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href="#Awards_and_honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Awards and honors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A_7" title="ميركوري 7 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ميركوري 7" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_Seven" title="Mercury Seven – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mercury Seven" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_Seven" title="Mercury Seven – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mercury Seven" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_Seven" title="Mercury Seven – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mercury Seven" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A8%B8%ED%81%90%EB%A6%AC_%EC%84%B8%EB%B8%90" title="머큐리 세븐 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="머큐리 세븐" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_Tujuh" title="Mercury Tujuh – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mercury Tujuh" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_Seven" title="Mercury Seven – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mercury Seven" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_sept%C4%ABtnieks" title="Mercury septītnieks – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mercury septītnieks" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_Seven" title="Mercury Seven – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Mercury Seven" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_Seven" title="Mercury Seven – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mercury Seven" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_7" title="مرکوری 7 – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="مرکوری 7" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_Tujuh" title="Mercury Tujuh – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Mercury Tujuh" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_Seven" title="Mercury Seven – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mercury Seven" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AD%E3%83%A5%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%82%BB%E3%83%96%E3%83%B3" title="マーキュリー・セブン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マーキュリー・セブン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_Seven" title="Mercury Seven – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mercury Seven" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_Seven" title="Mercury Seven – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mercury Seven" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B4_%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90" title="Первый отряд астронавтов США – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Первый отряд астронавтов США" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_Seven" title="Mercury Seven – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mercury Seven" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%95_%D9%A7" title="زاوە ٧ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زاوە ٧" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%98%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Меркјури Седам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Меркјури Седам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronautgrupp_1" title="Astronautgrupp 1 – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Astronautgrupp 1" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99" title="เมอร์คิวรีเซเวน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เมอร์คิวรีเซเวน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merk%C3%BCr_7%27lisi" title="Merkür 7'lisi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Merkür 7'lisi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E6%98%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92%E4%B8%83%E4%BA%BA" title="水星计划七人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="水星计划七人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q597154#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Mercury_7_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Mercury 7 (disambiguation)">Mercury 7 (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/The_Mercury_7_%2815258556433%29.jpg/390px-The_Mercury_7_%2815258556433%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/The_Mercury_7_%2815258556433%29.jpg/520px-The_Mercury_7_%2815258556433%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="5120" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The Mercury Seven in 1960<br />Back: <a href="/wiki/Alan_Shepard" title="Alan Shepard">Alan Shepard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gus_Grissom" title="Gus Grissom">Gus Grissom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Cooper" title="Gordon Cooper">Gordon Cooper</a>;<br />Front: <a href="/wiki/Wally_Schirra" title="Wally Schirra">Wally Schirra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deke_Slayton" title="Deke Slayton">Deke Slayton</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Glenn" title="John Glenn">John Glenn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scott_Carpenter" title="Scott Carpenter">Scott Carpenter</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Year selected</th><td class="infobox-data">1959</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Number selected</th><td class="infobox-data">7</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid"><div style="float: right;"><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_2" title="NASA Astronaut Group 2">Astronaut Group 2 (1962)</a> →</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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left; padding-left: 5px; padding-top: 3px;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Corps" title="NASA Astronaut Corps">NASA Astronaut Corps</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gemini_astronauts" title="List of Gemini astronauts">Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_astronauts" title="List of Apollo astronauts">Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_crews" title="List of Space Shuttle crews">Space Shuttle</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa; background: transparent; text-align: left; padding-left: 5px; padding-top: 3px;color: var(--color-base)">Spaceports</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Range" title="Eastern Range">Eastern Range</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Space_Force_Station" title="Cape Canaveral Space Force Station">Cape Canaveral Space Force Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallops_Flight_Facility" title="Wallops Flight Facility">Wallops Flight Facility</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_Regional_Spaceport" title="Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport">Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Spaceport_Complex_%E2%80%93_Alaska" title="Pacific Spaceport Complex – Alaska">Pacific Spaceport Complex – Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Range_(USSF)" title="Western Range (USSF)">Western Range</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vandenberg_Space_Force_Base" title="Vandenberg Space Force Base">Vandenberg Space Force Base</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa; background: transparent; text-align: left; padding-left: 5px; padding-top: 3px;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_orbital_launch_systems#United_States" title="List of orbital launch systems">Space launch vehicles</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Firefly_Alpha" title="Firefly Alpha"><i>Alpha</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antares_(rocket)" title="Antares (rocket)">Antares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_V" title="Atlas V">Atlas V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocket_Lab_Electron" title="Rocket Lab Electron">Electron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_9" title="Falcon 9">Falcon 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_Heavy" title="Falcon Heavy">Falcon Heavy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LauncherOne" title="LauncherOne">LauncherOne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minotaur_(rocket_family)" title="Minotaur (rocket family)">Minotaur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minotaur_I" title="Minotaur I">I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minotaur_III" title="Minotaur III"><i>III</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minotaur_IV" title="Minotaur IV">IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minotaur_V" title="Minotaur V">V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minotaur-C" title="Minotaur-C">C</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Glenn" title="New Glenn">New Glenn</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Shepard" title="New Shepard">New Shepard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_Grumman_Pegasus" title="Northrop Grumman Pegasus">Pegasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Launch_System" title="Space Launch System">Space Launch System</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starship" title="SpaceX Starship">Starship</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcan_Centaur" title="Vulcan Centaur">Vulcan Centaur</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa; background: transparent; text-align: left; padding-left: 5px; padding-top: 3px;color: var(--color-base)">National security space</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">United States Space Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Reconnaissance_Office" title="National Reconnaissance Office">National Reconnaissance Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Command" title="United States Space Command">United States Space Command</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa; background: transparent; text-align: left; padding-left: 5px; padding-top: 3px;color: var(--color-base)">Civil space</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy_national_laboratories" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Department of Energy national laboratories">Department of Energy national laboratories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration" title="Federal Aviation Administration">Federal Aviation Administration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Commercial_Space_Transportation" title="Office of Commercial Space Transportation">Office of Commercial Space Transportation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Environmental_Satellite,_Data,_and_Information_Service" title="National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service">National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Space_Commerce" title="Office of Space Commerce">Office of Space Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Weather_Prediction_Center" title="Space Weather Prediction Center">Space Weather Prediction Center</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Under_Secretary_of_State_for_Economic_Growth,_Energy,_and_the_Environment" title="Under Secretary of State for Economic Growth, Energy, and the Environment">Department of State Office of Space Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Science_and_Technology_Policy" title="Office of Science and Technology Policy">Office of Science and Technology Policy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa; background: transparent; text-align: left; padding-left: 5px; padding-top: 3px;color: var(--color-base)">Commercial space industry</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astra_(American_spaceflight_company)" title="Astra (American spaceflight company)">Astra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ball_Aerospace_%26_Technologies" title="Ball Aerospace & Technologies">Ball Aerospace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bigelow_Aerospace" title="Bigelow Aerospace">Bigelow Aerospace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Origin" title="Blue Origin">Blue Origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Defense,_Space_%26_Security" title="Boeing Defense, Space & Security">Boeing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firefly_Aerospace" title="Firefly Aerospace">Firefly Aerospace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_Space" title="Lockheed Martin Space">Lockheed Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raytheon_Intelligence_%26_Space" title="Raytheon Intelligence & Space">Raytheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocket_Lab" title="Rocket Lab">Rocket Lab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_Grumman_Innovation_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems">Northrop Grumman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_Corporation" title="Sierra Nevada Corporation">Sierra Nevada Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX">SpaceX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SSL_(company)" title="SSL (company)">SSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Launch_Alliance" title="United Launch Alliance">United Launch Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Galactic" title="Virgin Galactic">Virgin Galactic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Orbit" title="Virgin Orbit">Virgin Orbit</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_space_program_sidebar" title="Template:United States space program sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_space_program_sidebar" title="Template talk:United States space program sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_space_program_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States space program sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Mercury Seven</b> were the group of seven <a href="/wiki/Astronaut" title="Astronaut">astronauts</a> selected to fly spacecraft for <a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Project Mercury</a>. They are also referred to as the <b>Original Seven</b> and <b>Astronaut Group 1</b>. Their names were publicly announced by <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> on April 9, 1959: <a href="/wiki/Scott_Carpenter" title="Scott Carpenter">Scott Carpenter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Cooper" title="Gordon Cooper">Gordon Cooper</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Glenn" title="John Glenn">John Glenn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gus_Grissom" title="Gus Grissom">Gus Grissom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wally_Schirra" title="Wally Schirra">Wally Schirra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Shepard" title="Alan Shepard">Alan Shepard</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Deke_Slayton" title="Deke Slayton">Deke Slayton</a>. The Mercury Seven created a new profession in the United States, and established the image of the American astronaut for decades to come. </p><p>All of the Mercury Seven eventually flew in space. They piloted the six spaceflights of the Mercury program that had an astronaut on board from May 1961 to May 1963, and members of the group flew on all of the NASA human spaceflight programs of the 20th century – Mercury, <a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Gemini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a>. </p><p>Shepard became the first American to enter space in 1961, and walked on the Moon on <a href="/wiki/Apollo_14" title="Apollo 14">Apollo 14</a> in 1971. Grissom flew the <a href="/wiki/Gemini_3" title="Gemini 3">first crewed</a> Gemini mission in 1965, but died in 1967 in the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_1" title="Apollo 1">Apollo 1</a> fire; the others all survived past retirement from service. Schirra flew <a href="/wiki/Apollo_7" title="Apollo 7">Apollo 7</a> in 1968, the first crewed Apollo mission, in Grissom's place, and became the only astronaut to fly Mercury, Gemini and Apollo missions. Cooper piloted the last Mercury spaceflight, <a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_9" title="Mercury-Atlas 9">Mercury-Atlas 9</a>, in 1963, and in 1965 became the first astronaut to make a second orbital flight when he flew as command pilot of <a href="/wiki/Gemini_5" title="Gemini 5">Gemini 5</a>. Carpenter flew <a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_7" title="Mercury-Atlas 7">Mercury-Atlas 7</a> in 1962. He later took leave of absence to join the U.S. Navy SEALAB project as an aquanaut, but in training suffered injuries that made him unavailable for further spaceflights. </p><p>Slayton, grounded with an <a href="/wiki/Atrial_fibrillation" title="Atrial fibrillation">atrial fibrillation</a>, ultimately flew on the <a href="/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz_Test_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollo–Soyuz Test Project">Apollo–Soyuz Test Project</a> in 1975. The first American in orbit in 1962, Glenn flew on the <span class="nowrap">Space Shuttle</span> <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Discovery" title="Space Shuttle Discovery"><i>Discovery</i></a> in 1998 to become, at age 77, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_spaceflight_records#Age_records" title="List of spaceflight records">oldest person</a> to fly in space at the time. He was the oldest member of the Mercury Seven, and the last living member of the group when he died in 2016 at age 95. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mercury_Seven&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The launch of the <a href="/wiki/Sputnik_1" title="Sputnik 1">Sputnik 1</a> satellite by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> on October 4, 1957, started a <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> technological and ideological competition with the United States known as the <a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a>. The demonstration of American technological inferiority came as a profound shock to the American public. The Soviets followed up with <a href="/wiki/Sputnik_2" title="Sputnik 2">Sputnik 2</a>, which carried <a href="/wiki/Laika" title="Laika">Laika</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_dog" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet space dog">Soviet space dog</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwensonGrimwoodAlexander196628–29,_37_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwensonGrimwoodAlexander196628–29,_37-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American intelligence analysts assessed that the Soviets planned to put a man into orbit, which caused the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a> (USAF) and the <a href="/wiki/National_Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics" title="National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics">National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics</a> (NACA) to strengthen their efforts to achieve that goal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwensonGrimwoodAlexander196669–74_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwensonGrimwoodAlexander196669–74-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELogsdonLaunius200811_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELogsdonLaunius200811-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The USAF launched a spaceflight project called <a href="/wiki/Man_in_Space_Soonest" title="Man in Space Soonest">Man in Space Soonest</a> (MISS), for which it obtained approval from the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Joint Chiefs of Staff">Joint Chiefs of Staff</a>, and requested $133 million in funding.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELogsdonLaunius20089–10_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELogsdonLaunius20089–10-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MISS encountered technical challenges, which in turn caused funding difficulties. This generated conflict with the two agencies that should have been supporting it, NACA and the <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Research_Projects_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Research Projects Agency">Advanced Research Projects Agency</a> (ARPA).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwensonGrimwoodAlexander196691–93_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwensonGrimwoodAlexander196691–93-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The core of the problem was the USAF's inability to articulate a clear military purpose for MISS.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELogsdonLaunius20089–10_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELogsdonLaunius20089–10-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, in response to the <a href="/wiki/Sputnik_crisis" title="Sputnik crisis">Sputnik crisis</a>, the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a>, decided to create a new civilian agency, the <a href="/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="National Aeronautics and Space Administration">National Aeronautics and Space Administration</a> (NASA), which would absorb NACA and be responsible for the overall direction of the American space program.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwensonGrimwoodAlexander196682_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwensonGrimwoodAlexander196682-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 1958, the USAF agreed to transfer responsibility for MISS to NASA, which was established on October 1, 1958.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELogsdonLaunius200811–12_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELogsdonLaunius200811–12-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On November 5, the <a href="/wiki/Space_Task_Group" title="Space Task Group">Space Task Group</a> (STG) was established at the NASA <a href="/wiki/Langley_Research_Center" title="Langley Research Center">Langley Research Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hampton,_Virginia" title="Hampton, Virginia">Hampton, Virginia</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Gilruth" title="Robert R. Gilruth">Robert R. Gilruth</a> as its director. On November 26, 1958, NASA Administrator <a href="/wiki/T._Keith_Glennan" title="T. Keith Glennan">T. Keith Glennan</a> and his deputy, <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Dryden" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh Dryden">Hugh Dryden</a>, adopted a suggestion by <a href="/wiki/Abe_Silverstein" title="Abe Silverstein">Abe Silverstein</a>, the director of Space Flight Development at STG, that the human spaceflight project be called <a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Project Mercury</a>. The name was publicly announced by Glennan on December 17, 1958, the 55th anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/Wright_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Wright Brothers">Wright Brothers</a>' first flight.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgess201129–30_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgess201129–30-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwensonGrimwoodAlexander1966131–132_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwensonGrimwoodAlexander1966131–132-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The objective of Project Mercury was to launch a man into <a href="/wiki/Geocentric_orbit" title="Geocentric orbit">Earth orbit</a>, return him safely to the Earth, and evaluate his capabilities in space.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwensonGrimwoodAlexander1966134_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwensonGrimwoodAlexander1966134-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selection_criteria">Selection criteria</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mercury_Seven&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Selection criteria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> The STG had to decide on a name for the people who would fly into space. A brainstorming session was held on December 1, 1958. By analogy with "aeronaut" (air traveler), someone came up with the term "<a href="/wiki/Astronaut" title="Astronaut">astronaut</a>", which meant "<a href="/wiki/Interstellar_travel" title="Interstellar travel">star traveler</a>", although Project Mercury's ambitions were far more limited. They thought that they had coined a new word, but the term had been used in science fiction since the 1920s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgess201129–30_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgess201129–30-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A three-man panel consisting of <a href="/wiki/Charles_J._Donlan" title="Charles J. Donlan">Charles J. Donlan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warren_J._North" title="Warren J. North">Warren J. North</a> and <a href="/wiki/Allen_O._Gamble" title="Allen O. Gamble">Allen O. Gamble</a> drew up a <a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_civil_service" title="United States federal civil service">civil service</a> job specification for astronauts. The panel proposed that astronauts be in civil service grades 12 to 15, depending on qualifications and experience, with an annual salary of $8,330 to $12,770 (equivalent to $87,066 to $133,473 in 2023).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwensonGrimwoodAlexander1966129_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwensonGrimwoodAlexander1966129-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It described the duties of an astronaut:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Although the entire satellite operation will be possible, in the early phases, without the presence of man, the astronaut will play an important role during the flight. He will contribute by monitoring the cabin environment and by making necessary adjustments. He will have continuous displays of his position and attitude and other instrument readings, and will have the capability of operating the reaction controls, and of initiating the descent from orbit. He will contribute to the operation of the communications system. In addition, the astronaut will make research observations that cannot be made by instruments; these include physiological, astronomical and meteorological observations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwensonGrimwoodAlexander1966130_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwensonGrimwoodAlexander1966130-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>Although the panel considered that many people might possess the required skills – aircraft pilots, submariners, deep sea divers and mountain climbers were all considered likely prospects – it decided that they could be best met by military <a href="/wiki/Test_pilot" title="Test pilot">test pilots</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtkinsonShafritz198534_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkinsonShafritz198534-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accepting only military test pilots would simplify the selection process, and would also satisfy security requirements, as the role would almost certainly involve the handling of classified information.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwensonGrimwoodAlexander1966129_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwensonGrimwoodAlexander1966129-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The decision to restrict selection to military test pilots was taken by Glennan, Dryden and Gilruth in the last week of December 1958, but the irony of using military test pilots in a civilian program was not overlooked, and in view of the President's express preference for a space program outside the military, Glennan thought it best to run the decision past Eisenhower. A meeting was arranged with the President, who was convinced by the arguments.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwensonGrimwoodAlexander1966130_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwensonGrimwoodAlexander1966130-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtkinsonShafritz198536–37_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkinsonShafritz198536–37-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The panel also drew up selection criteria. Astronauts had to be: </p> <ol><li>Less than 40 years old;</li> <li>Less than 5 feet 11 inches (1.80 m) tall;</li> <li>In excellent physical condition;</li> <li>With a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">bachelor's degree</a> or equivalent;</li> <li>A graduate of test pilot school;</li> <li>With a minimum of 1,500 hours total flying time; and</li> <li>A qualified jet pilot.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwensonGrimwoodAlexander1966131_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwensonGrimwoodAlexander1966131-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p><span class="anchor" id="AnchorHeight"></span>The height limit was a function of the design of the <a href="/wiki/Mercury_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercury spacecraft">Mercury spacecraft</a>, which could not accommodate someone taller.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgess201135_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgess201135-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was still uncertain as to whether piloting in the conventional sense would ever be possible in a spacecraft,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwensonGrimwoodAlexander1966131_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwensonGrimwoodAlexander1966131-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but from the beginning the spacecraft design provided for some degree of manual control.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtkinsonShafritz198538_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkinsonShafritz198538-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selection_process">Selection process</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mercury_Seven&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Selection process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mercury_Seven_astronauts_with_aircraft.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Mercury_Seven_astronauts_with_aircraft.jpg/220px-Mercury_Seven_astronauts_with_aircraft.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Mercury_Seven_astronauts_with_aircraft.jpg/330px-Mercury_Seven_astronauts_with_aircraft.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Mercury_Seven_astronauts_with_aircraft.jpg/440px-Mercury_Seven_astronauts_with_aircraft.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2398" /></a><figcaption>The Mercury Seven in front of an <a href="/wiki/F-106_Delta_Dart" class="mw-redirect" title="F-106 Delta Dart">F-106 Delta Dart</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The first step in the selection process was to obtain the service records of test pilot school graduates from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">United States Department of Defense</a>. All services agreed to cooperate fully, and handed over their records. There were 508 military test pilots in total, of whom 225 were Air Force, 225 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">Navy</a>, 23 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a> and 35 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">Army</a>. Donlan, North, Gamble and psychologist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_B._Voas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert B. Voas (page does not exist)">Robert B. Voas</a> then went through the records in January 1959, and identified 110 pilots – five Marines, 47 from the Navy, and 58 from the Air Force – who met the rest of the minimum standards.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtkinsonShafritz198536–39_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkinsonShafritz198536–39-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 110 were then split into three groups, with the most promising in the first group.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgess201138_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgess201138-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sixty-nine candidates were brought to <a href="/wiki/The_Pentagon" title="The Pentagon">the Pentagon</a> in Washington, DC, in two groups.<sup id="cite_ref-time19590420_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-time19590420-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first group of 35 assembled there on February 2, 1959. The Navy and Marine Corps officers were welcomed by the <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Naval_Operations" title="Chief of Naval Operations">Chief of Naval Operations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Admiral_(United_States)" title="Admiral (United States)">Admiral</a> <a href="/wiki/Arleigh_Burke" title="Arleigh Burke">Arleigh Burke</a>, while the Air Force officers were addressed by the <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force">Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_(United_States)" title="General (United States)">General</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_D._White" title="Thomas D. White">Thomas D. White</a>. Both pledged their support to the space program, and promised that the careers of volunteers would not be adversely affected. NASA officials then briefed the candidates on Project Mercury. The officials conceded that it would be a hazardous undertaking, but emphasized that it was of great national importance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgess201146–51_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgess201146–51-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtkinsonShafritz198540–42_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkinsonShafritz198540–42-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The candidates were given three briefings by NASA officials. The first was about NASA and Project Mercury; the second concerned the role of the pilot in the project; and the third was about the proposed astronaut training syllabus. In the afternoon candidates had short individual meetings with the NASA selection committee. It was emphasized that participation was entirely voluntary, that candidates were free to decline, and that there would be no career repercussions if they did so. Several candidates declined at this point.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtkinsonShafritz198540–42_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkinsonShafritz198540–42-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rest reported to NASA Headquarters in Washington, DC, the following day for further screening. Voas gave them a series of <a href="/wiki/Standardized_test" title="Standardized test">standardized tests</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Miller_Analogies_Test" title="Miller Analogies Test">Miller Analogies Test</a> to measure <a href="/wiki/IQ" class="mw-redirect" title="IQ">IQ</a>; the Minnesota Engineering Analogies Test to measure engineering aptitude; and the Doppelt Mathematical Reasoning Test to measure mathematical aptitude. Donlan, North and Gamble conducted interviews in which they asked technical questions, and queried candidates about their motivations for applying to the program. Candidates were evaluated by two USAF psychiatrists, George E. Ruff and Edwin Z. Levy. A USAF <a href="/wiki/Flight_surgeon" title="Flight surgeon">flight surgeon</a>, William S. Augerson, went over the candidates' medical records. Some were found to be over the height limit, and were eliminated at this juncture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtkinsonShafritz198540–42_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkinsonShafritz198540–42-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The process was repeated with a second group of 34 candidates a week later. Of the 69, six were found to be over the height limit, 15 were eliminated for other reasons, and 16 declined. This left NASA with 32 candidates: 15 from the Navy, 15 from the Air Force and two from the Marine Corps.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgess201157–58_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgess201157–58-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since this was more than expected, NASA decided not to bother with the remaining 41 candidates, as 32 candidates seemed a more than adequate number from which to select 12 astronauts as planned. The degree of interest also indicated that far fewer would drop out during training than anticipated, which would result in training astronauts who would not be required to fly Project Mercury missions. It was therefore decided to cut the number of astronauts selected to just six.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtkinsonShafritz198542_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkinsonShafritz198542-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELogsdonLaunius200814–15_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELogsdonLaunius200814–15-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Then came a grueling series of physical and psychological tests at the <a href="/wiki/Lovelace_Respiratory_Research_Institute" title="Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute">Lovelace Clinic</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Wright-Patterson_Air_Force_Base" title="Wright-Patterson Air Force Base">Wright Aerospace Medical Laboratory</a> from January to March, under the direction of Albert H. Schwichtenberg, a retired USAF <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)" title="Brigadier general (United States)">brigadier general</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtkinsonShafritz198543–47_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkinsonShafritz198543–47-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tests included spending hours on <a href="/wiki/Treadmill" title="Treadmill">treadmills</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tilt_table" class="mw-redirect" title="Tilt table">tilt tables</a>, submerging their feet in ice water, three doses of <a href="/wiki/Castor_oil" title="Castor oil">castor oil</a>, and five <a href="/wiki/Enema" title="Enema">enemas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-time19590420_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-time19590420-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELogsdonLaunius200816_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELogsdonLaunius200816-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only one candidate, <a href="/wiki/Jim_Lovell" title="Jim Lovell">Jim Lovell</a>, was eliminated on medical grounds at this stage, a diagnosis that was later found to be in error;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgess2011234–237_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgess2011234–237-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thirteen others were recommended with reservations. Gilruth found himself unable to select only six from the remaining eighteen, and ultimately seven were chosen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgess2011234–237_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgess2011234–237-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite their rejection from the first group of astronauts, many of the 25 finalists who were passed over still had successful military careers. Three eventually became astronauts: <a href="/wiki/Pete_Conrad" title="Pete Conrad">Pete Conrad</a> and Jim Lovell, who were selected with <a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_2" title="NASA Astronaut Group 2">the next group</a> in 1962; and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Givens" title="Edward Givens">Edward Givens</a>, who was selected with the <a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_5" title="NASA Astronaut Group 5">fifth group</a> in 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgess2011284–285_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgess2011284–285-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others achieved high rank: <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Heyworth_Jr." title="Lawrence Heyworth Jr.">Lawrence Heyworth Jr.</a> became a <a href="/wiki/Rear_admiral_(United_States)" title="Rear admiral (United States)">rear admiral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Baldwin" title="Robert B. Baldwin">Robert B. Baldwin</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_P._Lawrence" title="William P. Lawrence">William P. Lawrence</a> became <a href="/wiki/Vice_admiral_(United_States)" title="Vice admiral (United States)">vice admirals</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_B._Hayward" title="Thomas B. Hayward">Thomas B. Hayward</a> became an admiral.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgess2011353–354_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgess2011353–354-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He commanded the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Seventh_Fleet" title="United States Seventh Fleet">Seventh Fleet</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Pacific_Fleet" title="United States Pacific Fleet">Pacific Fleet</a>, and was Chief of Naval Operations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgess2011110–117_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgess2011110–117-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three of the finalists later died in aircraft accidents: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Halvor_M._Ekeren,_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Halvor M. Ekeren, Jr. (page does not exist)">Halvor M. Ekeren, Jr.</a>, on April 8, 1959;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgess2011273–274_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgess2011273–274-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jack_B._Mayo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jack B. Mayo (page does not exist)">Jack B. Mayo</a> on January 11, 1961;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgess2011152–153_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgess2011152–153-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hal_R._Crandall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hal R. Crandall (page does not exist)">Hal R. Crandall</a> on July 24, 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgess201196–97_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgess201196–97-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finalist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_G._Bell_(USAF)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert G. Bell (USAF) (page does not exist)">Robert G. Bell</a> died in the May 16, 1965, <a href="/wiki/Bien_Hoa_Air_Base#1965_Bien_Hoa_Disaster" title="Bien Hoa Air Base">explosion</a> of multiple aircraft at <a href="/wiki/Bien_Hoa_Air_Base" title="Bien Hoa Air Base">Bien Hoa Air Base</a>, Vietnam.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgess201170–71_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgess201170–71-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eligibility">Eligibility</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mercury_Seven&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Eligibility"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The seven original American astronauts were Navy <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_(U.S._Navy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant (U.S. Navy)">Lieutenant</a> <a href="/wiki/Scott_Carpenter" title="Scott Carpenter">Scott Carpenter</a>, Air Force <a href="/wiki/Captain_(United_States_O-3)" title="Captain (United States O-3)">Captain</a> <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Cooper" title="Gordon Cooper">Gordon Cooper</a>, Marine <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant colonel (United States)">Lieutenant Colonel</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Glenn" title="John Glenn">John Glenn</a>, Air Force Captain <a href="/wiki/Gus_Grissom" title="Gus Grissom">Gus Grissom</a>, Navy <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_commander_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant commander (United States)">Lieutenant Commander</a> <a href="/wiki/Wally_Schirra" title="Wally Schirra">Wally Schirra</a>, Navy Lieutenant Commander <a href="/wiki/Alan_Shepard" title="Alan Shepard">Alan Shepard</a>, and Air Force Captain <a href="/wiki/Deke_Slayton" title="Deke Slayton">Deke Slayton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwensonGrimwoodAlexander1966164_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwensonGrimwoodAlexander1966164-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mercury_Seven.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Mercury_Seven.jpg/220px-Mercury_Seven.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Mercury_Seven.jpg/330px-Mercury_Seven.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Mercury_Seven.jpg/440px-Mercury_Seven.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4592" data-file-height="3397" /></a><figcaption>(L to R) Cooper, Schirra (partially obscured), Shepard, Grissom, Glenn, Slayton, and Carpenter</figcaption></figure> <p>All were male and white. Women were not yet accepted into the military test pilot schools,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtkinsonShafritz1985100_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkinsonShafritz1985100-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the first African American to graduate from the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Air_Force_Test_Pilot_School" title="U.S. Air Force Test Pilot School">USAF Experimental Test Pilot School</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_L._Whitehead_Jr." title="John L. Whitehead Jr.">John L. Whitehead Jr.</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGubertSawyerFannin2002291–293_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGubertSawyerFannin2002291–293-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> did so only in January 1958,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEppley196323_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEppley196323-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was not one of the finalists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgess2011110–117_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgess2011110–117-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet the Mercury Seven were similar beyond what was a simple result of the selection criteria. Four were their fathers' namesakes.<sup id="cite_ref-time19590420_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-time19590420-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All were the eldest or only sons in their families.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESherrod1975152_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherrod1975152-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All were born in the United States,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtkinsonShafritz1985100_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkinsonShafritz1985100-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and were raised in small towns. All were married with children, and all were <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_the_United_States" title="Protestantism in the United States">Protestants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-time19590420_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-time19590420-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Their ages at the time of selection ranged from 32 (Cooper) to 37 (Glenn). Shepard was the tallest, at the maximum height of 5 feet 11 inches (1.80 m); Grissom, the shortest at 5 feet 7 inches (1.70 m). Weight was not a firm criterion like height, as losing weight was always possible, but the Mercury spacecraft set a limit of 180 pounds (82 kg). Cooper was the lightest, at 150 pounds (68 kg), while Glenn was at the maximum weight of 180 pounds (82 kg), and Schirra was slightly overweight at 185 pounds (84 kg), and had to lose weight to be accepted. Both had to watch their weight carefully while they were in the space program.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenter,_et_al.20109_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter,_et_al.20109-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> IQs ranged from 135 to 147.<sup id="cite_ref-time19590420_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-time19590420-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All seven had attended post-secondary institutions in the 1940s. Of the five astronauts who had completed undergraduate degrees before being selected, two (Shepard and Schirra) were graduates of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy" title="United States Naval Academy">United States Naval Academy</a> at <a href="/wiki/Annapolis,_Maryland" title="Annapolis, Maryland">Annapolis, Maryland</a>, in 1944 and 1945, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-time19590420_22-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-time19590420-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following a decade of intermittent studies, Cooper completed his bachelor's degree in <a href="/wiki/Aerospace_engineering" title="Aerospace engineering">aerospace engineering</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Institute_of_Technology" title="Air Force Institute of Technology">Air Force Institute of Technology</a> (AFIT) in 1956.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgess2011337_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgess2011337-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grissom earned a bachelor's degree in <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_engineering" title="Mechanical engineering">mechanical engineering</a> from <a href="/wiki/Purdue_University" title="Purdue University">Purdue University</a> in 1950,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoomhower200455–57_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoomhower200455–57-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a second bachelor's degree, in <a href="/wiki/Aeromechanics" title="Aeromechanics">aeromechanics</a>, from the AFIT in 1956.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoomhower200471_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoomhower200471-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Slayton graduated from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota" title="University of Minnesota">University of Minnesota</a> with a bachelor's degree in <a href="/wiki/Aeronautical_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Aeronautical engineering">aeronautical engineering</a> in 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgess2011345_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgess2011345-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Average flying hours were 3,500, of which 1,700 was in jets.<sup id="cite_ref-Roundup_1963-10-30_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roundup_1963-10-30-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most were fighter pilots except Carpenter, who flew multi-engine patrol planes for most of his career.<sup id="cite_ref-grissom196302_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grissom196302-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Glenn and Carpenter did not meet all of their schools' degree requirements; Glenn had not completed his senior year in residence or his final proficiency exam, and Carpenter had not finished his final course in <a href="/wiki/Heat_transfer" title="Heat transfer">heat transfer</a>. Both were admitted on the basis of professional equivalency, and were ultimately awarded their bachelor's degrees after their 1962 space flights—Glenn in <a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a> from <a href="/wiki/Muskingum_University" title="Muskingum University">Muskingum College</a><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Carpenter in aeronautical engineering from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Colorado_at_Boulder" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Colorado at Boulder">University of Colorado at Boulder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenterStoever200397_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenterStoever200397-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the extensive physical examinations, Slayton had an undiagnosed <a href="/wiki/Atrial_fibrillation" title="Atrial fibrillation">atrial fibrillation</a>, which resulted in his grounding two months prior to what would have been his first space flight, and the second orbital mission.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenterStoever2003238–240_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenterStoever2003238–240-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="NASA_introduction">NASA introduction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mercury_Seven&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: NASA introduction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>NASA introduced the astronauts in Washington, DC, on April 9, 1959.<sup id="cite_ref-cfnas_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cfnas-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the agency viewed Project Mercury's purpose as an experiment to determine whether humans could survive space travel, the seven men immediately became national heroes and were compared by <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)"><i>Time</i></a> magazine to "<a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Columbus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan" title="Ferdinand Magellan">Magellan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Boone" title="Daniel Boone">Daniel Boone</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Wright_brothers" title="Wright brothers">Wright brothers</a>." Two hundred<sup id="cite_ref-time19590420_22-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-time19590420-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reporters overflowed the room used for the announcement and alarmed the astronauts, who were unused to such a large audience.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELogsdonLaunius200816–18_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELogsdonLaunius200816–18-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because they wore civilian clothes, the audience did not see them as military test pilots but "mature, middle-class Americans, average in height and visage, family men all." To the astronauts' surprise, the reporters asked questions about their personal lives instead of their war records or flight experience, or details about Project Mercury. After Glenn responded by speaking eloquently "on God, country, and family," the others followed his example,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELogsdonLaunius200818–19_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELogsdonLaunius200818–19-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and were applauded by the reporters.<sup id="cite_ref-time19590420_22-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-time19590420-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Test pilots accepted that their jobs were dangerous; during Glenn's three years serving as one for the Navy, 12 had died.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShesol202159,_70–71_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShesol202159,_70–71-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When asked about how their families thought about their taking on such a dangerous job, most of the seven were surprised, as they had never considered this before. Glenn replied that he "didn't think that any of us could really go on with something like this if we didn't have pretty good backing at home. My wife's attitude towards this has been the same as it has been all along through my flying. If it is what I want to do, she is behind it, and the kids are too, one hundred percent."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfe1979115_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfe1979115-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carpenter received even more applause when he noted that he was at sea when NASA had phoned to inform him that he had been chosen, and his wife Rene had accepted on his behalf.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgess2011280_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgess2011280-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His selection had also tested the Navy's commitment to Project Mercury when the skipper of his ship, the <a href="/wiki/USS_Hornet_(CV-12)" title="USS Hornet (CV-12)">USS <i>Hornet</i></a>, refused to release him, and Burke had to personally intervene.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenterStoever2003194–195_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenterStoever2003194–195-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cooper's wife Trudy had left him in January 1959 after he had an affair with another officer's wife, and had moved to San Diego.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoppel201316–19_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoppel201316–19-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the selection interviews, he had been asked about his domestic relationship, and had lied, saying that he and Trudy had a good, stable marriage. Aware that NASA wanted to project an image of its astronauts as loving family men, and that his story would not stand up to scrutiny, he drove down to San Diego to see Trudy at the first opportunity. Lured by the prospect of a great adventure for herself and her daughters, she agreed to go along with the charade and pretend that they were a happily married couple.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgess201623–24_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgess201623–24-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Group_members">Group members</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mercury_Seven&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Group members"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1253789634">@media screen{.mw-parser-output .sticky-header>thead>tr:first-child,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header>caption+tbody>tr:first-child,.mw-parser-output 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.sticky-header-multi,body.skin-monobook .mw-parser-output .sticky-header,body.skin-monobook .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi,body.skin-vector-legacy .mw-parser-output .sticky-header,body.skin-vector-legacy .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi,body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output .sticky-header,body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sticky-header>caption,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi>caption{display:table-caption}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi.wikitable{background-color:#101418}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi.wikitable{background-color:#101418}}</style> <table class="wikitable sortable sticky-header"> <caption>Mercury Seven astronauts </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" class="unsortable">Image </th> <th scope="col">Name </th> <th scope="col">Born </th> <th scope="col">Died </th> <th scope="col" class="unsortable" style="min-width: 300px;">Career </th> <th scope="col" class="unsortable"><abbr title="Reference(s)">Ref.</abbr> </th></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MalcolmScottCarpenter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portrait" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/MalcolmScottCarpenter.jpg/120px-MalcolmScottCarpenter.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/MalcolmScottCarpenter.jpg/180px-MalcolmScottCarpenter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/MalcolmScottCarpenter.jpg/240px-MalcolmScottCarpenter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3174" data-file-height="3968" /></a></span> </td> <td data-sort-value="Carpenter"><a href="/wiki/Scott_Carpenter" title="Scott Carpenter">Malcolm Scott Carpenter</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="000000001925-05-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Boulder,_Colorado" title="Boulder, Colorado">Boulder, Colorado</a>,<br />May 1, 1925 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002013-10-10-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">October 10, 2013</span> </td> <td>Carpenter joined the U.S. Navy in 1949, and flew multi-engine <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_P-2_Neptune" title="Lockheed P-2 Neptune">Lockheed P-2 Neptune</a> patrol aircraft. He graduated from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Test_Pilot_School" title="United States Naval Test Pilot School">U.S. Naval Test Pilot School</a> at <a href="/wiki/NAS_Patuxent_River" class="mw-redirect" title="NAS Patuxent River">NAS Patuxent River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>, with Class 13 in 1954. Carpenter flew <a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_7" title="Mercury-Atlas 7">Mercury-Atlas 7</a>, the second orbital Mercury mission. He took a leave of absence from NASA in the fall of 1963 to participate in the Navy's <a href="/wiki/SEALAB" title="SEALAB">SEALAB</a> program, and sustained an injury to his left arm in a motorbike accident. Two surgical interventions in 1964 and 1967 failed to correct the condition, and he resigned from NASA in August 1967, and retired from the Navy in 1969, with the rank of <a href="/wiki/Commander_(United_States)" title="Commander (United States)">Commander</a>. </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgess2011323–329_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgess2011323–329-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwensonGrimwoodAlexander1966352–358_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwensonGrimwoodAlexander1966352–358-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gordon_Cooper_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portrait" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Gordon_Cooper_2.jpg/120px-Gordon_Cooper_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Gordon_Cooper_2.jpg/180px-Gordon_Cooper_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Gordon_Cooper_2.jpg/240px-Gordon_Cooper_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3192" data-file-height="3990" /></a></span> </td> <td data-sort-value="Cooper"><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Cooper" title="Gordon Cooper">Leroy Gordon (Gordo) Cooper Jr.</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="000000001927-03-06-0000" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Shawnee,_Oklahoma" title="Shawnee, Oklahoma">Shawnee, Oklahoma</a>,<br />March 6, 1927 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002004-10-04-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">October 4, 2004</span> </td> <td>Cooper joined the USAF in 1949, and flew <a href="/wiki/F-84_Thunderjet" class="mw-redirect" title="F-84 Thunderjet">F-84 Thunderjets</a> and <a href="/wiki/F-86_Sabre" class="mw-redirect" title="F-86 Sabre">F-86 Sabres</a> in Germany for four years. He graduated from the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Air_Force_Test_Pilot_School" title="U.S. Air Force Test Pilot School">USAF Experimental Flight Test Pilot School</a> at <a href="/wiki/Edwards_Air_Force_Base" title="Edwards Air Force Base">Edwards Air Force Base</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, with Class 56D in 1956. Cooper flew <a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_9" title="Mercury-Atlas 9">Mercury-Atlas 9</a>, the final Mercury mission. He was the first American to fly in space for more than a day, and the last to fly in space alone. He flew in space again on <a href="/wiki/Gemini_5" title="Gemini 5">Gemini 5</a> in August 1965. In 1969, he served as commander of the backup crew of <a href="/wiki/Apollo_10" title="Apollo 10">Apollo 10</a>. His lax attitude toward training and his personal safety put him at odds with Slayton. After Shepard was given his potential Apollo command, Cooper retired from NASA and the Air Force with the rank of <a href="/wiki/Colonel_(United_States)" title="Colonel (United States)">Colonel</a> in July 1970. </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgess2011336–343_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgess2011336–343-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwensonGrimwoodAlexander1966494–503_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwensonGrimwoodAlexander1966494–503-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChaikin2007247_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaikin2007247-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlaytonCassutt1994236_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlaytonCassutt1994236-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Glenn_Portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portrait" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/John_Glenn_Portrait.jpg/120px-John_Glenn_Portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/John_Glenn_Portrait.jpg/180px-John_Glenn_Portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/John_Glenn_Portrait.jpg/240px-John_Glenn_Portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3624" data-file-height="4512" /></a></span> </td> <td data-sort-value="Glenn"><a href="/wiki/John_Glenn" title="John Glenn">John Herschel Glenn Jr.</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="000000001921-07-18-0000" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Ohio" title="Cambridge, Ohio">Cambridge, Ohio</a>,<br />July 18, 1921 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002016-12-08-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">December 8, 2016</span> </td> <td>Glenn joined the U.S. Navy in 1942, and transferred to the U.S. Marine Corps in 1943. He saw active service as a <a href="/wiki/Fighter_pilot" title="Fighter pilot">fighter pilot</a> in the Pacific during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Beleaguer" title="Operation Beleaguer">China</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>, when he shot down three <a href="/wiki/MiG-15" class="mw-redirect" title="MiG-15">MiG-15s</a>. He qualified as a test pilot with Class 12 at the U.S. Naval Test Pilot School in 1954. In 1957, he made the first <a href="/wiki/Supersonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Supersonic">supersonic</a> <a href="/wiki/Transcontinental_flight" title="Transcontinental flight">transcontinental flight</a> across the United States. Glenn flew in space on <a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_6" title="Mercury-Atlas 6">Mercury-Atlas 6</a>, the first orbital Mercury flight, and became the first American to orbit the Earth. He retired from NASA in 1964, and from the Marine Corps with the rank of Colonel in 1965. From 1974 to 1999, he served as a <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senator</a> from <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>. While a U.S. Senator in 1998, he was chosen to fly as a civilian <a href="/wiki/Payload_Specialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Payload Specialist">Payload Specialist</a> on the October–November mission <a href="/wiki/STS-95" title="STS-95">STS-95</a> of the <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a></span> <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Discovery" title="Space Shuttle Discovery"><i>Discovery</i></a>, and, at the age of 77, became the oldest person to orbit the Earth. </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgess2011316–323_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgess2011316–323-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Virgil_I._(Gus)_Grissom_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portrait" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Virgil_I._%28Gus%29_Grissom_portrait.jpg/120px-Virgil_I._%28Gus%29_Grissom_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Virgil_I._%28Gus%29_Grissom_portrait.jpg/180px-Virgil_I._%28Gus%29_Grissom_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Virgil_I._%28Gus%29_Grissom_portrait.jpg/240px-Virgil_I._%28Gus%29_Grissom_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3699" data-file-height="4526" /></a></span> </td> <td data-sort-value="Grissom"><a href="/wiki/Gus_Grissom" title="Gus Grissom">Virgil Ivan (Gus) Grissom</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="000000001926-04-03-0000" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mitchell,_Indiana" title="Mitchell, Indiana">Mitchell, Indiana</a>,<br />April 3, 1926 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001967-01-27-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">January 27, 1967</span> </td> <td>Grissom joined the USAF in 1950, and flew 100 combat missions in the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> as an <a href="/wiki/F-86_Sabre" class="mw-redirect" title="F-86 Sabre">F-86 Sabre</a> pilot. He graduated from the USAF Experimental Flight Test Pilot School at Edwards Air Force Base, California, with Class 56D (the same class as Gordon Cooper) in 1956. Grissom flew in space on <a href="/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_4" title="Mercury-Redstone 4">Mercury-Redstone 4</a>, the second suborbital Mercury flight, and then as Command Pilot of <a href="/wiki/Gemini_3" title="Gemini 3">Gemini 3</a>, the first crewed Gemini mission in 1965, becoming the first NASA astronaut to fly in space twice. He was designated as commander of <a href="/wiki/Apollo_1" title="Apollo 1">Apollo 1</a> but was killed in a fire during a launch pad rehearsal test. At the time of his death, he was a <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant colonel (United States)">Lieutenant Colonel</a> in the USAF. </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwensonGrimwoodAlexander1966365–370_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwensonGrimwoodAlexander1966365–370-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgess2011310–316_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgess2011310–316-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Schirra_walter_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portrait" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Schirra_walter_3.jpg/120px-Schirra_walter_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Schirra_walter_3.jpg/180px-Schirra_walter_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Schirra_walter_3.jpg/240px-Schirra_walter_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2427" /></a></span> </td> <td data-sort-value="Schirra"><a href="/wiki/Wally_Schirra" title="Wally Schirra">Walter Marty (Wally) Schirra Jr.</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="000000001923-03-12-0000" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hackensack,_New_Jersey" title="Hackensack, New Jersey">Hackensack, New Jersey</a>,<br />March 12, 1923 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002007-05-03-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">May 3, 2007</span> </td> <td>Schirra graduated from the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland, in 1945. After service afloat during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, he qualified as a pilot in 1948, and saw service on exchange with the USAF as a fighter pilot in the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>, flying 90 combat missions, and downing two MiGs. He qualified as a test pilot with Class 20 at the U.S. Naval Test Pilot School in 1958. Schirra flew in space on <a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_8" title="Mercury-Atlas 8">Mercury-Atlas 8</a>, the third orbital Mercury flight; on <a href="/wiki/Gemini_6A" title="Gemini 6A">Gemini 6A</a> in 1965; and <a href="/wiki/Apollo_7" title="Apollo 7">Apollo 7</a>, the first crewed Apollo mission. Schirra was the first person to be launched into space three times, and the only one to fly Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo missions. He resigned from NASA and retired from the U.S. Navy with the rank of <a href="/wiki/Captain_(United_States_Navy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain (United States Navy)">Captain</a> in 1969, and joined <a href="/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS News</a> as <a href="/wiki/Walter_Cronkite" title="Walter Cronkite">Walter Cronkite</a>'s co-anchor for the broadcasts of the Apollo Moon landing missions. </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgess2011329–336_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgess2011329–336-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Business_suit_portrait_of_Al_Shepard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portrait" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Business_suit_portrait_of_Al_Shepard.jpg/120px-Business_suit_portrait_of_Al_Shepard.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Business_suit_portrait_of_Al_Shepard.jpg/180px-Business_suit_portrait_of_Al_Shepard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Business_suit_portrait_of_Al_Shepard.jpg/240px-Business_suit_portrait_of_Al_Shepard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="714" data-file-height="900" /></a></span> </td> <td data-sort-value="Shepard"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Shepard" title="Alan Shepard">Alan Bartlett Shepard Jr.</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="000000001923-11-18-0000" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Derry,_New_Hampshire" title="Derry, New Hampshire">Derry, New Hampshire</a>,<br />November 18, 1923 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001998-07-21-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">July 21, 1998</span> </td> <td>Shepard graduated from the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland, in 1944. After service afloat during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, he qualified as a pilot in 1947, and as a test pilot at the U.S. Naval Test Pilot School in 1950. Shepard flew in space on <a href="/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_3" title="Mercury-Redstone 3">Mercury-Redstone 3</a>, the first piloted Mercury flight, and became the first American in space. He was slated to command the last Mercury flight, <a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_10" title="Mercury-Atlas 10">Mercury-Atlas 10</a>, but it was canceled, and then the first <a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Project Gemini</a> flight, but he was grounded in 1963 after being diagnosed with <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9ni%C3%A8re%27s_disease" title="Ménière's disease">Ménière's disease</a>, a condition in which fluid pressure builds up in the inner ear, resulting in disorientation, dizziness, and nausea. He stayed with the space program, accepting the position of <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Astronaut_Office" title="Chief of the Astronaut Office">Chief of the Astronaut Office</a>, until an experimental corrective surgery cured him, and he was returned to flight status in May 1969. In 1971, he commanded <a href="/wiki/Apollo_14" title="Apollo 14">Apollo 14</a>, the third crewed lunar landing mission, and became the fifth and oldest man to walk on the Moon. He was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Rear_admiral_(United_States)" title="Rear admiral (United States)">Rear Admiral</a>, the first astronaut to reach this rank. He retired from NASA and the U.S. Navy in 1974. </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Alan_Shepard_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alan_Shepard-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgess2011303–310_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgess2011303–310-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Donald_Slayton_portrait.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portrait" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Donald_Slayton_portrait.png/120px-Donald_Slayton_portrait.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Donald_Slayton_portrait.png/180px-Donald_Slayton_portrait.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Donald_Slayton_portrait.png/240px-Donald_Slayton_portrait.png 2x" data-file-width="1130" data-file-height="1346" /></a></span> </td> <td data-sort-value="Slayton"><a href="/wiki/Deke_Slayton" title="Deke Slayton">Donald Kent (Deke) Slayton</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="000000001924-03-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sparta,_Wisconsin" title="Sparta, Wisconsin">Sparta, Wisconsin</a>,<br />March 1, 1924 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001993-06-13-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">June 13, 1993</span> </td> <td>Slayton joined the <a href="/wiki/US_Army_Air_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="US Army Air Corps">US Army Air Corps</a> in 1942, and flew combat missions over Europe and the Pacific during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. He joined the <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Air_National_Guard" title="Minnesota Air National Guard">Minnesota Air National Guard</a> in 1951, and the USAF in 1952. He graduated from the USAF Test Pilot School at Edwards Air Force Base, California, with Class 55C, and served as a <a href="/wiki/Test_pilot" title="Test pilot">test pilot</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Test_Center" title="Air Force Test Center">Flight Test Center</a>. Before Slayton could make his Mercury flight, he was diagnosed with an erratic heart rhythm (<a href="/wiki/Idiopathic" class="mw-redirect" title="Idiopathic">idiopathic</a> <a href="/wiki/Atrial_fibrillation" title="Atrial fibrillation">atrial fibrillation</a>), and grounded by NASA and the Air Force. He resigned from the USAF in 1963 with the rank of <a href="/wiki/Major_(United_States)" title="Major (United States)">Major</a>, but stayed with the space program, first as unofficial <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Astronaut_Office" title="Chief of the Astronaut Office">Chief of the Astronaut Office</a>, then as Director of Flight Crew Operations. In July 1970, he was returned to flight status, and flew on the last Apollo spacecraft in July 1975 as docking module pilot on the <a href="/wiki/Apollo-Soyuz_Test_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollo-Soyuz Test Project">Apollo-Soyuz Test Project</a> flight. He left NASA in 1982. </td> <td id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwensonGrimwoodAlexander1966352–358_67-1" class="cite-bracket"><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECompton198859–60_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECompton198859–60-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgess2011343–350_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgess2011343–350-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence">Influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mercury_Seven&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LC_14_Memorial_Sign_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Silver memorial in the form of a combined 7 and Mercury symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/LC_14_Memorial_Sign_2.jpg/220px-LC_14_Memorial_Sign_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/LC_14_Memorial_Sign_2.jpg/330px-LC_14_Memorial_Sign_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/LC_14_Memorial_Sign_2.jpg/440px-LC_14_Memorial_Sign_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1771" data-file-height="1901" /></a><figcaption>Memorial at <a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Air_Force_Station_Launch_Complex_14" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Launch Complex 14">Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Launch Complex 14</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Mercury spacecraft was less finished than the astronauts' previous vehicles. After watching an <a href="/wiki/Atlas_(rocket_family)" title="Atlas (rocket family)">Atlas rocket</a> explode during launch on May 18, 1959, they publicly joked "I'm glad they got that out of the way" – typical <a href="/wiki/Gallows_humor" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallows humor">gallows humor</a> that test pilots used to cope with danger – but privately calculated that one of the seven would die during Project Mercury.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShesol202159,_70–71_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShesol202159,_70–71-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The astronauts participated in the project's design and planning,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELogsdonLaunius200825–26_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELogsdonLaunius200825–26-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dividing the work between them. Carpenter had training in airborne electronics and <a href="/wiki/Celestial_navigation" title="Celestial navigation">celestial navigation</a>, so he assumed responsibility for the spacecraft's communications and navigation systems. Grissom had a degree in mechanical engineering, so he became responsible for the attitude control systems. Glenn had experience flying many types of aircraft, so he oversaw the cockpit layout. Schirra drew responsibility for the life support systems and the <a href="/wiki/Pressure_suit" title="Pressure suit">pressure suits</a>. Drawing on his experience as a Naval officer, Shepard looked after the tracking network and liaised with the Navy on recovery operations. Cooper and Slayton were Air Force officers with engineering backgrounds, so they dealt with the <a href="/wiki/Redstone_Arsenal" title="Redstone Arsenal">Redstone Arsenal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Convair" title="Convair">Convair</a>, who built the <a href="/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_Launch_Vehicle" title="Mercury-Redstone Launch Vehicle">Redstone</a> and <a href="/wiki/SM-65_Atlas" title="SM-65 Atlas">Atlas</a> boosters used by Project Mercury.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwensonGrimwoodAlexander1966235–237_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwensonGrimwoodAlexander1966235–237-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The astronauts affected the design of the Mercury spacecraft in significant ways, insisting that a window be installed, and pressing for a greater degree of astronaut autonomy in flying the spacecraft.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunningham2009442–443_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECunningham2009442–443-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The astronauts remained on active duty as military officers, and were paid according to their <a href="/wiki/Uniformed_services_pay_grades_of_the_United_States" title="Uniformed services pay grades of the United States">rank</a>. To supplement their travel, they were provided a $9 <i><a href="/wiki/Per_diem" title="Per diem">per diem</a></i> (equivalent to $94 in 2023) for day trips, and a $12 <i>per diem</i> (equivalent to $125 in 2023) for overnight trips, which did not cover the cost of hotels and restaurant meals. As a result, astronauts avoided spending money while traveling, as they were personally responsible for costs over their allotted <i>per diem</i>. An important component of their income was monthly flight pay, which ranged from $190 to $245 (equivalent to $1,986 to $2,561 in 2023).<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The astronauts traveled to frequent meetings around the country on commercial flights, which forced them to earn their flight pay on weekends. Grissom and Slayton regularly drove to <a href="/wiki/Langley_Air_Force_Base" title="Langley Air Force Base">Langley Air Force Base</a>, and attempted to fly the required four hours a month, but had to compete for <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_T-33" title="Lockheed T-33">T-33</a> aircraft with colonels and generals. Cooper traveled to <a href="/wiki/McGhee_Tyson_Air_National_Guard_Base" title="McGhee Tyson Air National Guard Base">McGhee Tyson Air National Guard Base</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>, where a friend let him fly higher-performance F-104B jets. This came up when Cooper had lunch with <a href="/wiki/William_Hines_(journalist)" title="William Hines (journalist)">William Hines</a>, a reporter for <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Star" title="The Washington Star">The Washington Star</a></i>, and was duly reported in the paper. Cooper then discussed the issue with <a href="/wiki/Congressman" class="mw-redirect" title="Congressman">Congressman</a> <a href="/wiki/James_G._Fulton" title="James G. Fulton">James G. Fulton</a>. The matter was taken up by the <a href="/wiki/House_Committee_on_Science_and_Astronautics" class="mw-redirect" title="House Committee on Science and Astronautics">House Committee on Science and Astronautics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfe1979152–153_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfe1979152–153-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooperHenderson200024–25_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooperHenderson200024–25-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within weeks the astronauts were given priority access to USAF T-33s, F-102s and F-106s at Langley. In 1962, NASA acquired a fleet of <a href="/wiki/Northrop_T-38_Talon" title="Northrop T-38 Talon">T-38s</a> for their use.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgess201642–43_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgess201642–43-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LC-14_Mercury_7_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Circular plaque with the faces of the seven astronauts" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/LC-14_Mercury_7_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-LC-14_Mercury_7_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/LC-14_Mercury_7_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-LC-14_Mercury_7_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/LC-14_Mercury_7_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-LC-14_Mercury_7_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2410" data-file-height="1602" /></a><figcaption>Plaque at Launch Complex 14 </figcaption></figure> <p>After <a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a> executive <a href="/wiki/Ed_Cole" title="Ed Cole">Ed Cole</a> presented Shepard with a brand-new <a href="/wiki/Chevrolet_Corvette_(C1)" title="Chevrolet Corvette (C1)">Chevrolet Corvette</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jim_Rathmann_(race_car_driver)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim Rathmann (race car driver)">Jim Rathmann</a>, a race car driver who won the <a href="/wiki/Indianapolis_500" title="Indianapolis 500">Indianapolis 500</a> in 1960 and who was a Chevrolet dealer in <a href="/wiki/Melbourne,_Florida" title="Melbourne, Florida">Melbourne, Florida</a>, convinced Cole to turn this into an ongoing marketing campaign. Henceforth, astronauts were able to lease new Corvettes for a dollar a year. All of the Mercury Seven but Glenn took up the offer. Cooper, Grissom and Shepard were soon racing their Corvettes around Cape Canaveral, with the military and local police ignoring their exploits. From a marketing perspective, it was very successful, and helped the highly priced Corvette become established as a desirable brand.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgess201636_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgess201636-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Mercury astronauts established the style and appearance of astronauts. "I soon learned", <a href="/wiki/Gene_Kranz" title="Gene Kranz">Gene Kranz</a> later recalled, "if you saw someone wearing a short-sleeved <a href="/wiki/Ban-Lon" title="Ban-Lon">Ban-Lon</a> shirt and <a href="/wiki/Aviator_sunglasses" title="Aviator sunglasses">aviator sunglasses</a>, you were looking at an astronaut."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKranz200014_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKranz200014-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While busy with the intense training for their flights,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELogsdonLaunius200822_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELogsdonLaunius200822-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they also drank and partied.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELogsdonLaunius200835_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELogsdonLaunius200835-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some had affairs with the female <a href="/wiki/Groupie" title="Groupie">groupies</a> that flocked around them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson2004336_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2004336-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NASA actively sought to protect the astronauts and the agency from negative publicity and maintain an image of "clean-cut, all-American boy[s]."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELogsdonLaunius200820_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELogsdonLaunius200820-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The seven Mercury astronauts agreed to share equally any proceeds from interviews regardless of who flew first.<sup id="cite_ref-time19590420_22-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-time19590420-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-time19590824_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-time19590824-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They were forbidden from being compensated for radio or television appearances, or endorsing commercial products, but were allowed to sell their personal stories. In August 1959, they hired an agent, <a href="/wiki/C._Leo_DeOrsey" class="mw-redirect" title="C. Leo DeOrsey">C. Leo DeOrsey</a>, and he negotiated an exclusive contract with <a href="/wiki/Life_(magazine)" title="Life (magazine)"><i>Life</i></a> magazine on behalf of the astronauts for $500,000 (equivalent to $5,200,000 in 2023) in exchange for exclusive access to their private lives, homes, and families. The money was used as life insurance. Between August, 1959, and May 15, 1963, they each received $71,428.71 (equivalent to $710,871 in 2023).<sup id="cite_ref-time19590824_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-time19590824-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELogsdonLaunius200816_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELogsdonLaunius200816-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their official spokesman from 1959 to 1963 was NASA's public affairs officer, USAF Lieutenant Colonel <a href="/wiki/John_A._Powers" title="John A. Powers">John "Shorty" Powers</a>, who as a result became known in the press as the "eighth astronaut".<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:S98-10917_Portrait_of_remaining_Mercury_7_astronauts.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Studio portrait" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/S98-10917_Portrait_of_remaining_Mercury_7_astronauts.tif/lossy-page1-220px-S98-10917_Portrait_of_remaining_Mercury_7_astronauts.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/S98-10917_Portrait_of_remaining_Mercury_7_astronauts.tif/lossy-page1-330px-S98-10917_Portrait_of_remaining_Mercury_7_astronauts.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/S98-10917_Portrait_of_remaining_Mercury_7_astronauts.tif/lossy-page1-440px-S98-10917_Portrait_of_remaining_Mercury_7_astronauts.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4176" data-file-height="4146" /></a><figcaption>The four surviving Mercury 7 astronauts at a reception after Shepard's memorial service in 1998. Left to right: Glenn, Schirra, Cooper and Carpenter. All are since deceased. </figcaption></figure> <p>As additional groups of astronauts were selected in the 1960s, the Mercury Seven remained in control of management decisions. The Astronaut Office, which was headed by Shepard, was one of three divisions in the Directorate of Flight Crew Operations, which was headed by Slayton. Since twenty-six of the first thirty astronauts were military personnel, the Astronaut Office had a military character, although few of the astronauts wore their uniforms even as much as once a year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunningham200940–43_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECunningham200940–43-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was a bi-weekly military-style pilots' meeting at which activities planned for the upcoming two weeks would be discussed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Leary1971168–169_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Leary1971168–169-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A "<a href="/wiki/Captain%27s_mast" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain's mast">captain's mast</a>" was held afterwards to adjudicate disputes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Leary1971113–114_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Leary1971113–114-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shepard ran the Astronaut Office on a "rank has its privileges" basis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunningham200940–43_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECunningham200940–43-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mercury and 1962 astronauts had their own allocated parking spaces outside Building 4 at <a href="/wiki/Johnson_Space_Center" title="Johnson Space Center">Johnson Space Center</a>, while astronauts from later groups had to compete for the remaining spaces allotted to astronauts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Leary1971113–114_106-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Leary1971113–114-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Shepard prohibited junior astronauts from receiving gifts and consulting or teaching part-time, he remained vice president and part owner of the Baytown National Bank in Houston, and devoted much of his time to it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Leary197183_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Leary197183-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Training was always ungraded; the Mercury astronauts had nothing to gain and much to lose from being objectively compared to the newer classes, as it could threaten their privileged status, managerial control, and priority for flight assignments. The astronaut's attendance at their training events was voluntary.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunningham200940–43_104-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECunningham200940–43-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The character of the Astronaut Office would only change after Mercury astronauts retired in the 1970s, and control passed to <a href="/wiki/George_Abbey_(NASA)" title="George Abbey (NASA)">George Abbey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunningham2009442–443_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECunningham2009442–443-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Mercury Seven wrote first-hand accounts of their selection and preparation for the Mercury missions in the 1962 book <i>We Seven</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenter,_et_al.20105–6_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter,_et_al.20105–6-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1979 <a href="/wiki/Tom_Wolfe" title="Tom Wolfe">Tom Wolfe</a> published a less sanitized version of their story in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(book)" title="The Right Stuff (book)">The Right Stuff</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wolfe's book was the basis for the 1983 <a href="/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(film)" title="The Right Stuff (film)">film of the same name</a> directed by <a href="/wiki/Philip_Kaufman" title="Philip Kaufman">Philip Kaufman</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the 2020 <a href="/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(TV_series)" title="The Right Stuff (TV series)">TV series of the same name</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Together with <a href="/wiki/Betty_Grissom" title="Betty Grissom">Betty Grissom</a>, Gus Grissom's widow, in 1984 the Mercury astronauts founded the Mercury Seven Foundation, which raises money to provide college scholarships to science and engineering students.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was renamed the Astronaut Scholarship Foundation in 1995. Shepard was elected its first president and chairman, positions which he held until October 1997, when he was succeeded by Jim Lovell.<sup id="cite_ref-Alan_Shepard_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alan_Shepard-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Glenn became the first American in orbit in 1962. In 1998 (while a sitting U.S. senator) he flew on the <span class="nowrap">Space Shuttle</span> <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Discovery" title="Space Shuttle Discovery"><i>Discovery</i></a>, and became the oldest person to fly in space at the time, aged 77. He was the last living member of the Mercury Seven when he died in 2016 at the age of 95.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Scott_Tracy" title="Scott Tracy">Scott</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virgil_Tracy" title="Virgil Tracy">Virgil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Tracy" title="Gordon Tracy">Gordon</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Tracy_(Thunderbirds)" title="John Tracy (Thunderbirds)">John</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alan_Tracy" title="Alan Tracy">Alan Tracy</a> from <a href="/wiki/Gerry_Anderson" title="Gerry Anderson">Gerry Anderson</a>'s television series <a href="/wiki/Thunderbirds_(TV_series)" title="Thunderbirds (TV series)"><i>Thunderbirds</i></a> were named in honor of the astronauts Carpenter, Grissom, Cooper, Glenn, and Shepherd.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_honors">Awards and honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mercury_Seven&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Awards and honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Mercury 7 group won the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Experimental_Test_Pilots" title="Society of Experimental Test Pilots">Society of Experimental Test Pilots</a>' <a href="/wiki/Iven_C._Kincheloe_Award" title="Iven C. Kincheloe Award">Iven C. Kincheloe Award</a> in 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> presented the astronaut group the 1962 <a href="/wiki/Collier_Trophy" title="Collier Trophy">Collier Trophy</a> at the White House "for pioneering manned space flight in the United States".<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarren-Findley1998165_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarren-Findley1998165-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mercury 7 monument at <a href="/wiki/Launch_Complex_14" class="mw-redirect" title="Launch Complex 14">Launch Complex 14</a>, where the four Mercury-Atlas launches took place, was dedicated on November 10, 1964. A <a href="/wiki/Time_capsule" title="Time capsule">time capsule</a> containing reports, photographs and a movie is buried beneath the monument, to be opened in 2464.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mercury_Seven&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_13" title="Mercury 13">Mercury 13</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mercury_Seven&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Due to manufacturing constraints, Slayton and Glenn wore work boots spray-painted silver for the promotional photo.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mercury_Seven&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/air-space-magazine/mercury-7-caper-180963427/">"The Mercury 7 Caper"</a>. Smithsonian Magazine<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Air Force Space Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://afspacemuseum.org/ccafs/CX14/">the original</a> on August 18, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 27,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Launch+Complex+14&rft.pub=Air+Force+Space+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fafspacemuseum.org%2Fccafs%2FCX14%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercury+Seven" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mercury_Seven&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtkinsonShafritz1985" class="citation book cs1">Atkinson, Joseph D.; Shafritz, Jay M. (1985). <i>The Real Stuff: A History of NASA's Astronaut Recruitment Program</i>. Praeger special studies. New York: Praeger. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-03-005187-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-03-005187-6"><bdi>978-0-03-005187-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/12052375">12052375</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Real+Stuff%3A+A+History+of+NASA%27s+Astronaut+Recruitment+Program&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Praeger+special+studies&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F12052375&rft.isbn=978-0-03-005187-6&rft.aulast=Atkinson&rft.aufirst=Joseph+D.&rft.au=Shafritz%2C+Jay+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercury+Seven" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoomhower2004" class="citation book cs1">Boomhower, Ray E. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gusgrissomlostas00boom"><i>Gus Grissom: The Lost Astronaut</i></a>. Indiana Biography Series. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87195-176-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87195-176-2"><bdi>978-0-87195-176-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gus+Grissom%3A+The+Lost+Astronaut&rft.place=Indianapolis&rft.series=Indiana+Biography+Series&rft.pub=Indiana+Historical+Society&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-87195-176-2&rft.aulast=Boomhower&rft.aufirst=Ray+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgusgrissomlostas00boom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercury+Seven" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurgess2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Colin_Burgess_(author)" title="Colin Burgess (author)">Burgess, Colin</a> (2011). <i>Selecting the Mercury Seven: The Search for America's First Astronauts</i>. Springer-Praxis books in space exploration. New York; London: Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-8405-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-8405-0"><bdi>978-1-4419-8405-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/747105631">747105631</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selecting+the+Mercury+Seven%3A+The+Search+for+America%27s+First+Astronauts&rft.place=New+York%3B+London&rft.series=Springer-Praxis+books+in+space+exploration&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F747105631&rft.isbn=978-1-4419-8405-0&rft.aulast=Burgess&rft.aufirst=Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercury+Seven" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurgess2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Colin_Burgess_(author)" title="Colin Burgess (author)">Burgess, Colin</a> (2016). <i>Faith 7: L. Gordon Cooper, Jr., and the Final Mercury Mission</i>. Springer-Praxis books in space exploration. New York; London: Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-30562-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-30562-2"><bdi>978-3-319-30562-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1026785988">1026785988</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Faith+7%3A+L.+Gordon+Cooper%2C+Jr.%2C+and+the+Final+Mercury+Mission&rft.place=New+York%3B+London&rft.series=Springer-Praxis+books+in+space+exploration&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1026785988&rft.isbn=978-3-319-30562-2&rft.aulast=Burgess&rft.aufirst=Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercury+Seven" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarpenter,_et_al.2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Scott_Carpenter" title="Scott Carpenter">Carpenter, M. Scott</a>; <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Cooper" title="Gordon Cooper">Cooper, L. Gordon Jr.</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Glenn" title="John Glenn">Glenn, John H. Jr.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Gus_Grissom" title="Gus Grissom">Grissom, Virgil I.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Wally_Schirra" title="Wally Schirra">Schirra, Walter M. Jr.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Alan_Shepard" title="Alan Shepard">Shepard, Alan B. Jr.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Donald_K._Slayton" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald K. Slayton">Slayton, Donald K.</a> (2010) [1962]. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wesevencarp00carp"><i>We Seven: By the Astronauts Themselves</i></a></span>. New York: Simon & Schuster Paperbacks. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-8103-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-8103-4"><bdi>978-1-4391-8103-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/62019074">62019074</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/429024791">429024791</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=We+Seven%3A+By+the+Astronauts+Themselves&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster+Paperbacks&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F429024791&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F62019074&rft.isbn=978-1-4391-8103-4&rft.aulast=Carpenter&rft.aufirst=M.+Scott&rft.au=Cooper%2C+L.+Gordon+Jr.&rft.au=Glenn%2C+John+H.+Jr.&rft.au=Grissom%2C+Virgil+I.&rft.au=Schirra%2C+Walter+M.+Jr.&rft.au=Shepard%2C+Alan+B.+Jr.&rft.au=Slayton%2C+Donald+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwesevencarp00carp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercury+Seven" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarpenterStoever2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Scott_Carpenter" title="Scott Carpenter">Carpenter, Scott</a>; Stoever, Kris (2003). <i>For Spacious Skies: The Uncommon Journey Of A Mercury Astronaut</i>. New York: NAL Trade. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-451-21105-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-451-21105-7"><bdi>978-0-451-21105-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52821294">52821294</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=For+Spacious+Skies%3A+The+Uncommon+Journey+Of+A+Mercury+Astronaut&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=NAL+Trade&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52821294&rft.isbn=978-0-451-21105-7&rft.aulast=Carpenter&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft.au=Stoever%2C+Kris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercury+Seven" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaikin2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Chaikin" title="Andrew Chaikin">Chaikin, Andrew</a> (2007). <a href="/wiki/A_Man_on_the_Moon" title="A Man on the Moon"><i>A Man on the Moon: The Voyages of the Apollo Astronauts</i></a>. New York: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-311235-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-311235-8"><bdi>978-0-14-311235-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/958200469">958200469</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Man+on+the+Moon%3A+The+Voyages+of+the+Apollo+Astronauts&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F958200469&rft.isbn=978-0-14-311235-8&rft.aulast=Chaikin&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercury+Seven" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCompton1988" class="citation book cs1">Compton, W. David (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19890016575.pdf"><i>Where No Man Has Gone Before</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Washington, DC: NASA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-306-35053-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-306-35053-2"><bdi>978-1-306-35053-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/868270614">868270614</a>. SP-4214.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Where+No+Man+Has+Gone+Before&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F868270614&rft.isbn=978-1-306-35053-2&rft.aulast=Compton&rft.aufirst=W.+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fntrs.nasa.gov%2Farchive%2Fnasa%2Fcasi.ntrs.nasa.gov%2F19890016575.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercury+Seven" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooperHenderson2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Cooper" title="Gordon Cooper">Cooper, Gordon</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Henderson_(author)" title="Bruce Henderson (author)">Henderson, Bruce</a> (2000). <i>Leap of Faith</i>. New York: Harper Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-019416-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-019416-1"><bdi>978-0-06-019416-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/59538671">59538671</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leap+of+Faith&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F59538671&rft.isbn=978-0-06-019416-1&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft.au=Henderson%2C+Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercury+Seven" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCunningham2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Cunningham" title="Walter Cunningham">Cunningham, Walter</a> (2009) [1977]. <i>The All-American Boys</i>. 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(March 1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190501054613/https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/400112.pdf"><i>History of the USAF Experimental Test Pilot School 4 February 1951 – 12 October 1961</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Edwards Air Force Base, California: United States Air Force. 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Westport, Connecticut: Oryx Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-09239-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-09239-8"><bdi>978-0-313-09239-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/651897906">651897906</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Distinguished+African+Americans+in+Aviation+and+Space+Science&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Oryx+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F651897906&rft.isbn=978-0-313-09239-8&rft.aulast=Gubert&rft.aufirst=Betty+Kaplan&rft.au=Sawyer%2C+Miriam&rft.au=Fannin%2C+Caroline+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdistinguishedafr00gube&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercury+Seven" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoppel2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lily_Koppel" title="Lily Koppel">Koppel, Lily</a> (2013). <a href="/wiki/The_Astronaut_Wives_Club_(book)" title="The Astronaut Wives Club (book)"><i>The Astronaut Wives Club</i></a>. 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New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-0079-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-0079-0"><bdi>978-0-7432-0079-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/00027720">00027720</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/43590801">43590801</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Failure+Is+Not+an+Option%3A+Mission+Control+from+Mercury+to+Apollo+13+and+Beyond&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F43590801&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F00027720&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-0079-0&rft.aulast=Kranz&rft.aufirst=Gene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercury+Seven" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLogsdonLaunius2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Logsdon" title="John Logsdon">Logsdon, John M.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Roger_D._Launius" title="Roger D. Launius">Launius, Roger D.</a>, eds. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4407vol7.pdf"><i>Volume VII Human Spaceflight: Projects Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Exploring the Unknown: Selected Documents in the History of the U.S. Civil Space Program. Washington, DC: NASA. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/931719123">931719123</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Volume+VII+Human+Spaceflight%3A+Projects+Mercury%2C+Gemini%2C+and+Apollo&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.series=Exploring+the+Unknown%3A+Selected+Documents+in+the+History+of+the+U.S.+Civil+Space+Program&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F931719123&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.nasa.gov%2FSP-4407vol7.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercury+Seven" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Leary1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_O%27Leary" title="Brian O'Leary">O'Leary, Brian</a> (1971). <i>The Making of an Ex-Astronaut</i>. 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Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-324-00325-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-324-00325-0"><bdi>978-1-324-00325-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1196175397">1196175397</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mercury+Rising%3A+John+Glenn%2C+John+Kennedy%2C+and+the+New+Battleground+of+the+Cold+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1196175397&rft.isbn=978-1-324-00325-0&rft.aulast=Shesol&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercury+Seven" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlaytonCassutt1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Deke_Slayton" title="Deke Slayton">Slayton, Donald K. 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New York: Crown Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-609-61001-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-609-61001-5"><bdi>978-0-609-61001-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2003015688">2003015688</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52631310">52631310</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Light+This+Candle%3A+The+Life+%26+Times+of+Alan+Shepard%2C+America%27s+First+Spaceman&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Crown+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52631310&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2003015688&rft.isbn=978-0-609-61001-5&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Neal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flightthiscandlel00thom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercury+Seven" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarren-Findley1998" class="citation book cs1">Warren-Findley, Jannelle (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4219/Chapter7.html">"The Collier as Commemoration: The Project Mercury Astronauts and the Collier Trophy"</a>. In Mack, Pamela E. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4219/Cover4219.htm"><i>From Engineering Science to Big Science: The NACA and NASA Collier Trophy Research Project Winners</i></a>. The NASA History Series. Washington, DC: NASA History Office, Office of Policy and Plans. pp. 165–166. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-16-049640-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-16-049640-0"><bdi>978-0-16-049640-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/97027899">97027899</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/37451762">37451762</a>. NASA SP-4219.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Collier+as+Commemoration%3A+The+Project+Mercury+Astronauts+and+the+Collier+Trophy&rft.btitle=From+Engineering+Science+to+Big+Science%3A+The+NACA+and+NASA+Collier+Trophy+Research+Project+Winners&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.series=The+NASA+History+Series&rft.pages=165-166&rft.pub=NASA+History+Office%2C+Office+of+Policy+and+Plans&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F37451762&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F97027899&rft.isbn=978-0-16-049640-0&rft.aulast=Warren-Findley&rft.aufirst=Jannelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.nasa.gov%2FSP-4219%2FChapter7.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercury+Seven" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfe1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tom_Wolfe" title="Tom Wolfe">Wolfe, Tom</a> (1979). <a href="/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(book)" title="The Right Stuff (book)"><i>The Right Stuff</i></a>. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-553-27556-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-553-27556-8"><bdi>978-0-553-27556-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/849889526">849889526</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Right+Stuff&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus%2C+and+Giroux&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F849889526&rft.isbn=978-0-553-27556-8&rft.aulast=Wolfe&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercury+Seven" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="NASA_Astronaut_Group_1,_&quot;The_Mercury_Seven&quot;,_&quot;The_Original_Seven&quot;_1959" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:NASA_Astronaut_Group_1" title="Template:NASA Astronaut Group 1"><abbr title="View 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href="/wiki/Scott_Carpenter" title="Scott Carpenter">Scott Carpenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Cooper" title="Gordon Cooper">Gordon Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Glenn" title="John Glenn">John Glenn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gus_Grissom" title="Gus Grissom">Gus Grissom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wally_Schirra" title="Wally Schirra">Wally Schirra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Shepard" title="Alan Shepard">Alan Shepard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deke_Slayton" title="Deke Slayton">Deke Slayton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:NASA_Astronaut_Groups" title="Template:NASA Astronaut Groups"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:NASA_Astronaut_Groups" title="Template talk:NASA Astronaut Groups"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:NASA_Astronaut_Groups" title="Special:EditPage/Template:NASA Astronaut Groups"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="*_NASA_Astronaut_Groups_*_NASA_Astronaut_Corps" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Corps#Selection_groups" title="NASA Astronaut Corps">NASA Astronaut Groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Corps" title="NASA Astronaut Corps">NASA Astronaut Corps</a></li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_2" title="NASA Astronaut Group 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_3" title="NASA Astronaut Group 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_4" title="NASA Astronaut Group 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_5" title="NASA Astronaut Group 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_6" title="NASA Astronaut Group 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_7" title="NASA Astronaut Group 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_8" title="NASA Astronaut Group 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_9" title="NASA Astronaut Group 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_10" title="NASA Astronaut Group 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_11" title="NASA Astronaut Group 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_12" title="NASA Astronaut Group 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_13" title="NASA Astronaut Group 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_14" title="NASA Astronaut Group 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_15" title="NASA Astronaut Group 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_16" title="NASA Astronaut Group 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_17" title="NASA Astronaut Group 17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_18" title="NASA Astronaut Group 18">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_19" title="NASA Astronaut Group 19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_20" title="NASA Astronaut Group 20">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_21" title="NASA Astronaut Group 21">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_22" title="NASA Astronaut Group 22">22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_23" title="NASA Astronaut Group 23">23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_24" title="NASA Astronaut Group 24">24</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_astronauts_by_year_of_selection" title="List of astronauts by year of selection">List of astronauts by year of selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronaut_ranks_and_positions" title="Astronaut ranks and positions">Astronaut ranks and positions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Marine_Corps_astronauts" title="List of United States Marine Corps astronauts">List of United States Marine Corps astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Space_Force_astronauts" title="List of United States Space Force astronauts">List of United States Space Force astronauts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Project_Mercury" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Project_Mercury" title="Template:Project Mercury"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Project_Mercury" title="Template talk:Project Mercury"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Project_Mercury" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Project Mercury"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Project_Mercury" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Project Mercury</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Task_Group" title="Space Task Group">Space Task Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaceflight" title="Spaceflight">Space flight</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding-right:1.0em;"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mercury_Capsule2.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Mercury program capsule"><img alt="Mercury program capsule" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Mercury_Capsule2.png/70px-Mercury_Capsule2.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Mercury_Capsule2.png/105px-Mercury_Capsule2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Mercury_Capsule2.png/140px-Mercury_Capsule2.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="363" /></a><figcaption>Mercury program capsule</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Crewed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Suborbit: <a href="/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_3" title="Mercury-Redstone 3"><i>Freedom 7</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_4" title="Mercury-Redstone 4"><i>Liberty Bell 7</i></a></li> <li>Earth orbit: <a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_6" title="Mercury-Atlas 6"><i>Friendship 7</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_7" title="Mercury-Atlas 7"><i>Aurora 7</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_8" title="Mercury-Atlas 8"><i>Sigma 7</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_9" title="Mercury-Atlas 9"><i>Faith 7</i></a></li> <li>Cancelled: <a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_10" title="Mercury-Atlas 10"><i>Freedom 7 II</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Uncrewed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Little_Joe_1" title="Little Joe 1">Little Joe 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Joe_1" title="Big Joe 1">Big Joe 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Joe_6" title="Little Joe 6">LJ-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Joe_1A" title="Little Joe 1A">LJ-1A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Joe_2" title="Little Joe 2">LJ-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Joe_1B" title="Little Joe 1B">LJ-1B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_Abort" title="Beach Abort">Beach Abort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_1" title="Mercury-Atlas 1">MA-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Joe_5" title="Little Joe 5">Little Joe 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_1" title="Mercury-Redstone 1">MR-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_1A" title="Mercury-Redstone 1A">MR-1A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_2" title="Mercury-Redstone 2">MR-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_2" title="Mercury-Atlas 2">MA-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Joe_5A" title="Little Joe 5A">LJ-5A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_BD" title="Mercury-Redstone BD">MR-BD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_3" title="Mercury-Atlas 3">MA-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Joe_5B" title="Little Joe 5B">LJ-5B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_4" title="Mercury-Atlas 4">MA-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Scout_1" title="Mercury-Scout 1">MS-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_5" title="Mercury-Atlas 5">MA-5</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_space" title="Animals in space">Flown non-human</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Little_Joe_2" title="Little Joe 2">Sam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Joe_1B" title="Little Joe 1B">Miss Sam</a></li> <li>Suborbit: <a href="/wiki/Ham_(chimpanzee)" title="Ham (chimpanzee)">Ham</a></li> <li>Earth orbit: <a href="/wiki/Enos_(chimpanzee)" title="Enos (chimpanzee)">Enos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Astronauts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mercury Seven</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">In order of flight</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Suborbit: <a href="/wiki/Alan_Shepard" title="Alan Shepard">Alan Shepard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gus_Grissom" title="Gus Grissom">Gus Grissom</a></li> <li>Earth orbit: <a href="/wiki/John_Glenn" title="John Glenn">John Glenn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Carpenter" title="Scott Carpenter">Scott Carpenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wally_Schirra" title="Wally Schirra">Wally Schirra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Cooper" title="Gordon Cooper">Gordon Cooper</a></li> <li>Did not fly: <a href="/wiki/Deke_Slayton" title="Deke Slayton">Deke Slayton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navy_Mark_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Navy Mark IV">Navy Mark IV</a> (space suit)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subprograms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas" title="Mercury-Atlas">Mercury-Atlas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_Launch_Vehicle" title="Mercury-Redstone Launch Vehicle">Mercury-Redstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Scout_1" title="Mercury-Scout 1">Mercury-Scout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Jupiter" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercury-Jupiter">Mercury-Jupiter</a> (canceled)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contractors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="McDonnell Aircraft">McDonnell Aircraft Corporation</a> (spacecraft)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convair" title="Convair">Convair</a> (Atlas rocket)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysler" title="Chrysler">Chrysler</a> (Redstone rocket)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Aviation" title="North American Aviation">North American Aviation</a> (Little Joe rocket)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rockets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_LV-3B" title="Atlas LV-3B">Atlas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_Launch_Vehicle" title="Mercury-Redstone Launch Vehicle">Redstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RM-90_Blue_Scout_II" title="RM-90 Blue Scout II">Blue Scout II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Joe_(rocket)" title="Little Joe (rocket)">Little Joe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PGM-19_Jupiter" title="PGM-19 Jupiter">Jupiter</a> (proposed)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Launch sites<br />and Control Center</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wallops_Island" title="Wallops Island">Wallops Island</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wallops_Flight_Facility" title="Wallops Flight Facility">Wallops Flight Facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Launch_Complex_5" title="Cape Canaveral Launch Complex 5">Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Launch Complex 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Launch_Complex_14" title="Cape Canaveral Launch Complex 14">Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Launch Complex 14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_Control_Center" title="Mercury Control Center">Mercury Control Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">US</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Gemini</a> (successor program)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo</a> (lunar program)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Soviet</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_programme" title="Vostok programme">Vostok</a> (rival in space race)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manned_Space_Flight_Network" title="Manned Space Flight Network">Manned Space Flight Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_spacesuit" title="Mercury spacesuit">Mercury spacesuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronaut_Wives_Club" title="Astronaut Wives Club">Astronaut Wives Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_13" title="Mercury 13">Mercury 13</a> (non-NASA project inspired by Project Mercury)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output 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