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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Incomplete-document.svg/72px-Incomplete-document.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Incomplete-document.svg/96px-Incomplete-document.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This work is <b>incomplete</b>. <i>If you'd like to help expand it, see the <a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Help:Contents">help pages</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Wikisource:Style_guide" title="Wikisource:Style guide">style guide</a>, or leave a comment on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)" title="Talk:The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)">talk page</a>.</i> <br /><div style="font-size: small">(sources: see <a href="/wiki/Talk:The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)" title="Talk:The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)">Information about this edition</a>)</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Project_Disclaimer" class="mw-redirect" title="The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Project Disclaimer">Disclaimer for this project</a>.</li> <li><b>See also</b> <a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1906)" title="The Encyclopedia Americana (1906)">The Encyclopedia Americana (1906)</a></li></ul> </div></div><div class="ws-noexport" id="ws-data" style="speak:none"><span id="ws-article-id">656199</span><span id="ws-title">The Encyclopedia Americana</span><span id="ws-year">1920</span><span id="ws-author"><a href="/wiki/Author:George_Edwin_Rines" title="Author:George Edwin Rines">George Edwin Rines</a>, Editor-in-Chief</span></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r13089542">.mw-parser-output .wst-center{text-align:center;display:table;margin:0 auto 0 auto}.mw-parser-output .wst-center.wst-center-nomargin>p{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="wst-center tiInherit"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Raphael_School_of_Athens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Raphael_School_of_Athens.jpg/700px-Raphael_School_of_Athens.jpg" decoding="async" width="700" height="457" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Raphael_School_of_Athens.jpg/1050px-Raphael_School_of_Athens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Raphael_School_of_Athens.jpg/1400px-Raphael_School_of_Athens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3697" data-file-height="2414" /></a></span> </p><p><br /> <b>SCHOOL OF ATHENS</b> </p> </div> <p><br /> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r13089542"><div class="wst-center tiInherit"> <p><span style="line-height:1.50em;display:inline-block;font-size:80%;">The fresco of “Philosophy” in the Camera della Segnatura, Vatican Palace, Rome.<br />Height to arched top 16 feet; width 26 feet 8 inches</span> </p> </div> <p><span style="line-height:1.50em;display:inline-block;font-size:80%;">This splendid fresco was painted by Raphael in 1511 to represent the “Triumph of Science,” as a companion painting to the Dispute of the Sacrament, representing the “Triumph of Religion.” Philosophy, implying an encyclopedic knowledge of the whole sphere of scientific learning and intellectual culture, is here symbolised. A vast portico is pictured, the arches of which are pierced with statue-filled niches; the facing statues are Apollo and Minerva. The central figures are Plato and Aristotle. Grouped about them are all the philosophers, sages, and elders of antiquity discussing the problem of life. Diogenes is prone on the steps; Aristippus passes him talking to Protagoras; to the left, on the steps, Alcibiades, Xenophon and others are listening to Socrates. Below them are Pythagoras, with his wife Theano, his son Telauges, and his pupil Archytas; Anaxagoras is standing; Heraclitus sits alone, Democritus and Epicurus at the base of the pillar. To the right, on the steps are Pyrrho, Arcesilaus and others; below them Archimedes (a portrait of Bramante) teaches geometry, and Ptolemy and Zoroaster stand beside Raphael, Il Sodoma, and Perugino. Vasari says the fresco represents the union of Theology and Philosophy through Astronomy, and points out Saint Matthew as Pythagoras. It has also been said to represent Saint Paul preaching at Athena, and in 1560 Giorgio Mantovano engraved it as Saint Paul disputing with the Stoics and Epicureans.</span> </p><p><br /> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r13089542"><div class="wst-center tiInherit"> <p><span style="line-height:1.50em;display:inline-block;font-size:120%;"><b>Volumes</b></span> </p> </div> <table align="center"> <tbody><tr> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Preface" title="The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Preface">Preface</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Volume_I:_A_-_Annuals" title="The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Volume I: A - Annuals">I: A - Annuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Volume_II:_Annuity_-_Azzubeydi" title="The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Volume II: Annuity - Azzubeydi">II: Annuity - Azzubeydi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Volume_III:_B_-_Bird%27s_foot" title="The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Volume III: B - Bird's foot">III: B - Bird's foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Volume_IV:_Birds_of_Paradise_-_Bulfinch" title="The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Volume IV: Birds of Paradise - Bulfinch"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9031029">'"`UNIQ--templatestyles-00000010-QINU`"'</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9031029"><span class="nowrap">IV: Birds of Paradise - Bulfinch</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Volume_V:_Bulgaria_-_Casta%C3%B1os" title="The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Volume V: Bulgaria - Castaños">V: Bulgaria - Castaños</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Volume_VI:_Caste_-_Civil_law" title="The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Volume VI: Caste - Civil law">VI: Caste - Civil law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Volume_VII:_Civil_list_-_Coronium" title="The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Volume VII: Civil list - Coronium">VII: Civil list - Coronium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Volume_VIII:_Corot_-_Deseronto" title="The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Volume VIII: Corot - Deseronto">VIII: Corot - Deseronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Volume_IX:_Desert_-_Egre" title="The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Volume IX: Desert - Egre">IX: Desert - Egre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Volume_X:_Egusquiza_-_Falsetto" title="The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Volume X: Egusquiza - Falsetto">X: Egusquiza - Falsetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Volume_XI:_Falstaff_-_Francken" title="The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Volume XI: Falstaff - Francken">XI: Falstaff - Francken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Volume_XII:_Franco_-_Goethals" title="The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Volume XII: Franco - Goethals">XII: Franco - Goethals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Volume_XIII:_Goethe_-_Haw" title="The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Volume XIII: Goethe - Haw">XIII: Goethe - Haw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Volume_XIV:_Hawaii_-_Index_of_refraction" title="The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Volume XIV: Hawaii - Index of refraction"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9031029"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9031029"><span class="nowrap">XIV: Hawaii - Index of refraction</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Volume_XV:_India_-_Jeffers" title="The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Volume XV: India - Jeffers">XV: India - Jeffers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Volume_XVI:_Jefferson_-_Latin" title="The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Volume XVI: Jefferson - Latin">XVI: Jefferson - Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Volume_XVII:_Latin_America_-_Lytton" title="The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Volume XVII: Latin America - Lytton">XVII: Latin America - Lytton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Volume_XVIII:_M_-_Mexico" title="The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Volume XVIII: M - Mexico">XVIII: M - Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Volume_XIX:_Meyer_-_Naval_Academy" title="The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Volume XIX: Meyer - Naval Academy">XIX: Meyer - Naval Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Volume_XX:_Naval_Observatory_-_Orleans" title="The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Volume XX: Naval Observatory - Orleans">XX: Naval Observatory - Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Volume_XXI:_Orley_-_Photoengraving" title="The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Volume XXI: Orley - Photoengraving">XXI: Orley - Photoengraving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Volume_XXII:_Photography_-_Pumpkin" title="The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Volume XXII: Photography - Pumpkin">XXII: Photography - Pumpkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Volume_XXIII:_Pumps_-_Russellville" title="The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Volume XXIII: Pumps - Russellville">XXIII: Pumps - Russellville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Volume_XXIV:_Russia_-_Silius" title="The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Volume XXIV: Russia - Silius">XXIV: Russia - Silius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Volume_XXV:_Silk_-_Sulphovinic_Acid" title="The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Volume XXV: Silk - Sulphovinic Acid">XXV: Silk - Sulphovinic Acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Volume_XXVI:_Sulphur_-_Tramways" title="The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Volume XXVI: Sulphur - Tramways">XXVI: Sulphur - Tramways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Volume_XXVII:_Trance_-_Venial_sin" title="The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Volume XXVII: Trance - Venial sin">XXVII: Trance - Venial sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Volume_XXVIII:_Venice_-_Wasmann" title="The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Volume XXVIII: Venice - Wasmann">XXVIII: Venice - Wasmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Volume_XXIX:_Wasps_-_Zymotic_disease" title="The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Volume XXIX: Wasps - Zymotic disease">XXIX: Wasps - Zymotic disease</a></li> <li>XXX: Classified Index</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r14318802">.mw-parser-output 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