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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Testing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Testing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Testing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Testing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Description" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Description"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Description</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Description-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Description subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Orbiter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orbiter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Orbiter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orbiter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Crew" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crew"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Crew</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crew-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crew_compartment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crew_compartment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Crew compartment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crew_compartment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Airlock" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Airlock"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Airlock</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Airlock-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flight_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flight_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.4</span> <span>Flight systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flight_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Payload_bay" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Payload_bay"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.5</span> <span>Payload bay</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Payload_bay-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Remote_Manipulator_System" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Remote_Manipulator_System"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.6</span> <span>Remote Manipulator System</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Remote_Manipulator_System-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spacelab" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spacelab"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.7</span> <span>Spacelab</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spacelab-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-RS-25_engines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#RS-25_engines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.8</span> <span>RS-25 engines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-RS-25_engines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orbital_Maneuvering_System" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orbital_Maneuvering_System"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.9</span> <span>Orbital Maneuvering System</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orbital_Maneuvering_System-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thermal_protection_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thermal_protection_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.10</span> <span>Thermal protection system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thermal_protection_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_tank" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_tank"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>External tank</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_tank-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Solid_Rocket_Boosters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solid_Rocket_Boosters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Solid Rocket Boosters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solid_Rocket_Boosters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Support_vehicles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Support_vehicles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Support vehicles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Support_vehicles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mission_profile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mission_profile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Mission profile</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mission_profile-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Mission profile subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mission_profile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Launch_preparation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Launch_preparation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Launch preparation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Launch_preparation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Launch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Launch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Launch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Launch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_orbit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_orbit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>In orbit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_orbit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Re-entry_and_landing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Re-entry_and_landing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Re-entry and landing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Re-entry_and_landing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Landing_sites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landing_sites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Landing sites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Landing_sites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-landing_processing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-landing_processing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Post-landing processing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-landing_processing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Space_Shuttle_program" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Space_Shuttle_program"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Space Shuttle program</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Space_Shuttle_program-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Space Shuttle program subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Space_Shuttle_program-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Budget" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Budget"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Budget</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Budget-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disasters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disasters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Disasters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disasters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Retirement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retirement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Retirement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retirement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Space Shuttle</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 98 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-98" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">98 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendeltuig" title="Pendeltuig – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Pendeltuig" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodorscea%C3%BEel" title="Rodorsceaþel – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Rodorsceaþel" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%83%D9%88%D9%83_%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="مكوك فضاء – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مكوك فضاء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tresbordador_STS" title="Tresbordador STS – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Tresbordador STS" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmik_%C5%9Fattl" title="Kosmik şattl – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kosmik şattl" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A6%D9%84%DB%8C" title="فضا شاتئلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فضا شاتئلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%B2" title="স্পেস শাটল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="স্পেস শাটল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A0i-khong-so" title="Thài-khong-so – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Thài-khong-so" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81_%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BB" title="Спейс шатл – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Спейс шатл" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%8D%D0%B9%D1%81_%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BB" title="Спэйс шатл – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Спэйс шатл" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Космическа совалка – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Космическа совалка" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Space Shuttle" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egorvulzun" title="Egorvulzun – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Egorvulzun" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transbordador_espacial" title="Transbordador espacial – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Transbordador espacial" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Space Shuttle" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumf%C3%A6rge" title="Rumfærge – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Rumfærge" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Space Shuttle" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%A1gh%C3%A1hon%C3%ADk%C3%A1%C3%A1ng%C3%B3%C3%B3_a%C5%82%C3%A1n%C3%A1t%CA%BCah%C3%AD" title="Yágháhoníkáángóó ałánátʼahí – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Yágháhoníkáángóó ałánátʼahí" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Space Shuttle" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%9B%CE%B5%CF%89%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF" title="Διαστημικό Λεωφορείο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Διαστημικό Λεωφορείο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transbordador_STS" title="Transbordador STS – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Transbordador STS" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmopramo" title="Kosmopramo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kosmopramo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS_espazio-anezka" title="STS espazio-anezka – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="STS espazio-anezka" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%84_%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="شاتل فضایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شاتل فضایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BAmdarferja" title="Rúmdarferja – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Rúmdarferja" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navette_spatiale_am%C3%A9ricaine" title="Navette spatiale américaine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Navette spatiale américaine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tointe%C3%A1la%C3%AD_sp%C3%A1is" title="Tointeálaí spáis – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Tointeálaí spáis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transbordador_espacial" title="Transbordador espacial – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Transbordador espacial" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E7%A9%BA%E8%88%B9" title="太空船 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="太空船" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%B0%EC%A3%BC%EC%99%95%EB%B3%B5%EC%84%A0" title="우주왕복선 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="우주왕복선" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Space Shuttle" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D6%83%D5%A5%D5%B5%D5%BD_%D5%87%D5%A1%D5%A9%D5%AC" title="Սփեյս Շաթլ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սփեյս Շաթլ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2" title="अंतरिक्ष शटल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अंतरिक्ष शटल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Space Shuttle" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaco-paromo" title="Spaco-paromo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Spaco-paromo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesawat_Ulang_Alik" title="Pesawat Ulang Alik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pesawat Ulang Alik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geimskutla" title="Geimskutla – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Geimskutla" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Space Shuttle" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%97%D7%9C%D7%9C" title="מעבורת חלל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מעבורת חלל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesawat_ulang-alik" title="Pesawat ulang-alik – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Pesawat ulang-alik" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nav%C3%A8t_spasyal_am%C3%A9rikenn" title="Navèt spasyal amérikenn – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Navèt spasyal amérikenn" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BB" title="Спейс Шатл – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Спейс Шатл" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%8D%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%94" title="ກະສວຍອາວະກາດ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ກະສວຍອາວະກາດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponto_Spatialis" title="Ponto Spatialis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ponto Spatialis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Space Shuttle" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Space Shuttle" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Space Shuttle" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Space Shuttle" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Space Shuttle" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%98%D1%81_%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BB" title="Спејс шатл – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Спејс шатл" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BD" title="സ്പേസ് ഷട്ടിൽ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സ്പേസ് ഷട്ടിൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2" title="स्पेस शटल – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="स्पेस शटल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesawat_ulang-alik" title="Pesawat ulang-alik – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pesawat ulang-alik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baib%C3%A9n_spacial" title="Baibén spacial – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Baibén spacial" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B6" title="အာကာသလွန်းပျံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အာကာသလွန်းပျံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Space Shuttle" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%9A%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3%E3%83%88%E3%83%AB" title="スペースシャトル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スペースシャトル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Space Shuttle" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romferge" title="Romferge – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Romferge" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romferje" title="Romferje – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Romferje" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fazoviy_moki" title="Fazoviy moki – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Fazoviy moki" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A9%9C_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%A8" title="ਪੁਲਾੜ ਵਾਹਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੁਲਾੜ ਵਾਹਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D9%B9%D9%84" title="خلائی شٹل – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="خلائی شٹل" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D8%B4%D9%BC%D9%84" title="فضايي شټل – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="فضايي شټل" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spies_Shokl" title="Spies Shokl – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Spies Shokl" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Space Shuttle" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahad%C5%82owiec_kosmiczny" title="Wahadłowiec kosmiczny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wahadłowiec kosmiczny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%94nibus_espacial" title="Ônibus espacial – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ônibus espacial" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navet%C4%83_spa%C8%9Bial%C4%83" title="Navetă spațială – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Navetă spațială" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81_%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%BB" title="Спейс шаттл – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Спейс шаттл" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Space Shuttle" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Space Shuttle" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%81_%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%A7%E0%B6%BD" title="අභ්‍යවකාශ ෂටල – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="අභ්‍යවකාශ ෂටල" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Space Shuttle" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A_%D8%B4%D9%BD%D9%84" title="خلائي شٽل – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="خلائي شٽل" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Space Shuttle" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Space Shuttle" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%95%DA%A9%DB%86%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="مەکۆکی ئاسمانی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مەکۆکی ئاسمانی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%98%D1%81-%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BB" title="Спејс-шатл – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Спејс-шатл" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Space Shuttle" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avaruussukkula" title="Avaruussukkula – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Avaruussukkula" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Space Shuttle" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasador_na_pangkalawan" title="Lasador na pangkalawan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Lasador na pangkalawan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="விண்ணோடம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="விண்ணோடம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D" title="స్పేస్ షటిల్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="స్పేస్ షటిల్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8" title="กระสวยอวกาศ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กระสวยอวกาศ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A6%E1%8E%B8%E1%8E%B6%E1%8E%AF_%E1%8F%AA%E1%8F%99%E1%8E%AF" title="ᎦᎸᎶᎯ ᏪᏙᎯ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎦᎸᎶᎯ ᏪᏙᎯ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Space Shuttle" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%BB" title="Спейс Шаттл – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Спейс Шаттл" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D9%B9%D9%84" title="خلائی شٹل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="خلائی شٹل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Space Shuttle" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A0u_con_thoi" title="Tàu con thoi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tàu con thoi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%A2%AD" title="天梭 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="天梭" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%88%AA%E5%A4%A9%E9%A3%9E%E6%9C%BA" title="航天飞机 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="航天飞机" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A1_%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%98%D7%9C" title="קאסמאס שאטל – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קאסמאס שאטל" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BB%8Ck%E1%BB%8D%CC%80-%C3%A0l%E1%BB%8Db%E1%BB%8D%CC%80_%C3%92furuf%C3%BA" title="Ọkọ̀-àlọbọ̀ Òfurufú – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ọkọ̀-àlọbọ̀ Òfurufú" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E7%A9%BF%E6%A2%AD%E6%A9%9F%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="美國穿梭機系統 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="美國穿梭機系統" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%88%AA%E5%A4%A9%E9%A3%9E%E6%9C%BA_(%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD)" title="航天飞机 (美国) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="航天飞机 (美国)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q48806#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Partially reusable launch system and space plane</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about a spacecraft system used by NASA. For space shuttles in general, see <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">spacecraft</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spaceplane" title="Spaceplane">spaceplane</a>. For the spaceplane component of the Space Shuttle, see <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_orbiter" title="Space Shuttle orbiter">Space Shuttle orbiter</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox hproduct"><caption class="infobox-title">Space Shuttle</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:STS120LaunchHiRes-edit1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/STS120LaunchHiRes-edit1.jpg/220px-STS120LaunchHiRes-edit1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="344" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/STS120LaunchHiRes-edit1.jpg/330px-STS120LaunchHiRes-edit1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/STS120LaunchHiRes-edit1.jpg/440px-STS120LaunchHiRes-edit1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1888" data-file-height="2956" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Discovery" title="Space Shuttle Discovery">Discovery</a></i> lifts off at the start of the <a href="/wiki/STS-120" title="STS-120">STS-120</a> mission.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Function</th><td class="infobox-data">Crewed orbital launch and reentry</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Manufacturer</th><td class="infobox-data brand"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist manufacturer"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Space_Alliance" title="United Space Alliance">United Space Alliance</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Thiokol" title="Thiokol">Thiokol</a>/<a href="/wiki/Alliant_Techsystems" title="Alliant Techsystems">Alliant Techsystems</a> (SRBs)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin" title="Lockheed Martin">Lockheed Martin</a>/<a href="/wiki/Martin_Marietta" title="Martin Marietta">Martin Marietta</a> (ET)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a>/<a href="/wiki/Rockwell_International" title="Rockwell International">Rockwell</a> (orbiter)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country of origin</th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Project cost</th><td class="infobox-data">US$211 billion (2012)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cost per launch</th><td class="infobox-data">US$450 million (2011)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ccf;">Size</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Height</th><td class="infobox-data">17.4 m (57 ft)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Diameter</th><td class="infobox-data">8.7 m (29 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mass</th><td class="infobox-data">2,030,000 kg (4,480,000 lb)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Stages</th><td class="infobox-data">1½<sup id="cite_ref-jenkins_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 126, 140">: 126, 140 </span></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ccf;">Capacity <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddf;">Payload to <a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">LEO</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Altitude</th><td class="infobox-data">204 km (127 mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mass</th><td class="infobox-data">27,500 kg (60,600 lb)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddf;">Payload to <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">ISS</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Altitude</th><td class="infobox-data">407 km (253 mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mass</th><td class="infobox-data">16,050 kg (35,380 lb)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddf;">Payload to <a href="/wiki/Geostationary_transfer_orbit" title="Geostationary transfer orbit">GTO</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mass</th><td class="infobox-data">4,940 kg (10,890 lb) with <a href="/wiki/Inertial_Upper_Stage" title="Inertial Upper Stage">Inertial Upper Stage</a><sup id="cite_ref-iusb_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iusb-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddf;">Payload to <a href="/wiki/Geostationary_orbit" title="Geostationary orbit">GEO</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mass</th><td class="infobox-data">2,270 kg (5,000 lb) with Inertial Upper Stage<sup id="cite_ref-iusb_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iusb-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddf;">Payload to <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>, returned</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mass</th><td class="infobox-data">14,400 kg (31,700 lb)<sup id="cite_ref-woodcock_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-woodcock-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ccf;">Launch history</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Retired</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch sites</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39A" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A">LC-39A</a> & <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39B" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39B">LC‑39B</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Vandenberg_Space_Force_Base" title="Vandenberg Space Force Base">Vandenberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vandenberg_Space_Launch_Complex_6" title="Vandenberg Space Launch Complex 6">SLC-6</a> (unused)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Total launches</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_space_shuttle_missions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of space shuttle missions">135</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Success(es)</th><td class="infobox-data">133<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Failure(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">2<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist failures"><ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger" title="Space Shuttle Challenger">Challenger</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger_disaster" title="Space Shuttle Challenger disaster">launch failure, 7 fatalities</a>)</li><li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia" title="Space Shuttle Columbia">Columbia</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia_disaster" title="Space Shuttle Columbia disaster">re-entry failure, 7 fatalities</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First flight</th><td class="infobox-data">12 April 1981 (<a href="/wiki/STS-1" title="STS-1">STS-1</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Last flight</th><td class="infobox-data">21 July 2011 (<a href="/wiki/STS-135" title="STS-135">STS-135</a>) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;">Boosters – <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Solid_Rocket_Booster" title="Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster">Solid Rocket Boosters</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">No. boosters</th><td class="infobox-data">2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Maximum thrust</th><td class="infobox-data">13 MN (3,000,000 lbf)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Total thrust</th><td class="infobox-data">27 MN (6,000,000 lbf)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Specific_impulse" title="Specific impulse">Specific impulse</a></th><td class="infobox-data">242 s (2.37 km/s)<sup id="cite_ref-SRB_largest_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SRB_largest-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burn time</th><td class="infobox-data">124 seconds</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Propellant</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Polybutadiene_acrylonitrile" title="Polybutadiene acrylonitrile">PBAN</a>—<a href="/wiki/Ammonium_perchlorate_composite_propellant" title="Ammonium perchlorate composite propellant">APCP</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;">First stage – <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_orbiter" title="Space Shuttle orbiter">Orbiter</a> + <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_external_tank" title="Space Shuttle external tank">external tank</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Powered by</th><td class="infobox-data">3 × <a href="/wiki/RS-25" title="RS-25">RS-25</a> engines on Orbiter</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Maximum thrust</th><td class="infobox-data">1,750 kN (390,000 lb<sub>f</sub>) at sea level<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Specific_impulse" title="Specific impulse">Specific impulse</a></th><td class="infobox-data">455 s (4.46 km/s)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burn time</th><td class="infobox-data">480 seconds</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Propellant</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Liquid_hydrogen" title="Liquid hydrogen">LH<sub>2</sub></a> / <a href="/wiki/Liquid_oxygen" title="Liquid oxygen">LOX</a> in external tank</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type of passengers/cargo</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist payloads"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._tracking_and_data_relay_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. tracking and data relay satellite">Tracking and data relay satellites</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Spacelab" title="Spacelab">Spacelab</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a></li><li><i><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Galileo (spacecraft)">Galileo</a></i></li><li><i><a href="/wiki/Magellan_(spacecraft)" title="Magellan (spacecraft)">Magellan</a></i></li><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(spacecraft)" title="Ulysses (spacecraft)">Ulysses</a></i></li><li><a href="/wiki/Compton_Gamma_Ray_Observatory" title="Compton Gamma Ray Observatory">Compton Gamma Ray Observatory</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mir_Docking_Module" title="Mir Docking Module">Mir Docking Module</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chandra_X-ray_Observatory" title="Chandra X-ray Observatory">Chandra X-ray Observatory</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/ISS_assembly_sequence" class="mw-redirect" title="ISS assembly sequence">ISS components</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><div class="metadata" style="text-align: right;">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48806" class="extiw" title="d:Q48806">edit on Wikidata</a>]</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Spaceflight" title="Category:Spaceflight">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Spaceflight" title="Spaceflight">Spaceflight</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-bottom:0.5em"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:STS115_Atlantis_undock_ISS_edit2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/STS115_Atlantis_undock_ISS_edit2.jpg/220px-STS115_Atlantis_undock_ISS_edit2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/STS115_Atlantis_undock_ISS_edit2.jpg/330px-STS115_Atlantis_undock_ISS_edit2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/STS115_Atlantis_undock_ISS_edit2.jpg/440px-STS115_Atlantis_undock_ISS_edit2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2928" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_spaceflight" title="History of spaceflight">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_spaceflight" title="History of spaceflight">History of spaceflight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_spaceflight" title="Timeline of spaceflight">Timeline of spaceflight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_probes" title="List of Solar System probes">Space probes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lunar_missions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of lunar missions">Lunar missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_Mars" title="List of missions to Mars">Mars missions</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Spaceflight#Applications_of_spaceflight" title="Spaceflight">Applications</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_observation_satellite" title="Earth observation satellite">Earth observation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_exploration" title="Space exploration">Exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spy_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Spy satellite">Espionage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_satellite" title="Military satellite">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_navigation" title="Satellite navigation">Navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_colonization" title="Space colonization">Colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_habitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Extraterrestrial habitation">Habitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_exploration" title="Space exploration">Exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_telescopes" class="mw-redirect" title="Space telescopes">Telescopes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_tourism" title="Space tourism">Tourism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">Spacecraft</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Robotic_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic spacecraft">Robotic spacecraft</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">Satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Space probe">Space probe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cargo_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Cargo spacecraft">Cargo spacecraft</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table> <table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">Crewed spacecraft</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">Apollo Lunar Module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_capsule" title="Space capsule">Space capsules</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Space Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_station" title="Space station">Space stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaceplane" title="Spaceplane">Spaceplanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_programme" title="Vostok programme">Vostok</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Space_launch" title="Space launch">Space launch</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spaceport" title="Spaceport">Spaceport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_pad" title="Launch pad">Launch pad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expendable_launch_system" title="Expendable launch system">Expendable</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reusable_launch_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Reusable launch system">reusable</a> <a href="/wiki/Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">launch vehicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escape_velocity" title="Escape velocity">Escape velocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-rocket_spacelaunch" title="Non-rocket spacelaunch">Non-rocket spacelaunch</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Spaceflight types</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sub-orbital_spaceflight" title="Sub-orbital spaceflight">Sub-orbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_spaceflight" title="Orbital spaceflight">Orbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_spaceflight" title="Interplanetary spaceflight">Interplanetary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_travel" title="Interstellar travel">Interstellar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergalactic_travel" title="Intergalactic travel">Intergalactic</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">List of space organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_government_space_agencies" title="List of government space agencies">Space agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_space_forces,_units,_and_formations" title="List of space forces, units, and formations">Space forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_private_spaceflight_companies" title="List of private spaceflight companies">Companies</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#000 2px solid; border-bottom:#000 2px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/16px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/24px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/32px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Spaceflight" title="Portal:Spaceflight">Spaceflight portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spaceflight_sidebar" title="Template:Spaceflight sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spaceflight_sidebar" title="Template talk:Spaceflight sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spaceflight_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spaceflight sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Space Shuttle</b> is a retired, partially <a href="/wiki/Reusable_launch_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Reusable launch system">reusable</a> <a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">low Earth orbital</a> spacecraft system operated from 1981 to 2011 by the U.S. <a href="/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="National Aeronautics and Space Administration">National Aeronautics and Space Administration</a> (NASA) as part of the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle program</a>. Its official program name was <a href="/wiki/Space_Transportation_System" title="Space Transportation System">Space Transportation System</a> (STS), taken from the 1969 plan led by U.S. Vice President <a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Spiro Agnew</a> for a system of reusable spacecraft where it was the only item funded for development.<sup id="cite_ref-dev_space_shuttle_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dev_space_shuttle-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 163–166">: 163–166 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-space_task_group_1969_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-space_task_group_1969-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first (<a href="/wiki/STS-1" title="STS-1">STS-1</a>) of four orbital test flights occurred in 1981, leading to operational flights (<a href="/wiki/STS-5" title="STS-5">STS-5</a>) beginning in 1982. Five complete Space Shuttle orbiter vehicles were built and flown on a total of 135 missions from 1981 to 2011. They launched from the <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a> (KSC) in <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>. Operational missions launched numerous <a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">satellites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Interplanetary probe">interplanetary probes</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a> (HST), conducted science experiments in orbit, participated in the <a href="/wiki/Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program" title="Shuttle–Mir program">Shuttle-<i>Mir</i> program</a> with Russia, and participated in the construction and servicing of the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> (ISS). The Space Shuttle fleet's total mission time was 1,323 days.<sup id="cite_ref-ShuttleByNumbers_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ShuttleByNumbers-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Space Shuttle components include the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_orbiter" title="Space Shuttle orbiter">Orbiter Vehicle</a> (OV) with three clustered <a href="/wiki/Rocketdyne" title="Rocketdyne">Rocketdyne</a> <a href="/wiki/RS-25" title="RS-25">RS-25</a> main engines, a pair of recoverable <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Solid_Rocket_Booster" title="Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster">solid rocket boosters</a> (SRBs), and the expendable <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_external_tank" title="Space Shuttle external tank">external tank</a> (ET) containing <a href="/wiki/Liquid_hydrogen" title="Liquid hydrogen">liquid hydrogen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liquid_oxygen" title="Liquid oxygen">liquid oxygen</a>. The Space Shuttle was <a href="/wiki/Takeoff_and_landing" title="Takeoff and landing">launched vertically</a>, like a conventional rocket, with the two SRBs operating in parallel with the orbiter's three <a href="/wiki/RS-25" title="RS-25">main engines</a>, which were fueled from the ET. The SRBs were jettisoned before the vehicle reached orbit, while the main engines continued to operate, and the ET was jettisoned after main engine cutoff and just before <a href="/wiki/Orbit_insertion" title="Orbit insertion">orbit insertion</a>, which used the orbiter's two <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Orbital_Maneuvering_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Space Shuttle Orbital Maneuvering System">Orbital Maneuvering System</a> (OMS) engines. At the conclusion of the mission, the orbiter fired its OMS to deorbit and <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_reentry" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmospheric reentry">reenter the atmosphere</a>. The orbiter was protected during reentry by its <a href="/wiki/Thermal_protection_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal protection system">thermal protection system</a> tiles, and it <a href="/wiki/Rocket_glider" class="mw-redirect" title="Rocket glider">glided</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Spaceplane" title="Spaceplane">spaceplane</a> to a runway landing, usually to the <a href="/wiki/Shuttle_Landing_Facility" title="Shuttle Landing Facility">Shuttle Landing Facility</a> at KSC, Florida, or to <a href="/wiki/Rogers_Dry_Lake" title="Rogers Dry Lake">Rogers Dry Lake</a> in <a href="/wiki/Edwards_Air_Force_Base" title="Edwards Air Force Base">Edwards Air Force Base</a>, California. If the landing occurred at Edwards, the orbiter was flown back to the KSC atop the <a href="/wiki/Shuttle_Carrier_Aircraft" title="Shuttle Carrier Aircraft">Shuttle Carrier Aircraft</a> (SCA), a specially modified <a href="/wiki/Boeing_747" title="Boeing 747">Boeing 747</a> designed to carry the shuttle above it. </p><p>The first orbiter, <i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Enterprise" title="Space Shuttle Enterprise">Enterprise</a></i>, was built in 1976 and used in <a href="/wiki/Approach_and_Landing_Tests" title="Approach and Landing Tests">Approach and Landing Tests</a> (ALT), but had no orbital capability. Four fully operational orbiters were initially built: <i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia" title="Space Shuttle Columbia">Columbia</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger" title="Space Shuttle Challenger">Challenger</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Discovery" title="Space Shuttle Discovery">Discovery</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Atlantis" title="Space Shuttle Atlantis">Atlantis</a></i>. Of these, two were lost in mission accidents: <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger_disaster" title="Space Shuttle Challenger disaster"><i>Challenger</i> in 1986</a> and <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia_disaster" title="Space Shuttle Columbia disaster"><i>Columbia</i> in 2003</a>, with a total of 14 astronauts killed. A fifth operational (and sixth in total) orbiter, <i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Endeavour" title="Space Shuttle Endeavour">Endeavour</a></i>, was built in 1991 to replace <i>Challenger</i>. The three surviving operational vehicles were retired from service following <i>Atlantis</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s <a href="/wiki/STS-135" title="STS-135">final flight</a> on July 21, 2011. The U.S. relied on the Russian <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_(spacecraft)" title="Soyuz (spacecraft)">Soyuz spacecraft</a> to transport astronauts to the ISS from the last Shuttle flight until the launch of the <a href="/wiki/Crew_Dragon_Demo-2" title="Crew Dragon Demo-2">Crew Dragon Demo-2</a> mission in May 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design_and_development">Design and development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Shuttle&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Design and development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_background">Historical background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Shuttle&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Historical background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the late 1930s, the German government launched the "<a href="/wiki/Amerikabomber" title="Amerikabomber">Amerikabomber</a>" project, and <a href="/wiki/Eugen_S%C3%A4nger" title="Eugen Sänger">Eugen Sanger</a>'s idea, together with mathematician <a href="/wiki/Irene_S%C3%A4nger-Bredt" title="Irene Sänger-Bredt">Irene Bredt</a>, was a winged rocket called the <a href="/wiki/Silbervogel" title="Silbervogel">Silbervogel</a> (German for "silver bird").<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 1950s, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a> proposed using a reusable piloted glider to perform military operations such as reconnaissance, satellite attack, and air-to-ground weapons employment. In the late 1950s, the Air Force began developing the partially reusable <a href="/wiki/Boeing_X-20_Dyna-Soar" title="Boeing X-20 Dyna-Soar">X-20 Dyna-Soar</a>. The Air Force collaborated with <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> on the Dyna-Soar and began training six pilots in June 1961. The rising costs of development and the prioritization of <a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Project Gemini</a> led to the cancellation of the Dyna-Soar program in December 1963. In addition to the Dyna-Soar, the Air Force had conducted a study in 1957 to test the feasibility of reusable boosters. This became the basis for the <a href="/wiki/Aerospaceplane" title="Aerospaceplane">aerospaceplane</a>, a fully reusable spacecraft that was never developed beyond the initial design phase in 1962–1963.<sup id="cite_ref-dev_space_shuttle_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dev_space_shuttle-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 162–163">: 162–163 </span></sup> </p><p>Beginning in the early 1950s, NASA and the Air Force collaborated on developing <a href="/wiki/Lifting_bodies" class="mw-redirect" title="Lifting bodies">lifting bodies</a> to test aircraft that primarily generated lift from their fuselages instead of wings, and tested the <a href="/wiki/NASA_M2-F1" title="NASA M2-F1">NASA M2-F1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northrop_M2-F2" title="Northrop M2-F2">Northrop M2-F2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northrop_M2-F3" title="Northrop M2-F3">Northrop M2-F3</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northrop_HL-10" title="Northrop HL-10">Northrop HL-10</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Marietta_X-24" title="Martin Marietta X-24">Martin Marietta X-24A</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Martin_Marietta_X-24#X-24B_2" title="Martin Marietta X-24">Martin Marietta X-24B</a>. The program tested aerodynamic characteristics that would later be incorporated in design of the Space Shuttle, including unpowered landing from a high altitude and speed.<sup id="cite_ref-lifting_body_report_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lifting_body_report-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 142">: 142 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-shuttle_manual_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shuttle_manual-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 16–18">: 16–18 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Design_process">Design process</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Shuttle&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Design process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_design_process" title="Space Shuttle design process">Space Shuttle design process</a></div> <p>On September 24, 1966, as the Apollo space program neared its design completion, NASA and the Air Force released a joint study concluding that a new vehicle was required to satisfy their respective future demands and that a partially reusable system would be the most cost-effective solution.<sup id="cite_ref-dev_space_shuttle_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dev_space_shuttle-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 164">: 164 </span></sup> The head of the NASA Office of Manned Space Flight, <a href="/wiki/George_Mueller_(NASA)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Mueller (NASA)">George Mueller</a>, announced the plan for a reusable shuttle on August 10, 1968. NASA issued a <a href="/wiki/Request_for_proposal" title="Request for proposal">request for proposal</a> (RFP) for designs of the Integral Launch and Reentry Vehicle (ILRV) on October 30, 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rather than award a contract based upon initial proposals, NASA announced a phased approach for the Space Shuttle contracting and development; Phase A was a request for studies completed by competing aerospace companies, Phase B was a competition between two contractors for a specific contract, Phase C involved designing the details of the spacecraft components, and Phase D was the production of the spacecraft.<sup id="cite_ref-lindroos_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lindroos-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-shuttle_manual_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shuttle_manual-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 19–22">: 19–22 </span></sup> </p><p>In December 1968, NASA created the Space Shuttle Task Group to determine the optimal design for a reusable spacecraft, and issued study contracts to <a href="/wiki/General_Dynamics" title="General Dynamics">General Dynamics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Corporation" title="Lockheed Corporation">Lockheed</a>, <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas" title="McDonnell Douglas">McDonnell Douglas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/North_American_Rockwell" class="mw-redirect" title="North American Rockwell">North American Rockwell</a>. In July 1969, the Space Shuttle Task Group issued a report that determined the Shuttle would support short-duration crewed missions and space station, as well as the capabilities to launch, service, and retrieve satellites. The report also created three classes of a future reusable shuttle: Class I would have a reusable orbiter mounted on expendable boosters, Class II would use multiple expendable rocket engines and a single propellant tank (stage-and-a-half), and Class III would have both a reusable orbiter and a reusable booster. In September 1969, the Space Task Group, under the leadership of U.S. Vice President <a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Spiro Agnew</a>, issued a report calling for the development of a space shuttle to bring people and cargo to low Earth orbit (LEO), as well as a <a href="/wiki/Space_tug" title="Space tug">space tug</a> for transfers between orbits and the Moon, and a reusable <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_propulsion#Spacecraft" title="Nuclear propulsion">nuclear upper stage</a> for deep space travel.<sup id="cite_ref-dev_space_shuttle_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dev_space_shuttle-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 163–166">: 163–166 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-space_task_group_1969_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-space_task_group_1969-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the release of the Space Shuttle Task Group report, many aerospace engineers favored the Class III, fully reusable design because of perceived savings in hardware costs. <a href="/wiki/Max_Faget" class="mw-redirect" title="Max Faget">Max Faget</a>, a NASA engineer who had worked to design the <a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Mercury</a> capsule, patented a design for a two-stage fully recoverable system with a straight-winged orbiter mounted on a larger straight-winged booster.<sup id="cite_ref-faget_bio_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faget_bio-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-faget_patent_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faget_patent-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Air Force Flight Dynamics Laboratory argued that a straight-wing design would not be able to withstand the high thermal and aerodynamic stresses during reentry, and would not provide the required cross-range capability. Additionally, the Air Force required a larger payload capacity than Faget's design allowed. In January 1971, NASA and Air Force leadership decided that a reusable delta-wing orbiter mounted on an expendable propellant tank would be the optimal design for the Space Shuttle.<sup id="cite_ref-dev_space_shuttle_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dev_space_shuttle-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 166">: 166 </span></sup> </p><p>After they established the need for a reusable, heavy-lift spacecraft, NASA and the Air Force determined the design requirements of their respective services. The Air Force expected to use the Space Shuttle to launch large satellites, and required it to be capable of lifting 29,000 kg (65,000 lb) to an eastward LEO or 18,000 kg (40,000 lb) into a <a href="/wiki/Polar_orbit" title="Polar orbit">polar orbit</a>. The satellite designs also required that the Space Shuttle have a 4.6 by 18 m (15 by 60 ft) payload bay. NASA evaluated the <a href="/wiki/Rocketdyne_F-1" title="Rocketdyne F-1">F-1</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rocketdyne_J-2" title="Rocketdyne J-2">J-2</a> engines from the <a href="/wiki/Saturn_(rocket_family)" title="Saturn (rocket family)">Saturn rockets</a>, and determined that they were insufficient for the requirements of the Space Shuttle; in July 1971, it issued a contract to <a href="/wiki/Rocketdyne" title="Rocketdyne">Rocketdyne</a> to begin development on the <a href="/wiki/RS-25" title="RS-25">RS-25</a> engine.<sup id="cite_ref-dev_space_shuttle_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dev_space_shuttle-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 165–170">: 165–170 </span></sup> </p><p>NASA reviewed 29 potential designs for the Space Shuttle and determined that a design with two side boosters should be used, and the boosters should be reusable to reduce costs.<sup id="cite_ref-dev_space_shuttle_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dev_space_shuttle-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 167">: 167 </span></sup> NASA and the Air Force elected to use <a href="/wiki/Solid-propellant_rocket" title="Solid-propellant rocket">solid-propellant boosters</a> because of the lower costs and the ease of refurbishing them for reuse after they landed in the ocean. In January 1972, President <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> approved the Shuttle, and NASA decided on its final design in March. The development of the Space Shuttle Main Engine (SSME) remained the responsibility of Rocketdyne, and the contract was issued in July 1971, and updated SSME specifications were submitted to Rocketdyne that April.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following August, NASA awarded the contract to build the orbiter to North American Rockwell, which had by then constructed a full-scale mock-up, later named <i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Inspiration" title="Space Shuttle Inspiration">Inspiration</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Campa_2024_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campa_2024-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lost_LA_S7E1_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lost_LA_S7E1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 1973, NASA awarded the external tank contract to <a href="/wiki/Martin_Marietta" title="Martin Marietta">Martin Marietta</a>, and in November the solid-rocket booster contract to <a href="/wiki/Morton_Thiokol" class="mw-redirect" title="Morton Thiokol">Morton Thiokol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dev_space_shuttle_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dev_space_shuttle-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 170–173">: 170–173 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development">Development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Shuttle&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:566175main_columbia-opf.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The Space Shuttle Columbia under construction" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/566175main_columbia-opf.jpg/220px-566175main_columbia-opf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/566175main_columbia-opf.jpg/330px-566175main_columbia-opf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/566175main_columbia-opf.jpg/440px-566175main_columbia-opf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2136" data-file-height="2670" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia" title="Space Shuttle Columbia"><i>Columbia</i></a> undergoing installation of its ceramic tiles</figcaption></figure> <p>On June 4, 1974, Rockwell began construction on the first orbiter, OV-101, dubbed Constitution, later to be renamed <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Enterprise" title="Space Shuttle Enterprise"><i>Enterprise</i></a>. <i>Enterprise</i> was designed as a test vehicle, and did not include engines or heat shielding. Construction was completed on September 17, 1976, and <i>Enterprise</i> was moved to the <a href="/wiki/Edwards_Air_Force_Base" title="Edwards Air Force Base">Edwards Air Force Base</a> to begin testing.<sup id="cite_ref-dev_space_shuttle_9-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dev_space_shuttle-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 173">: 173 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-enterprise_overview_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enterprise_overview-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rockwell constructed the <a href="/wiki/MPTA-098" class="mw-redirect" title="MPTA-098">Main Propulsion Test Article (MPTA)-098</a>, which was a structural truss mounted to the ET with three RS-25 engines attached. It was tested at the <a href="/wiki/Stennis_Space_Center" title="Stennis Space Center">National Space Technology Laboratory</a> (NSTL) to ensure that the engines could safely run through the launch profile.<sup id="cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins2016-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: II-163">: II-163 </span></sup> Rockwell conducted mechanical and thermal stress tests on Structural Test Article (STA)-099 to determine the effects of aerodynamic and thermal stresses during launch and reentry.<sup id="cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins2016-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: I-415">: I-415 </span></sup> </p><p>The beginning of the development of the RS-25 Space Shuttle Main Engine was delayed for nine months while <a href="/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney" title="Pratt & Whitney">Pratt & Whitney</a> challenged the contract that had been issued to Rocketdyne. The first engine was completed in March 1975, after issues with developing the first throttleable, reusable engine. During engine testing, the RS-25 experienced multiple nozzle failures, as well as broken turbine blades. Despite the problems during testing, NASA ordered the nine RS-25 engines needed for its three orbiters under construction in May 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-dev_space_shuttle_9-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dev_space_shuttle-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 174–175">: 174–175 </span></sup> </p><p>NASA experienced significant delays in the development of the Space Shuttle's <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_thermal_protection_system" title="Space Shuttle thermal protection system">thermal protection system</a>. Previous NASA spacecraft had used <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_entry#Ablative" title="Atmospheric entry">ablative</a> heat shields, but those could not be reused. NASA chose to use ceramic tiles for thermal protection, as the shuttle could then be constructed of lightweight <a href="/wiki/Aluminum" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminum">aluminum</a>, and the tiles could be individually replaced as needed. Construction began on <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia" title="Space Shuttle Columbia"><i>Columbia</i></a> on March 27, 1975, and it was delivered to the KSC on March 25, 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-dev_space_shuttle_9-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dev_space_shuttle-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 175–177">: 175–177 </span></sup> At the time of its arrival at the KSC, <i>Columbia</i> still had 6,000 of its 30,000 tiles remaining to be installed. However, many of the tiles that had been originally installed had to be replaced, requiring two years of installation before <i>Columbia</i> could fly.<sup id="cite_ref-shuttle_manual_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shuttle_manual-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 46–48">: 46–48 </span></sup> </p><p>On January 5, 1979, NASA commissioned a second orbiter. Later that month, Rockwell began converting STA-099 to OV-099, later named <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger" title="Space Shuttle Challenger"><i>Challenger</i></a>. On January 29, 1979, NASA ordered two additional orbiters, OV-103 and OV-104, which were named <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Discovery" title="Space Shuttle Discovery"><i>Discovery</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Atlantis" title="Space Shuttle Atlantis"><i>Atlantis</i></a>. Construction of OV-105, later named <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Endeavour" title="Space Shuttle Endeavour"><i>Endeavour</i></a>, began in February 1982, but NASA decided to limit the Space Shuttle fleet to four orbiters in 1983. After the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger_disaster" title="Space Shuttle Challenger disaster">loss of <i>Challenger</i></a>, NASA resumed production of <i>Endeavour</i> in September 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-shuttle_manual_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shuttle_manual-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 52–53">: 52–53 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Testing">Testing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Shuttle&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Testing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OV-101_first_flight.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Enterprise being release from the Shuttle Carrier Aircraft for the Approach and Landing Tests" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/OV-101_first_flight.jpg/220px-OV-101_first_flight.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/OV-101_first_flight.jpg/330px-OV-101_first_flight.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/OV-101_first_flight.jpg/440px-OV-101_first_flight.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3030" data-file-height="2069" /></a><figcaption><i>Enterprise</i> during the <a href="/wiki/Approach_and_Landing_Tests" title="Approach and Landing Tests">Approach and Landing Tests</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Space_Shuttle_Columbia_launching_cropped_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The Space Shuttle Columbia launching on the first Space Shuttle mission" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Space_Shuttle_Columbia_launching_cropped_2.jpg/170px-Space_Shuttle_Columbia_launching_cropped_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Space_Shuttle_Columbia_launching_cropped_2.jpg/255px-Space_Shuttle_Columbia_launching_cropped_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Space_Shuttle_Columbia_launching_cropped_2.jpg/340px-Space_Shuttle_Columbia_launching_cropped_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1176" data-file-height="1631" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia" title="Space Shuttle Columbia"><i>Columbia</i></a> launching on <a href="/wiki/STS-1" title="STS-1">STS-1</a><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>After it arrived at Edwards AFB, <i>Enterprise</i> underwent flight testing with the <a href="/wiki/Shuttle_Carrier_Aircraft" title="Shuttle Carrier Aircraft">Shuttle Carrier Aircraft</a>, a Boeing 747 that had been modified to carry the orbiter. In February 1977, <i>Enterprise</i> began the <a href="/wiki/Approach_and_Landing_Tests" title="Approach and Landing Tests">Approach and Landing Tests</a> (ALT) and underwent captive flights, where it remained attached to the Shuttle Carrier Aircraft for the duration of the flight. On August 12, 1977, <i>Enterprise</i> conducted its first glide test, where it detached from the Shuttle Carrier Aircraft and landed at Edwards AFB.<sup id="cite_ref-dev_space_shuttle_9-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dev_space_shuttle-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 173–174">: 173–174 </span></sup> After four additional flights, <i>Enterprise</i> was moved to the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Space_Flight_Center" title="Marshall Space Flight Center">Marshall Space Flight Center</a> (MSFC) on March 13, 1978. <i>Enterprise</i> underwent shake tests in the Mated Vertical Ground Vibration Test, where it was attached to an external tank and solid rocket boosters, and underwent vibrations to simulate the stresses of launch. In April 1979, <i>Enterprise</i> was taken to the KSC, where it was attached to an external tank and solid rocket boosters, and moved to <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39">LC-39</a>. Once installed at the launch pad, the Space Shuttle was used to verify the proper positioning of the launch complex hardware. <i>Enterprise</i> was taken back to California in August 1979, and later served in the development of the <a href="/wiki/Vandenberg_AFB_Space_Launch_Complex_6" class="mw-redirect" title="Vandenberg AFB Space Launch Complex 6">SLC-6</a> at <a href="/wiki/Vandenberg_AFB" class="mw-redirect" title="Vandenberg AFB">Vandenberg AFB</a> in 1984.<sup id="cite_ref-shuttle_manual_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shuttle_manual-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 40–41">: 40–41 </span></sup> </p><p>On November 24, 1980, <i>Columbia</i> was mated with its external tank and solid-rocket boosters, and was moved to LC-39 on December 29.<sup id="cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins2016-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: III-22">: III-22 </span></sup> The first Space Shuttle mission, <a href="/wiki/STS-1" title="STS-1">STS-1</a>, would be the first time NASA performed a crewed first-flight of a spacecraft.<sup id="cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins2016-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: III-24">: III-24 </span></sup> On April 12, 1981, the Space Shuttle launched for the first time, and was piloted by <a href="/wiki/John_Young_(astronaut)" title="John Young (astronaut)">John Young</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Crippen" title="Robert Crippen">Robert Crippen</a>. During the two-day mission, Young and Crippen tested equipment on board the shuttle, and found several of the ceramic tiles had fallen off the top side of the <i>Columbia</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-into_the_black_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-into_the_black-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 277–278">: 277–278 </span></sup> NASA coordinated with the Air Force to use satellites to image the underside of <i>Columbia</i>, and determined there was no damage.<sup id="cite_ref-into_the_black_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-into_the_black-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 335–337">: 335–337 </span></sup> <i>Columbia</i> reentered the atmosphere and landed at Edwards AFB on April 14.<sup id="cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins2016-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: III-24">: III-24 </span></sup> </p><p>NASA conducted three additional test flights with <i>Columbia</i> in 1981 and 1982. On July 4, 1982, <a href="/wiki/STS-4" title="STS-4">STS-4</a>, flown by <a href="/wiki/Ken_Mattingly" title="Ken Mattingly">Ken Mattingly</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hartsfield" title="Henry Hartsfield">Henry Hartsfield</a>, landed on a concrete runway at Edwards AFB. President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> and his wife <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Reagan" title="Nancy Reagan">Nancy</a> met the crew, and delivered a speech. After STS-4, NASA declared its Space Transportation System (STS) operational.<sup id="cite_ref-dev_space_shuttle_9-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dev_space_shuttle-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 178–179">: 178–179 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Shuttle&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Space Shuttle was the first operational orbital spacecraft designed for <a href="/wiki/Reusable_launch_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Reusable launch system">reuse</a>. Each Space Shuttle orbiter was designed for a projected lifespan of 100 launches or ten years of operational life, although this was later extended.<sup id="cite_ref-sivolella_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sivolella-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 11">: 11 </span></sup> At launch, it consisted of the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_orbiter" title="Space Shuttle orbiter">orbiter</a>, which contained the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_crews" title="List of Space Shuttle crews">crew</a> and payload, the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_external_tank" title="Space Shuttle external tank">external tank</a> (ET), and the two <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Solid_Rocket_Booster" title="Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster">solid rocket boosters</a> (SRBs).<sup id="cite_ref-jenkins_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 363">: 363 </span></sup> </p><p>Responsibility for the Space Shuttle components was spread among multiple NASA field centers. The KSC was responsible for launch, landing, and turnaround operations for equatorial orbits (the only orbit profile actually used in the program). The U.S. Air Force at the <a href="/wiki/Vandenberg_Air_Force_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Vandenberg Air Force Base">Vandenberg Air Force Base</a> was responsible for launch, landing, and turnaround operations for polar orbits (though this was never used). The <a href="/wiki/Johnson_Space_Center" title="Johnson Space Center">Johnson Space Center</a> (JSC) served as the central point for all Shuttle operations and the MSFC was responsible for the main engines, external tank, and solid rocket boosters. The <a href="/wiki/John_C._Stennis_Space_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="John C. Stennis Space Center">John C. Stennis Space Center</a> handled main engine testing, and the <a href="/wiki/Goddard_Space_Flight_Center" title="Goddard Space Flight Center">Goddard Space Flight Center</a> managed the global tracking network.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orbiter">Orbiter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Shuttle&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Orbiter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_orbiter" title="Space Shuttle orbiter">Space Shuttle orbiter</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shuttle_profiles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The five Space Shuttle orbiters launching" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Shuttle_profiles.jpg/580px-Shuttle_profiles.jpg" decoding="async" width="580" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Shuttle_profiles.jpg/870px-Shuttle_profiles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Shuttle_profiles.jpg/1160px-Shuttle_profiles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2251" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Shuttle launch profiles. From left: <i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia" title="Space Shuttle Columbia">Columbia</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger" title="Space Shuttle Challenger">Challenger</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Discovery" title="Space Shuttle Discovery">Discovery</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Atlantis" title="Space Shuttle Atlantis">Atlantis</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Endeavour" title="Space Shuttle Endeavour">Endeavour</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>The orbiter had design elements and capabilities of both a rocket and an aircraft to allow it to launch vertically and then land as a glider.<sup id="cite_ref-jenkins_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 365">: 365 </span></sup> Its three-part fuselage provided support for the crew compartment, cargo bay, flight surfaces, and engines. The rear of the orbiter contained the Space Shuttle Main Engines (SSME), which provided thrust during launch, as well as the Orbital Maneuvering System (OMS), which allowed the orbiter to achieve, alter, and exit its orbit once in space. Its double-<a href="/wiki/Delta_wing" title="Delta wing">delta wings</a> were 18 m (60 ft) long, and were swept 81° at the inner leading edge and 45° at the outer leading edge. Each wing had an inboard and outboard <a href="/wiki/Elevon" title="Elevon">elevon</a> to provide flight control during reentry, along with a flap located between the wings, below the engines to control <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_principal_axes#Transverse_axis_(pitch)" title="Aircraft principal axes">pitch</a>. The orbiter's <a href="/wiki/Vertical_stabilizer" title="Vertical stabilizer">vertical stabilizer</a> was swept backwards at 45° and contained a <a href="/wiki/Rudder#Aircraft_rudders" title="Rudder">rudder</a> that could split to act as a <a href="/wiki/Air_brake_(aeronautics)" title="Air brake (aeronautics)">speed brake</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jenkins_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 382–389">: 382–389 </span></sup> The vertical stabilizer also contained a two-part <a href="/wiki/Drogue_parachute" title="Drogue parachute">drag parachute</a> system to slow the orbiter after landing. The orbiter used <a href="/wiki/Landing_gear#Retractable_gear" title="Landing gear">retractable landing gear</a> with a nose landing gear and two main landing gear, each containing two tires. The main landing gear contained two brake assemblies each, and the nose landing gear contained an electro-hydraulic steering mechanism.<sup id="cite_ref-jenkins_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 408–411">: 408–411 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Crew">Crew</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Shuttle&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Crew"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Space Shuttle crew varied per mission. They underwent rigorous testing and training to meet the <a href="/wiki/Astronaut#NASA_candidacy_requirements" title="Astronaut">qualification requirements</a> for their roles. The crew was divided into three categories: Pilots, Mission Specialists, and Payload Specialists. Pilots were further divided into two roles: the Space Shuttle Commander, who would seat in the forward left seat and the Space Shuttle Pilot who would seat in the forward right seat.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The test flights, STS-1 through STS-4 only had two members each, the commander and pilot. The commander and the pilot were both qualified to fly and land the orbiter. The on-orbit operations, such as experiments, payload deployment, and EVAs, were conducted primarily by the mission specialists who were specifically trained for their intended missions and systems. Early in the Space Shuttle program, NASA flew with payload specialists, who were typically systems specialists who worked for the company paying for the payload's deployment or operations. The final payload specialist, <a href="/wiki/Gregory_B._Jarvis" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregory B. Jarvis">Gregory B. Jarvis</a>, flew on <a href="/wiki/STS-51-L" title="STS-51-L">STS-51-L</a>, and future non-pilots were designated as mission specialists. An astronaut flew as a crewed spaceflight engineer on both <a href="/wiki/STS-51-C" title="STS-51-C">STS-51-C</a> and <a href="/wiki/STS-51-J" title="STS-51-J">STS-51-J</a> to serve as a military representative for a <a href="/wiki/National_Reconnaissance_Office" title="National Reconnaissance Office">National Reconnaissance Office</a> payload. A Space Shuttle crew typically had seven astronauts, with <a href="/wiki/STS-61-A" title="STS-61-A">STS-61-A</a> flying with eight.<sup id="cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins2016-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: III-21">: III-21 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Crew_compartment">Crew compartment</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Shuttle&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Crew compartment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The crew compartment comprised three decks and was the pressurized, habitable area on all Space Shuttle missions. The flight deck consisted of two seats for the commander and pilot, as well as an additional two to four seats for crew members. The mid-deck was located below the flight deck and was where the galley and crew bunks were set up, as well as three or four crew member seats. The mid-deck contained the airlock, which could support two astronauts on an <a href="/wiki/Extravehicular_activity" title="Extravehicular activity">extravehicular activity</a> (EVA), as well as access to pressurized research modules. An equipment bay was below the mid-deck, which stored environmental control and waste management systems.<sup id="cite_ref-shuttle_manual_16-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shuttle_manual-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 60–62">: 60–62 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jenkins_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 365–369">: 365–369 </span></sup> </p><p>On the first four Shuttle missions, astronauts wore modified U.S. Air Force high-altitude full-pressure suits, which included a full-pressure helmet during ascent and descent. From the fifth flight, <a href="/wiki/STS-5" title="STS-5">STS-5</a>, until the loss of <i>Challenger</i>, the crew wore one-piece light blue <a href="/wiki/Nomex" title="Nomex">nomex</a> flight suits and partial-pressure helmets. After the <i>Challenger</i> disaster, the crew members wore the Launch Entry Suit (LES), a partial-pressure version of the high-altitude pressure suits with a helmet. In 1994, the LES was replaced by the full-pressure <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Crew_Escape_Suit" title="Advanced Crew Escape Suit">Advanced Crew Escape Suit</a> (ACES), which improved the safety of the astronauts in an emergency situation. <i>Columbia</i> originally had modified <a href="/wiki/SR-71" class="mw-redirect" title="SR-71">SR-71</a> <a href="/wiki/Zero-zero_ejection_seat" class="mw-redirect" title="Zero-zero ejection seat">zero-zero ejection seats</a> installed for the <a href="/wiki/Approach_and_Landing_Tests" title="Approach and Landing Tests">ALT</a> and first four missions, but these were disabled after STS-4 and removed after <a href="/wiki/STS-9" title="STS-9">STS-9</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jenkins_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 370–371">: 370–371 </span></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:STSCPanel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The view from the Atlantis cockpit while in orbit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/STSCPanel.jpg/220px-STSCPanel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/STSCPanel.jpg/330px-STSCPanel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/STSCPanel.jpg/440px-STSCPanel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3014" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Atlantis" title="Space Shuttle Atlantis">Atlantis</a></i> was the first Shuttle to fly with a <a href="/wiki/Glass_cockpit" title="Glass cockpit">glass cockpit</a>, on <a href="/wiki/STS-101" title="STS-101">STS-101</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The flight deck was the top level of the crew compartment and contained the flight controls for the orbiter. The commander sat in the front left seat, and the pilot sat in the front right seat, with two to four additional seats set up for additional crew members. The instrument panels contained over 2,100 displays and controls, and the commander and pilot were both equipped with a <a href="/wiki/Heads-up_display" class="mw-redirect" title="Heads-up display">heads-up display</a> (HUD) and a <a href="/wiki/Joystick#Electronic_joysticks" title="Joystick">Rotational Hand Controller</a> (RHC) to <a href="/wiki/Gimbal" title="Gimbal">gimbal</a> the engines during powered flight and fly the orbiter during unpowered flight. Both seats also had <a href="/wiki/Rudder" title="Rudder">rudder</a> controls, to allow rudder movement in flight and nose-wheel steering on the ground.<sup id="cite_ref-jenkins_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 369–372">: 369–372 </span></sup> The orbiter vehicles were originally installed with the Multifunction <a href="/wiki/Cathode-ray_tube" title="Cathode-ray tube">CRT</a> Display System (MCDS) to display and control flight information. The MCDS displayed the flight information at the commander and pilot seats, as well as at the aft seating location, and also controlled the data on the HUD. In 1998, <i>Atlantis</i> was upgraded with the Multifunction Electronic Display System (MEDS), which was a <a href="/wiki/Glass_cockpit" title="Glass cockpit">glass cockpit</a> upgrade to the flight instruments that replaced the eight MCDS display units with 11 multifunction colored digital screens. MEDS was flown for the first time in May 2000 on <a href="/wiki/STS-101" title="STS-101">STS-101</a>, and the other orbiter vehicles were upgraded to it. The aft section of the flight deck contained windows looking into the payload bay, as well as an RHC to control the <a href="/wiki/Remote_Manipulator_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Remote Manipulator System">Remote Manipulator System</a> during cargo operations. Additionally, the aft flight deck had monitors for a <a href="/wiki/Closed-circuit_television" title="Closed-circuit television">closed-circuit television</a> to view the cargo bay.<sup id="cite_ref-jenkins_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 372–376">: 372–376 </span></sup> </p><p>The mid-deck contained the crew equipment storage, sleeping area, galley, medical equipment, and hygiene stations for the crew. The crew used modular lockers to store equipment that could be scaled depending on their needs, as well as permanently installed floor compartments. The mid-deck contained a port-side hatch that the crew used for entry and exit while on Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins2016-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: II–26–33">: II–26–33 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Airlock">Airlock</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Shuttle&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Airlock"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Airlock" title="Airlock">airlock</a> is a structure installed to allow movement between two spaces with different gas components, conditions, or pressures. Continuing on the mid-deck structure, each orbiter was originally installed with an internal airlock in the mid-deck. The internal airlock was installed as an external airlock in the payload bay on <i>Discovery</i>, <i>Atlantis</i>, and <i>Endeavour</i> to improve docking with <a href="/wiki/Mir" title="Mir">Mir</a> and the <a href="/wiki/ISS" class="mw-redirect" title="ISS">ISS</a>, along with the <a href="/wiki/Orbiter_Docking_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Orbiter Docking System">Orbiter Docking System</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins2016-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: II–26–33">: II–26–33 </span></sup> The airlock module can be fitted in the mid-bay, or connected to it but in the payload bay.<sup id="cite_ref-shuttle_manual_16-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shuttle_manual-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 81">: 81 </span></sup> With an internal cylindrical volume of 1.60 metres (5 feet 3 inches) diameter and 2.11 metres (6 feet 11 inches) in length, it can hold two suited astronauts. It has two D-shaped hatchways 1.02 m (40 in) long (diameter), and 0.91 m (36 in) wide.<sup id="cite_ref-shuttle_manual_16-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shuttle_manual-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 82">: 82 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Flight_systems">Flight systems</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Shuttle&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Flight systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The orbiter was equipped with an <a href="/wiki/Avionics" title="Avionics">avionics</a> system to provide information and control during atmospheric flight. Its avionics suite contained three <a href="/wiki/Microwave_scanning_beam_landing_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Microwave scanning beam landing system">microwave scanning beam landing systems</a>, three <a href="/wiki/Gyroscope" title="Gyroscope">gyroscopes</a>, three <a href="/wiki/Tactical_air_navigation_system" title="Tactical air navigation system">TACANs</a>, three <a href="/wiki/Accelerometer" title="Accelerometer">accelerometers</a>, two <a href="/wiki/Radar_altimeter" title="Radar altimeter">radar altimeters</a>, two <a href="/wiki/Barometric_altimeter" class="mw-redirect" title="Barometric altimeter">barometric altimeters</a>, three <a href="/wiki/Attitude_indicator" title="Attitude indicator">attitude indicators</a>, two <a href="/wiki/Machmeter" title="Machmeter">Mach indicators</a>, and two <a href="/wiki/Aviation_transponder_interrogation_modes" title="Aviation transponder interrogation modes">Mode C</a> <a href="/wiki/Transponder_(aeronautics)" title="Transponder (aeronautics)">transponders</a>. During reentry, the crew deployed two <a href="/wiki/Air_data_boom" title="Air data boom">air data probes</a> once they were traveling slower than Mach 5. The orbiter had three <a href="/wiki/Inertial_measurement_unit" title="Inertial measurement unit">inertial measuring units</a> (IMU) that it used for guidance and navigation during all phases of flight. The orbiter contains two <a href="/wiki/Star_tracker" title="Star tracker">star trackers</a> to align the IMUs while in orbit. The star trackers are deployed while in orbit, and can automatically or manually align on a star. In 1991, NASA began upgrading the inertial measurement units with an <a href="/wiki/Inertial_navigation_system" title="Inertial navigation system">inertial navigation system</a> (INS), which provided more accurate location information. In 1993, NASA flew a <a href="/wiki/GPS" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS">GPS</a> receiver for the first time aboard <a href="/wiki/STS-51" title="STS-51">STS-51</a>. In 1997, Honeywell began developing an integrated GPS/INS to replace the IMU, INS, and TACAN systems, which first flew on <a href="/wiki/STS-118" title="STS-118">STS-118</a> in August 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-jenkins_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 402–403">: 402–403 </span></sup> </p><p>While in orbit, the crew primarily communicated using one of four <a href="/wiki/S_band" title="S band">S band</a> radios, which provided both voice and data communications. Two of the S band radios were <a href="/wiki/Phase_modulation" title="Phase modulation">phase modulation</a> <a href="/wiki/Transceiver" title="Transceiver">transceivers</a>, and could transmit and receive information. The other two S band radios were <a href="/wiki/Frequency_modulation" title="Frequency modulation">frequency modulation</a> <a href="/wiki/Transmitter" title="Transmitter">transmitters</a> and were used to transmit data to NASA. As S band radios can operate only within their <a href="/wiki/Line-of-sight_propagation" title="Line-of-sight propagation">line of sight</a>, NASA used the <a href="/wiki/Tracking_and_Data_Relay_Satellite_System" title="Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System">Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_Tracking_and_Data_Acquisition_Network" title="Spacecraft Tracking and Data Acquisition Network">Spacecraft Tracking and Data Acquisition Network</a> ground stations to communicate with the orbiter throughout its orbit. Additionally, the orbiter deployed a high-bandwidth <a href="/wiki/Ku_band" title="Ku band">K<sub>u</sub> band</a> radio out of the cargo bay, which could also be utilized as a rendezvous radar. The orbiter was also equipped with two <a href="/wiki/UHF" class="mw-redirect" title="UHF">UHF</a> radios for communications with <a href="/wiki/Air_traffic_control" title="Air traffic control">air traffic control</a> and astronauts conducting EVA.<sup id="cite_ref-jenkins_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 403–404">: 403–404 </span></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Space_Shuttle_General_Purpose_Computer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The two computers used in the orbiter" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Space_Shuttle_General_Purpose_Computer.jpg/220px-Space_Shuttle_General_Purpose_Computer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Space_Shuttle_General_Purpose_Computer.jpg/330px-Space_Shuttle_General_Purpose_Computer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Space_Shuttle_General_Purpose_Computer.jpg/440px-Space_Shuttle_General_Purpose_Computer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="445" /></a><figcaption>AP-101S (left) and AP-101B general purpose computers</figcaption></figure> <p>The Space Shuttle's <a href="/wiki/Fly-by-wire" title="Fly-by-wire">fly-by-wire</a> control system was entirely reliant on its main computer, the Data Processing System (DPS). The DPS controlled the flight controls and thrusters on the orbiter, as well as the ET and SRBs during launch. The DPS consisted of five general-purpose computers (GPC), two magnetic tape mass memory units (MMUs), and the associated sensors to monitor the Space Shuttle components.<sup id="cite_ref-jenkins_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 232–233">: 232–233 </span></sup> The original GPC used was the IBM <a href="/wiki/IBM_System/4_Pi#AP-101" title="IBM System/4 Pi">AP-101B</a>, which used a separate <a href="/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">central processing unit</a> (CPU) and input/output processor (IOP), and <a href="/wiki/Non-volatile_memory" title="Non-volatile memory">non-volatile</a> <a href="/wiki/Solid-state_drive" title="Solid-state drive">solid-state memory</a>. From 1991 to 1993, the orbiter vehicles were upgraded to the AP-101S, which improved the memory and processing capabilities, and reduced the volume and weight of the computers by combining the CPU and IOP into a single unit. Four of the GPCs were loaded with the Primary Avionics Software System (PASS), which was Space Shuttle-specific software that provided control through all phases of flight. During ascent, maneuvering, reentry, and landing, the four PASS GPCs functioned identically to produce quadruple redundancy and would error check their results. In case of a software error that would cause erroneous reports from the four PASS GPCs, a fifth GPC ran the Backup Flight System, which used a different program and could control the Space Shuttle through ascent, orbit, and reentry, but could not support an entire mission. The five GPCs were separated in three separate bays within the mid-deck to provide redundancy in the event of a cooling fan failure. After achieving orbit, the crew would switch some of the GPCs functions from guidance, navigation, and control (GNC) to systems management (SM) and payload (PL) to support the operational mission.<sup id="cite_ref-jenkins_3-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 405–408">: 405–408 </span></sup> The Space Shuttle was not launched if its flight would run from December to January, as its flight software would have required the orbiter vehicle's computers to be reset at the year change. In 2007, NASA engineers devised a solution so Space Shuttle flights could cross the year-end boundary.<sup id="cite_ref-YERO_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YERO-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Space Shuttle missions typically brought a portable general support computer (PGSC) that could integrate with the orbiter vehicle's computers and communication suite, as well as monitor scientific and payload data. Early missions brought the <a href="/wiki/Grid_Compass" title="Grid Compass">Grid Compass</a>, one of the first laptop computers, as the PGSC, but later missions brought <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a> laptops.<sup id="cite_ref-jenkins_3-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 408">: 408 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GRiD_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRiD-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Payload_bay">Payload bay</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Shuttle&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Payload bay"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hubble_First_Servicing_EVA_-_GPN-2000-001085.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An astronaut conducting an EVA while the Hubble Space Telescope is in the payload bay" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Hubble_First_Servicing_EVA_-_GPN-2000-001085.jpg/220px-Hubble_First_Servicing_EVA_-_GPN-2000-001085.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Hubble_First_Servicing_EVA_-_GPN-2000-001085.jpg/330px-Hubble_First_Servicing_EVA_-_GPN-2000-001085.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Hubble_First_Servicing_EVA_-_GPN-2000-001085.jpg/440px-Hubble_First_Servicing_EVA_-_GPN-2000-001085.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3011" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Story_Musgrave" title="Story Musgrave">Story Musgrave</a> attached to the RMS servicing the <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a> during <a href="/wiki/STS-61" title="STS-61">STS-61</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:STS132_Atlantis_undocking2_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/STS132_Atlantis_undocking2_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-STS132_Atlantis_undocking2_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/STS132_Atlantis_undocking2_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-STS132_Atlantis_undocking2_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/STS132_Atlantis_undocking2_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-STS132_Atlantis_undocking2_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3697" data-file-height="2217" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Atlantis" title="Space Shuttle Atlantis">Atlantis</a></i> in orbit in 2010. Image shows the payload bay and the extended <a href="/wiki/Canadarm" title="Canadarm">Canadarm</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The payload bay comprised most of the orbiter vehicle's <a href="/wiki/Fuselage" title="Fuselage">fuselage</a>, and provided the cargo-carrying space for the Space Shuttle's payloads. It was 18 m (60 ft) long and 4.6 m (15 ft) wide, and could accommodate cylindrical payloads up to 4.6 m (15 ft) in diameter. Two payload bay doors hinged on either side of the bay, and provided a relatively airtight seal to protect payloads from heating during launch and reentry. Payloads were secured in the payload bay to the attachment points on the <a href="/wiki/Longeron" title="Longeron">longerons</a>. The payload bay doors served an additional function as radiators for the orbiter vehicle's heat, and were opened upon reaching orbit for heat rejection.<sup id="cite_ref-shuttle_manual_16-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shuttle_manual-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 62–64">: 62–64 </span></sup> </p><p>The orbiter could be used in conjunction with a variety of add-on components depending on the mission. This included orbital laboratories,<sup id="cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins2016-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: II-304, 319">: II-304, 319 </span></sup> boosters for launching payloads farther into space,<sup id="cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins2016-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: II-326">: II-326 </span></sup> the Remote Manipulator System (RMS),<sup id="cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins2016-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: II-40">: II-40 </span></sup> and optionally the EDO pallet to extend the mission duration.<sup id="cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins2016-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: II-86">: II-86 </span></sup> To limit the fuel consumption while the orbiter was docked at the ISS, the <a href="/wiki/Station-to-Shuttle_Power_Transfer_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Station-to-Shuttle Power Transfer System">Station-to-Shuttle Power Transfer System</a> (SSPTS) was developed to convert and transfer station power to the orbiter.<sup id="cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins2016-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: II-87–88">: II-87–88 </span></sup> The SSPTS was first used on STS-118, and was installed on <i>Discovery</i> and <i>Endeavour</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins2016-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: III-366–368">: III-366–368 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Remote_Manipulator_System">Remote Manipulator System</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Shuttle&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Remote Manipulator System"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Canadarm" title="Canadarm">Canadarm</a></div> <p>The Remote Manipulator System (RMS), also known as Canadarm, was a mechanical arm attached to the cargo bay. It could be used to grasp and manipulate payloads, as well as serve as a mobile platform for astronauts conducting an EVA. The RMS was built by the Canadian company <a href="/wiki/Spar_Aerospace" title="Spar Aerospace">Spar Aerospace</a> and was controlled by an astronaut inside the orbiter's flight deck using their windows and closed-circuit television. The RMS allowed for six degrees of freedom and had six joints located at three points along the arm. The original RMS could deploy or retrieve payloads up to 29,000 kg (65,000 lb), which was later improved to 270,000 kg (586,000 lb).<sup id="cite_ref-jenkins_3-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 384–385">: 384–385 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spacelab">Spacelab</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Shuttle&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Spacelab"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spacelab" title="Spacelab">Spacelab</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:STS-9_Spacelab_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Spacelab in the payload bay while in orbit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/STS-9_Spacelab_1.jpg/220px-STS-9_Spacelab_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/STS-9_Spacelab_1.jpg/330px-STS-9_Spacelab_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/STS-9_Spacelab_1.jpg/440px-STS-9_Spacelab_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4095" data-file-height="4158" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Spacelab" title="Spacelab">Spacelab</a> in orbit on <a href="/wiki/STS-9" title="STS-9">STS-9</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Spacelab module was a European-funded pressurized laboratory that was carried within the payload bay and allowed for scientific research while in orbit. The Spacelab module contained two 2.7 m (9 ft) segments that were mounted in the aft end of the payload bay to maintain the center of gravity during flight. Astronauts entered the Spacelab module through a 2.7 or 5.8 m (8.72 or 18.88 ft) tunnel that connected to the airlock. The Spacelab equipment was primarily stored in pallets, which provided storage for both experiments as well as computer and power equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-jenkins_3-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 434–435">: 434–435 </span></sup> Spacelab hardware was flown on 28 missions through 1999 and studied subjects including astronomy, microgravity, radar, and life sciences. Spacelab hardware also supported missions such as Hubble Space Telescope (HST) servicing and space station resupply. The Spacelab module was tested on STS-2 and STS-3, and the first full mission was on STS-9.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA28_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA28-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="RS-25_engines">RS-25 engines</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Shuttle&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: RS-25 engines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/RS-25" title="RS-25">RS-25</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:STS-133_Rendezvous_Pitch_Maneuver_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The two engine systems at the aft-section of the orbiter" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/STS-133_Rendezvous_Pitch_Maneuver_3.jpg/220px-STS-133_Rendezvous_Pitch_Maneuver_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/STS-133_Rendezvous_Pitch_Maneuver_3.jpg/330px-STS-133_Rendezvous_Pitch_Maneuver_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/STS-133_Rendezvous_Pitch_Maneuver_3.jpg/440px-STS-133_Rendezvous_Pitch_Maneuver_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/RS-25" title="RS-25">RS-25</a> engines with the two <a href="/wiki/Orbital_Maneuvering_System" title="Orbital Maneuvering System">Orbital Maneuvering System</a> (OMS) pods during <a href="/wiki/STS-133" title="STS-133">STS-133</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Three RS-25 engines, also known as the Space Shuttle Main Engines (SSME), were mounted on the orbiter's aft fuselage in a triangular pattern. The engine nozzles could gimbal ±10.5° in pitch, and ±8.5° in <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_principal_axes#Vertical_axis_(yaw)" title="Aircraft principal axes">yaw</a> during ascent to change the direction of their thrust to steer the Shuttle. The <a href="/wiki/Titanium_alloy" class="mw-redirect" title="Titanium alloy">titanium alloy</a> reusable engines were independent of the orbiter vehicle and would be removed and replaced in between flights. The RS-25 is a staged-combustion cycle cryogenic engine that used liquid oxygen and hydrogen and had a higher chamber pressure than any previous liquid-fueled rocket. The original main combustion chamber operated at a maximum pressure of 226.5 bar (3,285 psi). The engine nozzle is 287 cm (113 in) tall and has an interior diameter of 229 cm (90.3 in). The nozzle is cooled by 1,080 interior lines carrying liquid hydrogen and is thermally protected by insulative and ablative material.<sup id="cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins2016-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: II–177–183">: II–177–183 </span></sup> </p><p>The RS-25 engines had several improvements to enhance reliability and power. During the development program, Rocketdyne determined that the engine was capable of safe reliable operation at 104% of the originally specified thrust. To keep the engine thrust values consistent with previous documentation and software, NASA kept the originally specified thrust at 100%, but had the RS-25 operate at higher thrust. RS-25 upgrade versions were denoted as Block I and Block II. 109% thrust level was achieved with the Block II engines in 2001, which reduced the chamber pressure to 207.5 bars (3,010 psi), as it had a larger <a href="/wiki/De_Laval_nozzle" title="De Laval nozzle">throat</a> area. The normal maximum throttle was 104 percent, with 106% or 109% used for mission aborts.<sup id="cite_ref-shuttle_manual_16-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shuttle_manual-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 106–107">: 106–107 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Orbital_Maneuvering_System">Orbital Maneuvering System</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Shuttle&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Orbital Maneuvering System"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Orbital_Maneuvering_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Space Shuttle Orbital Maneuvering System">Space Shuttle Orbital Maneuvering System</a></div> <p>The Orbital Maneuvering System (OMS) consisted of two aft-mounted <a href="/wiki/AJ10" title="AJ10">AJ10-190</a> engines and the associated propellant tanks. The AJ10 engines used <a href="/wiki/Monomethylhydrazine" title="Monomethylhydrazine">monomethylhydrazine</a> (MMH) oxidized by <a href="/wiki/Dinitrogen_tetroxide" title="Dinitrogen tetroxide">dinitrogen tetroxide</a> (N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>). The pods carried a maximum of 2,140 kg (4,718 lb) of MMH and 3,526 kg (7,773 lb) of N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>. The OMS engines were used after main engine cut-off (MECO) for orbital insertion. Throughout the flight, they were used for orbit changes, as well as the deorbit burn prior to reentry. Each OMS engine produced 27,080 N (6,087 lbf) of thrust, and the entire system could provide 305 m/s (1,000 ft/s) of <a href="/wiki/Delta-v" title="Delta-v">velocity change</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins2016-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: II–80">: II–80 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Thermal_protection_system">Thermal protection system</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Shuttle&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Thermal protection system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_thermal_protection_system" title="Space Shuttle thermal protection system">Space Shuttle thermal protection system</a></div> <p>The orbiter was protected from heat during reentry by the thermal protection system (TPS), a <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_entry#Thermal_soak" title="Atmospheric entry">thermal soaking</a> protective layer around the orbiter. In contrast with previous US spacecraft, which had used ablative heat shields, the reusability of the orbiter required a multi-use heat shield.<sup id="cite_ref-shuttle_manual_16-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shuttle_manual-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 72–73">: 72–73 </span></sup> During reentry, the TPS experienced temperatures up to 1,600 °C (3,000 °F), but had to keep the orbiter vehicle's aluminum skin temperature below 180 °C (350 °F). The TPS primarily consisted of four types of tiles. The nose cone and leading edges of the wings experienced temperatures above 1,300 °C (2,300 °F), and were protected by reinforced carbon-carbon tiles (RCC). Thicker RCC tiles were developed and installed in 1998 to prevent damage from <a href="/wiki/Space_debris" title="Space debris">micrometeoroid and orbital debris</a>, and were further improved after RCC damage caused in the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia_disaster" title="Space Shuttle Columbia disaster"><i>Columbia</i> disaster</a>. Beginning with <a href="/wiki/STS-114" title="STS-114">STS-114</a>, the orbiter vehicles were equipped with the wing leading edge impact detection system to alert the crew to any potential damage.<sup id="cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins2016-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: II–112–113">: II–112–113 </span></sup> The entire underside of the orbiter vehicle, as well as the other hottest surfaces, were protected with tiles of high-temperature reusable surface insulation, made of <a href="/wiki/Borosilicate_glass" title="Borosilicate glass">borosilicate glass</a>-coated <a href="/wiki/Silica" class="mw-redirect" title="Silica">silica</a> fibers that trapped heat in air pockets and redirected it out. Areas on the upper parts of the orbiter vehicle were coated in tiles of white low-temperature reusable surface insulation with similar composition, which provided protection for temperatures below 650 °C (1,200 °F). The payload bay doors and parts of the upper wing surfaces were coated in reusable <a href="/wiki/Nomex" title="Nomex">Nomex</a> felt surface insulation or in <a href="/wiki/Beta_cloth" title="Beta cloth">beta cloth</a>, as the temperature there remained below 370 °C (700 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-jenkins_3-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 395">: 395 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="External_tank">External tank</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Shuttle&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External tank"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_external_tank" title="Space Shuttle external tank">Space Shuttle external tank</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:External_Tank.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/External_Tank.jpg/220px-External_Tank.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/External_Tank.jpg/330px-External_Tank.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/External_Tank.jpg/440px-External_Tank.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3032" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>The ET from <a href="/wiki/STS-115" title="STS-115">STS-115</a> after separation from the orbiter. The scorch mark near the front end of the tank is from the SRB separation motors.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Space Shuttle external tank (ET) carried the propellant for the Space Shuttle Main Engines, and connected the orbiter vehicle with the solid rocket boosters. The ET was 47 m (153.8 ft) tall and 8.4 m (27.6 ft) in diameter, and contained separate tanks for liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen. The liquid oxygen tank was housed in the nose of the ET, and was 15 m (49.3 ft) tall. The liquid hydrogen tank comprised the bulk of the ET, and was 29 m (96.7 ft) tall. The orbiter vehicle was attached to the ET at two umbilical plates, which contained five propellant and two electrical umbilicals, and forward and aft structural attachments. The exterior of the ET was covered in orange spray-on foam to allow it to survive the heat of ascent.<sup id="cite_ref-jenkins_3-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 421–422">: 421–422 </span></sup> </p><p>The ET provided propellant to the Space Shuttle Main Engines from liftoff until main engine cutoff. The ET separated from the orbiter vehicle 18 seconds after engine cutoff and could be triggered automatically or manually. At the time of separation, the orbiter vehicle retracted its umbilical plates, and the umbilical cords were sealed to prevent excess propellant from venting into the orbiter vehicle. After the bolts attached at the structural attachments were sheared, the ET separated from the orbiter vehicle. At the time of separation, gaseous oxygen was vented from the nose to cause the ET to tumble, ensuring that it would break up upon reentry. The ET was the only major component of the Space Shuttle system that was not reused, and it would travel along a ballistic trajectory into the Indian or Pacific Ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-jenkins_3-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 422">: 422 </span></sup> </p><p>For the first two missions, STS-1 and <a href="/wiki/STS-2" title="STS-2">STS-2</a>, the ET was covered in 270 kg (595 lb) of white fire-retardant latex paint to provide protection against damage from ultraviolet radiation. Further research determined that the orange foam itself was sufficiently protected, and the ET was no longer covered in latex paint beginning on STS-3.<sup id="cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins2016-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: II-210">: II-210 </span></sup> A light-weight tank (LWT) was first flown on STS-6, which reduced tank weight by 4,700 kg (10,300 lb). The LWT's weight was reduced by removing components from the hydrogen tank and reducing the thickness of some skin panels.<sup id="cite_ref-jenkins_3-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 422">: 422 </span></sup> In 1998, a super light-weight ET (SLWT) first flew on <a href="/wiki/STS-91" title="STS-91">STS-91</a>. The SLWT used the 2195 aluminum-lithium alloy, which was 40% stronger and 10% less dense than its predecessor, 2219 aluminum-lithium alloy. The SLWT weighed 3,400 kg (7,500 lb) less than the LWT, which allowed the Space Shuttle to deliver heavy elements to ISS's high inclination orbit.<sup id="cite_ref-jenkins_3-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 423–424">: 423–424 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Solid_Rocket_Boosters">Solid Rocket Boosters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Shuttle&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Solid Rocket Boosters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Solid_Rocket_Booster" title="Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster">Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Two_Space_Shuttle_SRBs_on_the_Crawler_transporter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two Solid Rocket Boosters that are not attached to an external tank or orbiter" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Two_Space_Shuttle_SRBs_on_the_Crawler_transporter.jpg/220px-Two_Space_Shuttle_SRBs_on_the_Crawler_transporter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Two_Space_Shuttle_SRBs_on_the_Crawler_transporter.jpg/330px-Two_Space_Shuttle_SRBs_on_the_Crawler_transporter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Two_Space_Shuttle_SRBs_on_the_Crawler_transporter.jpg/440px-Two_Space_Shuttle_SRBs_on_the_Crawler_transporter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Two SRBs on the mobile launcher platform prior to mating with the ET and orbiter for <a href="/wiki/STS-134" title="STS-134">STS-134</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Solid Rocket Boosters (SRB) provided 71.4% of the Space Shuttle's thrust during liftoff and ascent, and were the largest <a href="/wiki/Solid-propellant_motor" class="mw-redirect" title="Solid-propellant motor">solid-propellant motors</a> ever flown.<sup id="cite_ref-SRB_largest_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SRB_largest-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each SRB was 45 m (149.2 ft) tall and 3.7 m (12.2 ft) wide, weighed 68,000 kg (150,000 lb), and had a steel exterior approximately 13 mm (.5 in) thick. The SRB's subcomponents were the solid-propellant motor, nose cone, and rocket nozzle. The solid-propellant motor comprised the majority of the SRB's structure. Its casing consisted of 11 steel sections which made up its four main segments. The nose cone housed the forward separation motors and the parachute systems that were used during recovery. The rocket nozzles could gimbal up to 8° to allow for in-flight adjustments.<sup id="cite_ref-jenkins_3-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 425–429">: 425–429 </span></sup> </p><p>The rocket motors were each filled with a total 500,000 kg (1,106,640 lb) of solid rocket propellant (<a href="/wiki/Ammonium_perchlorate_composite_propellant" title="Ammonium perchlorate composite propellant">APCP</a>+<a href="/wiki/Polybutadiene_acrylonitrile" title="Polybutadiene acrylonitrile">PBAN</a>), and joined in the <a href="/wiki/Vehicle_Assembly_Building" title="Vehicle Assembly Building">Vehicle Assembly Building</a> (VAB) at KSC.<sup id="cite_ref-jenkins_3-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 425–426">: 425–426 </span></sup> In addition to providing thrust during the first stage of launch, the SRBs provided structural support for the orbiter vehicle and ET, as they were the only system that was connected to the <a href="/wiki/Mobile_launcher_platform" title="Mobile launcher platform">mobile launcher platform</a> (MLP).<sup id="cite_ref-jenkins_3-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 427">: 427 </span></sup> At the time of launch, the SRBs were armed at T−5 minutes, and could only be electrically ignited once the RS-25 engines had ignited and were without issue.<sup id="cite_ref-jenkins_3-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 428">: 428 </span></sup> They each provided 12,500 kN (2,800,000 lbf) of thrust, which was later improved to 13,300 kN (3,000,000 lbf) beginning on <a href="/wiki/STS-8" title="STS-8">STS-8</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jenkins_3-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 425">: 425 </span></sup> After expending their fuel, the SRBs were <a href="/wiki/Jettison_(aviation)" title="Jettison (aviation)">jettisoned</a> approximately two minutes after launch at an altitude of approximately 46 km (150,000 ft). Following separation, they deployed drogue and main parachutes, landed in the ocean, and were recovered by the crews aboard the ships <a href="/wiki/MV_Freedom_Star" title="MV Freedom Star">MV <i>Freedom Star</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/MV_Liberty_Star" title="MV Liberty Star">MV <i>Liberty Star</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jenkins_3-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 430">: 430 </span></sup> Once they were returned to Cape Canaveral, they were cleaned and disassembled. The rocket motor, igniter, and nozzle were then shipped to Thiokol to be refurbished and reused on subsequent flights.<sup id="cite_ref-shuttle_manual_16-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shuttle_manual-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 124">: 124 </span></sup> </p><p>The SRBs underwent several redesigns throughout the program's lifetime. <a href="/wiki/STS-6" title="STS-6">STS-6</a> and <a href="/wiki/STS-7" title="STS-7">STS-7</a> used SRBs 2,300 kg (5,000 lb) lighter due to walls that were 0.10 mm (.004 in) thinner, but were determined to be too thin to fly safely. Subsequent flights until <a href="/wiki/STS-26" title="STS-26">STS-26</a> used cases that were 0.076 mm (.003 in) thinner than the standard-weight cases, which reduced 1,800 kg (4,000 lb). After the <i>Challenger</i> disaster as a result of an <a href="/wiki/O-ring" title="O-ring">O-ring</a> failing at low temperature, the SRBs were redesigned to provide a constant seal regardless of the ambient temperature.<sup id="cite_ref-jenkins_3-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 425–426">: 425–426 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Support_vehicles">Support vehicles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Shuttle&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Support vehicles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Freedom_Star_SRB_recovery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A recovery boat with a recovered Solid Rocket Booster" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Freedom_Star_SRB_recovery.jpg/220px-Freedom_Star_SRB_recovery.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Freedom_Star_SRB_recovery.jpg/330px-Freedom_Star_SRB_recovery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Freedom_Star_SRB_recovery.jpg/440px-Freedom_Star_SRB_recovery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2008" /></a><figcaption>MV <i>Freedom Star</i> towing a spent SRB (STS-133) to Cape Canaveral Air Force Station</figcaption></figure> <p>The Space Shuttle's operations were supported by vehicles and infrastructure that facilitated its transportation, construction, and crew access. The <a href="/wiki/Crawler-transporter" title="Crawler-transporter">crawler-transporters</a> carried the MLP and the Space Shuttle from the VAB to the launch site.<sup id="cite_ref-crawler_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crawler-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Shuttle_Carrier_Aircraft" title="Shuttle Carrier Aircraft">Shuttle Carrier Aircraft</a> (SCA) were two modified <a href="/wiki/Boeing_747" title="Boeing 747">Boeing 747s</a> that could carry an orbiter on its back. The original SCA (N905NA) was first flown in 1975, and was used for the <a href="/wiki/Approach_and_Landing_Tests" title="Approach and Landing Tests">ALT</a> and ferrying the orbiter from Edwards AFB to the KSC on all missions prior to 1991. A second SCA (N911NA) was acquired in 1988, and was first used to transport <i>Endeavour</i> from the factory to the KSC. Following the retirement of the Space Shuttle, N905NA was put on display at the JSC, and N911NA was put on display at the <a href="/wiki/Joe_Davies_Heritage_Airpark" title="Joe Davies Heritage Airpark">Joe Davies Heritage Airpark</a> in <a href="/wiki/Palmdale,_California" title="Palmdale, California">Palmdale, California</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins2016-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: I–377–391">: I–377–391 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-joe_davies_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-joe_davies-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Mobile_lounge#NASA_Crew_Transport_Vehicles" title="Mobile lounge">Crew Transport Vehicle</a> (CTV) was a modified airport <a href="/wiki/Jet_bridge" title="Jet bridge">jet bridge</a> that was used to assist astronauts to egress from the orbiter after landing, where they would undergo their post-mission medical checkups.<sup id="cite_ref-ctv_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ctv-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Astronaut_transfer_van" title="Astronaut transfer van">Astrovan</a> transported astronauts from the crew quarters in the Operations and Checkout Building to the launch pad on launch day.<sup id="cite_ref-astrovan_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-astrovan-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/NASA_Railroad" title="NASA Railroad">NASA Railroad</a> comprised three locomotives that transported SRB segments from the <a href="/wiki/Florida_East_Coast_Railway" title="Florida East Coast Railway">Florida East Coast Railway</a> in <a href="/wiki/Titusville,_Florida" title="Titusville, Florida">Titusville</a> to the KSC.<sup id="cite_ref-railroad_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-railroad-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mission_profile">Mission profile</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Shuttle&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Mission profile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Launch_preparation">Launch preparation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Shuttle&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Launch preparation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Launch_commit_criteria" title="Launch commit criteria">Launch commit criteria</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crawler_transporter_with_Atlantis_on_the_ramp_to_pad_39A.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The Space Shuttle moving to the launch complex on a crawler-transporter" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Crawler_transporter_with_Atlantis_on_the_ramp_to_pad_39A.jpg/220px-Crawler_transporter_with_Atlantis_on_the_ramp_to_pad_39A.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Crawler_transporter_with_Atlantis_on_the_ramp_to_pad_39A.jpg/330px-Crawler_transporter_with_Atlantis_on_the_ramp_to_pad_39A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Crawler_transporter_with_Atlantis_on_the_ramp_to_pad_39A.jpg/440px-Crawler_transporter_with_Atlantis_on_the_ramp_to_pad_39A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2008" /></a><figcaption>The crawler-transporter with <i>Atlantis</i> on the ramp to LC-39A for <a href="/wiki/STS-117" title="STS-117">STS-117</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Space Shuttle was prepared for launch primarily in the VAB at the KSC. The SRBs were assembled and attached to the external tank on the MLP. The orbiter vehicle was prepared at the <a href="/wiki/Orbiter_Processing_Facility" title="Orbiter Processing Facility">Orbiter Processing Facility</a> (OPF) and transferred to the VAB, where a crane was used to rotate it to the vertical orientation and mate it to the external tank.<sup id="cite_ref-shuttle_manual_16-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shuttle_manual-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 132–133">: 132–133 </span></sup> Once the entire stack was assembled, the MLP was carried for 5.6 km (3.5 mi) to <a href="/wiki/Launch_Complex_39" class="mw-redirect" title="Launch Complex 39">Launch Complex 39</a> by one of the <a href="/wiki/Crawler-transporter" title="Crawler-transporter">crawler-transporters</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-shuttle_manual_16-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shuttle_manual-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 137">: 137 </span></sup> After the Space Shuttle arrived at one of the two launchpads, it would connect to the Fixed and Rotation Service Structures, which provided servicing capabilities, payload insertion, and crew transportation.<sup id="cite_ref-shuttle_manual_16-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shuttle_manual-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 139–141">: 139–141 </span></sup> The crew was transported to the launch pad at T−3 hours and entered the orbiter vehicle, which was closed at T−2 hours.<sup id="cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins2016-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: III–8">: III–8 </span></sup> Liquid oxygen and hydrogen were loaded into the external tank via umbilicals that attached to the orbiter vehicle, which began at T−5 hours 35 minutes. At T−3 hours 45 minutes, the hydrogen fast-fill was complete, followed 15 minutes later by the oxygen tank fill. Both tanks were slowly filled up until the launch as the oxygen and hydrogen evaporated.<sup id="cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins2016-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: II–186">: II–186 </span></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Launch_commit_criteria" title="Launch commit criteria">launch commit criteria</a> considered precipitation, temperatures, cloud cover, lightning forecast, wind, and humidity.<sup id="cite_ref-weather_launch_criteria_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weather_launch_criteria-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Space Shuttle was not launched under conditions where it could have been struck by <a href="/wiki/Lightning" title="Lightning">lightning</a>, as its exhaust plume could have triggered lightning by providing a current path to ground after launch, which occurred on <a href="/wiki/Apollo_12#Mission_highlights" title="Apollo 12">Apollo 12</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-chaikin_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chaikin-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 239">: 239 </span></sup> The NASA Anvil Rule for a Shuttle launch stated that an <a href="/wiki/Anvil_cloud" class="mw-redirect" title="Anvil cloud">anvil cloud</a> could not appear within a distance of 19 <a href="/wiki/Kilometre" title="Kilometre">km</a> (10 nmi).<sup id="cite_ref-anvil_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anvil-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Shuttle Launch Weather Officer monitored conditions until the final decision to scrub a launch was announced. In addition to the weather at the launch site, conditions had to be acceptable at one of the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_abort_modes#Transoceanic_abort_landing" title="Space Shuttle abort modes">Transatlantic Abort Landing sites</a> and the SRB recovery area.<sup id="cite_ref-weather_launch_criteria_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weather_launch_criteria-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sts121_blog_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sts121_blog-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Launch">Launch</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Shuttle&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Launch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ShuttleLaunch.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/ShuttleLaunch.gif/220px-ShuttleLaunch.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/ShuttleLaunch.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="186" /></a><figcaption>Early ignition and lift-off view of main-engines and SRB (ground-camera view)</figcaption></figure> <p>The mission crew and the Launch Control Center (LCC) personnel completed systems checks throughout the countdown. Two built-in holds at T−20 minutes and T−9 minutes provided scheduled breaks to address any issues and additional preparation.<sup id="cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins2016-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: III–8">: III–8 </span></sup> After the built-in hold at T−9 minutes, the countdown was automatically controlled by the Ground Launch Sequencer (GLS) at the LCC, which stopped the countdown if it sensed a critical problem with any of the Space Shuttle's onboard systems.<sup id="cite_ref-sts121_blog_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sts121_blog-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At T−3 minutes 45 seconds, the engines began conducting gimbal tests, which were concluded at T−2 minutes 15 seconds. The ground <a href="/wiki/Launch_Processing_System" title="Launch Processing System">Launch Processing System</a> handed off the control to the orbiter vehicle's GPCs at T−31 seconds. At T−16 seconds, the GPCs armed the SRBs, the sound suppression system (SPS) began to drench the MLP and SRB trenches with 1,100,000 L (300,000 U.S. gal) of water to protect the orbiter vehicle from damage by <a href="/wiki/Acoustical" class="mw-redirect" title="Acoustical">acoustical</a> energy and rocket exhaust reflected from the flame trench and MLP during lift-off.<sup id="cite_ref-sound_suppression_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sound_suppression-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sps_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sps-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At T−10 seconds, hydrogen igniters were activated under each engine bell to quell the stagnant gas inside the cones before ignition. Failure to burn these gases could trip the onboard sensors and create the possibility of an overpressure and explosion of the vehicle during the firing phase. The hydrogen tank's prevalves were opened at T−9.5 seconds in preparation for engine start.<sup id="cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins2016-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: II–186">: II–186 </span></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:STS_135_Launch.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/STS_135_Launch.gif/220px-STS_135_Launch.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/STS_135_Launch.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="186" /></a><figcaption>Shuttle lift-off via on-board camera view.</figcaption></figure> <p>Beginning at T−6.6 seconds, the main engines were ignited sequentially at 120-millisecond intervals. All three RS-25 engines were required to reach 90% rated thrust by T−3 seconds, otherwise the GPCs would initiate an <a href="/wiki/RSLS_Abort" class="mw-redirect" title="RSLS Abort">RSLS abort</a>. If all three engines indicated nominal performance by T−3 seconds, they were commanded to gimbal to liftoff configuration and the command would be issued to arm the SRBs for ignition at T−0.<sup id="cite_ref-countdown101_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-countdown101-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between T−6.6 seconds and T−3 seconds, while the RS-25 engines were firing but the SRBs were still bolted to the pad, the offset thrust would cause the Space Shuttle to pitch down 650 mm (25.5 in) measured at the tip of the external tank; the 3-second delay allowed the stack to return to nearly vertical before SRB ignition. This movement was nicknamed the "twang." At T−0, the eight <a href="/wiki/Pyrotechnic_fastener" title="Pyrotechnic fastener">frangible nuts</a> holding the SRBs to the pad were detonated, the final umbilicals were disconnected, the SSMEs were commanded to 100% throttle, and the SRBs were ignited.<sup id="cite_ref-nuts0_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nuts0-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-frang_nut_liftoff_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frang_nut_liftoff-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By T+0.23 seconds, the SRBs built up enough thrust for liftoff to commence, and reached maximum chamber pressure by T+0.6 seconds.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins2016-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: II–186">: II–186 </span></sup> At T−0, the JSC <a href="/wiki/Mission_Control_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Mission Control Center">Mission Control Center</a> assumed control of the flight from the LCC.<sup id="cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins2016-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: III–9">: III–9 </span></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:STS135_SRB_Separation.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/STS135_SRB_Separation.gif/220px-STS135_SRB_Separation.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/STS135_SRB_Separation.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="186" /></a><figcaption>On-board camera-view of SRB separation.</figcaption></figure> <p>At T+4 seconds, when the Space Shuttle reached an altitude of 22 meters (73 ft), the RS-25 engines were throttled up to 104.5%. At approximately T+7 seconds, the Space Shuttle rolled to a heads-down orientation at an altitude of 110 meters (350 ft), which reduced aerodynamic stress and provided an improved communication and navigation orientation. Approximately 20–30 seconds into ascent and an altitude of 2,700 meters (9,000 ft), the RS-25 engines were throttled down to 65–72% to reduce the maximum aerodynamic forces at <a href="/wiki/Max_Q" class="mw-redirect" title="Max Q">Max Q</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins2016-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: III–8–9">: III–8–9 </span></sup> Additionally, the shape of the SRB propellant was designed to cause thrust to decrease at the time of Max Q.<sup id="cite_ref-jenkins_3-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 427">: 427 </span></sup> The GPCs could dynamically control the throttle of the RS-25 engines based upon the performance of the SRBs.<sup id="cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins2016-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: II–187">: II–187 </span></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shuttle_ET_Separation_STS-135.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Shuttle_ET_Separation_STS-135.gif/220px-Shuttle_ET_Separation_STS-135.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Shuttle_ET_Separation_STS-135.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="186" /></a><figcaption>On-board camera-view of external-tank separation</figcaption></figure> <p>At approximately T+123 seconds and an altitude of 46,000 meters (150,000 ft), pyrotechnic fasteners released the SRBs, which reached an <a href="/wiki/Apogee" class="mw-redirect" title="Apogee">apogee</a> of 67,000 meters (220,000 ft) before parachuting into the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a>. The Space Shuttle continued its ascent using only the RS-25 engines. On earlier missions, the Space Shuttle remained in the heads-down orientation to maintain communications with the <a href="/wiki/Tracking_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Tracking station">tracking station</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cooper%27s_Island,_Bermuda" title="Cooper's Island, Bermuda">Bermuda</a>, but later missions, beginning with <a href="/wiki/STS-87" title="STS-87">STS-87</a>, rolled to a heads-up orientation at T+6 minutes for communication with the <a href="/wiki/Tracking_and_data_relay_satellite" title="Tracking and data relay satellite">tracking and data relay satellite</a> constellation. The RS-25 engines were throttled at T+7 minutes 30 seconds to limit vehicle acceleration to 3 <i>g</i>. At 6 seconds prior to main engine cutoff (MECO), which occurred at T+8 minutes 30 seconds, the RS-25 engines were throttled down to 67%. The GPCs controlled ET separation and dumped the remaining liquid oxygen and hydrogen to prevent outgassing while in orbit. The ET continued on a ballistic trajectory and broke up during reentry, with some small pieces landing in the Indian or Pacific Ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins2016-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: III–9–10">: III–9–10 </span></sup> </p><p>Early missions used two firings of the OMS to achieve orbit; the first firing raised the apogee while the second circularized the orbit. Missions after <a href="/wiki/STS-38" title="STS-38">STS-38</a> used the RS-25 engines to achieve the optimal apogee, and used the OMS engines to circularize the orbit. The orbital altitude and inclination were mission-dependent, and the Space Shuttle's orbits varied from 220 to 620 km (120 to 335 nmi).<sup id="cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins2016-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: III–10">: III–10 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_orbit">In orbit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Shuttle&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: In orbit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Endeavour_docked_to_ISS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The Space Shuttle Endeavour docked with the International Space Station" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Endeavour_docked_to_ISS.jpg/220px-Endeavour_docked_to_ISS.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Endeavour_docked_to_ISS.jpg/330px-Endeavour_docked_to_ISS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Endeavour_docked_to_ISS.jpg/440px-Endeavour_docked_to_ISS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="6048" /></a><figcaption><i>Endeavour</i> docked at ISS during the STS-134 mission</figcaption></figure> <p>The type of mission the Space Shuttle was assigned to dictate the type of orbit that it entered. The initial design of the reusable Space Shuttle envisioned an increasingly cheap launch platform to deploy commercial and government satellites. Early missions routinely ferried satellites, which determined the type of orbit that the orbiter vehicle would enter. Following the <i>Challenger</i> disaster, many commercial payloads were moved to expendable commercial rockets, such as the <a href="/wiki/Delta_II" title="Delta II">Delta II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins2016-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: III–108, 123">: III–108, 123 </span></sup> While later missions still launched commercial payloads, Space Shuttle assignments were routinely directed towards scientific payloads, such as the <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins2016-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: III–148">: III–148 </span></sup> Spacelab,<sup id="cite_ref-jenkins_3-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 434–435">: 434–435 </span></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Galileo (spacecraft)">Galileo spacecraft</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins2016-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: III–140">: III–140 </span></sup> Beginning with <a href="/wiki/STS-71" title="STS-71">STS-71</a>, the orbiter vehicle conducted dockings with the <a href="/wiki/Mir_space_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Mir space station">Mir space station</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins2016-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: III–224">: III–224 </span></sup> In its final decade of operation, the Space Shuttle was used for the construction of the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins2016-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: III–264">: III–264 </span></sup> Most missions involved staying in orbit several days to two weeks, although longer missions were possible with the <a href="/wiki/Extended_Duration_Orbiter" title="Extended Duration Orbiter">Extended Duration Orbiter</a> pallet.<sup id="cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins2016-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: III–86">: III–86 </span></sup> The 17 day 15 hour <a href="/wiki/STS-80" title="STS-80">STS-80</a> mission was the longest Space Shuttle mission duration.<sup id="cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins2016-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: III–238">: III–238 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Re-entry_and_landing">Re-entry and landing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Shuttle&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Re-entry and landing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Space_Shuttle_reentry_aboard_flight_deck.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A view of the commander and pilot during reentry on STS-42" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Space_Shuttle_reentry_aboard_flight_deck.jpg/220px-Space_Shuttle_reentry_aboard_flight_deck.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Space_Shuttle_reentry_aboard_flight_deck.jpg/330px-Space_Shuttle_reentry_aboard_flight_deck.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Space_Shuttle_reentry_aboard_flight_deck.jpg/440px-Space_Shuttle_reentry_aboard_flight_deck.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4095" data-file-height="2700" /></a><figcaption>Flight deck view of <i>Discovery</i> during <a href="/wiki/STS-42" title="STS-42">STS-42</a> re-entry</figcaption></figure> <p>Approximately four hours prior to deorbit, the crew began preparing the orbiter vehicle for reentry by closing the payload doors, radiating excess heat, and retracting the Ku band antenna. The orbiter vehicle maneuvered to an upside-down, tail-first orientation and began a 2–4 minute OMS burn approximately 20 minutes before it reentered the atmosphere. The orbiter vehicle reoriented itself to a nose-forward position with a 40° angle-of-attack, and the forward <a href="/wiki/Reaction_control_system" title="Reaction control system">reaction control system</a> (RCS) jets were emptied of fuel and disabled prior to reentry. The orbiter vehicle's reentry was defined as starting at an altitude of 120 km (400,000 ft), when it was traveling at approximately Mach 25. The orbiter vehicle's reentry was controlled by the GPCs, which followed a preset angle-of-attack plan to prevent unsafe heating of the TPS. During reentry, the orbiter's speed was regulated by altering the amount of drag produced, which was controlled by means of angle of attack, as well as bank angle. The latter could be used to control drag without changing the angle of attack. A series of roll reversals<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were performed to control azimuth while banking.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The orbiter vehicle's aft RCS jets were disabled as its ailerons, elevators, and rudder became effective in the lower atmosphere. At an altitude of 46 km (150,000 ft), the orbiter vehicle opened its <a href="/wiki/Speed_brake" class="mw-redirect" title="Speed brake">speed brake</a> on the vertical stabilizer. At 8 minutes 44 seconds prior to landing, the crew deployed the air data probes, and began lowering the angle-of-attack to 36°.<sup id="cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins2016-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: III–12">: III–12 </span></sup> The orbiter's maximum <a href="/wiki/Glide_ratio" class="mw-redirect" title="Glide ratio">glide ratio</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lift-to-drag_ratio" title="Lift-to-drag ratio">lift-to-drag ratio</a> varied considerably with speed, ranging from 1.3 at <a href="/wiki/Hypersonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypersonic">hypersonic</a> speeds to 4.9 at subsonic speeds.<sup id="cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins2016-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: II–1">: II–1 </span></sup> The orbiter vehicle flew to one of the two Heading Alignment Cones, located 48 km (30 mi) away from each end of the runway's centerline, where it made its final turns to dissipate excess energy prior to its approach and landing. Once the orbiter vehicle was traveling subsonically, the crew took over manual control of the flight.<sup id="cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins2016-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: III–13">: III–13 </span></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Space_Shuttle_Discovery_Landing_after_STS-124.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Discovery deployed a parachute to slow itself after landing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Space_Shuttle_Discovery_Landing_after_STS-124.jpg/220px-Space_Shuttle_Discovery_Landing_after_STS-124.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Space_Shuttle_Discovery_Landing_after_STS-124.jpg/330px-Space_Shuttle_Discovery_Landing_after_STS-124.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Space_Shuttle_Discovery_Landing_after_STS-124.jpg/440px-Space_Shuttle_Discovery_Landing_after_STS-124.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3789" data-file-height="2328" /></a><figcaption><i>Discovery</i> deploying its <a href="/wiki/Drogue_parachute" title="Drogue parachute">brake parachute</a> after landing on <a href="/wiki/STS-124" title="STS-124">STS-124</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The approach and landing phase began when the orbiter vehicle was at an altitude of 3,000 m (10,000 ft) and traveling at 150 m/s (300 kn). The orbiter followed either a -20° or -18° glideslope and descended at approximately 51 m/s (167 ft/s). The speed brake was used to keep a continuous speed, and crew initiated a pre-flare maneuver to a -1.5° glideslope at an altitude of 610 m (2,000 ft). The landing gear was deployed 10 seconds prior to touchdown, when the orbiter was at an altitude of 91 m (300 ft) and traveling 150 m/s (288 kn). A final flare maneuver reduced the orbiter vehicle's descent rate to 0.9 m/s (3 ft/s), with touchdown occurring at 100–150 m/s (195–295 kn), depending on the weight of the orbiter vehicle. After the landing gear touched down, the crew deployed a drag chute out of the vertical stabilizer, and began wheel braking when the orbiter was traveling slower than 72 m/s (140 kn). After the orbiter's wheels stopped, the crew deactivated the flight components and prepared to exit.<sup id="cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins2016-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: III–13">: III–13 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Landing_sites">Landing sites</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Shuttle&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Landing sites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_landing_sites" title="List of Space Shuttle landing sites">List of Space Shuttle landing sites</a></div> <p>The primary Space Shuttle landing site was the <a href="/wiki/Shuttle_Landing_Facility" title="Shuttle Landing Facility">Shuttle Landing Facility</a> at KSC, where 78 of the 133 successful landings occurred. In the event of unfavorable landing conditions, the Shuttle could delay its landing or land at an alternate location. The primary alternate was Edwards AFB, which was used for 54 landings.<sup id="cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins2016-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: III–18–20">: III–18–20 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/STS-3" title="STS-3">STS-3</a> landed at the <a href="/wiki/White_Sands_Space_Harbor" title="White Sands Space Harbor">White Sands Space Harbor</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a> and required extensive post-processing after exposure to the <a href="/wiki/Gypsum" title="Gypsum">gypsum</a>-rich sand, some of which was found in <i>Columbia</i> debris after <a href="/wiki/STS-107" title="STS-107">STS-107</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins2016-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: III–28">: III–28 </span></sup> Landings at alternate airfields required the Shuttle Carrier Aircraft to transport the orbiter back to <a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral" title="Cape Canaveral">Cape Canaveral</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins2016-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: III–13">: III–13 </span></sup> </p><p>In addition to the pre-planned landing airfields, there were 85 agreed-upon <a href="/wiki/Emergency_landing_sites" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency landing sites">emergency landing sites</a> to be used in different abort scenarios, with 58 located in other countries. The landing locations were chosen based upon political relationships, favorable weather, a runway at least 2,300 m (7,500 ft) long, and <a href="/wiki/TACAN" class="mw-redirect" title="TACAN">TACAN</a> or <a href="/wiki/Distance_measuring_equipment" title="Distance measuring equipment">DME</a> equipment. Additionally, as the orbiter vehicle only had UHF radios, international sites with only VHF radios would have been unable to communicate directly with the crew. Facilities on the east coast of the US were planned for East Coast Abort Landings, while several sites in Europe and Africa were planned in the event of a Transoceanic Abort Landing. The facilities were prepared with equipment and personnel in the event of an emergency shuttle landing but were never used.<sup id="cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins2016-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: III–19">: III–19 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-landing_processing">Post-landing processing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Shuttle&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Post-landing processing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Orbiter_Processing_Facility" title="Orbiter Processing Facility">Orbiter Processing Facility</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Discovery_mission_completed_q.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The Space Shuttle Discovery on the runway as ground crews work to get the crew out of the orbiter" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Discovery_mission_completed_q.jpg/220px-Discovery_mission_completed_q.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Discovery_mission_completed_q.jpg/330px-Discovery_mission_completed_q.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Discovery_mission_completed_q.jpg/440px-Discovery_mission_completed_q.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1898" data-file-height="1416" /></a><figcaption><i>Discovery</i> being prepared after landing for crew disembarkment following <a href="/wiki/STS-114" title="STS-114">STS-114</a></figcaption></figure> <p>After the landing, ground crews approached the orbiter to conduct safety checks. Teams wearing self-contained breathing gear tested for the presence of <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrazine" title="Hydrazine">hydrazine</a>, monomethylhydrazine, <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_tetroxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrogen tetroxide">nitrogen tetroxide</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a> to ensure the landing area was safe.<sup id="cite_ref-afterlandingpao_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-afterlandingpao-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Air conditioning and Freon lines were connected to cool the crew and equipment and dissipate excess heat from reentry.<sup id="cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins2016-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: III-13">: III-13 </span></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Flight_surgeon" title="Flight surgeon">flight surgeon</a> boarded the orbiter and performed medical checks of the crew before they disembarked. Once the orbiter was secured, it was towed to the OPF to be inspected, repaired, and prepared for the next mission.<sup id="cite_ref-afterlandingpao_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-afterlandingpao-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The processing included: </p> <ul><li>removal and installation of mission-specific items and payloads</li> <li>draining of waste and leftover consumables, and refilling of new consumables</li> <li>inspection and (if necessary) repair of the thermal protection system</li> <li>checkout and servicing of main engines (done in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Main_Engine_Processing_Facility&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Main Engine Processing Facility (page does not exist)">Main Engine Processing Facility</a> to facilitate easier access, necessitating their removal from the orbiter)</li> <li>if necessary, removal of the <a href="/wiki/Orbital_Maneuvering_System" title="Orbital Maneuvering System">Orbital Maneuvering System</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reaction_Control_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Reaction Control System">Reaction Control System</a> pods for maintenance at the <a href="/wiki/Hypergol_Maintenance_Facility" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypergol Maintenance Facility">Hypergol Maintenance Facility</a></li> <li>installation of any mid-life upgrades and modifications</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Space_Shuttle_program">Space Shuttle program</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Shuttle&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Space Shuttle program"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle program</a></div> <p>The Space Shuttle flew from April 12, 1981,<sup id="cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins2016-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: III–24">: III–24 </span></sup> until July 21, 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins2016-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: III–398">: III–398 </span></sup> Throughout the program, the Space Shuttle had 135 missions,<sup id="cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins2016-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: III–398">: III–398 </span></sup> of which 133 returned safely.<sup id="cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins2016-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: III–80, 304">: III–80, 304 </span></sup> Throughout its lifetime, the Space Shuttle was used to conduct scientific research,<sup id="cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins2016-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: III–188">: III–188 </span></sup> deploy commercial,<sup id="cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins2016-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: III–66">: III–66 </span></sup> military,<sup id="cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins2016-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: III–68">: III–68 </span></sup> and scientific payloads,<sup id="cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins2016-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: III–148">: III–148 </span></sup> and was involved in the construction and operation of <a href="/wiki/Mir" title="Mir">Mir</a><sup id="cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins2016-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: III–216">: III–216 </span></sup> and the ISS.<sup id="cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins2016-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: III–264">: III–264 </span></sup> During its tenure, the Space Shuttle served as the only U.S. vehicle to launch astronauts, of which there was no replacement until the launch of <a href="/wiki/Crew_Dragon_Demo-2" title="Crew Dragon Demo-2">Crew Dragon Demo-2</a> on May 30, 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-demo-2_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-demo-2-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Budget">Budget</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Shuttle&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Budget"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The overall NASA budget of the Space Shuttle program has been estimated to be $221 billion (in 2012 dollars).<sup id="cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins2016-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: III−488">: III−488 </span></sup> The developers of the Space Shuttle advocated for reusability as a cost-saving measure, which resulted in higher development costs for presumed lower costs-per-launch. During the design of the Space Shuttle, the Phase B proposals were not as cheap as the initial Phase A estimates indicated; Space Shuttle program manager Robert Thompson acknowledged that reducing cost-per-pound was not the primary objective of the further design phases, as other technical requirements could not be met with the reduced costs.<sup id="cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins2016-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: III−489−490">: III−489−490 </span></sup> Development estimates made in 1972 projected a per-pound cost of payload as low as $1,109 (in 2012) per pound, but the actual payload costs, not to include the costs for the research and development of the Space Shuttle, were $37,207 (in 2012) per pound.<sup id="cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins2016-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: III−491">: III−491 </span></sup> Per-launch costs varied throughout the program and were dependent on the rate of flights as well as research, development, and investigation proceedings throughout the Space Shuttle program. In 1982, NASA published an estimate of $260 million (in 2012) per flight, which was based on the prediction of 24 flights per year for a decade. The per-launch cost from 1995 to 2002, when the orbiters and ISS were not being constructed and there was no recovery work following a loss of crew, was $806 million. NASA published a study in 1999 that concluded that costs were $576 million (in 2012) if there were seven launches per year. In 2009, NASA determined that the cost of adding a single launch per year was $252 million (in 2012), which indicated that much of the Space Shuttle program costs are for year-round personnel and operations that continued regardless of the launch rate. Accounting for the entire Space Shuttle program budget, the per-launch cost was $1.642 billion (in 2012).<sup id="cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins2016-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: III−490">: III−490 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disasters">Disasters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Shuttle&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Disasters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger_disaster" title="Space Shuttle Challenger disaster">Space Shuttle Challenger disaster</a> and <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia_disaster" title="Space Shuttle Columbia disaster">Space Shuttle Columbia disaster</a></div> <p>On January 28, 1986, <a href="/wiki/STS-51-L" title="STS-51-L">STS-51-L</a> disintegrated 73 seconds after launch, due to the failure of the right SRB, killing all seven astronauts on board <i>Challenger</i>. The disaster was caused by the low-temperature impairment of an O-ring, a mission-critical seal used between segments of the SRB casing. Failure of the O-ring allowed hot combustion gases to escape from between the booster sections and burn through the adjacent ET, leading to a sequence of catastrophic events which caused the orbiter to disintegrate.<sup id="cite_ref-challenger_report_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-challenger_report-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 71">: 71 </span></sup> Repeated warnings from design engineers voicing concerns about the lack of evidence of the O-rings' safety when the temperature was below 53 °F (12 °C) had been ignored by NASA managers.<sup id="cite_ref-challenger_report_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-challenger_report-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 148">: 148 </span></sup> </p><p>On February 1, 2003, <i>Columbia</i> disintegrated during re-entry, killing all seven of the <a href="/wiki/STS-107" title="STS-107">STS-107</a> crew, because of damage to the <a href="/wiki/Reinforced_carbon-carbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Reinforced carbon-carbon">carbon-carbon</a> leading edge of the wing caused during launch. Ground control engineers had made three separate requests for high-resolution images taken by the Department of Defense that would have provided an understanding of the extent of the damage, while NASA's chief TPS engineer requested that astronauts on board <i>Columbia</i> be allowed to leave the vehicle to inspect the damage. NASA managers intervened to stop the Department of Defense's imaging of the orbiter and refused the request for the spacewalk,<sup id="cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins2016-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: III–323">: III–323 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-century_of_flight_columbia_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-century_of_flight_columbia-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and thus the feasibility of scenarios for astronaut repair or rescue by <i>Atlantis</i> were not considered by NASA management at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-sts-107_timeline_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sts-107_timeline-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticism">Criticism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Shuttle&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Space_Shuttle_program" title="Criticism of the Space Shuttle program">Criticism of the Space Shuttle program</a></div> <p>The partial reusability of the Space Shuttle was one of the primary design requirements during its initial development.<sup id="cite_ref-dev_space_shuttle_9-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dev_space_shuttle-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 164">: 164 </span></sup> The technical decisions that dictated the orbiter's return and re-use reduced the per-launch payload capabilities. The original intention was to compensate for this lower payload by lowering the per-launch costs and a high launch frequency. However, the actual costs of a Space Shuttle launch were higher than initially predicted, and the Space Shuttle did not fly the intended 24 missions per year as initially predicted by NASA.<sup id="cite_ref-griffin_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-griffin-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins2016-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: III–489–490">: III–489–490 </span></sup> </p><p>The Space Shuttle was originally intended as a launch vehicle to deploy satellites, which it was primarily used for on the missions prior to the <i>Challenger</i> disaster. NASA's pricing, which was below cost, was lower than expendable launch vehicles; the intention was that the high volume of Space Shuttle missions would compensate for early financial losses. The improvement of expendable launch vehicles and the transition away from commercial payloads on the Space Shuttle resulted in expendable launch vehicles becoming the primary deployment option for satellites.<sup id="cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins2016-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: III–109–112">: III–109–112 </span></sup> A key customer for the Space Shuttle was the <a href="/wiki/National_Reconnaissance_Office" title="National Reconnaissance Office">National Reconnaissance Office</a> (NRO) responsible for spy satellites. The existence of NRO's connection was classified through 1993, and secret considerations of NRO payload requirements led to lack of transparency in the program. The proposed <a href="/wiki/Shuttle-Centaur" title="Shuttle-Centaur">Shuttle-Centaur</a> program, cancelled in the wake of the <i>Challenger</i> disaster, would have pushed the spacecraft beyond its operational capacity.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The fatal <i>Challenger</i> and <i>Columbia</i> disasters demonstrated the safety risks of the Space Shuttle that could result in the loss of the crew. The spaceplane design of the orbiter limited the abort options, as the abort scenarios required the controlled flight of the orbiter to a runway or to allow the crew to egress individually, rather than the abort escape options on the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_(spacecraft)" title="Apollo (spacecraft)">Apollo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_(spacecraft)" title="Soyuz (spacecraft)">Soyuz</a> space capsules.<sup id="cite_ref-shuttle_safety_comparison_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shuttle_safety_comparison-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early safety analyses advertised by NASA engineers and management predicted the chance of a catastrophic failure resulting in the death of the crew as ranging from 1 in 100 launches to as rare as 1 in 100,000.<sup id="cite_ref-ieee_challenger_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ieee_challenger-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-feynman_appendix_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-feynman_appendix-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the loss of two Space Shuttle missions, the risks for the initial missions were reevaluated, and the chance of a catastrophic loss of the vehicle and crew was found to be as high as 1 in 9.<sup id="cite_ref-npr_safety_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npr_safety-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NASA management was criticized afterwards for accepting increased risk to the crew in exchange for higher mission rates. Both the <i><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Commission_Report" title="Rogers Commission Report">Challenger</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Accident_Investigation_Board" title="Columbia Accident Investigation Board">Columbia</a> </i> reports explained that NASA culture had failed to keep the crew safe by not objectively evaluating the potential risks of the missions.<sup id="cite_ref-feynman_appendix_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-feynman_appendix-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-columbia_report_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-columbia_report-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 195–203">: 195–203 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Retirement">Retirement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Shuttle&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Retirement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_retirement" title="Space Shuttle retirement">Space Shuttle retirement</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:STS-135_Atlantis%27_final_tow_back.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Atlantis being towed back with some workers in the front after its final landing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/STS-135_Atlantis%27_final_tow_back.jpg/220px-STS-135_Atlantis%27_final_tow_back.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/STS-135_Atlantis%27_final_tow_back.jpg/330px-STS-135_Atlantis%27_final_tow_back.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/STS-135_Atlantis%27_final_tow_back.jpg/440px-STS-135_Atlantis%27_final_tow_back.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1996" /></a><figcaption><i>Atlantis</i> after its final landing, marking the end of the Space Shuttle Program</figcaption></figure> <p>The Space Shuttle retirement was announced in January 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins2016-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: III-347">: III-347 </span></sup> President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> announced his <a href="/wiki/Vision_for_Space_Exploration" title="Vision for Space Exploration">Vision for Space Exploration</a>, which called for the retirement of the Space Shuttle once it completed construction of the ISS.<sup id="cite_ref-vision_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vision-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bush_speech_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bush_speech-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To ensure the ISS was properly assembled, the contributing partners determined the need for 16 remaining assembly missions in March 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins2016-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: III-349">: III-349 </span></sup> One additional Hubble Space Telescope servicing mission was approved in October 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins2016-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: III-352">: III-352 </span></sup> Originally, <a href="/wiki/STS-134" title="STS-134">STS-134</a> was to be the final Space Shuttle mission. However, the <i>Columbia</i> disaster resulted in additional orbiters being prepared for <a href="/wiki/STS-3xx" title="STS-3xx">launch on need</a> in the event of a rescue mission. As <i>Atlantis</i> was prepared for the final launch-on-need mission, the decision was made in September 2010 that it would fly as <a href="/wiki/STS-135" title="STS-135">STS-135</a> with a four-person crew that could remain at the ISS in the event of an emergency.<sup id="cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins2016-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: III-355">: III-355 </span></sup> STS-135 launched on July 8, 2011, and landed at the KSC on July 21, 2011, at 5:57 a.m. EDT (09:57 UTC).<sup id="cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins2016-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: III-398">: III-398 </span></sup> From then until the launch of <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Dragon_2#Crew_Dragon" title="SpaceX Dragon 2">Crew Dragon</a> Demo-2 on May 30, 2020, the US launched its astronauts aboard Russian Soyuz spacecraft.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes_crewdragon_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes_crewdragon-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following each orbiter's final flight, it was processed to make it safe for display. The OMS and RCS systems used presented the primary dangers due to their toxic <a href="/wiki/Hypergolic_propellant" title="Hypergolic propellant">hypergolic propellant</a>, and most of their components were permanently removed to prevent any dangerous outgassing.<sup id="cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins2016-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: III-443">: III-443 </span></sup> <i>Atlantis</i> is on display at the <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Visitor_Complex" title="Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex">Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex</a> in Florida,<sup id="cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins2016-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: III-456">: III-456 </span></sup> <i>Discovery</i> is on display at the <a href="/wiki/Steven_F._Udvar-Hazy_Center" title="Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center">Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center</a> in Virginia,<sup id="cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins2016-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: III-451">: III-451 </span></sup> <i>Endeavour</i> is on display at the <a href="/wiki/California_Science_Center" title="California Science Center">California Science Center</a> in Los Angeles,<sup id="cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins2016-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: III-457">: III-457 </span></sup> and <i>Enterprise</i> is displayed at the <a href="/wiki/Intrepid_Museum" title="Intrepid Museum"><i>Intrepid</i> Museum</a> in New York.<sup id="cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins2016-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: III-464">: III-464 </span></sup> Components from the orbiters were transferred to the US Air Force, ISS program, and Russian and Canadian governments. The engines were removed to be used on the <a href="/wiki/Space_Launch_System" title="Space Launch System">Space Launch System</a>, and spare RS-25 nozzles were attached for display purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins2016-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: III-445">: III-445 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Shuttle&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Rocktet_icon201001.svg/32px-Rocktet_icon201001.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Rocktet_icon201001.svg/47px-Rocktet_icon201001.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Rocktet_icon201001.svg/63px-Rocktet_icon201001.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="160" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Rocketry" title="Portal:Rocketry">Rocketry portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/28px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/42px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/56px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Spaceflight" title="Portal:Spaceflight">Spaceflight portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_in_fiction#Space_Shuttle_orbiter" title="Aircraft in fiction">Aircraft in fiction § Space Shuttle orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_crewed_spacecraft" title="List of crewed spacecraft">List of crewed spacecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_missions" title="List of Space Shuttle missions">List of Space Shuttle missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Studied_Space_Shuttle_variations_and_derivatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Studied Space Shuttle variations and derivatives">Studied Space Shuttle variations and derivatives</a></li></ul> <p><b>Similar spacecraft</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buran_(spacecraft)" title="Buran (spacecraft)">Buran</a> – Soviet reusable spaceplane</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dream_Chaser" title="Dream Chaser">Dream Chaser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Rider" title="Space Rider">Space Rider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes_(spacecraft)" title="Hermes (spacecraft)">Hermes</a> (cancelled)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kliper" title="Kliper">Kliper</a> (cancelled)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Shuttle&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In this case, the number of successes is determined by the number of successful Space Shuttle missions.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/STS-1" title="STS-1">STS-1</a> and <a href="/wiki/STS-2" title="STS-2">STS-2</a> were the only Space Shuttle missions that used a white fire-retardant coating on the external tank. Subsequent missions did not use the latex coating to reduce the mass, and the external tank appeared orange.<sup id="cite_ref-shuttle_manual_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shuttle_manual-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 48">: 48 </span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A roll reversal is a maneuver where the bank angle is altered from one side to another. They are used to control the deviation of the azimuth from the prograde vector that results from using high bank angles to create drag.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Shuttle&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBray2017" class="citation web cs1">Bray, Nancy (August 3, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/kennedy/about/information/shuttle_faq.html">"Kennedy Space Center FAQ"</a>. NASA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191102125052/https://www.nasa.gov/centers/kennedy/about/information/shuttle_faq.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 2, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 13,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kennedy+Space+Center+FAQ&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=2017-08-03&rft.aulast=Bray&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fcenters%2Fkennedy%2Fabout%2Finformation%2Fshuttle_faq.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Shuttle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/reference/the-space-shuttle/">"The Space Shuttle"</a>. NASA<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 22,</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Space+Shuttle&rft.pub=NASA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Freference%2Fthe-space-shuttle%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Shuttle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jenkins-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins_3-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins_3-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins_3-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins_3-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins_3-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins_3-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins_3-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins_3-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins_3-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins_3-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins_3-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins_3-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins_3-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins_3-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins_3-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins_3-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins_3-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins_3-27"><sup><i><b>ab</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins_3-28"><sup><i><b>ac</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins_3-29"><sup><i><b>ad</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenkins2001" class="citation book cs1">Jenkins, Dennis R. 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Rocket and Space Technology. November 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200807130821/http://www.braeunig.us/space/specs/ius.htm">Archived</a> from the original on August 7, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 21,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Inertial+Upper+Stage&rft.pub=Rocket+and+Space+Technology&rft.date=2017-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.braeunig.us%2Fspace%2Fspecs%2Fius.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Shuttle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-woodcock-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-woodcock_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodcock,_Gordon_R.1986" class="citation book cs1">Woodcock, Gordon R. (1986). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/spacestationspla00woo_l0q"><i>Space stations and platforms</i></a></span>. Orbit Book co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89464-001-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89464-001-8"><bdi>978-0-89464-001-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 17,</span> 2012</span>. <q>The present limit on Shuttle landing payload is 14,400 kg (31,700 lb). This value applies to payloads intended for landing.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Space+stations+and+platforms&rft.pub=Orbit+Book+co.&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-89464-001-8&rft.au=Woodcock%2C+Gordon+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fspacestationspla00woo_l0q&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Shuttle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SRB_largest-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SRB_largest_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SRB_largest_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunbar2006" class="citation web cs1">Dunbar, Brian (March 5, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/returntoflight/system/system_SRB.html">"Solid Rocket Boosters"</a>. NASA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130406193019/http://www.nasa.gov/returntoflight/system/system_SRB.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 6, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 19,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Solid+Rocket+Boosters&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=2006-03-05&rft.aulast=Dunbar&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Freturntoflight%2Fsystem%2Fsystem_SRB.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Shuttle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKyle" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit">Kyle, Ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200807201200/http://www.spacelaunchreport.com/sts.html">"STS Data Sheet"</a>. <i>spacelaunchreport.com</i>. Archived from the original on August 7, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 4,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=spacelaunchreport.com&rft.atitle=STS+Data+Sheet&rft.aulast=Kyle&rft.aufirst=Ed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spacelaunchreport.com%2Fsts.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Shuttle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dev_space_shuttle-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dev_space_shuttle_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dev_space_shuttle_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dev_space_shuttle_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dev_space_shuttle_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dev_space_shuttle_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dev_space_shuttle_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dev_space_shuttle_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dev_space_shuttle_9-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dev_space_shuttle_9-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dev_space_shuttle_9-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dev_space_shuttle_9-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dev_space_shuttle_9-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dev_space_shuttle_9-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dev_space_shuttle_9-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamson1999" class="citation book cs1">Williamson, Ray (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4407/vol4/cover.pdf">"Developing the Space Shuttle"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Exploring the Unknown: Selected Documents in the History of the U.S. Civil Space Program, Volume IV: Accessing Space</i>. Washington, D.C.: NASA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200531171908/https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4407/vol4/cover.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on May 31, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 18,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NASA%27s+Space+Shuttle+By+the+Numbers%3A+30+Years+of+a+Spaceflight+Icon&rft.pub=Space.com&rft.date=2011-07-21&rft.au=Malik%2C+Tarik&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2F12376-nasa-space-shuttle-program-facts-statistics.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Shuttle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2020" class="citation web cs1">Smith, Yvette (June 1, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/demo-2-launching-into-history">"Demo-2: Launching Into History"</a>. <i>NASA</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210221225633/https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/demo-2-launching-into-history/">Archived</a> from the original on February 21, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 25,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wingless+Flight%3A+The+Lifting+Body+Story&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=1997-01-01&rft.isbn=9780160493904&rft.aulast=Reed&rft.aufirst=R.+Dale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fntrs.nasa.gov%2Farchive%2Fnasa%2Fcasi.ntrs.nasa.gov%2F19980169231.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Shuttle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shuttle_manual-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shuttle_manual_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shuttle_manual_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shuttle_manual_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shuttle_manual_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shuttle_manual_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shuttle_manual_16-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shuttle_manual_16-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shuttle_manual_16-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shuttle_manual_16-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shuttle_manual_16-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shuttle_manual_16-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shuttle_manual_16-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shuttle_manual_16-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shuttle_manual_16-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shuttle_manual_16-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shuttle_manual_16-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Baker_(author)" title="David Baker (author)">Baker, David</a> (April 2011). <i>NASA Space Shuttle: Owners' Workshop Manual</i>. Somerset, UK: <a href="/wiki/Haynes_Manual" title="Haynes Manual">Haynes Manual</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84425-866-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84425-866-6"><bdi>978-1-84425-866-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=NASA+Space+Shuttle%3A+Owners%27+Workshop+Manual&rft.place=Somerset%2C+UK&rft.pub=Haynes+Manual&rft.date=2011-04&rft.isbn=978-1-84425-866-6&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Shuttle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuilmartin_JF,_Mauer_JW1988" class="citation book cs1">Guilmartin JF, Mauer JW (1988). <i>A shuttle chronology 1964–1973: Abstract concepts to letter contracts (5 vols.)</i>. Houston, TX.: NASA Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+shuttle+chronology+1964%E2%80%931973%3A+Abstract+concepts+to+letter+contracts+%285+vols.%29&rft.place=Houston%2C+TX.&rft.pub=NASA+Lyndon+B.+Johnson+Space+Center%2C+Houston%2C+TX.&rft.date=1988&rft.au=Guilmartin+JF%2C+Mauer+JW&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Shuttle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lindroos-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lindroos_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindroos2001" class="citation web cs1">Lindroos, Marcus (June 15, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pmview.com/spaceodysseytwo/spacelvs/index.htm">"Introduction to Future Launch Vehicle Plans [1963–2001]"</a>. Pmview.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190717122307/http://www.pmview.com/spaceodysseytwo/spacelvs/index.htm">Archived</a> from the original on July 17, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 25,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Future+Launch+Vehicle+Plans+%5B1963%E2%80%932001%5D&rft.pub=Pmview.com&rft.date=2001-06-15&rft.aulast=Lindroos&rft.aufirst=Marcus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pmview.com%2Fspaceodysseytwo%2Fspacelvs%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Shuttle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-faget_bio-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-faget_bio_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen2017" class="citation web cs1">Allen, Bob (August 7, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/langley/hall-of-honor/maxime-a-faget">"Maxime A. Faget"</a>. NASA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191219065416/https://www.nasa.gov/langley/hall-of-honor/maxime-a-faget/">Archived</a> from the original on December 19, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 24,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Maxime+A.+Faget&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=2017-08-07&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Flangley%2Fhall-of-honor%2Fmaxime-a-faget&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Shuttle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-faget_patent-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-faget_patent_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation patent" id="CITEREFMaxime_A._Faget"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/eb/f9/60/879c61bb6df70a/US3702688.pdf">United States 3,702,688</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maxime_Faget" title="Maxime Faget">Maxime A. Faget</a>, "Space Shuttle Vehicle and System", published November 14, 1972</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=3,702,688&rft.cc=United States&rft.title=Space+Shuttle+Vehicle+and+System&rft.inventor=%5B%5BMaxime+Faget%7CMaxime+A.+Faget%5D%5D&rft.appldate=January 4, 1971&rft.pubdate=November 14, 1972"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190424100336/https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/eb/f9/60/879c61bb6df70a/US3702688.pdf">Archived</a> April 24, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLethbridge" class="citation web cs1">Lethbridge, Cliff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spaceline.org/united-states-manned-space-flight/space-shuttle-program-history/#:~:text=The%20first%20goal%20of%20the,by%2012%20to%2024%20people.">"SPACE SHUTTLE"</a>. <i>Spaceline.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331193408/https://www.spaceline.org/united-states-manned-space-flight/space-shuttle-program-history/#:~:text=The%20first%20goal%20of%20the,by%2012%20to%2024%20people.">Archived</a> from the original on March 31, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 31,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Spaceline.org&rft.atitle=SPACE+SHUTTLE&rft.aulast=Lethbridge&rft.aufirst=Cliff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spaceline.org%2Funited-states-manned-space-flight%2Fspace-shuttle-program-history%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DThe%2520first%2520goal%2520of%2520the%2Cby%252012%2520to%252024%2520people.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Shuttle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Campa_2024-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Campa_2024_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampa2024" class="citation web cs1">Campa, Andrew J. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 19,</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=%27This+is+where+it+all+happened.%27+Downey%27s+space+shuttle+prototype+begins+move+to+future+home&rft.date=2024-10-17&rft.aulast=Campa&rft.aufirst=Andrew+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fcalifornia%2Fstory%2F2024-10-17%2Fdowney-space-shuttle-model-moves-to-site-near-future-home&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Shuttle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lost_LA_S7E1-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lost_LA_S7E1_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/video/space-shuttle-jraw1j/">"Lost LA season 7, episode 1: Space Shuttle"</a>. <i>PBS</i>. January 7, 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 19,</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PBS&rft.atitle=Lost+LA+season+7%2C+episode+1%3A+Space+Shuttle&rft.date=2025-01-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fvideo%2Fspace-shuttle-jraw1j%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Shuttle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-enterprise_overview-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-enterprise_overview_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowell2012" class="citation web cs1">Howell, Elizabeth (October 9, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.space.com/17983-space-shuttle-enterprise.html">"Enterprise: The Test Shuttle"</a>. Space.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806144504/https://www.space.com/17983-space-shuttle-enterprise.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 6, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 24,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Enterprise%3A+The+Test+Shuttle&rft.pub=Space.com&rft.date=2012-10-09&rft.aulast=Howell&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2F17983-space-shuttle-enterprise.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Shuttle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jenkins2016-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-27"><sup><i><b>ab</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-28"><sup><i><b>ac</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-29"><sup><i><b>ad</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-30"><sup><i><b>ae</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-31"><sup><i><b>af</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-32"><sup><i><b>ag</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-33"><sup><i><b>ah</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-34"><sup><i><b>ai</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-35"><sup><i><b>aj</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-36"><sup><i><b>ak</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-37"><sup><i><b>al</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-38"><sup><i><b>am</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-39"><sup><i><b>an</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-40"><sup><i><b>ao</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-41"><sup><i><b>ap</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-42"><sup><i><b>aq</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-43"><sup><i><b>ar</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-44"><sup><i><b>as</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-45"><sup><i><b>at</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-46"><sup><i><b>au</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-47"><sup><i><b>av</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-48"><sup><i><b>aw</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-49"><sup><i><b>ax</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-50"><sup><i><b>ay</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-51"><sup><i><b>az</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-52"><sup><i><b>ba</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-53"><sup><i><b>bb</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-54"><sup><i><b>bc</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-55"><sup><i><b>bd</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-56"><sup><i><b>be</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-57"><sup><i><b>bf</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-58"><sup><i><b>bg</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-59"><sup><i><b>bh</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-60"><sup><i><b>bi</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-61"><sup><i><b>bj</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-62"><sup><i><b>bk</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-63"><sup><i><b>bl</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-64"><sup><i><b>bm</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-65"><sup><i><b>bn</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-66"><sup><i><b>bo</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-67"><sup><i><b>bp</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-68"><sup><i><b>bq</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-69"><sup><i><b>br</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-70"><sup><i><b>bs</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-71"><sup><i><b>bt</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenkins2016_25-72"><sup><i><b>bu</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenkins2016" class="citation book cs1">Jenkins, Dennis R. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 5,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=SpaceX+Lifts+NASA+Astronauts+to+Orbit%2C+Launching+New+Era+of+Spaceflight&rft.date=2020-05-30&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2020%2F05%2F30%2Fscience%2Fspacex-nasa-astronauts.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+Shuttle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Shuttle&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> has media related to:<br /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle" class="extiw" title="commons:Space Shuttle"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Space Shuttle</span></a> (<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Space_Shuttles" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Space Shuttles">category</a>)</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/technology/sts-newsref/stsref-toc.html">NSTS 1988 Reference manual</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://science.howstuffworks.com/space-shuttle.htm">How The Space Shuttle Works</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/resources/orbiters/orbiters.html">Orbiter Vehicles</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210209023806/http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/resources/orbiters/orbiters.html">Archived</a> February 9, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/main/index.html">The Space Shuttle Era: 1981–2011; interactive multimedia on the Space Shuttle orbiters</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19991008105340/http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/shuttle/">NASA Human Spaceflight – Shuttle</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20140504034041/http://www.nasatech.net/SpaceShuttle/">High resolution spherical panoramas over, under, around and through <i>Discovery,</i> <i>Atlantis</i> and <i>Endeavour</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_Documentation_Programs#Historic_American_Engineering_Record" title="Heritage Documentation Programs">Historic American Engineering Record</a> (HAER) No. TX-116, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://loc.gov/pictures/item/tx1106/">Space Transportation System, Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, 2101 NASA Parkway, Houston, Harris County, TX</a>", 6 measured drawings, 728 data pages</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.barryschiff.com/articles/Space_Shuttle_2.pdf">"No Go-Around: You have only one chance to land the space shuttle"</a> (simulator pilot report, detailed and illustrated), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Barry_Schiff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barry Schiff (page does not exist)">Barry Schiff</a>, April 1999, <i>AOPA Pilot</i>, p. 85., at BarrySchiff.com</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Space_Shuttle_program335" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Space_Shuttle" title="Template:Space Shuttle"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Space_Shuttle" title="Template talk:Space Shuttle"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Space_Shuttle" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Space Shuttle"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Space_Shuttle_program335" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle program</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Space Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_missions" title="List of Space Shuttle missions">List of missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_crews" title="List of Space Shuttle crews">List of crews</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_orbiter" title="Space Shuttle orbiter">Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Solid_Rocket_Booster" title="Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster">Solid Rocket Booster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_external_tank" title="Space Shuttle external tank">External tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RS-25" title="RS-25">Main engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_Maneuvering_System" title="Orbital Maneuvering System">Orbital Maneuvering System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaction_control_system" title="Reaction control system">Reaction control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_thermal_protection_system" title="Space Shuttle thermal protection system">Thermal protection system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booster_separation_motor" title="Booster separation motor">Booster separation motor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_orbiter" title="Space Shuttle orbiter">Orbiters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Enterprise" title="Space Shuttle Enterprise"><i>Enterprise</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia" title="Space Shuttle Columbia"><i>Columbia</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger" title="Space Shuttle Challenger"><i>Challenger</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Discovery" title="Space Shuttle Discovery"><i>Discovery</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Atlantis" title="Space Shuttle Atlantis"><i>Atlantis</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Endeavour" title="Space Shuttle Endeavour"><i>Endeavour</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Add-ons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spacelab" title="Spacelab">Spacelab</a> <small>(ESA)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadarm" title="Canadarm">Canadarm</a> <small>(CSA)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_Duration_Orbiter" title="Extended Duration Orbiter">Extended Duration Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-3xx#Remote_Control_Orbiter" title="STS-3xx">Remote Controlled Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacehab" class="mw-redirect" title="Spacehab">Spacehab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-Purpose_Logistics_Module" title="Multi-Purpose Logistics Module">Multi-Purpose Logistics Module</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39">Launch Complex 39</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39A" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39B" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39B">B</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandenberg_Air_Force_Base_Space_Launch_Complex_6#Space_Shuttle" class="mw-redirect" title="Vandenberg Air Force Base Space Launch Complex 6">Space Launch Complex 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_landing_sites" title="List of Space Shuttle landing sites">Landing sites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle_Landing_Facility" title="Shuttle Landing Facility">Shuttle Landing Facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_abort_modes#Emergency_landing_sites" title="Space Shuttle abort modes">Abort landing sites</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operations<br />and training</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_missions" title="List of Space Shuttle missions">Missions</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Canceled_Space_Shuttle_missions" title="Canceled Space Shuttle missions">canceled</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_crews" title="List of Space Shuttle crews">Crews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Space_Shuttle_missions" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Space Shuttle missions">Mission timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_rollbacks" title="List of Space Shuttle rollbacks">Rollbacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_abort_modes" title="Space Shuttle abort modes">Abort modes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rendezvous_pitch_maneuver" title="Rendezvous pitch maneuver">Rendezvous pitch maneuver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle_Mission_Simulator" title="Shuttle Mission Simulator">Shuttle Mission Simulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle_Training_Aircraft" title="Shuttle Training Aircraft">Shuttle Training Aircraft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Testing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Inspiration" title="Space Shuttle Inspiration"><i>Inspiration</i> <small>(design)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Pathfinder" title="Space Shuttle Pathfinder"><i>Pathfinder</i> <small>(simulator)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Main_Propulsion_Test_Article" title="Space Shuttle Main Propulsion Test Article">MPTA <small>(engine test article)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Approach_and_Landing_Tests" title="Approach and Landing Tests">Approach and Landing Tests</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disasters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger_disaster" title="Space Shuttle Challenger disaster"><i>Challenger</i> disaster</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rogers_Commission_Report" title="Rogers Commission Report">report</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia_disaster" title="Space Shuttle Columbia disaster"><i>Columbia</i> disaster</a> (<a href="/wiki/Columbia_Accident_Investigation_Board" title="Columbia Accident Investigation Board">report</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Support</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crawler-transporter" title="Crawler-transporter">Crawler-transporter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mate-Demate_Device" title="Mate-Demate Device">Mate-Demate Device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_launcher_platform#Apollo_and_Space_Shuttle" title="Mobile launcher platform">Mobile Launcher Platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_recovery_ship" title="NASA recovery ship">NASA recovery ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbiter_Processing_Facility" title="Orbiter Processing Facility">Orbiter Processing Facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle_Avionics_Integration_Laboratory" title="Shuttle Avionics Integration Laboratory">Shuttle Avionics Integration Laboratory (SAIL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle_Carrier_Aircraft" title="Shuttle Carrier Aircraft">Shuttle Carrier Aircraft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Shuttle_Carrier_Aircraft_flights" title="List of Shuttle Carrier Aircraft flights">flights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle_Training_Aircraft" title="Shuttle Training Aircraft">Shuttle Training Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-3xx" title="STS-3xx">STS-3xx</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Special</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-61-A" title="STS-61-A">Deutschland-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Getaway_Special" title="Getaway Special">Getaway Special</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalist_in_Space_Project" title="Journalist in Space Project">Journalist in Space Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teacher_in_Space_Project" title="Teacher in Space Project">Teacher in Space Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program" title="Shuttle–Mir program">Shuttle-Mir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitchhiker_Program" title="Hitchhiker Program">Hitchhiker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Space suits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extravehicular_Mobility_Unit" title="Extravehicular Mobility Unit">Extravehicular Mobility Unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle_Ejection_Escape_Suit" title="Shuttle Ejection Escape Suit">Shuttle Ejection Escape Suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_Entry_Suit" title="Launch Entry Suit">Launch Entry Suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Crew_Escape_Suit" title="Advanced Crew Escape Suit">Advanced Crew Escape Suit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Experiments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freestar_experiment" title="Freestar experiment">Freestar experiments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflatable_Antenna_Experiment" title="Inflatable Antenna Experiment">Inflatable Antenna Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartan_Packet_Radio_Experiment" title="Spartan Packet Radio Experiment">Spartan Packet Radio Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle_pallet_satellite" title="Shuttle pallet satellite">Shuttle pallet satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wake_Shield_Facility" title="Wake Shield Facility">Wake Shield Facility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shuttle-Derived_Vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuttle-Derived Vehicle">Derivatives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saturn-Shuttle" title="Saturn-Shuttle">Saturn-Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnum_(rocket)" title="Magnum (rocket)">Magnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle-Derived_Heavy_Lift_Launch_Vehicle" title="Shuttle-Derived Heavy Lift Launch Vehicle">Shuttle-Derived Heavy Lift Launch Vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(rocket_family)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (rocket family)">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle-C" title="Shuttle-C">Shuttle-C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle-Centaur" title="Shuttle-Centaur">Shuttle-Centaur</a></li> <li>Ares <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ares_I" title="Ares I">I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ares_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Ares IV">IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ares_V" title="Ares V">V</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_(rocket)" title="Liberty (rocket)">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Launch_System" title="Space Launch System">Space Launch System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OmegA" title="OmegA">OmegA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Replicas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Independence" title="Space Shuttle Independence"><i>Independence</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_design_process" title="Space Shuttle design process">Space Shuttle design process</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Studied_Space_Shuttle_designs" title="Studied Space Shuttle designs">studied designs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inertial_Upper_Stage" title="Inertial Upper Stage">Inertial Upper Stage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payload_Assist_Module" title="Payload Assist Module">Payload Assist Module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Space_Shuttle_program" title="Criticism of the Space Shuttle program">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_retirement" title="Space Shuttle retirement">Retirement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conroy_Virtus" title="Conroy Virtus">Conroy Virtus</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hail_Columbia_(film)" title="Hail Columbia (film)">Hail Columbia</a></i> (1982 documentary)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dream_Is_Alive" title="The Dream Is Alive">The Dream Is Alive</a></i> (1985 documentary)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Challenger_(1990_film)" title="Challenger (1990 film)">Challenger</a></i> (1990 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Destiny_in_Space" title="Destiny in Space">Destiny in Space</a></i> (1994 documentary)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Columbia:_The_Tragic_Loss" title="Columbia: The Tragic Loss">Columbia: The Tragic Loss</a></i> (2004 documentary)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hubble_(film)" title="Hubble (film)">Hubble</a></i> (2010 documentary)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Challenger_Disaster" title="The Challenger Disaster">The Challenger Disaster</a></i> (2013 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Challenger:_The_Final_Flight" title="Challenger: The Final Flight">Challenger: The Final Flight</a></i> (2020 documentary miniseries)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_America" title="Space Shuttle America">Space Shuttle America</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rendezvous:_A_Space_Shuttle_Simulation" title="Rendezvous: A Space Shuttle Simulation">Rendezvous: A Space Shuttle Simulation</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Project" title="Space Shuttle Project">Space Shuttle Project</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shuttle_(video_game)" title="Shuttle (video game)">Shuttle</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle:_A_Journey_into_Space" title="Space Shuttle: A Journey into Space">Space Shuttle: A Journey into Space</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Mission_2007" title="Space Shuttle Mission 2007">Space Shuttle Mission 2007</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbiter_(simulator)" title="Orbiter (simulator)"><i>Orbiter Space Flight Simulator</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/When_We_Left_Earth:_The_NASA_Missions" title="When We Left Earth: The NASA Missions">When We Left Earth: The NASA Missions</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wiki.flightgear.org/Space%20Shuttle">Flightgear Space Shuttle realistic simulation </a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="U.S._Space_Shuttle_missions238" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:All_U.S._Space_Shuttle_Missions" title="Template:All U.S. Space Shuttle Missions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:All_U.S._Space_Shuttle_Missions" title="Template talk:All U.S. Space Shuttle Missions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:All_U.S._Space_Shuttle_Missions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:All U.S. Space Shuttle Missions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="U.S._Space_Shuttle_missions238" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_missions" title="List of Space Shuttle missions">U.S. Space Shuttle missions</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Completed<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_crews" title="List of Space Shuttle crews">(crews)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1977 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Approach_and_Landing_Tests" title="Approach and Landing Tests">Approach and Landing Tests</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1981 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-1" title="STS-1">STS-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-2" title="STS-2">STS-2</a></li></ul></li> <li>1982 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-3" title="STS-3">STS-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-4" title="STS-4">STS-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-5" title="STS-5">STS-5</a></li></ul></li> <li>1983 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-6" title="STS-6">STS-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-7" title="STS-7">STS-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-8" title="STS-8">STS-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-9" title="STS-9">STS-9</a></li></ul></li> <li>1984 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-41-B" title="STS-41-B">STS-41-B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-41-C" title="STS-41-C">STS-41-C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-41-D" title="STS-41-D">STS-41-D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-41-G" title="STS-41-G">STS-41-G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-51-A" title="STS-51-A">STS-51-A</a></li></ul></li> <li>1985 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-51-C" title="STS-51-C">STS-51-C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-51-D" title="STS-51-D">STS-51-D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-51-B" title="STS-51-B">STS-51-B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-51-G" title="STS-51-G">STS-51-G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-51-F" title="STS-51-F">STS-51-F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-51-I" title="STS-51-I">STS-51-I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-51-J" title="STS-51-J">STS-51-J</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-61-A" title="STS-61-A">STS-61-A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-61-B" title="STS-61-B">STS-61-B</a></li></ul></li> <li>1986 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-61-C" title="STS-61-C">STS-61-C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-51-L" title="STS-51-L">STS-51-L</a>†</li></ul></li> <li>1988 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-26" title="STS-26">STS-26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-27" title="STS-27">STS-27</a></li></ul></li> <li>1989 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-29" title="STS-29">STS-29</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-30" title="STS-30">STS-30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-28" title="STS-28">STS-28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-34" title="STS-34">STS-34</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-33" title="STS-33">STS-33</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1990 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-32" title="STS-32">STS-32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-36" title="STS-36">STS-36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-31" title="STS-31">STS-31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-41" title="STS-41">STS-41</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-38" title="STS-38">STS-38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-35" title="STS-35">STS-35</a></li></ul></li> <li>1991 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-37" title="STS-37">STS-37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-39" title="STS-39">STS-39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-40" title="STS-40">STS-40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-43" title="STS-43">STS-43</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-48" title="STS-48">STS-48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-44" title="STS-44">STS-44</a></li></ul></li> <li>1992 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-42" title="STS-42">STS-42</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-45" title="STS-45">STS-45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-49" title="STS-49">STS-49</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-50" title="STS-50">STS-50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-46" title="STS-46">STS-46</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-47" title="STS-47">STS-47</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-52" title="STS-52">STS-52</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-53" title="STS-53">STS-53</a></li></ul></li> <li>1993 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-54" title="STS-54">STS-54</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-56" title="STS-56">STS-56</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-55" title="STS-55">STS-55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-57" title="STS-57">STS-57</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-51" title="STS-51">STS-51</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-58" title="STS-58">STS-58</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-61" title="STS-61">STS-61</a></li></ul></li> <li>1994 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-60" title="STS-60">STS-60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-62" title="STS-62">STS-62</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-59" title="STS-59">STS-59</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-65" title="STS-65">STS-65</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-64" title="STS-64">STS-64</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-68" title="STS-68">STS-68</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-66" title="STS-66">STS-66</a></li></ul></li> <li>1995 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-63" title="STS-63">STS-63</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-67" title="STS-67">STS-67</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-71" title="STS-71">STS-71</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-70" title="STS-70">STS-70</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-69" title="STS-69">STS-69</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-73" title="STS-73">STS-73</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-74" title="STS-74">STS-74</a></li></ul></li> <li>1996 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-72" title="STS-72">STS-72</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-75" title="STS-75">STS-75</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-76" title="STS-76">STS-76</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-77" title="STS-77">STS-77</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-78" title="STS-78">STS-78</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-79" title="STS-79">STS-79</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-80" title="STS-80">STS-80</a></li></ul></li> <li>1997 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-81" title="STS-81">STS-81</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-82" title="STS-82">STS-82</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-83" title="STS-83">STS-83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-84" title="STS-84">STS-84</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-94" title="STS-94">STS-94</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-85" title="STS-85">STS-85</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-86" title="STS-86">STS-86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-87" title="STS-87">STS-87</a></li></ul></li> <li>1998 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-89" title="STS-89">STS-89</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-90" title="STS-90">STS-90</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-91" title="STS-91">STS-91</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-95" title="STS-95">STS-95</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-88" title="STS-88">STS-88</a></li></ul></li> <li>1999 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-96" title="STS-96">STS-96</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-93" title="STS-93">STS-93</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-103" title="STS-103">STS-103</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2000 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-99" title="STS-99">STS-99</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-101" title="STS-101">STS-101</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-106" title="STS-106">STS-106</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-92" title="STS-92">STS-92</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-97" title="STS-97">STS-97</a></li></ul></li> <li>2001 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-98" title="STS-98">STS-98</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-102" title="STS-102">STS-102</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-100" title="STS-100">STS-100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-104" title="STS-104">STS-104</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-105" title="STS-105">STS-105</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-108" title="STS-108">STS-108</a></li></ul></li> <li>2002 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-109" title="STS-109">STS-109</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-110" title="STS-110">STS-110</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-111" title="STS-111">STS-111</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-112" title="STS-112">STS-112</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-113" title="STS-113">STS-113</a></li></ul></li> <li>2003 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-107" title="STS-107">STS-107</a>†</li></ul></li> <li>2005 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-114" title="STS-114">STS-114</a></li></ul></li> <li>2006 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-121" title="STS-121">STS-121</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-115" title="STS-115">STS-115</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-116" title="STS-116">STS-116</a></li></ul></li> <li>2007 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-117" title="STS-117">STS-117</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-118" title="STS-118">STS-118</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-120" title="STS-120">STS-120</a></li></ul></li> <li>2008 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-122" title="STS-122">STS-122</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-123" title="STS-123">STS-123</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-124" title="STS-124">STS-124</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-126" title="STS-126">STS-126</a></li></ul></li> <li>2009 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-119" title="STS-119">STS-119</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-125" title="STS-125">STS-125</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-127" title="STS-127">STS-127</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-128" title="STS-128">STS-128</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-129" title="STS-129">STS-129</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2010 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-130" title="STS-130">STS-130</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-131" title="STS-131">STS-131</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-132" title="STS-132">STS-132</a></li></ul></li> <li>2011 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-133" title="STS-133">STS-133</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-134" title="STS-134">STS-134</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-135" title="STS-135">STS-135</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Canceled_Space_Shuttle_missions" title="Canceled Space Shuttle missions">Cancelled</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canceled_Space_Shuttle_missions" title="Canceled Space Shuttle missions">STS-41-F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-61-E" title="STS-61-E">STS-61-E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-61-F" title="STS-61-F">STS-61-F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-61-G" title="STS-61-G">STS-61-G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-61-H" title="STS-61-H">STS-61-H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-62-A" title="STS-62-A">STS-62-A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-61-M" title="STS-61-M">STS-61-M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-61-J" title="STS-61-J">STS-61-J</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canceled_Space_Shuttle_missions" title="Canceled Space Shuttle missions">STS-144</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-3xx" title="STS-3xx">STS-3xx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-400" title="STS-400">STS-400</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canceled_Space_Shuttle_missions" title="Canceled Space Shuttle missions">Others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_orbiter" title="Space Shuttle orbiter">Orbiters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Atlantis" title="Space Shuttle Atlantis">Atlantis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger" title="Space Shuttle Challenger">Challenger</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger_disaster" title="Space Shuttle Challenger disaster">disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Commission_Report" title="Rogers Commission Report">report</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia" title="Space Shuttle Columbia">Columbia</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia_disaster" title="Space Shuttle Columbia disaster">disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Accident_Investigation_Board" title="Columbia Accident Investigation Board">investigation</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Discovery" title="Space Shuttle Discovery">Discovery</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Endeavour" title="Space Shuttle Endeavour">Endeavour</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Enterprise" title="Space Shuttle Enterprise">Enterprise</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>†</sup> indicates failure missions.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Space_Shuttle_and_Buran-class_orbiters42" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="4"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Space_Shuttles" title="Template:Space Shuttles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Space_Shuttles" title="Template talk:Space Shuttles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Space_Shuttles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Space Shuttles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Space_Shuttle_and_Buran-class_orbiters42" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Space Shuttle and <i>Buran</i>-class orbiters</div></th></tr><tr><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 2px 0 0"><div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Space_Shuttle_diagram.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Space_Shuttle_diagram.jpg/65px-Space_Shuttle_diagram.jpg" decoding="async" width="65" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Space_Shuttle_diagram.jpg/98px-Space_Shuttle_diagram.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Space_Shuttle_diagram.jpg/130px-Space_Shuttle_diagram.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1229" data-file-height="2771" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;text-align: left;">United States <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle program</a> (<a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_orbiter" title="Space Shuttle orbiter">orbiters</a>)</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;text-align: left;">Soviet/Russian <a href="/wiki/Buran_programme" title="Buran programme">Buran programme</a> (<a href="/wiki/Buran_programme#Vehicles" title="Buran programme">orbiters</a>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger" title="Space Shuttle Challenger">Challenger</a></i> <small>(OV-099, <b><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger_disaster" title="Space Shuttle Challenger disaster">destroyed in 1986</a></b>)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Enterprise" title="Space Shuttle Enterprise">Enterprise</a></i> <small>(OV-101, atmospheric tests, retired in 1979)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia" title="Space Shuttle Columbia">Columbia</a></i> <small>(OV-102, <b><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia_disaster" title="Space Shuttle Columbia disaster">destroyed in 2003</a></b>)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Discovery" title="Space Shuttle Discovery">Discovery</a></i> <small>(OV-103, retired in 2011)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Atlantis" title="Space Shuttle Atlantis">Atlantis</a></i> <small>(OV-104, retired in 2011)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Endeavour" title="Space Shuttle Endeavour">Endeavour</a></i> <small>(OV-105, retired in 2011)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Pathfinder" title="Space Shuttle Pathfinder">Pathfinder</a></i> <small>(OV-098, ground tests)</small></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OK-GLI" title="OK-GLI">OK-GLI</a> <small>(BTS-02, atmospheric tests)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Buran_(spacecraft)" title="Buran (spacecraft)">Buran</a></i> <small>(1.01, <b>destroyed in 2002</b>)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ptichka" title="Ptichka">Ptichka</a></i> <small>(1.02, 95–97% completed)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2.01_(Buran-class_spacecraft)" title="2.01 (Buran-class spacecraft)">2.01</a> <small>(incomplete)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2.02_(Buran-class_spacecraft)" title="2.02 (Buran-class spacecraft)">2.02</a> <small>(partially dismantled)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2.03_(Buran-class_spacecraft)" title="2.03 (Buran-class spacecraft)">2.03</a> <small>(dismantled)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CCCP_Buran.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/CCCP_Buran.png/65px-CCCP_Buran.png" decoding="async" width="65" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/CCCP_Buran.png/98px-CCCP_Buran.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/CCCP_Buran.png/130px-CCCP_Buran.png 2x" data-file-width="511" data-file-height="1219" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles92" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles92" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Shuttle–Mir_program116" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Shuttle-Mir" title="Template:Shuttle-Mir"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Shuttle-Mir" title="Template talk:Shuttle-Mir"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Shuttle-Mir" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Shuttle-Mir"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Shuttle–Mir_program116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program" title="Shuttle–Mir program">Shuttle–<i>Mir</i> program</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spacecraft</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Space Shuttle</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mir" title="Mir">Mir</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_(spacecraft)" title="Soyuz (spacecraft)">Soyuz</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Shuttle-Mir_Patch.svg/100px-Shuttle-Mir_Patch.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Shuttle-Mir_Patch.svg/150px-Shuttle-Mir_Patch.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Shuttle-Mir_Patch.svg/200px-Shuttle-Mir_Patch.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="913" data-file-height="910" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-60" title="STS-60">STS-60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-63" title="STS-63">STS-63</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-21" title="Soyuz TM-21">Soyuz TM-21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-71" title="STS-71">STS-71</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-74" title="STS-74">STS-74</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-76" title="STS-76">STS-76</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-79" title="STS-79">STS-79</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-81" title="STS-81">STS-81</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-84" title="STS-84">STS-84</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-86" title="STS-86">STS-86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-89" title="STS-89">STS-89</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-91" title="STS-91">STS-91</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program#Increments" title="Shuttle–Mir program">Increments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Thagard" title="Norman Thagard">Thagard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shannon_Lucid" title="Shannon Lucid">Lucid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_E._Blaha" title="John E. Blaha">Blaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_M._Linenger" title="Jerry M. Linenger">Linenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Foale" title="Michael Foale">Foale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Wolf_(astronaut)" title="David Wolf (astronaut)">Wolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Thomas" title="Andy Thomas">Thomas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="International_Space_Station952" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:International_Space_Station" title="Template:International Space Station"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:International_Space_Station" title="Template talk:International Space Station"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:International_Space_Station" title="Special:EditPage/Template:International Space Station"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="International_Space_Station952" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_of_the_International_Space_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturing of the International Space Station">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_the_International_Space_Station" title="Assembly of the International Space Station">Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_Orbital_Segment" title="US Orbital Segment">US Orbital Segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orbital_Segment" title="Russian Orbital Segment">Russian Orbital Segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_International_Space_Station_spacewalks" title="List of International Space Station spacewalks">Spacewalks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station_programme" title="International Space Station programme">Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_research_on_the_International_Space_Station" title="Scientific research on the International Space Station">Scientific research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maintenance_of_the_International_Space_Station" title="Maintenance of the International Space Station">Maintenance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_International_Space_Station" title="Politics of the International Space Station">Politics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_International_Space_Station" title="Origins of the International Space Station">Origins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbus_Man-Tended_Free_Flyer" title="Columbus Man-Tended Free Flyer"><i>Columbus</i> Man-Tended Free Flyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir-2" title="Mir-2"><i>Mir</i>-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Station_Freedom" title="Space Station Freedom">Space Station <i>Freedom</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Support vehicles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cygnus_(spacecraft)" title="Cygnus (spacecraft)">Cygnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Dragon_2" title="SpaceX Dragon 2">SpaceX Dragon 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_(spacecraft)" title="Progress (spacecraft)">Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_(spacecraft)" title="Soyuz (spacecraft)">Soyuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Starliner" title="Boeing Starliner">Boeing Starliner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Future</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Starliner" title="Boeing Starliner">Boeing Starliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dream_Chaser" title="Dream Chaser">Dream Chaser Cargo System</a> (DCCS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTV-X" title="HTV-X">HTV-X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orel_(spacecraft)" title="Orel (spacecraft)">Orel</a> (PPTS)</li> <li>ISS Deorbit Vehicle</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automated_Transfer_Vehicle" title="Automated Transfer Vehicle">Automated Transfer Vehicle</a> (ATV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Dragon_1" title="SpaceX Dragon 1">SpaceX Dragon 1</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Space Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H-II_Transfer_Vehicle" title="H-II Transfer Vehicle">H-II Transfer Vehicle</a> (HTV)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Cancelled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hermes_(spacecraft)" title="Hermes (spacecraft)">Hermes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOPE-X" title="HOPE-X">HOPE-X</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mission_control_center" title="Mission control center">Mission control</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_C._Kraft_Jr._Mission_Control_Center" title="Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Mission Control Center">MCC-H</a> (<a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RKA_Mission_Control_Center" title="RKA Mission Control Center">TsUP</a> (<a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Roscosmos</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbus_Control_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbus Control Center">Col-CC</a> (<a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">ESA</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automated_Transfer_Vehicle#ATV_Control_Centre" title="Automated Transfer Vehicle">ATV-CC</a> (<a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">ESA</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Control_Center#Other_Important_Mission_Control_Centers" class="mw-redirect" title="Mission Control Center">JEM-CC</a> (<a href="/wiki/Japan_Aerospace_Exploration_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency">JAXA</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Control_Center#Other_Important_Mission_Control_Centers" class="mw-redirect" title="Mission Control Center">HTV-CC</a> (<a href="/wiki/Japan_Aerospace_Exploration_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency">JAXA</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Control_Center#Other_Important_Mission_Control_Centers" class="mw-redirect" title="Mission Control Center">MSS-CC</a> (<a href="/wiki/Canadian_Space_Agency" title="Canadian Space Agency">CSA</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Administrative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station_Multilateral_Coordination_Board" title="International Space Station Multilateral Coordination Board">Multilateral Coordination Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Orbital_Transportation_Services" title="Commercial Orbital Transportation Services">Commercial Orbital Transportation Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Resupply_Services" title="Commercial Resupply Services">Commercial Resupply Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Crew_Program" title="Commercial Crew Program">Commercial Crew Program</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Commercial_Crew_Program" title="Development of the Commercial Crew Program">development history</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Documentaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Station_3D" title="Space Station 3D">Space Station 3D</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Tourists" title="Space Tourists">Space Tourists</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/First_Orbit" title="First Orbit">First Orbit</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Beautiful_Planet" title="A Beautiful Planet">A Beautiful Planet</a></i> (2016)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Apogee_of_Fear" title="Apogee of Fear">Apogee of Fear</a></i> (2012 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Challenge_(2023_film)" title="The Challenge (2023 film)">The Challenge</a></i> (2023 film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:ISS_modules" title="Template:ISS modules"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:ISS_modules" title="Template talk:ISS modules"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:ISS_modules" title="Special:EditPage/Template:ISS modules"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Components213" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Components</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Orbiting</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orbital_Segment" title="Russian Orbital Segment">Russian Segment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nauka_(ISS_module)" title="Nauka (ISS module)">Nauka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Poisk_(ISS_module)" title="Poisk (ISS module)">Poisk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prichal_(ISS_module)" title="Prichal (ISS module)">Prichal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rassvet_(ISS_module)" title="Rassvet (ISS module)">Rassvet</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zarya_(ISS_module)" title="Zarya (ISS module)">Zarya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zvezda_(ISS_module)" title="Zvezda (ISS module)">Zvezda</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/US_Orbital_Segment" title="US Orbital Segment">US Segment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bigelow_Expandable_Activity_Module" title="Bigelow Expandable Activity Module">BEAM</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Columbus_(ISS_module)" title="Columbus (ISS module)">Columbus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cupola_(ISS_module)" title="Cupola (ISS module)">Cupola</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Destiny_(ISS_module)" title="Destiny (ISS module)">Destiny</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harmony_(ISS_module)" title="Harmony (ISS module)">Harmony</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kibo_(ISS_module)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kibo (ISS module)">Kibō</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_(ISS_module)" title="Leonardo (ISS module)">Leonardo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quest_Joint_Airlock" title="Quest Joint Airlock"><i>Quest</i> airlock</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tranquility_(ISS_module)" title="Tranquility (ISS module)">Tranquility</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Unity_(ISS_module)" title="Unity (ISS module)">Unity</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Subsystems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanoracks_Bishop_Airlock" title="Nanoracks Bishop Airlock">Bishop airlock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_system_of_the_International_Space_Station" title="Electrical system of the International Space Station">Electrical System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Robotic_Arm" title="European Robotic Arm">European Robotic Arm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/External_Stowage_Platform" class="mw-redirect" title="External Stowage Platform">External Stowage Platforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExPRESS_Logistics_Carrier" title="ExPRESS Logistics Carrier">ExPRESS Logistics Carriers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Docking_Adapter" title="International Docking Adapter">International Docking Adapters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Truss_Structure" title="Integrated Truss Structure">Integrated Truss Structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISS_ECLSS" title="ISS ECLSS">Life Support System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_Servicing_System" title="Mobile Servicing System">Mobile Servicing System</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadarm2" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadarm2">Canadarm2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextre" title="Dextre">Dextre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbiter_Boom_Sensor_System" title="Orbiter Boom Sensor System">Boom Assembly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_Mating_Adapter" title="Pressurized Mating Adapter">Pressurized Mating Adapters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strela_(crane)" title="Strela (crane)">Strela</a> cranes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Window_Observational_Research_Facility" title="Window Observational Research Facility">Window Observational Research Facility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Experimental<br />devices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Magnetic_Spectrometer" title="Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer">AMS-02</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calorimetric_Electron_Telescope" title="Calorimetric Electron Telescope">CALET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_Aerosol_Transport_System" title="Cloud Aerosol Transport System">CATS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Ecosystem_Dynamics_Investigation_lidar" class="mw-redirect" title="Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation lidar">GEDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Definition_Earth_Viewing_cameras" title="High Definition Earth Viewing cameras">HDEV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Ray_Energetics_and_Mass_Experiment" title="Cosmic Ray Energetics and Mass Experiment">ISS-CREAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAXI_(ISS_Experiment)" class="mw-redirect" title="MAXI (ISS Experiment)">MAXI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_Star_Interior_Composition_Explorer" title="Neutron Star Interior Composition Explorer">NICER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PK-3_Plus_(ISS_Experiment)" class="mw-redirect" title="PK-3 Plus (ISS Experiment)">PK-3 Plus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAGE_III_on_ISS" title="SAGE III on ISS">SAGE III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ISS_blueprint.png" class="mw-file-description" title="ISS components"><img alt="ISS components" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/ISS_blueprint.png/150px-ISS_blueprint.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/ISS_blueprint.png/225px-ISS_blueprint.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/ISS_blueprint.png/300px-ISS_blueprint.png 2x" data-file-width="4728" data-file-height="2723" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Majorcomponents21" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Major<br />components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pirs_(ISS_module)" title="Pirs (ISS module)">Pirs</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Future</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Planned7" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Planned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axiom_Station#PPTM" title="Axiom Station">Axiom PPTM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_Deorbit_Vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="US Deorbit Vehicle">US Deorbit Vehicle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spare<br />hardware</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multi-Purpose_Logistics_Module" title="Multi-Purpose Logistics Module">Multi-Purpose Logistics Modules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_Control_Module" title="Interim Control Module">Interim Control Module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Node_4" title="Node 4">Node 4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cancelled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISS_Propulsion_Module" title="ISS Propulsion Module">Propulsion Module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrifuge_Accommodations_Module" title="Centrifuge Accommodations Module">Centrifuge Accommodations Module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitation_Module" title="Habitation Module">Habitation Module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crew_Return_Vehicle" title="Crew Return Vehicle">Crew Return Vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_Power_Platform" title="Science Power Platform">Science Power Platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Docking_Module" title="Universal Docking Module">Universal Docking Module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Research_Module" title="Russian Research Module">Russian Research Module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science-Power_Module-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Science-Power Module-1">Science Power Module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expandable_Bigelow_Advanced_Station_Enhancement" class="mw-redirect" title="Expandable Bigelow Advanced Station Enhancement">XBASE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_of_the_International_Space_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturing of the International Space Station">Manufacturing of the ISS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_the_International_Space_Station" title="Assembly of the International Space Station">Assembly of the ISS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Components_of_the_International_Space_Station" title="Category:Components of the International Space Station">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:ISS_expeditions" title="Template:ISS expeditions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:ISS_expeditions" title="Template talk:ISS expeditions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:ISS_expeditions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:ISS expeditions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Expeditions512" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_International_Space_Station_expeditions" title="List of International Space Station expeditions">Expeditions</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000–2004</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_1" title="Expedition 1">Expedition 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_2" title="Expedition 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_3" title="Expedition 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_4" title="Expedition 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_5" title="Expedition 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_6" title="Expedition 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_7" title="Expedition 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_8" title="Expedition 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_9" title="Expedition 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_10" title="Expedition 10">10</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2005–2009</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_11" title="Expedition 11">Expedition 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_12" title="Expedition 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_13" title="Expedition 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_14" title="Expedition 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_15" title="Expedition 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_16" title="Expedition 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_17" title="Expedition 17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_18" title="Expedition 18">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_19" title="Expedition 19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_20" title="Expedition 20">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_21" title="Expedition 21">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_22" title="Expedition 22">22</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010–2014</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_23" title="Expedition 23">Expedition 23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_24" title="Expedition 24">24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_25" title="Expedition 25">25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_26" title="Expedition 26">26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_27" title="Expedition 27">27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_28" title="Expedition 28">28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_29" title="Expedition 29">29</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_30" title="Expedition 30">30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_31" title="Expedition 31">31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_32" title="Expedition 32">32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_33" title="Expedition 33">33</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_34" title="Expedition 34">34</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_35" title="Expedition 35">35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_36" title="Expedition 36">36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_37" title="Expedition 37">37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_38" title="Expedition 38">38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_39" title="Expedition 39">39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_40" title="Expedition 40">40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_41" title="Expedition 41">41</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_42" title="Expedition 42">42</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2015–2019</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_43" title="Expedition 43">Expedition 43</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_44" title="Expedition 44">44</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_45" title="Expedition 45">45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_46" title="Expedition 46">46</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_47" title="Expedition 47">47</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_48" title="Expedition 48">48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_49" title="Expedition 49">49</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_50" title="Expedition 50">50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_51" title="Expedition 51">51</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_52" title="Expedition 52">52</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_53" title="Expedition 53">53</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_54" title="Expedition 54">54</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_55" title="Expedition 55">55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_56" title="Expedition 56">56</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_57" title="Expedition 57">57</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_58" title="Expedition 58">58</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_59" title="Expedition 59">59</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_60" title="Expedition 60">60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_61" title="Expedition 61">61</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Since 2020</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_62" title="Expedition 62">Expedition 62</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_63" title="Expedition 63">63</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_64" title="Expedition 64">64</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_65" title="Expedition 65">65</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_66" title="Expedition 66">66</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_67" title="Expedition 67">67</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_68" title="Expedition 68">68</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_69" title="Expedition 69">69</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_70" title="Expedition 70">70</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_71" title="Expedition 71">71</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Expedition_72" title="Expedition 72">72</a></u></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Expedition_73" title="Expedition 73">73</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_International_Space_Station_expeditions#Future_expeditions" title="List of International Space Station expeditions">74+</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_human_spaceflights_to_the_International_Space_Station" title="List of human spaceflights to the International Space Station">List of spaceflights to the ISS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_International_Space_Station_visitors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of International Space Station visitors">List of ISS visitors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_crew_of_the_International_Space_Station" title="List of crew of the International Space Station">crew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_commanders_of_the_International_Space_Station" title="List of commanders of the International Space Station">commanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_visiting_expeditions_to_the_International_Space_Station" title="List of visiting expeditions to the International Space Station">visiting expeditions</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Displayed and current expeditions are in <u>underline</u></li> <li>Future expeditions in <i>italics</i></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Expeditions_to_the_International_Space_Station" title="Category:Expeditions to the International Space Station">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_International_Space_Station_expeditions" title="List of International Space Station expeditions">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Crewed_ISS_flights" title="Template:Crewed ISS flights"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Crewed_ISS_flights" title="Template talk:Crewed ISS flights"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Crewed_ISS_flights" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Crewed ISS flights"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="ISS_Human_spaceflights249" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_human_spaceflights_to_the_International_Space_Station" title="List of human spaceflights to the International Space Station">ISS Human spaceflights</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1998–2004</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1998 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-88" title="STS-88">STS-88</a></li></ul></li> <li>1999 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-96" title="STS-96">STS-96</a></li></ul></li> <li>2000 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-101" title="STS-101">STS-101</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-106" title="STS-106">106</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-92" title="STS-92">92</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-31" title="Soyuz TM-31">Soyuz TM-31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-97" title="STS-97">STS-97</a></li></ul></li> <li>2001 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-98" title="STS-98">STS-98</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-102" title="STS-102">102</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-100" title="STS-100">100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-32" title="Soyuz TM-32">Soyuz TM-32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-104" title="STS-104">STS-104</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-105" title="STS-105">105</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-33" title="Soyuz TM-33">Soyuz TM-33</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-108" title="STS-108">STS-108</a></li></ul></li> <li>2002 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-110" title="STS-110">STS-110</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-34" title="Soyuz TM-34">Soyuz TM-34</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-111" title="STS-111">STS-111</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-112" title="STS-112">112</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-1" title="Soyuz TMA-1">Soyuz TMA-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-113" title="STS-113">STS-113</a></li></ul></li> <li>2003 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-2" title="Soyuz TMA-2">Soyuz TMA-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-3" title="Soyuz TMA-3">TMA-3</a></li></ul></li> <li>2004 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-4" title="Soyuz TMA-4">Soyuz TMA-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-5" title="Soyuz TMA-5">TMA-5</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2005–2009</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2005 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-6" title="Soyuz TMA-6">Soyuz TMA-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-114" title="STS-114">STS-114</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-7" title="Soyuz TMA-7">Soyuz TMA-7</a></li></ul></li> <li>2006 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-8" title="Soyuz TMA-8">Soyuz TMA-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-121" title="STS-121">STS-121</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-115" title="STS-115">115</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-9" title="Soyuz TMA-9">Soyuz TMA-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-116" title="STS-116">STS-116</a></li></ul></li> <li>2007 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-10" title="Soyuz TMA-10">Soyuz TMA-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-117" title="STS-117">STS-117</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-118" title="STS-118">118</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-11" title="Soyuz TMA-11">Soyuz TMA-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-120" title="STS-120">STS-120</a></li></ul></li> <li>2008 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-122" title="STS-122">STS-122</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-123" title="STS-123">123</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-12" title="Soyuz TMA-12">Soyuz TMA-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-124" title="STS-124">STS-124</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-13" title="Soyuz TMA-13">Soyuz TMA-13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-126" title="STS-126">STS-126</a></li></ul></li> <li>2009 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-119" title="STS-119">STS-119</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-14" title="Soyuz TMA-14">Soyuz TMA-14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-15" title="Soyuz TMA-15">TMA-15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-127" title="STS-127">STS-127</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-128" title="STS-128">128</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-16" title="Soyuz TMA-16">Soyuz TMA-16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-129" title="STS-129">STS-129</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-17" title="Soyuz TMA-17">Soyuz TMA-17</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010–2014</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2010 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-130" title="STS-130">STS-130</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-18" title="Soyuz TMA-18">Soyuz TMA-18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-131" title="STS-131">STS-131</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-132" title="STS-132">132</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-19" title="Soyuz TMA-19">Soyuz TMA-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-01M" title="Soyuz TMA-01M">TMA-01M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-20" title="Soyuz TMA-20">TMA-20</a></li></ul></li> <li>2011 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-133" title="STS-133">STS-133</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-21" title="Soyuz TMA-21">Soyuz TMA-21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-134" title="STS-134">STS-134</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-02M" title="Soyuz TMA-02M">Soyuz TMA-02M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-135" title="STS-135">STS-135</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-22" title="Soyuz TMA-22">Soyuz TMA-22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-03M" title="Soyuz TMA-03M">TMA-03M</a></li></ul></li> <li>2012 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-04M" title="Soyuz TMA-04M">Soyuz TMA-04M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-05M" title="Soyuz TMA-05M">TMA-05M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-06M" title="Soyuz TMA-06M">TMA-06M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-07M" title="Soyuz TMA-07M">TMA-07M</a></li></ul></li> <li>2013 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-08M" title="Soyuz TMA-08M">Soyuz TMA-08M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-09M" title="Soyuz TMA-09M">TMA-09M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-10M" title="Soyuz TMA-10M">TMA-10M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-11M" title="Soyuz TMA-11M">TMA-11M</a></li></ul></li> <li>2014 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-12M" title="Soyuz TMA-12M">Soyuz TMA-12M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-13M" title="Soyuz TMA-13M">TMA-13M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-14M" title="Soyuz TMA-14M">TMA-14M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-15M" title="Soyuz TMA-15M">TMA-15M</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2015–2019</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2015 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-16M" title="Soyuz TMA-16M">Soyuz TMA-16M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-17M" title="Soyuz TMA-17M">TMA-17M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-18M" title="Soyuz TMA-18M">TMA-18M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-19M" title="Soyuz TMA-19M">TMA-19M</a></li></ul></li> <li>2016 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-20M" title="Soyuz TMA-20M">Soyuz TMA-20M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-01" title="Soyuz MS-01">MS-01</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-02" title="Soyuz MS-02">MS-02</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-03" title="Soyuz MS-03">MS-03</a></li></ul></li> <li>2017 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-04" title="Soyuz MS-04">Soyuz MS-04</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-05" title="Soyuz MS-05">MS-05</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-06" title="Soyuz MS-06">MS-06</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-07" title="Soyuz MS-07">MS-07</a></li></ul></li> <li>2018 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-08" title="Soyuz MS-08">Soyuz MS-08</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-09" title="Soyuz MS-09">MS-09</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-10" title="Soyuz MS-10">MS-10</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-11" title="Soyuz MS-11">MS-11</a></li></ul></li> <li>2019 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-12" title="Soyuz MS-12">Soyuz MS-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-13" title="Soyuz MS-13">MS-13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-15" title="Soyuz MS-15">MS-15</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Since 2020</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2020 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-16" title="Soyuz MS-16">Soyuz MS-16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crew_Dragon_Demo-2" title="Crew Dragon Demo-2">SpaceX Demo-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-17" title="Soyuz MS-17">Soyuz MS-17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Crew-1" title="SpaceX Crew-1">SpaceX Crew-1</a></li></ul></li> <li>2021 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-18" title="Soyuz MS-18">Soyuz MS-18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Crew-2" title="SpaceX Crew-2">SpaceX Crew-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-19" title="Soyuz MS-19">Soyuz MS-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Crew-3" title="SpaceX Crew-3">SpaceX Crew-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-20" title="Soyuz MS-20">Soyuz MS-20</a></li></ul></li> <li>2022 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-21" title="Soyuz MS-21">Soyuz MS-21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axiom_Mission_1" title="Axiom Mission 1">Axiom-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Crew-4" title="SpaceX Crew-4">SpaceX Crew-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-22" title="Soyuz MS-22">Soyuz MS-22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Crew-5" title="SpaceX Crew-5">SpaceX Crew-5</a></li></ul></li> <li>2023 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-23" title="Soyuz MS-23">Soyuz MS-23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Crew-6" title="SpaceX Crew-6">SpaceX Crew-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axiom_Mission_2" title="Axiom Mission 2">Axiom-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Crew-7" title="SpaceX Crew-7">SpaceX Crew-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-24" title="Soyuz MS-24">Soyuz MS-24</a></li></ul></li> <li>2024 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axiom_Mission_3" title="Axiom Mission 3">Axiom-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Crew-8" title="SpaceX Crew-8">SpaceX Crew-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-25" title="Soyuz MS-25">Soyuz MS-25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Crew_Flight_Test" title="Boeing Crew Flight Test">Boeing CFT</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-26" title="Soyuz MS-26">Soyuz MS-26</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Crew-9" title="SpaceX Crew-9">SpaceX Crew-9</a></u></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Future</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2025 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Crew-10" title="SpaceX Crew-10">SpaceX Crew-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-27" title="Soyuz MS-27">Soyuz MS-27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axiom_Mission_4" title="Axiom Mission 4">Axiom-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Starliner-1" title="Boeing Starliner-1">Boeing Starliner-1</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_visitors_to_the_International_Space_Station" title="List of visitors to the International Space Station">List of ISS visitors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_crew_of_the_International_Space_Station" title="List of crew of the International Space Station">crew</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vehicles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Past <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Space Shuttle</a></li></ul></li> <li>Present <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Starliner" title="Boeing Starliner">Boeing Starliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Dragon_2" title="SpaceX Dragon 2">Crew Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_(spacecraft)" title="Soyuz (spacecraft)">Soyuz</a></li></ul></li> <li>Future <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orel_(spacecraft)" title="Orel (spacecraft)">Orel</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Ongoing spaceflights are in <u>underline</u></li> <li>† - mission failed to reach ISS</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Uncrewed_ISS_flights" title="Template:Uncrewed ISS flights"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Uncrewed_ISS_flights" title="Template talk:Uncrewed ISS flights"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Uncrewed_ISS_flights" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Uncrewed ISS flights"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Uncrewed_spaceflights268" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Uncrewed_spaceflights_to_the_International_Space_Station" title="Uncrewed spaceflights to the International Space Station">Uncrewed spaceflights</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000–2004</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2000 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zvezda_(ISS_module)" title="Zvezda (ISS module)">2R / Zvezda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M1-3" title="Progress M1-3">1P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M1-4" title="Progress M1-4">2P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-44" title="Progress M-44">3P</a></li></ul></li> <li>2001 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M1-6" title="Progress M1-6">4P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-45" title="Progress M-45">5P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-SO1" class="mw-redirect" title="Progress M-SO1">SO1</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pirs_(ISS_module)" title="Pirs (ISS module)">Pirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M1-7" title="Progress M1-7">6P</a></li></ul></li> <li>2002 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M1-8" title="Progress M1-8">7P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-46" title="Progress M-46">8P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M1-9" title="Progress M1-9">9P</a></li></ul></li> <li>2003 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-47" title="Progress M-47">10P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M1-10" title="Progress M1-10">11P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-48" title="Progress M-48">12P</a></li></ul></li> <li>2004 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M1-11" title="Progress M1-11">13P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-49" title="Progress M-49">14P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-50" title="Progress M-50">15P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-51" title="Progress M-51">16P</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Progress-HTV-Dragon-ATV_Cyngus_Cygnus-extended_Collage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Progress-HTV-Dragon-ATV_Cyngus_Cygnus-extended_Collage.jpg/90px-Progress-HTV-Dragon-ATV_Cyngus_Cygnus-extended_Collage.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Progress-HTV-Dragon-ATV_Cyngus_Cygnus-extended_Collage.jpg/135px-Progress-HTV-Dragon-ATV_Cyngus_Cygnus-extended_Collage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Progress-HTV-Dragon-ATV_Cyngus_Cygnus-extended_Collage.jpg/180px-Progress-HTV-Dragon-ATV_Cyngus_Cygnus-extended_Collage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="3908" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2005–2009</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2005 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-52" title="Progress M-52">17P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-53" title="Progress M-53">18P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-54" title="Progress M-54">19P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-55" title="Progress M-55">20P</a></li></ul></li> <li>2006 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-56" title="Progress M-56">21P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-57" title="Progress M-57">22P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-58" title="Progress M-58">23P</a></li></ul></li> <li>2007 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-59" title="Progress M-59">24P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-60" title="Progress M-60">25P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-61" title="Progress M-61">26P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-62" title="Progress M-62">27P</a></li></ul></li> <li>2008 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-63" title="Progress M-63">28P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Verne_ATV" title="Jules Verne ATV">ATV-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-64" title="Progress M-64">29P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-65" title="Progress M-65">30P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-01M" title="Progress M-01M">31P</a></li></ul></li> <li>2009 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-66" title="Progress M-66">32P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-02M" title="Progress M-02M">33P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-67" title="Progress M-67">34P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTV-1" title="HTV-1">HTV-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-03M" title="Progress M-03M">35P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-MIM2" title="Progress M-MIM2">MIM2</a> / <a href="/wiki/Poisk_(ISS_module)" title="Poisk (ISS module)">Poisk</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010–2014</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2010 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-04M" title="Progress M-04M">36P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-05M" title="Progress M-05M">37P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-06M" title="Progress M-06M">38P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-07M" title="Progress M-07M">39P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-08M" title="Progress M-08M">40P</a></li></ul></li> <li>2011 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kounotori_2" title="Kounotori 2">HTV-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-09M" title="Progress M-09M">41P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Kepler_ATV" title="Johannes Kepler ATV">ATV-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-10M" title="Progress M-10M">42P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-11M" title="Progress M-11M">43P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-12M" title="Progress M-12M">44P</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-13M" title="Progress M-13M">45P</a></li></ul></li> <li>2012 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-14M" title="Progress M-14M">46P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edoardo_Amaldi_ATV" title="Edoardo Amaldi ATV">ATV-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-15M" title="Progress M-15M">47P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_COTS_Demo_Flight_2" title="SpaceX COTS Demo Flight 2">SpX-D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kounotori_3" title="Kounotori 3">HTV-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-16M" title="Progress M-16M">48P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_CRS-1" title="SpaceX CRS-1">SpX-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-17M" title="Progress M-17M">49P</a></li></ul></li> <li>2013 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-18M" title="Progress M-18M">50P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_CRS-2" title="SpaceX CRS-2">SpX-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-19M" title="Progress M-19M">51P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein_ATV" title="Albert Einstein ATV">ATV-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-20M" title="Progress M-20M">52P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kounotori_4" title="Kounotori 4">HTV-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cygnus_Orb-D1" title="Cygnus Orb-D1">Orb-D1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-21M" title="Progress M-21M">53P</a></li></ul></li> <li>2014 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cygnus_CRS_Orb-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Cygnus CRS Orb-1">Orb-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-22M" title="Progress M-22M">54P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-23M" title="Progress M-23M">55P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_CRS-3" title="SpaceX CRS-3">SpX-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cygnus_CRS_Orb-2" class="mw-redirect" title="Cygnus CRS Orb-2">Orb-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-24M" title="Progress M-24M">56P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Lema%C3%AEtre_ATV" title="Georges Lemaître ATV">ATV-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_CRS-4" title="SpaceX CRS-4">SpX-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cygnus_CRS_Orb-3" class="mw-redirect" title="Cygnus CRS Orb-3">Orb-3</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-25M" title="Progress M-25M">57P</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2015–2019</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2015 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_CRS-5" title="SpaceX CRS-5">SpX-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-26M" title="Progress M-26M">58P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_CRS-6" title="SpaceX CRS-6">SpX-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-27M" title="Progress M-27M">59P</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_CRS-7" title="SpaceX CRS-7">SpX-7</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-28M" title="Progress M-28M">60P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kounotori_5" title="Kounotori 5">HTV-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-29M" title="Progress M-29M">61P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cygnus_CRS_OA-4" class="mw-redirect" title="Cygnus CRS OA-4">OA-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_MS-01" title="Progress MS-01">62P</a></li></ul></li> <li>2016 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cygnus_CRS_OA-6" class="mw-redirect" title="Cygnus CRS OA-6">OA-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_MS-02" title="Progress MS-02">63P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_CRS-8" title="SpaceX CRS-8">SpX-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_MS-03" title="Progress MS-03">64P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_CRS-9" title="SpaceX CRS-9">SpX-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cygnus_CRS_OA-5" class="mw-redirect" title="Cygnus CRS OA-5">OA-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_MS-04" title="Progress MS-04">65P</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kounotori_6" title="Kounotori 6">HTV-6</a></li></ul></li> <li>2017 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_CRS-10" title="SpaceX CRS-10">SpX-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_MS-05" title="Progress MS-05">66P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cygnus_CRS_OA-7" class="mw-redirect" title="Cygnus CRS OA-7">OA-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_CRS-11" title="SpaceX CRS-11">SpX-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_MS-06" title="Progress MS-06">67P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_CRS-12" title="SpaceX CRS-12">SpX-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_MS-07" title="Progress MS-07">68P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cygnus_CRS_OA-8E" class="mw-redirect" title="Cygnus CRS OA-8E">OA-8E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_CRS-13" title="SpaceX CRS-13">SpX-13</a></li></ul></li> <li>2018 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progress_MS-08" title="Progress MS-08">69P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_CRS-14" title="SpaceX CRS-14">SpX-14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cygnus_CRS_OA-9E" class="mw-redirect" title="Cygnus CRS OA-9E">OA-9E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_CRS-15" title="SpaceX CRS-15">SpX-15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_MS-09" title="Progress MS-09">70P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kounotori_7" title="Kounotori 7">HTV-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_MS-10" title="Progress MS-10">71P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cygnus_NG-10" title="Cygnus NG-10">NG-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_CRS-16" title="SpaceX CRS-16">SpX-16</a></li></ul></li> <li>2019 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crew_Dragon_Demo-1" title="Crew Dragon Demo-1">SpX-DM1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_MS-11" title="Progress MS-11">72P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cygnus_NG-11" title="Cygnus NG-11">NG-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_CRS-17" title="SpaceX CRS-17">SpX-17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_CRS-18" title="SpaceX CRS-18">SpX-18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_MS-12" title="Progress MS-12">73P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-14" title="Soyuz MS-14">60S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kounotori_8" title="Kounotori 8">HTV-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cygnus_NG-12" title="Cygnus NG-12">NG-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_CRS-19" title="SpaceX CRS-19">SpX-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_MS-13" title="Progress MS-13">74P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Orbital_Flight_Test" title="Boeing Orbital Flight Test">Boe-OFT</a>†</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020–2024</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2020 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cygnus_NG-13" title="Cygnus NG-13">NG-13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_CRS-20" title="SpaceX CRS-20">SpX-20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_MS-14" title="Progress MS-14">75P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kounotori_9" title="Kounotori 9">HTV-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_MS-15" title="Progress MS-15">76P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cygnus_NG-14" title="Cygnus NG-14">NG-14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_CRS-21" title="SpaceX CRS-21">SpX-21</a></li></ul></li> <li>2021 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progress_MS-16" title="Progress MS-16">77P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cygnus_NG-15" title="Cygnus NG-15">NG-15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_CRS-22" title="SpaceX CRS-22">SpX-22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_MS-17" title="Progress MS-17">78P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauka_(ISS_module)" title="Nauka (ISS module)">Nauka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cygnus_NG-16" title="Cygnus NG-16">NG-16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_CRS-23" title="SpaceX CRS-23">SpX-23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_MS-18" title="Progress MS-18">79P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-UM" title="Progress M-UM">M-UM</a> / <a href="/wiki/Prichal_(ISS_module)" title="Prichal (ISS module)">Prichal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_CRS-24" title="SpaceX CRS-24">SpX-24</a></li></ul></li> <li>2022 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progress_MS-19" title="Progress MS-19">80P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cygnus_NG-17" title="Cygnus NG-17">NG-17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Orbital_Flight_Test_2" title="Boeing Orbital Flight Test 2">Boe-OFT 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_MS-20" title="Progress MS-20">81P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_CRS-25" title="SpaceX CRS-25">SpX-25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_MS-21" title="Progress MS-21">82P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cygnus_NG-18" title="Cygnus NG-18">NG-18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_CRS-26" title="SpaceX CRS-26">SpX-26</a></li></ul></li> <li>2023 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progress_MS-22" title="Progress MS-22">83P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_CRS-27" title="SpaceX CRS-27">SpX-27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_MS-23" title="Progress MS-23">84P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_CRS-28" title="SpaceX CRS-28">SpX-28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cygnus_NG-19" title="Cygnus NG-19">NG-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_MS-24" title="Progress MS-24">85P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_CRS-29" title="SpaceX CRS-29">SpX-29</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_MS-25" title="Progress MS-25">86P</a></li></ul></li> <li>2024 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cygnus_NG-20" title="Cygnus NG-20">NG-20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_MS-26" title="Progress MS-26">87P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_CRS-30" title="SpaceX CRS-30">SpX-30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_MS-27" title="Progress MS-27">88P</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Cygnus_NG-21" title="Cygnus NG-21">NG-21</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Progress_MS-28" title="Progress MS-28">89P</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_CRS-31" title="SpaceX CRS-31">SpX-31</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Progress_MS-29" title="Progress MS-29">90P</a></u></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Future</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2025 <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Progress_MS-30&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Progress MS-30 (page does not exist)">91P</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_CRS-32" class="mw-redirect" title="SpaceX CRS-32">SpX-32</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cygnus_NG-22" class="mw-redirect" title="Cygnus NG-22">NG-22</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/SSC_Demo-1" title="SSC Demo-1">SSC Demo-1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Progress_MS-31&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Progress MS-31 (page does not exist)">92P</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cygnus_NG-23&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cygnus NG-23 (page does not exist)">NG-23</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Progress_MS-32&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Progress MS-32 (page does not exist)">93P</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/HTV-X1" title="HTV-X1">HTV-X1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Progress_MS-33&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Progress MS-33 (page does not exist)">94P</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cygnus_NG-24&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cygnus NG-24 (page does not exist)">NG-24</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_CRS-33" title="SpaceX CRS-33">SpX-33</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=SpaceX_CRS-34&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SpaceX CRS-34 (page does not exist)">SpX-34</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=SpaceX_CRS-35&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SpaceX CRS-35 (page does not exist)">SpX-35</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2026 <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Progress_MS-34&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Progress MS-34 (page does not exist)">95P</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Progress_MS-35&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Progress MS-35 (page does not exist)">96P</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Progress_MS-36&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Progress MS-36 (page does not exist)">97P</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Progress_MS-37&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Progress MS-37 (page does not exist)">98P</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cygnus_NG-25&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cygnus NG-25 (page does not exist)">NG-25</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2030 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/US_Deorbit_Vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="US Deorbit Vehicle">US Deorbit Vehicle</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spacecraft</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progress_(spacecraft)" title="Progress (spacecraft)">Roscomos Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automated_Transfer_Vehicle" title="Automated Transfer Vehicle">ESA ATV (past)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H-II_Transfer_Vehicle" title="H-II Transfer Vehicle">JAXA HTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Resupply_Services" title="Commercial Resupply Services">NASA CRS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Dragon_1" title="SpaceX Dragon 1">SpaceX Dragon 1 (past)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Dragon_2#Cargo_Dragon" title="SpaceX Dragon 2">SpaceX Dragon 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cygnus_(spacecraft)" title="Cygnus (spacecraft)">Northrop Grumman Cygnus</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dream_Chaser" title="Dream Chaser">Sierra Nevada Dream Chaser</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>Ongoing spaceflights in <u>underline</u></li> <li>Future spaceflights in <i>italics</i></li> <li>† - mission failed to reach ISS</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:International_Space_Station" title="Category:International Space Station">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:International_Space_Station" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:International Space Station">Commons gallery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Orbital_launch_systems_developed_in_the_United_States378" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_launch_systems" title="Template:US launch systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_launch_systems" title="Template talk:US launch systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_launch_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US launch systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Orbital_launch_systems_developed_in_the_United_States378" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Orbit" title="Orbit">Orbital</a> <a href="/wiki/Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">launch systems</a> developed in the United States</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_V" title="Atlas V">Atlas V</a>**<sup>††</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocket_Lab_Electron" title="Rocket Lab Electron">Electron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_9_Block_5" title="Falcon 9 Block 5">Falcon 9 Block 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_Heavy" title="Falcon Heavy">Falcon Heavy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firefly_Alpha" title="Firefly Alpha">Firefly Alpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minotaur_(rocket_family)" title="Minotaur (rocket family)">Minotaur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minotaur_I" title="Minotaur I">I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minotaur_IV" title="Minotaur IV">IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minotaur_V" title="Minotaur V">V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minotaur-C" title="Minotaur-C">C</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Glenn" title="New Glenn">New Glenn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegasus_(rocket)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pegasus (rocket)">Pegasus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pegasus_XL" class="mw-redirect" title="Pegasus XL">XL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Launch_System" title="Space Launch System">SLS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Launch_System#Block_variants" title="Space Launch System">Block 1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcan_Centaur" title="Vulcan Centaur">Vulcan Centaur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antares_(rocket)" title="Antares (rocket)">Antares 330</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phantom_Space_Corporation#Daytona_I" title="Phantom Space Corporation">Daytona I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firefly_Aerospace#MLV" title="Firefly Aerospace">MLV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_(rocket)" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutron (rocket)">Neutron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoke_Space_Nova" title="Stoke Space Nova">Nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BluShift_Aerospace#Red_Dwarf" title="BluShift Aerospace">Red Dwarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Launch_System" title="Space Launch System">SLS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Launch_System#Block_variants" title="Space Launch System">Block 1B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Launch_System#Block_variants" title="Space Launch System">Block 2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starship" title="SpaceX Starship">Starship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terran_R" title="Terran R">Terran R</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Retired</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antares_(rocket)" title="Antares (rocket)">Antares 110/120/130/230/230+</a>**<sup>†††</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athena_(rocket_family)" title="Athena (rocket family)">Athena</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athena_I" title="Athena I">I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athena_II" title="Athena II">II</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_(rocket_family)" title="Atlas (rocket family)">Atlas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SM-65B_Atlas" title="SM-65B Atlas">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SM-65D_Atlas" title="SM-65D Atlas">D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_E/F" title="Atlas E/F">E/F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_G" title="Atlas G">G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_H" title="Atlas H">H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_I" title="Atlas I">I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_II" title="Atlas II">II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_III" title="Atlas III">III</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_LV-3B" title="Atlas LV-3B">LV-3B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_SLV-3" title="Atlas SLV-3">SLV-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas-Able" title="Atlas-Able">Able</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas-Agena" title="Atlas-Agena">Agena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas-Centaur" title="Atlas-Centaur">Centaur</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conestoga_(rocket)" title="Conestoga (rocket)">Conestoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_(rocket_family)" title="Delta (rocket family)">Delta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delta_A" title="Delta A">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_B" title="Delta B">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_C" title="Delta C">C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_D" title="Delta D">D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_E" title="Delta E">E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_G" title="Delta G">G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_J" title="Delta J">J</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_L" title="Delta L">L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_M" title="Delta M">M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_N" title="Delta N">N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_0100" title="Delta 0100">0100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_1000" title="Delta 1000">1000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_2000" title="Delta 2000">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_3000" title="Delta 3000">3000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_4000" title="Delta 4000">4000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_5000" title="Delta 5000">5000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_II" title="Delta II">II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_III" title="Delta III">III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_IV" title="Delta IV">IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_IV_Heavy" title="Delta IV Heavy">IV Heavy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_1" title="Falcon 1">Falcon 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_9" title="Falcon 9">Falcon 9</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_9_v1.0" title="Falcon 9 v1.0">v1.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_9_v1.1" title="Falcon 9 v1.1">v1.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_9_Full_Thrust" title="Falcon 9 Full Thrust">v1.2 "Full Thrust"</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H-I" title="H-I">H-I</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juno_I" title="Juno I">Juno I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juno_II" title="Juno II">Juno II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LauncherOne" title="LauncherOne">LauncherOne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-I_rocket" class="mw-redirect" title="N-I rocket">N-I</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-II_rocket" class="mw-redirect" title="N-II rocket">N-II</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOTS-EV-1_Pilot" title="NOTS-EV-1 Pilot">Pilot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astra_Rocket" title="Astra Rocket">Rocket 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RS1_(rocket)" title="RS1 (rocket)">RS1</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_(rocket_family)" title="Saturn (rocket family)">Saturn</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_I" title="Saturn I">I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_IB" title="Saturn IB">IB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V">V</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scout_(rocket_family)" title="Scout (rocket family)">Scout</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Space Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARK_(rocket)" title="SPARK (rocket)">SPARK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparta_(rocket)" title="Sparta (rocket)">Sparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terran_1" title="Terran 1">Terran 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor_(rocket_family)" title="Thor (rocket family)">Thor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thor-Able" title="Thor-Able">Able</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor-Ablestar" title="Thor-Ablestar">Ablestar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor-Agena" title="Thor-Agena">Agena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor-Burner" title="Thor-Burner">Burner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor-Delta" title="Thor-Delta">Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor_DSV-2U" title="Thor DSV-2U">DSV-2U</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorad-Agena" title="Thorad-Agena">Thorad-Agena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_(rocket_family)" title="Titan (rocket family)">Titan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Titan_II_GLV" title="Titan II GLV">II GLV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_IIIA" title="Titan IIIA">IIIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_IIIB" title="Titan IIIB">IIIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_IIIC" title="Titan IIIC">IIIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_IIID" title="Titan IIID">IIID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_IIIE" title="Titan IIIE">IIIE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_34D" title="Titan 34D">34D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_23G" title="Titan 23G">23G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Titan_III" title="Commercial Titan III">CT-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_IV" title="Titan IV">IV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanguard_(rocket)" title="Vanguard (rocket)">Vanguard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>* - Japanese projects using US rockets or stages</li> <li>** - uses Russian engines</li> <li><sup>†</sup> - never succeeded</li> <li><sup>††</sup> - no new orders accepted</li> <li><sup>†††</sup> - used Ukrainian first stage</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Human_spaceflights_to_the_International_Space_Station444" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Crewed_ISS_flights" title="Template:Crewed ISS flights"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Crewed_ISS_flights" title="Template talk:Crewed ISS flights"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Crewed_ISS_flights" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Crewed ISS flights"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Human_spaceflights_to_the_International_Space_Station444" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_human_spaceflights_to_the_International_Space_Station" title="List of human spaceflights to the International Space Station">Human spaceflights</a> to the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_International_Space_Station_expeditions" title="List of International Space Station expeditions">ISS expeditions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uncrewed_spaceflights_to_the_International_Space_Station" title="Uncrewed spaceflights to the International Space Station">Uncrewed ISS flights</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1998–2004</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1998 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-88" title="STS-88">STS-88</a></li></ul></li> <li>1999 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-96" title="STS-96">STS-96</a></li></ul></li> <li>2000 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-101" title="STS-101">STS-101</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-106" title="STS-106">106</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-92" title="STS-92">92</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-31" title="Soyuz TM-31">Soyuz TM-31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-97" title="STS-97">STS-97</a></li></ul></li> <li>2001 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-98" title="STS-98">STS-98</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-102" title="STS-102">102</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-100" title="STS-100">100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-32" title="Soyuz TM-32">Soyuz TM-32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-104" title="STS-104">STS-104</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-105" title="STS-105">105</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-33" title="Soyuz TM-33">Soyuz TM-33</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-108" title="STS-108">STS-108</a></li></ul></li> <li>2002 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-110" title="STS-110">STS-110</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-34" title="Soyuz TM-34">Soyuz TM-34</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-111" title="STS-111">STS-111</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-112" title="STS-112">112</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-1" title="Soyuz TMA-1">Soyuz TMA-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-113" title="STS-113">STS-113</a></li></ul></li> <li>2003 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-2" title="Soyuz TMA-2">Soyuz TMA-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-3" title="Soyuz TMA-3">TMA-3</a></li></ul></li> <li>2004 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-4" title="Soyuz TMA-4">Soyuz TMA-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-5" title="Soyuz TMA-5">TMA-5</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ISS_emblem.png" class="mw-file-description" title="International Space Station Emblem"><img alt="International Space Station Emblem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/ISS_emblem.png/60px-ISS_emblem.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/ISS_emblem.png/90px-ISS_emblem.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/ISS_emblem.png/120px-ISS_emblem.png 2x" data-file-width="1891" data-file-height="1891" /></a><figcaption>International Space Station Emblem</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2005–2009</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2005 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-6" title="Soyuz TMA-6">Soyuz TMA-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-114" title="STS-114">STS-114</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-7" title="Soyuz TMA-7">Soyuz TMA-7</a></li></ul></li> <li>2006 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-8" title="Soyuz TMA-8">Soyuz TMA-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-121" title="STS-121">STS-121</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-115" title="STS-115">115</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-9" title="Soyuz TMA-9">Soyuz TMA-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-116" title="STS-116">STS-116</a></li></ul></li> <li>2007 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-10" title="Soyuz TMA-10">Soyuz TMA-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-117" title="STS-117">STS-117</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-118" title="STS-118">118</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-11" title="Soyuz TMA-11">Soyuz TMA-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-120" title="STS-120">STS-120</a></li></ul></li> <li>2008 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-122" title="STS-122">STS-122</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-123" title="STS-123">123</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-12" title="Soyuz TMA-12">Soyuz TMA-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-124" title="STS-124">STS-124</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-13" title="Soyuz TMA-13">Soyuz TMA-13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-126" title="STS-126">STS-126</a></li></ul></li> <li>2009 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-119" title="STS-119">STS-119</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-14" title="Soyuz TMA-14">Soyuz TMA-14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-15" title="Soyuz TMA-15">TMA-15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-127" title="STS-127">STS-127</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-128" title="STS-128">128</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-16" title="Soyuz TMA-16">Soyuz TMA-16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-129" title="STS-129">STS-129</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-17" title="Soyuz TMA-17">Soyuz TMA-17</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010–2014</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2010 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-130" title="STS-130">STS-130</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-18" title="Soyuz TMA-18">Soyuz TMA-18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-131" title="STS-131">STS-131</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-132" title="STS-132">132</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-19" title="Soyuz TMA-19">Soyuz TMA-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-01M" title="Soyuz TMA-01M">TMA-01M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-20" title="Soyuz TMA-20">TMA-20</a></li></ul></li> <li>2011 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STS-133" title="STS-133">STS-133</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-21" title="Soyuz TMA-21">Soyuz TMA-21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-134" title="STS-134">STS-134</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-02M" title="Soyuz TMA-02M">Soyuz TMA-02M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-135" title="STS-135">STS-135</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-22" title="Soyuz TMA-22">Soyuz TMA-22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-03M" title="Soyuz TMA-03M">TMA-03M</a></li></ul></li> <li>2012 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-04M" title="Soyuz TMA-04M">Soyuz TMA-04M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-05M" title="Soyuz TMA-05M">TMA-05M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-06M" title="Soyuz TMA-06M">TMA-06M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-07M" title="Soyuz TMA-07M">TMA-07M</a></li></ul></li> <li>2013 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-08M" title="Soyuz TMA-08M">Soyuz TMA-08M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-09M" title="Soyuz TMA-09M">TMA-09M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-10M" title="Soyuz TMA-10M">TMA-10M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-11M" title="Soyuz TMA-11M">TMA-11M</a></li></ul></li> <li>2014 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-12M" title="Soyuz TMA-12M">Soyuz TMA-12M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-13M" title="Soyuz TMA-13M">TMA-13M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-14M" title="Soyuz TMA-14M">TMA-14M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-15M" title="Soyuz TMA-15M">TMA-15M</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2015–2019</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2015 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-16M" title="Soyuz TMA-16M">Soyuz TMA-16M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-17M" title="Soyuz TMA-17M">TMA-17M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-18M" title="Soyuz TMA-18M">TMA-18M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-19M" title="Soyuz TMA-19M">TMA-19M</a></li></ul></li> <li>2016 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-20M" title="Soyuz TMA-20M">Soyuz TMA-20M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-01" title="Soyuz MS-01">MS-01</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-02" title="Soyuz MS-02">MS-02</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-03" title="Soyuz MS-03">MS-03</a></li></ul></li> <li>2017 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-04" title="Soyuz MS-04">Soyuz MS-04</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-05" title="Soyuz MS-05">MS-05</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-06" title="Soyuz MS-06">MS-06</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-07" title="Soyuz MS-07">MS-07</a></li></ul></li> <li>2018 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-08" title="Soyuz MS-08">Soyuz MS-08</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-09" title="Soyuz MS-09">MS-09</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-10" title="Soyuz MS-10">MS-10</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-11" title="Soyuz MS-11">MS-11</a></li></ul></li> <li>2019 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-12" title="Soyuz MS-12">Soyuz MS-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-13" title="Soyuz MS-13">MS-13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-15" title="Soyuz MS-15">MS-15</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Since 2020</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2020 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-16" title="Soyuz MS-16">Soyuz MS-16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crew_Dragon_Demo-2" title="Crew Dragon Demo-2">SpaceX Demo-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-17" title="Soyuz MS-17">Soyuz MS-17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Crew-1" title="SpaceX Crew-1">SpaceX Crew-1</a></li></ul></li> <li>2021 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-18" title="Soyuz MS-18">Soyuz MS-18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Crew-2" title="SpaceX Crew-2">SpaceX Crew-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-19" title="Soyuz MS-19">Soyuz MS-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Crew-3" title="SpaceX Crew-3">SpaceX Crew-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-20" title="Soyuz MS-20">Soyuz MS-20</a></li></ul></li> <li>2022 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-21" title="Soyuz MS-21">Soyuz MS-21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axiom_Mission_1" title="Axiom Mission 1">Axiom-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Crew-4" title="SpaceX Crew-4">SpaceX Crew-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-22" title="Soyuz MS-22">Soyuz MS-22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Crew-5" title="SpaceX Crew-5">SpaceX Crew-5</a></li></ul></li> <li>2023 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-23" title="Soyuz MS-23">Soyuz MS-23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Crew-6" title="SpaceX Crew-6">SpaceX Crew-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axiom_Mission_2" title="Axiom Mission 2">Axiom-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Crew-7" title="SpaceX Crew-7">SpaceX Crew-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-24" title="Soyuz MS-24">Soyuz MS-24</a></li></ul></li> <li>2024 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axiom_Mission_3" title="Axiom Mission 3">Axiom-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Crew-8" title="SpaceX Crew-8">SpaceX Crew-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-25" title="Soyuz MS-25">Soyuz MS-25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Crew_Flight_Test" title="Boeing Crew Flight Test">Boeing CFT</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-26" title="Soyuz MS-26">Soyuz MS-26</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Crew-9" title="SpaceX Crew-9">SpaceX Crew-9</a></u></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Future</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2025 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Crew-10" title="SpaceX Crew-10">SpaceX Crew-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-27" title="Soyuz MS-27">Soyuz MS-27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axiom_Mission_4" title="Axiom Mission 4">Axiom-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Starliner-1" title="Boeing Starliner-1">Boeing Starliner-1</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_visitors_to_the_International_Space_Station" title="List of visitors to the International Space Station">List of ISS visitors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_crew_of_the_International_Space_Station" title="List of crew of the International Space Station">crew</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vehicles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Past <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Space Shuttle</a></li></ul></li> <li>Present <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Starliner" title="Boeing Starliner">Boeing Starliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Dragon_2" title="SpaceX Dragon 2">Crew Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_(spacecraft)" title="Soyuz (spacecraft)">Soyuz</a></li></ul></li> <li>Future <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orel_(spacecraft)" title="Orel (spacecraft)">Orel</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>Ongoing spaceflights are in <u>underline</u></li> <li>† - mission failed to reach ISS</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="NASA578" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:NASA_space_program" title="Template:NASA space program"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:NASA_space_program" title="Template talk:NASA space program"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:NASA_space_program" title="Special:EditPage/Template:NASA space program"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="NASA578" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Space policy of the United States">Policy</a> and history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">History<br />(<a href="/wiki/Creation_of_NASA" title="Creation of NASA">creation</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics" title="National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics">NACA</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Act" title="National Aeronautics and Space Act">National Aeronautics and Space Act</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Task_Group" title="Space Task Group">Space Task Group</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_O._Paine#National_Commission_on_Space" title="Thomas O. Paine">Paine</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Commission_Report" title="Rogers Commission Report">Rogers</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ride_Report" title="Ride Report">Ride</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Exploration_Initiative" title="Space Exploration Initiative">Space Exploration Initiative</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_Committee" title="Augustine Committee">Augustine</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Clinton_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">U.S. National Space Policy</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_on_the_Future_of_the_United_States_Aerospace_Industry" title="Commission on the Future of the United States Aerospace Industry">CFUSAI</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Accident_Investigation_Board" title="Columbia Accident Investigation Board">CAIB</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_for_Space_Exploration" title="Vision for Space Exploration">Vision for Space Exploration</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Commission_on_Implementation_of_United_States_Space_Exploration_Policy" title="President's Commission on Implementation of United States Space Exploration Policy">Aldridge</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Review_of_United_States_Human_Space_Flight_Plans_Committee" title="Review of United States Human Space Flight Plans Committee">Augustine</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_administrators_and_deputy_administrators_of_NASA" class="mw-redirect" title="List of administrators and deputy administrators of NASA">Administrator and Deputy Administrator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Chief_Scientist" title="NASA Chief Scientist">Chief Scientist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Corps" title="NASA Astronaut Corps">Astronaut Corps</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronaut_ranks_and_positions" title="Astronaut ranks and positions">Ranks and positions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Astronaut_Office" title="Chief of the Astronaut Office">Chief</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budget_of_NASA" title="Budget of NASA">Budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_research" title="NASA research">NASA research</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NASA_spinoff_technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA spinoff technologies">spinoff technologies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA%2B" title="NASA+">NASA+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_TV" title="NASA TV">NASA TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Social" title="NASA Social">NASA Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_Services_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Launch Services Program">Launch Services Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_Control_Center" title="Mercury Control Center">Mercury Control Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manned_Space_Flight_Network" title="Manned Space Flight Network">Manned Space Flight Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_Assembly_Building" title="Vehicle Assembly Building">Vehicle Assembly Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39">Launch Complex 39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_48" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 48">Launch Complex 48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_Control_Center" title="Launch Control Center">Launch Control Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_and_Checkout_Building" title="Operations and Checkout Building">Operations and Checkout Building</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Space_Center" title="Johnson Space Center">Johnson Space Center</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_C._Kraft_Jr._Mission_Control_Center" title="Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Mission Control Center">Mission Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Sample_Laboratory_Facility" title="Lunar Sample Laboratory Facility">Lunar Sample Laboratory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_Mission_Directorate" title="Science Mission Directorate">Science Mission Directorate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">Human spaceflight</a><br />programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_American_X-15" title="North American X-15">X-15</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sub-orbital_spaceflight" title="Sub-orbital spaceflight">suborbital</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" title="Apollo–Soyuz">Apollo–Soyuz</a> (with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet space program</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program" title="Shuttle–Mir program">Shuttle–<i>Mir</i></a> (with <a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Roscosmos</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constellation_program" title="Constellation program">Constellation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station_programme" title="International Space Station programme">International Space Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Orbital_Transportation_Services" title="Commercial Orbital Transportation Services">Commercial Orbital Transportation Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Crew_Program" title="Commercial Crew Program">Commercial Crew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orion_(spacecraft)" title="Orion (spacecraft)">Orion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Gateway" title="Lunar Gateway">Lunar Gateway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Robotic_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic spacecraft">Robotic</a> programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hitchhiker_Program" title="Hitchhiker Program">Hitchhiker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_program" title="Mariner program">Mariner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_Mark_II" title="Mariner Mark II">Mariner Mark II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MESUR" title="MESUR">MESUR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Surveyor_%2798" title="Mars Surveyor '98">Mars Surveyor '98</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Millennium_Program" title="New Millennium Program">New Millennium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_program" title="Lunar Orbiter program">Lunar Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_program" title="Pioneer program">Pioneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_Observer_program" title="Planetary Observer program">Planetary Observer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranger_program" title="Ranger program">Ranger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_program" title="Surveyor program">Surveyor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_program" title="Viking program">Viking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Prometheus" title="Project Prometheus">Project Prometheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Program" title="Mars Exploration Program">Mars Exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Living_With_a_Star" title="Living With a Star">Living With a Star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Precursor_Robotic_Program" title="Lunar Precursor Robotic Program">Lunar Precursor Robotic Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Observing_System" title="Earth Observing System">Earth Observing System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Observatories_program" title="Great Observatories program">Great Observatories program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorers_Program" title="Explorers Program">Explorers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_program" title="Voyager program">Voyager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Program" title="Discovery Program">Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Frontiers_program" title="New Frontiers program">New Frontiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Terrestrial_Probes_program" title="Solar Terrestrial Probes program">Solar Terrestrial Probes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Lunar_Payload_Services" title="Commercial Lunar Payload Services">Commercial Lunar Payload Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Innovative_Missions_for_Planetary_Exploration" title="Small Innovative Missions for Planetary Exploration">SIMPLEx</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Individual featured<br /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_missions" title="List of NASA missions">missions</a><br />(human and robotic)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Background_Explorer" title="Cosmic Background Explorer">COBE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_3" title="Mercury-Redstone 3">Mercury 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_6" title="Mercury-Atlas 6">Mercury-Atlas 6</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magellan_(spacecraft)" title="Magellan (spacecraft)">Magellan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_10" title="Pioneer 10">Pioneer 10</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_11" title="Pioneer 11">Pioneer 11</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_project" title="Galileo project"><i>Galileo</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Timeline of Galileo (spacecraft)">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GALEX" title="GALEX">GALEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRAIL" title="GRAIL">GRAIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilkinson_Microwave_Anisotropy_Probe" title="Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe">WMAP</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Space Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spitzer_Space_Telescope" title="Spitzer Space Telescope">Spitzer Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_(rover)" title="Sojourner (rover)"><i>Sojourner</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_(rover)" title="Spirit (rover)"><i>Spirit</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LADEE" title="LADEE">LADEE</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MESSENGER" title="MESSENGER">MESSENGER</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquarius_(SAC-D_instrument)" title="Aquarius (SAC-D instrument)">Aquarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens"><i>Cassini</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(spacecraft)" title="Dawn (spacecraft)"><i>Dawn</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler_space_telescope" title="Kepler space telescope">Kepler space telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity (rover)"><i>Opportunity</i> rover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Opportunity" title="Timeline of Opportunity">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_surface_features_of_Mars_visited_by_Spirit_and_Opportunity" title="List of surface features of Mars visited by Spirit and Opportunity">observed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramaty_High_Energy_Solar_Spectroscopic_Imager" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager">RHESSI</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/InSight" title="InSight">InSight</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingenuity_(helicopter)" title="Ingenuity (helicopter)"><i>Ingenuity</i> helicopter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ingenuity_flights" title="List of Ingenuity flights">flights</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Currently<br />operating</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2001_Mars_Odyssey" title="2001 Mars Odyssey">2001 Mars Odyssey</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gehrels_Swift_Observatory" title="Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory"><i>Swift</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/THEMIS" title="THEMIS">THEMIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)"><i>Curiosity</i> rover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOES_14" title="GOES 14">GOES 14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter">Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOES_15" title="GOES 15">GOES 15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Allen_Probes" title="Van Allen Probes">Van Allen Probes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Dynamics_Observatory" title="Solar Dynamics Observatory">Solar Dynamics Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juno_(spacecraft)" title="Juno (spacecraft)"><i>Juno</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory">Mars Science Laboratory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NuSTAR" title="NuSTAR">NuSTAR</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide-field_Infrared_Survey_Explorer" title="Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer">WISE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAVEN" title="MAVEN">MAVEN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetospheric_Multiscale_Mission" title="Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission">MMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSIRIS-REx" title="OSIRIS-REx">OSIRIS-REx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transiting_Exoplanet_Survey_Satellite" title="Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite">Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)"><i>Perseverance</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_2020" title="Timeline of Mars 2020">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="James Webb Space Telescope">James Webb Space Telescope</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="Timeline of the James Webb Space Telescope">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plankton,_Aerosol,_Cloud,_ocean_Ecosystem" title="Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, ocean Ecosystem">PACE</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Future</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NISAR_(satellite)" title="NISAR (satellite)">NISAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Grace_Roman_Space_Telescope" title="Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope">Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DAVINCI" title="DAVINCI">DAVINCI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VERITAS_(spacecraft)" title="VERITAS (spacecraft)">VERITAS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_Communications_and_Navigation_Program" title="Space Communications and Navigation Program">Communications<br />and navigation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Near_Earth_Network" title="Near Earth Network">Near Earth Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Network" title="Space Network">Space Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Deep_Space_Network" title="NASA Deep Space Network">Deep Space Network</a> (<a href="/wiki/Goldstone_Deep_Space_Communications_Complex" title="Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex">Goldstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrid_Deep_Space_Communications_Complex" title="Madrid Deep Space Communications Complex">Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canberra_Deep_Space_Communication_Complex" title="Canberra Deep Space Communication Complex">Canberra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Flight_Operations_Facility" title="Space Flight Operations Facility">Space Flight Operations Facility</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_Atomic_Clock" title="Deep Space Atomic Clock">Deep Space Atomic Clock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">NASA lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronaut" title="Astronaut">Astronauts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_astronauts_by_name" title="List of astronauts by name">by name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_astronauts_by_year_of_selection" title="List of astronauts by year of selection">by year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gemini_astronauts" title="List of Gemini astronauts">Gemini astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_astronauts" title="List of Apollo astronauts">Apollo astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_crews" title="List of Space Shuttle crews">Space Shuttle crews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_aircraft" title="List of NASA aircraft">NASA aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_missions" title="List of NASA missions">NASA missions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_uncrewed_NASA_missions" title="List of uncrewed NASA missions">uncrewed missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_missions" title="List of Apollo missions">Apollo missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_missions" title="List of Space Shuttle missions">Space Shuttle missions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rockets_of_the_United_States" title="List of rockets of the United States">United States rockets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_cancellations" title="List of NASA cancellations">NASA cancellations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_cameras_on_spacecraft" title="List of NASA cameras on spacecraft">NASA cameras on spacecraft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">NASA images<br />and artwork</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Earthrise" title="Earthrise">Earthrise</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Blue_Marble" title="The Blue Marble">The Blue Marble</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Family_Portrait_(Voyager)" title="Family Portrait (Voyager)">Family Portrait</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pale_Blue_Dot" title="Pale Blue Dot">Pale Blue Dot</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pillars_of_Creation" title="Pillars of Creation">Pillars of Creation</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mystic_Mountain" title="Mystic Mountain">Mystic Mountain</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Portrait_(MESSENGER)" title="Family Portrait (MESSENGER)"><i>Solar System Family Portrait</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Day_the_Earth_Smiled" title="The Day the Earth Smiled">The Day the Earth Smiled</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fallen_Astronaut" title="Fallen Astronaut">Fallen Astronaut</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deep_fields" title="List of deep fields">Deep fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_plaque" title="Lunar plaque">Lunar plaques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_plaque" title="Pioneer plaque">Pioneer plaques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_Golden_Record" title="Voyager Golden Record">Voyager Golden Record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11_goodwill_messages" title="Apollo 11 goodwill messages">Apollo 11 goodwill messages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_insignia" title="NASA insignia">NASA insignia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_space-flown_Gemini_and_Apollo_medallions" title="NASA space-flown Gemini and Apollo medallions">Gemini and Apollo medallions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_patch" title="Mission patch">Mission patches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hubble_Space_Telescope_anniversary_images" title="List of Hubble Space Telescope anniversary images">Hubble Space Telescope anniversary images</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/We_choose_to_go_to_the_Moon" title="We choose to go to the Moon">We choose to go to the Moon</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_8_Genesis_reading" title="Apollo 8 Genesis reading">Apollo 8 Genesis reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_15_postal_covers_incident" title="Apollo 15 postal covers incident">Apollo 15 postal covers incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">Apollo Lunar Module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Mirror_Memorial" title="Space Mirror Memorial">Space Mirror Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Astronaut_Monument" title="The Astronaut Monument">The Astronaut Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_sample_displays" title="Lunar sample displays">Lunar sample displays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moon_rock" title="Moon rock">Moon rocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stolen_and_missing_Moon_rocks" title="Stolen and missing Moon rocks">stolen or missing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Astronaut_Hall_of_Fame" title="United States Astronaut Hall of Fame">U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._space_exploration_history_on_U.S._stamps" title="U.S. space exploration history on U.S. stamps">Space program on U.S. stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fe,_Fi,_Fo,_Fum,_and_Phooey" title="Fe, Fi, Fo, Fum, and Phooey">Apollo 17 Moon mice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_tree" title="Moon tree">Moon tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkeys_and_apes_in_space#United_States" title="Monkeys and apes in space">Other primates in space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_International_Space_Apps_Challenge" title="NASA International Space Apps Challenge">NASA International Space Apps Challenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronauts_Day" title="Astronauts Day">Astronauts Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Astronaut_Day" title="National Astronaut Day">National Astronaut Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikon_NASA_F4" title="Nikon NASA F4">Nikon NASA F4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:NASA" title="Category:NASA"><b>Category</b></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:NASA" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:NASA"><b>Commons</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Orbital_launch_systems535" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Orbital_launch_systems" title="Template:Orbital launch systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Orbital_launch_systems" title="Template talk:Orbital launch systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Orbital_launch_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Orbital launch systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Orbital_launch_systems535" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">Orbital launch systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_orbital_launch_systems" title="List of orbital launch systems">List of orbital launch systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_orbital_launch_systems" title="Comparison of orbital launch systems">Comparison of orbital launch systems</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angara_(rocket_family)" title="Angara (rocket family)">Angara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angara-1.2" title="Angara-1.2">1.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angara_A5" title="Angara A5">A5</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_6" title="Ariane 6">Ariane 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_V" title="Atlas V">Atlas V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceres-1" title="Ceres-1">Ceres</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceres-1" title="Ceres-1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceres-1S" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceres-1S">1S</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chollima-1" title="Chollima-1">Chollima-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocket_Lab_Electron" title="Rocket Lab Electron">Electron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_9_Block_5" title="Falcon 9 Block 5">Falcon 9 Block 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_Heavy" title="Falcon Heavy">Falcon Heavy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firefly_Alpha" title="Firefly Alpha">Firefly Alpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity-1" title="Gravity-1">Gravity-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geosynchronous_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle" title="Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle">GSLV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H-IIA" title="H-IIA">H-IIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H3_(rocket)" title="H3 (rocket)">H3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbola-1" title="Hyperbola-1">Hyperbola-1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jielong_(rocket_family)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jielong (rocket family) (page does not exist)">Jielong</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jielong_1" title="Jielong 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jielong_3" title="Jielong 3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_One_KAIROS" title="Space One KAIROS">KAIROS</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaituozhe_(rocket_family)" title="Kaituozhe (rocket family)">Kaituozhe 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinetica_1" title="Kinetica 1">Kinetica 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuaizhou" title="Kuaizhou">Kuaizhou</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuaizhou_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuaizhou 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuaizhou_1A" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuaizhou 1A">1A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuaizhou_11" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuaizhou 11">11</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_(rocket_family)" title="Long March (rocket family)">Long March</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_2C" title="Long March 2C">2C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_2D" title="Long March 2D">2D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_2F" title="Long March 2F">2F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_3A" title="Long March 3A">3A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_3B" title="Long March 3B">3B/E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_3C" title="Long March 3C">3C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_4B" title="Long March 4B">4B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_4C" title="Long March 4C">4C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_5" title="Long March 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_5B" class="mw-redirect" title="Long March 5B">5B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_6" title="Long March 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_6A" title="Long March 6A">6A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_6C" title="Long March 6C">6C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_7" title="Long March 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_7A" class="mw-redirect" title="Long March 7A">7A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_8" title="Long March 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_11" title="Long March 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_11" title="Long March 11">11H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_12" title="Long March 12">12</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LVM3" title="LVM3">LVM3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minotaur_(rocket_family)" title="Minotaur (rocket family)">Minotaur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minotaur_I" title="Minotaur I">I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minotaur_IV" title="Minotaur IV">IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minotaur_V" title="Minotaur V">V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minotaur-C" title="Minotaur-C">C</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Glenn" title="New Glenn">New Glenn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuri_(rocket)" title="Nuri (rocket)">Nuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OS-M1" class="mw-redirect" title="OS-M1">OS-M1</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegasus_XL" class="mw-redirect" title="Pegasus XL">Pegasus XL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton-M" title="Proton-M">Proton-M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle" title="Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle">PSLV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaem_100" title="Qaem 100">Qaem 100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qased_(rocket)" title="Qased (rocket)">Qased</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shavit_2" title="Shavit 2">Shavit 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simorgh_(rocket)" title="Simorgh (rocket)">Simorgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Launch_System" title="Space Launch System">SLS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Launch_System#Block_variants" title="Space Launch System">Block 1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz-2" title="Soyuz-2">Soyuz-2</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz-2.1a" class="mw-redirect" title="Soyuz-2.1a">2.1a / STA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz-2.1b" class="mw-redirect" title="Soyuz-2.1b">2.1b / STB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz-2-1v" class="mw-redirect" title="Soyuz-2-1v">2-1v</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle" title="Small Satellite Launch Vehicle">SSLV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starship" title="SpaceX Starship">Starship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianlong-2" title="Tianlong-2">Tianlong-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unha" title="Unha">Unha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_(rocket)" title="Vega (rocket)">Vega</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vega_C" title="Vega C">C</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcan_Centaur" title="Vulcan Centaur">Vulcan Centaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LandSpace" title="LandSpace">Zhuque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhuque-2" title="Zhuque-2">2</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antares_(rocket)" title="Antares (rocket)">Antares 330</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloostar" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloostar">Bloostar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Whale_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Whale 1">Blue Whale 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclone-4M" title="Cyclone-4M">Cyclone-4M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_Technologies#DECA_orbital_rocket" title="Interstellar Technologies">Deca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epsilon_(rocket)#Epsilon_S" title="Epsilon (rocket)">Epsilon S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilmour_Space_Technologies#Eris_orbital_rocket" title="Gilmour Space Technologies">Eris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orienspace" title="Orienspace">Gravity-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innospace_HANBIT-NANO" title="Innospace HANBIT-NANO">HANBIT-NANO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbola-2" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperbola-2">Hyperbola-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irtysh_(rocket)" title="Irtysh (rocket)">Irtysh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KSLV-III" title="KSLV-III">KSLV-III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuaizhou" title="Kuaizhou">Kuaizhou</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuaizhou_21" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuaizhou 21">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuaizhou_31" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuaizhou 31">31</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_(rocket_family)" title="Long March (rocket family)">Long March</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_9" title="Long March 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_10" title="Long March 10">10</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miura_5" title="Miura 5">Miura 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firefly_Aerospace#MLV" title="Firefly Aerospace">MLV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocket_Lab_Neutron" title="Rocket Lab Neutron">Neutron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Line_1" class="mw-redirect" title="New Line 1">New Line 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next_Generation_Launch_Vehicle" title="Next Generation Launch Vehicle">NGLV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoke_Space_Nova" title="Stoke Space Nova">Nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OneSpace#OS-M_series" title="OneSpace">OS-M</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OneSpace#OS-M_series" title="OneSpace">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OneSpace#OS-M_series" title="OneSpace">4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbex#Prime" title="Orbex">Orbex Prime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallas-1" title="Pallas-1">Pallas-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BluShift_Aerospace#Red_Dwarf" title="BluShift Aerospace">Red Dwarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Launch_System" title="Space Launch System">SLS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Launch_System#Block_variants" title="Space Launch System">Block 1B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Launch_System#Block_variants" title="Space Launch System">Block 2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz-7_(rocket_family)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soyuz-7 (rocket family)">Soyuz-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terran_R" title="Terran R">Terran R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianlong-3" title="Tianlong-3">Tianlong-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VLM_(rocket)" title="VLM (rocket)">VLM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_E" class="mw-redirect" title="Vega E">Vega E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_Technologies#ZERO_orbital_rocket" title="Interstellar Technologies">Zero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LandSpace" title="LandSpace">Zhuque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LandSpace#Zhuque-3" title="LandSpace">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuljanah_(rocket)" title="Zuljanah (rocket)">Zuljanah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Retired</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antares_(rocket)" title="Antares (rocket)">Antares</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antares_(rocket)" title="Antares (rocket)">110</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antares_(rocket)" title="Antares (rocket)">120</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antares_(rocket)" title="Antares (rocket)">130</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antares_(rocket)" title="Antares (rocket)">230</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antares_(rocket)" title="Antares (rocket)">230+</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_(rocket_family)" title="Ariane (rocket family)">Ariane</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_1" title="Ariane 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_2" title="Ariane 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_3" title="Ariane 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_4" title="Ariane 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_5" title="Ariane 5">5</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augmented_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle" title="Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle">ASLV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athena_(rocket_family)" title="Athena (rocket family)">Athena</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athena_I" title="Athena I">I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athena_II" title="Athena II">II</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_(rocket_family)" title="Atlas (rocket family)">Atlas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SM-65B_Atlas" title="SM-65B Atlas">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SM-65D_Atlas" title="SM-65D Atlas">D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_E/F" title="Atlas E/F">E/F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_G" title="Atlas G">G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_H" title="Atlas H">H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_I" title="Atlas I">I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_II" title="Atlas II">II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_III" title="Atlas III">III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_LV-3B" title="Atlas LV-3B">LV-3B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_SLV-3" title="Atlas SLV-3">SLV-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas-Able" title="Atlas-Able">Able</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas-Agena" title="Atlas-Agena">Agena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas-Centaur" title="Atlas-Centaur">Centaur</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Arrow" title="Black Arrow">Black Arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conestoga_(rocket)" title="Conestoga (rocket)">Conestoga</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_(rocket_family)" title="Delta (rocket family)">Delta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delta_A" title="Delta A">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_B" title="Delta B">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_C" title="Delta C">C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_D" title="Delta D">D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_E" title="Delta E">E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_G" title="Delta G">G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_J" title="Delta J">J</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_L" title="Delta L">L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_M" title="Delta M">M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_N" title="Delta N">N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_0100" title="Delta 0100">0100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_1000" title="Delta 1000">1000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_2000" title="Delta 2000">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_3000" title="Delta 3000">3000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_4000" title="Delta 4000">4000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_5000" title="Delta 5000">5000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_II" title="Delta II">II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_III" title="Delta III">III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_IV" title="Delta IV">IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_IV_Heavy" title="Delta IV Heavy">IV Heavy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamant" title="Diamant">Diamant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dnepr_(rocket)" title="Dnepr (rocket)">Dnepr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energia_(rocket)" title="Energia (rocket)">Energia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epsilon_(rocket)" title="Epsilon (rocket)">Epsilon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_(rocket)" title="Europa (rocket)">Europa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Europa_(rocket)" title="Europa (rocket)">I</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_(rocket)" title="Europa (rocket)">II</a><sup>†</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_1" title="Falcon 1">Falcon 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_9" title="Falcon 9">Falcon 9</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_9_v1.0" title="Falcon 9 v1.0">v1.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_9_v1.1" title="Falcon 9 v1.1">v1.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_9_Full_Thrust" title="Falcon 9 Full Thrust">v1.2 "Full Thrust"</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feng_Bao_1" title="Feng Bao 1">Feng Bao 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geosynchronous_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle" title="Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle">GSLV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GSLV_Mk_I" class="mw-redirect" title="GSLV Mk I">Mk I</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H-I" title="H-I">H-I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H-II" title="H-II">H-II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H-IIB" title="H-IIB">H-IIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juno_I" title="Juno I">Juno I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juno_II" title="Juno II">Juno II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaituozhe-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaituozhe-1">Kaituozhe-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_(rocket_family)" title="Kosmos (rocket family)">Kosmos</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_(rocket_family)" title="Kosmos (rocket family)">original</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos-1" title="Kosmos-1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos-2I" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosmos-2I">2/2I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos-3" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosmos-3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos-3M" title="Kosmos-3M">3M</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambda_(rocket_family)" title="Lambda (rocket family)">Lambda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lambda_4S" title="Lambda 4S">4S</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LauncherOne" title="LauncherOne">LauncherOne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_(rocket_family)" title="Long March (rocket family)">Long March</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_1" title="Long March 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_1D" title="Long March 1D">1D</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_2A" title="Long March 2A">2A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_2E" title="Long March 2E">2E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_3" title="Long March 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_3B" title="Long March 3B">3B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_4A" title="Long March 4A">4A</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu_(rocket_family)" title="Mu (rocket family)">Mu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M-4S" class="mw-redirect" title="M-4S">4S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-3C" class="mw-redirect" title="M-3C">3C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-3H" class="mw-redirect" title="M-3H">3H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-3S" class="mw-redirect" title="M-3S">3S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-3SII" class="mw-redirect" title="M-3SII">3SII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-V" title="M-V">V</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N1_(rocket)" title="N1 (rocket)">N1</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-I_(rocket)" title="N-I (rocket)">N-I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-II_(rocket)" title="N-II (rocket)">N-II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naro-1" title="Naro-1">Naro-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paektusan_(rocket)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paektusan (rocket)">Paektusan</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOTS-EV-1_Pilot" title="NOTS-EV-1 Pilot">Pilot-2</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-7_(rocket_family)" title="R-7 (rocket family)">R-7</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luna_(rocket)" title="Luna (rocket)">Luna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molniya_(rocket)" title="Molniya (rocket)">Molniya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molniya-M" title="Molniya-M">M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molniya-L" class="mw-redirect" title="Molniya-L">L</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyot_(rocket)" title="Polyot (rocket)">Polyot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_(rocket_family)" title="Soyuz (rocket family)">Soyuz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_(rocket)" title="Soyuz (rocket)">original</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz-FG" title="Soyuz-FG">FG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz-L" title="Soyuz-L">L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz-M" title="Soyuz-M">M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz-U" title="Soyuz-U">U</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz-U2" title="Soyuz-U2">U2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz/Vostok" title="Soyuz/Vostok">Soyuz/Vostok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_(rocket)" title="Sputnik (rocket)">Sputnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voskhod_(rocket)" title="Voskhod (rocket)">Voskhod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_(rocket_family)" title="Vostok (rocket family)">Vostok</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vostok-L" title="Vostok-L">L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vostok-K" title="Vostok-K">K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vostok-2_(rocket)" title="Vostok-2 (rocket)">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vostok-2M" title="Vostok-2M">2M</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-29_Vysota" class="mw-redirect" title="R-29 Vysota">R-29</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shtil%27" title="Shtil'">Shtil'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volna" title="Volna">Volna</a><sup>†</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astra_Rocket" title="Astra Rocket">Rocket 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RS1_(rocket)" title="RS1 (rocket)">RS1</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safir_(rocket)" title="Safir (rocket)">Safir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Safir_(rocket)" title="Safir (rocket)">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safir_(rocket)" title="Safir (rocket)">1A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safir_(rocket)" title="Safir (rocket)">1B</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_(rocket_family)" title="Saturn (rocket family)">Saturn</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_I" title="Saturn I">I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_IB" title="Saturn IB">IB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V">V</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scout_(rocket_family)" title="Scout (rocket family)">Scout</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scout_X-1" title="Scout X-1">X-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RM-90_Blue_Scout_II" title="RM-90 Blue Scout II">Blue Scout II</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scout_X-2" title="Scout X-2">X-2</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scout_X-2M" title="Scout X-2M">X-2M</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scout_X-3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scout X-3 (page does not exist)">X-3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scout_X-3M&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scout X-3M (page does not exist)">X-3M</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scout_X-4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scout X-4 (page does not exist)">X-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scout_X-2B" title="Scout X-2B">X-2B</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scout_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Scout B">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scout_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Scout A">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scout_B-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Scout B-1">B-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scout_D-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Scout D-1">D-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scout_A-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Scout A-1">A-1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scout_E-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scout E-1 (page does not exist)">E-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scout_F-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Scout F-1">F-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scout_G-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Scout G-1">G-1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shavit_2" title="Shavit 2">Shavit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shavit_2" title="Shavit 2">original</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shavit_2" title="Shavit 2">1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_Launch_Vehicle" title="Satellite Launch Vehicle">SLV</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Space Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARK_(rocket)" title="SPARK (rocket)">SPARK</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparta_(rocket)" title="Sparta (rocket)">Sparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS-520#SS-520-4" class="mw-redirect" title="SS-520">SS-520</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Start-1" title="Start-1">Start-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terran_1" title="Terran 1">Terran 1</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor_(rocket_family)" title="Thor (rocket family)">Thor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thor-Able" title="Thor-Able">Able</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor-Ablestar" title="Thor-Ablestar">Ablestar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thor-Ablestar" title="Thor-Ablestar">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor-Ablestar" title="Thor-Ablestar">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor-Agena" title="Thor-Agena">Agena</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thor-Agena" title="Thor-Agena">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor-Agena" title="Thor-Agena">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor-Agena" title="Thor-Agena">D</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor-Burner" title="Thor-Burner">Burner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thor-Burner" title="Thor-Burner">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor-Burner" title="Thor-Burner">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor-Delta" title="Thor-Delta">Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor_DSV-2U" title="Thor DSV-2U">DSV-2U</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorad-Agena" title="Thorad-Agena">Thorad-Agena</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thorad-Agena" title="Thorad-Agena">SLV-2G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorad-Agena" title="Thorad-Agena">SLV-2H</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_(rocket_family)" title="Titan (rocket family)">Titan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Titan_II_GLV" title="Titan II GLV">II GLV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_IIIA" title="Titan IIIA">IIIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_IIIB" title="Titan IIIB">IIIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_IIIC" title="Titan IIIC">IIIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_IIID" title="Titan IIID">IIID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_IIIE" title="Titan IIIE">IIIE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_34D" title="Titan 34D">34D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_23G" title="Titan 23G">23G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Titan_III" title="Commercial Titan III">CT-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_IV" title="Titan IV">IV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsyklon" title="Tsyklon">Tsyklon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R-36_(missile)" title="R-36 (missile)">R-36-O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsyklon" title="Tsyklon">original</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsyklon-2" title="Tsyklon-2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsyklon-3" title="Tsyklon-3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Rocket" title="Universal Rocket">Universal Rocket</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proton_(rocket_family)" title="Proton (rocket family)">UR-500 Proton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton-K" title="Proton-K">Proton-K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rokot" title="Rokot">Rokot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strela_(rocket)" title="Strela (rocket)">Strela</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanguard_(rocket)" title="Vanguard (rocket)">Vanguard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_(rocket)" title="Vega (rocket)">Vega</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vega_(rocket)" title="Vega (rocket)">original</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VLS-1" title="VLS-1">VLS-1</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenit_(rocket_family)" title="Zenit (rocket family)">Zenit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zenit-2" title="Zenit-2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenit-2M" title="Zenit-2M">2M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenit-2M" title="Zenit-2M">2FG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenit-3SL" title="Zenit-3SL">3SL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenit-3SLB" title="Zenit-3SLB">3SLB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenit-3F" title="Zenit-3F">3F</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LandSpace" title="LandSpace">Zhuque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhuque-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhuque-1">1</a><sup>†</sup></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sounding_rocket" title="Sounding rocket">Sounding rocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small-lift_launch_vehicle" title="Small-lift launch vehicle">Small-lift launch vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium-lift_launch_vehicle" title="Medium-lift launch vehicle">Medium-lift launch vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy-lift_launch_vehicle" title="Heavy-lift launch vehicle">Heavy-lift launch vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_heavy-lift_launch_vehicle" title="Super heavy-lift launch vehicle">Super heavy-lift launch vehicle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>This template lists historical, current, and future space rockets that at least once attempted (but not necessarily succeeded in) an orbital launch or that are planned to attempt such a launch in the future</li> <li>Symbol <sup>†</sup> indicates past or current rockets that attempted orbital launches but never succeeded (never did or has yet to perform a successful orbital launch)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Reusable_launch_systems_and_spacecraft127" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Reusable_launch_systems" title="Template:Reusable launch systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Reusable_launch_systems" title="Template talk:Reusable launch systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Reusable_launch_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Reusable launch systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Reusable_launch_systems_and_spacecraft127" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Reusable_launch_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Reusable launch system">Reusable launch systems</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reusable_spacecraft" title="Reusable spacecraft">spacecraft</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Launch_systems127" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Launch systems</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_9" title="Falcon 9">Falcon 9</a> (first stage)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_Heavy" title="Falcon Heavy">Falcon Heavy</a> (core stages)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Shepard" title="New Shepard">New Shepard</a>* (fully reusable)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Retired</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Space Shuttle</a> (orbiter and boosters)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrel_(rocket)" title="Petrel (rocket)">Petrel</a>* (booster)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skua_(rocket)" title="Skua (rocket)">Skua</a>* (booster)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amur_(launch_vehicle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Amur (launch vehicle)">Amur</a> (first stage)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_Next" title="Ariane Next">Ariane Next</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CALLISTO" title="CALLISTO">CALLISTO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CORONA_(rocket)" title="CORONA (rocket)">CORONA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocket_Lab_Electron" title="Rocket Lab Electron">Electron</a> (first stage)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/I-Space_(Chinese_company)#Hyperbola-3" title="I-Space (Chinese company)">Hyperbola-3</a> (first stage)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_(rocket_family)" title="Long March (rocket family)">Long March</a> <ul><li>6X (first stage)</li> <li>8R (first stage)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miura_5" title="Miura 5">Miura 5</a> (first stage)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Glenn" title="New Glenn">New Glenn</a> (first stage)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbex#Prime" title="Orbex">Orbex Prime</a> (first stage)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallas-1" title="Pallas-1">Pallas-1</a> (first stage)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RLV-TD" class="mw-redirect" title="RLV-TD">RLV-TD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocket_Lab_Neutron" title="Rocket Lab Neutron">Rocket Lab Neutron</a> (first stage)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starship" title="SpaceX Starship">Starship (SpaceX)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoke_Space_Nova" title="Stoke Space Nova">Stoke Space Nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terran_R" title="Terran R">Terran R</a> (first stage)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianlong-3" title="Tianlong-3">Tianlong-3</a> (first stage)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcan_(rocket)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vulcan (rocket)">Vulcan</a> (engines)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kankoh-maru" title="Kankoh-maru">Kankoh-maru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_SASSTO" title="Douglas SASSTO">SASSTO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn-Shuttle" title="Saturn-Shuttle">Saturn-Shuttle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Canceled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adeline_(rocket_stage)" title="Adeline (rocket stage)">Adeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angara_(rocket_family)" title="Angara (rocket family)">Angara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ares_I" title="Ares I">Ares I</a> (first stage)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ares_V" title="Ares V">Ares V</a> (boosters)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%27s_spaceplane_program#869_Project" title="China's spaceplane program">Chang Cheng-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energia_(rocket)" title="Energia (rocket)">Energia II (Uragan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_1e" class="mw-redirect" title="Falcon 1e">Falcon 1e</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_5" class="mw-redirect" title="Falcon 5">Falcon 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Dynamics_Nexus" title="General Dynamics Nexus">Nexus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I-Space_(Chinese_company)#Hyperbola-2" title="I-Space (Chinese company)">Hyperbola-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOPE-X" title="HOPE-X">HOPE-X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopper_(spacecraft)" title="Hopper (spacecraft)">Hopper / <i>Phoenix</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Aerospace_HOTOL" title="British Aerospace HOTOL">HOTOL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-1_(rocket)" class="mw-redirect" title="K-1 (rocket)">K-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_Fly-back_Booster" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid Fly-back Booster">Liquid Fly-back Booster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAKS_(spacecraft)" title="MAKS (spacecraft)">MAKS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reusable_Booster_System" title="Reusable Booster System">Reusable Booster System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotary_Rocket" title="Rotary Rocket">Roton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Dragon_(rocket)" title="Sea Dragon (rocket)">Sea Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skylon_(spacecraft)" title="Skylon (spacecraft)">Skylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%27s_spaceplane_program#869_Project" title="China's spaceplane program">Tianjiao-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-105" title="Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-105">Spiral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%27s_spaceplane_program#869_Project" title="China's spaceplane program">V-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VentureStar" title="VentureStar">VentureStar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Spacecraft127" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Spacecraft</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Starliner" title="Boeing Starliner">Boeing Starliner</a> (capsule)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_X-37" title="Boeing X-37">Boeing X-37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Shepard" title="New Shepard">New Shepard</a>* (capsule)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Dragon_2" title="SpaceX Dragon 2">Dragon 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenlong_(spacecraft)" title="Shenlong (spacecraft)">Shenlong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Retired</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Dragon_1" title="SpaceX Dragon 1">Dragon</a> (capsule)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemini_SC-2" title="Gemini SC-2">Gemini SC-2</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceShipOne" title="SpaceShipOne">SpaceShipOne</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceShipTwo" title="SpaceShipTwo">SpaceShipTwo</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_orbiter" title="Space Shuttle orbiter">Space Shuttle orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_X-15" title="North American X-15">X-15</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dream_Chaser" title="Dream Chaser">Dream Chaser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mengzhou_(spacecraft)" title="Mengzhou (spacecraft)">Mengzhou</a> (capsule)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orel_(spacecraft)" title="Orel (spacecraft)">Orel (spacecraft)</a> (capsule)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orion_(spacecraft)" title="Orion (spacecraft)">Orion</a> (capsule)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starship" title="SpaceX Starship">Starship</a> upper stage</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avatar_(spacecraft)" title="Avatar (spacecraft)">Avatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goodyear_Meteor_Junior" title="Goodyear Meteor Junior">Goodyear Meteor Junior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I-Space_(Chinese_company)" title="I-Space (Chinese company)">Ya Guidao Gainian Feixingqi</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_Upper_Stage_for_Innovative_Exploration" title="Smart Upper Stage for Innovative Exploration">SUSIE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cancelled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buran_programme" title="Buran programme">Buran-class orbiter</a> (never actually reused, flew just once)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%27s_spaceplane_program#869_Project" title="China's spaceplane program">H-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kliper" title="Kliper">Kliper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XCOR_Lynx" title="XCOR Lynx">Lynx</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BAC_Mustard" title="BAC Mustard">Mustard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlanetSpace#Silver_Dart" title="PlanetSpace">Silver Dart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOAR_(spaceplane)" title="SOAR (spaceplane)">SOAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockwell_X-30" title="Rockwell X-30">X-30 NASP</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_X-33" title="Lockheed Martin X-33">X-33</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceShipThree" class="mw-redirect" title="SpaceShipThree">SpaceShipThree</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>* indicates <a href="/wiki/Sub-orbital_spaceflight" title="Sub-orbital spaceflight">suborbital</a> vehicles</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spaceflight370" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spaceflight" title="Template:Spaceflight"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spaceflight" title="Template talk:Spaceflight"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spaceflight" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spaceflight"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spaceflight370" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spaceflight" title="Spaceflight">Spaceflight</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_mechanics" title="Orbital mechanics">Astrodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_spaceflight" title="History of spaceflight">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_spaceflight" title="Timeline of spaceflight">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spaceflight_records" title="List of spaceflight records">Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spaceflight-related_accidents_and_incidents" title="List of spaceflight-related accidents and incidents">Accidents and incidents</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_launch" title="Space launch">Space launch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy" title="Space policy">Space policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Space_programme_of_Australia" title="Category:Space programme of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_space_program" title="Chinese space program">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency_Science_Programme" title="European Space Agency Science Programme">European Space Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Space_Programme" title="European Union Space Programme">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Space Research Organisation">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_space_program" title="Japanese space program">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korean_space_program" title="North Korean space program">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korean_space_program" title="South Korean space program">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Space policy of the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_law" title="Space law">Space law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outer_Space_Treaty" title="Outer Space Treaty">Outer Space Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_Agreement" title="Rescue Agreement">Rescue Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Liability_Convention" title="Space Liability Convention">Space Liability Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Registration_Convention" title="Registration Convention">Registration Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_Treaty" title="Moon Treaty">Moon Treaty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_warfare" title="Space warfare">Space warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_command" title="Space command">Space command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_force" title="Space force">Space force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militarisation_of_space" title="Militarisation of space">Militarisation of space</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_spaceflight" title="Private spaceflight">Private spaceflight</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billionaire_space_race" title="Billionaire space race">Billionaire space race</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_space_science" title="Outline of space science">Applications</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_observation_satellite" title="Earth observation satellite">Earth observation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Remote_sensing_(archaeology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Remote sensing (archaeology)">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_imagery" title="Satellite imagery">Imagery and mapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_satellite" title="Reconnaissance satellite">Reconnaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_satellite" title="Weather satellite">Weather and environment monitoring</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_Internet_access" title="Satellite Internet access">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_radio" title="Satellite radio">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_phone" title="Satellite phone">Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_television" title="Satellite television">Television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_navigation" title="Satellite navigation">Satellite navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_use_of_space" title="Commercial use of space">Commercial use of space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_launch_market_competition" title="Space launch market competition">Space launch market competition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_architecture" title="Space architecture">Space architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_exploration" title="Space exploration">Space exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_research" title="Space research">Space research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_technology" title="Space technology">Space technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_weather" title="Space weather">Space weather</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">Human spaceflight</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronaut" title="Astronaut">Astronaut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_astronaut" title="Commercial astronaut">commercial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life-support_system" title="Life-support system">Life-support system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_space" title="Animals in space">Animals in space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioastronautics" title="Bioastronautics">Bioastronautics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_suit" title="Space suit">Space suit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extravehicular_activity" title="Extravehicular activity">Extravehicular activity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overview_effect" title="Overview effect">Overview effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weightlessness" title="Weightlessness">Weightlessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_toilet" title="Space toilet">Space toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_tourism" title="Space tourism">Space tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_colonization" title="Space colonization">Space colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_diving" title="Space diving">Space diving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_programme" title="Vostok programme">Vostok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voskhod_programme" title="Voskhod programme">Voskhod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_programme" title="Soyuz programme">Soyuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" title="Apollo–Soyuz">Apollo–Soyuz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir" title="Mir">Mir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program" title="Shuttle–Mir program">Shuttle–Mir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Manned_Space_Program" title="China Manned Space Program">Shenzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiangong_program" title="Tiangong program">Tiangong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Shepard" title="New Shepard">New Shepard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Health issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effect_of_spaceflight_on_the_human_body" title="Effect of spaceflight on the human body">Effect of spaceflight on the human body</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_adaptation_syndrome" title="Space adaptation syndrome">Space adaptation syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_threat_from_cosmic_rays" class="mw-redirect" title="Health threat from cosmic rays">Health threat from cosmic rays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_psychology" title="Space psychology">Space psychology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_and_sociological_effects_of_spaceflight" title="Psychological and sociological effects of spaceflight">Psychological and sociological effects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_and_survival" title="Space and survival">Space and survival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_medicine" title="Space medicine">Space medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_nursing" title="Space nursing">Space nursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_sexology" title="Space sexology">Space sexology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">Spacecraft</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">Launch vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocket" title="Rocket">Rocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_capsule" title="Space capsule">Space capsule</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_module" title="Orbital module">Orbital module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reentry_capsule" title="Reentry capsule">Reentry capsule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_module" title="Service module">Service module</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaceplane" title="Spaceplane">Spaceplane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robotic_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic spacecraft">Robotic spacecraft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">Satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Space probe">Space probe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lander_(spacecraft)" title="Lander (spacecraft)">Lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rover_(space_exploration)" title="Rover (space exploration)">Rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-replicating_spacecraft" title="Self-replicating spacecraft">Self-replicating spacecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_telescope" title="Space telescope">Space telescope</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_propulsion" title="Spacecraft propulsion">Spacecraft propulsion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rocket_engine" title="Rocket engine">Rocket engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_electric_propulsion" title="Spacecraft electric propulsion">Electric propulsion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_sail" title="Solar sail">Solar sail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_assist" title="Gravity assist">Gravity assist</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Destinations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sub-orbital_spaceflight" title="Sub-orbital spaceflight">Sub-orbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_spaceflight" title="Orbital spaceflight">Orbital</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geocentric_orbit" title="Geocentric orbit">Geocentric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geosynchronous_orbit" title="Geosynchronous orbit">Geosynchronous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_spaceflight" title="Interplanetary spaceflight">Interplanetary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_travel" title="Interstellar travel">Interstellar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergalactic_travel" title="Intergalactic travel">Intergalactic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_launch" title="Space launch">Space launch</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Direct_ascent" title="Direct ascent">Direct ascent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escape_velocity" title="Escape velocity">Escape velocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expendable_launch_system" title="Expendable launch system">Expendable</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reusable_launch_vehicle" title="Reusable launch vehicle">reusable launch systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_pad" title="Launch pad">Launch pad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-rocket_spacelaunch" title="Non-rocket spacelaunch">Non-rocket spacelaunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaceport" title="Spaceport">Spaceport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ground_segment" title="Ground segment">Ground segment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flight_controller" title="Flight controller">Flight controller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_station" title="Ground station">Ground station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_pass" title="Orbital pass">Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_control_center" title="Mission control center">Mission control center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Spaceflight" title="Category:Spaceflight">Category</a></li> <li> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Spaceflight" title="Portal:Spaceflight">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Crewed_spacecraft_(programs)125" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Crewed_spacecraft" title="Template:Crewed spacecraft"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Crewed_spacecraft" title="Template talk:Crewed spacecraft"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Crewed_spacecraft" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Crewed spacecraft"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Crewed_spacecraft_(programs)125" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_crewed_spacecraft" title="List of crewed spacecraft">Crewed spacecraft</a> (<a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight_programs" title="Human spaceflight programs">programs</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>China <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_(spacecraft)" title="Shenzhou (spacecraft)">Shenzhou</a></li></ul></li> <li>Russia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_(spacecraft)" title="Soyuz (spacecraft)">Soyuz</a></li></ul></li> <li>United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Dragon_2" title="SpaceX Dragon 2">Crew Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Starliner" title="Boeing Starliner">Starliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Shepard" title="New Shepard">New Shepard</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Retired</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Soviet Union <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_(spacecraft)" title="Vostok (spacecraft)">Vostok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voskhod_(spacecraft)" title="Voskhod (spacecraft)">Voskhod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buran_(spacecraft)" title="Buran (spacecraft)">Buran</a></li></ul></li> <li>United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_American_X-15" title="North American X-15">X-15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_(spacecraft)" title="Apollo (spacecraft)">Apollo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_command_and_service_module" title="Apollo command and service module">Command and service module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">Apollo Lunar Module</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Space Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceShipOne" title="SpaceShipOne">SpaceShipOne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceShipTwo" title="SpaceShipTwo">SpaceShipTwo</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>China <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mengzhou_(spacecraft)" title="Mengzhou (spacecraft)">Mengzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanyue_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanyue (spacecraft)">Lanyue</a></li></ul></li> <li>India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaganyaan" title="Gaganyaan">Gaganyaan</a></li></ul></li> <li>Russia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orel_(spacecraft)" title="Orel (spacecraft)">Orel</a></li></ul></li> <li>United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orion_(spacecraft)" title="Orion (spacecraft)">Orion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starship_(spacecraft)" title="SpaceX Starship (spacecraft)">Starship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Starship_HLS" title="Starship HLS">Starship HLS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Moon_(spacecraft)" title="Blue Moon (spacecraft)">Blue Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dream_Chaser" title="Dream Chaser">Dream Chaser</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cancelled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SpaceShip_III" title="SpaceShip III">SpaceShip III</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_the_United_States495" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_the_United_States_navbox" title="Template:History of the United States navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_the_United_States_navbox" title="Template talk:History of the United States navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_the_United_States_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of the United States navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_the_United_States495" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">History of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of United States history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_United_States_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Outline of United States history">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Events495" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Events</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-Colonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_North_America" title="Geological history of North America">Prehistoric</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian Era</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_North_America" title="Exploration of North America">Exploration of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">European colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_disease_and_epidemics" title="Native American disease and epidemics">Native American epidemics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jamestown,_Virginia_(1607%E2%80%931699)" title="History of Jamestown, Virginia (1607–1699)">Settlement of Jamestown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_William%27s_War" title="King William's War">King William's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dummer%27s_War" title="Dummer's War">Dummer's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">War of Jenkins' Ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_George%27s_War" title="King George's War">King George's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution#Origin" title="American Revolution">Prelude to Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Enlightenment" title="American Enlightenment">American Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Proclamation_of_1763" title="Royal Proclamation of 1763">Proclamation of 1763</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_Act" title="Sugar Act">Sugar Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_Congress" title="Stamp Act Congress">Stamp Act Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty" title="Sons of Liberty">Sons of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Massacre" title="Boston Massacre">Boston Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party" title="Boston Tea Party">Boston Tea Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intolerable_Acts" title="Intolerable Acts">Intolerable Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Continental_Congress" title="First Continental Congress">First Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1776%E2%80%931789)" title="History of the United States (1776–1789)">1776–1789</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Resolution" title="Lee Resolution">Lee Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_period" title="Confederation period">Confederation period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a> <a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Union" title="Perpetual Union">and Perpetual Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Mutiny_of_1783" title="Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783">Pennsylvania Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shays%27_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Shays' Rebellion">Shays' Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Ordinance" title="Northwest Ordinance">Northwest Ordinance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="History of the United States Constitution">Drafting and ratification of the Constitution</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1789%E2%80%931815)" title="History of the United States (1789–1815)">1789–1815</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Era" title="Federalist Era">Federalist Era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Whiskey_Rebellion" title="Whiskey Rebellion">Whiskey Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-War" title="Quasi-War">Quasi-War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1815%E2%80%931849)" title="History of the United States (1815–1849)">1815–1849</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Good_Feelings" title="Era of Good Feelings">Era of Good Feelings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Compromise" title="Missouri Compromise">Missouri Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe_Doctrine" title="Monroe Doctrine">Monroe Doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_democracy" title="Jacksonian democracy">Jacksonian era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trail_of_Tears" title="Trail of Tears">Trail of Tears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_Turner%27s_slave_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nat Turner's slave rebellion">Nat Turner's slave rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nullification_crisis" title="Nullification crisis">Nullification crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">Westward expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_Falls_Convention" title="Seneca Falls Convention">Seneca Falls Convention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution#United_States" title="Industrial Revolution">First Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)" title="History of the United States (1849–1865)">1849–1865</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antebellum_South" title="Antebellum South">Antebellum Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="California Gold Rush">California Gold Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Origins of the American Civil War">Prelude to War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1850" title="Compromise of 1850">Compromise of 1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Act_of_1850" title="Fugitive Slave Act of 1850">Fugitive Slave Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska_Act" title="Kansas–Nebraska Act">Kansas–Nebraska Act</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">Bleeding Kansas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott decision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">Election of Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America#Secession" title="Confederate States of America">Secession</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Assassination of Abraham Lincoln">Assassination of Abraham Lincoln</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1865%E2%80%931917)" title="History of the United States (1865–1917)">1865–1917</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments" title="Reconstruction Amendments">Amendments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_transcontinental_railroad" title="First transcontinental railroad">First transcontinental railroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Acts" title="Enforcement Acts">Enforcement Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1877" title="Compromise of 1877">Compromise of 1877</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution#United_States" title="Second Industrial Revolution">Second Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Gospel_of_Wealth" title="The Gospel of Wealth">The Gospel of Wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_James_A._Garfield" title="Assassination of James A. Garfield">Assassination of James A. Garfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Exclusion_Act" title="Chinese Exclusion Act">Chinese Exclusion Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendleton_Civil_Service_Reform_Act" title="Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act">Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymarket_affair" title="Haymarket affair">Haymarket affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman_Antitrust_Act" title="Sherman Antitrust Act">Sherman Antitrust Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="American imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_William_McKinley" title="Assassination of William McKinley">Assassination of William McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_Deal" title="Square Deal">Square Deal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadir_of_American_race_relations" title="Nadir of American race relations">Nadir of American race relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)" title="History of the United States (1917–1945)">1917–1945</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)#American_approach" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">Paris Peace Conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Red_Scare" title="First Red Scare">First Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Prohibition in the United States">Prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">Women's suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsa_race_massacre" title="Tulsa race massacre">Tulsa race massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan#Second_Klan:_1915–1944" title="Ku Klux Klan">Second Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bath_School_disaster" title="Bath School disaster">Bath School disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance" title="Harlem Renaissance">Harlem Renaissance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_crash_of_1929" title="Wall Street crash of 1929">Wall Street crash of 1929</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust_Bowl" title="Dust Bowl">Dust Bowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">home front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1945%E2%80%931964)" title="History of the United States (1945–1964)">1945–1964</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_strike_wave_of_1945%E2%80%931946" title="United States strike wave of 1945–1946">Strike wave of 1945–1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1947%E2%80%931948)" title="Cold War (1947–1948)">Start of Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1948%E2%80%931953)" title="Cold War (1948–1953)">Early Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty" title="North Atlantic Treaty">North Atlantic Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivy_Mike" title="Ivy Mike">Ivy Mike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93World_War_II_economic_expansion" title="Post–World War II economic expansion">Post-war boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Project Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil Rights Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1953%E2%80%931962)" title="Cold War (1953–1962)">Early–mid Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">Assassination of John F. Kennedy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1964%E2%80%931980)" title="History of the United States (1964–1980)">1964–1980</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Society" title="Great Society">Great Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Project Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo program</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1962%E2%80%931979)" title="Cold War (1962–1979)">Mid Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">Détente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Saigon" title="Fall of Saigon">Fall of Saigon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.">Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Counterculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Second-wave feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">Gay liberation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_riots" title="Stonewall riots">Stonewall riots</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal" title="Watergate scandal">Watergate scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis" title="Iran hostage crisis">Iran hostage crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_Majority" title="Moral Majority">Moral Majority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1980%E2%80%931991)" title="History of the United States (1980–1991)">1980–1991</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_era" title="Reagan era">Reagan era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Contra_affair" title="Iran–Contra affair">Iran–Contra affair</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crack_epidemic_in_the_United_States" title="Crack epidemic in the United States">Crack epidemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1979%E2%80%931985)" title="Cold War (1979–1985)">Late Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada" title="United States invasion of Grenada">Invasion of Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1985%E2%80%931991)" title="Cold War (1985–1991)">End of the Cold War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_drugs" title="War on drugs">War on drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">Invasion of Panama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">1991–2008</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">NAFTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Los_Angeles_riots" title="1992 Los Angeles riots"> Los Angeles riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_World_Trade_Center_bombing" title="1993 World Trade Center bombing">WTC bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waco_siege" title="Waco siege">Waco siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Revolution" title="Republican Revolution">Republican Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City_bombing" title="Oklahoma City bombing">Oklahoma City bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbine_High_School_massacre" title="Columbine High School massacre">Columbine</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bush_v._Gore" title="Bush v. Gore">Bush v. Gore</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech_shooting" title="Virginia Tech shooting">Virginia Tech shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_the_United_States" title="Great Recession in the United States">Great Recession</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(2008%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the United States (2008–present)">2008–present</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Killing of Osama bin Laden">Killing of Osama bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mass_shootings_in_the_United_States" title="List of mass shootings in the United States">Rise in mass shootings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Tucson_shooting" title="2011 Tucson shooting">Tucson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Aurora_theater_shooting" title="2012 Aurora theater shooting">Aurora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Hook_Elementary_School_shooting" title="Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting">Sandy Hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulse_nightclub_shooting" title="Pulse nightclub shooting">Orlando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Las_Vegas_shooting" title="2017 Las Vegas shooting">Las Vegas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkland_high_school_shooting" title="Parkland high school shooting">Parkland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_El_Paso_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 El Paso shooting">El Paso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uvalde_school_shooting" title="Uvalde school shooting">Uvalde</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">Black Lives Matter</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Obergefell_v._Hodges" title="Obergefell v. Hodges">Obergefell v. Hodges</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unite_the_Right_rally" title="Unite the Right rally">Unite the Right rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19 pandemic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_recession" title="COVID-19 recession">recession</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_protests" title="George Floyd protests">George Floyd protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="January 6 United States Capitol attack">January 6 insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_US_troop_withdrawal_from_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="2020–2021 US troop withdrawal from Afghanistan">Afghanistan withdrawal</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dobbs_v._Jackson_Women%27s_Health_Organization" title="Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization">Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Foreign involvement in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Support of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump#Investigations,_criminal_charges,_civil_lawsuits" title="Donald Trump">Indictments of Donald Trump</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Topics495" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/American_Century" title="American Century">American Century</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="History of antisemitism in the United States">Antisemitism</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Cultural_history_of_the_United_States" title="Cultural history of the United States">Cultural</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cinema_in_the_United_States" title="History of cinema in the United States">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_the_United_States" title="Music history of the United States">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_newspapers" title="History of American newspapers">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sports_in_the_United_States" title="History of sports in the United States">Sports</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Demographic history of the United States">Demography</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="History of immigration to the United States">Immigration</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Economic history of the United States">Economy</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_banking_in_the_United_States" title="History of banking in the United States">Banking</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_the_United_States" title="History of education in the United States">Education</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_higher_education_in_the_United_States" title="History of higher education in the United States">Higher education</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_the_United_States" title="List of flags of the United States">Flag</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_government" title="History of the United States government">Government</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_abortion_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of capital punishment in the United States">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_civil_rights_in_the_United_States" title="History of civil rights in the United States">Civil Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_corruption_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of corruption in the United States">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="History of the United States Constitution">The Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_debt_ceiling" title="History of the United States debt ceiling">Debt ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_direct_democracy_in_the_United_States" title="History of direct democracy in the United States">Direct democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_United_States_foreign_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="History of United States foreign policy">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_law_enforcement_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of law enforcement in the United States">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_States" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the United States">Postal service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_taxation_in_the_United_States" title="History of taxation in the United States">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Voting rights in the United States">Voting rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_journalism" title="History of American journalism">Journalism</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Merchant_Marine" title="History of the United States Merchant Marine">Merchant Marine</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">Military</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Army" title="History of the United States Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="History of the United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="History of the United States Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="History of the United States Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Space_Force" title="History of the United States Space Force">Space Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard" title="History of the United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Political_eras_of_the_United_States" title="Political eras of the United States">Party Systems</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Party_System" title="First Party System">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Party_System" title="Second Party System">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Party_System" title="Third Party System">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Party_System" title="Fourth Party System">Fourth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Party_System" title="Fifth Party System">Fifth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Party_System" title="Sixth Party System">Sixth</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion_in_the_United_States" title="History of religion in the United States">Religion</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Native_American_genocide_in_the_United_States" title="Native American genocide in the United States">Genocide</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sexual_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="History of sexual slavery in the United States">Sexual slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Technological and industrial history of the United States">Technology and industry</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="History of agriculture in the United States">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_history_of_the_United_States" title="Labor history of the United States">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_lumber_industry_in_the_United_States" title="History of the lumber industry in the United States">Lumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medicine_in_the_United_States" title="History of medicine in the United States">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="History of rail transportation in the United States">Railway</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Groups495" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Groups</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/African-American_history" title="African-American history">African American</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Asian_Americans" title="History of Asian Americans">Asian American</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_Americans" title="History of Chinese Americans">Chinese American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Filipino_Americans" title="History of Filipino Americans">Filipino American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian-American_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian-American history">Indian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japanese_Americans" title="History of Japanese Americans">Japanese American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Korean_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Korean Americans">Korean American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thai_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Thai Americans">Thai American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnamese_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Vietnamese Americans">Vietnamese American</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/European_American#History" class="mw-redirect" title="European American">European American</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Albanian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Albanian Americans">Albanian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_English_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of English Americans">English American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Estonian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Estonian Americans">Estonian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Finnish_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Finnish Americans">Finnish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans#History" title="Irish Americans">Irish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_American#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian American">Italian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuanian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Lithuanian Americans">Lithuanian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poles_in_the_United_States" title="History of Poles in the United States">Polish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Serbian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Serbian Americans">Serbian American</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic and Latino American</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexican_Americans" title="History of Mexican Americans">Mexican American</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_States" title="History of the Jews in the United States">Jewish American</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Middle_Eastern_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Middle Eastern Americans">Middle Eastern American</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egyptian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Egyptian Americans">Egyptian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iranian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Iranian Americans">Iranian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iraqi_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Iraqi Americans">Iraqi American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lebanese_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Lebanese Americans">Lebanese American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Palestinian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Palestinian Americans">Palestinian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saudi_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Saudi Americans">Saudi American</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="History of Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_history" title="Cherokee history">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche_history" title="Comanche history">Comanche</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_States" title="History of women in the United States">Women</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_the_United_States" title="LGBTQ history in the United States">LGBTQ</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_gay_men_in_the_United_States" title="History of gay men in the United States">Gay men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_lesbianism_in_the_United_States" title="History of lesbianism in the United States">Lesbians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_the_United_States" title="Transgender history in the United States">Transgender people</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Places495" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Places</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Territorial evolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_date_of_admission_to_the_Union" title="List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union">Admission to the Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_regions_of_the_United_States" title="Historical regions of the United States">Historical regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">Manifest destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_removal" title="Indian removal">Indian removal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_England" title="History of New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="History of the Southern United States">The South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_west_coast_of_North_America" title="History of the west coast of North America">The West Coast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alabama" title="History of Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alaska" title="History of Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arizona" title="History of Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arkansas" title="History of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_California" title="History of California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Colorado" title="History of Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Connecticut" title="History of Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Delaware" title="History of Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Florida" title="History of Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="History of Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hawaii" title="History of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Idaho" title="History of Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Illinois" title="History of Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indiana" title="History of Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iowa" title="History of Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kansas" title="History of Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kentucky" title="History of Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Louisiana" title="History of Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maine" title="History of Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maryland" title="History of Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Massachusetts" title="History of Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Michigan" title="History of Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Minnesota" title="History of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mississippi" title="History of Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Missouri" title="History of Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montana" title="History of Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nebraska" title="History of Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nevada" title="History of Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Hampshire" title="History of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Jersey" title="History of New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Mexico" title="History of New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_(state)" title="History of New York (state)">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Carolina" title="History of North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Dakota" title="History of North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ohio" title="History of Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oklahoma" title="History of Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oregon" title="History of Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pennsylvania" title="History of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rhode_Island" title="History of Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Carolina" title="History of South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Dakota" title="History of South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tennessee" title="History of Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Texas" title="History of Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Utah" title="History of Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vermont" title="History of Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Virginia" title="History of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Washington_(state)" title="History of Washington (state)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_West_Virginia" title="History of West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wisconsin" title="History of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wyoming" title="History of Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Federal District</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Washington,_D.C." title="History of Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Insular areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_Samoa" title="History of American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guam" title="History of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Puerto_Rico" title="History of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="History of the United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Outlying islands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Baker_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Baker Island">Baker Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Howland_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Howland Island">Howland Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jarvis_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Jarvis Island">Jarvis Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Johnston_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Johnston Atoll">Johnston Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kingman_Reef" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Kingman Reef">Kingman Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Midway_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Midway Atoll">Midway Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Navassa_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Navassa Island">Navassa Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Palmyra_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Palmyra Atoll">Palmyra Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wake_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Wake Island">Wake Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_urban_history" title="American urban history">Urban history</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Histories_of_cities_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Histories of cities in the United States">Cities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_the_United_States" title="List of years in the United States">List of years</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_United_States" title="Historiography of the United States">Historiography</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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