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class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-England_and_Wales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#England_and_Wales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>England and Wales</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-England_and_Wales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Civil law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_distinction_from_murder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_distinction_from_murder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Historical distinction from murder</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_distinction_from_murder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" 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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Manslaughter</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manslag" title="Manslag – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Manslag" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zabit%C3%AD" title="Zabití – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Zabití" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homicidio_preterintencional" title="Homicidio preterintencional – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Homicidio preterintencional" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%AA%D9%84_%D8%B4%D8%A8%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%AF" title="قتل شبه‌عمد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قتل شبه‌عمد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homicide_involontaire_coupable" title="Homicide involontaire coupable – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Homicide involontaire coupable" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BAnorgain" title="Dúnorgain – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Dúnorgain" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%A7" title="વધ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="વધ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EC%82%B4" title="고살 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="고살" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembunuhan_tidak_berencana" title="Pembunuhan tidak berencana – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pembunuhan tidak berencana" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manndr%C3%A1p" title="Manndráp – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Manndráp" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omicidio_preterintenzionale" title="Omicidio preterintenzionale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Omicidio preterintenzionale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%92%D7%94_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA" title="הריגה ברשלנות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הריגה ברשלנות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajapejah" title="Rajapejah – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Rajapejah" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B7_%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Убиство без умисла – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Убиство без умисла" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doodslag_(levensbe%C3%ABindiging)" title="Doodslag (levensbeëindiging) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Doodslag (levensbeëindiging)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_culposo" title="Crime culposo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Crime culposo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrasja_nga_pakujdesia" title="Vrasja nga pakujdesia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Vrasja nga pakujdesia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%9C%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA_%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%9D%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%B1" title="මිනීමැරුම් නොවන සාවද්‍ය මනුෂ්‍යඝාතන – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මිනීමැරුම් නොවන සාවද්‍ය මනුෂ්‍යඝාතන" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manslaughter" title="Manslaughter – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Manslaughter" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uboj" title="Uboj – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Uboj" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Убиство – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Убиство" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tappo_Suomessa" title="Tappo Suomessa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tappo Suomessa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%C3%A5p" title="Dråp – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Dråp" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%E1%BB%99_s%C3%A1t" title="Ngộ sát – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ngộ sát" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AA%A4%E6%AE%BA" title="誤殺 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="誤殺" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AA%A4%E6%AE%BA" title="誤殺 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="誤殺" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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by <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction_(area)" title="Jurisdiction (area)">jurisdiction</a></i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assassination" title="Assassination">Assassination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attempted_murder" title="Attempted murder">Attempted murder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_murder" title="Child murder">Child murder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consensual_homicide" title="Consensual homicide">Consensual homicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract_killing" title="Contract killing">Contract killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_of_passion" title="Crime of passion">Crime of passion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depraved-heart_murder" title="Depraved-heart murder">Depraved-heart murder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felony_murder_rule" title="Felony murder rule">Felony murder rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foeticide" title="Foeticide">Foeticide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor_killing" title="Honor killing">Honor killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_cannibalism" title="Human cannibalism">Human cannibalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_cannibalism" title="Child cannibalism">Child cannibalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_sacrifice" title="Human sacrifice">Human sacrifice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_sacrifice" title="Child sacrifice">Child sacrifice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_homicide" title="Internet homicide">Internet homicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lonely_hearts_killer" title="Lonely hearts killer">Lonely hearts killer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lust_murder" title="Lust murder">Lust murder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_murder" title="Mass murder">Mass murder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_shooting" title="Mass shooting">Mass shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_stabbing" title="Mass stabbing">Mass stabbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misdemeanor_murder" title="Misdemeanor murder">Misdemeanor murder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_for_body_parts" title="Murder for body parts">Murder for body parts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder%E2%80%93suicide" title="Murder–suicide">Murder–suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poisoning" title="Poisoning">Poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxy_murder" title="Proxy murder">Proxy murder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudocommando" title="Pseudocommando">Pseudocommando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_killer" title="Serial killer">Serial killer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angel_of_mercy_(criminology)" title="Angel of mercy (criminology)">Angel of mercy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spree_killer" title="Spree killer">Spree killer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrill_killing" title="Thrill killing">Thrill killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture_murder" title="Torture murder">Torture murder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle-ramming_attack" title="Vehicle-ramming attack">Vehicle-ramming attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrongful_execution" title="Wrongful execution">Wrongful execution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_murder" title="Judicial murder">Judicial murder</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Manslaughter</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manslaughter_in_English_law" title="Manslaughter in English law">In English law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_manslaughter" title="Voluntary manslaughter">Voluntary manslaughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negligent_homicide" title="Negligent homicide">Negligent homicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicular_homicide" title="Vehicular homicide">Vehicular homicide</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Non-criminal homicide</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <p><i>Note: Varies by <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction_(area)" title="Jurisdiction (area)">jurisdiction</a></i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assisted_suicide" title="Assisted suicide">Assisted suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia" title="Euthanasia">Euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foeticide" title="Foeticide">Foeticide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justifiable_homicide" title="Justifiable homicide">Justifiable homicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licence_to_kill_(concept)" title="Licence to kill (concept)">"License to kill"</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Family</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avunculicide" title="Avunculicide">Avunculicide/Nepoticide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familicide" title="Familicide">Familicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariticide" title="Mariticide">Mariticide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uxoricide" title="Uxoricide">Uxoricide</a></li> <li>Prolicide <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filicide" title="Filicide">Filicide</a></li> 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Homicide" title="Template:Homicide"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Homicide" title="Template talk:Homicide"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Homicide" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Homicide"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1202158006"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist law-sidebar"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Handcuffs_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Handcuffs_icon.svg/100px-Handcuffs_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Handcuffs_icon.svg/150px-Handcuffs_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Handcuffs_icon.svg/200px-Handcuffs_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Criminal_law" title="Criminal law">Criminal law</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Element_(criminal_law)" title="Element (criminal law)">Elements</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Actus_reus" title="Actus reus">Actus reus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mens_rea" title="Mens rea">Mens rea</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causation_(law)" title="Causation (law)">Causation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concurrence" title="Concurrence">Concurrence</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Scope of criminal <a href="/wiki/Legal_liability" title="Legal liability">liability</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accessory_(legal_term)" title="Accessory (legal term)">Accessory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aiding_and_abetting" title="Aiding and abetting">Accomplice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complicity" title="Complicity">Complicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_liability" title="Corporate liability">Corporate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principal_(criminal_law)" title="Principal (criminal law)">Principal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicarious_liability_(criminal)" title="Vicarious liability (criminal)">Vicarious</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Severity of offense</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Felony" title="Felony">Felony</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Indictable_offence" title="Indictable offence">Indictable offense</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summary_offence#United_States" title="Summary offence">Infraction</a> (also called violation)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misdemeanor" title="Misdemeanor">Misdemeanor</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Summary_offence" title="Summary offence">Summary offense</a>)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Inchoate_offense" title="Inchoate offense">Inchoate offenses</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attempt" title="Attempt">Attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_conspiracy" title="Criminal conspiracy">Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incitement" title="Incitement">Incitement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solicitation" title="Solicitation">Solicitation</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Offence_against_the_person" title="Offence against the person">Offense against the person</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assassination" title="Assassination">Assassination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assault" title="Assault">Assault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battery_(crime)" title="Battery (crime)">Battery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_abuse" title="Child abuse">Child abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_negligence" title="Criminal negligence">Criminal negligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">Domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_imprisonment" title="False imprisonment">False imprisonment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frameup" title="Frameup">Frameup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harassment" title="Harassment">Harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_invasion" title="Home invasion">Home invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homicide" title="Homicide">Homicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intimidation" title="Intimidation">Intimidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidnapping" title="Kidnapping">Kidnapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menacing" title="Menacing">Menacing</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Manslaughter</a> (<a href="/wiki/Corporate_manslaughter" title="Corporate manslaughter">corporate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayhem_(crime)" title="Mayhem (crime)">Mayhem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">Murder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Felony_murder_rule" title="Felony murder rule">felony</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preterintention" title="Preterintention">Preterintention</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homicide" title="Homicide">Homicide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negligent_homicide" title="Negligent homicide">Negligent homicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robbery" title="Robbery">Robbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalking" title="Stalking">Stalking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabbing" title="Stabbing">Stabbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">Torture</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Sex_and_the_law" title="Sex and the law">Sexual offenses</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adultery" title="Adultery">Adultery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bigamy" title="Bigamy">Bigamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">Child sexual abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybersex_trafficking" title="Cybersex trafficking">Cybersex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fornication#Across_history,_cultures,_and_laws" title="Fornication">Fornication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminalization_of_homosexuality" title="Criminalization of homosexuality">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_incest" title="Legality of incest">Incest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indecent_exposure" title="Indecent exposure">Indecent exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masturbation#Law" title="Masturbation">Masturbation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obscenity" title="Obscenity">Obscenity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution" title="Prostitution">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">Rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pederasty" title="Pederasty">Pederasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking" title="Sex trafficking">Sex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_assault" title="Sexual assault">Sexual assault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">Sexual slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyeurism" title="Voyeurism">Voyeurism</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Crimes against property</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arson" title="Arson">Arson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arms_trafficking" title="Arms trafficking">Arms trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackmail" title="Blackmail">Blackmail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bribery" title="Bribery">Bribery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burglary" title="Burglary">Burglary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybercrime" title="Cybercrime">Cybercrime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embezzlement" title="Embezzlement">Embezzlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extortion" title="Extortion">Extortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_pretenses" title="False pretenses">False pretenses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forgery" title="Forgery">Forgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraud" title="Fraud">Fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling" title="Gambling">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">Intellectual property violation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larceny" title="Larceny">Larceny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Looting" title="Looting">Looting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payola" title="Payola">Payola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickpocketing" title="Pickpocketing">Pickpocketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possession_of_stolen_goods" title="Possession of stolen goods">Possessing stolen property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robbery" title="Robbery">Robbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smuggling" title="Smuggling">Smuggling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_evasion" title="Tax evasion">Tax evasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theft" title="Theft">Theft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trespass_to_land" title="Trespass to land">Trespass to land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandalism" title="Vandalism">Vandalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mischief" title="Mischief">Mischief</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Crimes against justice</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compounding_a_felony" title="Compounding a felony">Compounding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malfeasance_in_office" title="Malfeasance in office">Malfeasance in office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miscarriage_of_justice" title="Miscarriage of justice">Miscarriage of justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misprision_of_felony" title="Misprision of felony">Misprision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstruction_of_justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Obstruction of justice">Obstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perjury" title="Perjury">Perjury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perverting_the_course_of_justice" title="Perverting the course of justice">Perverting the course of justice</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Crimes against the public</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begging" title="Begging">Begging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption" title="Corruption">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">Censorship violation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duel" title="Duel">Dueling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hostage" title="Hostage">Hostage-taking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insider_trading" title="Insider trading">Insider trading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smuggling" title="Smuggling">Smuggling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumptuary_law" title="Sumptuary law">Illegal consumption</a> (such as prohibition of <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_of_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Prohibition of drugs">drugs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prohibition" title="Prohibition">alcohol</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Smoking_ban" title="Smoking ban">smoking</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-miscegenation_laws" title="Anti-miscegenation laws">Miscegenation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">Piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regicide" title="Regicide">Regicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usurper" title="Usurper">Usurpation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">War crimes</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Crimes against animals</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cruelty_to_animals" title="Cruelty to animals">Cruelty to animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poaching" title="Poaching">Poaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_smuggling" title="Wildlife smuggling">Wildlife smuggling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoophilia" title="Zoophilia">Bestiality</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Crimes against the state</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9" title="Lèse-majesté">Lèse-majesté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">Treason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">Espionage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secession" title="Secession">Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedition" title="Sedition">Sedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subversion" title="Subversion">Subversion</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Defense_(legal)" title="Defense (legal)">Defenses to liability</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actual_innocence" title="Actual innocence">Actual innocence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatism_(law)" title="Automatism (law)">Automatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consent" title="Consent">Consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_of_property" title="Defence of property">Defense of property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diminished_responsibility" title="Diminished responsibility">Diminished responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coercion" title="Coercion">Duress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entrapment" title="Entrapment">Entrapment</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ignorantia_juris_non_excusat" title="Ignorantia juris non excusat">Ignorantia juris non excusat</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_criminal_responsibility" title="Age of criminal responsibility">Infancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insanity_defense" title="Insanity defense">Insanity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justification_(jurisprudence)" title="Justification (jurisprudence)">Justification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mistake_(criminal_law)" title="Mistake (criminal law)">Mistake</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mistake_of_law" title="Mistake of law">of law</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necessity_(criminal_law)" title="Necessity (criminal law)">Necessity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provocation_(law)" title="Provocation (law)">Provocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_self-defense" title="Right of self-defense">Self-defense</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Other common-law areas</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contract" title="Contract">Contracts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_defenses" title="Criminal defenses">Defenses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence_(law)" title="Evidence (law)">Evidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_law" title="Property law">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tort" title="Tort">Torts</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Will_and_testament" title="Will and testament">Wills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trust_(law)" title="Trust (law)">trusts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Administration_(probate_law)" title="Administration (probate law)">estates</a></span></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Portals</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Criminal_law" title="Template:Criminal law"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Criminal_law" title="Template talk:Criminal law"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Criminal_law" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Criminal law"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Manslaughter</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> legal term for <a href="/wiki/Homicide" title="Homicide">homicide</a> considered by law as less <a href="/wiki/Culpability" title="Culpability">culpable</a> than <a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">murder</a>. The distinction between murder and manslaughter is sometimes said to have first been made by the ancient Athenian lawmaker <a href="/wiki/Draco_(lawgiver)" title="Draco (lawgiver)">Draco</a> in the 7th century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Ehrenberg-2014_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ehrenberg-2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The definition of manslaughter differs among legal <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction_(area)" title="Jurisdiction (area)">jurisdictions</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manslaughter&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Voluntary">Voluntary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manslaughter&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Voluntary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Voluntary_manslaughter" title="Voluntary manslaughter">Voluntary manslaughter</a></div> <p>For voluntary manslaughter, the offender had intent to kill or seriously harm, but acted "in the moment" under circumstances that could cause a reasonable person to become emotionally or mentally disturbed.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are mitigating circumstances that reduce culpability, such as when the defendant kills only with an intent to cause serious bodily harm.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Voluntary manslaughter in some jurisdictions is a <a href="/wiki/Lesser_included_offense" title="Lesser included offense">lesser included offense</a> of murder. The traditional mitigating factor was <a href="/wiki/Provocation_(legal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Provocation (legal)">provocation</a>; however, others have been added in various jurisdictions. </p><p>The most common type of voluntary manslaughter occurs when a defendant is provoked to commit homicide. This is sometimes described as a <a href="/wiki/Crime_of_passion" title="Crime of passion">crime of passion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In most cases, the provocation must induce rage or anger in the defendant, although some cases have held that fright, terror, or desperation will suffice.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Assisted_suicide">Assisted suicide</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manslaughter&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Assisted suicide"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Assisted_suicide" title="Assisted suicide">Assisted suicide</a></div> <p>Assisted suicide is suicide committed with the aid of another person, sometimes a physician. </p><p>In some places, including parts of the United States,<sup id="cite_ref-prcas_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prcas-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> assisted suicide is punishable as manslaughter. In other countries such as Switzerland<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Canada,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in some U.S. states,<sup id="cite_ref-prcas_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prcas-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as long as legal safeguards are observed, assisted suicide is legal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Involuntary">Involuntary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manslaughter&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Involuntary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Involuntary manslaughter is the killing of a human being without <a href="/wiki/Intention_(criminal_law)" title="Intention (criminal law)">intent</a> of doing so, either expressed or implied. It is distinguished from voluntary manslaughter by the absence of intention. It is normally divided into two categories, constructive manslaughter and criminally negligent manslaughter. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Constructive">Constructive</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manslaughter&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Constructive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Constructive manslaughter is also referred to as "unlawful act" manslaughter.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is based on the doctrine of constructive malice, whereby the malicious intent inherent in the commission of a crime is considered to apply to the consequences of that crime. It occurs when someone kills, without intent, in the course of committing an unlawful act. The malice involved in the crime is transferred to the killing, resulting in a charge of manslaughter. </p><p>For example, a person who fails to stop at a red traffic light while driving a vehicle and hits someone crossing the street could be found to intend or be reckless as to assault or criminal damage (see <i>DPP v Newbury</i><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). There is no intent to kill, and a resulting death would not be considered murder, but would be considered involuntary manslaughter. The accused's responsibility for causing death is constructed from the fault in committing what might have been a minor criminal act. Reckless driving or reckless handling of a potentially lethal weapon may result in a death that is deemed manslaughter. The <i>DPP v Newbury</i> case had redefined the meaning of murder in the Australian constitution, and reformed in order to include a <i><a href="/wiki/Mens_rea" title="Mens rea">mens rea</a></i> assessment. </p><p>Involuntary manslaughter may be distinguished from accidental death. A person who is driving carefully, but whose car nevertheless hits a child darting out into the street, has not committed manslaughter. A person who pushes off an aggressive drunk, who then falls and dies, has probably not committed manslaughter, although in some jurisdictions it may depend on whether "excessive force" was used or other factors. </p><p>As manslaughter is not defined by legislation in Australia, common law decisions provide the basis for determining whether an act resulting in death amounts to manslaughter by unlawful and dangerous act.<sup id="cite_ref-Lane_v_R_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lane_v_R-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To be found guilty of manslaughter by an unlawful and dangerous act, the accused must be shown to have committed an unlawful act which is contrary to the criminal law,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that a reasonable person in the position of the accused would have known that by their act, they were exposing the victim to an "appreciable risk of serious injury".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Criminally_negligent">Criminally negligent</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manslaughter&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Criminally negligent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Negligent_homicide" title="Negligent homicide">Negligent homicide</a></div> <p>Criminally negligent manslaughter is variously referred to as <a href="/wiki/Criminally_negligent" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminally negligent">criminally negligent</a> homicide in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gross_negligence" title="Gross negligence">gross negligence</a> manslaughter in <a href="/wiki/England_and_Wales" title="England and Wales">England and Wales</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a> jurisdictions the offence of <a href="/wiki/Culpable_homicide" title="Culpable homicide">culpable homicide</a> might apply. </p><p>It occurs where death results from serious <a href="/wiki/Criminal_negligence" title="Criminal negligence">negligence</a>, or, in some jurisdictions, serious <a href="/wiki/Recklessness_(law)" title="Recklessness (law)">recklessness</a>. A high degree of negligence is required to warrant criminal liability.<sup id="cite_ref-R_v_Lavender_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R_v_Lavender-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A related concept is that of <a href="/wiki/Willful_blindness" class="mw-redirect" title="Willful blindness">willful blindness</a>, which is where a defendant intentionally puts themselves in a position where they will be unaware of facts which would render them liable. </p><p>Criminally negligent manslaughter occurs where there is an omission to act when there is a duty to do so, or a failure to perform a duty owed, which leads to a death. The existence of the duty is essential because the law does not impose criminal liability for a failure to act unless a specific duty is owed to the victim. It is most common in the case of professionals who are grossly negligent in the course of their employment. An example is where a doctor fails to notice a patient's oxygen supply has disconnected and the patient dies (<i><a href="/wiki/R_v_Adomako" title="R v Adomako">R v Adomako</a></i> and <i>R v Perreau</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another example could be leaving a child locked in a car on a hot day.<sup id="cite_ref-NBC_News_2022_c997_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NBC_News_2022_c997-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vehicular_and_intoxicated">Vehicular and intoxicated</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manslaughter&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Vehicular and intoxicated"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vehicular_homicide" title="Vehicular homicide">Vehicular homicide</a></div> <p>In some jurisdictions, such as some U.S. States,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there exists the specific crime of <b>vehicular</b> or <b><a href="/wiki/Substance_intoxication" title="Substance intoxication">intoxication</a> manslaughter</b>. An equivalent in Canada is <a href="/wiki/Criminal_negligence#Canada" title="Criminal negligence">causing death by criminal negligence</a><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> under the <a href="/wiki/Criminal_Code_(Canada)" title="Criminal Code (Canada)">Criminal Code</a>, punishable by a maximum penalty of <a href="/wiki/Life_imprisonment_in_Canada" title="Life imprisonment in Canada">life imprisonment</a>. </p><p>On the <i><a href="/wiki/Mens_rea" title="Mens rea">mens rea</a></i>, or state of mind, or the circumstances under which the killing occurred (<a href="/wiki/Mitigating_factor" title="Mitigating factor">mitigating factors</a>), manslaughter is usually broken down into two distinct categories: <i><a href="#Voluntary_manslaughter">voluntary manslaughter</a></i> and <i><a href="#Involuntary_manslaughter">involuntary manslaughter</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this is not the case in all jurisdictions, for example, in the U.S. state of Florida.<sup id="cite_ref-FL-782_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FL-782-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some jurisdictions,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as the U.K.,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canada,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some Australian states,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Provocation_(legal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Provocation (legal)">"adequate provocation"</a> may be a partial defense to a charge of murder, which, if accepted by the jury, would convert what might otherwise have been a murder charge into manslaughter. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="National_standards">National standards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manslaughter&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: National standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manslaughter&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b> with: information about other Australian states and territories. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manslaughter&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In Australia, specifically New South Wales, manslaughter is referred to, however not defined, in the <i>Crimes Act 1900</i> (NSW).<sup id="cite_ref-s18_Crimes_Act_1900_NSW_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s18_Crimes_Act_1900_NSW-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Manslaughter exists in two forms in New South Wales: Voluntary or Involuntary Manslaughter. In New South Wales, in cases of voluntary manslaughter, both the <i><a href="/wiki/Actus_reus" title="Actus reus">actus reus</a></i> (literally <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/actus_reus" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:actus reus">guilty act</a>) and <i>mens rea</i> (literally <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mens_rea" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:mens rea">guilty mind</a>) for murder are proven but the defendant has a partial defence, such as extreme provocation or diminished responsibility.<sup id="cite_ref-s23_Crimes_Act_1900_NSW_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s23_Crimes_Act_1900_NSW-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lane_v_R_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lane_v_R-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 51–65">: [51]–[65] </span></sup> In cases of involuntary manslaughter, the <i>actus reus</i> for murder is present but there is insufficient <i>mens rea</i> to establish such a charge. </p><p> There are two categories of involuntary manslaughter at common law: manslaughter by unlawful and dangerous act and manslaughter by criminal negligence. The authority for the <i>actus reus</i> and <i>mens rea</i> of involuntary manslaughter by an unlawful and dangerous act is the High Court of Australia case of <i>Wilson v R</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This case determined that the act that caused the death must breach the criminal law and that the act must carry an appreciable risk of serious injury (<i>actus reus</i>). Regarding the <i>mens rea</i>, the court held that the accused must intend to commit the unlawful act and that a reasonable person in the position of the accused would have realised or recognised that the act carried an appreciable risk of serious injury. Manslaughter by criminal negligence, on the other hand, finds its authority in the Victorian case of <i>Nydam v R</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Nydam_v_R_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nydam_v_R-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> confirmed by the High Court of Australia in <i>R v Lavender</i><sup id="cite_ref-R_v_Lavender_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R_v_Lavender-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>Burns v R</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Burns_v_R_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burns_v_R-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>Nydam v R</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Nydam_v_R_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nydam_v_R-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Court described the office at [445] in the following terms:</p><blockquote><p>In order to establish manslaughter by criminal negligence, it is sufficient if the prosecution shows that the act which caused the death was done by the accused consciously and voluntarily, without any intention of causing death or grievous bodily harm but in circumstances which involved such a great falling short of the standard of care which a reasonable man would have exercised and which involved such a high risk that death or grievous bodily harm would follow that the doing of the act merited criminal punishment.<sup id="cite_ref-Nydam_v_R_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nydam_v_R-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manslaughter&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Canadian law distinguishes between justifiable (e.g., self-defence), accidental, and culpable homicide. If a death is deemed a culpable homicide, it generally falls under one of four categories (first-degree murder, second-degree murder, manslaughter, and infanticide).<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Canadian law defines manslaughter as "a homicide committed without the intention to cause death, although there may have been an intention to cause harm".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> There are two broad categories of manslaughter: unlawful act, and criminal negligence. </p><p>Unlawful act is when a person commits a crime that unintentionally results in the death of another person.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Criminal negligence is when the homicide was the result of an act that showed wanton or reckless disregard for the lives of others.<sup id="cite_ref-canadalaw_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-canadalaw-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="England_and_Wales">England and Wales</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manslaughter&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: England and Wales"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Manslaughter_in_English_law" title="Manslaughter in English law">Manslaughter in English law</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/English_law" title="English law">English law</a>, manslaughter is a less serious offence than <a href="/wiki/Murder_in_English_law" title="Murder in English law">murder</a>. In <a href="/wiki/England_and_Wales" title="England and Wales">England and Wales</a>, the usual practice is to prefer a charge of murder, with the <a href="/wiki/Judge" title="Judge">judge</a> or defence able to introduce manslaughter as an option (see <a href="/wiki/Lesser_included_offence" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesser included offence">lesser included offence</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Jury" title="Jury">jury</a> then decides whether the <a href="/wiki/Defendant" title="Defendant">defendant</a> is guilty or not guilty of either murder or manslaughter. Manslaughter may be either voluntary or involuntary, depending on whether the accused has the required <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Mens_rea" title="Mens rea">mens rea</a></i></span> for murder. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Homicide_Act_1957" title="Homicide Act 1957">Homicide Act 1957</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coroners_and_Justice_Act_2009" title="Coroners and Justice Act 2009">Coroners and Justice Act 2009</a> are relevant acts. </p><p>Voluntary manslaughter occurs when the defendant avails themself of two statutory defences described in the Homicide Act 1957 (diminished responsibility and a suicide pact; provocation was a third but this was replaced by loss of control in 2010). </p><p>Involuntary manslaughter occurs when the agent has no intention (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">mens rea</i></span>) of committing murder but caused the death of another through <a href="/wiki/Recklessness_(law)" title="Recklessness (law)">recklessness</a> or <a href="/wiki/Criminal_negligence" title="Criminal negligence">criminal negligence</a>. The crime of involuntary manslaughter can be sub-divided into two main categories; constructive manslaughter and gross negligence manslaughter. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manslaughter&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Manslaughter_(United_States_law)" title="Manslaughter (United States law)">Manslaughter (United States law)</a></div> <p>Manslaughter is a crime in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. Definitions can vary among jurisdictions, but the U.S. follows the general principle that manslaughter involves causing the death of another person in a manner less <a href="/wiki/Culpable" class="mw-redirect" title="Culpable">culpable</a> than <a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">murder</a>, and observes the distinction between voluntary and involuntary manslaughter. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan">Japan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manslaughter&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Manslaughter is a crime in Japan under the title of "injury causing death". It is defined as "causing another person to suffer injury resulting in death". The minimum penalty for manslaughter is three years, with a <i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> maximum of life in prison since no maximum is specified.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Civil_law">Civil law</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manslaughter&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Civil law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">civil law</a> jurisdictions, such as the <a href="/wiki/Code_p%C3%A9nal_(France)" title="Code pénal (France)">French Code</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> use murder (intentional homicide)<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or manslaughter (culpable homicide),<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a Felony-Murder (homicide <a href="/wiki/Preterintention" title="Preterintention">praeter-intentionnel</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Italian criminal law<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also provides for murder (intentional homicide, art. 575 c.p.),<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Felony-Murder (homicide "<a href="/wiki/Preterintention" title="Preterintention">preterintenzionale</a>" art. 584 c.p.)<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and manslaughter (homicide "colposo" art. 589 c.p.):<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_distinction_from_murder">Historical distinction from murder</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manslaughter&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Historical distinction from murder"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A legal distinction between intentional and unintentional homicide was introduced in Athenian law in 409 BC,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when the legal code of <a href="/wiki/Draco_(lawgiver)" title="Draco (lawgiver)">Draco</a> indicated that intentional homicide (<i>hekousios phonos</i> or <i>phonos ek pronoias</i>) was punishable by death. The language is ambiguous as to unintentional homicide (<i>akousios phonos</i>), but it may have been punishable by exile.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, academic David D Phillips says that these categories "do not correspond to the common-law categories of murder and manslaughter either in their original significance or in their present definitions", because under Athenian law intentional homicide would include both murder and voluntary manslaughter.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anglo-Saxon law recognised particular degrees of homicide, with the worst being <i>forsteall</i> (killing by ambush).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Murdra</i> was a separate type of aggravated (secret) homicide under Anglo-Saxon law; <a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William the Conqueror</a> defined it narrowly as a fine that would be charged on a <a href="/wiki/Hundred_(county_division)" title="Hundred (county division)">hundred</a> following the slaying of a foreigner (originally a Norman, but intermarriage would end the distinction between Normans and English by the 13th century).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1348, the association between <i>murdrum</i> and <a href="/wiki/Malice_aforethought" title="Malice aforethought">malice aforethought</a> emerged.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"Manslaughter" as a general term for homicide was in use in medieval England by the late 1200s, during which time a distinction was forming between homicide committed in necessary self-defence (pardoned without culpability) and homicide committed by accident (pardoned but with moral blame).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_58-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1390, homicide in necessary self-defence or by misadventure became "pardons of course", meaning that the Chancery would issue them by default.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_58-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Homicide in necessary self-defence would later be acquitted, rather than pardoned.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_58-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of "manslaughter" to cover homicides other than murder emerged by 1547, in a statute.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_58-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Coke" title="Edward Coke">Edward Coke</a> confirms this distinction in <i>The Third Part of the Institutes of the Laws of England,</i> which remains "the authoritative starting point for any examination of the law of homicide" in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> countries<i>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manslaughter&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culpable_homicide" title="Culpable homicide">Culpable homicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_transmission_of_HIV" title="Criminal transmission of HIV">Criminal transmission of HIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depraved-heart_murder" title="Depraved-heart murder">Depraved-heart murder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperfect_self-defense" title="Imperfect self-defense">Imperfect self-defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_luck" title="Moral luck">Moral luck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twinkie_defense" title="Twinkie defense">Twinkie defense</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manslaughter&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Ehrenberg-2014-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ehrenberg-2014_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEhrenberg1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Ehrenberg_(historian)" title="Victor Ehrenberg (historian)">Ehrenberg, Victor</a> (1973) [1968]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9V2hAwAAQBAJ"><i>From Solon to Socrates: Greek History and Civilization During the 6th and 5th Centuries BCE</i></a> (Second ed.). New York: Routledge. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-04024-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-04024-2"><bdi>978-0-415-04024-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Solon+to+Socrates%3A+Greek+History+and+Civilization+During+the+6th+and+5th+Centuries+BCE&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=57&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-415-04024-2&rft.aulast=Ehrenberg&rft.aufirst=Victor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9V2hAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManslaughter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeber1981" class="citation journal cs1">Weber, Jack K. (1 July 1981). "Some Provoking Aspects of Voluntary Manslaughter Law". <i>Anglo-American Law Review</i>. <b>10</b> (3): 159. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F147377958101000302">10.1177/147377958101000302</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:157180471">157180471</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anglo-American+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Some+Provoking+Aspects+of+Voluntary+Manslaughter+Law&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=159&rft.date=1981-07-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F147377958101000302&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A157180471%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Weber&rft.aufirst=Jack+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManslaughter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen2013" class="citation book cs1">Allen, Michael (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VaScAQAAQBAJ"><i>Textbook on Criminal Law</i></a> (12 ed.). Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199669295" title="Special:BookSources/9780199669295"><bdi>9780199669295</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Textbook+on+Criminal+Law&rft.place=Oxford%2C+U.K.&rft.edition=12&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780199669295&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVaScAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManslaughter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDressler1982" class="citation journal cs1">Dressler, Joshua (Summer 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6302&context=jclc">"Rethinking heat of passion: A defense in search of a rationale"</a>. <i>Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology</i>. <b>73</b> (2): 421–470. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1143104">10.2307/1143104</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1143104">1143104</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170911024403/http://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6302&context=jclc">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Criminal+Law+and+Criminology&rft.atitle=Rethinking+heat+of+passion%3A+A+defense+in+search+of+a+rationale&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=421-470&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1143104&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1143104%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Dressler&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D6302%26context%3Djclc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManslaughter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarkanBryjak2009" class="citation book cs1">Barkan, Steven E.; Bryjak, George J. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GNIWv8-WfAEC"><i>Myths and Realities of Crime and Justice: What Every American Should Know</i></a>. Massachusetts: Jones & Bartlett Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780763755744" title="Special:BookSources/9780763755744"><bdi>9780763755744</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Myths+and+Realities+of+Crime+and+Justice%3A+What+Every+American+Should+Know&rft.place=Massachusetts&rft.pub=Jones+%26+Bartlett+Publishers&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780763755744&rft.aulast=Barkan&rft.aufirst=Steven+E.&rft.au=Bryjak%2C+George+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGNIWv8-WfAEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManslaughter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-prcas-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-prcas_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-prcas_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.patientsrightscouncil.org/site/assisted-suicide-state-laws/">"Patients Rights Council"</a>. <i>Assisted Suicide Laws in the United States</i>. 6 January 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170911025119/http://www.patientsrightscouncil.org/site/assisted-suicide-state-laws/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Assisted+Suicide+Laws+in+the+United+States&rft.atitle=Patients+Rights+Council&rft.date=2017-01-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.patientsrightscouncil.org%2Fsite%2Fassisted-suicide-state-laws%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManslaughter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarchet2014" class="citation news cs1">Sarchet, Penny (22 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/tourism-to-switzerland-for-assisted-suicide-is-growing-often-for-nonfatal-diseases/2014/09/22/3b9de644-2a14-11e4-958c-268a320a60ce_story.html">"Tourism to Switzerland for assisted suicide is growing, often for nonfatal diseases"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170911031138/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/tourism-to-switzerland-for-assisted-suicide-is-growing-often-for-nonfatal-diseases/2014/09/22/3b9de644-2a14-11e4-958c-268a320a60ce_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Tourism+to+Switzerland+for+assisted+suicide+is+growing%2C+often+for+nonfatal+diseases&rft.date=2014-09-22&rft.aulast=Sarchet&rft.aufirst=Penny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnational%2Fhealth-science%2Ftourism-to-switzerland-for-assisted-suicide-is-growing-often-for-nonfatal-diseases%2F2014%2F09%2F22%2F3b9de644-2a14-11e4-958c-268a320a60ce_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManslaughter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eol.law.dal.ca/?page_id=236">"Assisted Suicide"</a>. <i>End of Life Law & Policy in Canada</i>. Health Law Institute, Dalhousie University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170911024543/http://eol.law.dal.ca/?page_id=236">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=End+of+Life+Law+%26+Policy+in+Canada&rft.atitle=Assisted+Suicide&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feol.law.dal.ca%2F%3Fpage_id%3D236&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManslaughter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ipsaloquitur.com/criminal-law/involuntary-manslaughter/">"Involuntary Manslaughter"</a>. <i>IPSA LOQUITUR</i>. 15 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IPSA+LOQUITUR&rft.atitle=Involuntary+Manslaughter&rft.date=2019-08-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fipsaloquitur.com%2Fcriminal-law%2Finvoluntary-manslaughter%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManslaughter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[1977] AC 500.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lane_v_R-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lane_v_R_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lane_v_R_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Lane v R</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/nsw/NSWCCA/2013/317.html">[2013] NSWCCA 317</a> at [46], <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales_Court_of_Criminal_Appeal" title="New South Wales Court of Criminal Appeal">Court of Criminal Appeal</a> (NSW, Australia).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Wilson v R</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/cth/HCA/1992/31.html">[1992] HCA 31</a>, (1992) 174 <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Law_Reports" title="Commonwealth Law Reports">CLR</a> 313 per Brennan, Deane and Dawson JJ at [2], <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Australia" title="High Court of Australia">High Court</a> (Australia).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Wilson v R</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/cth/HCA/1992/31.html">[1992] HCA 31</a>, (1992) 174 <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Law_Reports" title="Commonwealth Law Reports">CLR</a> 313 per Mason CJ, Toohey, Gaudron and McHugh JJ at [48], <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Australia" title="High Court of Australia">High Court</a> (Australia).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-R_v_Lavender-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-R_v_Lavender_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-R_v_Lavender_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>R v Lavender</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/cth/HCA/2005/37.html">[2005] HCA 37</a>, (2005) 222 <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Law_Reports" title="Commonwealth Law Reports">CLR</a> 67 at [17], [60], [72], [136] (4 August 2005), <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Australia" title="High Court of Australia">High Court</a> (Australia).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>R v Adomako</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKHL/1994/6.html">[1994] UKHL 6</a>, [1994] 3 <a href="/wiki/Weekly_Law_Reports" class="mw-redirect" title="Weekly Law Reports">WLR</a> 288, <a href="/wiki/Judicial_functions_of_the_House_of_Lords" title="Judicial functions of the House of Lords">House of Lords</a> (UK).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NBC_News_2022_c997-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NBC_News_2022_c997_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurke2022" class="citation web cs1">Burke, Minyvonne (September 22, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/alabama-grandfather-charged-hot-car-death-toddler-drove-vehicle-3-pros-rcna48912">"Alabama grandfather is charged in hot car death of toddler, drove vehicle 3 times that day, prosecutor says"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC News</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221006182011/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/alabama-grandfather-charged-hot-car-death-toddler-drove-vehicle-3-pros-rcna48912">Archived</a> from the original on October 6, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 30,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Alabama+grandfather+is+charged+in+hot+car+death+of+toddler%2C+drove+vehicle+3+times+that+day%2C+prosecutor+says&rft.date=2022-09-22&rft.aulast=Burke&rft.aufirst=Minyvonne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fnews%2Fus-news%2Falabama-grandfather-charged-hot-car-death-toddler-drove-vehicle-3-pros-rcna48912&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManslaughter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, e.g., <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/PEN/125.13">"New York Penal Code, Sec. 125.13. Vehicular manslaughter in the first degree"</a>. <i>New York State Senate</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170911025304/https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/PEN/125.13">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+York+State+Senate&rft.atitle=New+York+Penal+Code%2C+Sec.+125.13.+Vehicular+manslaughter+in+the+first+degree.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nysenate.gov%2Flegislation%2Flaws%2FPEN%2F125.13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManslaughter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=PEN&sectionNum=192.">"California Penal Code, Sec. 192(c)"</a>. <i>California Legislative Information</i>. California Legislature. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170912005131/https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=PEN&sectionNum=192.">Archived</a> from the original on 12 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=California+Legislative+Information&rft.atitle=California+Penal+Code%2C+Sec.+192%28c%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fleginfo.legislature.ca.gov%2Ffaces%2Fcodes_displaySection.xhtml%3FlawCode%3DPEN%26sectionNum%3D192.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManslaughter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/statutes/statutes/940/I/09">"Wisconsin Statutes, Sec. 940.09. Homicide by intoxicated use of vehicle or firearm"</a>. <i>Wisconsin State Legislature</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170911024628/https://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/statutes/statutes/940/I/09">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wisconsin+State+Legislature&rft.atitle=Wisconsin+Statutes%2C+Sec.+940.09.+Homicide+by+intoxicated+use+of+vehicle+or+firearm.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.legis.wisconsin.gov%2Fstatutes%2Fstatutes%2F940%2FI%2F09&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManslaughter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statutes.legis.state.tx.us/Docs/PE/htm/PE.49.htm#49.08">"Texas Penal Code, Sec. 49.08. Intoxication Manslaughter"</a>. <i>Texas State Legislature</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170911024145/http://www.statutes.legis.state.tx.us/Docs/PE/htm/PE.49.htm#49.08">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Texas+State+Legislature&rft.atitle=Texas+Penal+Code%2C+Sec.+49.08.+Intoxication+Manslaughter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statutes.legis.state.tx.us%2FDocs%2FPE%2Fhtm%2FPE.49.htm%2349.08&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManslaughter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-46/section-220.html">"Criminal Code (R.S.C., 1985, c. C-46), Sec. 220, Causing Death by Criminal Negligence"</a>. <i>Justice Laws Website</i>. Government of Canada. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170911025403/http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-46/section-220.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Justice+Laws+Website&rft.atitle=Criminal+Code+%28R.S.C.%2C+1985%2C+c.+C-46%29%2C+Sec.+220%2C+Causing+Death+by+Criminal+Negligence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flaws-lois.justice.gc.ca%2Feng%2Facts%2FC-46%2Fsection-220.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManslaughter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/manslaughter">"Manslaughter"</a>. <i>Wex</i>. Cornell Law School. July 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170911025453/https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/manslaughter">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wex&rft.atitle=Manslaughter&rft.date=2009-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cornell.edu%2Fwex%2Fmanslaughter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManslaughter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FL-782-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FL-782_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leg.state.fl.us/statutes/index.cfm?App_mode=Display_Statute&URL=0700-0799/0782/Sections/0782.07.html">"Florida Statutes, Sec. 782.07. Manslaughter"</a>. <i>Online Sunshine</i>. State of Florida. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170911024521/http://www.leg.state.fl.us/statutes/index.cfm?App_mode=Display_Statute&URL=0700-0799%2F0782%2FSections%2F0782.07.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Sunshine&rft.atitle=Florida+Statutes%2C+Sec.+782.07.+Manslaughter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.leg.state.fl.us%2Fstatutes%2Findex.cfm%3FApp_mode%3DDisplay_Statute%26URL%3D0700-0799%2F0782%2FSections%2F0782.07.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManslaughter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerman2011" class="citation web cs1">Berman, Mitchell N. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2492&context=faculty_scholarship">"Provocation as a Partial Justification and Partial Excuse"</a>. <i>Penn Law: Legal Scholarship Repository</i>. University of Pennsylvania Law School. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160416094652/http://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2492&context=faculty_scholarship">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Penn+Law%3A+Legal+Scholarship+Repository&rft.atitle=Provocation+as+a+Partial+Justification+and+Partial+Excuse&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Berman&rft.aufirst=Mitchell+N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscholarship.law.upenn.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D2492%26context%3Dfaculty_scholarship&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManslaughter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxbridgenotes.co.uk/revision_notes/gdl-law-gdl-criminal-law/samples/loss-of-control-and-diminished-responsibility">"Loss Of Control And Diminished Responsibility"</a>. <i>Oxbridge Notes</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170911024914/https://www.oxbridgenotes.co.uk/revision_notes/gdl-law-gdl-criminal-law/samples/loss-of-control-and-diminished-responsibility">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxbridge+Notes&rft.atitle=Loss+Of+Control+And+Diminished+Responsibility&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxbridgenotes.co.uk%2Frevision_notes%2Fgdl-law-gdl-criminal-law%2Fsamples%2Floss-of-control-and-diminished-responsibility&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManslaughter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnoll2015" class="citation web cs1">Knoll, Pat (14 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.westlawnextcanada.com/blog/insider/ced-an-overview-of-the-law-criminal-law-defences-provocation-363/">"CED, an Overview of the Law — Criminal Law – Defences: Provocation"</a>. <i>WestLaw Next Canada</i>. Thomson Reuters. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170911024723/http://www.westlawnextcanada.com/blog/insider/ced-an-overview-of-the-law-criminal-law-defences-provocation-363/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WestLaw+Next+Canada&rft.atitle=CED%2C+an+Overview+of+the+Law+%E2%80%94+Criminal+Law+%E2%80%93+Defences%3A+Provocation&rft.date=2015-04-14&rft.aulast=Knoll&rft.aufirst=Pat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.westlawnextcanada.com%2Fblog%2Finsider%2Fced-an-overview-of-the-law-criminal-law-defences-provocation-363%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManslaughter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFine2013" class="citation news cs1">Fine, Sean (25 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://beta.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/supreme-court-denies-provocation-defence-in-edmonton-murder-case/article15074110/">"Supreme Court dismisses 'provoked' defence claim in murder cases"</a>. Globe and Mail. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180605033619/https://beta.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/supreme-court-denies-provocation-defence-in-edmonton-murder-case/article15074110/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Supreme+Court+dismisses+%27provoked%27+defence+claim+in+murder+cases&rft.date=2013-10-25&rft.aulast=Fine&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbeta.theglobeandmail.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fsupreme-court-denies-provocation-defence-in-edmonton-murder-case%2Farticle15074110%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManslaughter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/62008NCJRS.pdf">"Provocation as a Defence to Murder"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>National Criminal Justice Reference Service</i>. Government of Australia. 1979. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170216121725/https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/62008NCJRS.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 16 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=Murder+vs.+Manslaughter&rft.date=2012-02-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fmurder-vs-manslaughter-1.1155132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManslaughter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cas.go.jp/jp/seisaku/hourei/data/PC.pdf">"PENAL CODE (Japan)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 4,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PENAL+CODE+%28Japan%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cas.go.jp%2Fjp%2Fseisaku%2Fhourei%2Fdata%2FPC.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManslaughter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRassat2018" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rassat, Michèle-Laure (2018-05-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DBLXEAAAQBAJ&q=droit+p%C3%A9nal+sp%C3%A9cial+infraction+contre+les+personnes"><i>Droit pénal spécial - Infractions du Code pénal. 8e éd. - Infractions du Code pénal</i></a> (in French). Editis - Interforum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-247-18061-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-247-18061-5"><bdi>978-2-247-18061-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Droit+p%C3%A9nal+sp%C3%A9cial+-+Infractions+du+Code+p%C3%A9nal.+8e+%C3%A9d.+-+Infractions+du+Code+p%C3%A9nal&rft.pub=Editis+-+Interforum&rft.date=2018-05-23&rft.isbn=978-2-247-18061-5&rft.aulast=Rassat&rft.aufirst=Mich%C3%A8le-Laure&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDBLXEAAAQBAJ%26q%3Ddroit%2Bp%25C3%25A9nal%2Bsp%25C3%25A9cial%2Binfraction%2Bcontre%2Bles%2Bpersonnes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManslaughter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/codes/article_lc/LEGIARTI000006417561">"Article 221-1 - Code pénal - Légifrance"</a>. <i>www.legifrance.gouv.fr</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.legifrance.gouv.fr&rft.atitle=Article+221-1+-+Code+p%C3%A9nal+-+L%C3%A9gifrance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.legifrance.gouv.fr%2Fcodes%2Farticle_lc%2FLEGIARTI000006417561&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManslaughter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodgson2005" class="citation book cs1">Hodgson, Jacqueline (2005-11-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T6bbBAAAQBAJ&q=criminal+law+french+homicide"><i>French Criminal Justice: A Comparative Account of the Investigation and Prosecution of Crime in France</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84731-069-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84731-069-9"><bdi>978-1-84731-069-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=French+Criminal+Justice%3A+A+Comparative+Account+of+the+Investigation+and+Prosecution+of+Crime+in+France&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2005-11-08&rft.isbn=978-1-84731-069-9&rft.aulast=Hodgson&rft.aufirst=Jacqueline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT6bbBAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dcriminal%2Blaw%2Bfrench%2Bhomicide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManslaughter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment2017" class="citation book cs1">Government, Frrench (2017-06-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pdBHtAEACAAJ"><i>Criminal Law of France</i></a>. Independently Published. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5215-9028-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5215-9028-7"><bdi>978-1-5215-9028-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Criminal+Law+of+France&rft.pub=Independently+Published&rft.date=2017-06-26&rft.isbn=978-1-5215-9028-7&rft.aulast=Government&rft.aufirst=Frrench&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpdBHtAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManslaughter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/codes/article_lc/LEGIARTI000006417578/2000-04-13#:~:text=Le%20fait%20de%20causer,%20par,300%20000%20F%20d'amende.">"Article 221-6 - Code pénal - Légifrance"</a>. <i>www.legifrance.gouv.fr</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.legifrance.gouv.fr&rft.atitle=Article+221-6+-+Code+p%C3%A9nal+-+L%C3%A9gifrance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.legifrance.gouv.fr%2Fcodes%2Farticle_lc%2FLEGIARTI000006417578%2F2000-04-13%23%3A~%3Atext%3DLe%2520fait%2520de%2520causer%2C%2520par%2C300%2520000%2520F%2520d%27amende.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManslaughter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBohlanderKempWebster2023" class="citation book cs1">Bohlander, Michael; Kemp, Gerhard; Webster, Mark (2023-06-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8Wy9EAAAQBAJ&dq=homicide+culpable+legifrance&pg=PA87"><i>Public Health Crisis Management and Criminal Liability of Governments: A Comparative Study of the COVID-19 Pandemic</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5099-4632-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5099-4632-7"><bdi>978-1-5099-4632-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Public+Health+Crisis+Management+and+Criminal+Liability+of+Governments%3A+A+Comparative+Study+of+the+COVID-19+Pandemic&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2023-06-15&rft.isbn=978-1-5099-4632-7&rft.aulast=Bohlander&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Kemp%2C+Gerhard&rft.au=Webster%2C+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8Wy9EAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dhomicide%2Bculpable%2Blegifrance%26pg%3DPA87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManslaughter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElliott2001" class="citation book cs1">Elliott, Catherine (May 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vm2UAgAAQBAJ&q=criminal+law+french+homicide"><i>French Criminal Law</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-99307-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-99307-8"><bdi>978-1-135-99307-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=French+Criminal+Law&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001-05&rft.isbn=978-1-135-99307-8&rft.aulast=Elliott&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVm2UAgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dcriminal%2Blaw%2Bfrench%2Bhomicide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManslaughter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPin2023" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pin, Xavier (2023-10-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Sn7aEAAAQBAJ&dq=Xavier+Pin+homicide+praeter-intentionnel&pg=PA766-IA33"><i>Droit pénal général 2024 15ed</i></a> (in French). Groupe Lefebvre Dalloz. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-247-22928-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-247-22928-4"><bdi>978-2-247-22928-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Droit+p%C3%A9nal+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral+2024+15ed&rft.pub=Groupe+Lefebvre+Dalloz&rft.date=2023-10-12&rft.isbn=978-2-247-22928-4&rft.aulast=Pin&rft.aufirst=Xavier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSn7aEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3DXavier%2BPin%2Bhomicide%2Bpraeter-intentionnel%26pg%3DPA766-IA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManslaughter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/codes/article_lc/LEGIARTI000006417608">"Article 222-7 - Code pénal"</a>. <i>Légifrance</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=L%C3%A9gifrance&rft.atitle=Article+222-7+-+Code+p%C3%A9nal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.legifrance.gouv.fr%2Fcodes%2Farticle_lc%2FLEGIARTI000006417608&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManslaughter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVarela2012" class="citation web cs1">Varela, Lorena (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indret.com/wp-content/themes/indret/pdf/900a.pdf">"Strict-Liability como forma de imputación jurídico"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Indret.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230928074728/https://indret.com/wp-content/themes/indret/pdf/900a.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2023-09-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Indret.com&rft.atitle=Strict-Liability+como+forma+de+imputaci%C3%B3n+jur%C3%ADdico&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Varela&rft.aufirst=Lorena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findret.com%2Fwp-content%2Fthemes%2Findret%2Fpdf%2F900a.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManslaughter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmatoFucito2020" class="citation book cs1">Amato, Astolfo Di; Fucito, Federica (2020-10-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EhcHEAAAQBAJ&q=italian+criminal+law+homicide"><i>Criminal Law in Italy</i></a>. Kluwer Law International B.V. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-035-2444-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-035-2444-3"><bdi>978-94-035-2444-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Criminal+Law+in+Italy&rft.pub=Kluwer+Law+International+B.V.&rft.date=2020-10-20&rft.isbn=978-94-035-2444-3&rft.aulast=Amato&rft.aufirst=Astolfo+Di&rft.au=Fucito%2C+Federica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEhcHEAAAQBAJ%26q%3Ditalian%2Bcriminal%2Blaw%2Bhomicide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManslaughter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gazzettaufficiale.it/atto/serie_generale/caricaArticolo?art.versione=1&art.idGruppo=56&art.flagTipoArticolo=1&art.codiceRedazionale=030U1398&art.idArticolo=575&art.idSottoArticolo=1&art.idSottoArticolo1=10&art.dataPubblicazioneGazzetta=1930-10-26&art.progressivo=0#:~:text=575)-,Art.,non%20inferiore%20ad%20anni%20ventuno.">"Codice Penale-art. 575"</a>. <i>www.gazzettaufficiale.it</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gazzettaufficiale.it&rft.atitle=Codice+Penale-art.+575&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gazzettaufficiale.it%2Fatto%2Fserie_generale%2FcaricaArticolo%3Fart.versione%3D1%26art.idGruppo%3D56%26art.flagTipoArticolo%3D1%26art.codiceRedazionale%3D030U1398%26art.idArticolo%3D575%26art.idSottoArticolo%3D1%26art.idSottoArticolo1%3D10%26art.dataPubblicazioneGazzetta%3D1930-10-26%26art.progressivo%3D0%23%3A~%3Atext%3D575%29-%2CArt.%2Cnon%2520inferiore%2520ad%2520anni%2520ventuno.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManslaughter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamacci2016" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ramacci, Fabrizio (2016-11-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=88m6DQAAQBAJ&q=i+delitti+di+omicidio"><i>I delitti di omicidio</i></a> (in Italian). Giappichelli. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-921-0521-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-921-0521-8"><bdi>978-88-921-0521-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+delitti+di+omicidio&rft.pub=Giappichelli&rft.date=2016-11-25&rft.isbn=978-88-921-0521-8&rft.aulast=Ramacci&rft.aufirst=Fabrizio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D88m6DQAAQBAJ%26q%3Di%2Bdelitti%2Bdi%2Bomicidio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManslaughter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gazzettaufficiale.it/atto/serie_generale/caricaArticolo?art.versione=1&art.idGruppo=56&art.flagTipoArticolo=1&art.codiceRedazionale=030U1398&art.idArticolo=584&art.idSottoArticolo=1&art.idSottoArticolo1=10&art.dataPubblicazioneGazzetta=1930-10-26&art.progressivo=0#:~:text=584.,da%20dieci%20a%20diciotto%20anni.">"Codice Penale-art. 584"</a>. <i>www.gazzettaufficiale.it</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gazzettaufficiale.it&rft.atitle=Codice+Penale-art.+584&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gazzettaufficiale.it%2Fatto%2Fserie_generale%2FcaricaArticolo%3Fart.versione%3D1%26art.idGruppo%3D56%26art.flagTipoArticolo%3D1%26art.codiceRedazionale%3D030U1398%26art.idArticolo%3D584%26art.idSottoArticolo%3D1%26art.idSottoArticolo1%3D10%26art.dataPubblicazioneGazzetta%3D1930-10-26%26art.progressivo%3D0%23%3A~%3Atext%3D584.%2Cda%2520dieci%2520a%2520diciotto%2520anni.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManslaughter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCadoppi1992" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cadoppi, Alberto (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=83_vSAAACAAJ"><i>Mens rea</i></a> (in Italian). Utet.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mens+rea&rft.pub=Utet&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Cadoppi&rft.aufirst=Alberto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D83_vSAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManslaughter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gazzettaufficiale.it/atto/serie_generale/caricaArticolo?art.versione=6&art.idGruppo=56&art.flagTipoArticolo=1&art.codiceRedazionale=030U1398&art.idArticolo=589&art.idSottoArticolo=1&art.idSottoArticolo1=10&art.dataPubblicazioneGazzetta=1930-10-26&art.progressivo=0#:~:text=589.,da%20due%20a%20sette%20anni.">"Codice Penale-art. 589"</a>. <i>www.gazzettaufficiale.it</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gazzettaufficiale.it&rft.atitle=Codice+Penale-art.+589&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gazzettaufficiale.it%2Fatto%2Fserie_generale%2FcaricaArticolo%3Fart.versione%3D6%26art.idGruppo%3D56%26art.flagTipoArticolo%3D1%26art.codiceRedazionale%3D030U1398%26art.idArticolo%3D589%26art.idSottoArticolo%3D1%26art.idSottoArticolo1%3D10%26art.dataPubblicazioneGazzetta%3D1930-10-26%26art.progressivo%3D0%23%3A~%3Atext%3D589.%2Cda%2520due%2520a%2520sette%2520anni.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManslaughter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHellerDubber2010" class="citation book cs1">Heller, Kevin Jon; Dubber, Markus (2010-12-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tM_BSGfDPG0C&dq=italian+criminal+law+homicide&pg=PA648"><i>The Handbook of Comparative Criminal Law</i></a>. Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-7729-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-7729-2"><bdi>978-0-8047-7729-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Handbook+of+Comparative+Criminal+Law&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2010-12-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-7729-2&rft.aulast=Heller&rft.aufirst=Kevin+Jon&rft.au=Dubber%2C+Markus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtM_BSGfDPG0C%26dq%3Ditalian%2Bcriminal%2Blaw%2Bhomicide%26pg%3DPA648&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManslaughter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVolonaki2000" class="citation journal cs1">Volonaki, Eleni (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ledonline.it/Dike/allegati/Dike3_Volonakis.pdf">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Apagoge" in Homicide Cases"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Dike</i>. <b>3</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dike&rft.atitle=%22Apagoge%22+in+Homicide+Cases&rft.volume=3&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Volonaki&rft.aufirst=Eleni&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ledonline.it%2FDike%2Fallegati%2FDike3_Volonakis.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManslaughter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGagarin1981" class="citation book cs1">Gagarin, Michael (1981). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/drakonearlyathen0000gaga"><i>Drakon and early Athenian homicide law</i></a></span>. New York: Yale U.P. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300026276" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300026276"><bdi>978-0300026276</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Drakon+and+early+Athenian+homicide+law&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Yale+U.P.&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0300026276&rft.aulast=Gagarin&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdrakonearlyathen0000gaga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManslaughter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips" class="citation web cs1">Phillips, David D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://camws.org/meeting/2009/program/abstracts/05C5.Phillips.pdf">"Phonos as a Term of Athenian Law: "Homicide" or "Killing," Not "Murder/Manslaughter"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Classical Association of the Middle West and South</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Classical+Association+of+the+Middle+West+and+South&rft.atitle=Phonos+as+a+Term+of+Athenian+Law%3A+%22Homicide%22+or+%22Killing%2C%22+Not+%22Murder%2FManslaughter%22&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=David+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcamws.org%2Fmeeting%2F2009%2Fprogram%2Fabstracts%2F05C5.Phillips.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManslaughter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_58-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_58-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_58-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_58-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_58-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/UTasLawRw/1959/4.html">"Brown, Bernard --- "The Emergence Of The Psychical Test Of Guilt In Homicide, 1200-1550" [1959] UTasLawRw 4; (1959) 1(2) University of Tasmania Law Review 231"</a>. <i>classic.austlii.edu.au</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-12-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=classic.austlii.edu.au&rft.atitle=Brown%2C+Bernard+---+%22The+Emergence+Of+The+Psychical+Test+Of+Guilt+In+Homicide%2C+1200-1550%22+%5B1959%5D+UTasLawRw+4%3B+%281959%29+1%282%29+University+of+Tasmania+Law+Review+231&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclassic.austlii.edu.au%2Fau%2Fjournals%2FUTasLawRw%2F1959%2F4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManslaughter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/MonashULawRw/1987/2.html">"Waller, Louis --- "The Tracy Maund Memorial Lecture: Any Reasonable Creature in Being" [1987] MonashULawRw 2; (1987) 13(1) Monash University Law Review 37"</a>. <i>classic.austlii.edu.au</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-12-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=classic.austlii.edu.au&rft.atitle=Waller%2C+Louis+---+%22The+Tracy+Maund+Memorial+Lecture%3A+Any+Reasonable+Creature+in+Being%22+%5B1987%5D+MonashULawRw+2%3B+%281987%29+13%281%29+Monash+University+Law+Review+37&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclassic.austlii.edu.au%2Fau%2Fjournals%2FMonashULawRw%2F1987%2F2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManslaughter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manslaughter&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output 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<li>Manslaughter (<a href="/wiki/Corporate_manslaughter" title="Corporate manslaughter">corporate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayhem_(crime)" title="Mayhem (crime)">Mayhem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">Murder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Felony_murder_rule" title="Felony murder rule">felony</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preterintention" title="Preterintention">Preterintention</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homicide" title="Homicide">Homicide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negligent_homicide" title="Negligent homicide">Negligent homicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robbery" title="Robbery">Robbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalking" title="Stalking">Stalking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabbing" title="Stabbing">Stabbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">Torture</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Against <a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">property</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Arson" title="Arson">Arson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arms_trafficking" title="Arms trafficking">Arms trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackmail" title="Blackmail">Blackmail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bribery" title="Bribery">Bribery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burglary" title="Burglary">Burglary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybercrime" title="Cybercrime">Cybercrime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embezzlement" title="Embezzlement">Embezzlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extortion" title="Extortion">Extortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_pretenses" title="False pretenses">False pretenses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forgery" title="Forgery">Forgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraud" title="Fraud">Fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling" title="Gambling">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">Intellectual property violation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larceny" title="Larceny">Larceny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Looting" title="Looting">Looting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payola" title="Payola">Payola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickpocketing" title="Pickpocketing">Pickpocketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possession_of_stolen_goods" title="Possession of stolen goods">Possessing stolen property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robbery" title="Robbery">Robbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smuggling" title="Smuggling">Smuggling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_evasion" title="Tax evasion">Tax evasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theft" title="Theft">Theft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trespass_to_land" title="Trespass to land">Trespass to land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandalism" title="Vandalism">Vandalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mischief" title="Mischief">Mischief</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Against the public</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begging" title="Begging">Begging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption" title="Corruption">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">Censorship violation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duel" title="Duel">Dueling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hostage" title="Hostage">Hostage-taking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insider_trading" title="Insider trading">Insider trading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smuggling" title="Smuggling">Smuggling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumptuary_law" title="Sumptuary law">Illegal consumption</a> (such as prohibition of <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_of_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Prohibition of drugs">drugs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prohibition" title="Prohibition">alcohol</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Smoking_ban" title="Smoking ban">smoking</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-miscegenation_laws" title="Anti-miscegenation laws">Miscegenation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">Piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regicide" title="Regicide">Regicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usurper" title="Usurper">Usurpation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">War crimes</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Against the <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9" title="Lèse-majesté">Lèse-majesté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">Treason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">Espionage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secession" title="Secession">Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedition" title="Sedition">Sedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subversion" title="Subversion">Subversion</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Against <a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">justice</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Compounding_a_felony" title="Compounding a felony">Compounding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malfeasance_in_office" title="Malfeasance in office">Malfeasance in office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miscarriage_of_justice" title="Miscarriage of justice">Miscarriage of justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misprision_of_felony" title="Misprision of felony">Misprision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstruction_of_justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Obstruction of justice">Obstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perjury" title="Perjury">Perjury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perverting_the_course_of_justice" title="Perverting the course of justice">Perverting the course of justice</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Against animals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruelty_to_animals" title="Cruelty to animals">Cruelty to animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poaching" title="Poaching">Poaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_smuggling" title="Wildlife smuggling">Wildlife smuggling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoophilia" title="Zoophilia">Bestiality</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_the_law" title="Sex and the law">Sexual offenses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Adultery" title="Adultery">Adultery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bigamy" title="Bigamy">Bigamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">Child sexual abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybersex_trafficking" title="Cybersex trafficking">Cybersex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fornication#Across_history,_cultures,_and_laws" title="Fornication">Fornication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminalization_of_homosexuality" title="Criminalization of homosexuality">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_incest" title="Legality of incest">Incest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indecent_exposure" title="Indecent exposure">Indecent exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masturbation#Law" title="Masturbation">Masturbation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obscenity" title="Obscenity">Obscenity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution" title="Prostitution">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">Rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pederasty" title="Pederasty">Pederasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking" title="Sex trafficking">Sex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_assault" title="Sexual assault">Sexual assault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">Sexual slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyeurism" title="Voyeurism">Voyeurism</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inchoate_offense" title="Inchoate offense">Inchoate offenses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Attempt" title="Attempt">Attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_conspiracy" title="Criminal conspiracy">Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incitement" title="Incitement">Incitement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solicitation" title="Solicitation">Solicitation</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Crime" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Special:Search/Crime">WikiSource</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Crime" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Crime">Wikimedia Commons</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Crime" class="extiw" 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