CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Y-chromosomal Adam - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"9d22f6c0-9d27-4b52-a4c8-5278a16c1a50","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Y-chromosomal_Adam","wgTitle":"Y-chromosomal Adam","wgCurRevisionId":1246527142,"wgRevisionId":1246527142,"wgArticleId":247414,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2018","All articles containing potentially dated statements","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from August 2023","Articles with unsourced statements from September 2023","Articles with unsourced statements from November 2020","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Webarchive template wayback links", "Wikipedia articles in need of updating from February 2021","All Wikipedia articles in need of updating","Human Y-DNA haplogroups","Genetic genealogy","Recent African origin of modern humans","Male","Hebrew Bible in popular culture","Events in biological evolution"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Y-chromosomal_Adam","wgRelevantArticleId":247414,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength": 30000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q351265","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready", "ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Haplogrupos_ADN-Y_%C3%81frica.PNG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1495"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Haplogrupos_ADN-Y_%C3%81frica.PNG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="997"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="797"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Y-chromosomal Adam - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y-chromosomal_Adam"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Y-chromosomal_Adam&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y-chromosomal_Adam"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Y-chromosomal_Adam rootpage-Y-chromosomal_Adam skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Y-chromosomal+Adam" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Y-chromosomal+Adam" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Y-chromosomal+Adam" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Y-chromosomal+Adam" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Definition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Age_estimate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Age_estimate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Age estimate</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Age_estimate-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Age estimate subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Age_estimate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Method" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Method"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Method</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Method-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_estimates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_estimates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>History of estimates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_estimates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family_tree" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_tree"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Family tree</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_tree-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Likely_geographic_origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Likely_geographic_origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Likely geographic origin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Likely_geographic_origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Y-chromosomal Adam</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 37 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">37 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y-chromosomale_Adam" title="Y-chromosomale Adam – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Y-chromosomale Adam" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AF%D9%85_%D8%B5%D8%A8%D8%BA%D9%8A_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%8A" title="آدم صبغي واي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="آدم صبغي واي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87-%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="ওয়াই-ক্রোমোজোমাল অ্যাডাম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ওয়াই-ক্রোমোজোমাল অ্যাডাম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y-%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Y-храмасомны Адам – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Y-храмасомны Адам" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y-hromosomski_Adam" title="Y-hromosomski Adam – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Y-hromosomski Adam" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_cromos%C3%B2mic" title="Adam cromosòmic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Adam cromosòmic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posledn%C3%AD_spole%C4%8Dn%C3%BD_p%C5%99edek_(Y-DNA)" title="Poslední společný předek (Y-DNA) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Poslední společný předek (Y-DNA)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y-kromosom_Adam" title="Y-kromosom Adam – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Y-kromosom Adam" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_des_Y-Chromosoms" title="Adam des Y-Chromosoms – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Adam des Y-Chromosoms" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad%C3%A1n_cromos%C3%B3mico" title="Adán cromosómico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Adán cromosómico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AF%D9%85_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%85_Y" title="آدم کروموزوم Y – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آدم کروموزوم Y" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plus_r%C3%A9cent_anc%C3%AAtre_patrilin%C3%A9aire_commun" title="Plus récent ancêtre patrilinéaire commun – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Plus récent ancêtre patrilinéaire commun" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad%C3%A1n_cromos%C3%B3mico_Y" title="Adán cromosómico Y – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Adán cromosómico Y" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%EC%97%BC%EC%83%89%EC%B2%B4_%EC%95%84%EB%8B%B4" title="Y염색체 아담 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="Y염색체 아담" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B7" title="सर्वप्रथम पितृवंशी पुरुष – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सर्वप्रथम पितृवंशी पुरुष" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_kromosom-Y" title="Adam kromosom-Y – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Adam kromosom-Y" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adamo_cromosomiale-Y" title="Adamo cromosomiale-Y – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Adamo cromosomiale-Y" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%93%D7%9D_%D7%9B%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%96%D7%95%D7%9D_Y" title="אדם כרומוזום Y – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אדם כרומוזום Y" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y-chromosomal_Adam" title="Y-chromosomal Adam – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Y-chromosomal Adam" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y-%D1%85%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Y-хромозомски Адам – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Y-хромозомски Адам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Kromosom_Y" title="Adam Kromosom Y – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Adam Kromosom Y" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y-chromosomale_Adam" title="Y-chromosomale Adam – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Y-chromosomale Adam" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E4%BD%93%E3%82%A2%E3%83%80%E3%83%A0" title="Y染色体アダム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Y染色体アダム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y-chromosomalny_Adam" title="Y-chromosomalny Adam – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Y-chromosomalny Adam" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad%C3%A3o_cromossomial-Y" title="Adão cromossomial-Y – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Adão cromossomial-Y" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_cu_cromozomul_Y" title="Adam cu cromozomul Y – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Adam cu cromozomul Y" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y-%D1%85%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Y-хромосомный Адам – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Y-хромосомный Адам" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_chromoz%C3%B3mu_Y" title="Adam chromozómu Y – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Adam chromozómu Y" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%95%D9%85%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%86%D9%85%DB%86%D8%B3%DB%86%D9%85%DB%8C_Y" title="ئادەمی کرۆمۆسۆمی Y – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئادەمی کرۆمۆسۆمی Y" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y-%D1%85%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Y-хромозомски Адам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Y-хромозомски Адам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y-hromozomski_Adam" title="Y-hromozomski Adam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Y-hromozomski Adam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y-kromosomi-Aatami" title="Y-kromosomi-Aatami – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Y-kromosomi-Aatami" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y-kromosoms-Adam" title="Y-kromosoms-Adam – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Y-kromosoms-Adam" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_kromozom_%C3%82dem%27i" title="Y kromozom Âdem'i – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Y kromozom Âdem'i" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y-%D1%85%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Y-хромосомний Адам – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Y-хромосомний Адам" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_nhi%E1%BB%85m_s%E1%BA%AFc_th%E1%BB%83_Y" title="Adam nhiễm sắc thể Y – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Adam nhiễm sắc thể Y" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E9%AB%94%E4%BA%9E%E7%95%B6" title="Y染色體亞當 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="Y染色體亞當" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q351265#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Y-chromosomal_Adam" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Y-chromosomal_Adam" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Y-chromosomal_Adam"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Y-chromosomal_Adam&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Y-chromosomal_Adam&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Y-chromosomal_Adam"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Y-chromosomal_Adam&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Y-chromosomal_Adam&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Y-chromosomal_Adam" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Y-chromosomal_Adam" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Y-chromosomal_Adam&oldid=1246527142" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Y-chromosomal_Adam&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Y-chromosomal_Adam&id=1246527142&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FY-chromosomal_Adam"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FY-chromosomal_Adam"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Y-chromosomal_Adam&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Y-chromosomal_Adam&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Y-chromosomal_Adam" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q351265" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Patrilineal most recent common ancestor of all living humans</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Haplogroup Y-MRCA</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Haplogrupos_ADN-Y_%C3%81frica.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Haplogrupos_ADN-Y_%C3%81frica.PNG/220px-Haplogrupos_ADN-Y_%C3%81frica.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Haplogrupos_ADN-Y_%C3%81frica.PNG/330px-Haplogrupos_ADN-Y_%C3%81frica.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Haplogrupos_ADN-Y_%C3%81frica.PNG 2x" data-file-width="346" data-file-height="431" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Possible time of origin</th><td class="infobox-data">300,000-160,000 BP <sup id="cite_ref-elhaik_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elhaik-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bottleneck_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bottleneck-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Possible place of origin</th><td class="infobox-data">Coastal Central-Northwest Africa <sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ancestor</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Ante</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Descendants</th><td class="infobox-data">primary: <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_A_(Y-DNA)" title="Haplogroup A (Y-DNA)">A</a></td></tr></tbody></table><p>In <a href="/wiki/Human_genetics" title="Human genetics">human genetics</a>, the <b>Y-chromosomal most recent common ancestor</b> (<b>Y-MRCA</b>, informally known as <b>Y-chromosomal <a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a></b>) is the <a href="/wiki/Patrilineality" title="Patrilineality">patrilineal</a> <a href="/wiki/Most_recent_common_ancestor" title="Most recent common ancestor">most recent common ancestor</a> (MRCA) from whom all <a href="/wiki/Present_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Present day">currently living</a> humans are descended. He is the most recent male from whom all living humans are descended through an unbroken line of their male ancestors. The term Y-MRCA reflects the fact that the <a href="/wiki/Y_chromosome" title="Y chromosome">Y chromosomes</a> of all currently living human males are directly derived from the Y chromosome of this remote ancestor. The analogous concept of the matrilineal most recent common ancestor is known as "<a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_Eve" title="Mitochondrial Eve">Mitochondrial Eve</a>" (mt-MRCA, named for the matrilineal transmission of <a href="/wiki/MtDNA" class="mw-redirect" title="MtDNA">mtDNA</a>), the most recent woman from whom all living humans are descended <a href="/wiki/Matrilineality" title="Matrilineality">matrilineally</a>. As with "Mitochondrial Eve", the title of "Y-chromosomal Adam" is not permanently fixed to a single individual, but can advance over the course of human history as paternal lineages become extinct. </p><p>Estimates of the time when Y-MRCA lived have also shifted as modern knowledge of human ancestry changes. For example, in 2013, the discovery of a previously unknown <a href="/wiki/Y-chromosomal_haplogroup" class="mw-redirect" title="Y-chromosomal haplogroup">Y-chromosomal haplogroup</a> was announced,<sup id="cite_ref-Mendez13_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mendez13-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which resulted in a slight adjustment of the estimated age of the human Y-MRCA.<sup id="cite_ref-nature.com_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nature.com-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By definition, it is not necessary that the Y-MRCA and the mt-MRCA should have lived at the same time.<sup id="cite_ref-ancestors_tale_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ancestors_tale-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While estimates as of 2014 suggested the possibility that the two individuals may well have been roughly contemporaneous,<sup id="cite_ref-cann_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cann-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the discovery of the archaic Y-haplogroup has pushed back the estimated age of the Y-MRCA beyond the most likely age of the mt-MRCA. As of 2015, estimates of the age of the Y-MRCA range around 200,000 to 300,000 years ago, roughly consistent with the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Anatomically_modern_humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatomically modern humans">anatomically modern humans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bottleneck_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bottleneck-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Y-chromosomal data taken from a <a href="/wiki/Neanderthal" title="Neanderthal">Neanderthal</a> from <a href="/wiki/Sidr%C3%B3n_Cave" title="Sidrón Cave">El Sidrón</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, produced a Y-T-MRCA (time to Y-MRCA) of 588,000 years ago for Neanderthal and <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_sapiens" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo sapiens">Homo sapiens</a></i> patrilineages, dubbed <i>ante</i> Adam, and 275,000 years ago for Y-MRCA.<sup id="cite_ref-Mendez2016_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mendez2016-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Y-chromosomal_Adam&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table id="Container" role="presentation" class="nomobile toccolours searchaux" style="text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;border-style:solid;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.3em 0 0.8em 1.4em;overflow:hidden;min-width:29.95em"><tbody><tr><td colspan="3" id="Title" style="padding:1em 1em 0 1em"><div style="background-color:#77bb77;padding:0 0.2em 0 0.2em;font-weight:bold;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_human_evolution" title="Timeline of human evolution"><span style="color:#ffffff;">Hominin timeline</span></a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" id="Navbox" style="padding:0;margin:0 1em 0 0;text-align:right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><span>This box: </span><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Human_timeline" title="Template:Human timeline"><span title="View this template">view</span></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Human_timeline" title="Template talk:Human timeline"><span title="Discuss this template">talk</span></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Human_timeline" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Human timeline"><span title="Edit this template">edit</span></a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td id="Scale" style="padding:0;margin:0.7em 0 0.7em 0;width:4.2em;position:relative;float:left;font-size:100%;height:50em;border-right:1px solid #242020"><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:50.00em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−10 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:47.50em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:45.00em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−9 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:42.50em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:40.00em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−8 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:37.50em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:35.00em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−7 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:32.50em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:30.00em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−6 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:27.50em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:25.00em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−5 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:22.50em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:20.00em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−4 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:17.50em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:15.00em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−3 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:12.50em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:10.00em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−2 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:7.50em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:5.00em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−1 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:2.50em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:-0.00em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">0 —</span></div></td><td id="Timeline" class="toccolours notheme" style="padding:0px;margin:0.7em 0 0.7em 0;position:relative;font-size:100%;width:13em;height:50em;float:left;border:none;background-color:#FFE4F1"><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#936a00;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:26.665em;height:23.335em;left:0.000em;width:1.300em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:-0.1em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:90%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-11.667em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><b><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1231500821">@supports(writing-mode:vertical-lr){.mw-parser-output .ts-vertical-text{letter-spacing:-0.12em;line-height:1em;text-orientation:upright;writing-mode:vertical-lr;width:1em}}</style><span class="ts-vertical-text" style=""><a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene"><span style="color:#ffffff;">Miocene</span></a></span></b></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#f1c309;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:12.900em;height:13.765em;left:0.000em;width:1.300em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.5em;left:-0.1em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:90%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-6.883em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1231500821"><span class="ts-vertical-text" style=""><a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene</a></span></b></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#c1e0c1;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.058em;height:12.841em;left:0.000em;width:1.300em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.75em;left:-0.1em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:90%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-6.421em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1231500821"><span class="ts-vertical-text" style=""><a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a></span></b></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:14.000em;height:36.000em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:-6.7em;left:-0.3em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-18.000em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="font-size:120%"><b><a href="/wiki/Hominini" title="Hominini">Hominini</a></b></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:48.500em;height:0.500em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0.1em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><i><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Nakalipithecus" title="Nakalipithecus">Nakalipithecus</a></span></i></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:46.500em;height:1.000em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.5em;left:0.6em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.500em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><i><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Samburupithecus" title="Samburupithecus">Samburupithecus</a></span></i></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:44.500em;height:0.500em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0.2em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><i><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Ouranopithecus" title="Ouranopithecus">Ouranopithecus</a></span></i><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(<a href="/wiki/Ouranopithecus_turkae" title="Ouranopithecus turkae">Ou. turkae</a>)</i><br /><i>(<a href="/wiki/Ouranopithecus_macedoniensis" title="Ouranopithecus macedoniensis">Ou. macedoniensis</a>)</i></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:39.500em;height:0.500em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.1em;left:0.4em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><i><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Chororapithecus" title="Chororapithecus">Chororapithecus</a></span></i></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:35.000em;height:10.000em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:-1.75em;left:-0.2em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-5.000em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><i><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Oreopithecus" title="Oreopithecus">Oreopithecus</a></span></i></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:39.500em;height:0.500em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:1.75em;left:-0.4em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><i><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Sivapithecus" title="Sivapithecus">Sivapithecus</a></span></i></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:34.500em;height:0.500em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.5em;left:0.3em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><i><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Sahelanthropus" title="Sahelanthropus">Sahelanthropus</a></span></i></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:34.500em;height:0.500em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:2em;left:0.3em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><i><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Graecopithecus" title="Graecopithecus">Graecopithecus</a></span></i></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:29.500em;height:0.500em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.5em;left:-1.5em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><i><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Orrorin" title="Orrorin">Orrorin</a></span></i></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:29.500em;height:0.500em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:2.5em;left:0.15em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(<a href="/wiki/Orrorin" title="Orrorin">O. praegens</a>)</i><br /><i>(<a href="/wiki/Orrorin" title="Orrorin">O. tugenensis</a>)</i></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:22.000em;height:6.850em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:-3.75em;left:-0.3em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-3.425em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><i><b><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Ardipithecus" title="Ardipithecus">Ardipithecus</a></span></b></i></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:27.700em;height:1.150em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.75em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.575em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(<a href="/wiki/Ardipithecus_kadabba" title="Ardipithecus kadabba">Ar. kadabba</a>)</i></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:21.500em;height:1.000em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:1em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.500em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(<a href="/wiki/Ardipithecus_ramidus" title="Ardipithecus ramidus">Ar. ramidus</a>)</i></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:6.000em;height:16.500em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:3em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-8.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><i><b><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus" title="Australopithecus">Australopithecus</a></span></b></i><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(<a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_africanus" title="Australopithecus africanus">Au. africanus</a>)</i><br /><i>(<a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_afarensis" title="Australopithecus afarensis">Au. afarensis</a>)</i><br /><i>(<a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_anamensis" title="Australopithecus anamensis">Au. anamensis</a>)</i></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#DCEEFF;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:8.250em;height:5.750em;left:2.600em;width:10.400em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.9em;left:-0.5em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-2.875em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><i><b><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Homo_habilis" title="Homo habilis">H. habilis</a></span></b></i><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(<a href="/wiki/Homo_rudolfensis" title="Homo rudolfensis">H. rudolfensis</a>)</i><br /><i>(<a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_garhi" title="Australopithecus garhi">Au. garhi</a>)</i></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#FFE4F1;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.570em;height:9.430em;left:3.900em;width:9.100em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:1.5em;left:-1em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-4.715em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><i><b><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">H. erectus</a></span></b></i><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(<a href="/wiki/Homo_antecessor" title="Homo antecessor">H. antecessor</a>)</i><br /><i>(<a href="/wiki/Homo_ergaster" title="Homo ergaster">H. ergaster</a>)</i><br /><i>(<a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_sediba" title="Australopithecus sediba">Au. sediba</a>)</i></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#FFE4F1;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:6.000em;height:2.500em;left:2.600em;width:10.400em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#7DFFFF;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:1.000em;height:2.500em;left:2.600em;width:10.400em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:1em;left:-0.2em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><i><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Homo_heidelbergensis" title="Homo heidelbergensis">H. heidelbergensis</a></span></i></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#F3F300;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:1.500em;left:3.900em;width:9.100em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:-0.7em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.750em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><i><b><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Anatomically_modern_human" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatomically modern human">Homo sapiens</a></span></b></i></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#F3F300;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:0.200em;left:1.300em;width:3.900em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.100em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#7DFFFF;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.200em;height:1.050em;left:2.600em;width:1.300em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:1.8em;left:2.6em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.525em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Neanderthal" title="Neanderthal">Neanderthals</a></span></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#F3F300;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.200em;height:0.370em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.185em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#7DFFFF;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.200em;height:0.370em;left:2.600em;width:1.300em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:1.4em;left:2.8em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.185em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Denisovan" title="Denisovan">Denisovans</a></span></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:6.000em;height:8.500em;left:11.700em;width:1.300em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-4.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></div></td><td id="Annotations" style="padding:0;margin:0.7em 0 0.7em 0;float:left;position:relative;width:11.05em;height:50em"><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:50.000em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_human_evolution#Hominidae" title="Timeline of human evolution">Earlier apes</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:45.000em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Gorilla%E2%80%93human_last_common_ancestor" title="Gorilla–human last common ancestor">Gorilla split</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:42.500em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Chimpanzee%E2%80%93human_last_common_ancestor" title="Chimpanzee–human last common ancestor">Chimpanzee split</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:35.000em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Human_skeletal_changes_due_to_bipedalism" title="Human skeletal changes due to bipedalism">Earliest bipedal</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:29.000em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Ardipithecus_kadabba" title="Ardipithecus kadabba">Earliest sign of <i>Ardipithecus</i></a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:22.500em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_anamensis" title="Australopithecus anamensis">Earliest sign of <i>Australopithecus</i></a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:17.000em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Stone_Age#Beginning_of_the_Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Earliest stone tools</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:14.000em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0.25em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/LD_350-1" title="LD 350-1">Earliest sign of<br /> <i>Homo</i></a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:10.600em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0.25em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Early_expansions_of_hominins_out_of_Africa" title="Early expansions of hominins out of Africa">Dispersal beyond Africa</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:9.550em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_language" title="Origin of language">Earliest language</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:8.500em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Control_of_fire_by_early_humans" title="Control of fire by early humans">Earliest fire</a> / <a href="/wiki/Cooking#History" title="Cooking">cooking</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:1.000em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0.6em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><span style="font-size:95%;"><a href="/wiki/Rock_art#East_Asia" title="Rock art">Earliest rock art</a></span></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:0.625em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0.1em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><span style="font-size:95%;"><a href="/wiki/Clothing#Origin_and_history" title="Clothing">Earliest clothes</a></span></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:0.250em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:-0.4em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><span style="font-size:95%;"><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_modernity" title="Behavioral modernity">Modern humans</a></span></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto;font-size:100%;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin-top:21.000em"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;text-align:left;top:0.25em;left:-5em;width:8.8em"><div style="position:relative;width:auto;z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);vertical-align:middle;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><span style="display:block; text-align:center; font-size:110%"><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1231500821"><span class="ts-vertical-text" style=""><a href="/wiki/Hominidae" title="Hominidae">H o m i n i d s</a></span></b></span></div></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto;font-size:100%;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin-top:3.000em"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;text-align:left;top:3.25em;left:-5em;width:8.8em"><div style="position:relative;width:auto;z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);vertical-align:middle;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><span style="display:block; text-align:center; font-size:85%;"><b><span style="font-size:85%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1231500821"><span class="ts-vertical-text" style=""><a href="/wiki/Paranthropus" title="Paranthropus">P a r a n t h r o p u s</a></span></span></b></span></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td id="Caption" colspan="3" style="padding:0;margin:0 0.2em 0.7em 0.2em"><div id="Caption" class="toccolours" style="margin:0 0.5em;border-style:none;clear:both;text-align:center;width:26.8em"><div style="float:left;font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Myr" class="mw-redirect" title="Myr">million years ago</a>)</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Most_recent_common_ancestor" title="Most recent common ancestor">MRCA</a></div> <p>The Y-chromosomal most recent common ancestor is the <a href="/wiki/Most_recent_common_ancestor" title="Most recent common ancestor">most recent common ancestor</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Y-chromosome" class="mw-redirect" title="Y-chromosome">Y-chromosomes</a> found in currently living human males. </p><p>Due to the definition via the "currently living" population, the identity of a MRCA, and by extension of the human Y-MRCA, is time-dependent (it depends on the moment in time intended by the term "currently"). The MRCA of a population may move forward in time as archaic lineages within the population go extinct: once a lineage has died out, it is irretrievably lost. This mechanism can thus only shift the title of Y-MRCA forward in time. Such an event could be due to the total extinction of several basal haplogroups.<sup id="cite_ref-ancestors_tale_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ancestors_tale-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same holds for the concepts of matrilineal and patrilineal MRCAs: it follows from the definition of Y-MRCA that he had at least two sons who both have unbroken lineages that have survived to the present day. If the lineages of all but one of those sons die out, then the title of Y-MRCA shifts forward from the remaining son through his patrilineal descendants, until the first descendant is reached who had at least two sons who both have living, patrilineal descendants. The title of Y-MRCA is not permanently fixed to a single individual, and the Y-MRCA for any given population would himself have been part of a population which had its own, more remote, Y-MRCA. </p><p>Although the informal name "Y-chromosomal Adam" is a reference to the <a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">biblical Adam</a>, this should not be misconstrued as implying that the bearer of the chromosome was the only human male alive during his time.<sup id="cite_ref-Takahata93_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Takahata93-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His other male contemporaries may also have descendants alive today, but not, by definition, through solely patrilineal descent; in other words, none of them have an unbroken male line of descendants (<i>son's son's son's … son</i>) connecting them to currently living people. </p><p>By the nature of the concept of most recent common ancestors, these estimates can only represent a <i><a href="/wiki/Terminus_ante_quem" class="mw-redirect" title="Terminus ante quem">terminus ante quem</a></i> ("limit before which"), until the genome of the entire population has been examined (in this case, the genome of all living humans). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Age_estimate">Age estimate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Y-chromosomal_Adam&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Age estimate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Estimates on the age of the Y-MRCA crucially depend on the most archaic known haplogroup extant in contemporary populations. As of 2018<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Y-chromosomal_Adam&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, this is <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_A00" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup A00">haplogroup A00</a> (discovered in 2013). Age estimates based on this published during 2014–2015 range between 160,000 and 300,000 years, compatible with the time of emergence and early dispersal of <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_sapiens" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo sapiens">Homo sapiens</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-elhaik_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elhaik-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bottleneck_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bottleneck-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Method">Method</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Y-chromosomal_Adam&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Method"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to the tendency of the title of Y-MRCA to shift forward in time, the estimate of the Y-MRCA's DNA sequence, his position in the family tree, the time when he lived, and his place of origin, are all subject to future revisions. </p><p>The following events would change the estimate of who the individual designated as Y-MRCA was: </p> <ul><li>Further sampling of Y chromosomes could uncover previously unknown divergent lineages. If this happens, Y-chromosome lineages would converge on an individual who lived further back in time.</li> <li>The discovery of additional deep rooting mutations in known lineages could lead to a rearrangement of the family tree.</li> <li>Revision of the Y-chromosome mutation rate (see below) can change the estimate of the time when he lived.</li></ul> <p>The time when Y-MRCA lived is determined by applying a <a href="/wiki/Molecular_clock" title="Molecular clock">molecular clock</a> to human Y-chromosomes. In contrast to <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">mitochondrial DNA</a> (mtDNA), which has a short sequence of 16,000 <a href="/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">base pairs</a>, and mutates frequently, the Y chromosome is significantly longer at 60 million base pairs, and has a lower mutation rate. These features of the Y chromosome have slowed down the identification of its polymorphisms; as a consequence, they have reduced the accuracy of Y-chromosome mutation rate estimates.<sup id="cite_ref-thomson_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thomson-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Methods of estimating the age of the Y-MRCA for a population of human males whose Y-chromosomes have been sequenced are based on applying the theories of <a href="/wiki/Molecular_evolution" title="Molecular evolution">molecular evolution</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Y_chromosome" title="Y chromosome">Y chromosome</a>. Unlike the <a href="/wiki/Autosomes" class="mw-redirect" title="Autosomes">autosomes</a>, the human Y-chromosome does not <a href="/wiki/Genetic_recombination" title="Genetic recombination">recombine</a> often with the <a href="/wiki/X_chromosome" title="X chromosome">X chromosome</a> during <a href="/wiki/Meiosis" title="Meiosis">meiosis</a>, but is usually transferred intact from father to son; however, it can recombine with the X chromosome in the pseudoautosomal regions at the ends of the Y chromosome.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">Mutations</a> occur periodically within the Y chromosome, and these mutations are passed on to males in subsequent generations. </p><p>These mutations can be used as markers to identify shared patrilineal relationships. Y chromosomes that share a specific mutation are referred to as <a href="/wiki/Human_Y-chromosome_DNA_haplogroup" title="Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup">haplogroups</a>. Y chromosomes within a specific haplogroup are assumed to share a common patrilineal ancestor who was the first to carry the defining mutation. (This assumption could be mistaken, as it is possible for the same mutation to occur more than once.)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> A family tree of Y chromosomes can be constructed, with the mutations serving as branching points along lineages. The Y-MRCA is positioned at the root of the family tree, as the Y chromosomes of all living males are descended from his Y chromosome. </p><p>Researchers can reconstruct ancestral Y chromosome DNA sequences by reversing mutated DNA segments to their original condition. The most likely original or ancestral state of a DNA sequence is determined by comparing human DNA sequences with those of a closely related species, usually non-human primates such as chimpanzees and gorillas. By reversing known mutations in a Y-chromosome lineage, a hypothetical ancestral sequence for the MRCA, Y-chromosomal Adam, can be inferred. </p><p>Determining the Y-MRCA's DNA sequence, and the time when he lived, involves identifying the human Y-chromosome lineages that are most divergent from each other—the lineages that share the fewest mutations with each other when compared to a non-human primate sequence in a <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree" title="Phylogenetic tree">phylogenetic tree</a>. The common ancestor of the most divergent lineages is therefore the common ancestor of all lineages. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_estimates">History of estimates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Y-chromosomal_Adam&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History of estimates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early estimates of the age for the Y-MRCA published during the 1990s ranged between roughly 200 and 300 thousand years ago (kya).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such estimates were later substantially revised downward, as in Thomson <i>et al.</i> 2000,<sup id="cite_ref-thomson_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thomson-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which proposed an age of about 59,000. This date suggested that the Y-MRCA lived about 84,000 years after his female counterpart <a href="/wiki/Mt-MRCA" class="mw-redirect" title="Mt-MRCA">mt-MRCA</a> (the matrilineal most recent common ancestor), who lived 150,000–200,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This date also meant that Y-chromosomal Adam lived at a time very close to, and possibly after, the <a href="/wiki/Recent_African_origin_of_modern_humans" title="Recent African origin of modern humans">migration from Africa</a> which is believed to have taken place 50,000–80,000 years ago. One explanation given for this discrepancy in the time depths of patrilineal vs. matrilineal lineages was that females have a better chance of reproducing than males due to the practice of <a href="/wiki/Polygyny" title="Polygyny">polygyny</a>. When a male individual has several wives, he has effectively prevented other males in the community from reproducing and passing on their Y chromosomes to subsequent generations. On the other hand, polygyny does not prevent most females in a community from passing on their mitochondrial DNA to subsequent generations. This differential reproductive success of males and females can lead to fewer male lineages relative to female lineages persisting into the future. These fewer male lineages are more sensitive to drift and would most likely <a href="/wiki/Coalescent_theory" title="Coalescent theory">coalesce</a> on a more recent common ancestor. This would potentially explain the more recent dates associated with the Y-MRCA.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The "hyper-recent" estimate of significantly below 100 kya was again corrected upward in studies of the early 2010s, which ranged at about 120 kya to 160 kya. This revision was due to the rearrangement of the backbone of the Y-chromosome phylogeny following the resequencing of <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_A_(Y-DNA)" title="Haplogroup A (Y-DNA)">Haplogroup A</a> lineages.<sup id="cite_ref-cell.com_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cell.com-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013, Francalacci <i>et al.</i> reported the sequencing of male-specific single-nucleotide Y-chromosome polymorphisms (MSY-<a href="/wiki/Single-nucleotide_polymorphisms" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-nucleotide polymorphisms">SNPs</a>) from 1204 <a href="/wiki/Sardinian_people" title="Sardinian people">Sardinian males</a>, which indicated an estimate of 180,000 to 200,000 years for the common origin of all humans through paternal lineage.<sup id="cite_ref-fran_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fran-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-poz_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poz-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in 2013, Poznik <i>et al.</i> reported the Y-MRCA to have lived between 120,000 and 156,000 years ago, based on <a href="/wiki/Genome_sequencing" class="mw-redirect" title="Genome sequencing">genome sequencing</a> of 69 men from 9 different populations. In addition, the same study estimated the age of Mitochondrial Eve to about 99,000 and 148,000 years.<sup id="cite_ref-unive_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unive-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As these ranges overlap for a time-range of 28,000 years (148 to 120 kya), the results of this study have been cast in terms of the possibility that "Genetic Adam and Eve may have walked on Earth at the same time" in the popular press.<sup id="cite_ref-cann_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cann-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-arstechnica_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arstechnica-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The announcement by Mendez <i>et al.</i><sup id="cite_ref-Mendez13_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mendez13-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the discovery of a previously unknown lineage, <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_A00" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup A00">haplogroup A00</a>, in 2013, resulted in another shift in the estimate for the age of Y-chromosomal Adam. The authors estimated the split from the other haplogroups at 338,000 years ago (95% confidence interval 237–581 kya), but later Elhaik <i>et al.</i> (2014) dated it to between 163,900 and 260,200 years ago (<a href="/wiki/95%25_confidence_interval" class="mw-redirect" title="95% confidence interval">95% CI</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-elhaik_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elhaik-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Karmin <i>et al.</i> (2015) dated it to between 192,000 and 307,000 years ago (<a href="/wiki/95%25_confidence_interval" class="mw-redirect" title="95% confidence interval">95% CI</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-bottleneck_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bottleneck-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same study reports that non-African populations converge to a cluster of Y-MRCAs in a window close to 50 kya (<a href="/wiki/Recent_African_origin_of_modern_humans" title="Recent African origin of modern humans">out-of-Africa migration</a>), and an additional <a href="/wiki/Population_bottleneck" title="Population bottleneck">bottleneck</a> for non-African populations at about 10 kya, interpreted as reflecting cultural changes increasing the variance in male reproductive success (i.e. increased <a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">social stratification</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bottleneck_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bottleneck-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family_tree">Family tree</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Y-chromosomal_Adam&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Family tree"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haplogroup_A_tree.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Haplogroup_A_tree.png/700px-Haplogroup_A_tree.png" decoding="async" width="700" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Haplogroup_A_tree.png/1050px-Haplogroup_A_tree.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Haplogroup_A_tree.png 2x" data-file-width="1296" data-file-height="405" /></a><figcaption>The revised root of the y-chromosome family tree by Cruciani et al. 2011 compared with the family tree from Karafet et al. 2008. It is now known that there is a haplogroup (A00) outside of this scheme. The group designated A1b here is now called A0,<sup id="cite_ref-Mendez13_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mendez13-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "A1b" is now used for what is here called A2-T.</figcaption></figure> <p>Initial sequencing (Karafet et al., 2008) of the human Y chromosome suggested that two most basal Y-chromosome lineages were <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_A_(Y-DNA)" title="Haplogroup A (Y-DNA)">Haplogroup A</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_BT_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup BT (Y-DNA)">Haplogroup BT</a>. Haplogroup A is found at low frequencies in parts of Africa, but is common among certain hunter-gatherer groups. Haplogroup BT lineages represent the majority of African Y-chromosome lineages and virtually all non-African lineages.<sup id="cite_ref-Karafet_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karafet-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Y-chromosomal Adam was represented as the root of these two lineages. Haplogroup A and Haplogroup BT represented the lineages of Y-chromosomal Adam himself and of one of his sons, who had a new <a href="/wiki/Single-nucleotide_polymorphisms" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-nucleotide polymorphisms">SNP</a>. </p><p>Cruciani et al. 2011, determined that the deepest split in the Y-chromosome tree was found between two previously reported subclades of Haplogroup A, rather than between Haplogroup A and Haplogroup BT. Later, group A00 was found, outside of the previously known tree. The rearrangement of the Y-chromosome family tree implies that lineages classified as Haplogroup A do not necessarily form a <a href="/wiki/Monophyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monophyletic">monophyletic</a> clade.<sup id="cite_ref-Cruciani_2011_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cruciani_2011-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Haplogroup A therefore refers to a collection of lineages that do not possess the markers that define Haplogroup BT, though Haplogroup A includes the most distantly related Y chromosomes. </p><p>The M91 and P97 mutations distinguish Haplogroup A from Haplogroup BT. Within Haplogroup A chromosomes, the M91 marker consists of a stretch of 8 <a href="/wiki/Thymine" title="Thymine">T nucleobase</a> units. In Haplogroup BT and <a href="/wiki/Common_chimpanzee" class="mw-redirect" title="Common chimpanzee">chimpanzee</a> chromosomes, this marker consists of 9 T nucleobase units. This pattern suggested that the 9T stretch of Haplogroup BT was the ancestral version and that Haplogroup A was formed by the <a href="/wiki/Deletion_(genetics)" title="Deletion (genetics)">deletion</a> of one <a href="/wiki/Nucleobase" class="mw-redirect" title="Nucleobase">nucleobase</a>. Haplogroups A1b and A1a were considered subclades of Haplogroup A as they both possessed the M91 with 8Ts.<sup id="cite_ref-Karafet_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karafet-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cruciani_2011_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cruciani_2011-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>But according to Cruciani et al. 2011, the region surrounding the M91 marker is a mutational hotspot prone to recurrent mutations. It is therefore possible that the 8T stretch of Haplogroup A may be the ancestral state of M91 and the 9T of Haplogroup BT may be the derived state that arose by an <a href="/wiki/Insertion_(genetics)" title="Insertion (genetics)">insertion</a> of 1T. This would explain why subclades A1b and A1a-T, the deepest branches of Haplogroup A, both possess the same version of M91 with 8Ts. Furthermore, Cruciani et al. 2011 determined that the P97 marker, which is also used to identify Haplogroup A, possessed the ancestral state in Haplogroup A but the derived state in Haplogroup BT.<sup id="cite_ref-Cruciani_2011_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cruciani_2011-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Likely_geographic_origin">Likely geographic origin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Y-chromosomal_Adam&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Likely geographic origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_A_(Y-DNA)" title="Haplogroup A (Y-DNA)">Haplogroup A (Y-DNA)</a></div> <p>As current estimates on TMRCA converge with estimates for the age of <a href="/wiki/Anatomically_modern_human" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatomically modern human">anatomically modern humans</a> and well predate the <a href="/wiki/Recent_African_origin_of_modern_humans" title="Recent African origin of modern humans">Out of Africa</a> migration, geographical origin hypotheses continue to be limited to the <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">African continent</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>According to Cruciani <i>et al.</i> 2011, the most basal lineages have been detected in <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwest Africa">Northwest</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central Africa</a>, suggesting plausibility for the Y-MRCA living in the general region of "Central-Northwest Africa".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scozzari <i>et al.</i> (2012) agreed with a plausible placement in "the north-western quadrant of the African continent" for the emergence of the A1b haplogroup. <sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2013 report of <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_A00" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup A00">haplogroup A00</a> found among the <a href="/wiki/Mbo_people_(Cameroon)" title="Mbo people (Cameroon)">Mbo people</a> of western present-day <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a> is also compatible with this picture.<sup id="cite_ref-Mendez13_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mendez13-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The revision of Y-chromosomal phylogeny since 2011 has affected estimates for the likely geographical origin of Y-MRCA as well as estimates on time depth. By the same reasoning, future discovery of presently-unknown archaic haplogroups in living people would again lead to such revisions. In particular, the possible presence of between 1% and 4% <a href="/wiki/Archaic_human_admixture_with_modern_humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaic human admixture with modern humans">Neanderthal-derived DNA</a> in Eurasian genomes implies that the (unlikely) event of a discovery of a single living Eurasian male exhibiting a Neanderthal patrilineal line would immediately push back T-MRCA ("time to MRCA") to at least twice its current estimate. However, the discovery of a Neanderthal Y-chromosome by Mendez <i>et al</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mendez2016_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mendez2016-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suggests the extinction of Neanderthal patrilineages, as the lineage inferred from the Neanderthal sequence is outside of the range of <a href="/wiki/Anatomically_modern_humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatomically modern humans">contemporary human</a> genetic variation. Questions of geographical origin would become part of the debate on Neanderthal evolution from <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Y-chromosomal_Adam&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Adam%27s_Curse" title="Adam's Curse">Adam's Curse</a></i> (book by <a href="/wiki/Bryan_Sykes" title="Bryan Sykes">Bryan Sykes</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Biblical Adam</a> (Y-chromosomal Adam's namesake)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeogenetics" title="Archaeogenetics">Archaeogenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_people" title="San people">San people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Adam" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasian Adam">Eurasian Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_Eve" title="Mitochondrial Eve">Mitochondrial Eve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genealogical_DNA_test" title="Genealogical DNA test">Genealogical DNA test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_genealogy" title="Genetic genealogy">Genetic genealogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genographic_project" class="mw-redirect" title="Genographic project">Genographic project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Y-chromosome_DNA_haplogroup" title="Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup">Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identical_ancestors_point" title="Identical ancestors point">Identical ancestors point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternal_mtDNA_transmission" title="Paternal mtDNA transmission">Paternal mtDNA transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y-chromosomal_Aaron" title="Y-chromosomal Aaron">Y-chromosomal Aaron</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Y-chromosomal_Adam&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-elhaik-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-elhaik_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-elhaik_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-elhaik_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFElhaikTatarinovaKlyosovGraur2014" class="citation journal cs1">Elhaik E, Tatarinova TV, Klyosov AA, Graur D (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4135414">"The 'extremely ancient' chromosome that isn't: a forensic bioinformatic investigation of Albert Perry's X-degenerate portion of the Y chromosome"</a>. <i>European Journal of Human Genetics</i>. <b>22</b> (9): 1111–16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fejhg.2013.303">10.1038/ejhg.2013.303</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4135414">4135414</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24448544">24448544</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=The+%27extremely+ancient%27+chromosome+that+isn%27t%3A+a+forensic+bioinformatic+investigation+of+Albert+Perry%27s+X-degenerate+portion+of+the+Y+chromosome&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1111-16&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4135414%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24448544&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fejhg.2013.303&rft.aulast=Elhaik&rft.aufirst=E&rft.au=Tatarinova%2C+TV&rft.au=Klyosov%2C+AA&rft.au=Graur%2C+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4135414&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AY-chromosomal+Adam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bottleneck-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bottleneck_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bottleneck_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bottleneck_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bottleneck_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bottleneck_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarmin2015" class="citation journal cs1">Karmin; et al. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4381518">"A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity coincides with a global change in culture"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Genome_Research" title="Genome Research">Genome Research</a></i>. <b>25</b> (4): 459–66. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.186684.114">10.1101/gr.186684.114</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4381518">4381518</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25770088">25770088</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genome+Research&rft.atitle=A+recent+bottleneck+of+Y+chromosome+diversity+coincides+with+a+global+change+in+culture&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=459-66&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4381518%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25770088&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1101%2Fgr.186684.114&rft.au=Karmin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4381518&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AY-chromosomal+Adam" class="Z3988"></span> "we date the Y-chromosomal most recent common ancestor (MRCA) in Africa at 254 (95% CI 192–307) kya and detect a cluster of major non-African founder haplogroups in a narrow time interval at 47–52 kya, consistent with a rapid initial colonization model of Eurasia and Oceania after the out-of-Africa bottleneck. In contrast to demographic reconstructions based on mtDNA, we infer a second strong bottleneck in Y-chromosome lineages dating to the last 10 ky. We hypothesize that this bottleneck is caused by cultural changes affecting variance of reproductive success among males."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In a sample of 2204 African Y-chromosomes, 8 chromosomes belonged to either haplogroup A1b or A1a. Haplogroup A1a was identified in two Moroccan Berbers, one Fulbe, and one Tuareg person from Niger. Haplogroup A1b was identified in three Bakola pygmies from Southern Cameroon and one Algerian Berber. Cruciani <i>et al.</i> 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mendez13-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mendez13_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mendez13_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mendez13_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mendez13_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMendezKrahnSchrackKrahn2013" class="citation journal cs1">Mendez, Fernando; Krahn, Thomas; Schrack, Bonnie; Krahn, Astrid-Maria; Veeramah, Krishna; Woerner, August; Fomine, Forka Leypey Mathew; Bradman, Neil; Thomas, Mark; Karafet, Tatiana M.; Hammer, Michael F. (7 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190924160717/http://haplogroup-a.com/Ancient-Root-AJHG2013.pdf">"An African American paternal lineage adds an extremely ancient root to the human Y chromosome phylogenetic tree"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Human_Genetics" title="American Journal of Human Genetics">American Journal of Human Genetics</a></i>. <b>92</b> (3): 454–59. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ajhg.2013.02.002">10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.02.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3591855">3591855</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23453668">23453668</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://haplogroup-a.com/Ancient-Root-AJHG2013.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 24 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=An+African+American+paternal+lineage+adds+an+extremely+ancient+root+to+the+human+Y+chromosome+phylogenetic+tree&rft.volume=92&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=454-59&rft.date=2013-03-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3591855%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23453668&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ajhg.2013.02.002&rft.aulast=Mendez&rft.aufirst=Fernando&rft.au=Krahn%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Schrack%2C+Bonnie&rft.au=Krahn%2C+Astrid-Maria&rft.au=Veeramah%2C+Krishna&rft.au=Woerner%2C+August&rft.au=Fomine%2C+Forka+Leypey+Mathew&rft.au=Bradman%2C+Neil&rft.au=Thomas%2C+Mark&rft.au=Karafet%2C+Tatiana+M.&rft.au=Hammer%2C+Michael+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhaplogroup-a.com%2FAncient-Root-AJHG2013.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AY-chromosomal+Adam" class="Z3988"></span> (primary source)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nature.com-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nature.com_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElhaikTatarinovaKlyosovGraur2014" class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4135414">"The 'extremely ancient' chromosome that isn't: a forensic bioinformatic investigation of Albert Perry's X-degenerate portion of the Y chromosome"</a>. <i>European Journal of Human Genetics</i>. <b>22</b> (9): 1111–16. 2014. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fejhg.2013.303">10.1038/ejhg.2013.303</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4135414">4135414</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24448544">24448544</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=The+%27extremely+ancient%27+chromosome+that+isn%27t%3A+a+forensic+bioinformatic+investigation+of+Albert+Perry%27s+X-degenerate+portion+of+the+Y+chromosome&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1111-16&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4135414%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24448544&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fejhg.2013.303&rft.aulast=Elhaik&rft.aufirst=E.&rft.au=Tatarinova&rft.au=Klyosov&rft.au=Graur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4135414&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AY-chromosomal+Adam" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sci-news.com/genetics/science-y-chromosomal-adam-01709.html">'Y-Chromosomal Adam Lived 208,300 Years Ago, Says New Study'</a> , Sci-News.com, 23 January 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ancestors_tale-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ancestors_tale_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ancestors_tale_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawkins2005" class="citation book cs1">Dawkins (2005-09-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rR9XPnaqvCMC&pg=PA54"><i>The Ancestor's Tale</i></a>. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780618619160" title="Special:BookSources/9780618619160"><bdi>9780618619160</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancestor%27s+Tale&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2005-09-02&rft.isbn=9780618619160&rft.au=Dawkins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrR9XPnaqvCMC%26pg%3DPA54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AY-chromosomal+Adam" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlaine_Bettinger2007" class="citation web cs1">Blaine Bettinger (20 July 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thegeneticgenealogist.com/2007/07/20/mitochondrial-eve-and-y-chromosomal-adam/">"Mitochondrial Eve and Y-chromosomal Adam"</a>. <i>The Genetic Genealogist</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Genetic+Genealogist&rft.atitle=Mitochondrial+Eve+and+Y-chromosomal+Adam&rft.date=2007-07-20&rft.au=Blaine+Bettinger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegeneticgenealogist.com%2F2007%2F07%2F20%2Fmitochondrial-eve-and-y-chromosomal-adam%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AY-chromosomal+Adam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cann-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cann_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cann_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCann_RL2013" class="citation journal cs1">Cann RL (2013). "Genetics. Y weigh in again on modern humans". <i>Science</i>. <b>341</b> (6145): 465–67. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013Sci...341..465C">2013Sci...341..465C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1242899">10.1126/science.1242899</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23908212">23908212</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206550892">206550892</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Genetics.+Y+weigh+in+again+on+modern+humans&rft.volume=341&rft.issue=6145&rft.pages=465-67&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1242899&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A206550892%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23908212&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013Sci...341..465C&rft.au=Cann+RL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AY-chromosomal+Adam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mendez2016-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mendez2016_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mendez2016_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMendez2016" class="citation journal cs1">Mendez, L.; et al. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4833433">"The Divergence of Neandertal and Modern Human Y Chromosomes"</a>. <i>The American Journal of Human Genetics</i>. <b>98</b> (4): 728–34. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ajhg.2016.02.023">10.1016/j.ajhg.2016.02.023</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4833433">4833433</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27058445">27058445</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=The+Divergence+of+Neandertal+and+Modern+Human+Y+Chromosomes&rft.volume=98&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=728-34&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4833433%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27058445&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ajhg.2016.02.023&rft.aulast=Mendez&rft.aufirst=L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4833433&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AY-chromosomal+Adam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Takahata93-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Takahata93_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTakahata1993" class="citation journal cs1">Takahata, N (January 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.molbev.a039995">"Allelic genealogy and human evolution"</a>. <i>Mol. Biol. Evol</i>. <b>10</b> (1): 2–22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.molbev.a039995">10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a039995</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8450756">8450756</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mol.+Biol.+Evol.&rft.atitle=Allelic+genealogy+and+human+evolution&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=2-22&rft.date=1993-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.molbev.a039995&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8450756&rft.aulast=Takahata&rft.aufirst=N&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Foxfordjournals.molbev.a039995&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AY-chromosomal+Adam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thomson-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thomson_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thomson_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomson2000" class="citation journal cs1">Thomson, J.; et al. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC34361">"Recent common ancestry of human Y chromosomes: Evidence from DNA sequence data"</a>. <i>PNAS</i>. <b>97</b> (13): 6927–29. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000PNAS...97.6927B">2000PNAS...97.6927B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.97.13.6927">10.1073/pnas.97.13.6927</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC34361">34361</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10860948">10860948</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PNAS&rft.atitle=Recent+common+ancestry+of+human+Y+chromosomes%3A+Evidence+from+DNA+sequence+data&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=6927-29&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC34361%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10860948&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.97.13.6927&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000PNAS...97.6927B&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC34361&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AY-chromosomal+Adam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammer_MF1995" class="citation journal cs1">Hammer MF (1995). "A recent common ancestry for human Y chromosomes". <i>Nature</i>. <b>378</b> (6555): 376–78. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995Natur.378..376H">1995Natur.378..376H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F378376a0">10.1038/378376a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7477371">7477371</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1119082">1119082</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=A+recent+common+ancestry+for+human+Y+chromosomes&rft.volume=378&rft.issue=6555&rft.pages=376-78&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F378376a0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1119082%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7477371&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1995Natur.378..376H&rft.au=Hammer+MF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AY-chromosomal+Adam" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoritAkashiGilbert1995" class="citation journal cs1">Dorit RL, Akashi H, Gilbert W (1995). "Absence of polymorphism at the ZFY locus on the human Y chromosome". <i>Science</i>. <b>268</b> (5214): 1183–85. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995Sci...268.1183D">1995Sci...268.1183D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.7761836">10.1126/science.7761836</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7761836">7761836</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Absence+of+polymorphism+at+the+ZFY+locus+on+the+human+Y+chromosome&rft.volume=268&rft.issue=5214&rft.pages=1183-85&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7761836&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.7761836&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1995Sci...268.1183D&rft.aulast=Dorit&rft.aufirst=RL&rft.au=Akashi%2C+H&rft.au=Gilbert%2C+W&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AY-chromosomal+Adam" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuangFuChangGu1998" class="citation journal cs1">Huang W, Fu YX, Chang BH, Gu X, Jorde LB, Li WH (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.molbev.a025910">"Sequence variation in ZFX introns in human populations"</a>. <i>Mol Biol Evol</i>. <b>15</b> (2): 138–42. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.molbev.a025910">10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025910</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9491612">9491612</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mol+Biol+Evol&rft.atitle=Sequence+variation+in+ZFX+introns+in+human+populations&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=138-42&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.molbev.a025910&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9491612&rft.aulast=Huang&rft.aufirst=W&rft.au=Fu%2C+YX&rft.au=Chang%2C+BH&rft.au=Gu%2C+X&rft.au=Jorde%2C+LB&rft.au=Li%2C+WH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Foxfordjournals.molbev.a025910&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AY-chromosomal+Adam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/999030.stm">"Genetic 'Adam never met Eve'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. BBC News. 2000-10-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-03-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Genetic+%27Adam+never+met+Eve%27&rft.date=2000-10-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fscience%2Fnature%2F999030.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AY-chromosomal+Adam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone2007" class="citation book cs1">Stone; et al. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-r7qw54okwMC&pg=PA180">"Fundamentals of Human Evolution"</a>. <i>Genes, Culture and Human Evolution</i>. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-3166-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-3166-7"><bdi>978-1-4051-3166-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fundamentals+of+Human+Evolution&rft.btitle=Genes%2C+Culture+and+Human+Evolution&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-3166-7&rft.au=Stone&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-r7qw54okwMC%26pg%3DPA180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AY-chromosomal+Adam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCavalli-Sforza2007" class="citation journal cs1">Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi Luca (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.psych.umn.edu/courses/spring10/mcguem/psy8937/readings/cavalli2007.pdf">"Human Evolution and Its Relevance for Genetic Epidemiology"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics</i>. <b>8</b>: 1–15. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.genom.8.080706.092403">10.1146/annurev.genom.8.080706.092403</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17408354">17408354</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Genomics+and+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=Human+Evolution+and+Its+Relevance+for+Genetic+Epidemiology&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=1-15&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.genom.8.080706.092403&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17408354&rft.aulast=Cavalli-Sforza&rft.aufirst=Luigi+Luca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.psych.umn.edu%2Fcourses%2Fspring10%2Fmcguem%2Fpsy8937%2Freadings%2Fcavalli2007.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AY-chromosomal+Adam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cell.com-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cell.com_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrucianiTrombettaMassaiaDestro-Bisol2011" class="citation journal cs1">Cruciani, Fulvio; Trombetta, Beniamino; Massaia, Andrea; Destro-Bisol, Giovanni; Sellitto, Daniele; Scozzari, Rosaria (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3113241">"A Revised Root for the Human Y Chromosomal Phylogenetic Tree: The Origin of Patrilineal Diversity in Africa"</a>. <i>The American Journal of Human Genetics</i>. <b>88</b> (6): 814–18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ajhg.2011.05.002">10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.05.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3113241">3113241</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21601174">21601174</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=A+Revised+Root+for+the+Human+Y+Chromosomal+Phylogenetic+Tree%3A+The+Origin+of+Patrilineal+Diversity+in+Africa&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=814-18&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3113241%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21601174&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ajhg.2011.05.002&rft.aulast=Cruciani&rft.aufirst=Fulvio&rft.au=Trombetta%2C+Beniamino&rft.au=Massaia%2C+Andrea&rft.au=Destro-Bisol%2C+Giovanni&rft.au=Sellitto%2C+Daniele&rft.au=Scozzari%2C+Rosaria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3113241&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AY-chromosomal+Adam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fran-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fran_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancalacciMorelliAngiusBerutti2013" class="citation journal cs1">Francalacci P, Morelli L, Angius A, Berutti R, Reinier F, Atzeni R, Pilu R, Busonero F, Maschio A, Zara I, Sanna D, Useli A, Urru MF, Marcelli M, Cusano R, Oppo M, Zoledziewska M, Pitzalis M, Deidda F, Porcu E, Poddie F, Kang HM, Lyons R, Tarrier B, Gresham JB, Li B, Tofanelli S, Alonso S, Dei M, Lai S, Mulas A, Whalen MB, Uzzau S, Jones C, Schlessinger D, Abecasis GR, Sanna S, Sidore C, Cucca F (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5500864">"Low-pass DNA sequencing of 1200 Sardinians reconstructs European Y-chromosome phylogeny"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>341</b> (6145): 565–69. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013Sci...341..565F">2013Sci...341..565F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1237947">10.1126/science.1237947</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5500864">5500864</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23908240">23908240</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Low-pass+DNA+sequencing+of+1200+Sardinians+reconstructs+European+Y-chromosome+phylogeny&rft.volume=341&rft.issue=6145&rft.pages=565-69&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5500864%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23908240&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1237947&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013Sci...341..565F&rft.aulast=Francalacci&rft.aufirst=P&rft.au=Morelli%2C+L&rft.au=Angius%2C+A&rft.au=Berutti%2C+R&rft.au=Reinier%2C+F&rft.au=Atzeni%2C+R&rft.au=Pilu%2C+R&rft.au=Busonero%2C+F&rft.au=Maschio%2C+A&rft.au=Zara%2C+I&rft.au=Sanna%2C+D&rft.au=Useli%2C+A&rft.au=Urru%2C+MF&rft.au=Marcelli%2C+M&rft.au=Cusano%2C+R&rft.au=Oppo%2C+M&rft.au=Zoledziewska%2C+M&rft.au=Pitzalis%2C+M&rft.au=Deidda%2C+F&rft.au=Porcu%2C+E&rft.au=Poddie%2C+F&rft.au=Kang%2C+HM&rft.au=Lyons%2C+R&rft.au=Tarrier%2C+B&rft.au=Gresham%2C+JB&rft.au=Li%2C+B&rft.au=Tofanelli%2C+S&rft.au=Alonso%2C+S&rft.au=Dei%2C+M&rft.au=Lai%2C+S&rft.au=Mulas%2C+A&rft.au=Whalen%2C+MB&rft.au=Uzzau%2C+S&rft.au=Jones%2C+C&rft.au=Schlessinger%2C+D&rft.au=Abecasis%2C+GR&rft.au=Sanna%2C+S&rft.au=Sidore%2C+C&rft.au=Cucca%2C+F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5500864&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AY-chromosomal+Adam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-poz-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-poz_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoznikHennYeeSliwerska2013" class="citation journal cs1">Poznik GD, Henn BM, Yee MC, Sliwerska E, Euskirchen GM, Lin AA, Snyder M, Quintana-Murci L, Kidd JM, Underhill PA, Bustamante CD (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4032117">"Sequencing Y chromosomes resolves discrepancy in time to common ancestor of males versus females"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>341</b> (6145): 562–65. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013Sci...341..562P">2013Sci...341..562P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1237619">10.1126/science.1237619</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4032117">4032117</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23908239">23908239</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Sequencing+Y+chromosomes+resolves+discrepancy+in+time+to+common+ancestor+of+males+versus+females&rft.volume=341&rft.issue=6145&rft.pages=562-65&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4032117%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23908239&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1237619&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013Sci...341..562P&rft.aulast=Poznik&rft.aufirst=GD&rft.au=Henn%2C+BM&rft.au=Yee%2C+MC&rft.au=Sliwerska%2C+E&rft.au=Euskirchen%2C+GM&rft.au=Lin%2C+AA&rft.au=Snyder%2C+M&rft.au=Quintana-Murci%2C+L&rft.au=Kidd%2C+JM&rft.au=Underhill%2C+PA&rft.au=Bustamante%2C+CD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4032117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AY-chromosomal+Adam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-unive-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-unive_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUniversity_of_Michigan_Health_System2013" class="citation web cs1">University of Michigan Health System (1 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/08/130801142148.htm">"The when and where of the Y: Research on Y chromosomes uncovers new clues about human ancestry"</a>. <i>ScienceDaily</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ScienceDaily&rft.atitle=The+when+and+where+of+the+Y%3A+Research+on+Y+chromosomes+uncovers+new+clues+about+human+ancestry&rft.date=2013-08-01&rft.au=University+of+Michigan+Health+System&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2013%2F08%2F130801142148.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AY-chromosomal+Adam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-arstechnica-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-arstechnica_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRathi_A2013" class="citation web cs1">Rathi A (2 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/science/2013/08/genetic-adam-and-eve-may-have-walked-on-earth-at-the-same-time/">"Genetic Adam and Eve may have walked on Earth at the same time"</a>. <i>ars technica</i>. Condé Nast<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ars+technica&rft.atitle=Genetic+Adam+and+Eve+may+have+walked+on+Earth+at+the+same+time&rft.date=2013-08-02&rft.au=Rathi+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Fscience%2F2013%2F08%2Fgenetic-adam-and-eve-may-have-walked-on-earth-at-the-same-time%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AY-chromosomal+Adam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Karafet-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Karafet_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karafet_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarafetMendezMeilermanUnderhill2008" class="citation journal cs1">Karafet TM, Mendez FL, Meilerman MB, Underhill PA, Zegura SL, Hammer MF (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.genome.org/cgi/content/abstract/gr.7172008v1">"New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree"</a>. <i>Genome Research</i>. <b>18</b> (5): 830–38. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.7172008">10.1101/gr.7172008</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2336805">2336805</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18385274">18385274</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genome+Research&rft.atitle=New+binary+polymorphisms+reshape+and+increase+resolution+of+the+human+Y+chromosomal+haplogroup+tree&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=830-38&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2336805%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18385274&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1101%2Fgr.7172008&rft.aulast=Karafet&rft.aufirst=TM&rft.au=Mendez%2C+FL&rft.au=Meilerman%2C+MB&rft.au=Underhill%2C+PA&rft.au=Zegura%2C+SL&rft.au=Hammer%2C+MF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genome.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2Fgr.7172008v1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AY-chromosomal+Adam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cruciani_2011-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cruciani_2011_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cruciani_2011_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cruciani_2011_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fulvio Cruciani, Beniamino Trombetta, Andrea Massaia, Giovanni Destro-Biso, Daniele Sellitto y Rosaria Scozzari 2011, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cell.com/AJHG/fulltext/S0002-9297%2811%2900164-9#">A Revised Root for the human Y-chromosomal Phylogenetic Tree: The Origin of Patrilineal Diversity in Africa</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In a sample of 2204 African Y-chromosomes, 8 chromosomes belonged to either haplogroup A1b or A1a. Haplogroup A1a was identified in two Moroccan Berbers, one Fulbe, and one Tuareg person from Niger. Haplogroup A1b was identified in three Bakola pygmies from Southern Cameroon and one Algerian Berber. Cruciani <i>et al.</i> 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"the hypothesis of an origin in the north-western quadrant of the African continent for the A1b haplogroup, and, together with recent findings of ancient Y-lineages in central-western Africa, provide new evidence regarding the geographical origin of human MSY diversity". <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScozzari_RMassaia_AD'Atanasio_EMyres_NM2012" class="citation journal cs1">Scozzari R; Massaia A; D'Atanasio E; Myres NM; Perego UA; et al. (2012). Caramelli, David (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3492319">"Molecular Dissection of the Basal Clades in the Human Y Chromosome Phylogenetic Tree"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>7</b> (11): e49170. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PLoSO...749170S">2012PLoSO...749170S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0049170">10.1371/journal.pone.0049170</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3492319">3492319</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23145109">23145109</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Molecular+Dissection+of+the+Basal+Clades+in+the+Human+Y+Chromosome+Phylogenetic+Tree&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=e49170&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3492319%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23145109&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0049170&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012PLoSO...749170S&rft.au=Scozzari+R&rft.au=Massaia+A&rft.au=D%27Atanasio+E&rft.au=Myres+NM&rft.au=Perego+UA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3492319&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AY-chromosomal+Adam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Y-chromosomal_Adam&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibbons2001" class="citation journal cs1">Gibbons, A. (2001). "Modern Men Trace Ancestry to African Migrants". <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i>. <b>292</b> (5519): 1051–52. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.292.5519.1051b">10.1126/science.292.5519.1051b</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11352048">11352048</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:83688736">83688736</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Modern+Men+Trace+Ancestry+to+African+Migrants&rft.volume=292&rft.issue=5519&rft.pages=1051-52&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A83688736%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11352048&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.292.5519.1051b&rft.aulast=Gibbons&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AY-chromosomal+Adam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKe2001" class="citation journal cs1">Ke, Yuehai (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/292/5519/1151">"African Origin of Modern Humans in East Asia: A Tale of 12,000 Y Chromosomes"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>292</b> (5519): 1151–53. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001Sci...292.1151K">2001Sci...292.1151K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1060011">10.1126/science.1060011</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11349147">11349147</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32685801">32685801</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=African+Origin+of+Modern+Humans+in+East+Asia%3A+A+Tale+of+12%2C000+Y+Chromosomes&rft.volume=292&rft.issue=5519&rft.pages=1151-53&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1060011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A32685801%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11349147&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001Sci...292.1151K&rft.aulast=Ke&rft.aufirst=Yuehai&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Ffull%2F292%2F5519%2F1151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AY-chromosomal+Adam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBateman1948" class="citation journal cs1">Bateman, A. J. (1948). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fhdy.1948.21">"Intra-sexual selection in Drosophila"</a>. <i>Heredity</i>. <b>2</b> (3): 349–68. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fhdy.1948.21">10.1038/hdy.1948.21</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18103134">18103134</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Heredity&rft.atitle=Intra-sexual+selection+in+Drosophila&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=349-68&rft.date=1948&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fhdy.1948.21&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18103134&rft.aulast=Bateman&rft.aufirst=A.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fhdy.1948.21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AY-chromosomal+Adam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuLiDonnellyTavaré1996" class="citation journal cs1">Fu, YX; Li, WH; Donnelly, P.; Tavaré, S.; Balding, D. J.; Griffiths, R. C.; Weiss, G.; Von Haeseler, A.; Rogers, J. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.272.5266.1356">"Estimating the age of the common ancestor of men from the ZFY intron"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>272</b> (5266): 1356–57, author reply 1361–1362. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996Sci...272.1356F">1996Sci...272.1356F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.272.5266.1356">10.1126/science.272.5266.1356</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8650550">8650550</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Estimating+the+age+of+the+common+ancestor+of+men+from+the+ZFY+intron&rft.volume=272&rft.issue=5266&rft.pages=1356-57%2C+author+reply+1361-1362&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8650550&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.272.5266.1356&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1996Sci...272.1356F&rft.aulast=Fu&rft.aufirst=YX&rft.au=Li%2C+WH&rft.au=Donnelly%2C+P.&rft.au=Tavar%C3%A9%2C+S.&rft.au=Balding%2C+D.+J.&rft.au=Griffiths%2C+R.+C.&rft.au=Weiss%2C+G.&rft.au=Von+Haeseler%2C+A.&rft.au=Rogers%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1126%252Fscience.272.5266.1356&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AY-chromosomal+Adam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonnellyTavaréBaldingGriffiths1996" class="citation journal cs1">Donnelly, P; Tavaré, S; Balding, DJ; Griffiths, RC (May 1996). "Estimating the age of the common ancestor of men from the ZFY intron". <i>Science</i>. <b>272</b> (5266): 1357–59, author reply 1361–62. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.272.5266.1357">10.1126/science.272.5266.1357</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8650551">8650551</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Estimating+the+age+of+the+common+ancestor+of+men+from+the+ZFY+intron&rft.volume=272&rft.issue=5266&rft.pages=1357-59%2C+author+reply+1361-62&rft.date=1996-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.272.5266.1357&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8650551&rft.aulast=Donnelly&rft.aufirst=P&rft.au=Tavar%C3%A9%2C+S&rft.au=Balding%2C+DJ&rft.au=Griffiths%2C+RC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AY-chromosomal+Adam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoritAkashiGilbert1995" class="citation journal cs1">Dorit, RL; Akashi, H; Gilbert, W (May 1995). "Absence of polymorphism at the ZFY locus on the human Y chromosome". <i>Science</i>. <b>268</b> (5214): 1183–85. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995Sci...268.1183D">1995Sci...268.1183D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.7761836">10.1126/science.7761836</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7761836">7761836</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Absence+of+polymorphism+at+the+ZFY+locus+on+the+human+Y+chromosome&rft.volume=268&rft.issue=5214&rft.pages=1183-85&rft.date=1995-05&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7761836&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.7761836&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1995Sci...268.1183D&rft.aulast=Dorit&rft.aufirst=RL&rft.au=Akashi%2C+H&rft.au=Gilbert%2C+W&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AY-chromosomal+Adam" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Y-chromosomal_Adam&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Y-chromosomal_Adam" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Y-chromosomal Adam">Y-chromosomal Adam</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20021222062034/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002/12/1212_021213_journeyofman.html">Documentary Redraws Humans' Family Tree</a> (from <i><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic (magazine)">National Geographic</a></i>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=2784B6726356BE91">DNA Mysteries – The Search for Adam</a> (from <i><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Channel" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic Channel">National Geographic Channel</a></i>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chartsgraphsdiagrams.com/evolution/mitochondrial-eve.html">Mitochondrial Eve and Y-chromosomal Adam Diagrams</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140921071442/http://www.chartsgraphsdiagrams.com/evolution/mitochondrial-eve.html">Archived</a> 2014-09-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roperld.com/YBiallelicHaplogroups.htm">Y-Chromosome Biallelic Haplogroups</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/8467623.stm">Most European males 'descended from farmers'</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news-service.stanford.edu/news/2000/november8/chromosome-1108.html">Why study the Y: Chromosome reveals path of ancestral humans</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091006101039/http://news-service.stanford.edu/news/2000/november8/chromosome-1108.html">Archived</a> 2009-10-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Phylogenetic_tree_of_human_Y-chromosome_DNA_haplogroups" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Y-DNA" title="Template:Y-DNA"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Y-DNA" title="Template talk:Y-DNA"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Y-DNA" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Y-DNA"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Phylogenetic_tree_of_human_Y-chromosome_DNA_haplogroups" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Phylogenetic tree of human <a href="/wiki/Human_Y-chromosome_DNA_haplogroup" title="Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup">Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups</a> <sup id="cite_ref-vanOven2014_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vanOven2014-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>χ 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ISOGG2015_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISOGG2015-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>χ 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table border="0" style="width:100%;border-top:#000 solid 1px; border-bottom:#000 1px solid;" class="wraplinks"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" width="15"> </td> <td style="text-align:left; font-size:95%" colspan="35">"<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Y-chromosomal Adam</a>" </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td style="border-top: 1px #111 solid; text-align:left" colspan="1"><small><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_A00" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup A00">A00</a></small> </td> <td style="border-top: 1px #111 solid; text-align:right" colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_A-L1085" title="Haplogroup A-L1085">A0-T</a> <sup id="cite_ref-A0-T_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A0-T-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>χ 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" width="1"> </td> <td style="border-top: 1px #111 solid; text-align:left" colspan="1"><small><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_A0" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup A0">A0</a></small> </td> <td style="border-top: 1px #111 solid; text-align:right" colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_A-P305" title="Haplogroup A-P305">A1</a> <sup id="cite_ref-A1_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>χ 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" width="1"> </td> <td style="border-top: 1px #111 solid; text-align:left" colspan="1"><small><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_A1a_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup A1a (Y-DNA)">A1a</a></small> </td> <td style="border-top: 1px #111 solid; text-align:right" colspan="1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haplogroup_A1b_(Y-DNA)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haplogroup A1b (Y-DNA) (page does not exist)">A1b</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td style="border-top: 1px #111 solid; text-align:left" colspan="2"><small><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haplogroup_A1b1_(Y-DNA)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haplogroup A1b1 (Y-DNA) (page does not exist)">A1b1</a></small> </td> <td style="border-top: 1px #111 solid; text-align:right" colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_BT" title="Haplogroup BT">BT</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6"> </td> <td style="border-top: 1px #111 solid; text-align:left" colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_B_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup B (Y-DNA)">B</a> </td> <td style="border-top: 1px #111 solid; text-align:right" colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_CT" title="Haplogroup CT">CT</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7"> </td> <td style="border-top: 1px #111 solid; text-align:left" colspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_DE" title="Haplogroup DE">DE</a> </td> <td style="border-top: 1px #111 solid; text-align:right" colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_CF" title="Haplogroup CF">CF</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7" width="9"> </td> <td style="border-top: 1px #111 solid; text-align:left right" colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_D-CTS3946" title="Haplogroup D-CTS3946">D</a> </td> <td style="border-top: 1px #111 solid; text-align:center" colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_E-M96" title="Haplogroup E-M96">E</a> </td> <td colspan="4;" width="2"> </td> <td style="border-top: 1px #111 solid; text-align:center" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_C-M130" title="Haplogroup C-M130">C</a> </td> <td style="border-top: 1px #111 solid; text-align:right" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_F-M89_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup F-M89 (Y-DNA)">F</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="15" width="4"> </td> <td style="border-top: 1px #111 solid; text-align:left" colspan="2;"><small><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haplogroup_F1_(Y-DNA)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haplogroup F1 (Y-DNA) (page does not exist)">F1</a></small> </td> <td style="border-top: 1px #111 solid; text-align:center" colspan="2"> <small><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haplogroup_F-Y27277&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haplogroup F-Y27277 (page does not exist)">F-Y27277</a> <sup id="cite_ref-F-Y27277_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-F-Y27277-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>χ 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small> </td> <td style="border-top: 1px #111 solid; text-align:left" colspan="1;"> <small><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haplogroup_F3_(Y-DNA)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haplogroup F3 (Y-DNA) (page does not exist)">F3</a></small> </td> <td style="border-top: 1px #111 solid; text-align:right" colspan="2"> <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_GHIJK" title="Haplogroup GHIJK">GHIJK</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="20"> </td> <td style="border-top: 1px #111 solid; text-align:left" colspan="2;" width="2"><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_G-M201" title="Haplogroup G-M201">G</a> </td> <td style="border-top: 1px #111 solid; text-align:right" colspan="2;" width="1"><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_HIJK" title="Haplogroup HIJK">HIJK</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="21"> </td> <td style="border-top: 1px #111 solid; text-align:left" colspan="4;" width="1"><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_IJK" title="Haplogroup IJK">IJK</a> </td> <td style="border-top: 1px #111 solid; text-align:right" colspan="1;" width="2"><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_H_(Y-DNA)" title="Haplogroup H (Y-DNA)">H</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td style="border-top: 1px #111 solid; text-align:left" colspan="5;" width="5"><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_IJ" title="Haplogroup IJ">IJ</a> </td> <td style="border-top: 1px #111 solid; text-align:right" colspan="3;" width="1"><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_K_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup K (Y-DNA)">K</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="11"> </td> <td style="border-top: 1px #111 solid; text-align:left" colspan="3;" width="3"><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_I-M170" title="Haplogroup I-M170">I</a>   </td> <td style="border-top: 1px #111 solid; text-align:center" colspan="1;" width="3"><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_J_(Y-DNA)" title="Haplogroup J (Y-DNA)">J</a>  </td> <td colspan="4;" width="2"> </td> <td style="border-top: 1px #111 solid; text-align:left" colspan="2">   <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_LT_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup LT (Y-DNA)">LT</a> <sup id="cite_ref-LT_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LT-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>χ 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="border-top: 1px #111 solid; text-align:right" colspan="3">      <small><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_K2" title="Haplogroup K2">K2</a></small> <sup id="cite_ref-K2_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-K2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>χ 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td style="border-top: 1px #111 solid; text-align:left" colspan="1;" width="1"><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_I1" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup I1">I1</a>   </td> <td style="border-top: 1px #111 solid; text-align:center" colspan="1;" width="1"><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_I-M438" title="Haplogroup I-M438">I2</a>  </td> <td colspan="2;" width="2"> </td> <td style="border-top: 1px #111 solid; text-align:left" colspan="1;" width="1"><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_J1" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup J1">J1</a>   </td> <td style="border-top: 1px #111 solid; text-align:center" colspan="1;" width="1"><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_J2" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup J2">J2</a>  </td> <td colspan="3;" width="2"> </td> <td style="border-top: 1px #111 solid; text-align:left" colspan="1;" width="1"><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_L_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup L (Y-DNA)">L</a>   </td> <td style="border-top: 1px #111 solid; text-align:center" colspan="1;" width="1">  <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_T-M184" title="Haplogroup T-M184">T</a>  </td> <td colspan="1;" width="1"> </td> <td style="border-top: 1px #111 solid; text-align:center" colspan="2;"><small><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haplogroup_K-M147&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haplogroup K-M147 (page does not exist)">K2e</a></small> </td> <td style="border-top: 1px #111 solid; text-align:left" colspan="2;"><small><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haplogroup_K-P402&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haplogroup K-P402 (page does not exist)">K2d</a></small> </td> <td style="border-top: 1px #111 solid; text-align:center" colspan="2;"><small><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haplogroup_K-P261&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haplogroup K-P261 (page does not exist)">K2c</a></small> </td> <td style="border-top: 1px #111 solid; text-align:center" colspan="5;"><small><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_K2b_(Y-DNA)" title="Haplogroup K2b (Y-DNA)">K2b</a></small> <sup id="cite_ref-K2b_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-K2b-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>χ 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>  </td> <td style="border-top: 1px #111 solid; text-align:center" colspan="2;"><small><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_K2a_(Y-DNA)" title="Haplogroup K2a (Y-DNA)">K2a</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="28"> </td> <td style="border-top: 1px #111 solid; text-align:left" colspan="1;" width="1"><small><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_K2b1_(Y-DNA)" title="Haplogroup K2b1 (Y-DNA)">K2b1</a> <sup id="cite_ref-K2b1_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-K2b1-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>χ 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small> </td> <td style="border-top: 1px #111 solid; text-align:right" colspan="2;" width="1">  <small><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_P_(Y-DNA)" title="Haplogroup P (Y-DNA)">P</a></small> <sup id="cite_ref-P_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-P-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>χ 10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td colspan="3;" width="1"> </td> <td style="border-top: 1px #111 solid; text-align:right" colspan="1;" width="1"><small><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_K-M2313" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup K-M2313">K-M2313</a> <sup id="cite_ref-K-M2313_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-K-M2313-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>χ 11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="27"> </td> <td style="border-top: 1px #111 solid; text-align:left" colspan="1;" width="1"><small><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_S-B254" title="Haplogroup S-B254">S</a> <sup id="cite_ref-S_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>χ 12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small> </td> <td style="border-top: 1px #111 solid; text-align:left" colspan="1;" width="1"><small> <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_M-P256" title="Haplogroup M-P256">M</a> <sup id="cite_ref-M_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>χ 13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small>    </td> <td colspan="1;" width="1"> </td> <td style="border-top: 1px #111 solid; text-align:center" colspan="3;" width="3"><small><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_P1_(Y-DNA)" title="Haplogroup P1 (Y-DNA)">P1</a></small>   </td> <td> </td> <td style="border-top: 1px #111 solid; text-align:right" colspan="1;" width="1"><small><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_NO1" title="Haplogroup NO1">NO1</a></small> </td> <td colspan="1;" width="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="30"> </td> <td style="border-top: 1px #111 solid; text-align:left" colspan="1;" width="1"><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_P-M45" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup P-M45">P1c</a> </td> <td style="border-top: 1px #111 solid; text-align:center" colspan="1;" width="1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haplogroup_P1b&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haplogroup P1b (page does not exist)">P1b</a> </td> <td style="border-top: 1px #111 solid; text-align:right" colspan="1;" width="1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haplogroup_P1a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haplogroup P1a (page does not exist)">P1a</a> </td> <td colspan="1;" width="1"> </td> <td style="border-top: 1px #111 solid; text-align:right" colspan="1;" width="1"><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_N_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup N (Y-DNA)">N</a> </td> <td colspan="2;" width="2"> </td> <td style="border-top: 1px #111 solid; text-align:center" colspan="1;" width="1"><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_O-M175" title="Haplogroup O-M175">O</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="29"> </td> <td style="border-top: 1px #111 solid; text-align:left" colspan="1;" width="1"><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R-M207" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup R-M207">R</a> </td> <td style="border-top: 1px #111 solid; text-align:right" colspan="1;" width="1"><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_Q-M242" title="Haplogroup Q-M242">Q</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Y-chromosome_haplogroups_in_populations_of_the_world" title="List of Y-chromosome haplogroups in populations of the world">Y-DNA by population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_haplogroups_of_historic_people" title="List of haplogroups of historic people">Y-DNA haplogroups of historic people</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border:1px #aaa solid; background:white;"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style=""><i>Footnotes</i></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 100em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-vanOven2014-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vanOven2014_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_OvenVan_GeystelenKayserDecorte2014" class="citation journal cs1">Van Oven M, Van Geystelen A, Kayser M, Decorte R, Larmuseau HD (2014). "Seeing the wood for the trees: a minimal reference phylogeny for the human Y chromosome". <i>Human Mutation</i>. <b>35</b> (2): 187–91. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fhumu.22468">10.1002/humu.22468</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24166809">24166809</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23291764">23291764</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Mutation&rft.atitle=Seeing+the+wood+for+the+trees%3A+a+minimal+reference+phylogeny+for+the+human+Y+chromosome&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=187-91&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A23291764%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24166809&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fhumu.22468&rft.aulast=Van+Oven&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Van+Geystelen%2C+A&rft.au=Kayser%2C+M&rft.au=Decorte%2C+R&rft.au=Larmuseau%2C+HD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AY-chromosomal+Adam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ISOGG2015-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ISOGG2015_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isogg.org/tree/ISOGG_YDNATreeTrunk.html">International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG; 2015), <i>Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2015</i></a>. (Access date: 1 February 2015.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-A0-T-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-A0-T_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Haplogroup A0-T is also known as A-L1085 (and previously as A0'1'2'3'4).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-A1-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-A1_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Haplogroup A1 is also known as A1'2'3'4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-F-Y27277-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-F-Y27277_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> F-Y27277, sometimes known as F2'4, is both the parent clade of F2 and F4 and a child of F-M89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LT-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LT_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Haplogroup LT (L298/P326) is also known as Haplogroup K1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-K2-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-K2_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Between 2002 and 2008, <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_T-M184" title="Haplogroup T-M184">Haplogroup T-M184</a> was known as "Haplogroup K2". That name has since been re-assigned to <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_K2" title="Haplogroup K2">K-M526</a>, the sibling of Haplogroup LT.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-K2b-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-K2b_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Haplogroup K2b (M1221/P331/PF5911) is also known as Haplogroup MPS.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-K2b1-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-K2b1_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Haplogroup K2b1 (P397/P399) is also known as Haplogroup MS, but has a broader and more complex internal structure.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-P-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-P_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Haplogroup P (P295) is also klnown as K2b2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-K-M2313-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-K-M2313_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">K-M2313*, which as yet has no phylogenetic name, has been documented in two living individuals, who have ethnic ties to India and South East Asia. In addition, K-Y28299, which appears to be a primary branch of K-M2313, has been found in three living individuals from India. See: Poznik <i>op. cit.</i>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yfull.com/tree/K-M2335/"><i>YFull YTree v5.08</i>, 2017, "K-M2335"</a>, and; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phylotree.org/Y/marker_list.htm"><i>PhyloTree</i>, 2017, "Details of the Y-SNP markers included in the minimal Y tree"</a> (Access date of these pages: 9 December 2017) </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-S-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-S_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Haplogroup S, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1a. (Previously the name Haplogroup S was assigned to K2b1a4.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-M-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-M_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Haplogroup M, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1b. (Previously the name Haplogroup M was assigned to K2b1d.)</span> </li> </ol></div> </div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Adam_and_Eve" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Adam_and_Eve" title="Template:Adam and Eve"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Adam_and_Eve" title="Template talk:Adam and Eve"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Adam_and_Eve" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Adam and Eve"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Adam_and_Eve" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve" title="Adam and Eve">Adam and Eve</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Source</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_creation_narrative" title="Genesis creation narrative">Genesis creation narrative</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Book of Genesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eve" title="Eve">Eve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Offspring</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cain_and_Abel" title="Cain and Abel">Cain and Abel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cain" title="Cain">Cain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abel" title="Abel">Abel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aclima" title="Aclima">Aclima</a> <ul><li>Luluwa</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth" title="Seth">Seth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awan_(religious_figure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Awan (religious figure)">Awan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azura_(religious_figure)" title="Azura (religious figure)">Azura</a></li> <li>Jumella</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related theology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_man" title="Fall of man">Fall of man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Garden of Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_of_the_knowledge_of_good_and_evil" title="Tree of the knowledge of good and evil">Tree of the knowledge of good and evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpents_in_the_Bible" title="Serpents in the Bible">Serpents in the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_fruit" title="Forbidden fruit">Forbidden fruit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_(symbolism)" title="Apple (symbolism)">Apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fig_leaf" title="Fig leaf">Fig leaf</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figs_in_the_Bible" title="Figs in the Bible">Figs in the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam%27s_ale" title="Adam's ale">Adam's ale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adamic_language" title="Adamic language">Adamic language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camael" title="Camael">Camael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protevangelium" class="mw-redirect" title="Protevangelium">Protevangelium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosh_Hashanah" title="Rosh Hashanah">Rosh Hashanah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seed_of_the_woman" title="Seed of the woman">Seed of the woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamsiel" title="Shamsiel">Shamsiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilith" title="Lilith">Lilith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_of_life_(biblical)" title="Tree of life (biblical)">Tree of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegorical_interpretations_of_Genesis" title="Allegorical interpretations of Genesis">Allegorical interpretations of Genesis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam%E2%80%93God_doctrine" title="Adam–God doctrine">Adam–God doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve_in_Mormonism" title="Adam and Eve in Mormonism">Adam and Eve in Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_in_Islam" title="Adam in Islam">Adam in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_in_rabbinic_literature" title="Adam in rabbinic literature">Adam in rabbinic literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-A%27raf" title="Al-A'raf">Al-A'raf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Moses" title="Book of Moses">Book of Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endowment_(Mormonism)" title="Endowment (Mormonism)">Endowment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manu_(Hinduism)" title="Manu (Hinduism)">Manu (Hinduism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashya_and_Mashyana" title="Mashya and Mashyana">Mashya and Mashyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpent_seed" title="Serpent seed">Serpent seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_of_Jiva_and_Atman" title="Tree of Jiva and Atman">Tree of Jiva and Atman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_of_life_(Quran)" title="Tree of life (Quran)">Tree of life (Quran)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Endor_Coven" title="Our Lady of Endor Coven">Our Lady of Endor Coven</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mama%27s_Affair_(1921_film)" title="Mama's Affair (1921 film)">Mama's Affair</a></i> (1921)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Good_Morning,_Eve!" title="Good Morning, Eve!">Good Morning, Eve!</a></i> (1934)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Broken_Jug_(film)" title="The Broken Jug (film)">The Broken Jug</a></i> (1937)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Original_Sin_(film)" title="The Original Sin (film)">The Original Sin</a></i> (1948)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Private_Lives_of_Adam_and_Eve" title="The Private Lives of Adam and Eve">The Private Lives of Adam and Eve</a></i> (1960)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/El_pecado_de_Ad%C3%A1n_y_Eva" title="El pecado de Adán y Eva">El pecado de Adán y Eva</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Biblia_en_pasta" title="La Biblia en pasta">La Biblia en pasta</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Annunciation_(film)" title="The Annunciation (film)">The Annunciation</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Second_Time_Lucky" title="Second Time Lucky">Second Time Lucky</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adipapam" title="Adipapam">Adipapam</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adam_(1992_film)" title="Adam (1992 film)">Adam</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Babs_(2000_film)" title="Babs (2000 film)">Babs</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Eve" title="The Last Eve">The Last Eve</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Year_One_(film)" title="Year One (film)">Year One</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tragedy_of_Man_(film)" title="The Tragedy of Man (film)">The Tragedy of Man</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Dog" title="Adam and Dog">Adam and Dog</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tropico_(2013_film)" title="Tropico (2013 film)">Tropico</a></i> (2013)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_Jeu_d%27Adam" title="Le Jeu d'Adam">Le Jeu d'Adam</a></i> (12th century)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Broken_Jug" title="The Broken Jug">The Broken Jug</a></i> (1808)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tragedy_of_Man" title="The Tragedy of Man">The Tragedy of Man</a></i> (1861)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Creation_of_the_World_and_Other_Business" title="The Creation of the World and Other Business">The Creation of the World and Other Business</a></i> (1972)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Musicals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Apple_Tree" title="The Apple Tree">The Apple Tree</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dude_(musical)" title="Dude (musical)">Dude</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Up_from_Paradise" title="Up from Paradise">Up from Paradise</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Children_of_Eden" title="Children of Eden">Children of Eden</a></i> (1991)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Compositions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Creation_(Haydn)" title="The Creation (Haydn)">The Creation</a></i> (1798) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Creation_structure" title="The Creation structure">structure</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_mort_d%27Adam" title="La mort d'Adam">La mort d'Adam</a></i> (1809)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%88ve_(Massenet)" title="Ève (Massenet)">Ève</a></i> (1875)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Genesis_Suite" title="Genesis Suite">Genesis Suite</a></i> (1945)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lilith_(opera)" title="Lilith (opera)">Lilith</a></i> (2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_of_Adam" title="Apocalypse of Adam">Apocalypse of Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Moses" title="Book of Moses">Book of Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Abraham" title="Book of Abraham">Book of Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Adam" title="Books of Adam">Books of Adam</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Penitence_of_Adam" title="Book of the Penitence of Adam">Book of the Penitence of Adam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Treasures" title="Cave of Treasures">Cave of Treasures</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/El_amigo_de_%C3%89l_y_Ella" title="El amigo de Él y Ella">El amigo de Él y Ella</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Genesis_A" title="Genesis A">Genesis A</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Genesis_B" title="Genesis B">Genesis B</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harrowing_of_Hell_(drama)" title="Harrowing of Hell (drama)">Harrowing of Hell</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Adam_and_Eve" title="Life of Adam and Eve">Life of Adam and Eve</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Adam" title="Testament of Adam">Testament of Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testimony_of_Truth" title="Testimony of Truth">Testimony of Truth</a> (3rd century)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_Adam_and_Eve_with_Satan" title="Conflict of Adam and Eve with Satan">Conflict of Adam and Eve with Satan</a></i> (6th century)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Old_Saxon_Genesis" title="Old Saxon Genesis">Old Saxon Genesis</a>" (9th century)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Adam_lay_ybounden" title="Adam lay ybounden">Adam lay ybounden</a>" (15th century)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paradise_Lost" title="Paradise Lost">Paradise Lost</a></i> (1667)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_Dernier_Homme" title="Le Dernier Homme">Le Dernier Homme</a></i> (1805)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Extracts_from_Adam%27s_Diary" title="Extracts from Adam's Diary">Extracts from Adam's Diary</a></i> (1904)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eve%27s_Diary" title="Eve's Diary">Eve's Diary</a></i> (1905)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Genesis_(comic)" title="The Book of Genesis (comic)">The Book of Genesis</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rise_and_Fall_of_Adam_and_Eve" title="The Rise and Fall of Adam and Eve">The Rise and Fall of Adam and Eve</a></i> (2017)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Art</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bernward_Doors" title="Bernward Doors">Bernward Doors</a> (1015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapestry_of_Creation" title="Tapestry of Creation">Tapestry of Creation</a> (11th century)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_from_the_Garden_of_Eden" title="Expulsion from the Garden of Eden">Expulsion from the Garden of Eden</a></i> (1425)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vienna_Diptych" title="Vienna Diptych">Vienna Diptych</a></i> (15th century)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Judgment_(Bosch_triptych)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Last Judgment (Bosch triptych)">The Last Judgment</a></i> (1482)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Garden_of_Earthly_Delights" title="The Garden of Earthly Delights">The Garden of Earthly Delights</a></i> (1504)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve_(D%C3%BCrer)" title="Adam and Eve (Dürer)">Adam and Eve</a></i> (1507)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Creation_of_Adam" title="The Creation of Adam">The Creation of Adam</a></i> (1512)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Haywain_Triptych" title="The Haywain Triptych">The Haywain Triptych</a></i> (1516)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eve,_the_Serpent_and_Death" title="Eve, the Serpent and Death">Eve, the Serpent and Death</a></i> (1510s or 1520s)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve_(Cranach)" title="Adam and Eve (Cranach)">Adam and Eve</a></i> (1528)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve/Gideon_and_the_Fleece" title="Adam and Eve/Gideon and the Fleece">Adam and Eve</a></i> (1550)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fall_of_Man_(Titian)" title="The Fall of Man (Titian)">The Fall of Man</a></i> (1550)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve_(Tintoretto)" title="Adam and Eve (Tintoretto)">Adam and Eve</a></i> (c. 1550)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Garden_of_Eden_with_the_Fall_of_Man" title="The Garden of Eden with the Fall of Man">The Garden of Eden with the Fall of Man</a></i> (1617)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fall_of_Man_(Rubens)" title="The Fall of Man (Rubens)">The Fall of Man</a></i> (1628)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve_in_the_Garden_of_Eden" title="Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden">Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden</a></i> (c. 1650)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Four_Seasons_(Poussin)" title="The Four Seasons (Poussin)">The Four Seasons</a></i> (1660s)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Koren_Picture-Bible_(1692%E2%80%931696)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Koren Picture-Bible (1692–1696)">The Koren Picture-Bible</a></i> (1692–1696)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/William_Blake%27s_illustrations_of_Paradise_Lost" title="William Blake's illustrations of Paradise Lost">Paradise Lost</a></i> (19th century)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_from_the_Garden_of_Eden_(Cole)" title="Expulsion from the Garden of Eden (Cole)">Expulsion from the Garden of Eden</a></i> (1828)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_First_Mourning" title="The First Mourning">The First Mourning</a></i> (1888)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve_(Rodin)" title="Adam and Eve (Rodin)">Adam and Eve</a></i> (1905)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve_(Valadon)" title="Adam and Eve (Valadon)">Adam and Eve</a></i> (1909)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eve_(Davidson)" title="Eve (Davidson)"> Eve</a></i> (1931)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve_(Tamara_de_Lempicka)" title="Adam and Eve (Tamara de Lempicka)">Adam and Eve</a></i> (1932)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Serpent_Chooses_Adam_and_Eve" title="The Serpent Chooses Adam and Eve">The Serpent Chooses Adam and Eve</a></i> (1958)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Genesis_(Lebrun)" title="Genesis (Lebrun)">Genesis</a></i> (1960)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Songs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Dese_Bones_G%27wine_Rise_Again" title="Dese Bones G'wine Rise Again">Dese Bones G'wine Rise Again</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Adam-ondi-Ahman_(hymn)" title="Adam-ondi-Ahman (hymn)">Adam-ondi-Ahman</a>" (1835)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Forbidden_Fruit_(No%C3%ABl_Coward_song)" title="Forbidden Fruit (Noël Coward song)">Forbidden Fruit</a>" (1915)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Garden_of_Eden_(song)" title="The Garden of Eden (song)">The Garden of Eden</a>" (1956)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida" title="In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida">In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida</a>" (1968)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Let%27s_Give_Adam_and_Eve_Another_Chance" title="Let's Give Adam and Eve Another Chance">Let's Give Adam and Eve Another Chance</a>" (1970)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Man_Gave_Names_to_All_the_Animals" title="Man Gave Names to All the Animals">Man Gave Names to All the Animals</a>" (1979)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Albums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cainian_Chronicle" title="The Cainian Chronicle">The Cainian Chronicle</a></i> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Visions_of_Eden" title="Visions of Eden">Visions of Eden</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Snakes_for_the_Divine" title="Snakes for the Divine">Snakes for the Divine</a></i> (2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam-ondi-Ahman" title="Adam-ondi-Ahman">Adam-ondi-Ahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Eve" title="Tomb of Eve">Tomb of Eve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_Eve" title="Mitochondrial Eve">Mitochondrial Eve</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Y-chromosomal Adam</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Real_Eve" title="The Real Eve">The Real Eve</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Story within a story</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Doraemon:_Nobita%27s_Diary_on_the_Creation_of_the_World" title="Doraemon: Nobita's Diary on the Creation of the World">Doraemon: Nobita's Diary on the Creation of the World</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Island_of_Love_(1963_film)" title="Island of Love (1963 film)">Island of Love</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Visitors_(opera)" title="The Visitors (opera)">The Visitors</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Television</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Ki_Kahaniyan" title="Bible Ki Kahaniyan">"Adam & Eve"</a> (1992)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Probe_7,_Over_and_Out" title="Probe 7, Over and Out">Probe 7, Over and Out</a>" (1963)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Simpsons_Bible_Stories" title="Simpsons Bible Stories">Simpsons Bible Stories</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/In-A-Gadda-Da-Leela" title="In-A-Gadda-Da-Leela">In-A-Gadda-Da-Leela</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Daesong_Heavy_Industries_II:_Return_to_Innocence" class="mw-redirect" title="Daesong Heavy Industries II: Return to Innocence">Daesong Heavy Industries II: Return to Innocence</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Holly_Bibble" class="mw-redirect" title="Holly Bibble">Holly Bibble</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Demon:_The_Fallen" title="Demon: The Fallen">Demon: The Fallen</a></i> (2002)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Adamite" title="Pre-Adamite">Pre-Adamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generations_of_Adam" title="Generations of Adam">Generations of Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_of_the_Patriarchs" title="Cave of the Patriarchs">Cave of the Patriarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve_cylinder_seal" title="Adam and Eve cylinder seal">Adam and Eve cylinder seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genealogies_of_Genesis" title="Genealogies of Genesis">Genealogies of Genesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnal_knowledge" title="Carnal knowledge">Carnal knowledge</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Legend_of_the_Rood" title="Legend of the Rood">Legend of the Rood</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ystorya_Adaf" title="Ystorya Adaf">Ystorya Adaf</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ransom_theory_of_atonement" title="Ransom theory of atonement">Ransom theory of atonement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tree_of_life.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Tree_of_life.svg/21px-Tree_of_life.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Tree_of_life.svg/32px-Tree_of_life.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Tree_of_life.svg/42px-Tree_of_life.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="915" data-file-height="760" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Evolutionary_biology" title="Portal:Evolutionary biology">Evolutionary biology</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Allosaurus_Jardin_des_Plantes.png/19px-Allosaurus_Jardin_des_Plantes.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Allosaurus_Jardin_des_Plantes.png/29px-Allosaurus_Jardin_des_Plantes.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Allosaurus_Jardin_des_Plantes.png/38px-Allosaurus_Jardin_des_Plantes.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Paleontology" title="Portal:Paleontology">Paleontology</a></li></ul></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Y-chromosomal_Adam&oldid=1246527142">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Y-chromosomal_Adam&oldid=1246527142</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_Y-DNA_haplogroups" title="Category:Human Y-DNA haplogroups">Human Y-DNA haplogroups</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Genetic_genealogy" title="Category:Genetic genealogy">Genetic genealogy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recent_African_origin_of_modern_humans" title="Category:Recent African origin of modern humans">Recent African origin of modern humans</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Male" title="Category:Male">Male</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hebrew_Bible_in_popular_culture" title="Category:Hebrew Bible in popular culture">Hebrew Bible in popular culture</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Events_in_biological_evolution" title="Category:Events in biological evolution">Events in biological evolution</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2018" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2018">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements" title="Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements">All articles containing potentially dated statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from August 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from September 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating_from_February_2021" title="Category:Wikipedia articles in need of updating from February 2021">Wikipedia articles in need of updating from February 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles in need of updating">All Wikipedia articles in need of updating</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 19 September 2024, at 13:57<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Y-chromosomal_Adam&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-g7nzk","wgBackendResponseTime":184,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.000","walltime":"1.271","ppvisitednodes":{"value":7216,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":244234,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":7826,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":10,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":152922,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1093.045 1 -total"," 26.81% 293.012 2 Template:Reflist"," 23.46% 256.375 24 Template:Cite_journal"," 14.59% 159.489 1 Template:Human_timeline"," 13.24% 144.717 1 Template:Graphical_timeline"," 12.07% 131.936 1 Template:Short_description"," 10.49% 114.712 1 Template:Y-DNA"," 7.93% 86.658 10 Template:Main_other"," 7.22% 78.966 1 Template:Navbox_top"," 6.43% 70.231 1 Template:Commons_category"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.593","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":7054228,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-9j6r5","timestamp":"20241122141302","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Y-chromosomal Adam","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Y-chromosomal_Adam","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q351265","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q351265","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-06-16T15:55:24Z","dateModified":"2024-09-19T13:57:36Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/07\/Haplogrupos_ADN-Y_%C3%81frica.PNG","headline":"patrilineal most recent common ancestor of all living humans"}</script> </body> </html>