanaan (seperti <a href="/wiki/Pergeseran_pelafalan_Kanaan" title="Pergeseran pelafalan Kanaan">pergeseran pelafalan Kanaan</a> dan pergeseran <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*/ð/</span> &gt; <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/z/</span>), serta kemiripannya lebih mungkin dihasilkan baik dari kontak maupun pelestarian <i>archaisme</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-b21_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b21-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bahasa Ibrani mengalami pergeseran Kanaan, di mana Proto-Semit <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aː/</span> cenderung bergeser menjadi <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/oː/</span>, mungkin ketika mendapat penekanan.<sup id="cite_ref-sclas_32-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sclas-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Blau_2010_136-137_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blau_2010_136-137-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Bahasa Ibrani seperti bahasa-bahasa Kanaan juga mengalami pergeseran <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*/ð/</span> &gt; <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/z/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*/θʼ/</span> dan <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*/ɬʼ/</span> &gt; <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/sʼ/</span>, reduksi diftong meluas dan asimilasi penuh /n/ non-final ke konsonan berikutnya jika kata terakhir, yaitu <span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">בת</span> /bat/ dari *bant.<sup id="cite_ref-sclas_32-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sclas-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ada pula bukti adanya aturan asimilasi /y/ dengan konsonan coronal sesudahnya dalam posisi <i>pre-tonic</i>, yang sama-sama didapati dalam bahasa Ibrani, Fenisia dan Aram.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kata-kata khas bahasa Kanaan dalam bahasa Ibrani antara lain: <span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">גג</span> "atap" <span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">שלחן</span> "meja" <span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">חלון</span> "jendela" <span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">ישן</span> "(barang) tua" <span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">זקן</span> "(orang) tua" dan <span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">גרש</span> "mengusir".<sup id="cite_ref-sclas_32-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sclas-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ciri-ciri morfologis bahasa Kanaan dalam bahasa Ibrani antara lain penanda jamak maskulin <span lang="hbo">-ם</span>, kata ganti orang pertama tunggal <span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">אנכי</span>, kata ganti interogatif <span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">מי</span>, kata sandang definit <span lang="hbo">ה-</span> (muncul dalam milenium pertama&#160;SM), dan penanda kata kerja feminim jamak orang ketiga <span lang="he" dir="rtl">ת-</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-sclas_32-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sclas-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Era">Era</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Ibrani_Alkitab&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Sunting bagian: Era" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Ibrani_Alkitab&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Era"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bahasa Ibrani Alkitabiah yang dilestarikan dalam <a href="/wiki/Alkitab_Ibrani" title="Alkitab Ibrani">Alkitab Ibrani</a> tersusun dari sejumlah lapisan linguistik. Kerangka konsonan teks adalah yang paling tua, sedangkan vokalisasi dan kantilasi adalah penambahan di kemudian hari dalam tahapan perkembangan bahasa.<sup id="cite_ref-b10_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b10-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Tambahan-tambahan ini terjadi setelah tahun 600 M; bahasa Ibrani sudah berhenti menjadi bahasa percakapan sekitar tahun 200 M.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Bahasa Ibrani Alkitabiah yang dicerminkan dalam teks Alkitab dan prasasti-prasasti di luar Alkitab dapati dibagi menurut era. </p><p>Bentuk tertua bahasa Ibrani Alkitabiah, yaitu bahasa Ibrani Arkhaik, ditemukan dalam bagian puisi Alkitab serta sejumlah prasasti bertarikh sekitar tahun 1000&#160;SM, pada awal <a href="/wiki/Sejarah_Israel_kuno_dan_Yudea" class="mw-redirect" title="Sejarah Israel kuno dan Yudea">Periode Kerajaan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sb52_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sb52-43"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-r66_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r66-44"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Tahap ini juga dikenal sebagai bahasa Ibrani Kuno atau <i>Paleo-Hebrew</i>, dan merupakan lapisan tertua bahasa Ibrani Alkitabiah. Artifak tertua bahasa Ibrani Arkhaik yang dapat dikenali adalah berbagai bagian <a href="/wiki/Tanakh" title="Tanakh">Tanakh</a>, antara lain <a href="/w/index.php?title=Song_of_Moses&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Song of Moses (halaman belum tersedia)">Nyanyian Musa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Keluaran_15" title="Keluaran 15">Keluaran 15</a>) dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Song_of_Deborah&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Song of Deborah (halaman belum tersedia)">Nyanyian Debora</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hakim-hakim_5" class="mw-redirect" title="Hakim-hakim 5">Hakim-hakim 5</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Puisi Alkitabiah menggunakan sejumlah item leksikal khas, misalnya <span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">חזה</span> untuk prosa <span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">ראה</span> 'melihat', <span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">כביר</span> untuk <span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">גדול</span> 'agung'.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ortografi">Ortografi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Ibrani_Alkitab&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Sunting bagian: Ortografi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Ibrani_Alkitab&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Ortografi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-left: 20px; text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Nama </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Abjad_Ibrani_Kuno" class="mw-redirect" title="Abjad Ibrani Kuno">Ibrani Kuno</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Abjad_Ibrani" title="Abjad Ibrani">Blok</a> </th> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samaritan_Hebrew_alphabet&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Samaritan Hebrew alphabet (halaman belum tersedia)">Samaria</a> </th> <th>Nilai<br />fonetik<br />(Pra-Pembuangan)<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><br />(<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:IPA" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantuan:IPA">IPA</a>) </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Alef" title="Alef">Alef (<i>Aleph</i>)</a> </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Early_Aramaic_character_-_Alaph.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Alef"><img alt="Alef" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/Early_Aramaic_character_-_Alaph.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="42" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="55" data-file-height="42" /></a></span> </td> <td style="font-size:200%"><span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">א</span> </td> <td style="font-size:200%">ࠀ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Konsonan_letup_celah-suara" title="Konsonan letup celah-suara">ʔ</a>&#93;</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">∅</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Bet_(huruf_Ibrani)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bet (huruf Ibrani)">Beth</a> </th> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Early_Aramaic_character_-_Beth.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Beth"><img alt="Beth" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Early_Aramaic_character_-_Beth.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="42" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="55" data-file-height="42" /></a></span> </td> <td style="font-size:200%"><span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">ב</span> </td> <td style="font-size:200%">ࠁ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Konsonan_letup_dwibibir_bersuara" title="Konsonan letup dwibibir bersuara">b</a>&#93;</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">β</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Gimel" title="Gimel">Gimel</a> </th> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Early_Aramaic_character_-_gimmel.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Gimel"><img alt="Gimel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Early_Aramaic_character_-_gimmel.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="42" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="55" data-file-height="42" /></a></span> </td> <td style="font-size:200%"><span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">ג</span> </td> <td style="font-size:200%">ࠂ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Konsonan_letup_langit-langit_belakang_bersuara" title="Konsonan letup langit-langit belakang bersuara">ɡ</a>&#93;</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɣ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Dalet" title="Dalet">Daleth</a> </th> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:DalethFIXED.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Daleth"><img alt="Daleth" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/DalethFIXED.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="30" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> </td> <td style="font-size:200%"><span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">ד</span> </td> <td style="font-size:200%">ࠃ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Konsonan_letup_rongga-gigi_bersuara" title="Konsonan letup rongga-gigi bersuara">d</a>&#93;</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ð</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/He_(huruf_Ibrani)" class="mw-redirect" title="He (huruf Ibrani)">He</a> </th> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Early_Aramaic_character_-_heh.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Heh"><img alt="Heh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Early_Aramaic_character_-_heh.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="42" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="55" data-file-height="42" /></a></span> </td> <td style="font-size:200%"><span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">ה</span> </td> <td style="font-size:200%">ࠄ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Konsonan_geser_celah-suara_nirsuara" title="Konsonan geser celah-suara nirsuara">h</a>&#93;</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">∅</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Waw_(huruf_Ibrani)" class="mw-redirect" title="Waw (huruf Ibrani)">Waw</a> </th> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Early_Aramaic_character_-_vav.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Waw"><img alt="Waw" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Early_Aramaic_character_-_vav.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="42" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="55" data-file-height="42" /></a></span> </td> <td style="font-size:200%"><span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">ו</span> </td> <td style="font-size:200%">ࠅ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/w/index.php?title=Konsonan_Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Konsonan Voiced labial–velar approximant (halaman belum tersedia)">w</a>&#93;</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">∅</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Zayin" class="mw-redirect" title="Zayin">Zayin</a> </th> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Early_Aramaic_character_-_zayin.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Zayin"><img alt="Zayin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Early_Aramaic_character_-_zayin.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="42" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="55" data-file-height="42" /></a></span> </td> <td style="font-size:200%"><span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">ז</span> </td> <td style="font-size:200%">ࠆ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Konsonan_geser_rongga-gigi_bersuara" title="Konsonan geser rongga-gigi bersuara">z</a>&#93;</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Het_(huruf_Ibrani)" class="mw-redirect" title="Het (huruf Ibrani)">Heth</a> </th> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Early_Aramaic_character_-_khet.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Heth"><img alt="Heth" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/Early_Aramaic_character_-_khet.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="42" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="55" data-file-height="42" /></a></span> </td> <td style="font-size:200%"><span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">ח</span> </td> <td style="font-size:200%">ࠇ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Konsonan_geser_hulu-kerongkongan_nirsuara" title="Konsonan geser hulu-kerongkongan nirsuara">ħ</a>&#93;</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Konsonan_geser_tekak_nirsuara" title="Konsonan geser tekak nirsuara">χ</a>&#93;</span><sup id="cite_ref-b69_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b69-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-r_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Tet_(huruf_Ibrani)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tet (huruf Ibrani)">Teth</a> </th> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Early_Aramaic_character_-_tet.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Teth"><img alt="Teth" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Early_Aramaic_character_-_tet.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="42" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="55" data-file-height="42" /></a></span> </td> <td style="font-size:200%"><span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">ט</span> </td> <td style="font-size:200%">ࠈ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/w/index.php?title=Konsonan_sembur_rongga-gigi_henti&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Konsonan sembur rongga-gigi henti (halaman belum tersedia)">tʼ</a>&#93;</span><sup id="cite_ref-b69_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b69-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-r_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Yod_(huruf_Ibrani)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yod (huruf Ibrani)">Yodh</a> </th> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Early_Aramaic_character_-_yud.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Yodh"><img alt="Yodh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Early_Aramaic_character_-_yud.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="42" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="55" data-file-height="42" /></a></span> </td> <td style="font-size:200%"><span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">י</span> </td> <td style="font-size:200%">ࠉ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Konsonan_hampiran_langit-langit" title="Konsonan hampiran langit-langit">j</a>&#93;</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">∅</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Kaf_(huruf_Ibrani)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaf (huruf Ibrani)">Kaph</a> </th> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Early_Aramaic_character_-_khof.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Kaph"><img alt="Kaph" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Early_Aramaic_character_-_khof.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="42" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="55" data-file-height="42" /></a></span> </td> <td style="font-size:200%"><span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">כ</span>, <span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">ך</span> </td> <td style="font-size:200%">ࠊ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Konsonan_letup_langit-langit_belakang_nirsuara" title="Konsonan letup langit-langit belakang nirsuara">k</a>&#93;</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">x</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Lamed" title="Lamed">Lamedh</a> </th> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Early_Aramaic_character_-_lamed.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Lamedh"><img alt="Lamedh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/Early_Aramaic_character_-_lamed.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="42" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="55" data-file-height="42" /></a></span> </td> <td style="font-size:200%"><span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">ל</span> </td> <td style="font-size:200%">ࠋ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Konsonan_hampiran-sisi_rongga-gigi" title="Konsonan hampiran-sisi rongga-gigi">l</a>&#93;</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mem_(huruf_Ibrani)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mem (huruf Ibrani)">Mem</a> </th> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Early_Aramaic_character_-_mem.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Mem"><img alt="Mem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Early_Aramaic_character_-_mem.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="42" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="55" data-file-height="42" /></a></span> </td> <td style="font-size:200%"><span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">מ</span>, <span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">ם</span> </td> <td style="font-size:200%">ࠌ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Konsonan_sengau_dwibibir" class="mw-redirect" title="Konsonan sengau dwibibir">m</a>&#93;</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Nun_(huruf_Ibrani)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nun (huruf Ibrani)">Nun</a> </th> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Early_Aramaic_character_-_nun.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Nun"><img alt="Nun" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Early_Aramaic_character_-_nun.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="42" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="55" data-file-height="42" /></a></span> </td> <td style="font-size:200%"><span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">נ</span>, <span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">ן</span> </td> <td style="font-size:200%">ࠍ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Konsonan_sengau_rongga-gigi" title="Konsonan sengau rongga-gigi">n</a>&#93;</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Samekh" title="Samekh">Samekh</a> </th> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Early_Aramaic_character_-_samekh.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Samekh"><img alt="Samekh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Early_Aramaic_character_-_samekh.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="42" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="55" data-file-height="42" /></a></span> </td> <td style="font-size:200%"><span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">ס</span> </td> <td style="font-size:200%">ࠎ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Konsonan_geser_rongga-gigi_nirsuara" title="Konsonan geser rongga-gigi nirsuara">s</a>&#93;</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Ayin" title="Ayin">Ayin</a> </th> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Early_Aramaic_character_-_ayin.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Ayin"><img alt="Ayin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Early_Aramaic_character_-_ayin.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="42" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="55" data-file-height="42" /></a></span> </td> <td style="font-size:200%"><span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">ע</span> </td> <td style="font-size:200%">ࠏ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Konsonan_geser_hulu-kerongkongan_bersuara" title="Konsonan geser hulu-kerongkongan bersuara">ʕ</a>&#93;</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Konsonan_geser_tekak_bersuara" title="Konsonan geser tekak bersuara">ʁ</a>&#93;</span><sup id="cite_ref-b69_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b69-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-r_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Pe_(huruf_Ibrani)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pe (huruf Ibrani)">Pe</a> </th> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Early_Aramaic_character_-_pey.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Pe"><img alt="Pe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Early_Aramaic_character_-_pey.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="42" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="55" data-file-height="42" /></a></span> </td> <td style="font-size:200%"><span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">פ</span>, <span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">ף</span> </td> <td style="font-size:200%">ࠐ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Konsonan_letup_dwibibir_nirsuara" title="Konsonan letup dwibibir nirsuara">p</a>&#93;</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɸ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Tsade" title="Tsade">Sadhe/Tsade</a> </th> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Early_Aramaic_character_-_tzadi.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Sadhe"><img alt="Sadhe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Early_Aramaic_character_-_tzadi.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="42" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="55" data-file-height="42" /></a></span> </td> <td style="font-size:200%"><span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">צ</span>, <span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">ץ</span> </td> <td style="font-size:200%">ࠑ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Konsonan_sembur_rongga-gigi_geser" title="Konsonan sembur rongga-gigi geser">sʼ</a>&#93;</span><sup id="cite_ref-b69_49-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b69-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-r_50-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Qoph" class="mw-redirect" title="Qoph">Qoph</a> </th> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Early_Aramaic_character_-_quf.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Qoph"><img alt="Qoph" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Early_Aramaic_character_-_quf.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="42" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="55" data-file-height="42" /></a></span> </td> <td style="font-size:200%"><span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">ק</span> </td> <td style="font-size:200%">ࠒ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Konsonan_letup_tekak_nirsuara" title="Konsonan letup tekak nirsuara">q</a>&#93;</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/w/index.php?title=Konsonan_sembur_langit-langit_belakang_henti&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Konsonan sembur langit-langit belakang henti (halaman belum tersedia)">kʼ</a>&#93;</span><sup id="cite_ref-b69_49-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b69-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-r_50-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Resh" class="mw-redirect" title="Resh">Resh</a> </th> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Early_Aramaic_character_-_resh.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Resh"><img alt="Resh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Early_Aramaic_character_-_resh.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="42" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="55" data-file-height="42" /></a></span> </td> <td style="font-size:200%"><span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">ר</span> </td> <td style="font-size:200%">ࠓ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Konsonan_getar_rongga-gigi" class="mw-redirect" title="Konsonan getar rongga-gigi">r</a>&#93;</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Syin_(huruf_Ibrani)" class="mw-redirect" title="Syin (huruf Ibrani)">Shin/Syin</a> </th> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Early_Aramaic_character_-_shin.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Shin"><img alt="Shin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/Early_Aramaic_character_-_shin.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="42" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="55" data-file-height="42" /></a></span> </td> <td style="font-size:200%"><span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">ש</span> </td> <td style="font-size:200%">ࠔ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Konsonan_geser_pasca_rongga-gigi_nirsuara" title="Konsonan geser pasca rongga-gigi nirsuara">ʃ</a>&#93;</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Konsonan_geser-sisi_rongga-gigi_nirsuara" title="Konsonan geser-sisi rongga-gigi nirsuara">ɬ</a>&#93;</span><sup id="cite_ref-b69_49-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b69-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-r_50-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Taw" title="Taw">Taw</a> </th> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Early_Aramaic_character_-_tof.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Taw"><img alt="Taw" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Early_Aramaic_character_-_tof.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="42" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="55" data-file-height="42" /></a></span> </td> <td style="font-size:200%"><span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">ת</span> </td> <td style="font-size:200%">ࠕ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Konsonan_letup_rongga-gigi_nirsuara" title="Konsonan letup rongga-gigi nirsuara">t</a>&#93;</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">θ</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Tulisan bahasa Ibrani tertua yang pernah ditemukan telah digali di <a href="/wiki/Khirbet_Qeiyafa" title="Khirbet Qeiyafa">Khirbet Qeiyafa</a>, bertarikh abad ke-10&#160;SM.<sup id="cite_ref-eurekalert.org_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eurekalert.org-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ostrakon" title="Ostrakon">Ostrakon</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sherd&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sherd (halaman belum tersedia)">pecahan</a> tembikar berbentuk trapesium berukuran 15&#160;cm x 16.5&#160;cm (5.9&#160;in x 6.5&#160;in) itu memuat lima baris tulisan dengan tinta dalam huruf-huruf <a href="/w/index.php?title=Proto-Canaanite_alphabet&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Proto-Canaanite alphabet (halaman belum tersedia)">abjad Proto-Kanaan</a> (bentuk kuno <a href="/wiki/Abjad_Fenisia" class="mw-redirect" title="Abjad Fenisia">abjad Fenisia</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-eurekalert.org_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eurekalert.org-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bar_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bar-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Lempengan atau "tablet" itu ditulis dari kiri ke kanan, menunjukkan bahwa saat itu tulisan Ibrani masih dalam tahap pembentukan (formatif).<sup id="cite_ref-bar_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bar-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Suku-suku Israel yang menempati tanah Israel mengadopsi <a href="/wiki/Abjad_Fenisia" class="mw-redirect" title="Abjad Fenisia">huruf-huruf Fenisia</a> sekitar abad ke-12&#160;SM, sebagaimana ditemukan dalam <a href="/wiki/Kalender_Gezer" title="Kalender Gezer">Kalender Gezer</a> (sekitar abad ke-10&#160;SM).<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Abjad ini berkembang menjadi <a href="/wiki/Abjad_Ibrani_Kuno" class="mw-redirect" title="Abjad Ibrani Kuno">abjad Ibrani Kuno (<i>Paleo-Hebrew</i>)</a> pada abad ke-10 atau ke-9&#160;SM.<sup id="cite_ref-y_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-y-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tscript_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tscript-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-s17_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s17-55"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Abjad_Ibrani_Kuno" class="mw-redirect" title="Abjad Ibrani Kuno">Abjad Ibrani Kuno</a> mempunyai perbedaan utama dengan <a href="/wiki/Abjad_Fenisia" class="mw-redirect" title="Abjad Fenisia">abjad Fenisia</a> dalam hal "pelengkungan ke kiri goresan ke bawah pada aksara-aksara "berkaki panjang"... penggunaan konsisten huruf "<a href="/wiki/Waw_(huruf_Ibrani)" class="mw-redirect" title="Waw (huruf Ibrani)">Waw</a>" dengan atas melengkung ke dalam (konkaf), [dan] "<a href="/wiki/Taw" title="Taw">Taw</a>" berbentuk "x"."<sup id="cite_ref-y_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-y-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>nb 4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Inkripsi tertua dalam abjad Ibrani Kuno bertarikh sekitar pertengahan abad ke-9&#160;SM, yang paling terkenal adalah <a href="/wiki/Prasasti_Mesa" title="Prasasti Mesa">Prasasti Mesa (<i>Mesha Stele</i>)</a> yang ditulis dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Moabite_language&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Moabite language (halaman belum tersedia)">bahasa Moab</a> (yang dapat dianggap sebagai suatu dialek bahasa Ibrani).<sup id="cite_ref-yheb_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yheb-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bmoab_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bmoab-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Abjad Ibrani purba digunakan terus menerus sampai awal abad ke-6&#160;SM, yaitu akhir masa Bait Suci Pertama.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pada masa Bait Suci Kedua, abjad Ibrani Kuno lambat laun tidak dipakai dan sama sekali ditinggalkan di antara orang Yahudi setelah kegagalan <a href="/wiki/Perang_Bar_Kokhba" title="Perang Bar Kokhba">pemberontakan Bar Kokhba</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tscript_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tscript-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-yb_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yb-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Orang Samaria masih mempertahankan abjad Ibrani purba, yang berkembang menjadi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Samaritan_alphabet&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Samaritan alphabet (halaman belum tersedia)">abjad Samaria</a> modern.<sup id="cite_ref-tscript_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tscript-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-yb_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yb-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Menjelang akhir masa Bait Suci Pertama <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Aram" title="Bahasa Aram">tulisan (skrip) Aram</a>, suatu turunan terpisah abjad Fenisia, menluas di seluruh wilayah, lambat laun menggantikan Ibrani Kuno.<sup id="cite_ref-yb_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yb-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Abjad Fenisia tidak lagi memakai lima huruf menjelang abad ke-12&#160;SM, menyisakan dua puluh dua fonem konsonantal bahasa itu.<sup id="cite_ref-s17_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s17-55"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Akibatnya, 22 huruf abjad Ibrani Kuno berjumlah lebih sedikit daripada fonem konsonan Ibrani Alkitabiah; khususnya, huruf-huruf <span class="Unicode">&#x27e8;</span><span lang="he" dir="rtl">ח, ע, ש</span><span class="Unicode">&#x27e9;</span> masing-masing dapat menandai dua fonem berbeda.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Setelah suatu pergeseran bunyi, huruf-huruf <span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">ח</span>, <span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">ע</span> hanya dapat menandai satu fonem, tetapi (kecuali dalam Ibrani Samaria) <span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">ש</span> masih menandai dua fonem. Sistem vokalisasi Babilonia kuno menulis suatu superskrip <span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">ס</span> di atas <span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">ש</span> untuk mengindikasikan nilai <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span>, sedangkan kaum Masoret menambahkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shin_dot&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Shin dot (halaman belum tersedia)">shin dot</a> untuk membedakan antara dua variasi huruf itu.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-b77_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b77-61"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Abjad Ibrani asli hanya terdiri dari <a href="/wiki/Konsonan" title="Konsonan">huruf mati (konsonan)</a>, tetapi lambat laun huruf-huruf <span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">א</span>, <span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">ה</span>, <span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">ו</span>, <span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">י</span>, juga digunakan untuk mengindikasikan huruf hidup (vokal atau <i>vowel</i>), dikenal sebagai <i>matres lectionis</i> ketika digunakan dalam fungsi ini.<sup id="cite_ref-s17_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s17-55"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-to1_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-to1-62"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Diyakini bahwa ini merupakan hasil perkembangan fonetik: misalnya, *bayt ('rumah'; 'bait') bergeser menjadi <span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">בֵּית</span> dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Construct_state&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Construct state (halaman belum tersedia)">keadaan konstruk</a> tetapi mempertahankan ejaannya.<sup id="cite_ref-b6_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b6-63"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Tidak ada contoh ortografi Ibrani awal yang ditemukan, tetapi teks <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Fenisia" title="Bahasa Fenisia">Fenisia</a> yang lebih tua dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Moabite_language&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Moabite language (halaman belum tersedia)">bahasa Moab</a> menunjukkan bagaimana penulisan bahasa Ibrani masa Bait Suci Pertama.<sup id="cite_ref-to1_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-to1-62"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sementara tradisi pembacaan Tiberias, Babilonia, dan Palestinia punah, berbagai sistem pelafalan lain berevolusi sejalan waktu, terutama tradisi-tradisi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yemenite_Hebrew_language&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Yemenite Hebrew language (halaman belum tersedia)">Yaman</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sephardi_Hebrew_language&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sephardi Hebrew language (halaman belum tersedia)">Sefardi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashkenazi_Hebrew&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ashkenazi Hebrew (halaman belum tersedia)">Ashkenazi</a>, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Samaritan_Hebrew_language&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Samaritan Hebrew language (halaman belum tersedia)">Samaria</a>. Pelafalan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_Hebrew&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Modern Hebrew (halaman belum tersedia)">Ibrani modern</a> juga digunakan oleh sejumlah orang untuk membaca teks Alkitab. Tradisi pembacaan modern tidak berasal hanya dari sistem Tiberias; misalnya, tradisi Sefardim yang membedakan <i>qamatz gadol</i> dan <i>qatan</i> adalah <i>pre-Tiberian</i> (sebelum Tiberias).<sup id="cite_ref-length_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-length-64"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Namun, sistem ortografi satu-satunya yang digunakan untuk menandai huruf-huruf hidup adalah vokalisasi Tiberias. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fonologi">Fonologi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Ibrani_Alkitab&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" title="Sunting bagian: Fonologi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Ibrani_Alkitab&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Fonologi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fonologi yang direkonstruksi untuk Ibrani Alkitabiah adalah sebagai berikut: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Huruf_mati">Huruf mati</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Ibrani_Alkitab&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7" title="Sunting bagian: Huruf mati" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Ibrani_Alkitab&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Huruf mati"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Huruf-huruf mati (<i>Consonants</i>) yang <span style="background:#EEE8AA;padding:0px 2px;">terhilang</span> dan <span style="background:#CAFF70;padding:0px 2px;">tertambahkan</span> selama perjalanan waktu bahasa Ibrani Alkitabiah masing-masing diberi kode warna. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption><b>Huruf mati Ibrani Alkitabiah</b><sup id="cite_ref-b69_49-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b69-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-r_50-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Konsonan_labial" class="mw-redirect" title="Konsonan labial">Labial</a> </th> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Konsonan_dental" class="mw-redirect" title="Konsonan dental">Dental</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Konsonan_alveolar" class="mw-redirect" title="Konsonan alveolar">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postalveolar_consonant&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Postalveolar consonant (halaman belum tersedia)">Post-<br />alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Konsonan_palatal" class="mw-redirect" title="Konsonan palatal">Palatal</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Konsonan_velar" class="mw-redirect" title="Konsonan velar">Velar</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uvular_consonant&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Uvular consonant (halaman belum tersedia)">Uvular</a> </th> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pharyngeal_consonant&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pharyngeal consonant (halaman belum tersedia)">Pharyngeal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Konsonan_celah_suara" class="mw-redirect" title="Konsonan celah suara">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Konsonan_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Konsonan nasal">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">m</span> </td> <td colspan="3"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">n</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stop_consonant&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Stop consonant (halaman belum tersedia)">Stop</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiceless&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Voiceless (halaman belum tersedia)">tak bersuara</a></span> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">p</span> </td> <td colspan="3"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">t</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">k</span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Konsonan_letup_celah-suara" title="Konsonan letup celah-suara">ʔ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voice_(phonetics)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Voice (phonetics) (halaman belum tersedia)">voiced</a></span> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">b</span> </td> <td colspan="3"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">d</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɡ</span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emphatic_consonant&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Emphatic consonant (halaman belum tersedia)">emfatik</a></span> </th> <td> </td> <td colspan="3"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tʼ</span><sup id="cite_ref-b69_49-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b69-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-r_50-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="4"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">kʼ/qʼ</span><sup id="cite_ref-b69_49-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b69-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-r_50-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Frikatif" class="mw-redirect" title="Frikatif">Frikatif</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Voiceless&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Voiceless (halaman belum tersedia)">tak bersuara</a></span> </th> <td style="background:#CAFF70"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɸ</span> </td> <td style="background:#CAFF70"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">θ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">s</span> </td> <td style="background:#EEE8AA"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɬ</span><sup id="cite_ref-b69_49-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b69-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-r_50-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʃ</span> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#CAFF70" colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">x</span><sup id="cite_ref-b69_49-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b69-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-r_50-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background:#EEE8AA" colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">χ</span><sup id="cite_ref-b69_49-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b69-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ħ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">h</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voice_(phonetics)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Voice (phonetics) (halaman belum tersedia)">voiced</a></span> </th> <td style="background:#CAFF70"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">β</span> </td> <td style="background:#CAFF70"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ð</span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">z</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#CAFF70" colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɣ</span><sup id="cite_ref-b69_49-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b69-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-r_50-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background:#EEE8AA" colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʁ</span><sup id="cite_ref-b69_49-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b69-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʕ</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emphatic_consonant&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Emphatic consonant (halaman belum tersedia)">emfatik</a></span> </th> <td> </td> <td colspan="3"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">sʼ/ʦʼ</span><sup id="cite_ref-b69_49-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b69-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Aproksiman" class="mw-redirect" title="Aproksiman">Aproksiman</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">w</span> </td> <td colspan="3"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">l</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">j</span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Konsonan_getar" title="Konsonan getar">Getar</a> </th> <td> </td> <td colspan="3"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">r</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Sifat fonetik sejumlah huruf mati Ibrani Alkitabiah masih diperdebatkan. Apa yang dinamakan "emfatika" ("<i>emphatics") kemungkinan adalah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ejective&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ejective (halaman belum tersedia)">ejektif</a>, tetapi bisa jadi </i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pharyngealized&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pharyngealized (halaman belum tersedia)">pharyngealized</a><i> atau </i>velarized<i>.<sup id="cite_ref-b68_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b68-65"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-r73_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r73-66"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ada yang berpendapat bahwa <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s,<span class="wrap"> </span>z,<span class="wrap"> </span>sʼ/</span> adalah </i>affricated<i> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ts,<span class="wrap"> </span>dz,<span class="wrap"> </span>tsʼ/</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-b68_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b68-65"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></i> </p><p>Aslinya, huruf-huruf Ibrani <span class="Unicode">&#x27e8;</span><span lang="hbo"><a href="/wiki/Heth" class="mw-redirect" title="Heth">ח</a></span><span class="Unicode">&#x27e9;</span> dan <span class="Unicode">&#x27e8;</span><span lang="hbo"><a href="/wiki/Ayin" title="Ayin">ע</a></span><span class="Unicode">&#x27e9;</span> masing-masing mewakili dua kemungkinan fonem, uvular dan pharyngeal, dengan perbedaan yang tidak ditandai dalam ortografi Ibrani. Namun, fonem uvular <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/χ/</span> <span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">ח</span> dan <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʁ/</span> <span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">ע</span> bergabung dengan pasangan pharyngeal masing-masing <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ħ/</span> <span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">ח</span> dan <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʕ/</span> <span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">ע</span> sekitar tahun 200&#160;SM. </p> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Proto-Semit </th> <th rowspan="2">IPA </th> <th rowspan="2">Ibrani </th> <th rowspan="2">Aram </th> <th rowspan="2">Arab </th> <th colspan="4">contoh </th></tr> <tr> <th>Ibrani </th> <th>Aram </th> <th>Arab </th> <th>arti </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%AA%C4%81%CA%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="Ḫāʾ">*ḫ</a> </th> <th><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*/χ/</span> </th> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*/ħ/</span> <span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">ח</span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*/ħ/</span> <span lang="arc-Hebr" dir="rtl">ח</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*/χ/</span> <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">خ</span> </td> <td><span lang="hbo" dir="rtl"><b>ח</b>משה</span><br /><span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">צר<b>ח</b></span> </td> <td><span lang="arc-Hebr" dir="rtl"><b>ח</b>משה</span><br /><span lang="arc-Hebr" dir="rtl">צר<b>ח</b></span> </td> <td><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">خمسة</span><br /><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">صرخ</span> </td> <td>'lima'<br />'jeritan' </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Heth" class="mw-redirect" title="Heth">*ḥ</a> </th> <th><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*/ħ/</span> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*/ħ/</span> <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ح</span> </td> <td><span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">מל<b>ח</b></span> </td> <td><span lang="arc-Hebr" dir="rtl">מל<b>ח</b></span> </td> <td><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ملح</span> </td> <td>'garam' </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghayn&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ghayn (halaman belum tersedia)">*ġ</a> </th> <th><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*/ʁ/</span> </th> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*/ʕ/</span> <span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">ע</span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*/ʕ/</span> <span lang="arc-Hebr" dir="rtl">ע</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*/ʁ/</span> <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">غ</span> </td> <td><span lang="hbo" dir="rtl"><b>ע</b>ורב</span><br /><span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">מ<b>ע</b>רב</span> </td> <td><span lang="arc-Hebr" dir="rtl"><b>ע</b>רב</span><br /><span lang="arc-Hebr" dir="rtl">מ<b>ע</b>רב</span> </td> <td><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">غراب</span><br /><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">غرب</span> </td> <td>'gagak'<br />'barat' </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Ayin" title="Ayin">*ʻ</a> </th> <th><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*/ʕ/</span> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*/ʕ/</span> <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ع</span> </td> <td><span lang="hbo" dir="rtl"><b>ע</b>בד</span> </td> <td><span lang="arc-Hebr" dir="rtl"><b>ע</b>בד</span> </td> <td><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">عبد</span> </td> <td>'budak' </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Ini diamati dari pembedaan konsisten fonem-fonem tersebut dalam <a href="/wiki/Taurat" title="Taurat">Taurat</a> <a href="/wiki/Septuaginta" title="Septuaginta">Septuaginta</a> (contoh <a href="/wiki/Ishak" title="Ishak">Ishak</a> <span lang="he" dir="rtl">יצחק</span> = <span lang="grc">Ἰσαάκ</span> dibandingkan <a href="/wiki/Rahel" title="Rahel">Rahel</a> <span lang="he" dir="rtl">רחל</span> = <span lang="grc">Ῥαχήλ</span>), tetapi ini menjadi lebih sporadis pada kitab-kitab kemudian dan umumnya absen dalam <a href="/wiki/Kitab_Ezra" title="Kitab Ezra">Kitab Ezra</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Kitab_Nehemia" title="Kitab Nehemia">Kitab Nehemia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pelafalan khusus <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ś/</span> sebagai <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɬ]</span> didasarkan pada bukti komparatif (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɬ/</span> setara dengan fonem <a href="/w/index.php?title=Proto-Semitic&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Proto-Semitic (halaman belum tersedia)">Proto-Semit</a> dan masih terbukti dalam dialek <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_South_Arabian" class="extiw" title="en:Modern South Arabian">bahasa Arab Selatan modern</a><sup id="cite_ref-b77_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b77-61"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> maupun bentuk pinjaman awal (contoh: <i>balsam</i> &lt; Yunani <i>balsamon</i> &lt; Ibrani <i>baśam</i>). <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɬ/</span> mulai melebur dengan <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span> dalam Ibrani Alkitabiah Muda, sebagaimana diindikasikan oleh saling bertukarnya ortografi <span class="Unicode">&#x27e8;</span><span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">ש</span><span class="Unicode">&#x27e9;</span> dan <span class="Unicode">&#x27e8;</span><span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">ס</span><span class="Unicode">&#x27e9;</span>, kemungkinan di bawah pengaruh bahasa Aram, dan ini menjadi aturan dalam Ibrani Mishnah.<sup id="cite_ref-b69_49-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b69-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-r73_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r73-66"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Dalam semua tradisi pembacaan Yahudi <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɬ/</span> dan <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span> telah sepenuhnya melebur; tetapi dalam Ibrani Samaria <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɬ/</span> malah melebur dengan <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃ/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-b69_49-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b69-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Huruf_hidup">Huruf hidup</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Ibrani_Alkitab&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8" title="Sunting bagian: Huruf hidup" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Ibrani_Alkitab&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Huruf hidup"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sistem huruf hidup (<i>vowel system</i>) bahasa Ibrani Alkitabiah telah berubah banyak menurut jalannya waktu. Huruf-huruf hidup (<i>vowels</i>) berikut direkonstruksi untuk tahapan paling awal bahasa Ibrani, untuk yang dibuktikan dalam <i>Secunda</i>, untuk berbagai tradisi vokalisasi (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiberian_vocalization&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tiberian vocalization (halaman belum tersedia)">Tiberias</a> serta variasi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Babylonian_vocalization&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Babylonian vocalization (halaman belum tersedia)">Babilonia</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Palestinian_vocalization&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Palestinian vocalization (halaman belum tersedia)">Palestina</a>), juga untuk tradisi Samaria, dengan huruf-huruf hidup <span style="background:#BBDDEE;padding:0px 2px;">yang hilang</span> dalam sejumlah tradisi diberi kode berwarna. </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:25%">Proto-Ibrani<sup id="cite_ref-david_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-david-69"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="width:25%">Ibrani <i>Secunda</i><sup id="cite_ref-j54_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-j54-70"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="width:25%">Ibrani Tiberias, Babilonia, dan Palestina<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="width:25%">Ibrani Samaria<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center"> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Front_vowel&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Front vowel (halaman belum tersedia)">Depan</a> </th> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Back_vowel&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Back vowel (halaman belum tersedia)">Belakang</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Close_vowel&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Close vowel (halaman belum tersedia)">Tertutup</a> </th> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">i<span class="wrap"> </span>iː</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">u<span class="wrap"> </span>uː</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Close-mid_vowel&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Close-mid vowel (halaman belum tersedia)">Tertutup-tengah</a> </th> <td align="center">(<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">eː</span>) </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">oː</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_vowel&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Open vowel (halaman belum tersedia)">Terbuka</a> </th> <td align="center" colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">a<span class="wrap"> </span>aː</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td align="center"> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Front_vowel&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Front vowel (halaman belum tersedia)">Depan</a> </th> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Back_vowel&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Back vowel (halaman belum tersedia)">Belakang</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Close_vowel&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Close vowel (halaman belum tersedia)">Tertutup</a> </th> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">iː</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">uː</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Close-mid_vowel&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Close-mid vowel (halaman belum tersedia)">Tertutup-tengah</a> </th> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">e<span class="wrap"> </span>eː</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">o<span class="wrap"> </span>oː</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_vowel&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Open vowel (halaman belum tersedia)">Terbuka</a> </th> <td align="center" colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">a</span><sup>1</sup> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">aː</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Reduced </th> <td align="center" colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ə</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td align="center"> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Front_vowel&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Front vowel (halaman belum tersedia)">Depan</a> </th> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Back_vowel&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Back vowel (halaman belum tersedia)">Belakang</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Close_vowel&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Close vowel (halaman belum tersedia)">Tertutup</a> </th> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">i</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">u</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Close-mid_vowel&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Close-mid vowel (halaman belum tersedia)">Tertutup-tengah</a> </th> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">e</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">o</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open-mid_vowel&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Open-mid vowel (halaman belum tersedia)">Terbuka-tengah</a> </th> <td align="center" style="background:#BBDDEE"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɛ</span><sup>1</sup> </td> <td align="center" style="background:#BBDDEE"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɔ</span><sup>2</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_vowel&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Open vowel (halaman belum tersedia)">Terbuka</a> </th> <td align="center" colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">a</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Reduced </th> <td align="center" colspan="2" style="background:#BBDDEE"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ă</span><sup>3</sup> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɔ̆</span><sup>3</sup> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">(ɛ̆)</span><sup>3</sup><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ə</span><sup>3</sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td align="center"> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Front_vowel&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Front vowel (halaman belum tersedia)">Depan</a> </th> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Back_vowel&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Back vowel (halaman belum tersedia)">Belakang</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Close_vowel&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Close vowel (halaman belum tersedia)">Tertutup</a> </th> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">i</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">iː</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">u</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">uː</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mid_vowel&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mid vowel (halaman belum tersedia)">Tengah</a> </th> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">e</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">eː</span> </td> <td align="center">(<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">o</span>)<sup>1</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_vowel&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Open vowel (halaman belum tersedia)">Terbuka</a> </th> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">a</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">aː</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɒ</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɒː</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Reduced </th> <td colspan="2" align="center">(<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ə</span>)<sup>2</sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td> </td> <td> <ol><li><span style="font-size:85%;">kemungkinan dilafalkan <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[æ]</span>, sebagaimana alternat ortografi <span class="Unicode">&#x27e8;</span>α<span class="Unicode">&#x27e9;</span> dan <span class="Unicode">&#x27e8;</span>ε<span class="Unicode">&#x27e9;</span><sup id="cite_ref-j173_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-j173-75"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span></li></ol> </td> <td> <ol><li><span style="font-size:85%;">melebur dengan <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span> dalam tradisi Palestina dan dengan <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span> dalam tradisi Babilonia</span><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-b118-119_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b118-119-77"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-seph_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seph-78"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>nb 5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>nb 6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">melebur dengan <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span> atau <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span> in the Palestinian tradition</span><sup id="cite_ref-b118-119_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b118-119-77"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-seph_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seph-78"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>nb 5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-y16_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-y16-80"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">The Tiberian tradition has the reduced vowel phonemes <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ă<span class="wrap"> </span>ɔ̆/</span> and marginal <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛ̆/</span>, while Palestinian and Babylonian have one, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ə/</span> (pronounced as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɛ]</span> in later Palestinian Hebrew)</span></li></ol> </td> <td> <ol><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span> dan <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span> hanya kontras dalam open post-tonic syllables, contoh <span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">ידו</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/jedu/</span> ('his hand') <span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">ידיו</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/jedo/</span> ('his hands'), where <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span> stems from a contracted diphthong.<sup id="cite_ref-bhou_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bhou-81"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In other environments, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span> appears in closed syllables and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span> in open syllables, e.g. <span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">דור</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dor/</span> <span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">דורות</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/durot/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-bhou_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bhou-81"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">results from both <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span> in closed post-tonic syllables<sup id="cite_ref-bh49_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bh49-82"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span></li></ol> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reduksi_suku-suku_kata_short_open_stressed">Reduksi suku-suku kata <i>short open stressed</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Ibrani_Alkitab&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=9" title="Sunting bagian: Reduksi suku-suku kata short open stressed" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Ibrani_Alkitab&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Reduksi suku-suku kata short open stressed"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Contoh: </p> <table class="wikitable nowrap"> <caption>Kemungkinan derivasi sejumlah bentuk nominal/verbal </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>'membunuh/pembunuh (masc. sg.)' </th> <th>'ia [laki-laki] membunuh' </th> <th>'ia [perempuan] membunuh' </th> <th>'mereka (telah) membunuh' </th> <th>'mereka membunuh' (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pausa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pausa (halaman belum tersedia)">pausa</a>) </th> <th>'engkau [laki-laki tunggal] (masc. sg.) membunuh' </th> <th>'engkau [perempuan tunggal] (fem. sg.) membunuh' </th></tr> <tr> <th>Proto-Central-Semit </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*ˈqaːtilu</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*ˈqatala</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*ˈqatalat</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*ˈqataluː</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*ˈqataluː</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*ˈtaqtulu</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*taqtuˈliː(na)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Pra-Ibrani </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*ˈqaːṭilu</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*ˈqaṭala</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*ˈqaṭalat</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*ˈqaṭaluː</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*ˈqaṭaluː</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*ˈtaqṭulu</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*ˈtaqṭuliː</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Pergeseran Kanaan </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*ˈqoːṭilu</span> </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <th>Penultimate stress </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*qoːˈṭilu</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*qaˈṭala</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*qaˈṭalat</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*qaˈṭaluː</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*qaˈṭaluː</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*taqˈṭulu</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*taqˈṭuliː</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Final short vowel loss (verb) </th> <td>— </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*qaˈṭal</span> </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*taqˈṭul</span> </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <th>Pre-tonic lengthening </th> <td>— </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*qaːˈṭal</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*qaːˈṭalat</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*qaːˈṭaluː</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*qaːˈṭaluː</span> </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <th>Stress shift / de-stressed reduction </th> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*qaːṭəˈlat</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*qaːṭəˈluː</span> </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*taqṭəˈliː</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Tonic lengthening/lowering </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*qoːˈṭeːlu</span> </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*qaːˈṭaːluː</span> </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <th>Final short vowel loss (noun) </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*qoːˈṭeːl</span> </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <th>Feminine <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/-at/</span> &gt; <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aː/</span> </th> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*qaːṭəˈlaː</span> </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <th>Short vowel lowering </th> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*taqˈṭol</span> </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <th>Law of attenuation </th> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*tiqˈṭol</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*tiqṭəˈliː</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Tiberias <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aː/</span> &gt; <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔː/</span> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*qoːˈṭeːl</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*qɔːˈṭal</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*qɔːṭəˈlɔː</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*qɔːṭəˈluː</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*qɔːˈṭɔːluː</span> </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <th>Loss of phonemic vowel length; attested Tiberian form </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">qoˈṭel</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">qɔˈṭal</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">qɔṭəˈlɔ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">qɔṭəˈlu</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">qɔˈṭɔlu</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tiqˈṭol</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tiqṭəˈli</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Sistem Babilonia dan Palestina hanya memiliki satu fonem huruf hidup tereduksi <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ə/</span> seperti Secunda, meskipun dalam Ibrani Palestina dikembangkan pelafalan <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɛ]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-j54_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-j54-70"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-b118-119_77-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b118-119-77"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Namun, tradisi Tiberias memiliki tiga huruf hidup tereduksi <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ă<span class="wrap"> </span>ɔ̆<span class="wrap"> </span>ɛ̆/</span> di mana <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛ̆/</span> dipertanyakan fonemisitasnya.<sup id="cite_ref-b117-118_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b117-118-84"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>nb 7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ă/</span> di bawah suatu huruf <i>non-guttural</i> dilafalkan sebagai tiruan sangat pendek (<i>ultrashort copy</i>) huruf hidup setelahnya sebelum suatu guttural, misalnya <span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">וּבָקְעָה</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[uvɔqɔ̆ˈʕɔ]</span>, dan sebagai <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ĭ]</span> mendahului <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span>, misalnya <span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">תְדֵמְּיוּ֫נִי</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[θăðamːĭˈjuni]</span>, tetapi selalu dilafalkan sebagai <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ă]</span> di bawah guttural, misalnya <span lang="he" dir="rtl">שָחֲחו, חֲיִי</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-y281-282_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-y281-282-87"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-b105-106_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b105-106-88"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ketika direduksi, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*/a<span class="wrap"> </span>i<span class="wrap"> </span>u/</span> etimologis menjadi <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ă<span class="wrap"> </span>ɛ̆⁓ă<span class="wrap"> </span>ɔ̆/</span> di bawah guttural (misalnya <span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">אֲמרתם</span> 'kalian [mp.] berkata' (waktu lampau) bandingkan <span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">אָמר</span> 'dia [laki-laki] berkata' (waktu lampau)), dan umumnya <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ă/</span> <i>under non-gutturals</i>, tetapi <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*/u/</span> &gt; <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔ̆/</span> (dan jarang <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*/i/</span> &gt; <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛ̆/</span>) masih dapat terjadi, khususnya setelah <i>stop</i> (atau pasangan <i>spirantized</i>-nya) dan <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/sʼ<span class="wrap"> </span>ʃ/</span> (misalnya <span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">דֳּמִי</span> /dɔ̆ˈmi/).<sup id="cite_ref-b84-85_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b84-85-89"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-y282-283_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-y282-283-90"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ibrani Samaria dan Qumran memiliki huruf hidup penuh bukannya huruf hidup tereduksi seperti pada Ibrani Tiberias.<sup id="cite_ref-s160_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s160-91"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><br /> Tabel berikut meringkas refleks-refleks paling umum untuk huruf-huruf hidup Proto-Semit dalam berbagai tahapan bahasa Ibrani: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Proto-Semit</th> <th>Proto-Ibrani</th> <th><i>Secunda</i></th> <th>Tiberias</th> <th>Babilonia</th> <th>Palestinia</th> <th>Samaria<sup>1</sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*aː</span> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*aː</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">aː</span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɔ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">a</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">a,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɒ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*oː</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">oː</span> </td> <td colspan="3"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">o</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">u</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*iː</span> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*iː</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">iː</span> </td> <td colspan="3"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">i</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">e,<span class="wrap"> </span>i</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*uː</span> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*uː</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">uː</span> </td> <td colspan="3"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">u</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">o,<span class="wrap"> </span>u</span><sup>4</sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Proto-Semit </th> <th rowspan="2">Proto-Ibrani </th> <th colspan="5">"<i>lengthened</i>"<sup>5</sup> </th> <th colspan="5">"<i>reduced</i>"<sup>6</sup> </th> <th colspan="5"><i>word-final</i> </th> <th colspan="5">lainnya<sup>7</sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Sc</th> <th>T</th> <th>B</th> <th>P</th> <th>Sm<sup>1</sup> </th> <th>Sc</th> <th>T</th> <th>B</th> <th>P</th> <th>Sm<sup>1</sup> </th> <th>Sc</th> <th>T</th> <th>B</th> <th>P</th> <th>Sm<sup>1</sup> </th> <th>Sc</th> <th>T</th> <th>B</th> <th>P</th> <th>Sm<sup>1</sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*a</span> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*a</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">aː</span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɔ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">a</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">a,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɒ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ə</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ă</span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ə</span> </td> <td>*<sup>9</sup> </td> <td rowspan="3" colspan="5"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">Ø</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">a</span> </td> <td colspan="3"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">a,<span class="wrap"> </span>i</span><sup>2</sup> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">a,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɒ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*i</span> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*i</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">eː</span> </td> <td colspan="4"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">e</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ə</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ă,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɛ̆</span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ə</span> </td> <td>*<sup>9</sup> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">e</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɛ,<span class="wrap"> </span>i</span><sup>8</sup><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">,<span class="wrap"> </span>a</span><sup>3</sup> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">e,<span class="wrap"> </span>i</span><sup>8</sup><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">,<span class="wrap"> </span>a</span><sup>3</sup> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">e,<span class="wrap"> </span>i,<span class="wrap"> </span>a</span><sup>3</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*u</span> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*u</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">oː</span> </td> <td colspan="3"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">o</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">a,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɒ,<span class="wrap"> </span>i</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ə</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ă,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɔ̆</span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ə</span> </td> <td>*<sup>9</sup> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">o</span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɔ,<span class="wrap"> </span>u</span><sup>8</sup> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">o,<span class="wrap"> </span>u</span><sup>8</sup> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">a,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɒ,<span class="wrap"> </span>i</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="font-size:88%"> <ol><li>Huruf-huruf hidup Samaria dapat diperpanjang jika ada konsonan guttural etimologis. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ə/</span> dihasilkan baik dari <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> maupun <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span> dalam <i>closed post-tonic syllables</i>.</li> <li>di bawah kondisi <i>law of attenuation</i></li> <li>di bawah kondisi <i>Phillipi's law</i></li> <li>Huruf hidup Samaria <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o<span class="wrap"> </span>u/</span> hampir dalam distribusi komplementer (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span> dalam open syllables, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span> dalam closed syllables)</li> <li>perpanjangan (<i>lengthening</i>) terjadi dalam sejumlah <i>open pretonic syllables</i> dan sejumlah <i>stressed syllables</i>; kondisi-kondisi tepatnya tergantung pada huruf hidup dan pada tradisi</li> <li>reduksi terjadi dalam <i>open syllables</i> dua suku kata jauhnya dari <i>stress</i> dan kadang kala juga dalam <i>pretonic and stressed open syllables</i></li> <li>secara efektif dalam kebanyakan <i>closed syllables</i></li> <li>lebih umum sebelum <i>geminate consonants</i></li> <li>Ibrani Samaria mempunyai huruf-huruf hidup penuh ketika tradisi-tradisi lain telah mereduksi huruf-huruf hidup, tetapi ini tidak selalu berkorelasi dengan pendahulu Proto-Ibrani bahasa itu.</li></ol> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Penekanan">Penekanan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Ibrani_Alkitab&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=10" title="Sunting bagian: Penekanan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Ibrani_Alkitab&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Penekanan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bahasa Ibrani purba (Proto-Ibrani; <i>Proto-Hebrew</i>) umumnya mempunyai penekanan (<i>stress</i>) pada satu suku kata sebelum suku kata terakhir (dalam bahasa Inggris: <i>penultimate stress</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-j52_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-j52-92"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>nb 8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Penekanan akhir (<i>ultimate stress</i>) pada tradisi-tradisi bahasa Ibrani di kemudian hari biasanya dihasilkan dari hilangnya huruf-huruf hidup pada akhir kata (<i>final vowel</i>) dalam banyak kata, melestarikan lokasi penekanan proto-Semit.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>nb 9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ada bukti bahwa Ibrani Qumran memiliki suatu pola penekanan serupa dengan Ibrani Samaria.<sup id="cite_ref-s160_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s160-91"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Catatan">Catatan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Ibrani_Alkitab&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=11" title="Sunting bagian: Catatan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Ibrani_Alkitab&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Catatan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ini diketahui karena redaksi akhir <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a>, yang tidak menyebutkan tambahan-tambahan ini, adalah sekitar tahun 600 M, sedangkan naskah dengan vokalisasi bertarikh mulai awal abad ke-10. Lihat <a href="#CITEREFBlau2010">Blau (2010)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Namun, perlu dicatat bahwa bahasa Akkadia juga memiliki banyak pergeseran suara ini tetapi kurang terkait dengan bahasa Ibrani dibandingkan dengan bahasa Aram. Lihat <a href="#CITEREFBlau2010">Blau (2010)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Namun, contohnya, ketika bahasa Aram Tua meminjam abjad Kanaan, masih memiliki interdental, tetapi menandainya dengan apa peleburannya dalam bahasa Kanaan. Misalnya, "lembu" ditulis <span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">שר</span> tetapi dilafalkan dengan suara <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/θ/</span> di awalnya ("inisial"; <i>initial</i>). Gejala yang sama juga terjadi ketika orang Arab mengadopsi abjad Nabath. Lihat <a href="#CITEREFBlau2010">Blau (2010)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pada suatu waktu orang Moab, Amon, Edom, dan Filistin juga menggunakan abjad Ibrani Kuno. Lihat <a href="#CITEREFYardeni1997">Yardeni (1997)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-seph-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-seph_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-seph_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">In this respect the Palestinian tradition corresponds to the modern <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sephardi_Hebrew&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sephardi Hebrew (halaman belum tersedia)">Sephardi pronunciation</a>, and the Babylonian tradition to the modern <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yemenite_Hebrew&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Yemenite Hebrew (halaman belum tersedia)">Yemenite pronunciation</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">While the vowels <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a<span class="wrap"> </span>e<span class="wrap"> </span>i<span class="wrap"> </span>ɔ<span class="wrap"> </span>o<span class="wrap"> </span>u/</span> certainly have phonemic status in the Tiberian tradition, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛ/</span> has phonemic value in final stressed position but in other positions it may reflect loss of the opposition <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a<span class="wrap"> </span>ː<span class="wrap"> </span>i/</span>. See <a href="#CITEREFBlau2010">Blau (2010)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">אֳנִי</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔ̆ˈni/</span> ('kapal-kapal') <span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">אֲנִי</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ăˈni/</span> ('aku'), <span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">חֳלִי</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ħɔ̆ˈli/</span> ('penyakit') <span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">חֲלִי</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ħăˈli/</span> ('ornamen'), <span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">עֲלִי</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʕăˈli/</span> ('naiklah!') (Bilangan 21:17) dan <span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">בַּעֱלִי</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/baʕɛ̆ˈli/</span> ('[dengan] pestle'; Amsal 27:22). <a href="#CITEREFBlau2010">Blau (2010)</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛ̆/</span> sering beralternasi dengan <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ă/</span> dan jarang berkontras dengannya, e.g. <span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">אֱדוֹם</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʔɛ̆ˈðom/</span> ('<a href="/wiki/Edom" title="Edom">Edom</a>') versus <span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">אֲדֹמִי</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʔăðoˈmi/</span> ('orang Edom'). <a href="#CITEREFBlau2010">Blau (2010)</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔ̆/</span> jelas fonemik tetapi memuat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Functional_load&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Functional load (halaman belum tersedia)">beban fungsional</a> minimal. <a href="#CITEREFSáenz-Badillos1993">Sáenz-Badillos (1993)</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ă/</span> ditulis baik dengan <i>mobile šwa</i> ⟨‌ְ ⟩ dan <i>hataf patah</i> ⟨‌ֲ ⟩.<a href="#CITEREFBlau2010">Blau (2010)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Untuk tujuan pergeseran kualitas huruf hidup (<i>vowel quality shifts</i>), kata-kata dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Construct_state&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Construct state (halaman belum tersedia)">keadaan konstruk</a> diperlakukan seakan-akan penekanan jatuh langsung pada suku kata pertama yang mengikuti kata itu. Lihat <a href="#CITEREFJanssens1982">Janssens (1982)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Additionally, short stressed vowels in open syllables were reduced and lost stress, leading to ultimate stress in forms like <span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">קטלו</span> &lt; <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*/qaˈtʼaluː/</span>. In Tiberian Hebrew some words have penultimate stress in pause (before a break in reading), but ultimate stress in context, such as <span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">שָמָ֫רָה</span> and <span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">שָמְרָה</span> ('she watched'), because the penultimate vowel in the original form <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*/ʃaˈmaru/</span> lengthened in pause, while in context it was not lengthened, and then lost the stress and was reduced due to this sound shift. See <a href="#CITEREFBlau2010">Blau (2010)</a></span> </li> </ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referensi">Referensi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Ibrani_Alkitab&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=12" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Ibrani_Alkitab&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Referensi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18833634">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Glottolog-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Glottolog_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, ed. (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/anci1244">"Ancient Hebrew"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog 4.8</a></i>. Jena, Jerman: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Ancient+Hebrew&amp;rft.btitle=Glottolog+4.8&amp;rft.place=Jena%2C+Jerman&amp;rft.pub=Max+Planck+Institute+for+the+Science+of+Human+History&amp;rft.date=2023&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglottolog.org%2Fresource%2Flanguoid%2Fid%2Fanci1244&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Ibrani+Alkitab" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Tampilkan editors (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Tampilkan_editors" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Tampilkan editors">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Glottolog2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Glottolog2_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, ed. (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/sama1313">"Samaritan"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog 4.8</a></i>. Jena, Jerman: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Samaritan&amp;rft.btitle=Glottolog+4.8&amp;rft.place=Jena%2C+Jerman&amp;rft.pub=Max+Planck+Institute+for+the+Science+of+Human+History&amp;rft.date=2023&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglottolog.org%2Fresource%2Flanguoid%2Fid%2Fsama1313&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Ibrani+Alkitab" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Tampilkan editors (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Tampilkan_editors" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Tampilkan editors">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220429081359/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/culture/themes/endangered-languages/atlas-of-languages-in-danger/">"UNESCO Interactive <i>Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger</i>"</a> (dalam bahasa bahasa <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Inggris" title="Bahasa Inggris">Inggris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Prancis" title="Bahasa Prancis">Prancis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Spanyol" title="Bahasa Spanyol">Spanyol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Rusia" title="Bahasa Rusia">Rusia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Tionghoa" title="Bahasa Tionghoa">Tionghoa</a>). <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>. 2011. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/new/en/culture/themes/endangered-languages/atlas-of-languages-in-danger/">versi asli</a> tanggal 29 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">26 Juni</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=UNESCO+Interactive+Atlas+of+the+World%27s+Languages+in+Danger&amp;rft.pub=UNESCO&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.org%2Fnew%2Fen%2Fculture%2Fthemes%2Fendangered-languages%2Fatlas-of-languages-in-danger%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Ibrani+Alkitab" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Bahasa_yang_tidak_diketahui" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220531155026/http://www.unesco.org/tools/fileretrieve/43fdd320.pdf">"UNESCO <i>Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger</i>"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> (dalam bahasa Inggris). <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>. 2010. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/tools/fileretrieve/43fdd320.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 31 Mei 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">31 Mei</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=UNESCO+Atlas+of+the+World%27s+Languages+in+Danger&amp;rft.pub=UNESCO&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.org%2Ftools%2Ffileretrieve%2F43fdd320.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Ibrani+Alkitab" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/">"Bahasa Ibrani Alkitab"</a>. <i>www.ethnologue.com</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris). SIL Ethnologue.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=www.ethnologue.com&amp;rft.atitle=Bahasa+Ibrani+Alkitab&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Flanguage%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Ibrani+Alkitab" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barton-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barton_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barton_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barton_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Barton, John, ed. (2004) [2002]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LtD4Xomh4XgC&amp;pg=PA7"><i>The Biblical World</i></a>. <b>2</b>. Taylor &amp; Francis. hlm.&#160;7. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9780415350914" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9780415350914">9780415350914</a>. <q>Interestingly, the term 'Hebrew' (ibrit) is not used of the language in the biblical text (<a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Indonesia" title="Bahasa Indonesia">bahasa Indonesia</a>&#58; <span lang="id">Menariknya, istilah 'Ibrani' (ibrit) tidak digunakan untuk bahasa tersebut dalam teks Alkitab</span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Biblical+World&amp;rft.pages=7&amp;rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.isbn=9780415350914&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLtD4Xomh4XgC%26pg%3DPA7&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Ibrani+Alkitab" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eurekalert.org-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eurekalert.org_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eurekalert.org_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eurekalert.org_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eurekalert.org_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFeldman2010">Feldman (2010)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bar-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bar_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bar_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bar_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bar_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShanks2010">Shanks (2010)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBudge1920">Budge (1920)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-s1-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-s1_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-s1_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-s1_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-s1_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-s1_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-s1_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSáenz-Badillos1993">Sáenz-Badillos (1993)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERainey2008-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERainey2008_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRainey2008">Rainey 2008</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-enws-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-enws_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-enws_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWaltkeO&#39;Connor1990">Waltke &amp; O'Connor (1990)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wo8-9-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wo8-9_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wo8-9_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWaltkeO&#39;Connor1990">Waltke &amp; O'Connor (1990)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sthist-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sthist_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sthist_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sthist_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sthist_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sthist_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sthist_14-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSteiner1997">Steiner (1997)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-s112-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-s112_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-s112_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-s112_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-s112_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSáenz-Badillos1993">Sáenz-Badillos (1993)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t2bJ1UqfNXAC&amp;lpg=PA115">History of the Jewish People: From Yavneh to Pumbedisa, Meir. Holder, p115</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qe7WXki-ZQsC&amp;lpg=PA79">One-minute History Lessons: Six Millennia of Great Jewish Leaders, Moshe Goldberger, p79</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://m.chabad.org/m/article_cdo/aid/1051040">Aramaic: the Yiddish of the Middle East</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pranala_mati" title="Wikipedia:Pranala mati"><span title="&#160;pranala nonaktif sejak Maret 2021">pranala nonaktif permanen</span></a></i>&#93;</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSáenz-Badillos1993">Sáenz-Badillos (1993)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-blau11-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-blau11_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlau2010">Blau (2010)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-b10-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-b10_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-b10_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-b10_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlau2010">Blau (2010)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wo8a-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wo8a_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wo8a_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWaltkeO&#39;Connor1990">Waltke &amp; O'Connor (1990)</a>: "Materi linguistik di luar Alkitab (<i>extrabiblical</i>) dari Zaman Besi terutama adalah epigrafis, yakni teks-teks yang tertulis pada bahan keras (tembikar, batu, tembok, dll.). Teks epigrafis dari wilayah Israel ditulis dalam bahasa Ibrani dalam suatu bentuk bahasa yang dapat disebut <i>Inscriptional Hebrew</i>; "dialek" ini tidak jauh berbeda dengan bahasa Ibrani yang terlestarikan dalam teks Masoret. Sayangnya, bukti-buktinya hanya sedikit."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wo16-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wo16_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wo16_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWaltkeO&#39;Connor1990">Waltke &amp; O'Connor (1990)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-yheb-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-yheb_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yheb_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYardeni1997">Yardeni (1997)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTov1992">Tov (1992)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-b7-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-b7_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-b7_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-b7_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="id" dir="ltr">Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <code>&lt;ref&gt;</code> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama <code>b7</code></span></li> <li id="cite_note-bmerge-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bmerge_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bmerge_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlau2010">Blau (2010)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrank2003">Frank (2003)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRendsburg1997">Rendsburg (1997)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESáenz-Badillos199329-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESáenz-Badillos199329_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSáenz-Badillos1993">Sáenz-Badillos 1993</a>, hlm.&#160;29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sclas-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sclas_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sclas_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sclas_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sclas_32-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sclas_32-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sclas_32-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sclas_32-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sclas_32-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sclas_32-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sclas_32-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSáenz-Badillos1993">Sáenz-Badillos (1993)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDolgopolsky1999">Dolgopolsky (1999)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlau2010">Blau (2010)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-scon-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-scon_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scon_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWaltkeO&#39;Connor1990">Waltke &amp; O'Connor (1990)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bmoab-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bmoab_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bmoab_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlau2010">Blau (2010)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-b21-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-b21_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlau2010">Blau (2010)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blau_2010_136-137-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blau_2010_136-137_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlau2010">Blau (2010)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGarnierJacques2012">Garnier &amp; Jacques (2012)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlau2010">Blau (2010)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sb52-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sb52_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSáenz-Badillos1993">Sáenz-Badillos (1993)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-r66-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-r66_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRendsburg1997">Rendsburg (1997)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSáenz-Badillos1993">Sáenz-Badillos (1993)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSáenz-Badillos1993">Sáenz-Badillos (1993)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlau2010">Blau (2010)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRendsburg1997">Rendsburg (1997)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-b69-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-b69_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-b69_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-b69_49-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-b69_49-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-b69_49-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-b69_49-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-b69_49-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-b69_49-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-b69_49-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-b69_49-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-b69_49-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-b69_49-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-b69_49-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-b69_49-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-b69_49-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-b69_49-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-b69_49-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlau2010">Blau (2010)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-r-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-r_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-r_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-r_50-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-r_50-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-r_50-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-r_50-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-r_50-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-r_50-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-r_50-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-r_50-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-r_50-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-r_50-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRendsburg1997">Rendsburg (1997)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYardeni1997">Yardeni (1997)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHanson2011">Hanson (2011)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-y-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-y_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-y_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYardeni1997">Yardeni (1997)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tscript-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tscript_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tscript_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tscript_54-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTov1992">Tov (1992)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-s17-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-s17_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-s17_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-s17_55-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSáenz-Badillos1993">Sáenz-Badillos (1993)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYardeni1997">Yardeni (1997)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-yb-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-yb_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yb_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yb_58-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYardeni1997">Yardeni (1997)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlau2010">Blau (2010)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSperber1959">Sperber (1959)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-b77-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-b77_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-b77_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlau2010">Blau (2010)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-to1-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-to1_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-to1_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTov1992">Tov (1992)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-b6-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-b6_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlau2010">Blau (2010)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-length-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-length_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlau2010">Blau (2010)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-b68-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-b68_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-b68_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlau2010">Blau (2010)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-r73-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-r73_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-r73_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRendsburg1997">Rendsburg (1997)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRendsburg1997">Rendsburg (1997)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlau2010">Blau (2010)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-david-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-david_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSteinberg2010">Steinberg (2010)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-j54-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-j54_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-j54_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJanssens1982">Janssens (1982)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlau2010">Blau (2010)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSáenz-Badillos1993">Sáenz-Badillos (1993)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSperber1959">Sperber (1959)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBen-Ḥayyim2000">Ben-Ḥayyim (2000)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-j173-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-j173_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJanssens1982">Janssens (1982)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlau2010">Blau (2010)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-b118-119-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-b118-119_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-b118-119_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-b118-119_77-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlau2010">Blau (2010)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-y16-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-y16_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYahalom1997">Yahalom (1997)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bhou-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bhou_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bhou_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBen-Ḥayyim2000">Ben-Ḥayyim (2000)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bh49-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bh49_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBen-Ḥayyim2000">Ben-Ḥayyim (2000)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSáenz-Badillos1993">Sáenz-Badillos (1993)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-b117-118-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-b117-118_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlau2010">Blau (2010)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSáenz-Badillos1993">Sáenz-Badillos (1993)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-y281-282-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-y281-282_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYeivin1980">Yeivin (1980)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-b105-106-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-b105-106_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlau2010">Blau (2010)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-b84-85-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-b84-85_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlau2010">Blau (2010)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-y282-283-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-y282-283_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYeivin1980">Yeivin (1980)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-s160-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-s160_91-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-s160_91-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSáenz-Badillos1993">Sáenz-Badillos (1993)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-j52-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-j52_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJanssens1982">Janssens (1982)</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Daftar_pustaka">Daftar pustaka</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Ibrani_Alkitab&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=13" title="Sunting bagian: Daftar pustaka" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Ibrani_Alkitab&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Daftar pustaka"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREFBen-Ḥayyim2000" class="citation book">Ben-Ḥayyim, Ze'ev (2000). <i>A Grammar of Samaritan Hebrew</i>. Jerusalem: The Hebrew University Magnes Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/1-57506-047-7" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/1-57506-047-7">1-57506-047-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+Grammar+of+Samaritan+Hebrew&amp;rft.place=Jerusalem&amp;rft.pub=The+Hebrew+University+Magnes+Press&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.isbn=1-57506-047-7&amp;rft.aulast=Ben-%E1%B8%A4ayyim&amp;rft.aufirst=Ze%27ev&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Ibrani+Alkitab" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBergstrasserDaniels1995" class="citation book">Bergstrasser, Gotthelf; Daniels, Peter T. (1995). <i>Introduction to the Semitic Languages: Text Specimens and Grammatical Sketches</i>. München: Max Hueber Verlag München. hlm.&#160;50–75. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-931464-10-2" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-931464-10-2">0-931464-10-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+Semitic+Languages%3A+Text+Specimens+and+Grammatical+Sketches&amp;rft.place=M%C3%BCnchen&amp;rft.pages=50-75&amp;rft.pub=Max+Hueber+Verlag+M%C3%BCnchen&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.isbn=0-931464-10-2&amp;rft.aulast=Bergstrasser&amp;rft.aufirst=Gotthelf&amp;rft.au=Daniels%2C+Peter+T.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Ibrani+Alkitab" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBergsträsser1983" class="citation book">Bergsträsser, G. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontose0000berg"><i>Introduction to the Semitic Languages</i></a>. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-931464-10-2" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-931464-10-2">978-0-931464-10-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+Semitic+Languages&amp;rft.place=Winona+Lake%2C+Indiana&amp;rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&amp;rft.date=1983&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-931464-10-2&amp;rft.aulast=Bergstr%C3%A4sser&amp;rft.aufirst=G.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontose0000berg&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Ibrani+Alkitab" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBlau1981" class="citation book">Blau, Joshua (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/renaissanceofmod0000blau"><i>The renaissance of modern Hebrew and modern standard Arabic</i></a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-520-09548-0" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-520-09548-0">0-520-09548-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+renaissance+of+modern+Hebrew+and+modern+standard+Arabic&amp;rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&amp;rft.date=1981&amp;rft.isbn=0-520-09548-0&amp;rft.aulast=Blau&amp;rft.aufirst=Joshua&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frenaissanceofmod0000blau&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Ibrani+Alkitab" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBlau2010" class="citation book">Blau, Joshua (2010). <i>Phonology and Morphology of Biblical Hebrew</i>. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/1-57506-129-5" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/1-57506-129-5">1-57506-129-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Phonology+and+Morphology+of+Biblical+Hebrew&amp;rft.place=Winona+Lake%2C+Indiana&amp;rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.isbn=1-57506-129-5&amp;rft.aulast=Blau&amp;rft.aufirst=Joshua&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Ibrani+Alkitab" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBudge1920" class="citation book">Budge, E. A. Wallis (1920). <i>An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, in Two Volumes</i>. <b>1</b>. New York: Dover Publications, Inc. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-7661-7649-5" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-7661-7649-5">0-7661-7649-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=An+Egyptian+Hieroglyphic+Dictionary%2C+in+Two+Volumes&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Dover+Publications%2C+Inc.&amp;rft.date=1920&amp;rft.isbn=0-7661-7649-5&amp;rft.aulast=Budge&amp;rft.aufirst=E.+A.+Wallis&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Ibrani+Alkitab" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFDavis2007" class="citation book">Davis, Craig (2007). <i>Dating the Old Testament</i>. New York: RJ Communications. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-9795062-0-8" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-9795062-0-8">978-0-9795062-0-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Dating+the+Old+Testament&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=RJ+Communications&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-9795062-0-8&amp;rft.aulast=Davis&amp;rft.aufirst=Craig&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Ibrani+Alkitab" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFDolgopolsky1999" class="citation book">Dolgopolsky, Aron (1999). <i>From Proto-Semitic to Hebrew</i>. Milan: Centro Studi Camito-Semitici di Milano.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=From+Proto-Semitic+to+Hebrew&amp;rft.place=Milan&amp;rft.pub=Centro+Studi+Camito-Semitici+di+Milano&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.aulast=Dolgopolsky&amp;rft.aufirst=Aron&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Ibrani+Alkitab" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFDoron2005" class="citation">Doron, Edit (2005), "VSO and Left-conjunct Agreement: Biblical Hebrew vs. Modern Hebrew", dalam Kiss, Katalin É., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110610020842/http://pluto.huji.ac.il/~edit/edit/doron-left-conjunct-agreement.pdf"><i>Universal Grammar in the Reconstruction of Dead Languages</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>, Berlin: Mouton, hlm.&#160;239–264, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/3-11-018550-4" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/3-11-018550-4">3-11-018550-4</a>, diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pluto.huji.ac.il/~edit/edit/doron-left-conjunct-agreement.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 2011-06-10<span class="reference-accessdate">, diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2018-11-08</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=VSO+and+Left-conjunct+Agreement%3A+Biblical+Hebrew+vs.+Modern+Hebrew&amp;rft.btitle=Universal+Grammar+in+the+Reconstruction+of+Dead+Languages&amp;rft.place=Berlin&amp;rft.pages=239-264&amp;rft.pub=Mouton&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.isbn=3-11-018550-4&amp;rft.aulast=Doron&amp;rft.aufirst=Edit&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpluto.huji.ac.il%2F~edit%2Fedit%2Fdoron-left-conjunct-agreement.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Ibrani+Alkitab" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFFeldman2010" class="citation web">Feldman, Rachel (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2010-01/uoh-mah010710.php">"Most ancient Hebrew biblical inscription deciphered"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110607150148/http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2010-01/uoh-mah010710.php">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 7 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Most+ancient+Hebrew+biblical+inscription+deciphered&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.aulast=Feldman&amp;rft.aufirst=Rachel&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurekalert.org%2Fpub_releases%2F2010-01%2Fuoh-mah010710.php&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Ibrani+Alkitab" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFFrank2003" class="citation book">Frank, Yitzhak (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/grammarforgemara0000fran"><i>Grammar for Gemara and Targum Onkelos</i></a>. Jerusalem, Israel: Ariel United Israel Institutes. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/1-58330-606-4" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/1-58330-606-4">1-58330-606-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Grammar+for+Gemara+and+Targum+Onkelos&amp;rft.place=Jerusalem%2C+Israel&amp;rft.pub=Ariel+United+Israel+Institutes&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.isbn=1-58330-606-4&amp;rft.aulast=Frank&amp;rft.aufirst=Yitzhak&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgrammarforgemara0000fran&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Ibrani+Alkitab" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFGarnierJacques2012" class="citation journal">Garnier, Romain; Jacques, Guillaume (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1468535/A_neglected_phonetic_law_The_assimilation_of_pretonic_yod_to_a_following_coronal_in_North-West_Semitic">"A neglected phonetic law: The assimilation of pretonic yod to a following coronal in North-West Semitic"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies</i>. <b>75.1</b>: 135–145. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0041977x11001261">10.1017/s0041977x11001261</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+School+of+Oriental+and+African+Studies&amp;rft.atitle=A+neglected+phonetic+law%3A+The+assimilation+of+pretonic+yod+to+a+following+coronal+in+North-West+Semitic&amp;rft.volume=75.1&amp;rft.pages=135-145&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0041977x11001261&amp;rft.aulast=Garnier&amp;rft.aufirst=Romain&amp;rft.au=Jacques%2C+Guillaume&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1468535%2FA_neglected_phonetic_law_The_assimilation_of_pretonic_yod_to_a_following_coronal_in_North-West_Semitic&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Ibrani+Alkitab" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFGlinert2004" class="citation book">Glinert, Lewis (2004). <i>The Grammar of Modern Hebrew</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-521-61188-1" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-521-61188-1">0-521-61188-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Grammar+of+Modern+Hebrew&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.isbn=0-521-61188-1&amp;rft.aulast=Glinert&amp;rft.aufirst=Lewis&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Ibrani+Alkitab" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFHanson2011" class="citation web">Hanson, K. C. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110608082015/http://www.kchanson.com/ANCDOCS/westsem/gezer.html">"The Gezer Almanac"</a>. 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Uitgeverij Peeters. <b>9</b>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/2-8017-0189-0" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/2-8017-0189-0">2-8017-0189-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Orientalia+Gandensia&amp;rft.atitle=Studies+in+Hebrew+historical+linguistics+based+on+Origen%27s+Secunda&amp;rft.volume=9&amp;rft.date=1982&amp;rft.isbn=2-8017-0189-0&amp;rft.aulast=Janssens&amp;rft.aufirst=Gerard&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Ibrani+Alkitab" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFJobesSilva2001" class="citation book">Jobes, Karen H.; Silva, Moises (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OysSAQAAIAAJ&amp;q"><i>Invitation to the Septuagint</i></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paternoster_Press&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Paternoster Press (halaman belum tersedia)">Paternoster Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/1-84227-061-3" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/1-84227-061-3">1-84227-061-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Invitation+to+the+Septuagint&amp;rft.pub=Paternoster+Press&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.isbn=1-84227-061-3&amp;rft.aulast=Jobes&amp;rft.aufirst=Karen+H.&amp;rft.au=Silva%2C+Moises&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOysSAQAAIAAJ%26q&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Ibrani+Alkitab" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFLaSor1978" class="citation book">LaSor, William Sanford (1978). <i>Handbook of Biblical Hebrew</i>. 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Who Were the Early Israelites?"</a>. <i>Biblical Archeology Review</i>. Biblical Archaeology Society. <b>34</b> (6 (Nov/Dec)). Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bib-arch.org/bar/article.asp?PubID=BSBA&amp;Volume=34&amp;Issue=6&amp;ArticleID=9">versi asli</a> tanggal 2012-05-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Brill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+Historical+Grammar+of+Biblical+Hebrew&amp;rft.place=Leiden&amp;rft.pub=E.+J.+Brill&amp;rft.date=1966&amp;rft.aulast=Sperber&amp;rft.aufirst=Alexander&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Ibrani+Alkitab" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSteinberg2010" class="citation web">Steinberg, David (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adath-shalom.ca/history_of_hebrew2a.htm">"History of the Ancient and Modern Hebrew Language"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=History+of+the+Ancient+and+Modern+Hebrew+Language&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.aulast=Steinberg&amp;rft.aufirst=David&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adath-shalom.ca%2Fhistory_of_hebrew2a.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Ibrani+Alkitab" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSteiner1997" class="citation">Steiner, Richard C. (1997), "Ancient Hebrew", dalam Hetzron, Robert, <i>The Semitic Languages</i>, Routledge, hlm.&#160;145–173, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-415-05767-1" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-415-05767-1">0-415-05767-1</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Ancient+Hebrew&amp;rft.btitle=The+Semitic+Languages&amp;rft.pages=145-173&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.isbn=0-415-05767-1&amp;rft.aulast=Steiner&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard+C.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Ibrani+Alkitab" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFTov1992" class="citation book">Tov, Emanuel (1992). <i>Textual Criticism of the Hebrew Bible</i>. Minneapolis: Augsburg Fortress. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-8006-3429-2" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-8006-3429-2">978-0-8006-3429-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Textual+Criticism+of+the+Hebrew+Bible&amp;rft.place=Minneapolis&amp;rft.pub=Augsburg+Fortress&amp;rft.date=1992&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8006-3429-2&amp;rft.aulast=Tov&amp;rft.aufirst=Emanuel&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Ibrani+Alkitab" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFWaltkeO&#39;Connor1990" class="citation book">Waltke, Bruce K.; O'Connor, M. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontobi0000walt"><i>An Introduction to Biblical Hebrew Syntax</i></a>. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-931464-31-5" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-931464-31-5">0-931464-31-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Biblical+Hebrew+Syntax&amp;rft.place=Winona+Lake%2C+Indiana&amp;rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&amp;rft.date=1990&amp;rft.isbn=0-931464-31-5&amp;rft.aulast=Waltke&amp;rft.aufirst=Bruce+K.&amp;rft.au=O%27Connor%2C+M.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontobi0000walt&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Ibrani+Alkitab" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFYahalom1997" class="citation book">Yahalom, Joseph (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/palestinianvocal0000camb"><i>Palestinian Vocalised Piyyut Manuscripts in the Cambridge Genizah Collections</i></a>. Cambridge University. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-521-58399-3" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-521-58399-3">0-521-58399-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Palestinian+Vocalised+Piyyut+Manuscripts+in+the+Cambridge+Genizah+Collections&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.isbn=0-521-58399-3&amp;rft.aulast=Yahalom&amp;rft.aufirst=Joseph&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpalestinianvocal0000camb&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Ibrani+Alkitab" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFYardeni1997" class="citation book">Yardeni, Ada (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bookofhebrewscri0000yard"><i>The Book of Hebrew Script</i></a>. Jerusalem: Carta. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/965-220-369-6" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/965-220-369-6">965-220-369-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Hebrew+Script&amp;rft.place=Jerusalem&amp;rft.pub=Carta&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.isbn=965-220-369-6&amp;rft.aulast=Yardeni&amp;rft.aufirst=Ada&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbookofhebrewscri0000yard&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Ibrani+Alkitab" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFYeivin1980" class="citation book">Yeivin, Israel (1980). <i>Introduction to the Tiberian Masorah</i>. Scholars Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-89130-373-1" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-89130-373-1">0-89130-373-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+Tiberian+Masorah&amp;rft.pub=Scholars+Press&amp;rft.date=1980&amp;rft.isbn=0-89130-373-1&amp;rft.aulast=Yeivin&amp;rft.aufirst=Israel&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Ibrani+Alkitab" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFZuckermann2006" class="citation"><a href="/wiki/Ghil%27ad_Zuckermann" title="Ghil&#39;ad Zuckermann">Zuckermann</a>, Ghil'ad (2006), "Complement Clause Types in Israeli", dalam Dixon, R. M. W.; Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y., <i>Complementation: a cross-linguistic typology</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Complement+Clause+Types+in+Israeli&amp;rft.btitle=Complementation%3A+a+cross-linguistic+typology&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.aulast=Zuckermann&amp;rft.aufirst=Ghil%27ad&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABahasa+Ibrani+Alkitab" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pranala_luar">Pranala luar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Ibrani_Alkitab&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=14" title="Sunting bagian: Pranala luar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Ibrani_Alkitab&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pranala luar"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23035139"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782729"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisumber" title="Wikisumber">Wikisumber</a> memiliki naskah asli yang berkaitan dengan artikel ini: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://id.wikisource.org/wiki/Gesenius%27_Hebrew_Grammar" class="extiw" title="s:Gesenius&#39; Hebrew Grammar">Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li>Sumber Ibrani Alkitabiah <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ualberta.ca/~ebenzvi/Assist/Hebrew_Bible/hebrewbibstudy.html">Resources for the Study of Biblical Hebrew</a>, Prof. E. 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title="Bahasa Sute">Sute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Semit_Timur" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Rumpun_bahasa_Semit_Timur" title="Rumpun bahasa Semit Timur">Semit Timur</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Akkadia" title="Bahasa Akkadia">Akkadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Ebla" title="Bahasa Ebla">Ebla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Semit_Barat_dan_Semit_Tengah" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Rumpun_bahasa_Semit_Barat" title="Rumpun bahasa Semit Barat">Semit Barat</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Rumpun_bahasa_Semit_Tengah" class="mw-redirect" title="Rumpun bahasa Semit Tengah">Semit Tengah</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Semit_Barat_Laut" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Rumpun_bahasa_Semit_Barat_Laut" title="Rumpun bahasa Semit Barat Laut">Semit Barat Laut</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rumpun_bahasa_Kanaan" title="Rumpun bahasa Kanaan">Kanaan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Ibrani" title="Bahasa Ibrani">Ibrani</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Ibrani_Alkitabiah" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Ibrani Alkitabiah">Alkitabiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Ibrani_Mishnaik" title="Bahasa Ibrani Mishnaik">Mishnaik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Ibrani_Abad_Pertengahan" title="Bahasa Ibrani Abad Pertengahan">Abad Pertengahan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Ibrani_Mizrahi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Ibrani Mizrahi (halaman belum tersedia)">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Ibrani_Yaman&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Ibrani Yaman (halaman belum tersedia)">Yaman</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Ibrani_Sefardim&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Ibrani Sefardim (halaman belum tersedia)">Sefardim</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Ibrani_Ashkenazi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Ibrani Ashkenazi (halaman belum tersedia)">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Ibrani_Samaria" title="Bahasa Ibrani Samaria">Samaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Ibrani_Modern" title="Bahasa Ibrani Modern">Modern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Fenisia" title="Bahasa Fenisia">Fenisia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Punik" title="Bahasa Punik">Punik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight: normal;"><i>lainnya</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Amon" title="Bahasa Amon">Amon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Moab" title="Bahasa Moab">Moab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Edom" title="Bahasa Edom">Edom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Aram" title="Bahasa Aram">Aram</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Aram_Barat" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rumpun_bahasa_Aram_Barat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Rumpun bahasa Aram Barat (halaman belum tersedia)">Aram Barat</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Aram_Palestina_Yahudi" title="Bahasa Aram Palestina Yahudi">Palestina Yahudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Aram_Samaria" title="Bahasa Aram Samaria">Samaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Aram#Arab_Kristen_Palestina" title="Bahasa Aram">Kristen Palestina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Aram_Nabath" title="Bahasa Aram Nabath">Nabath</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Aram_Barat_Baru&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Aram Barat Baru (halaman belum tersedia)">Aram Barat Baru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rumpun_bahasa_Aram_Timur&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Rumpun bahasa Aram Timur (halaman belum tersedia)">Aram Timur</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Aram_Alkitabiah" title="Bahasa Aram Alkitabiah">Alkitabiah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Aram_Hatra&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Aram Hatra (halaman belum tersedia)">Hatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Suryani" title="Bahasa Suryani">Suryani</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Aram_Babel_Yahudi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Aram Babel Yahudi (halaman belum tersedia)">Babel Yahudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Aram_Asyur_Baru" title="Bahasa Aram Asyur Baru">Kasdim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Aram_Asyur_Baru" title="Bahasa Aram Asyur Baru">Aram Asyur Baru</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Aram_Senaya&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Aram Senaya (halaman belum tersedia)">Senaya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Aram_Baru_Koy_Sanjaq&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Aram Baru Koy Sanjaq (halaman belum tersedia)">Koy Sanjaq</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Aram_Baru_Hertevin&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Aram Baru Hertevin (halaman belum tersedia)">Hertevin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Turoyo&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Turoyo (halaman belum tersedia)">Turoyo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Mlahso&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Mlahso (halaman belum tersedia)">Mlahso</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Mandae&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Mandae (halaman belum tersedia)">Mandae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumpun_bahasa_Yudeo-Aram" class="mw-redirect" title="Rumpun bahasa Yudeo-Aram">Yudeo-Aram</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span style="font-weight:normal;">Lain-lain</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Amori" title="Bahasa Amori">Amori</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Ugarit" title="Bahasa Ugarit">Ugarit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Arab" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Arab" title="Bahasa Arab">Arab</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sastra</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Arab_Klasik" title="Bahasa Arab Klasik">Klasik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Arab_Baku_Modern" title="Bahasa Arab Baku Modern">Arab Baku Modern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Varietas_bahasa_Arab" title="Varietas bahasa Arab">ragam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Masyriq_(Timur)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Arab_Masyriq" title="Bahasa Arab Masyriq">Masyriq (Timur)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;">Semenanjung Arab</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Arab_Dhofar" title="Bahasa Arab Dhofar">Dhofar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Arab_Teluk" title="Bahasa Arab Teluk">Teluk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Arab_Bahrani" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Arab Bahrani">Bahrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Arab_Shihhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Arab Shihhi">Shihhi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Arab_Hijaz" title="Bahasa Arab Hijaz">Hijaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Arab_Najd" title="Bahasa Arab Najd">Najd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Arab_Oman" title="Bahasa Arab Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Arab_Yaman" title="Bahasa Arab Yaman">Yaman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Arab_Yudeo-Yaman" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Arab Yudeo-Yaman">Yudeo-Yaman</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;">Bedouin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Arab_Jazirah_Barat_Laut" title="Bahasa Arab Jazirah Barat Laut">Jazirah Barat Laut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;">Lain-lain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Arab_Mesir" title="Bahasa Arab Mesir">Mesir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Arab_Sa%27idi" title="Bahasa Arab Sa&#39;idi">Sa'idi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Arab_Syam" title="Bahasa Arab Syam">Syam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Arab_Siprus" title="Bahasa Arab Siprus">Siprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Arab_Lebanon" title="Bahasa Arab Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Arab_Palestina" title="Bahasa Arab Palestina">Palestina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Arab_Mesopotamia" title="Bahasa Arab Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Arab_Mesopotamia_Utara" title="Bahasa Arab Mesopotamia Utara">Mesopotamia Utara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Arab_Baghdad_Yahudi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Arab Baghdad Yahudi">Baghdad Yahudi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Arab_Sudan" title="Bahasa Arab Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Arab_Asia_Tengah" title="Bahasa Arab Asia Tengah">Asia Tengah</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Arab_Tajik&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Arab Tajik (halaman belum tersedia)">Tajik</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Arab_Uzbek&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Arab Uzbek (halaman belum tersedia)">Uzbek</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Arab_Shirvan" title="Bahasa Arab Shirvan">Shirvan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Arab_Maghrib" title="Bahasa Arab Maghrib">Maghrib (Barat)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Arab_Aljazair" title="Bahasa Arab Aljazair">Aljazair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Arab_Sahara_Aljazair" title="Bahasa Arab Sahara Aljazair">Sahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Arab_Chad" title="Bahasa Arab Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Arab_Hassaniya" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Arab Hassaniya">Hassānīya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Arab_Andalusia" title="Bahasa Arab Andalusia">Andalusia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Arab_Libya" title="Bahasa Arab Libya">Libya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Arab_Yudeo-Tripoli" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Arab Yudeo-Tripoli">Yudeo-Tripoli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Arab_Sisilia" title="Bahasa Arab Sisilia">Sisilia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Malta" title="Bahasa Malta">Malta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Arab_Maroko" title="Bahasa Arab Maroko">Maroko</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Arab_Yudeo-Maroko" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Arab Yudeo-Maroko">Yudeo-Maroko</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Arab_Tunisia" title="Bahasa Arab Tunisia">Tunisia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Arab_Yudeo-Tunisia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Arab Yudeo-Tunisia">Yudeo-Tunisia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span style="font-weight:normal;">Lain-lain</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Proto-Arab" title="Bahasa Proto-Arab">Proto-Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Arab_Kuno" title="Bahasa Arab Kuno">Arab Kuno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Arab_Nabath" title="Bahasa Arab Nabath">Nabath</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Arab_Pra-Klasik&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Arab Pra-Klasik (halaman belum tersedia)">Pra-Klasik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Semit_Selatan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Rumpun_bahasa_Semit_Selatan" title="Rumpun bahasa Semit Selatan">Semit Selatan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Barat Daya</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rumpun_bahasa_Arabia_Selatan_Kuno" class="mw-redirect" title="Rumpun bahasa Arabia Selatan Kuno">Arabia Selatan Kuno</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Saba" title="Bahasa Saba">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Ma%27in&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Ma&#39;in (halaman belum tersedia)">Ma'in</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Qabatan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Qabatan (halaman belum tersedia)">Qataban</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Hadramaut&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Hadramaut (halaman belum tersedia)">Hadramaut</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Awsan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Awsan (halaman belum tersedia)">Awsan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rumpun_bahasa_Semit_Etiopia" title="Rumpun bahasa Semit Etiopia">Etiopia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;">Utara</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Ge%27ez" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Ge&#39;ez">Ge'ez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Tigrinya" title="Bahasa Tigrinya">Tigrinya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Tigre&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Tigre (halaman belum tersedia)">Tigre</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Dahlak&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Dahlak (halaman belum tersedia)">Dahlak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;">Selatan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Amhar" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Amhar">Amhar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Argobba&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Argobba (halaman belum tersedia)">Argobba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Harari&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Harari (halaman belum tersedia)">Harari</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Silt%CA%BCe&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Siltʼe (halaman belum tersedia)">Silt'e (Wolane, Ulbareg, Inneqor)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Zay&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Zay (halaman belum tersedia)">Zay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;">Pinggiran</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: transparent; font-weight: normal;"><i>kelompok n</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Gafat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Gafat (halaman belum tersedia)">Gafat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Soddo&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Soddo (halaman belum tersedia)">Soddo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: transparent; font-weight: normal;"><i>kelompok tt</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Mesmes&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Mesmes (halaman belum tersedia)">Mesmes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Muher_language&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Muher language (halaman belum tersedia)">Muher</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Gurage_Barat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Gurage Barat (halaman belum tersedia)">Gurage Barat</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Mesqan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Mesqan (halaman belum tersedia)">Mesqan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Ezha&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Ezha (halaman belum tersedia)">Ezha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Chaha&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Chaha (halaman belum tersedia)">Chaha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Gura&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Gura (halaman belum tersedia)">Gura</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Gumer&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Gumer (halaman belum tersedia)">Gumer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Gyeto&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Gyeto (halaman belum tersedia)">Gyeto</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Inor&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Inor (halaman belum tersedia)">Ennemor</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Endegen&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Endegen (halaman belum tersedia)">Endegen</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rumpun_bahasa_Arabia_Selatan_Modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Rumpun bahasa Arabia Selatan Modern">Arabia Selatan Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Bathari" title="Bahasa Bathari">Bathari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Harsusi" title="Bahasa Harsusi">Harsusi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Hobyot&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Hobyot (halaman belum tersedia)">Hobyot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Mehri" title="Bahasa Mehri">Mehri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Shehri&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Shehri (halaman belum tersedia)">Shehri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Sokotri" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Sokotri">Sokotri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐694cf4987f‐cldx4 Cached time: 20241126084129 Cache expiry: 3600 Reduced expiry: true Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 2.170 seconds Real time usage: 2.495 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 51972/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 696682/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 40338/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 34/100 Expensive parser function count: 6/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 110766/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.882/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 8082290/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 2117.301 1 -total 59.72% 1264.385 9 Templat:Infobox 38.35% 812.042 1 Templat:Infobox_language 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