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class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=zh.wikipedia.org&uselang=zh"><span>资助维基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=Y%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E9%AB%94%E4%BA%9E%E7%95%B6" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=Y%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E9%AB%94%E4%BA%9E%E7%95%B6" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-定义" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#定义"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>定义</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-定义-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-年代估计" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#年代估计"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>年代估计</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-年代估计-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关年代估计子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-年代估计-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-方法" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#方法"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>方法</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-方法-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-估计历史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#估计历史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>估计历史</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-估计历史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-谱系" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#谱系"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>谱系</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-谱系-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-可能地理起源" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#可能地理起源"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>可能地理起源</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-可能地理起源-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>參考文献</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-參考文献-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关參考文献子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-參考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-引用" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#引用"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>引用</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-引用-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-来源" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#来源"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>来源</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-来源-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部链接" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部链接"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>外部链接</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部链接-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Y染色體亞當</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。38种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y-chromosomale_Adam" title="Y-chromosomale Adam – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Y-chromosomale Adam" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AF%D9%85_%D8%B5%D8%A8%D8%BA%D9%8A_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%8A" title="آدم صبغي واي – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="آدم صبغي واي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y-%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Y-храмасомны Адам – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Y-храмасомны Адам" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87-%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="ওয়াই-ক্রোমোজোমাল অ্যাডাম – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ওয়াই-ক্রোমোজোমাল অ্যাডাম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y-hromosomski_Adam" title="Y-hromosomski Adam – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Y-hromosomski Adam" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_cromos%C3%B2mic" title="Adam cromosòmic – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Adam cromosòmic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%95%D9%85%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%86%D9%85%DB%86%D8%B3%DB%86%D9%85%DB%8C_Y" title="ئادەمی کرۆمۆسۆمی Y – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئادەمی کرۆمۆسۆمی Y" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posledn%C3%AD_spole%C4%8Dn%C3%BD_p%C5%99edek_(Y-DNA)" title="Poslední společný předek (Y-DNA) – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Poslední společný předek (Y-DNA)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y-kromosom_Adam" title="Y-kromosom Adam – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Y-kromosom Adam" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_des_Y-Chromosoms" title="Adam des Y-Chromosoms – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Adam des Y-Chromosoms" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y-chromosomal_Adam" title="Y-chromosomal Adam – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Y-chromosomal Adam" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad%C3%A1n_cromos%C3%B3mico" title="Adán cromosómico – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Adán cromosómico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y-kromosomako_Adam" title="Y-kromosomako Adam – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Y-kromosomako Adam" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AF%D9%85_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%85_Y" title="آدم کروموزوم Y – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آدم کروموزوم Y" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y-kromosomi-Aatami" title="Y-kromosomi-Aatami – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Y-kromosomi-Aatami" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plus_r%C3%A9cent_anc%C3%AAtre_patrilin%C3%A9aire_commun" title="Plus récent ancêtre patrilinéaire commun – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Plus récent ancêtre patrilinéaire commun" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad%C3%A1n_cromos%C3%B3mico_Y" title="Adán cromosómico Y – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Adán cromosómico Y" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%93%D7%9D_%D7%9B%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%96%D7%95%D7%9D_Y" title="אדם כרומוזום Y – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אדם כרומוזום Y" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B7" title="सर्वप्रथम पितृवंशी पुरुष – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सर्वप्रथम पितृवंशी पुरुष" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_kromosom-Y" title="Adam kromosom-Y – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Adam kromosom-Y" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adamo_cromosomiale-Y" title="Adamo cromosomiale-Y – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Adamo cromosomiale-Y" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E4%BD%93%E3%82%A2%E3%83%80%E3%83%A0" title="Y染色体アダム – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Y染色体アダム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%EC%97%BC%EC%83%89%EC%B2%B4_%EC%95%84%EB%8B%B4" title="Y염색체 아담 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="Y염색체 아담" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y-%D1%85%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Y-хромозомски Адам – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Y-хромозомски Адам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Kromosom_Y" title="Adam Kromosom Y – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Adam Kromosom Y" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y-chromosomale_Adam" title="Y-chromosomale Adam – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Y-chromosomale Adam" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y-chromosomalny_Adam" title="Y-chromosomalny Adam – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Y-chromosomalny Adam" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad%C3%A3o_cromossomial-Y" title="Adão cromossomial-Y – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Adão cromossomial-Y" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_cu_cromozomul_Y" title="Adam cu cromozomul Y – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Adam cu cromozomul Y" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y-%D1%85%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Y-хромосомный Адам – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Y-хромосомный Адам" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y-chromosomal_Adam" title="Y-chromosomal Adam – 卢旺达语" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Y-chromosomal Adam" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="卢旺达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y-hromozomski_Adam" title="Y-hromozomski Adam – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Y-hromozomski Adam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_chromoz%C3%B3mu_Y" title="Adam chromozómu Y – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Adam chromozómu Y" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y-%D1%85%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Y-хромозомски Адам – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Y-хромозомски Адам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y-kromosoms-Adam" title="Y-kromosoms-Adam – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Y-kromosoms-Adam" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_kromozom_%C3%82dem%27i" title="Y kromozom Âdem'i – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Y kromozom Âdem'i" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y-%D1%85%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Y-хромосомний Адам – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Y-хромосомний Адам" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_nhi%E1%BB%85m_s%E1%BA%AFc_th%E1%BB%83_Y" title="Adam nhiễm sắc thể Y – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Adam nhiễm sắc thể Y" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q351265" title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>维基数据项目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><p><b>Y染色體亞當</b>（Y-chromosomal Adam），或稱<b>Y-MRCA</b>，在<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="遺傳學">遺傳學</a>上，由<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E7%B1%BBY%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E4%BD%93DNA%E5%8D%95%E5%80%8D%E5%9E%8B%E7%B1%BB%E7%BE%A4" title="人类Y染色体DNA单倍型类群">人類Y染色體DNA單倍型類群</a>推測出的所有現存<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B7%E6%80%A7" title="男性">男性</a>在<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B6%E7%B3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="父系">父系</a>上的<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%80%E8%BF%91%E5%85%B1%E5%90%8C%E7%A5%96%E5%85%88" title="最近共同祖先">最近共同祖先</a>，從他遺傳<a href="/wiki/Y%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E9%AB%94" title="Y染色體">Y染色體</a>。Y染色體亞當相對於<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%92%E7%B7%9A%E9%AB%94%E5%A4%8F%E5%A8%83" title="粒線體夏娃">粒線體夏娃</a>。与<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%92%E7%B7%9A%E9%AB%94%E5%A4%8F%E5%A8%83" title="粒線體夏娃">线粒体夏娃</a>一样，“Y染色体亚当”也不是永久固定的，而会随父系血统的灭亡或发现而在人类史进程中进退。 </p><p>随着对现代人类遗传学认识的加深，对Y染色体亚当生活时间的估计也在变化，例如2013年发现了新的<a href="/w/index.php?title=Y%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E4%BD%93%E5%8D%95%E5%80%8D%E7%BE%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Y染色体单倍群（页面不存在）">Y染色体单倍群</a>，<sup id="cite_ref-Mendez13_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mendez13-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 使得Y-MRCA的年代略有调整。<sup id="cite_ref-nature.com_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nature.com-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>由定义，Y-MRCA与mt-MRCA不一定生活在同一时代。<sup id="cite_ref-ancestors_tale_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ancestors_tale-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 截至2014年的估计表明这两个个体很可能大致同时代。<sup id="cite_ref-cann_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cann-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>新Y染色体单倍群的发现将Y-MRCA的估计年龄前推到20万到30万年前，与<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A9%E6%9C%9F%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E4%BA%BA" title="早期现代人">早期现代人</a>的出现时间大致吻合。<sup id="cite_ref-bottleneck_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bottleneck-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99" title="西班牙">西班牙</a>Sidrón洞的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%AE%89%E5%BE%B7%E7%89%B9%E4%BA%BA" title="尼安德特人">尼安德特人</a>身上的Y染色体数据显示，尼安德特人和<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E4%BA%BA" title="智人">智人</a>的Y-T-MRCA约在58.8万年前，是在Y-MRCA之前27.5万年，称作前亚当（<i>ante</i> Adam）。<sup id="cite_ref-Mendez2016_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mendez2016-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><br /> </p> <div id="Container" class="toccolours" style="text-align: left; padding:0.5em 0 0 0; border-style:solid; float:right;clear:right; padding:0 0.5em; margin:0.3em 0 0.8em 1.4em; overflow: hidden;"><div id="Title" style="background-color:#77bb77; font-weight:bold; padding:0.2em; text-align:center; margin:0.6em 0 1.2em 0"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E7%B1%BB%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E5%8E%86%E7%A8%8B" title="人类演化历程">人类演化历程</a></div><div id="Contains-Timeline-Scale-Notes"><div style="text-align:right; position:relative; top:-1em;"><style 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href="/wiki/%E4%BB%B2%E5%B1%B1%E7%B4%8D%E5%8D%A1%E9%87%8C%E7%8C%BF" title="仲山納卡里猿">仲山納卡里猿</a></i></small></span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:#ffa500; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:32.04em; height:0.36em; margin-left:1em; width:9em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-0.3em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-0.18em;"><small><i><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Ouranopithecus" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ouranopithecus"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ouranopithecus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ouranopithecus（页面不存在）">欧兰猿属</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouranopithecus" class="extiw" title="en:Ouranopithecus"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ouranopithecus</span></a></span>）</span></span></i></small></span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:#ffa500; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:24.84em; height:0.36em; margin-left:1em; width:9em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-0.3em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-0.18em;"><small><i><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8D%E5%BE%97%E6%B2%99%E8%B5%AB%E4%BA%BA" title="乍得沙赫人">乍得沙赫人</a></i></small></span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:#ffa500; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:21.24em; height:0.36em; margin-left:1em; width:9em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-2em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-0.18em;"><small><i><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%96%E6%A0%B9%E5%8E%9F%E4%BA%BA" title="圖根原人">圖根原人</a></i></small></span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:#ffa500; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:15.48em; height:0.36em; margin-left:1em; width:9em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-1em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-0.18em;"><small><i><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%8C%BF" title="地猿">地猿</a></i></small></span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:#ffa500; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:4.32em; height:8.64em; margin-left:0em; width:10em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:3.14em; left:0.4em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-4.32em;"><small><i><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%96%B9%E5%8F%A4%E7%8C%BF" title="南方古猿">南方古猿</a></i></small></span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:#ffb732; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:5.4em; height:4.68em; margin-left:1em; width:9em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.56em; left:0.4em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-2.34em;"><i><b><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E4%BA%BA" title="能人">能人</a></b></i></span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:#ffc966; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:0.126em; height:6.714em; margin-left:2em; width:8em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:0.14em; left:0.1em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-3.357em;"><i><b><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E7%AB%8B%E4%BA%BA" title="直立人">直立人</a></b></i></span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:#ffc966; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:4.32em; height:1.08em; margin-left:1em; width:1em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:0.0em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-0.54em;"></span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:#ffdb99; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:0.144em; height:2.016em; margin-left:1em; width:9em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.56em; left:0.4em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-1.008em;"><i><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%AE%89%E5%BE%B7%E7%89%B9%E4%BA%BA" title="尼安德特人">尼安德特人</a></b></i></span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:#ffff00; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:0em; height:0.702em; margin-left:2em; width:8em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:0.0em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-0.351em;"><i><b><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%9A%E6%9C%9F%E6%99%BA%E4%BA%BA" title="晚期智人">晚期智人</a></b></i></span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:#ffff00; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:0em; height:0.126em; margin-left:0em; width:1em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:0.0em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-0.063em;"></span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:#ffff00; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:0em; height:0.144em; margin-left:1em; width:1em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:0.0em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-0.072em;"></span></div></div></div><div id="Annotations" style="float:left; position:relative; width:8.25em"><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:36em;"><div class="annot-arrow" style="position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:-0em; float:left;"><span style="color:black;">←</span></div><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><div style="line-height:9pt"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E7%B1%BB%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E5%8E%86%E7%A8%8B" title="人类演化历程">人类演化历程</a></div></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:32.4em;"><div class="annot-arrow" style="position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:-0em; float:left;"><span style="color:black;">←</span></div><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><div style="line-height:9pt"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E4%BA%9E%E7%A7%91" title="人亞科">人亞科</a></div></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:25.2em;"><div class="annot-arrow" style="position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:-0em; float:left;"><span style="color:black;">←</span></div><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><div style="line-height:9pt"><small><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8D%E5%BE%97%E6%B2%99%E8%B5%AB%E4%BA%BA" title="乍得沙赫人">乍得沙赫人</a></small></div></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:20.88em;"><div class="annot-arrow" style="position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:-0em; float:left;"><span style="color:black;">←</span></div><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><div style="line-height:9pt"><small><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Chimpanzee–human last common ancestor#Current estimates" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Chimpanzee–human last common ancestor#Current estimates"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chimpanzee%E2%80%93human_last_common_ancestor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chimpanzee–human last common ancestor（页面不存在）">與大猩猩分別演化</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimpanzee%E2%80%93human_last_common_ancestor#Current_estimates" class="extiw" title="en:Chimpanzee–human last common ancestor"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Chimpanzee–human last common ancestor#Current estimates</span></a></span>）</span></span></small></div></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:14.58em;"><div class="annot-arrow" style="position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:-0em; float:left;"><span style="color:black;">←</span></div><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><div style="line height:9pt"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Human skeletal changes due to bipedalism" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Human skeletal changes due to bipedalism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_skeletal_changes_due_to_bipedalism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human skeletal changes due to bipedalism（页面不存在）">最早雙足行走</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_skeletal_changes_due_to_bipedalism" class="extiw" title="en:Human skeletal changes due to bipedalism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Human skeletal changes due to bipedalism</span></a></span>）</span></span></div></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:11.88em;"><div class="annot-arrow" style="position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:-0em; float:left;"><span style="color:black;">←</span></div><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><div style="line-height:9pt"><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E5%99%A8%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="石器時代">石器時代</a></div></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:6.48em;"><div class="annot-arrow" style="position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:-0em; float:left;"><span style="color:black;">←</span></div><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><div style="line-height:9pt"><small><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Early_hominin_expansions_out_of_Africa" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Early_hominin_expansions_out_of_Africa"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_hominin_expansions_out_of_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Early hominin expansions out of Africa（页面不存在）">最早離開非洲</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_hominin_expansions_out_of_Africa" class="extiw" title="en:Early hominin expansions out of Africa"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Early_hominin_expansions_out_of_Africa</span></a></span>）</span></span></small></div></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:5.4em;"><div class="annot-arrow" style="position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:-0em; float:left;"><span style="color:black;">←</span></div><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><div style="line-height:9pt"><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A9%E6%9C%9F%E4%BA%BA%E7%B1%BB%E5%AF%B9%E7%81%AB%E7%9A%84%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8" title="早期人类对火的使用">最早用火</a></div></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:3.96em;"><div class="annot-arrow" style="position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:-0em; float:left;"><span style="color:black;">←</span></div><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><div style="line-height:9pt"><small><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E4%BA%BA" title="前人">最早進入歐洲</a></small></div></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:2.844em;"><div class="annot-arrow" style="position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:-0em; float:left;"><span style="color:black;">←</span></div><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><div style="line-height:9pt"><small><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%B9%E9%A5%AA" title="烹饪">最早烹煮行為</a></small></div></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:1.8em;"><div class="annot-arrow" style="position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:-0em; float:left;"><span style="color:black;">←</span></div><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><div style="line-height:9pt"><small><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%8D%E8%A3%85" title="服装">最早著裝行為</a></small></div></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:0.9em;"><div class="annot-arrow" style="position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:-0em; float:left;"><span style="color:black;">←</span></div><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><div style="line-height:9pt"><small><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Origin of speech#When did speech evolve?" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Origin of speech#When did speech evolve?"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Origin_of_speech&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Origin of speech（页面不存在）">最早使用語言</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_speech#When_did_speech_evolve?" class="extiw" title="en:Origin of speech"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Origin of speech#When did speech evolve?</span></a></span>）</span></span></small></div></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:0.18em;"><div class="annot-arrow" style="position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:-0em; float:left;"><span style="color:black;">←</span></div><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><div style="line-height:9pt"><small><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E4%B8%BA%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E6%80%A7" title="行为现代性">現代人的出現</a></small></div></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:0em;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-13em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><center><span style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%B4%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96" title="更新世">更<br />新<br />世</a></span></center></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:12.6em;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-13em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><center><span style="display:block"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96" title="上新世">上<br />新<br />世</a></span></center></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; 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vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:18em;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div></div></div><div id="Legend" class="toccolours" style="margin-left:3.1em; border-style:none; float:left; clear:both;"></div><div id="Caption" class="toccolours" style="margin:0 0.5em; float:left; padding:0 auto; border-style:none; clear:both; text-align:center; width:20.5em">时间轴单位：<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E8%B3%AA%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="地質年代">百万年</a>。<br /><i><small>另见：<a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E5%8E%86%E7%A8%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:自然演化历程">{{自然演化历程}}</a>和<a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E5%8E%86%E7%A8%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:生命演化历程">{{生命演化历程}}</a></small></i></div></div> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="定义"><span id=".E5.AE.9A.E4.B9.89"></span>定义</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Y%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E9%AB%94%E4%BA%9E%E7%95%B6&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：定义"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>由于Y-MRCA是由<b>目前在世</b>的人群定义的，因此其身份是受时间影响的（取决于“目前”的时间）。Y-MRCA至少要有两个儿子，且血统不中断地延续至今。任何特定人群的Y-MRCA都可能是拥有更遥远Y-MRCA的人群的一部分。 </p><p>Y染色體亞當虽然是以《<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%B5%E4%B8%96%E8%A8%98" title="創世記">創世記</a>》中的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E7%95%B6" title="亞當">亞當</a>來命名，但這個名稱并不是指Y染色體亞當是當時唯一的男性<sup id="cite_ref-Takahata93_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Takahata93-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，而是指他的<a href="/wiki/Y%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E9%AB%94" title="Y染色體">Y染色體</a>流传至今、是现代男性的父系最近共同祖先。事實上，其他同期男性的其他基因也流传至今，只是他们的Y染色體没有留传到现代，也就是他们纯粹的直系男嗣已经中断，但通过女性后人繁衍下来的其他后代依然存在。 </p><p>Y染色體亞當在<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E" title="人類">人類</a>传说中的亞當並非同一人，所有現今人類的Y染色體亞當有可能會與過去或未來人類的Y染色體亞當有所不同。如果其中一支较远的Y染色体单倍群在后来失传，一個較近期的人就會成為新的Y染色體亞當。在迅速人口增長的時代，父系分支對比<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E7%93%B6%E9%A0%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="人口瓶頸">人口瓶頸</a>時較難消失。 </p><p>根据最近共祖这概念的性质，在穷尽整个人群（“所有活人”）之前，估计值只能代表“不晚于的时间点”（terminus ante quem）。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="年代估计"><span id=".E5.B9.B4.E4.BB.A3.E4.BC.B0.E8.AE.A1"></span>年代估计</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Y%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E9%AB%94%E4%BA%9E%E7%95%B6&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：年代估计"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>对Y-MRCA年代的估计的关键是人群中已知最古老的单倍群。截至2018年，这是<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%95%E5%80%8D%E7%BE%A4A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="单倍群A（页面不存在）">单倍群A00</a>（发现于2013年），根据2014–2015年公布的这一数据估算的年代在距今16至30万年间，与<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E4%BA%BA" title="智人">智人</a>出现与早期扩散的时间相符。<sup id="cite_ref-elhaik_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elhaik-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bottleneck_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bottleneck-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="方法"><span id=".E6.96.B9.E6.B3.95"></span>方法</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Y%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E9%AB%94%E4%BA%9E%E7%95%B6&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：方法"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Y-MRCA不仅可能在时间上移动，具体的DNA序列、在系谱中的位置、起源地估计等等都有可能在未来被修正。 Y-MRCA的生活年代是由基于<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96" title="分子演化">分子演化</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E9%92%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="分子钟">分子钟</a>确定的。<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%BF%E7%B2%92%E4%BD%93DNA" title="线粒体DNA">线粒体DNA</a>（mtDNA）很短，只有1.6万个<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B1%E5%9F%BA%E5%AF%B9" title="碱基对">碱基对</a>、且突变频繁；Y染色体的序列有6000万个碱基对，且变异率较低。Y染色体单这些特点减慢了对多态性的鉴定速度，从而降低了对Y染色体变异率估算的准确性。<sup id="cite_ref-thomson_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thomson-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>下列事件会改变对Y-MRCA的估计： </p> <ul><li>对Y染色体更大规模的采样可能发现新的单倍群，这样Y染色体单倍群就会向更久远的个体汇聚。</li> <li>已知单倍群中发现更多的深层突变，可能使系谱要重新排列。</li> <li>对Y染色体突变率的修订（下详）会改变对生活时间的估计。</li></ul> <p>人Y染色体在<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%8F%E6%95%B0%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82" title="减数分裂">减数分裂</a>中不会与X染色体重组，而会完整地由父亲传给儿子，不过可能在Y染色体末端的假常染区与X染色体发生重组。Y染色体会定期发生<a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E5%8F%98" title="突变">突变</a>，会遗传给男性后代，可视作共同父系关系的标记。共享特定变异的Y染色体系谱就是<a href="/wiki/Y%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E4%BD%93%E5%8D%95%E5%80%8D%E5%9E%8B%E7%B1%BB%E7%BE%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="Y染色体单倍型类群">Y染色体单倍型类群</a>，一般假定其中所有Y染色体有共同的父系祖先，共祖也是第一个携带定义该突变的个体（这种假设可能是错误的，因为相同的变异可在不相关的个体发生）。以变异为分支点，可构建出Y染色体系谱，Y-MRCA位于根部。可将突变的DNA片段回恢复到原始状态，来重建原Y染色体DNA序列。比较人类与非人灵长类（通常是黑猩猩、大猩猩等）DNA序列可以确定最可能的原始状态。一般要找到差异最大的Y染色体世系，其共祖也就是所有世系的共祖。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="估计历史"><span id=".E4.BC.B0.E8.AE.A1.E5.8E.86.E5.8F.B2"></span>估计历史</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Y%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E9%AB%94%E4%BA%9E%E7%95%B6&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：估计历史"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>20世纪90年代发表的早期Y-MRCA年龄估计在距今20到30万年前。<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 后来被大幅下调，如Thomson <i>et al.</i> 2000<sup id="cite_ref-thomson_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thomson-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>估计约为5.9万年。这个日期是在<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%92%E7%B7%9A%E9%AB%94%E5%A4%8F%E5%A8%83" title="粒線體夏娃">线粒体夏娃</a>（母系最近共祖，距今15-20万年）之后大约8.4万年。<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 这也意味着Y染色体亚当的年代可能在<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2%E8%B5%B7%E6%BA%90%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="非洲起源論">出非洲</a>（距今5-8万年前）后一段时间。对父系与母系血统的时间差异，一种比较流行的解释是，由于<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E5%A4%AB%E5%A4%9A%E5%A6%BB%E5%88%B6" title="一夫多妻制">一夫多妻制</a>，女性比男性更容易留下后代：男性个体有多个妻子时，便有效阻止了族群中其他男性繁衍后代；而一夫多妻制并不妨碍女性将染色体DNA传给后代。这种繁殖成功率差异，会使更少的雄性血统延续下来，并对突变漂移更敏感，更可能<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BA%AF%E7%A5%96%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="溯祖理论（页面不存在）">共聚</a>到更近的共祖上。<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>2010年代初的研究再次向上修正了明显低于10万年的“超新”估计，到距今12-16万年，这是对<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%95%E5%80%8D%E7%BE%A4A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="单倍群A（页面不存在）">单倍群A</a>重新测序后的结果。<sup id="cite_ref-cell.com_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cell.com-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2013年，Francalacci <i>et al.</i>报告了1204名撒丁岛男性的雄性特异性单核苷酸Y染色体多态性（MSY-<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AE%E6%A0%B8%E8%8B%B7%E9%85%B8%E5%A4%9A%E6%85%8B%E6%80%A7" title="單核苷酸多態性">SNPs</a>）的测序结果，表明由父系血统，所有人类的共同起源估计为距今18-20万年前。<sup id="cite_ref-fran_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fran-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-poz_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poz-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 同年，Poznik <i>et al.</i>根据对9个人群69名男性的<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E7%BB%84%E6%B5%8B%E5%BA%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="全基因组测序">全基因组测序</a>，报告Y-MRCA生活在距今12-15.6万年前；同一项研究估计线粒体夏娃的年代约为距今9.9-14.8万年前。<sup id="cite_ref-unive_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unive-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>这些范围有2.8万年左右的重合，所以这研究的结果被大众媒体报道为“基因亚当与夏娃在地球上同时行走”的可能性。<sup id="cite_ref-cann_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cann-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-arstechnica_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arstechnica-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>2013年，Mendez <i>et al.</i><sup id="cite_ref-Mendez13_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mendez13-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>宣布发现了一个此前未知的单倍群——A00，导致Y染色体亚当的年代估计再次发生变化，约是距今33.8万年前（95%置信区间为237–581 kya），后来Elhaik <i>et al.</i>（2014）确定为距今16.39至26.02万年前（95%置信区间），<sup id="cite_ref-elhaik_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elhaik-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>Karmin <i>et al.</i> （2015）确定为距今19.2至30.7万年前（95%置信区间）。<sup id="cite_ref-bottleneck_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bottleneck-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>同一份报告指出，非洲以外的人群在接近5万年的窗口期汇聚成一群，在1万年前还有另一个<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%8D%E7%BE%A4%E7%93%B6%E9%A2%88" title="种群瓶颈">瓶颈期</a>，解释为反映了<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%9F%B3%E5%99%A8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" title="新石器时代">新石器时代</a>文化变迁增加了男性生殖成功率的差异（即<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E9%98%B6%E5%B1%82" class="mw-redirect" title="社会阶层">社会阶层</a>分化）。<sup id="cite_ref-bottleneck_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bottleneck-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="谱系"><span id=".E8.B0.B1.E7.B3.BB"></span>谱系</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Y%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E9%AB%94%E4%BA%9E%E7%95%B6&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：谱系"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haplogroup_A_tree.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Haplogroup_A_tree.png/700px-Haplogroup_A_tree.png" decoding="async" width="700" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Haplogroup_A_tree.png/1050px-Haplogroup_A_tree.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Haplogroup_A_tree.png 2x" data-file-width="1296" data-file-height="405" /></a><figcaption>Cruciani et al. 2011修订的Y染色体谱系，与Karafet et al. 2008的结果的比较。现在已知这之外还有单倍群A00，其中A1b现在称A0，<sup id="cite_ref-Mendez13_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mendez13-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>A2-T现在称A1b。</figcaption></figure> <p>人类Y染色体的初步测序（Karafet et al., 2008）表明，两个最基本的Y染色体类群是<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%95%E5%80%8D%E7%BE%A4A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="单倍群A（页面不存在）">单倍群A</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%95%E5%80%8D%E7%BE%A4BT&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="单倍群BT（页面不存在）">单倍群BT</a>。前者在某些采猎群体中常见，后者代表了大多数非洲Y染色体谱系和几乎所有非洲外Y染色体谱系。<sup id="cite_ref-Karafet_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karafet-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>Y染色体亚当是它们的共祖，代表了Y染色体亚当本人和他一个儿子的世系，后者有新的<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AE%E6%A0%B8%E8%8B%B7%E9%85%B8%E5%A4%9A%E6%85%8B%E6%80%A7" title="單核苷酸多態性">SNP</a>。 Cruciani et al. 2011确定，Y染色体谱系最深的分支在单倍群A的两亚支之间，而非A与BT之间。后来又发现的A00更在现有树之外，重排后的Y染色体谱系表明单倍群A并不是<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%95%E7%B3%BB%E7%BE%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="单系群">单系群</a>，<sup id="cite_ref-Cruciani_2011_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cruciani_2011-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>而是不具有单倍群BT标记突变的集合。 </p><p>M91、P97突变将单倍群BT与单倍群A区别开来。单倍群A染色体中，M91标记由一段8<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%B8%E8%85%BA%E5%98%A7%E5%95%B6" title="胸腺嘧啶">T</a>碱基组成，单倍群BT和<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E7%8C%A9%E7%8C%A9" title="黑猩猩">黑猩猩</a>染色体中，该标记是9T碱基，说明单倍群BT保留了较早的序列。单倍群A1b和A1a的M91标记都是8T，于是也属于单倍群A。<sup id="cite_ref-Karafet_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karafet-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cruciani_2011_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cruciani_2011-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 不过据Cruciani et al. 2011，M91标记附近是突变的热点区域，因此单倍群A的8T也可能是祖先状态，单倍群BT才发生了突变。这可以解释为什么单倍群A最深的分支A1b、A1a-T都是8T。另外，Cruciani et al. 2011确定，P97标记同样在单倍群A中保持祖先状态，单倍群BT则发生突变。<sup id="cite_ref-Cruciani_2011_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cruciani_2011-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="可能地理起源"><span id=".E5.8F.AF.E8.83.BD.E5.9C.B0.E7.90.86.E8.B5.B7.E6.BA.90"></span>可能地理起源</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Y%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E9%AB%94%E4%BA%9E%E7%95%B6&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：可能地理起源"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r85100532">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">更多信息：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%95%E5%80%8D%E7%BE%A4A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="单倍群A（页面不存在）">单倍群A</a></div> <p>由于目前对TMRCA的估计与对<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A9%E6%9C%9F%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E4%BA%BA" title="早期现代人">早期现代人</a>解剖学年龄的估计趋于一致，且远早于<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2%E8%B5%B7%E6%BA%90%E8%AA%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="非洲起源說">迁出非洲</a>的时间，因此地理起源仍在<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2" title="非洲">非洲</a>内。 </p><p>据Cruciani <i>et al.</i> 2011，<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2%E4%B8%AD%E9%83%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="非洲中部">非洲中部</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E9%9D%9E" title="西非">西部</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%A0%BC%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%83" class="mw-redirect" title="马格里布">西北部</a>检测到了最基本的世系，表明Y染色体亚当生活在“非洲中部-西北部”。<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scozzari <i>et al.</i> （2012）同意将单倍群A1b的起源置于“非洲大陆西北部”。 <sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>2013年发现的单倍群A00是在今日<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%80%E9%BA%A6%E9%9A%86" title="喀麦隆">喀麦隆</a>的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="姆博人" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Mbo people (Cameroon)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A7%86%E5%8D%9A%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="姆博人（页面不存在）">姆博人</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbo_people_(Cameroon)" class="extiw" title="en:Mbo people (Cameroon)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Mbo people (Cameroon)</span></a></span>）</span></span>中测出的，也符合这一情景。<sup id="cite_ref-Mendez13_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mendez13-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2011年以来对Y染色体系统发育的修订影响对Y-MRCA的地理起源与时间深度的估计。根据同样的推理，未来在现有人群中发现未知的古单倍群也会导致这类修订。特别是，欧亚人基因组中存在1%到4%的尼安德特人基因，意味着若发现具有尼安德特血统的在世男性（可能性不大），便会立即将T-MRCA（距MRCA的时间）推到目前值的至少两倍。不过，Mendez <i>et al</i>发现的尼安德特人Y染色体表明尼安德特父系已灭绝，<sup id="cite_ref-Mendez2016_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mendez2016-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>因为从尼安德特人序列推断出的血统超出了当代人类遗传变异的范围。那样，地理起源问题将成为尼安德特人进化历程问题的一部分。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>參考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Y%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E9%AB%94%E4%BA%9E%E7%95%B6&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：參考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="引用"><span id=".E5.BC.95.E7.94.A8"></span>引用</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Y%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E9%AB%94%E4%BA%9E%E7%95%B6&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：引用"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Mendez13-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mendez13_1-0"><sup><b>1.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mendez13_1-1"><sup><b>1.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mendez13_1-2"><sup><b>1.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mendez13_1-3"><sup><b>1.3</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Mendez, Fernando; Krahn, Thomas; Schrack, Bonnie; Krahn, Astrid-Maria; Veeramah, Krishna; Woerner, August; Fomine, Forka Leypey Mathew; Bradman, Neil; Thomas, Mark; Karafet, Tatiana M.; Hammer, Michael F. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190924160717/http://haplogroup-a.com/Ancient-Root-AJHG2013.pdf">An African American paternal lineage adds an extremely ancient root to the human Y chromosome phylogenetic tree</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Journal_of_Human_Genetics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Journal of Human Genetics（页面不存在）">American Journal of Human Genetics</a>. 2013-03-07, <b>92</b> (3): 454–59 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2023-12-19</span>]</span>. <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3591855"><span title="公共医学中心">PMC 3591855</span></a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="可免费查阅"><img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23453668"><span title="公共医学识别码">PMID 23453668</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ajhg.2013.02.002"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.02.002</span></a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://haplogroup-a.com/Ancient-Root-AJHG2013.pdf">原始内容</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>存档于2019-09-24）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3AY%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E9%AB%94%E4%BA%9E%E7%95%B6&rft.atitle=An+African+American+paternal+lineage+adds+an+extremely+ancient+root+to+the+human+Y+chromosome+phylogenetic+tree&rft.au=Bradman%2C+Neil&rft.au=Fomine%2C+Forka+Leypey+Mathew&rft.au=Hammer%2C+Michael+F.&rft.au=Karafet%2C+Tatiana+M.&rft.au=Krahn%2C+Astrid-Maria&rft.au=Krahn%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Schrack%2C+Bonnie&rft.au=Thomas%2C+Mark&rft.au=Veeramah%2C+Krishna&rft.au=Woerner%2C+August&rft.aufirst=Fernando&rft.aulast=Mendez&rft.date=2013-03-07&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.pages=454-59&rft.volume=92&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3591855&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhaplogroup-a.com%2FAncient-Root-AJHG2013.pdf&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ajhg.2013.02.002&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23453668&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> (primary source)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nature.com-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nature.com_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4135414">The 'extremely ancient' chromosome that isn't: a forensic bioinformatic investigation of Albert Perry's X-degenerate portion of the Y chromosome</a>. European Journal of Human Genetics. 2014, <b>22</b> (9): 1111–16. <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4135414"><span title="公共医学中心">PMC 4135414</span></a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="可免费查阅"><img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24448544"><span title="公共医学识别码">PMID 24448544</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fejhg.2013.303"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1038/ejhg.2013.303</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3AY%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E9%AB%94%E4%BA%9E%E7%95%B6&rft.atitle=The+%27extremely+ancient%27+chromosome+that+isn%27t%3A+a+forensic+bioinformatic+investigation+of+Albert+Perry%27s+X-degenerate+portion+of+the+Y+chromosome&rft.au=Graur&rft.au=Klyosov&rft.au=Tatarinova&rft.aufirst=E.&rft.aulast=Elhaik&rft.date=2014&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=9&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.pages=1111-16&rft.volume=22&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4135414&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4135414&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fejhg.2013.303&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24448544&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sci-news.com/genetics/science-y-chromosomal-adam-01709.html">'Y-Chromosomal Adam Lived 208,300 Years Ago, Says New Study'</a> , Sci-News.com, 2014-01-23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ancestors_tale-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ancestors_tale_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Dawkins. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rR9XPnaqvCMC&pg=PA54">The Ancestor's Tale</a>. 2005-09-02. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780618619160" title="Special:网络书源/9780618619160"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9780618619160</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3AY%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E9%AB%94%E4%BA%9E%E7%95%B6&rft.au=Dawkins&rft.btitle=The+Ancestor%27s+Tale&rft.date=2005-09-02&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9780618619160&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrR9XPnaqvCMC%26pg%3DPA54&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <cite class="citation web">Blaine Bettinger. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thegeneticgenealogist.com/2007/07/20/mitochondrial-eve-and-y-chromosomal-adam/">Mitochondrial Eve and Y-chromosomal Adam</a>. The Genetic Genealogist. 2007-07-20 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2023-12-19</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130316081115/http://www.thegeneticgenealogist.com/2007/07/20/mitochondrial-eve-and-y-chromosomal-adam/">存档</a>于2013-03-16）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3AY%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E9%AB%94%E4%BA%9E%E7%95%B6&rft.atitle=Mitochondrial+Eve+and+Y-chromosomal+Adam&rft.au=Blaine+Bettinger&rft.date=2007-07-20&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Genetic+Genealogist&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegeneticgenealogist.com%2F2007%2F07%2F20%2Fmitochondrial-eve-and-y-chromosomal-adam%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cann-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cann_4-0"><sup><b>4.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cann_4-1"><sup><b>4.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Cann RL. Genetics. Y weigh in again on modern humans. Science. 2013, <b>341</b> (6145): 465–67. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013Sci...341..465C"><span title="Bibcode">Bibcode:2013Sci...341..465C</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23908212"><span title="公共医学识别码">PMID 23908212</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206550892"><span title="Semantic Scholar">S2CID 206550892</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1242899"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1126/science.1242899</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3AY%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E9%AB%94%E4%BA%9E%E7%95%B6&rft.atitle=Genetics.+Y+weigh+in+again+on+modern+humans&rft.au=Cann+RL&rft.date=2013&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=6145&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.pages=465-67&rft.volume=341&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A206550892&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013Sci...341..465C&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1242899&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23908212&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bottleneck-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bottleneck_5-0"><sup><b>5.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bottleneck_5-1"><sup><b>5.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bottleneck_5-2"><sup><b>5.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bottleneck_5-3"><sup><b>5.3</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Karmin; et al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4381518">A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity coincides with a global change in culture</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Genome_Research&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genome Research（页面不存在）">Genome Research</a>. 2015, <b>25</b> (4): 459–66. <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4381518"><span title="公共医学中心">PMC 4381518</span></a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="可免费查阅"><img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25770088"><span title="公共医学识别码">PMID 25770088</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.186684.114"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1101/gr.186684.114</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3AY%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E9%AB%94%E4%BA%9E%E7%95%B6&rft.atitle=A+recent+bottleneck+of+Y+chromosome+diversity+coincides+with+a+global+change+in+culture&rft.au=Karmin&rft.date=2015&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Genome+Research&rft.pages=459-66&rft.volume=25&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4381518&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4381518&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1101%2Fgr.186684.114&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25770088&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> "我们将非洲的Y染色体最近共祖（MRCA）定于254（95% CI 192–307）kya，在非洲以外的时间区间缩小到47–52 kya，这与非洲外瓶颈之后欧亚大陆和大洋洲的快速初始殖民模式一致。与基于线粒体DNA的人口重建不同，我们推断Y染色体世系在最近1万年出现了第二个大瓶颈期，我们假设这是源自影响男性生殖成功率差异的文化变迁。"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mendez2016-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mendez2016_6-0"><sup><b>6.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mendez2016_6-1"><sup><b>6.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Mendez, L.; et al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4833433">The Divergence of Neandertal and Modern Human Y Chromosomes</a>. The American Journal of Human Genetics. 2016, <b>98</b> (4): 728–34. <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4833433"><span title="公共医学中心">PMC 4833433</span></a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="可免费查阅"><img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27058445"><span title="公共医学识别码">PMID 27058445</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ajhg.2016.02.023"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2016.02.023</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3AY%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E9%AB%94%E4%BA%9E%E7%95%B6&rft.atitle=The+Divergence+of+Neandertal+and+Modern+Human+Y+Chromosomes&rft.aufirst=L.&rft.aulast=Mendez&rft.date=2016&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.pages=728-34&rft.volume=98&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4833433&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4833433&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ajhg.2016.02.023&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27058445&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Takahata93-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Takahata93_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Takahata, N. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_molecular-biology-and-evolution_1993-01_10_1/page/2">Allelic genealogy and human evolution</a>. Mol. Biol. Evol. January 1993, <b>10</b> (1): 2–22. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8450756"><span title="公共医学识别码">PMID 8450756</span></a>. <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.molbev.a039995"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a039995</span></a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="可免费查阅"><img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3AY%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E9%AB%94%E4%BA%9E%E7%95%B6&rft.atitle=Allelic+genealogy+and+human+evolution&rft.aufirst=N&rft.aulast=Takahata&rft.date=1993-01&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Mol.+Biol.+Evol.&rft.pages=2-22&rft.volume=10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_molecular-biology-and-evolution_1993-01_10_1%2Fpage%2F2&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.molbev.a039995&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8450756&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-elhaik-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-elhaik_8-0"><sup><b>8.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-elhaik_8-1"><sup><b>8.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Elhaik E, Tatarinova TV, Klyosov AA, Graur D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4135414">The 'extremely ancient' chromosome that isn't: a forensic bioinformatic investigation of Albert Perry's X-degenerate portion of the Y chromosome</a>. European Journal of Human Genetics. 2014, <b>22</b> (9): 1111–16. <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4135414"><span title="公共医学中心">PMC 4135414</span></a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="可免费查阅"><img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24448544"><span title="公共医学识别码">PMID 24448544</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fejhg.2013.303"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1038/ejhg.2013.303</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3AY%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E9%AB%94%E4%BA%9E%E7%95%B6&rft.atitle=The+%27extremely+ancient%27+chromosome+that+isn%27t%3A+a+forensic+bioinformatic+investigation+of+Albert+Perry%27s+X-degenerate+portion+of+the+Y+chromosome&rft.au=Graur%2C+D&rft.au=Klyosov%2C+AA&rft.au=Tatarinova%2C+TV&rft.aufirst=E&rft.aulast=Elhaik&rft.date=2014&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=9&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.pages=1111-16&rft.volume=22&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4135414&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4135414&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fejhg.2013.303&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24448544&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thomson-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thomson_9-0"><sup><b>9.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thomson_9-1"><sup><b>9.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Thomson, J.; et al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC34361">Recent common ancestry of human Y chromosomes: Evidence from DNA sequence data</a>. PNAS. 2000, <b>97</b> (13): 6927–29. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000PNAS...97.6927B"><span title="Bibcode">Bibcode:2000PNAS...97.6927B</span></a>. <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC34361"><span title="公共医学中心">PMC 34361</span></a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="可免费查阅"><img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10860948"><span title="公共医学识别码">PMID 10860948</span></a>. <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.97.13.6927"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1073/pnas.97.13.6927</span></a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="可免费查阅"><img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3AY%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E9%AB%94%E4%BA%9E%E7%95%B6&rft.atitle=Recent+common+ancestry+of+human+Y+chromosomes%3A+Evidence+from+DNA+sequence+data&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=13&rft.jtitle=PNAS&rft.pages=6927-29&rft.volume=97&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC34361&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC34361&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000PNAS...97.6927B&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.97.13.6927&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10860948&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Hammer MF. 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Condé Nast. 2013-08-02 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2013-08-10</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230302174051/https://arstechnica.com/science/2013/08/genetic-adam-and-eve-may-have-walked-on-earth-at-the-same-time/">存档</a>于2023-03-02）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3AY%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E9%AB%94%E4%BA%9E%E7%95%B6&rft.atitle=Genetic+Adam+and+Eve+may+have+walked+on+Earth+at+the+same+time&rft.au=Rathi+A&rft.date=2013-08-02&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ars+technica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Fscience%2F2013%2F08%2Fgenetic-adam-and-eve-may-have-walked-on-earth-at-the-same-time%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Karafet-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Karafet_19-0"><sup><b>19.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karafet_19-1"><sup><b>19.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Karafet TM, Mendez FL, Meilerman MB, Underhill PA, Zegura SL, Hammer MF. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.genome.org/cgi/content/abstract/gr.7172008v1">New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree</a>. Genome Research. 2008, <b>18</b> (5): 830–38 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2023-12-19</span>]</span>. <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2336805"><span title="公共医学中心">PMC 2336805</span></a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="可免费查阅"><img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18385274"><span title="公共医学识别码">PMID 18385274</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.7172008"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1101/gr.7172008</span></a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080607221314/http://www.genome.org/cgi/content/abstract/gr.7172008v1">存档</a>于2008-06-07）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3AY%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E9%AB%94%E4%BA%9E%E7%95%B6&rft.atitle=New+binary+polymorphisms+reshape+and+increase+resolution+of+the+human+Y+chromosomal+haplogroup+tree&rft.au=Hammer%2C+MF&rft.au=Meilerman%2C+MB&rft.au=Mendez%2C+FL&rft.au=Underhill%2C+PA&rft.au=Zegura%2C+SL&rft.aufirst=TM&rft.aulast=Karafet&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=5&rft.jtitle=Genome+Research&rft.pages=830-38&rft.volume=18&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2336805&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genome.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2Fgr.7172008v1&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1101%2Fgr.7172008&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18385274&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cruciani_2011-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cruciani_2011_20-0"><sup><b>20.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cruciani_2011_20-1"><sup><b>20.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cruciani_2011_20-2"><sup><b>20.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fulvio Cruciani, Beniamino Trombetta, Andrea Massaia, Giovanni Destro-Biso, Daniele Sellitto y Rosaria Scozzari 2011, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cell.com/AJHG/fulltext/S0002-9297%2811%2900164-9#">A Revised Root for the human Y-chromosomal Phylogenetic Tree: The Origin of Patrilineal Diversity in Africa</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20180524005852/http://www.cell.com/AJHG/fulltext/S0002-9297%2811%2900164-9">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">在2204个非洲Y染色体样本中，有8条属于单倍群A1a、A1b。2名摩洛哥柏柏尔人、1名富尔贝人、1名尼日尔图阿雷格人身上发现了单倍群A1a；喀麦隆南部的3个Bakola俾格米人和1名阿尔及利亚柏柏尔人身上发现了单倍群A1b。Cruciani <i>et al.</i> 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"这证明了A1b单倍群源于非洲大陆西北部的假设，并与最近在非洲中西部发现的古代Y染色体系谱仪器，为人类MSY多样性的地理起源提供了新证据。" <cite class="citation journal">Scozzari R; Massaia A; D'Atanasio E; Myres NM; Perego UA; et al. 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Science. 1996, <b>272</b> (5266): 1356–57; author reply 1361–1362. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996Sci...272.1356F"><span title="Bibcode">Bibcode:1996Sci...272.1356F</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8650550"><span title="公共医学识别码">PMID 8650550</span></a>. <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.272.5266.1356"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1126/science.272.5266.1356</span></a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="可免费查阅"><img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3AY%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E9%AB%94%E4%BA%9E%E7%95%B6&rft.atitle=Estimating+the+age+of+the+common+ancestor+of+men+from+the+ZFY+intron&rft.au=Balding%2C+D.+J.&rft.au=Donnelly%2C+P.&rft.au=Griffiths%2C+R.+C.&rft.au=Li%2C+WH&rft.au=Rogers%2C+J.&rft.au=Tavar%C3%A9%2C+S.&rft.au=Von+Haeseler%2C+A.&rft.au=Weiss%2C+G.&rft.aufirst=YX&rft.aulast=Fu&rft.date=1996&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=5266&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.pages=1356-57%3B+author+reply+1361-1362&rft.volume=272&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1996Sci...272.1356F&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.272.5266.1356&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8650550&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Donnelly, P; Tavaré, S; Balding, DJ; Griffiths, RC. Estimating the age of the common ancestor of men from the ZFY intron. Science. May 1996, <b>272</b> (5266): 1357–59; author reply 1361–62. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8650551"><span title="公共医学识别码">PMID 8650551</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.272.5266.1357"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1126/science.272.5266.1357</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3AY%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E9%AB%94%E4%BA%9E%E7%95%B6&rft.atitle=Estimating+the+age+of+the+common+ancestor+of+men+from+the+ZFY+intron&rft.au=Balding%2C+DJ&rft.au=Griffiths%2C+RC&rft.au=Tavar%C3%A9%2C+S&rft.aufirst=P&rft.aulast=Donnelly&rft.date=1996-05&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=5266&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.pages=1357-59%3B+author+reply+1361-62&rft.volume=272&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.272.5266.1357&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8650551&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Dorit, RL; Akashi, H; Gilbert, W. Absence of polymorphism at the ZFY locus on the human Y chromosome. Science. May 1995, <b>268</b> (5214): 1183–85. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995Sci...268.1183D"><span title="Bibcode">Bibcode:1995Sci...268.1183D</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7761836"><span title="公共医学识别码">PMID 7761836</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.7761836"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1126/science.7761836</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3AY%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E9%AB%94%E4%BA%9E%E7%95%B6&rft.atitle=Absence+of+polymorphism+at+the+ZFY+locus+on+the+human+Y+chromosome&rft.au=Akashi%2C+H&rft.au=Gilbert%2C+W&rft.aufirst=RL&rft.aulast=Dorit&rft.date=1995-05&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=5214&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.pages=1183-85&rft.volume=268&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1995Sci...268.1183D&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.7761836&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7761836&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部链接"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.93.BE.E6.8E.A5"></span>外部链接</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Y%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E9%AB%94%E4%BA%9E%E7%95%B6&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：外部链接"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655521">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655520">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%AB%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90" title="维基共享资源">维基共享资源</a>上的相关多媒体资源：<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Y-chromosomal_Adam" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Y-chromosomal Adam"><span style="font-weight:bold;">Y染色體亞當</span></a></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20021222062034/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002/12/1212_021213_journeyofman.html">Documentary Redraws Humans' Family Tree</a> (from <i><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic (magazine)">National Geographic</a></i>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=2784B6726356BE91">DNA Mysteries – The Search for Adam</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20230302174048/https://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=2784B6726356BE91">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） (from <i><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Channel" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic Channel">National Geographic Channel</a></i>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chartsgraphsdiagrams.com/evolution/mitochondrial-eve.html">Mitochondrial Eve and Y-chromosomal Adam Diagrams</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20140921071442/http://www.chartsgraphsdiagrams.com/evolution/mitochondrial-eve.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roperld.com/YBiallelicHaplogroups.htm">Y-Chromosome Biallelic Haplogroups</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20090719094910/http://www.roperld.com/YBiallelicHaplogroups.htm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/8467623.stm">Most European males 'descended from farmers'</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20230413074132/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/8467623.stm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news-service.stanford.edu/news/2000/november8/chromosome-1108.html">Why study the Y: Chromosome reveals path of ancestral humans</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20091006101039/http://news-service.stanford.edu/news/2000/november8/chromosome-1108.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li></ul> <div style="clear: both; height: 1em"></div> <table align="center" width="700" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="background: #fdfdfd; border: 1px #111 solid; text-align: center"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background: #ccf; border-bottom: 1px #111 solid; text-align: center;" colspan="100%"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E7%B1%BBY%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E4%BD%93DNA%E5%8D%95%E5%80%8D%E5%9E%8B%E7%B1%BB%E7%BE%A4" title="人类Y染色体DNA单倍型类群">人类Y染色体DNA单倍型类群</a>进化树</b> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="1;" width="12"> </td> <td style="text-align: left; font-size: 90%" colspan="24"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Y染色体最近共同祖先</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%95%E5%80%8D%E5%9E%8B%E7%B1%BB%E7%BE%A4_A_(Y-DNA)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="单倍型类群 A (Y-DNA)（页面不存在）">A</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td style="border-top: 1px #111 solid; text-align: left" colspan="1">A1b </td> <td style="border-top: 1px #111 solid; text-align: right" colspan="2">A1a-T </td> <td colspan="19"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td style="border-top: 1px #111 solid; text-align: left" colspan="2">A1a </td> <td style="border-top: 1px #111 solid; text-align: right" colspan="2">A2-T </td> <td colspan="19"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6"> </td> <td style="border-top: 1px #111 solid; text-align: left" colspan="1">A2 </td> <td style="border-top: 1px #111 solid; text-align: left" colspan="2">A3 </td> <td style="border-top: 1px #111 solid; text-align: right" colspan="3"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%95%E5%80%8D%E5%9E%8B%E7%B1%BB%E7%BE%A4_BT_(Y-DNA)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="单倍型类群 BT (Y-DNA)（页面不存在）">BT</a> </td> <td colspan="19"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="9"> </td> <td style="border-top: 1px #111 solid; text-align: left" colspan="3"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%95%E5%80%8D%E5%9E%8B%E7%B1%BB%E7%BE%A4_B_(Y-DNA)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="单倍型类群 B (Y-DNA)（页面不存在）">B</a> </td> <td style="border-top: 1px #111 solid; text-align: right" colspan="3"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%95%E5%80%8D%E5%9E%8B%E7%B1%BB%E7%BE%A4_CT_(Y-DNA)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="单倍型类群 CT (Y-DNA)（页面不存在）">CT</a> </td> <td colspan="17"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td style="border-top: 1px #111 solid; text-align: left" colspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%95%E5%80%8D%E5%9E%8B%E7%B1%BB%E7%BE%A4_DE_(Y-DNA)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="单倍型类群 DE (Y-DNA)（页面不存在）">DE</a> </td> <td style="border-top: 1px #111 solid; text-align: right" colspan="4"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%95%E5%80%8D%E5%9E%8B%E7%B1%BB%E7%BE%A4_CF_(Y-DNA)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="单倍型类群 CF (Y-DNA)（页面不存在）">CF</a> </td> <td colspan="15"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="13"> </td> <td style="border-top: 1px #111 solid; text-align: left" colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%95%E5%80%8D%E7%BE%A4D-M174" title="单倍群D-M174">D</a> </td> <td style="border-top: 1px #111 solid; text-align: right" colspan="1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%95%E5%80%8D%E5%9E%8B%E7%B1%BB%E7%BE%A4_E_(Y-DNA)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="单倍型类群 E (Y-DNA)（页面不存在）">E</a> </td> <td colspan="1;" width="8"> </td> <td style="border-top: 1px #111 solid; text-align: left" colspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%95%E5%80%8D%E5%9E%8B%E7%B1%BB%E7%BE%A4_C_(Y-DNA)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="单倍型类群 C (Y-DNA)（页面不存在）">C</a> </td> <td style="border-top: 1px #111 solid; text-align: right" colspan="3"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%95%E5%80%8D%E5%9E%8B%E7%B1%BB%E7%BE%A4_F_(Y-DNA)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="单倍型类群 F (Y-DNA)（页面不存在）">F</a> </td> <td colspan="13"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="19"> </td> <td style="border-top: 1px #111 solid; text-align: left" colspan="1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%95%E5%80%8D%E5%9E%8B%E7%B1%BB%E7%BE%A4_G_(Y-DNA)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="单倍型类群 G (Y-DNA)（页面不存在）">G</a> </td> <td style="border-top: 1px #111 solid; text-align: center" colspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%95%E5%80%8D%E5%9E%8B%E7%B1%BB%E7%BE%A4_H_(Y-DNA)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="单倍型类群 H (Y-DNA)（页面不存在）">H</a> </td> <td style="border-top: 1px #111 solid; text-align: right" colspan="4"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%95%E5%80%8D%E5%9E%8B%E7%B1%BB%E7%BE%A4_IJK_(Y-DNA)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="单倍型类群 IJK (Y-DNA)（页面不存在）">IJK</a> </td> <td colspan="9"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="23"> </td> <td style="border-top: 1px #111 solid; text-align: left" colspan="5"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%95%E5%80%8D%E5%9E%8B%E7%B1%BB%E7%BE%A4_IJ_(Y-DNA)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="单倍型类群 IJ (Y-DNA)（页面不存在）">IJ</a> </td> <td style="border-top: 1px #111 solid; text-align: right" colspan="10"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%95%E5%80%8D%E5%9E%8B%E7%B1%BB%E7%BE%A4_K_(Y-DNA)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="单倍型类群 K (Y-DNA)（页面不存在）">K</a> </td> <td colspan="6"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="22"> </td> <td style="border-top: 1px #111 solid; text-align: left" colspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%95%E5%80%8D%E5%9E%8B%E7%B1%BB%E7%BE%A4_I_(Y-DNA)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="单倍型类群 I (Y-DNA)（页面不存在）">I</a> </td> <td style="border-top: 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