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#monaco-editor-embed{height:100%}#playground-container #editor-container #editor-toolbar{border-bottom:1px solid #c4c4c4;height:3rem;margin-bottom:10px;margin-right:-2px;position:relative}#playground-container #editor-container #editor-toolbar ul.right{background-color:var(--playground-dropdown-bg);position:relative;right:0}#playground-container .playground-dragbar{background-color:var(--playground-dragbar-bg);border-left:1px solid var(--playground-dragbar-border);cursor:col-resize;margin-left:2px;padding:3px}#playground-container .playground-dragbar.left{background-color:var(--blue-tinged-bg);border-left:none;border-right:1px solid var(--playground-dragbar-border);margin-left:0}#playground-container .playground-dragbar:hover{background-color:var(--blue-tinged-tinged-strong)}#playground-container .playground-dragbar.selected{background-color:var(--blue-tinged-strong)}#playground-container 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.headline-diagram .editor .titlebar .window-name{display:none;margin-left:10px;padding-top:5px}#index-2 .headline-diagram .editor .line-error{background-color:#c63131;height:20px;left:0;position:absolute;width:22px}#index-2 .headline-diagram .editor .underline-error{background:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' width='6' height='3' viewBox='0 0 6 3'%3E%3Cg fill='%23c94824'%3E%3Cpolygon points='5.5 0 2.5 3 1.1 3 4.1 0'/%3E%3Cpolygon points='4 0 6 2 6 .6 5.4 0'/%3E%3Cpolygon points='0 2 1 3 2.4 3 0 .6'/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E") repeat-x 0 100%;padding-bottom:3px}#index-2 .headline-diagram .editor .error-message{color:#444d80;font-family:var(--code-font);font-size:.8rem}#index-2 .headline-diagram .editor .error-behind{opacity:0}#index-2 .headline-diagram .editor .inline-completions{position:relative}#index-2 .headline-diagram .editor .inline-completions ul.dropdown{background-color:#fff;border-left:4px solid #4b9edd;color:gray;display:inline-block;font-family:var(--code-font);font-size:.8rem;margin:0;padding:0;position:absolute;width:240px}#index-2 .headline-diagram .editor .inline-completions ul.dropdown:before{background-color:#fff;content:" ";left:-3px;position:absolute;top:-16px;width:2px}#index-2 .headline-diagram .editor .inline-completions ul.dropdown li{border-bottom:1px solid #000;height:1rem;overflow-x:hidden;padding-left:4px}#index-2 .headline-diagram .editor .inline-completions ul.dropdown li span.result-found{color:#4b9edd}#index-2 .headline-diagram .editor .inline-completions ul.dropdown li span.result{color:#000;display:inline-block;width:100px}#index-2 .headline-diagram .editor .did-you-mean,#index-2 .headline-diagram .editor .did-you-mean-icon{position:absolute}#index-2 .headline-diagram .editor .content{display:flex;flex-direction:row}#index-2 .headline-diagram .editor .content svg{margin:12px auto}#index-2 .headline-diagram .editor .content svg path{fill:#fff}#index-2 .headline-diagram .editor .content .text{background-color:#235a97;border-radius:0 0 6px 6px;border-top:1px solid #7fa2c9;flex-grow:1;flex-shrink:1;font-family:var(--code-font);font-size:.8rem;height:260px;line-height:.95rem;overflow-x:auto;position:relative}#index-2 .headline-diagram .editor .content .text pre{background-color:#235a97;border:none;margin:0}#index-2 .headline-diagram .editor .content .text pre code{font-size:14px;line-height:16px}#index-2 .headline-diagram .editor .content .text pre .error{background-color:rgba(255,0,0,.149);color:#ffc5c5}#index-2 .headline-diagram .editor .content .text .language-id{display:none}#index-2 .headline-diagram .editor .highlight{color:#9ed5ff}#index-2 .headline-diagram .back .content .text>div{padding-right:200px}#index-2 .next-headline-button{align-items:center;background-color:#fff;bottom:20px;color:#000;cursor:pointer;display:flex;flex-direction:row;height:30px;justify-content:center;margin-bottom:20px;padding:3px;position:absolute;right:15px;text-decoration:none;width:30px}@media screen and (-ms-high-contrast:active){#index-2 .next-headline-button{border:2px solid gray}}#index-2 .next-headline-button.focus,#index-2 .next-headline-button:hover{background-color:#eee}#index-2 .next-headline-button:active{background-color:#ddd}#index-2 .next-headline-button .fluid-button-title{font-weight:600}#index-2 .next-headline-button svg path{fill:#000}@media screen and (-ms-high-contrast:active){#index-2 .next-headline-button svg path{fill:#ff0}}#index-2 a.get-started{align-items:flex-end;background-color:#fff;box-shadow:0 4px 20px -6px rgba(0,0,0,.25);box-sizing:border-box;color:#000;cursor:pointer;display:flex;margin:0 auto;max-width:244px;padding:1rem;text-decoration:none;width:100%}@media screen and 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.inline-buttons{background-color:#1a1a1a;display:flex;justify-content:center}#index-2 .call-to-action .inline-buttons a{background-color:#1a1a1a;border-left:4px solid #00273f;color:#fff;flex:1 1;margin:0!important}#index-2 .call-to-action .inline-buttons a:first-child{border-left:none}#index-2 .call-to-action .inline-buttons a:active,#index-2 .call-to-action .inline-buttons a:hover{color:#000}#index-2 .cta-redirects{overflow-y:hidden}#index-2 .cta-redirects>div{margin-bottom:-18%;position:relative}#index-2 .cta-redirects>div a{bottom:55%;position:absolute}#index-2 .release-info{display:flex;flex-direction:row;position:relative;width:100%}#index-2 .release-info .needle,#index-2 .release-info .needle-head{background-color:#000;height:68px;margin-top:-8px;position:absolute;width:2px}#index-2 .release-info .needle-head{background-color:transparent;border-left:4px solid transparent;border-right:4px solid transparent;border-top:6px solid 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a{align-items:center;background-color:#c4c4c4;color:#000;display:flex;height:2rem;justify-content:center;line-height:2.5rem;position:absolute;text-align:center;top:70%;width:2rem;z-index:2}#index-2 #m-stories .controls a:hover{background-color:#eee}#index-2 #m-stories .controls a:active{background-color:#ddd;top:calc(70% + 1px)}#index-2 #m-stories .controls a.left{left:0}#index-2 #m-stories .controls a.right{right:0}#index-2 #m-stories .copy{background:#faf9f8;background:linear-gradient(90deg,#faf9f8 48%,hsla(30,17%,98%,.125))}#index-2 #m-stories .copy p{font-size:1rem}#index-2 #m-stories .airbnb .fg,#index-2 #m-stories .goog .illustration .fg{padding-top:40px}#index-2 #m-stories .copy{padding-left:20px;padding-right:30px;position:absolute;transition:opacity .2s ease-out;width:260px}#index-2 #m-stories .copy p{padding:1rem 0}#index-2 #m-stories .copy a.migration-button{border:1px solid #000;color:#000;display:block;padding:8px 0;text-align:center;text-decoration:none;width:60%}#index-2 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.github-bar.left{left:-200px}#index-2 .github-bar.right{right:-200px}#index-2 ul#videos{margin:0;padding:0}#index-2 ul#videos li{border-left:2px solid transparent;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}#index-2 ul#videos li.active{border-color:#000}#index-2 ul#videos li a{color:#000;display:block;font-size:1rem;margin-left:6px;text-decoration:none}#index-2 ul#videos li span{font-size:.8rem;font-style:italic}#index-2 .installation-panel .flat-button{background-color:#fff;color:#000;cursor:pointer;display:block;margin-top:20px;padding:1rem;text-decoration:none}@media screen and (-ms-high-contrast:active){#index-2 .installation-panel .flat-button{border:2px solid gray}}#index-2 .installation-panel .flat-button.focus,#index-2 .installation-panel .flat-button:hover{background-color:#eee}#index-2 .installation-panel .flat-button:active{background-color:#ddd}#index-2 .installation-panel .flat-button .fluid-button-title{font-weight:600}#index-2 .installation-panel .flat-button 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div.yellow-hint-blue,#index-2 .adopt-step-stepper div.yellow-lot-blue{background-color:#ffe200}#index-2 .adopt-step-stepper div.yellow-hint-blue:after,#index-2 .adopt-step-stepper div.yellow-lot-blue:after{background-color:#3178c6;content:"";height:13px;left:0;position:absolute;width:20%}#index-2 .adopt-step-stepper div.yellow-lot-blue:after{width:60%}#index-2 .adopt-step-stepper div.first{margin-left:0}#index-2 .via-delete .highlight{background-color:#fee}#index-2 .via-delete .dim{opacity:1}.yellow{background-color:#f1dd3f;color:#000;margin-bottom:-110px}.yellow .col1{align-self:stretch;width:50%}.yellow .col1 pre{height:220px;overflow:hidden}.yellow .col1 pre code{font-size:14px;line-height:16px}.yellow a{color:#000}.darkblue.dt{position:relative}.darkblue.dt .dark-blue-trans-bg{background-color:rgba(0,39,62,.77)}.darkblue.dt .dark-blue-trans-bg a{color:#fff}.darkblue.dt .dt-background{bottom:20px;font-family:var(--code-font);font-size:1.2rem;left:20px;opacity:.2;overflow:hidden;position:absolute;top:20px;width:80%}.flex-column{flex-direction:column}.fluid-button{background-color:#fff;color:#000;display:flex;padding:.5rem 1rem;text-decoration:none}.fluid-button .fluid-button-title{font-weight:600}.fluid-button div.fluid-button-icon{align-items:center;border-left:2px solid #000;display:flex;justify-content:center;margin-left:1rem;margin-right:-1rem;min-width:4rem;text-align:center}.fluid-button.focus,.fluid-button:hover{background-color:#eee}.fluid-button:active{background-color:#ddd}.cta .cta-back a{left:20px;position:relative;top:20px;width:60px}.transparent-button{border:1px solid #fff;color:#fff;cursor:pointer;left:20px;padding:10px;position:absolute;text-decoration:none;top:40px;width:80px}.transparent-button svg{margin-right:8px}.transparent-button.focus,.transparent-button:hover{background-color:hsla(0,0%,100%,.063)}.transparent-button:active{background-color:hsla(0,0%,100%,.125);border:1px solid hsla(0,0%,100%,.376)}.flow-links{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap}.clicky-grey-button{background-color:#d8d8d8;color:#000;display:flex;flex-direction:column-reverse;height:10rem;margin-bottom:20px;margin-right:20px;padding:18px;position:relative;text-decoration:none;width:16rem}.clicky-grey-button.white-theme{background-color:#fff;border:1px solid #000}.clicky-grey-button.white-theme:hover{background-color:#eee}.clicky-grey-button.white-theme:active{background-color:#f2f2f2;margin-bottom:19px}@media screen and (-ms-high-contrast:active){.clicky-grey-button{border:1px solid gray}.clicky-grey-button svg 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li{list-style:none;margin-left:0}@media(max-width:800px){.columns{flex-direction:column;margin:0}}div#like-dislike-subnav div{font-size:14px;padding-left:4px;padding-top:16px}div#like-dislike-subnav div button{align-items:center;background:none;border:none;color:var(--text-color);display:inline-flex;flex-direction:row}div#like-dislike-subnav div button svg{fill:var(--text-color);color:var(--text-color);margin-right:4px}#beta{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#9b9a4e,#9b9a4e 10px,#6e6a33 0,#6e6a33 20px);background-color:"#c63131";color:#fff;padding:4px 4px 6px;text-align:center;text-shadow:0 2px 4px #000}#doc-layout{display:flex;flex-direction:row}#handbook-content{margin:auto;max-width:1200px;min-width:0;padding:0 2rem}@media(max-width:480px){#handbook-content{padding:0}}#handbook-content>h1{font-size:3.5rem;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:0;line-height:3.5rem}@media(max-width:800px){#handbook-content>h1{font-size:2.5rem;margin-left:1rem;margin-right:1rem}}#handbook-content article{display:flex;flex-direction:row;width:100%}@media(max-width:999px){#handbook-content article{flex-direction:column}}#handbook-content .whitespace,#handbook-content .whitespace-tight{margin:0 auto 1rem;overflow:hidden;padding:2rem}@media(max-width:999px){#handbook-content .whitespace,#handbook-content .whitespace-tight{order:2}}#handbook-content .whitespace-tight{padding:1.2rem 2rem}#handbook-content aside{flex-shrink:0;margin-left:20px;width:13rem}@media(min-width:1000px){#handbook-content aside{display:block}}@media(max-width:999px){#handbook-content aside{margin-left:0;order:1;position:relative;top:0;width:100%;z-index:98}}#handbook-content aside nav{margin-bottom:1rem;position:sticky;top:30px}#handbook-content aside nav.deprecated{top:7rem}#handbook-content aside h5{font-size:16px;font-weight:600;margin:0}#handbook-content aside ul{padding:0}#handbook-content aside ul li{list-style:none}#handbook-content aside ul a{border-left:2px solid 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header{font-size:.8rem;margin-bottom:.5rem}#handbook-content .prev-next p{margin-bottom:.4rem}#handbook-content .prev-next header,#handbook-content .prev-next p{color:var(--text-color)}#handbook-content .prev-next:hover h3,#handbook-content .prev-next:hover svg path{fill:var(--text-color);color:var(--text-color)}#handbook-content .prev-next .nav-content{flex:1 1;padding-right:1rem}#handbook-content .prev-next.next{flex-direction:row-reverse;padding-left:1rem;padding-right:0;text-align:right}#handbook-content .prev-next.next .arrow{margin-left:20px;margin-right:0}#handbook-content .prev-next.next svg{transform:scaleX(-1)}#handbook-content .vertical-line{background-color:#e3e3e3;flex-basis:2px;flex-grow:0;flex-shrink:0;height:80px;min-width:2px}#handbook-content .docs-footer{border-top:1px solid var(--border-color);display:flex;flex-direction:row-reverse;height:2rem;margin:0 -2rem;padding:0}#handbook-content .docs-footer h5{font-weight:400;margin:0;padding:.5rem 1rem 0 0}#handbook-content .docs-footer button{align-items:center;background:none;border:none;border-left:1px solid var(--border-color);color:var(--text-color);cursor:pointer;display:inline-flex;flex-direction:row;padding:0 1rem}#handbook-content .docs-footer button:hover{background-color:var(--border-color)}#handbook-content .docs-footer button svg{fill:var(--text-color);color:var(--text-color);margin-right:4px}#handbook-content #deprecated-header{align-items:center;background-color:#fff4cf;color:#000;display:flex;justify-content:space-between;margin:0 -2rem;padding:1rem 2rem 1rem 0;position:sticky;top:0;z-index:1}#handbook-content #deprecated-header [id]:before{height:110px;margin-top:-110px}@media(max-width:800px){#handbook-content #deprecated-header{flex-direction:column;margin:0;padding:1rem}#handbook-content #deprecated-header h3{font-size:.8rem}#handbook-content #deprecated-header #deprecated-icon{margin-right:1rem}#handbook-content #deprecated-header #deprecated-action{margin-top:1rem}}#handbook-content #deprecated-header #deprecated-content{align-items:center;display:flex}#handbook-content #deprecated-header #deprecated-content #deprecated-icon{text-align:center;width:2rem}#handbook-content #deprecated-header h3{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:400;margin-bottom:.5rem;margin-top:0}#handbook-content #deprecated-header p{margin-bottom:.2rem;margin-top:0}#handbook-content #deprecated-header #deprecated-action{flex-shrink:0}#handbook-content #deprecated-header #deprecated-action a{background-color:#fff;border:1px solid #000;color:#000;padding:.2rem .5rem;text-decoration:none}#handbook-content #deprecated-header #deprecated-action a:hover{background-color:#eee}#handbook-content .markdown table.cli-option{display:table}#handbook-content .markdown table.cli-option tr{width:100%}#handbook-content .markdown table.cli-option tr p{margin:0;padding:0}#handbook-content .markdown table.cli-option tr code{word-wrap:normal}#handbook-content .markdown table.cli-option tr.odd{background-color:var(--background-color)!important}#handbook-content .markdown table.cli-option tr.even{background-color:var(--background-minor-highlight-color)!important}#handbook-content .markdown table.cli-option ul{margin:0;padding:0}#handbook-content .markdown table.cli-option ul li{list-style:none;margin:0 0 8px}#handbook-content .markdown table.cli-option tr.option-description td{border-top:none;margin-top:0}.circle-bg{background-color:#719af4;color:#000;display:inline-block;line-height:31px;margin-right:3px;margin-top:12px;overflow:hidden;position:relative;text-align:center}.circle-bg,.circle-bg img{border-radius:16px;height:32px;width:32px}.circle-bg img{left:0;position:absolute;top:0}.bottom-section-content{flex:1 1;padding:1rem 2rem}@media(max-width:480px){.small-columns{flex-direction:column!important}}.inline-popup{background:var(--background-color);border-radius:2px;box-shadow:0 30px 90px -20px rgba(0,0,0,.3),0 0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.05);font-size:14px;line-height:20px;max-width:400px;min-width:300px;padding:0;position:absolute;transition:opacity .5s;z-index:110}.inline-popup .inline-popup-container{display:flex}.inline-popup .inline-popup-container a.inline-popup-extract{color:var(--text-color);display:block;margin:16px;max-height:140px;overflow:hidden;position:relative;text-decoration:none}.inline-popup .inline-popup-container a.inline-popup-extract h5{margin-top:0}.inline-popup .inline-popup-container a.inline-popup-extract:after{background-color:transparent;bottom:0;content:" ";height:20px;pointer-events:none;position:absolute;width:25%}.inline-popup .inline-popup-container a.inline-popup-extract div{margin:0}.inline-popup .inline-popup-container a.inline-popup-extract div code{background-color:var(--inline-code-background-color);border-radius:2px;padding:2px 4px}.inline-popup.popup-fade-in{animation:.1s ease 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li.deprecated{text-decoration:line-through}pre .inline-completions ul.dropdown li span.result-found{color:#2265a5}pre .inline-completions ul.dropdown li span.result{color:#000;display:inline-block;width:100px}.dark-theme .markdown pre{background-color:#d8d8d8;border-color:#ddd;filter:invert(98%) hue-rotate(180deg)}data-lsp{border-bottom:1px dotted transparent;transition-timing-function:ease;transition:border-color .3s}@media(prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){data-lsp{transition:none}}.tag-container{position:relative}.tag-container .twoslash-annotation{color:#187abf;font-family:JetBrains Mono,Menlo,Monaco,Consolas,Courier New,monospace;position:absolute;right:-210px;width:200px}.tag-container .twoslash-annotation svg{float:left;margin-left:-44px}.tag-container .twoslash-annotation.left{left:-200px;right:auto}.tag-container .twoslash-annotation.left svg{float:right;margin-right:-5px}.markdown{scroll-behavior:smooth}.markdown h1,.markdown h2,.markdown h3{white-space-collapse:preserve;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;font-weight:400;line-height:1.3}.markdown h1 a,.markdown h2 a,.markdown h3 a{padding-right:10px!important}.markdown h1[id]:before,.markdown h2[id]:before,.markdown h3[id]:before{content:"";display:block;height:30px;margin-top:-30px;visibility:hidden}.markdown h1{word-wrap:break-word;font-size:2rem;margin-bottom:12px;margin-top:0;word-break:break-word}.markdown h2{font-size:1.75rem;margin-bottom:12px;margin-top:32px}.markdown h3{font-size:1.1875rem;margin-bottom:18px;margin-top:30px}.markdown pre{clear:both;top:10px}.markdown blockquote{background-color:var(--inline-code-background-color);border-left:2px solid var(--border-color);font-size:.8rem;margin:auto;padding:.1rem 2rem}.markdown blockquote.bg-reading{border-left:none;float:right;margin-left:.5rem}.markdown .language-id{display:none}.markdown table{border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:0;display:block;font-size:.875rem;max-width:100%;overflow-x:auto;table-layout:auto;width:100%}.markdown table.data{display:table}.markdown table.data td,.markdown table.data th,.markdown table.data tr{text-align:center}.markdown table td,.markdown table th{word-wrap:break-word;border:0;border-top:1px solid var(--border-color);display:table-cell;line-height:1.5;padding:.75rem 1rem;text-align:left;vertical-align:top}.markdown table tr:nth-child(2n){background-color:var(--background-minor-highlight-color)}.markdown table th{border-top:none}.markdown img{max-width:100%}.markdown div.table-container{overflow-x:auto}.markdown table.full-width-table{display:table;width:100%}.markdown .blue-tick{color:#3178c6;font-size:1.2rem;font-weight:700}.markdown .black-tick{color:#086f56;font-size:1.2rem}.markdown .red-cross{color:#c63131;font-size:1.2rem}#glossary 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p{background:#fff;background:linear-gradient(0deg,#fff,hsla(0,0%,100%,.5));bottom:0;font-size:3rem;left:0;line-height:3rem;margin:0;padding-bottom:.8rem;padding-left:.8rem;position:absolute;width:100%}.dev-tools h3{margin:.6rem 0 0 1rem}@media(max-width:800px){.navbar-sub.dev-tools{height:auto}.navbar-sub.dev-tools .nav{flex-direction:column}}.examples{background-color:var(--playground-dropdown-bg);box-shadow:0 6px 12px rgba(0,0,0,.175);color:var(--text-color);height:450px;padding:20px}.examples a{color:var(--link-color)}.examples button.section-name{background-color:transparent;border:none;color:var(--text-color);font-size:2rem;font-weight:600;height:2.8rem;margin-right:1rem;margin-top:0;padding-bottom:.05rem;padding-top:0;text-decoration:none}.examples button.section-name.selected{border-bottom:2px solid #3178c6}.examples>ol{padding-left:0}.examples>ol li{display:inline-block;margin-bottom:20px;padding:0;width:auto}.examples>ol li:hover{background-color:transparent}.examples 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stroke-width="2"></path></svg></span></button><ul><li><a href="/docs/handbook/declaration-files/templates/module-d-ts.html">Modules .d.ts</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/declaration-files/templates/module-plugin-d-ts.html">Module: Plugin</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/declaration-files/templates/module-class-d-ts.html">Module: Class</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/declaration-files/templates/module-function-d-ts.html">Module: Function</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/declaration-files/templates/global-d-ts.html">Global .d.ts</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/declaration-files/templates/global-modifying-module-d-ts.html">Global: Modifying Module</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/declaration-files/do-s-and-don-ts.html">Do's and Don'ts</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/declaration-files/deep-dive.html">Deep Dive</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/declaration-files/publishing.html">Publishing</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/declaration-files/consumption.html">Consumption</a></li></ul></li><li class="closed"><button aria-expanded="false">JavaScript<span class="open"><svg fill="none" height="9" viewBox="0 0 14 9" width="14" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="m1 1 6 6 6-6" stroke="#000" stroke-width="2"></path></svg></span><span class="closed"><svg fill="none" height="14" viewBox="0 0 9 14" width="9" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="m1 13 6-6-6-6" stroke="#000" stroke-width="2"></path></svg></span></button><ul><li><a href="/docs/handbook/intro-to-js-ts.html">JS Projects Utilizing TypeScript</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/type-checking-javascript-files.html">Type Checking JavaScript Files</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/jsdoc-supported-types.html">JSDoc Reference</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/declaration-files/dts-from-js.html">Creating .d.ts Files from .js files</a></li></ul></li><li class="open highlighted"><button aria-expanded="true">Project Configuration<span class="open"><svg fill="none" height="9" viewBox="0 0 14 9" width="14" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="m1 1 6 6 6-6" stroke="#000" stroke-width="2"></path></svg></span><span class="closed"><svg fill="none" height="14" viewBox="0 0 9 14" width="9" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="m1 13 6-6-6-6" stroke="#000" stroke-width="2"></path></svg></span></button><ul><li><a href="/docs/handbook/tsconfig-json.html">What is a tsconfig.json</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/compiler-options-in-msbuild.html">Compiler Options in MSBuild</a></li><li><a href="/tsconfig/">TSConfig Reference</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/compiler-options.html">tsc CLI Options</a></li><li aria-current="page" class="highlight"><a aria-current="page" class="" href="/docs/handbook/project-references.html">Project References</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/integrating-with-build-tools.html">Integrating with Build Tools</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/configuring-watch.html">Configuring Watch</a></li><li><a href="/docs/handbook/nightly-builds.html">Nightly Builds</a></li></ul></li></ul></nav><div id="handbook-content" role="article"><h1>Project References</h1><article><div class="whitespace raised"><div class="markdown"><p>Project references allows you to structure your TypeScript programs into smaller pieces, available in TypeScript 3.0 and newer.</p> <p>By doing this, you can greatly improve build times, enforce logical separation between components, and organize your code in new and better ways.</p> <p>We’re also introducing a new mode for <code>tsc</code>, the <code>--build</code> flag, that works hand in hand with project references to enable faster TypeScript builds.</p> <h2 id="an-example-project" style="position:relative;"><a href="#an-example-project" aria-label="an example project permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>An Example Project</h2> <p>Let’s look at a fairly normal program and see how project references can help us better organize it. Imagine you have a project with two modules, <code>converter</code> and <code>units</code>, and a corresponding test file for each:</p> <pre class="shiki light-plus" style="background-color: #FFFFFF; color: #000000"><div class='code-container' tabindex='0'><code><div class='line'><span style="color: undefined">/</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color: undefined">├── src/</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color: undefined">│ ├── converter.ts</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color: undefined">│ └── units.ts</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color: undefined">├── test/</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color: undefined">│ ├── converter-tests.ts</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color: undefined">│ └── units-tests.ts</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color: undefined">└── tsconfig.json</span></div></code></div></pre> <p>The test files import the implementation files and do some testing:</p> <pre class="shiki light-plus" style="background-color: #FFFFFF; color: #000000"><div class="language-id">ts</div><div class='code-container' tabindex='0'><code><div class='line'><span style="color: #008000">// converter-tests.ts</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color: #AF00DB">import</span><span style="color: #000000"> </span><span style="color: #0000FF">*</span><span style="color: #000000"> </span><span style="color: #AF00DB">as</span><span style="color: #000000"> </span><span style="color: #001080">converter</span><span style="color: #000000"> </span><span style="color: #AF00DB">from</span><span style="color: #000000"> </span><span style="color: #A31515">"../src/converter"</span><span style="color: #000000">;</span></div><div class='line'></div><div class='line'><span style="color: #001080">assert</span><span style="color: #000000">.</span><span style="color: #795E26">areEqual</span><span style="color: #000000">(</span><span style="color: #001080">converter</span><span style="color: #000000">.</span><span style="color: #795E26">celsiusToFahrenheit</span><span style="color: #000000">(</span><span style="color: #098658">0</span><span style="color: #000000">), </span><span style="color: #098658">32</span><span style="color: #000000">);</span></div></code></div></pre> <p>Previously, this structure was rather awkward to work with if you used a single tsconfig file:</p> <ul> <li>It was possible for the implementation files to import the test files</li> <li>It wasn’t possible to build <code>test</code> and <code>src</code> at the same time without having <code>src</code> appear in the output folder name, which you probably don’t want</li> <li>Changing just the <em>internals</em> in the implementation files required <em>typechecking</em> the tests again, even though this wouldn’t ever cause new errors</li> <li>Changing just the tests required typechecking the implementation again, even if nothing changed</li> </ul> <p>You could use multiple tsconfig files to solve <em>some</em> of those problems, but new ones would appear:</p> <ul> <li>There’s no built-in up-to-date checking, so you end up always running <code>tsc</code> twice</li> <li>Invoking <code>tsc</code> twice incurs more startup time overhead</li> <li><code>tsc -w</code> can’t run on multiple config files at once</li> </ul> <p>Project references can solve all of these problems and more.</p> <h2 id="what-is-a-project-reference" style="position:relative;"><a href="#what-is-a-project-reference" aria-label="what is a project reference permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>What is a Project Reference?</h2> <p><code>tsconfig.json</code> files have a new top-level property, <a href="/tsconfig#references"><code>references</code></a>. It’s an array of objects that specifies projects to reference:</p> <pre class="shiki light-plus" style="background-color: #FFFFFF; color: #000000" tsconfig="true"><div class="language-id">js</div><div class='code-container' tabindex='0'><code><div class='line'><span style="color: #000000">{</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color: #000000"> </span><span style="color: #A31515">"compilerOptions"</span><span style="color: #000000">: {</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color: #000000"> </span><span style="color: #008000">// The usual</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color: #000000"> },</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color: #000000"> </span><span style="color: #A31515">"references"</span><span style="color: #000000">: [</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color: #000000"> { </span><span style="color: #A31515">"path"</span><span style="color: #001080">:</span><span style="color: #000000"> </span><span style="color: #A31515">"../src"</span><span style="color: #000000"> }</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color: #000000"> ]</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color: #000000">}</span></div></code></div></pre> <p>The <code>path</code> property of each reference can point to a directory containing a <code>tsconfig.json</code> file, or to the config file itself (which may have any name).</p> <p>When you reference a project, new things happen:</p> <ul> <li>Importing modules from a referenced project will instead load its <em>output</em> declaration file (<code>.d.ts</code>)</li> <li>If the referenced project produces an <a href="/tsconfig#outFile"><code>outFile</code></a>, the output file <code>.d.ts</code> file’s declarations will be visible in this project</li> <li>Build mode (see below) will automatically build the referenced project if needed</li> </ul> <p>By separating into multiple projects, you can greatly improve the speed of typechecking and compiling, reduce memory usage when using an editor, and improve enforcement of the logical groupings of your program.</p> <h2 id="composite" style="position:relative;"><a href="#composite" aria-label="composite permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a><code>composite</code></h2> <p>Referenced projects must have the new <a href="/tsconfig#composite"><code>composite</code></a> setting enabled. This setting is needed to ensure TypeScript can quickly determine where to find the outputs of the referenced project. Enabling the <a href="/tsconfig#composite"><code>composite</code></a> flag changes a few things:</p> <ul> <li>The <a href="/tsconfig#rootDir"><code>rootDir</code></a> setting, if not explicitly set, defaults to the directory containing the <code>tsconfig</code> file</li> <li>All implementation files must be matched by an <a href="/tsconfig#include"><code>include</code></a> pattern or listed in the <a href="/tsconfig#files"><code>files</code></a> array. If this constraint is violated, <code>tsc</code> will inform you which files weren’t specified</li> <li><a href="/tsconfig#declaration"><code>declaration</code></a> must be turned on</li> </ul> <h2 id="declarationmap" style="position:relative;"><a href="#declarationmap" aria-label="declarationmap permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a><code>declarationMap</code></h2> <p>We’ve also added support for <a href="https://github.com/Microsoft/TypeScript/issues/14479">declaration source maps</a>. If you enable <a href="/tsconfig#declarationMap"><code>declarationMap</code></a>, you’ll be able to use editor features like “Go to Definition” and Rename to transparently navigate and edit code across project boundaries in supported editors.</p> <h2 id="caveats-for-project-references" style="position:relative;"><a href="#caveats-for-project-references" aria-label="caveats for project references permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Caveats for Project References</h2> <p>Project references have a few trade-offs you should be aware of.</p> <p>Because dependent projects make use of <code>.d.ts</code> files that are built from their dependencies, you’ll either have to check in certain build outputs <em>or</em> build a project after cloning it before you can navigate the project in an editor without seeing spurious errors.</p> <p>When using VS Code (since TS 3.7) we have a behind-the-scenes in-memory <code>.d.ts</code> generation process that should be able to mitigate this, but it has some perf implications. For very large composite projects you might want to disable this using <a href="/tsconfig#disableSourceOfProjectReferenceRedirect">disableSourceOfProjectReferenceRedirect option</a>.</p> <p>Additionally, to preserve compatibility with existing build workflows, <code>tsc</code> will <em>not</em> automatically build dependencies unless invoked with the <code>--build</code> switch. Let’s learn more about <code>--build</code>.</p> <h2 id="build-mode-for-typescript" style="position:relative;"><a href="#build-mode-for-typescript" aria-label="build mode for typescript permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Build Mode for TypeScript</h2> <p>A long-awaited feature is smart incremental builds for TypeScript projects. In 3.0 you can use the <code>--build</code> flag with <code>tsc</code>. This is effectively a new entry point for <code>tsc</code> that behaves more like a build orchestrator than a simple compiler.</p> <p>Running <code>tsc --build</code> (<code>tsc -b</code> for short) will do the following:</p> <ul> <li>Find all referenced projects</li> <li>Detect if they are up-to-date</li> <li>Build out-of-date projects in the correct order</li> </ul> <p>You can provide <code>tsc -b</code> with multiple config file paths (e.g. <code>tsc -b src test</code>). Just like <code>tsc -p</code>, specifying the config file name itself is unnecessary if it’s named <code>tsconfig.json</code>.</p> <h3 id="tsc--b-commandline" style="position:relative;"><a href="#tsc--b-commandline" aria-label="tsc b commandline permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a><code>tsc -b</code> Commandline</h3> <p>You can specify any number of config files:</p> <pre class="shiki light-plus" style="background-color: #FFFFFF; color: #000000"><div class="language-id">shell</div><div class='code-container' tabindex='0'><code><div class='line'><span style="color: #000000"> > tsc -b </span><span style="color: #008000"># Use the tsconfig.json in the current directory</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color: #000000"> > tsc -b src </span><span style="color: #008000"># Use src/tsconfig.json</span></div><div class='line'><span style="color: #000000"> > tsc -b foo/prd.tsconfig.json bar </span><span style="color: #008000"># Use foo/prd.tsconfig.json and bar/tsconfig.json</span></div></code></div></pre> <p>Don’t worry about ordering the files you pass on the commandline - <code>tsc</code> will re-order them if needed so that dependencies are always built first.</p> <p>There are also some flags specific to <code>tsc -b</code>:</p> <ul> <li><a href="/tsconfig#verbose"><code>--verbose</code></a>: Prints out verbose logging to explain what’s going on (may be combined with any other flag)</li> <li><code>--dry</code>: Shows what would be done but doesn’t actually build anything</li> <li><code>--clean</code>: Deletes the outputs of the specified projects (may be combined with <code>--dry</code>)</li> <li><a href="/tsconfig#force"><code>--force</code></a>: Act as if all projects are out of date</li> <li><code>--watch</code>: Watch mode (may not be combined with any flag except <a href="/tsconfig#verbose"><code>--verbose</code></a>)</li> </ul> <h2 id="caveats" style="position:relative;"><a href="#caveats" aria-label="caveats permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Caveats</h2> <p>Normally, <code>tsc</code> will produce outputs (<code>.js</code> and <code>.d.ts</code>) in the presence of syntax or type errors, unless <a href="/tsconfig#noEmitOnError"><code>noEmitOnError</code></a> is on. Doing this in an incremental build system would be very bad - if one of your out-of-date dependencies had a new error, you’d only see it <em>once</em> because a subsequent build would skip building the now up-to-date project. For this reason, <code>tsc -b</code> effectively acts as if <a href="/tsconfig#noEmitOnError"><code>noEmitOnError</code></a> is enabled for all projects.</p> <p>If you check in any build outputs (<code>.js</code>, <code>.d.ts</code>, <code>.d.ts.map</code>, etc.), you may need to run a <a href="/tsconfig#force"><code>--force</code></a> build after certain source control operations depending on whether your source control tool preserves timestamps between the local copy and the remote copy.</p> <h2 id="msbuild" style="position:relative;"><a href="#msbuild" aria-label="msbuild permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>MSBuild</h2> <p>If you have an msbuild project, you can enable build mode by adding</p> <pre class="shiki light-plus" style="background-color: #FFFFFF; color: #000000"><div class="language-id">xml</div><div class='code-container' tabindex='0'><code><div class='line'><span style="color: #000000"> </span><span style="color: #800000"><TypeScriptBuildMode></span><span style="color: #000000">true</span><span style="color: #800000"></TypeScriptBuildMode></span></div></code></div></pre> <p>to your proj file. This will enable automatic incremental build as well as cleaning.</p> <p>Note that as with <code>tsconfig.json</code> / <code>-p</code>, existing TypeScript project properties will not be respected - all settings should be managed using your tsconfig file.</p> <p>Some teams have set up msbuild-based workflows wherein tsconfig files have the same <em>implicit</em> graph ordering as the managed projects they are paired with. If your solution is like this, you can continue to use <code>msbuild</code> with <code>tsc -p</code> along with project references; these are fully interoperable.</p> <h2 id="guidance" style="position:relative;"><a href="#guidance" aria-label="guidance permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Guidance</h2> <h3 id="overall-structure" style="position:relative;"><a href="#overall-structure" aria-label="overall structure permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Overall Structure</h3> <p>With more <code>tsconfig.json</code> files, you’ll usually want to use <a href="/docs/handbook/tsconfig-json.html">Configuration file inheritance</a> to centralize your common compiler options. This way you can change a setting in one file rather than having to edit multiple files.</p> <p>Another good practice is to have a “solution” <code>tsconfig.json</code> file that simply has <a href="/tsconfig#references"><code>references</code></a> to all of your leaf-node projects and sets <a href="/tsconfig#files"><code>files</code></a> to an empty array (otherwise the solution file will cause double compilation of files). Note that starting with 3.0, it is no longer an error to have an empty <a href="/tsconfig#files"><code>files</code></a> array if you have at least one <code>reference</code> in a <code>tsconfig.json</code> file.</p> <p>This presents a simple entry point; e.g. in the TypeScript repo we simply run <code>tsc -b src</code> to build all endpoints because we list all the subprojects in <code>src/tsconfig.json</code></p> <p>You can see these patterns in the TypeScript repo - see <code>src/tsconfig_base.json</code>, <code>src/tsconfig.json</code>, and <code>src/tsc/tsconfig.json</code> as key examples.</p> <h3 id="structuring-for-relative-modules" style="position:relative;"><a href="#structuring-for-relative-modules" aria-label="structuring for relative modules permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Structuring for relative modules</h3> <p>In general, not much is needed to transition a repo using relative modules. Simply place a <code>tsconfig.json</code> file in each subdirectory of a given parent folder, and add <code>reference</code>s to these config files to match the intended layering of the program. You will need to either set the <a href="/tsconfig#outDir"><code>outDir</code></a> to an explicit subfolder of the output folder, or set the <a href="/tsconfig#rootDir"><code>rootDir</code></a> to the common root of all project folders.</p> <h3 id="structuring-for-outfiles" style="position:relative;"><a href="#structuring-for-outfiles" aria-label="structuring for outfiles permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Structuring for outFiles</h3> <p>Layout for compilations using <a href="/tsconfig#outFile"><code>outFile</code></a> is more flexible because relative paths don’t matter as much. The TypeScript repo itself is a good reference here - we have some “library” projects and some “endpoint” projects; “endpoint” projects are kept as small as possible and pull in only the libraries they need.</p> <!-- ### Structuring for monorepos TODO: Experiment more and figure this out. Rush and Lerna seem to have different models that imply different things on our end --></div></div><aside class="handbook-toc"><nav class="" aria-label="table of contents"><h5>On this page</h5><ul class="handbook-on-this-page-section-list"><li><a href="#an-example-project">An Example Project</a></li><li><a href="#what-is-a-project-reference">What is a Project Reference?</a></li><li><a href="#composite">composite</a></li><li><a href="#declarationmap">declarationMap</a></li><li><a href="#caveats-for-project-references">Caveats for Project References</a></li><li><a href="#build-mode-for-typescript">Build Mode for TypeScript</a><ul><li><a href="#tsc--b-commandline">tsc -b Commandline</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#caveats">Caveats</a></li><li><a href="#msbuild">MSBuild</a></li><li><a href="#guidance">Guidance</a><ul><li><a href="#overall-structure">Overall Structure</a></li><li><a href="#structuring-for-relative-modules">Structuring for relative modules</a></li><li><a href="#structuring-for-outfiles">Structuring for outFiles</a></li></ul></li></ul><div id="like-dislike-subnav"><h5>Is this page helpful?</h5><div><button title="Like this page" id="like-button"><svg width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M10.052 2.29429C10.3913 1.31699 11.6841 0.866721 12.4829 1.70385C12.6455 1.87427 12.8081 2.05843 12.9176 2.22265C13.2379 2.70316 13.3725 3.33595 13.4218 3.95232C13.4721 4.58045 13.438 5.25457 13.3738 5.86484C13.3093 6.47746 13.2129 7.03959 13.1328 7.44777C13.1294 7.46547 13.1259 7.48288 13.1225 7.5H14.006C15.8777 7.5 17.2924 9.19514 16.9576 11.0367L16.2737 14.7984C15.8017 17.3943 13.2078 19.0291 10.6622 18.3348L5.06251 16.8076C4.14894 16.5585 3.45455 15.8145 3.26885 14.886L2.91581 13.1208C2.63809 11.7322 3.69991 10.5624 4.82905 10.1161C5.15163 9.98861 5.44337 9.82679 5.66974 9.62597C7.37583 8.11245 7.99442 6.90287 9.05406 4.77695C9.4084 4.06605 9.77205 3.10054 10.052 2.29429ZM12.0165 7.87862L12.0169 7.87707L12.0187 7.86973L12.0262 7.83863C12.0328 7.81079 12.0426 7.76903 12.0549 7.71494C12.0793 7.60669 12.1135 7.4493 12.1515 7.25536C12.2277 6.86666 12.3188 6.33504 12.3793 5.76016C12.4401 5.18293 12.4685 4.5758 12.425 4.03206C12.3806 3.47655 12.2652 3.04684 12.0855 2.77735C12.0264 2.6887 11.9138 2.55604 11.7594 2.39421C11.5605 2.18576 11.1314 2.23428 10.9967 2.62228C10.7141 3.43609 10.3334 4.45194 9.94904 5.22305C8.88216 7.36349 8.19326 8.72408 6.33336 10.374C5.99304 10.6759 5.58878 10.8911 5.19665 11.0461C4.31631 11.3941 3.75035 12.1945 3.89639 12.9247L4.24943 14.6899C4.36085 15.247 4.77748 15.6934 5.32562 15.8428L10.9254 17.3701C12.9052 17.91 14.9227 16.6385 15.2898 14.6195L15.9738 10.8578C16.197 9.63009 15.2538 8.5 14.006 8.5H12.5015C12.3476 8.5 12.2022 8.42906 12.1074 8.30771C12.0127 8.18638 11.9792 8.02796 12.0165 7.87862C12.0165 7.87858 12.0165 7.87866 12.0165 7.87862Z"></path></svg> <!-- -->Yes</button><button title="Dislike this page" id="dislike-button"><svg width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M10.052 17.7057C10.3913 18.683 11.6841 19.1333 12.4829 18.2962C12.6455 18.1257 12.8081 17.9416 12.9176 17.7773C13.2379 17.2968 13.3725 16.664 13.4218 16.0477C13.4721 15.4195 13.438 14.7454 13.3738 14.1352C13.3093 13.5225 13.2129 12.9604 13.1328 12.5522C13.1294 12.5345 13.1259 12.5171 13.1225 12.5H14.006C15.8777 12.5 17.2924 10.8049 16.9576 8.96334L16.2737 5.20164C15.8017 2.60569 13.2078 0.970948 10.6622 1.66518L5.06251 3.19238C4.14894 3.44154 3.45455 4.18546 3.26885 5.11401L2.91581 6.87918C2.63809 8.26779 3.69991 9.43756 4.82905 9.88388C5.15163 10.0114 5.44337 10.1732 5.66974 10.374C7.37583 11.8875 7.99442 13.0971 9.05406 15.223C9.4084 15.9339 9.77205 16.8995 10.052 17.7057ZM12.0165 12.1214L12.0169 12.1229L12.0187 12.1303L12.0262 12.1614C12.0328 12.1892 12.0426 12.231 12.0549 12.2851C12.0793 12.3933 12.1135 12.5507 12.1515 12.7446C12.2277 13.1333 12.3188 13.665 12.3793 14.2398C12.4401 14.8171 12.4685 15.4242 12.425 15.9679C12.3806 16.5234 12.2652 16.9532 12.0855 17.2226C12.0264 17.3113 11.9138 17.444 11.7594 17.6058C11.5605 17.8142 11.1314 17.7657 10.9967 17.3777C10.7141 16.5639 10.3334 15.5481 9.94904 14.777C8.88216 12.6365 8.19326 11.2759 6.33336 9.62597C5.99304 9.32406 5.58878 9.1089 5.19665 8.9539C4.31631 8.60592 3.75035 7.80549 3.89639 7.0753L4.24943 5.31012C4.36085 4.753 4.77748 4.30664 5.32562 4.15715L10.9254 2.62995C12.9052 2.08999 14.9227 3.36145 15.2898 5.38052L15.9738 9.14222C16.197 10.3699 15.2538 11.5 14.006 11.5H12.5015C12.3476 11.5 12.2022 11.5709 12.1074 11.6923C12.0127 11.8136 11.9792 11.972 12.0165 12.1214C12.0165 12.1214 12.0165 12.1213 12.0165 12.1214Z"></path></svg> <!-- -->No</button></div></div></nav></aside></article><div class="whitespace-tight raised" style="padding:0"><div class="row justify-between small-columns"><div class="bottom-section-content"><p>The TypeScript docs are an open source project. 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