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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Distinguishing features</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Distinguishing_features-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Distinguishing features subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Distinguishing_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nucleus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nucleus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Nucleus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nucleus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biochemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biochemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Biochemistry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biochemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internal_membranes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_membranes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Internal membranes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal_membranes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mitochondria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mitochondria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Mitochondria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mitochondria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plastids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plastids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Plastids</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plastids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cytoskeletal_structures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cytoskeletal_structures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Cytoskeletal structures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cytoskeletal_structures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cell_wall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cell_wall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Cell wall</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cell_wall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sexual_reproduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexual_reproduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Sexual reproduction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexual_reproduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Evolution</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Evolution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Evolution subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History_of_classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>History of classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phylogeny" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phylogeny"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Phylogeny</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phylogeny-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origin_of_eukaryotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin_of_eukaryotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Origin of eukaryotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin_of_eukaryotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fossils" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fossils"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Fossils</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fossils-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Eukaryote</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 139 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-139" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">139 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukarioot" title="Eukarioot – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Eukarioot" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryoten" title="Eukaryoten – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Eukaryoten" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sell%C3%A2v%C3%A1%C3%A1imusliih" title="Sellâvááimusliih – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Sellâvááimusliih" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%88%D9%89" title="حقيقيات النوى – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حقيقيات النوى" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota" title="Eukaryota – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Eukaryota" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80%E0%A7%B1" title="সংকোষকেন্দ্ৰীয় জীৱ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="সংকোষকেন্দ্ৰীয় জীৱ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota" title="Eukaryota – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Eukaryota" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukariotlar" title="Eukariotlar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Eukariotlar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota" title="Eukaryota – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Eukaryota" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AC" title="সুকেন্দ্রিক জীব – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সুকেন্দ্রিক জীব" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chin-hu%CC%8Dt_seng-bu%CC%8Dt" title="Chin-hu̍t seng-bu̍t – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chin-hu̍t seng-bu̍t" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Эукариоттар – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Эукариоттар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%9E%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%91%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Эўкарыёты – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эўкарыёты" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%9E%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%91%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Эўкарыёты – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Эўкарыёты" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Еукариоти – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Еукариоти" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota" title="Eukaryota – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Eukaryota" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukarioti" title="Eukarioti – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Eukarioti" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukariot" title="Eukariot – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Eukariot" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucariotes" title="Eucariotes – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Eucariotes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Эукариотсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Эукариотсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota" title="Eukaryota – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Eukaryota" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewcaryot" title="Ewcaryot – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ewcaryot" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryoter" title="Eukaryoter – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Eukaryoter" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryoten" title="Eukaryoten – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Eukaryoten" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryoty" title="Eukaryoty – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Eukaryoty" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukar%C3%BCoodid" title="Eukarüoodid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Eukarüoodid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%85%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%85%CF%89%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AC_%CE%BA%CF%8D%CF%84%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B1" title="Ευκαρυωτικά κύτταρα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ευκαρυωτικά κύτταρα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota" title="Eukaryota – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Eukaryota" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C5%ADkariotoj" title="Eŭkariotoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Eŭkariotoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota" title="Eukaryota – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Eukaryota" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukarioto" title="Eukarioto – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eukarioto" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%AA" title="یوکاریوت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یوکاریوت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota" title="Eukaryota – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Eukaryota" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota" title="Eukaryota – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Eukaryota" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota" title="Eukaryota – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Eukaryota" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota" title="Eukaryota – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Eukaryota" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Эукариоташ – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Эукариоташ" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%B9%B3%CC%82n-fu%CC%8Dt" title="Chṳ̂n-fu̍t – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Chṳ̂n-fu̍t" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%84%ED%95%B5%EC%83%9D%EB%AC%BC" title="진핵생물 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="진핵생물" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Կորիզավորներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կորիզավորներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95" title="सुकेन्द्रिक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सुकेन्द्रिक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryoty" title="Eukaryoty – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Eukaryoty" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukarioti" title="Eukarioti – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Eukarioti" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukarioto" title="Eukarioto – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Eukarioto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Eukaryote" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukariota" title="Eukariota – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Eukariota" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucaryote" title="Eucaryote – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Eucaryote" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82%C3%A6" title="Эукариоттæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Эукариоттæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMvelendeni" title="IMvelendeni – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IMvelendeni" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heilkj%C3%B6rnungar" title="Heilkjörnungar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Heilkjörnungar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota" title="Eukaryota – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Eukaryota" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%95%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9D" title="אאוקריוטים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אאוקריוטים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukariota" title="Eukariota – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Eukariota" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Eukaryote" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ევკარიოტები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ევკარიოტები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Эукариоттар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Эукариоттар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota" title="Eukaryota – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Eukaryota" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota" title="Eukaryota – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Eukaryota" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekary%C3%B2t" title="Ekaryòt – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Ekaryòt" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89karyota" title="Ékaryota – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Ékaryota" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukariyot" title="Eukariyot – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Eukariyot" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Эукариот – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Эукариот" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucariota" title="Eucariota – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Eucariota" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A2%E0%BA%B9%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%B5%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%94" title="ຢູກາຣີໂອດ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຢູກາຣີໂອດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota" title="Eukaryota – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Eukaryota" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eikarioti" title="Eikarioti – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Eikarioti" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryoten" title="Eukaryoten – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Eukaryoten" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukariotai" title="Eukariotai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Eukariotai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota" title="Eukaryota – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Eukaryota" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukarya" title="Eukarya – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Eukarya" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucariota" title="Eucariota – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Eucariota" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota" title="Eukaryota – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Eukaryota" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukari%C3%B3t%C3%A1k" title="Eukarióták – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Eukarióták" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Еукариоти – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Еукариоти" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE" title="യൂക്കാരിയോട്ടുകൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="യൂക്കാരിയോട്ടുകൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5" title="सकेंद्रक सजीव – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सकेंद्रक सजीव" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ევკარიოტეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ევკარიოტეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%88%D9%89" title="حقيقيات النوى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="حقيقيات النوى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukariot" title="Eukariot – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Eukariot" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%A2%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%9B_%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9C" title="ꯏꯌꯨꯀꯦꯔꯥꯢꯌꯣꯇꯤꯛ ꯁꯦꯜ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯏꯌꯨꯀꯦꯔꯥꯢꯌꯣꯇꯤꯛ ꯁꯦꯜ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukariota" title="Eukariota – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Eukariota" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C4%ADng-h%C5%8Fk_s%C4%95ng-%C5%ADk" title="Cĭng-hŏk sĕng-ŭk – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Cĭng-hŏk sĕng-ŭk" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Эукариот – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Эукариот" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B0%E1%80%80%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%80%9A%E1%80%A1%E1%80%85%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%AB_%E1%80%9E%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AD" title="နျူကလိယအစစ်ပါ သက်ရှိ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နျူကလိယအစစ်ပါ သက်ရှိ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryoten" title="Eukaryoten – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Eukaryoten" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="真核生物 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="真核生物" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota" title="Eukaryota – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Eukaryota" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Эукариоташ – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Эукариоташ" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukarioten" title="Eukarioten – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Eukarioten" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryoter" title="Eukaryoter – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Eukaryoter" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryotar" title="Eukaryotar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Eukaryotar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota" title="Eukaryota – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Eukaryota" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota" title="Eukaryota – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Eukaryota" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirmaat-dhugee" title="Wirmaat-dhugee – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Wirmaat-dhugee" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukariotlar" title="Eukariotlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Eukariotlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A3%E0%A9%80" title="ਸੁਕੇਂਦਰੀ ਪ੍ਰਾਣੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੁਕੇਂਦਰੀ ਪ੍ਰਾਣੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%B9" title="یوکیریوٹ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="یوکیریوٹ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%AA" title="یوکاریوت – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="یوکاریوت" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryoten" title="Eukaryoten – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Eukaryoten" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukarionty" title="Eukarionty – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Eukarionty" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota" title="Eukaryota – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Eukaryota" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucariote" title="Eucariote – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Eucariote" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Еукариоты – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Еукариоты" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Эукариоты – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эукариоты" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Эукариот – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Эукариот" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota" title="Eukaryota – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Eukaryota" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Eukaryote" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukarioti" title="Eukarioti – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Eukarioti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota" title="Eukaryota – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Eukaryota" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Eukaryote" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%DA%AA%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%BD%D8%A7" title="يوڪيريئوٽا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="يوڪيريئوٽا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryoty" title="Eukaryoty – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Eukaryoty" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evkarionti" title="Evkarionti – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Evkarionti" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%95%D9%88%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%95_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%A9_%DA%95%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%95%D9%82%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="زیندەوەرە ناوک ڕاستەقینەکان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زیندەوەرە ناوک ڕاستەقینەکان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Еукариоте – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Еукариоте" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukariote" title="Eukariote – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Eukariote" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukariot" title="Eukariot – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Eukariot" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aitotumaiset" title="Aitotumaiset – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Aitotumaiset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryoter" title="Eukaryoter – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Eukaryoter" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota" title="Eukaryota – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Eukaryota" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF" title="மெய்க்கருவுயிரி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மெய்க்கருவுயிரி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timzi%C9%A3wawin" title="Timziɣwawin – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Timziɣwawin" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Эукариотлар – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Эукариотлар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%95" title="ยูแคริโอต – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ยูแคริโอต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D2%B3%D0%BE" title="Эукариотҳо – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Эукариотҳо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96karyot" title="Ökaryot – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ökaryot" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Еукаріоти – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Еукаріоти" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%82%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%B2%DB%8C%DB%81" title="حقیقی المرکزیہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="حقیقی المرکزیہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota" title="Eukaryota – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Eukaryota" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinh_v%E1%BA%ADt_nh%C3%A2n_th%E1%BB%B1c" title="Sinh vật nhân thực – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sinh vật nhân thực" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucariote" title="Eucariote – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Eucariote" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryootn" title="Eukaryootn – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Eukaryootn" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Eukaryote" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="真核生物 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="真核生物" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%90%D7%98" title="אייקאריאט – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אייקאריאט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Eukaryote" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="真核生物 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="真核生物" data-language-autonym="粵語" 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For the journal, see <a href="/wiki/Eukaryotic_Cell_(journal)" title="Eukaryotic Cell (journal)"><i>Eukaryotic Cell</i> (journal)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(245,215,255)">Eukaryota<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <a href="/wiki/Statherian" title="Statherian">Statherian</a>–<a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Present</a> <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">1650–0 Ma</span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:250px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; font-size:small; position:relative; z-index:0;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(153,192,141); left:220.50773980251px; width:15.703916975018px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,197,202); left:236.21165677753px; width:10.175705559083px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(242,249,29); left:246.38736233661px; width:3.6126376633897px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(154,217,221); left:220.50773980251px; width:29.492260197491px;"><a href="/wiki/Phanerozoic" title="Phanerozoic"><span style="color:black;">Pha.</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(247,67,112); left:113.15766426554px; width:49.263240864406px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,180,98); left:162.42090512995px; width:32.84216057627px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(254,179,66); left:195.26306570622px; width:25.244674096293px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(247,53,99); left:113.15766426554px; width:107.35007553697px;"><a href="/wiki/Proterozoic" title="Proterozoic"><span style="color:black;">Proterozoic</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(218,3,127); left:29.355417861756px; width:23.591618680621px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(244,68,159); left:52.947036542377px; width:21.894773717514px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(247,104,169); left:74.841810259891px; width:21.894773717514px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(249,155,193); left:96.736583977405px; width:16.421080288135px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,4,127); left:29.355417861756px; width:83.802246403783px;"><a href="/wiki/Archean" title="Archean"><span style="color:black;">Archean</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(174,2,126); left:0px; width:29.355417861756px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(174,2,126); left:0px; width:29.355417861756px;"><a href="/wiki/Hadean" title="Hadean"><span style="color:white;">Had.</span></a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:249px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:250px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:124.1050511243px; width:125.8949488757px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:159.68405841526px; width:90.315941584744px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:160.68405841526px; width:88.315941584744px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:262px;max-width:262px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:139px;max-width:139px"><div style="height:87px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhodomonas_salina_CCMP_322_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Rhodomonas_salina_CCMP_322_%28cropped%29.jpg/137px-Rhodomonas_salina_CCMP_322_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="137" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Rhodomonas_salina_CCMP_322_%28cropped%29.jpg/206px-Rhodomonas_salina_CCMP_322_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Rhodomonas_salina_CCMP_322_%28cropped%29.jpg/274px-Rhodomonas_salina_CCMP_322_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="422" data-file-height="270" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Cryptista" title="Cryptista">Cryptista</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:119px;max-width:119px"><div style="height:87px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ranunculus_asiaticus4LEST.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Ranunculus_asiaticus4LEST.jpg/117px-Ranunculus_asiaticus4LEST.jpg" decoding="async" width="117" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Ranunculus_asiaticus4LEST.jpg/176px-Ranunculus_asiaticus4LEST.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Ranunculus_asiaticus4LEST.jpg/234px-Ranunculus_asiaticus4LEST.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="540" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Viridiplantae" title="Viridiplantae">Viridiplantae</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:138px;max-width:138px"><div style="height:125px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Trypanosoma_sp._PHIL_613_lores_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Trypanosoma_sp._PHIL_613_lores_%28cropped%29.jpg/136px-Trypanosoma_sp._PHIL_613_lores_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Trypanosoma_sp._PHIL_613_lores_%28cropped%29.jpg/204px-Trypanosoma_sp._PHIL_613_lores_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Trypanosoma_sp._PHIL_613_lores_%28cropped%29.jpg/272px-Trypanosoma_sp._PHIL_613_lores_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="536" data-file-height="496" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Discoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Discoba">Discoba</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:120px;max-width:120px"><div style="height:125px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chaos_carolinensis_Wilson_1900.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Chaos_carolinensis_Wilson_1900.jpg/118px-Chaos_carolinensis_Wilson_1900.jpg" decoding="async" width="118" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Chaos_carolinensis_Wilson_1900.jpg/177px-Chaos_carolinensis_Wilson_1900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Chaos_carolinensis_Wilson_1900.jpg/236px-Chaos_carolinensis_Wilson_1900.jpg 2x" data-file-width="380" data-file-height="405" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Amoebozoa" title="Amoebozoa">Amoebozoa</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:135px;max-width:135px"><div style="height:89px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ammonia_tepida.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Ammonia_tepida.jpg/133px-Ammonia_tepida.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Ammonia_tepida.jpg/200px-Ammonia_tepida.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Ammonia_tepida.jpg/266px-Ammonia_tepida.jpg 2x" data-file-width="459" data-file-height="309" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Rhizaria" title="Rhizaria">Rhizaria</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:123px;max-width:123px"><div style="height:89px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Isotricha_intestinalis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Isotricha_intestinalis.jpg/121px-Isotricha_intestinalis.jpg" decoding="async" width="121" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Isotricha_intestinalis.jpg/182px-Isotricha_intestinalis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Isotricha_intestinalis.jpg/242px-Isotricha_intestinalis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1489" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Alveolate" title="Alveolate">Alveolata</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:133px;max-width:133px"><div style="height:92px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Osmia_rufa_couple_(aka).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Osmia_rufa_couple_%28aka%29.jpg/131px-Osmia_rufa_couple_%28aka%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="131" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Osmia_rufa_couple_%28aka%29.jpg/197px-Osmia_rufa_couple_%28aka%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Osmia_rufa_couple_%28aka%29.jpg/262px-Osmia_rufa_couple_%28aka%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="846" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:125px;max-width:125px"><div style="height:92px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Boletus_edulis_(Tillegem).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Boletus_edulis_%28Tillegem%29.jpg/123px-Boletus_edulis_%28Tillegem%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="123" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Boletus_edulis_%28Tillegem%29.jpg/185px-Boletus_edulis_%28Tillegem%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Boletus_edulis_%28Tillegem%29.jpg/246px-Boletus_edulis_%28Tillegem%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">Fungi</a></div></div></div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(245,215,255)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Eukaryota" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eukaryota</a><br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Chatton" title="Édouard Chatton">Chatton</a>, 1925) <a href="/wiki/Robert_Whittaker_(ecologist)" title="Robert Whittaker (ecologist)">Whittaker</a> & <a href="/wiki/Lynn_Margulis" title="Lynn Margulis">Margulis</a>, 1978</small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(245,215,255)">Subgroups </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diaphoretickes" title="Diaphoretickes">Diaphoretickes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TSAR" class="mw-redirect" title="TSAR">TSAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haptista" title="Haptista">Haptista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAM_(clade)" title="CAM (clade)">CAM clade</a> <small>(including <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plants</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provora" title="Provora">Provora</a><sup id="cite_ref-Provora_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Provora-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemimastigophora" title="Hemimastigophora">Hemimastigophora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakobid" title="Jakobid">Jakobea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsukubea" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsukubea">Tsukubea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discicristata" title="Discicristata">Discicristata</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Euglenozoa" title="Euglenozoa">Euglenozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percolozoa" title="Percolozoa">Percolozoa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotokaryotes" title="Scotokaryotes">Scotokaryotes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Podiata" title="Podiata">Podiata</a> <small>(including <a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">fungi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animals</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metamonada" class="mw-redirect" title="Metamonada">Metamonada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawimonadida" class="mw-redirect" title="Malawimonadida">Malawimonadida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancyromonadida" title="Ancyromonadida">Ancyromonadida</a></li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(245,215,255)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li>Eucarya <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Woese" title="Carl Woese">Woese</a> et al. 1990</span><sup id="cite_ref-w1990_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-w1990-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Eukarya <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Lynn_Margulis" title="Lynn Margulis">Margulis</a> 1996</span><sup id="cite_ref-Margulis_1996_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Margulis_1996-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p>The <b>eukaryotes</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/j/: 'y' in 'yes'">j</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ær/: 'arr' in 'marry'">ær</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span>-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">yoo-<span style="font-size:90%">KARR</span>-ee-ohts, -⁠əts</i></a>)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> constitute the <a href="/wiki/Domain_(biology)" title="Domain (biology)">domain</a> of <b>Eukaryota</b> or <b>Eukarya</b>, <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">organisms</a> whose <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cells</a> have a membrane-bound <a href="/wiki/Cell_nucleus" title="Cell nucleus">nucleus</a>. All <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungi</a>, and many <a href="/wiki/Unicellular_organism" title="Unicellular organism">unicellular organisms</a> are eukaryotes. They constitute a major group of <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_life_forms" title="Outline of life forms">life forms</a> alongside the two groups of <a href="/wiki/Prokaryote" title="Prokaryote">prokaryotes</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">Archaea</a>. Eukaryotes represent a small minority of the number of organisms, but given their generally much larger size, their collective <a href="/wiki/Global_biomass" class="mw-redirect" title="Global biomass">global biomass</a> is much larger than that of prokaryotes. </p><p>The eukaryotes seemingly emerged within the <a href="/wiki/Asgard_(archaea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Asgard (archaea)">Asgard archaea</a>, and are closely related to the <a href="/wiki/Heimdallarchaeia" class="mw-redirect" title="Heimdallarchaeia">Heimdallarchaeia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This implies that there are only <a href="/wiki/Two-domain_system" title="Two-domain system">two domains of life</a>, Bacteria and Archaea, with eukaryotes incorporated among the Archaea. Eukaryotes first emerged during the <a href="/wiki/Paleoproterozoic" title="Paleoproterozoic">Paleoproterozoic</a>, likely as <a href="/wiki/Flagellated_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Flagellated cell">flagellated</a> cells. The leading <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolutionary">evolutionary</a> theory is they were created by <a href="/wiki/Symbiogenesis" title="Symbiogenesis">symbiogenesis</a> between an anaerobic Asgard archaean and an aerobic <a href="/wiki/Proteobacterium" class="mw-redirect" title="Proteobacterium">proteobacterium</a>, which formed the <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrion" title="Mitochondrion">mitochondria</a>. A second episode of symbiogenesis with a <a href="/wiki/Cyanobacteria" title="Cyanobacteria">cyanobacterium</a> created the plants, with <a href="/wiki/Chloroplast" title="Chloroplast">chloroplasts</a>. </p><p>Eukaryotic cells contain <a href="/wiki/Organelle" title="Organelle">membrane-bound organelles</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Cell_nucleus" title="Cell nucleus">nucleus</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Endoplasmic_reticulum" title="Endoplasmic reticulum">endoplasmic reticulum</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Golgi_apparatus" title="Golgi apparatus">Golgi apparatus</a>. Eukaryotes may be either <a href="/wiki/Unicellular_organism" title="Unicellular organism">unicellular</a> or <a href="/wiki/Multicellular_organism" title="Multicellular organism">multicellular</a>. In comparison, prokaryotes are typically unicellular. Unicellular eukaryotes are sometimes called <a href="/wiki/Protist" title="Protist">protists</a>. Eukaryotes can reproduce both <a href="/wiki/Asexual_reproduction" title="Asexual reproduction">asexually</a> through <a href="/wiki/Mitosis" title="Mitosis">mitosis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_reproduction" title="Sexual reproduction">sexually</a> through <a href="/wiki/Meiosis" title="Meiosis">meiosis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gamete" title="Gamete">gamete</a> fusion (<a href="/wiki/Fertilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertilization">fertilization</a>). </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diversity">Diversity</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">Organism</a></div> <p>Eukaryotes are <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">organisms</a> that range from microscopic single <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cells</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Picozoa" title="Picozoa">picozoans</a> under 3 micrometres across,<sup id="cite_ref-Seenivasan_Sausen_Medlin_Melkonian_2013_p=e59565_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seenivasan_Sausen_Medlin_Melkonian_2013_p=e59565-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animals</a> like the <a href="/wiki/Blue_whale" title="Blue whale">blue whale</a>, weighing up to 190 <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a> and measuring up to 33.6 metres (110 ft) long,<sup id="cite_ref-Wood_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wood-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plants</a> like the <a href="/wiki/Sequoia_sempervirens" title="Sequoia sempervirens">coast redwood</a>, up to 120 metres (390 ft) tall.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many eukaryotes are unicellular; the informal grouping called <a href="/wiki/Protist" title="Protist">protists</a> includes many of these, with some multicellular forms like the <a href="/wiki/Macrocystis" title="Macrocystis">giant kelp</a> up to 200 feet (61 m) long.<sup id="cite_ref-Hoek_95_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoek_95-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The multicellular eukaryotes include the animals, plants, and <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungi</a>, but again, these groups too contain many unicellular <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-burki2014_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burki2014-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eukaryotic cells are typically much larger than those of <a href="/wiki/Prokaryote" title="Prokaryote">prokaryotes</a>—the <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">archaea</a>—having a volume of around 10,000 times greater.<sup id="cite_ref-DeRennaux_2001_pp._329–332_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeRennaux_2001_pp._329–332-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eukaryotes represent a small minority of the number of <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">organisms</a>, but, as many of them are much larger, their collective global <a href="/wiki/Biomass_(ecology)" title="Biomass (ecology)">biomass</a> (468 gigatons) is far larger than that of prokaryotes (77 gigatons), with plants alone accounting for over 81% of the total biomass of <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-The_biomass_of_Earth_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_biomass_of_Earth-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Eukaryotes range in size from single cells to organisms weighing many tons</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 230px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gram-negative_Bacteria_and_Paramecium_forming_cyst.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Prokaryotes (small cylindrical cells, bacteria, on left) and a single-celled eukaryote, Paramecium"><img alt="Prokaryotes (small cylindrical cells, bacteria, on left) and a single-celled eukaryote, Paramecium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Gram-negative_Bacteria_and_Paramecium_forming_cyst.jpg/225px-Gram-negative_Bacteria_and_Paramecium_forming_cyst.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Gram-negative_Bacteria_and_Paramecium_forming_cyst.jpg/338px-Gram-negative_Bacteria_and_Paramecium_forming_cyst.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Gram-negative_Bacteria_and_Paramecium_forming_cyst.jpg/450px-Gram-negative_Bacteria_and_Paramecium_forming_cyst.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2543" data-file-height="1907" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Prokaryote" title="Prokaryote">Prokaryotes</a> (small cylindrical cells, <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a>, on left) and a single-celled eukaryote, <i><a href="/wiki/Paramecium" title="Paramecium">Paramecium</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 230px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:California_Redwood_National_Park_(216450575).jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coast redwood"><img alt="Coast redwood" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/California_Redwood_National_Park_%28216450575%29.jpeg/149px-California_Redwood_National_Park_%28216450575%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="149" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/California_Redwood_National_Park_%28216450575%29.jpeg/224px-California_Redwood_National_Park_%28216450575%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/California_Redwood_National_Park_%28216450575%29.jpeg/298px-California_Redwood_National_Park_%28216450575%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1359" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sequoia_sempervirens" title="Sequoia sempervirens">Coast redwood</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 230px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anim1754_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library_(rotated).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Blue whale"><img alt="Blue whale" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Anim1754_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library_%28rotated%29.jpg/225px-Anim1754_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library_%28rotated%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Anim1754_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library_%28rotated%29.jpg/338px-Anim1754_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library_%28rotated%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Anim1754_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library_%28rotated%29.jpg/450px-Anim1754_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library_%28rotated%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2373" data-file-height="1313" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Blue_whale" title="Blue whale">Blue whale</a></div> </li> </ul> <p>The eukaryotes are a diverse lineage, consisting mainly of <a href="/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">microscopic organisms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Burki_Roger_Brown_Simpson_2020_pp._43–55_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burki_Roger_Brown_Simpson_2020_pp._43–55-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Multicellularity in some form has <a href="/wiki/Evolved_independently" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolved independently">evolved independently</a> at least 25 times within the eukaryotes.<sup id="cite_ref-Grosberg2007_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grosberg2007-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Complex multicellular organisms, not counting the aggregation of <a href="/wiki/Amoeba_(genus)" title="Amoeba (genus)">amoebae</a> to form <a href="/wiki/Slime_mold" title="Slime mold">slime molds</a>, have evolved within only six eukaryotic lineages: <a href="/wiki/Animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Animals">animals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fungi#Phylogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">symbiomycotan fungi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brown_algae" title="Brown algae">brown algae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_algae" title="Red algae">red algae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Green_algae" title="Green algae">green algae</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Land_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Land plant">land plants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eukaryotes are grouped by genomic similarities, so that groups often lack visible shared characteristics.<sup id="cite_ref-Burki_Roger_Brown_Simpson_2020_pp._43–55_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burki_Roger_Brown_Simpson_2020_pp._43–55-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distinguishing_features">Distinguishing features</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)#Eukaryotic_cells" title="Cell (biology)">Cell (biology) § Eukaryotic cells</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nucleus">Nucleus</h3></div> <p>The defining feature of eukaryotes is that <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)#Eukaryotic_cells" title="Cell (biology)">their cells</a> have <a href="/wiki/Nucleus_(cell)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nucleus (cell)">nuclei</a>. This gives them their name, from the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%B5%E1%BD%96" class="extiw" title="wikt:εὖ">εὖ</a> (<i>eu</i>, "well" or "good") and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BA%CE%AC%CF%81%CF%85%CE%BF%CE%BD" class="extiw" title="wikt:κάρυον">κάρυον</a> (<i>karyon</i>, "nut" or "kernel", here meaning "nucleus").<sup id="cite_ref-OnlineEtDict_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OnlineEtDict-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eukaryotic cells have a variety of internal membrane-bound structures, called <a href="/wiki/Organelle" title="Organelle">organelles</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Cytoskeleton" title="Cytoskeleton">cytoskeleton</a> which defines the cell's organization and shape. The nucleus stores the cell's <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a>, which is divided into linear bundles called <a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">chromosomes</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> these are separated into two matching sets by a <a href="/wiki/Spindle_apparatus" title="Spindle apparatus">microtubular spindle</a> during nuclear division, in the distinctively eukaryotic process of <a href="/wiki/Mitosis" title="Mitosis">mitosis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biochemistry">Biochemistry</h3></div> <p>Eukaryotes differ from prokaryotes in multiple ways, with unique biochemical pathways such as <a href="/wiki/Sterane" title="Sterane">sterane</a> synthesis.<sup id="cite_ref-sterane_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sterane-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The eukaryotic signature <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a> have no homology to proteins in other domains of life, but appear to be universal among eukaryotes. They include the proteins of the cytoskeleton, the complex <a href="/wiki/Transcription_(biology)" title="Transcription (biology)">transcription</a> machinery, the membrane-sorting systems, the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_pore" title="Nuclear pore">nuclear pore</a>, and some <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a> in the biochemical pathways.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid11805300_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11805300-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internal_membranes">Internal membranes</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Endomembrane_system" title="Endomembrane system">Endomembrane system</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:358px;max-width:358px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:52px;max-width:52px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Prokaryote_cell.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Prokaryote_cell.svg/50px-Prokaryote_cell.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Prokaryote_cell.svg/75px-Prokaryote_cell.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Prokaryote_cell.svg/100px-Prokaryote_cell.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="910" data-file-height="1020" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><small><a href="/wiki/Prokaryote" title="Prokaryote">Prokaryote</a>, to same scale</small></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Endomembrane_system_diagram_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Endomembrane_system_diagram_en.svg/300px-Endomembrane_system_diagram_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Endomembrane_system_diagram_en.svg/450px-Endomembrane_system_diagram_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Endomembrane_system_diagram_en.svg/600px-Endomembrane_system_diagram_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="486" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Eukaryotic cell with <a href="/wiki/Endomembrane_system" title="Endomembrane system">endomembrane system</a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Eukaryotic cells are some 10,000 times larger than prokaryotic cells by volume, and contain <a href="/wiki/Membrane-bound_organelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Membrane-bound organelle">membrane-bound organelles</a>.</div></div></div></div> <p>Eukaryote cells include a variety of membrane-bound structures, together forming the <a href="/wiki/Endomembrane_system" title="Endomembrane system">endomembrane system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Simple compartments, called <a href="/wiki/Vesicle_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vesicle (biology)">vesicles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vacuole" title="Vacuole">vacuoles</a>, can form by budding off other membranes. Many cells ingest food and other materials through a process of <a href="/wiki/Endocytosis" title="Endocytosis">endocytosis</a>, where the outer membrane <a href="/wiki/Invagination" title="Invagination">invaginates</a> and then pinches off to form a vesicle.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some cell products can leave in a vesicle through <a href="/wiki/Exocytosis" title="Exocytosis">exocytosis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The nucleus is surrounded by a double membrane known as the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_envelope" title="Nuclear envelope">nuclear envelope</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_pore" title="Nuclear pore">nuclear pores</a> that allow material to move in and out.<sup id="cite_ref-TheNuclearEnvelope-NCBI_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheNuclearEnvelope-NCBI-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various tube- and sheet-like extensions of the nuclear membrane form the <a href="/wiki/Endoplasmic_reticulum" title="Endoplasmic reticulum">endoplasmic reticulum</a>, which is involved in <a href="/wiki/Protein_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Protein transport">protein transport</a> and maturation. It includes the rough endoplasmic reticulum, covered in <a href="/wiki/Ribosome" title="Ribosome">ribosomes</a> which synthesize proteins; these enter the interior space or lumen. Subsequently, they generally enter vesicles, which bud off from the smooth endoplasmic reticulum.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In most eukaryotes, these protein-carrying vesicles are released and further modified in stacks of flattened vesicles (<a href="/wiki/Cisterna" title="Cisterna">cisternae</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Golgi_apparatus" title="Golgi apparatus">Golgi apparatus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vesicles may be specialized; for instance, <a href="/wiki/Lysosome" title="Lysosome">lysosomes</a> contain <a href="/wiki/Digestive_enzyme" title="Digestive enzyme">digestive enzymes</a> that break down <a href="/wiki/Biomolecule" title="Biomolecule">biomolecules</a> in the cytoplasm.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mitochondria">Mitochondria</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrion" title="Mitochondrion">Mitochondrion</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mitochondrion_structure.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Mitochondrion_structure.svg/310px-Mitochondrion_structure.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Mitochondrion_structure.svg/465px-Mitochondrion_structure.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Mitochondrion_structure.svg/620px-Mitochondrion_structure.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mitochondrion" title="Mitochondrion">Mitochondria</a> are essentially universal in the eukaryotes, and with their own <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> somewhat resemble prokaryotic cells. </figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Mitochondrion" title="Mitochondrion">Mitochondria</a> are organelles in eukaryotic cells. The mitochondrion is commonly called "the powerhouse of the cell",<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for its function providing energy by oxidising sugars or fats to produce the energy-storing molecule <a href="/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate">ATP</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Voet_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Voet-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mitochondria have two surrounding <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrion#Structure" title="Mitochondrion">membranes</a>, each a <a href="/wiki/Lipid_bilayer" title="Lipid bilayer">phospholipid bilayer</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Inner_mitochondrial_membrane" title="Inner mitochondrial membrane">inner</a> of which is folded into invaginations called <a href="/wiki/Cristae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cristae">cristae</a> where <a href="/wiki/Aerobic_respiration" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerobic respiration">aerobic respiration</a> takes place.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mitochondria contain <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">their own DNA</a>, which has close structural similarities to <a href="/wiki/Bacterial_DNA" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacterial DNA">bacterial DNA</a>, from which it originated, and which encodes <a href="/wiki/RRNA" class="mw-redirect" title="RRNA">rRNA</a> and <a href="/wiki/TRNA" class="mw-redirect" title="TRNA">tRNA</a> genes that produce RNA which is closer in structure to bacterial RNA than to eukaryote RNA.<sup id="cite_ref-MolecGene_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MolecGene-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some eukaryotes, such as the <a href="/wiki/Metamonad" title="Metamonad">metamonads</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Giardia" title="Giardia">Giardia</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Trichomonas" title="Trichomonas">Trichomonas</a></i>, and the amoebozoan <i><a href="/wiki/Pelomyxa" title="Pelomyxa">Pelomyxa</a></i>, appear to lack mitochondria, but all contain mitochondrion-derived organelles, like <a href="/wiki/Hydrogenosome" title="Hydrogenosome">hydrogenosomes</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mitosome" title="Mitosome">mitosomes</a>, having lost their mitochondria secondarily.<sup id="cite_ref-Karn_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karn-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They obtain energy by enzymatic action in the cytoplasm.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Karn_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karn-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plastids">Plastids</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Plastid" title="Plastid">Plastid</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chloroplast_II.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Chloroplast_II.svg/260px-Chloroplast_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Chloroplast_II.svg/390px-Chloroplast_II.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Chloroplast_II.svg/520px-Chloroplast_II.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="760" /></a><figcaption>The most common type of <a href="/wiki/Plastid" title="Plastid">plastid</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Chloroplast" title="Chloroplast">chloroplast</a>, which contains <a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll" title="Chlorophyll">chlorophyll</a> and produces organic compounds by <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a>. </figcaption></figure> <p>Plants and various groups of <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a> have <a href="/wiki/Plastid" title="Plastid">plastids</a> as well as mitochondria. Plastids, like mitochondria, have <a href="/wiki/Chloroplast_DNA" title="Chloroplast DNA">their own DNA</a> and are developed from <a href="/wiki/Endosymbionts" class="mw-redirect" title="Endosymbionts">endosymbionts</a>, in this case <a href="/wiki/Cyanobacteria" title="Cyanobacteria">cyanobacteria</a>. They usually take the form of <a href="/wiki/Chloroplast" title="Chloroplast">chloroplasts</a> which, like cyanobacteria, contain <a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll" title="Chlorophyll">chlorophyll</a> and produce organic compounds (such as <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a>) through <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a>. Others are involved in storing food. Although plastids probably had a single origin, not all plastid-containing groups are closely related. Instead, some eukaryotes have obtained them from others through <a href="/wiki/Secondary_endosymbiosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary endosymbiosis">secondary endosymbiosis</a> or ingestion.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The capture and sequestering of photosynthetic cells and chloroplasts, <a href="/wiki/Kleptoplasty" title="Kleptoplasty">kleptoplasty</a>, occurs in many types of modern eukaryotic organisms.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18518896_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18518896-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kleptoplastidy_Hypothesis_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kleptoplastidy_Hypothesis-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cytoskeletal_structures">Cytoskeletal structures</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cytoskeleton" title="Cytoskeleton">Cytoskeleton</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FluorescentCells.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/FluorescentCells.jpg/220px-FluorescentCells.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/FluorescentCells.jpg/330px-FluorescentCells.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/FluorescentCells.jpg/440px-FluorescentCells.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>The cytoskeleton. <a href="/wiki/Actin_filaments" class="mw-redirect" title="Actin filaments">Actin filaments</a> are shown in red, <a href="/wiki/Microtubules" class="mw-redirect" title="Microtubules">microtubules</a> in green. (The nucleus is in blue.) </figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Cytoskeleton" title="Cytoskeleton">cytoskeleton</a> provides stiffening structure and points of attachment for motor structures that enable the cell to move, change shape, or transport materials. The motor structures are <a href="/wiki/Microfilament" title="Microfilament">microfilaments</a> of <a href="/wiki/Actin" title="Actin">actin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Actin-binding_protein" title="Actin-binding protein">actin-binding proteins</a>, including α-<a href="/wiki/Actinin" title="Actinin">actinin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fimbrin" title="Fimbrin">fimbrin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Filamin" title="Filamin">filamin</a> are present in submembranous <a href="/wiki/Cell_cortex" title="Cell cortex">cortical layers</a> and bundles. <a href="/wiki/Motor_protein" title="Motor protein">Motor proteins</a> of microtubules, <a href="/wiki/Dynein" title="Dynein">dynein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kinesin" title="Kinesin">kinesin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Myosin" title="Myosin">myosin</a> of actin filaments, provide dynamic character of the network.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sweeney_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sweeney-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many eukaryotes have long slender motile cytoplasmic projections, called <a href="/wiki/Flagellum" title="Flagellum">flagella</a>, or multiple shorter structures called <a href="/wiki/Cilium" title="Cilium">cilia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Undulipodium" title="Undulipodium">These organelles</a> are variously involved in movement, feeding, and sensation. They are composed mainly of <a href="/wiki/Tubulin" title="Tubulin">tubulin</a>, and are entirely distinct from prokaryotic flagella. They are supported by a bundle of <a href="/wiki/Microtubule" title="Microtubule">microtubules</a> arising from a <a href="/wiki/Centriole" title="Centriole">centriole</a>, characteristically arranged as nine doublets surrounding two singlets. Flagella may have hairs (<a href="/wiki/Mastigoneme" title="Mastigoneme">mastigonemes</a>), as in many <a href="/wiki/Stramenopile" title="Stramenopile">Stramenopiles</a>. Their interior is continuous with the cell's <a href="/wiki/Cytoplasm" title="Cytoplasm">cytoplasm</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bardy_Ng_Jarrell_2003_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bardy_Ng_Jarrell_2003-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Silflow_Lefebvre_2001_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silflow_Lefebvre_2001-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Centrioles are often present, even in cells and groups that do not have flagella, but <a href="/wiki/Conifer" title="Conifer">conifers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">flowering plants</a> have neither. They generally occur in groups that give rise to various microtubular roots. These form a primary component of the cytoskeleton, and are often assembled over the course of several cell divisions, with one flagellum retained from the parent and the other derived from it. Centrioles produce the spindle during nuclear division.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cell_wall">Cell wall</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cell_wall" title="Cell wall">Cell wall</a></div> <p>The cells of plants, algae, fungi and most <a href="/wiki/Chromalveolata" title="Chromalveolata">chromalveolates</a>, but not animals, are surrounded by a cell wall. This is a layer outside the <a href="/wiki/Cell_membrane" title="Cell membrane">cell membrane</a>, providing the cell with structural support, protection, and a filtering mechanism. The cell wall also prevents <a href="/wiki/Cytolysis" title="Cytolysis">over-expansion</a> when water enters the cell.<sup id="cite_ref-Howland_2000_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howland_2000-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The major <a href="/wiki/Polysaccharides" class="mw-redirect" title="Polysaccharides">polysaccharides</a> making up the primary cell wall of <a href="/wiki/Land_plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Land plants">land plants</a> are <a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">cellulose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hemicellulose" title="Hemicellulose">hemicellulose</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pectin" title="Pectin">pectin</a>. The cellulose <a href="/wiki/Microfibril" title="Microfibril">microfibrils</a> are linked together with hemicellulose, embedded in a pectin matrix. The most common hemicellulose in the primary cell wall is <a href="/wiki/Xyloglucan" title="Xyloglucan">xyloglucan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fry1989_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fry1989-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sexual_reproduction">Sexual reproduction</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_sexual_reproduction" title="Evolution of sexual reproduction">Evolution of sexual reproduction</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sexual_cycle_N-2N.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Sexual_cycle_N-2N.svg/220px-Sexual_cycle_N-2N.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Sexual_cycle_N-2N.svg/330px-Sexual_cycle_N-2N.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Sexual_cycle_N-2N.svg/440px-Sexual_cycle_N-2N.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sexual_reproduction" title="Sexual reproduction">Sexual reproduction</a> requires a <a href="/wiki/Biological_life_cycle" title="Biological life cycle">life cycle</a> that alternates between a <a href="/wiki/Haploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Haploid">haploid</a> phase, with one copy of each <a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">chromosome</a> in the cell, and a <a href="/wiki/Diploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Diploid">diploid</a> phase, with two copies. In eukaryotes, haploid <a href="/wiki/Gamete" title="Gamete">gametes</a> are produced by <a href="/wiki/Meiosis" title="Meiosis">meiosis</a>; two gametes fuse to form a diploid <a href="/wiki/Zygote" title="Zygote">zygote</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Eukaryotes have a life cycle that involves <a href="/wiki/Sexual_reproduction" title="Sexual reproduction">sexual reproduction</a>, alternating between a <a href="/wiki/Haploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Haploid">haploid</a> phase, where only one copy of each chromosome is present in each cell, and a <a href="/wiki/Diploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Diploid">diploid</a> phase, with two copies of each chromosome in each cell. The diploid phase is formed by fusion of two haploid gametes, such as <a href="/wiki/Egg_cell" title="Egg cell">eggs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spermatozoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Spermatozoa">spermatozoa</a>, to form a <a href="/wiki/Zygote" title="Zygote">zygote</a>; this may grow into a body, with its cells dividing by <a href="/wiki/Mitosis" title="Mitosis">mitosis</a>, and at some stage produce haploid gametes through <a href="/wiki/Meiosis" title="Meiosis">meiosis</a>, a division that reduces the number of chromosomes and creates <a href="/wiki/Genetic_variability" title="Genetic variability">genetic variability</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is considerable variation in this pattern. Plants have both <a href="/wiki/Alternation_of_generations" title="Alternation of generations">haploid and diploid multicellular phases</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eukaryotes have lower metabolic rates and longer generation times than prokaryotes, because they are larger and therefore have a smaller surface area to volume ratio.<sup id="cite_ref-Lane2011_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lane2011-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_sexual_reproduction" title="Evolution of sexual reproduction">evolution of sexual reproduction</a> may be a primordial characteristic of eukaryotes. Based on a phylogenetic analysis, Dacks and <a href="/wiki/Andrew_J._Roger" title="Andrew J. Roger">Roger</a> have proposed that facultative sex was present in the group's common ancestor.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A core set of genes that function in meiosis is present in both <i><a href="/wiki/Trichomonas_vaginalis" title="Trichomonas vaginalis">Trichomonas vaginalis</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Giardia_intestinalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Giardia intestinalis">Giardia intestinalis</a></i>, two organisms previously thought to be asexual.<sup id="cite_ref-Ramesh_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramesh-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Malik_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malik-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since these two species are descendants of lineages that diverged early from the eukaryotic evolutionary tree, core meiotic genes, and hence sex, were likely present in the common ancestor of eukaryotes.<sup id="cite_ref-Ramesh_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramesh-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Malik_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malik-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Species once thought to be asexual, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Leishmania" title="Leishmania">Leishmania</a></i> parasites, have a sexual cycle.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amoebae, previously regarded as asexual, may be anciently sexual; while present-day asexual groups could have arisen recently.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolution">Evolution</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Openly_available_illustrations_as_tools_to_describe_eukaryotic_microbial_diversity_-_Journal.pbio.3002395.g001.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Openly_available_illustrations_as_tools_to_describe_eukaryotic_microbial_diversity_-_Journal.pbio.3002395.g001.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Openly_available_illustrations_as_tools_to_describe_eukaryotic_microbial_diversity_-_Journal.pbio.3002395.g001.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Openly_available_illustrations_as_tools_to_describe_eukaryotic_microbial_diversity_-_Journal.pbio.3002395.g001.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Openly_available_illustrations_as_tools_to_describe_eukaryotic_microbial_diversity_-_Journal.pbio.3002395.g001.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Openly_available_illustrations_as_tools_to_describe_eukaryotic_microbial_diversity_-_Journal.pbio.3002395.g001.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Openly_available_illustrations_as_tools_to_describe_eukaryotic_microbial_diversity_-_Journal.pbio.3002395.g001.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2096" data-file-height="1883" /></a><figcaption>Tree of eukaryotes showing major subgroups and thumbnail diagrams of representative members of each group. Updated synthesis based on recent (as of 2023) phylogenomic reconstructions.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_classification">History of classification</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_taxonomy" class="mw-redirect" title="History of taxonomy">History of taxonomy</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">antiquity</a>, the two lineages of <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plants</a> were recognized by <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theophrastus" title="Theophrastus">Theophrastus</a>. The lineages were given the <a href="/wiki/Taxonomic_rank" title="Taxonomic rank">taxonomic rank</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_(biology)" title="Kingdom (biology)">Kingdom</a> by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a> in the 18th century. Though he included the <a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">fungi</a> with plants with some reservations, it was later realized that they are quite distinct and warrant a separate kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-Moore1980_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore1980-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The various single-cell eukaryotes were originally placed with plants or animals when they became known. In 1818, the German biologist <a href="/wiki/Georg_A._Goldfuss" class="mw-redirect" title="Georg A. Goldfuss">Georg A. Goldfuss</a> coined the word <i><a href="/wiki/Protozoa" title="Protozoa">protozoa</a></i> to refer to organisms such as <a href="/wiki/Ciliate" title="Ciliate">ciliates</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and this group was expanded until <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Ernst Haeckel</a> made it a kingdom encompassing all single-celled eukaryotes, the <a href="/wiki/Protista" class="mw-redirect" title="Protista">Protista</a>, in 1866.<sup id="cite_ref-Scamardella1999_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scamardella1999-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rothschild1989_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rothschild1989-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Whittaker_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whittaker-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The eukaryotes thus came to be seen as four kingdoms: </p> <ul><li>Kingdom <a href="/wiki/Protista" class="mw-redirect" title="Protista">Protista</a></li> <li>Kingdom <a href="/wiki/Plantae" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantae">Plantae</a></li> <li>Kingdom <a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">Fungi</a></li> <li>Kingdom <a href="/wiki/Animalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Animalia">Animalia</a></li></ul> <p>The protists were at that time thought to be "primitive forms", and thus an <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_grade" title="Evolutionary grade">evolutionary grade</a>, united by their primitive unicellular nature.<sup id="cite_ref-Rothschild1989_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rothschild1989-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Understanding of the oldest branchings in the <a href="/wiki/Tree_of_life_(biology)" title="Tree of life (biology)">tree of life</a> only developed substantially with <a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid_sequence" title="Nucleic acid sequence">DNA sequencing</a>, leading to a system of <a href="/wiki/Domain_(biology)" title="Domain (biology)">domains</a> rather than kingdoms as top level rank being put forward by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Woese" title="Carl Woese">Carl Woese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otto_Kandler" title="Otto Kandler">Otto Kandler</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mark_Wheelis" title="Mark Wheelis">Mark Wheelis</a> in 1990, uniting all the eukaryote kingdoms in the domain "Eucarya", stating, however, that <span style="padding-right:.15em;">"</span>'eukaryotes' will continue to be an acceptable common synonym".<sup id="cite_ref-w1990_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-w1990-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Knoll_1992_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knoll_1992-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1996, the evolutionary biologist <a href="/wiki/Lynn_Margulis" title="Lynn Margulis">Lynn Margulis</a> proposed to replace Kingdoms and Domains with "inclusive" names to create a "symbiosis-based phylogeny", giving the description "Eukarya (symbiosis-derived nucleated organisms)".<sup id="cite_ref-Margulis_1996_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Margulis_1996-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Phylogeny"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phylogeny">Phylogeny</h3></div> <p>By 2014, a rough consensus started to emerge from the phylogenomic studies of the previous two decades.<sup id="cite_ref-burki2014_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burki2014-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UntanglingEarlyEukaryotes_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UntanglingEarlyEukaryotes-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of eukaryotes can be placed in one of two large clades dubbed <a href="/wiki/Amorphea" title="Amorphea">Amorphea</a> (similar in composition to the <a href="/wiki/Unikont" class="mw-redirect" title="Unikont">unikont</a> hypothesis) and the <a href="/wiki/Diphoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Diphoda">Diphoda</a> (formerly bikonts), which includes plants and most algal lineages. A third major grouping, the <a href="/wiki/Excavata" title="Excavata">Excavata</a>, has been abandoned as a formal group as it is <a href="/wiki/Paraphyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraphyletic">paraphyletic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AdlBass2019_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AdlBass2019-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The proposed phylogeny below includes only one group of excavates (<a href="/wiki/Discoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Discoba">Discoba</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-Brown_2018_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown_2018-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and incorporates the 2021 proposal that <a href="/wiki/Picozoa" title="Picozoa">picozoans</a> are close relatives of rhodophytes.<sup id="cite_ref-SchönZlatogursky2021_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SchönZlatogursky2021-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Provora" title="Provora">Provora</a> are a group of microbial predators discovered in 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-Provora_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Provora-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1258728058">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first" style="font-size:90%; line-height:90%"><b>Eukaryotes</b> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="font-size:90%; line-height:90%"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Ancyromonadida" title="Ancyromonadida">Ancyromonadida</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancyromonas.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Ancyromonas.png/30px-Ancyromonas.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Ancyromonas.png/45px-Ancyromonas.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Ancyromonas.png/60px-Ancyromonas.png 2x" data-file-width="1104" data-file-height="1332" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Malawimonad" title="Malawimonad">Malawimonada</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Malawimonas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Malawimonas.jpg/30px-Malawimonas.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Malawimonas.jpg/45px-Malawimonas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Malawimonas.jpg/60px-Malawimonas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="99" data-file-height="140" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/CRuMs" title="CRuMs">CRuMs</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Collodictyon_pseudopodoa_(extracted).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Collodictyon_pseudopodoa_%28extracted%29.jpg/30px-Collodictyon_pseudopodoa_%28extracted%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Collodictyon_pseudopodoa_%28extracted%29.jpg/45px-Collodictyon_pseudopodoa_%28extracted%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Collodictyon_pseudopodoa_%28extracted%29.jpg/60px-Collodictyon_pseudopodoa_%28extracted%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="331" data-file-height="391" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Amorphea" title="Amorphea">Amorphea</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Amoebozoa" title="Amoebozoa">Amoebozoa</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chaos_carolinensis_Wilson_1900.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Chaos_carolinensis_Wilson_1900.jpg/33px-Chaos_carolinensis_Wilson_1900.jpg" decoding="async" width="33" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Chaos_carolinensis_Wilson_1900.jpg/50px-Chaos_carolinensis_Wilson_1900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Chaos_carolinensis_Wilson_1900.jpg/66px-Chaos_carolinensis_Wilson_1900.jpg 2x" data-file-width="380" data-file-height="405" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Obazoa" title="Obazoa">Obazoa</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Breviatea" title="Breviatea">Breviatea</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mastigamoeba_invertens_(extracted).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Mastigamoeba_invertens_%28extracted%29.jpg/50px-Mastigamoeba_invertens_%28extracted%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Mastigamoeba_invertens_%28extracted%29.jpg/75px-Mastigamoeba_invertens_%28extracted%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Mastigamoeba_invertens_%28extracted%29.jpg/100px-Mastigamoeba_invertens_%28extracted%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="718" data-file-height="214" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Apusomonadida" class="mw-redirect" title="Apusomonadida">Apusomonadida</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Podomonas_kaiyoae_C.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Podomonas_kaiyoae_C.jpg/30px-Podomonas_kaiyoae_C.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Podomonas_kaiyoae_C.jpg/45px-Podomonas_kaiyoae_C.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Podomonas_kaiyoae_C.jpg/60px-Podomonas_kaiyoae_C.jpg 2x" data-file-width="756" data-file-height="493" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Opisthokonta" class="mw-redirect" title="Opisthokonta">Opisthokonta</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Holomycota" title="Holomycota">Holomycota</a> (inc. fungi) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asco1013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Asco1013.jpg/30px-Asco1013.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Asco1013.jpg/45px-Asco1013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Asco1013.jpg/60px-Asco1013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="941" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Holozoa" title="Holozoa">Holozoa</a> (inc. animals) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Comb_jelly.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Comb_jelly.jpg/33px-Comb_jelly.jpg" decoding="async" width="33" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Comb_jelly.jpg/50px-Comb_jelly.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Comb_jelly.jpg/66px-Comb_jelly.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1588" data-file-height="2177" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">1300 mya </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">1500 mya </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Diphoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Diphoda">Diphoda</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>? <a href="/wiki/Metamonada" class="mw-redirect" title="Metamonada">Metamonada</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Giardia_lamblia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Giardia_lamblia.jpg/30px-Giardia_lamblia.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Giardia_lamblia.jpg/45px-Giardia_lamblia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Giardia_lamblia.jpg/60px-Giardia_lamblia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="267" data-file-height="119" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Discoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Discoba">Discoba</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Euglena_mutabilis_-_400x_-_1_(10388739803)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Euglena_mutabilis_-_400x_-_1_%2810388739803%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/28px-Euglena_mutabilis_-_400x_-_1_%2810388739803%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Euglena_mutabilis_-_400x_-_1_%2810388739803%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/42px-Euglena_mutabilis_-_400x_-_1_%2810388739803%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Euglena_mutabilis_-_400x_-_1_%2810388739803%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/56px-Euglena_mutabilis_-_400x_-_1_%2810388739803%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="667" data-file-height="669" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Diaphoretickes" title="Diaphoretickes">Diaphoretickes</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Cryptista" title="Cryptista">Cryptista</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhodomonas_salina_CCMP_322.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Rhodomonas_salina_CCMP_322.jpg/35px-Rhodomonas_salina_CCMP_322.jpg" decoding="async" width="35" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Rhodomonas_salina_CCMP_322.jpg/53px-Rhodomonas_salina_CCMP_322.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Rhodomonas_salina_CCMP_322.jpg/70px-Rhodomonas_salina_CCMP_322.jpg 2x" data-file-width="519" data-file-height="306" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Archaeplastida" title="Archaeplastida">Archaeplastida</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Rhodophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodophyta">Rhodophyta</a> (red algae) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bangia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Bangia.jpg/20px-Bangia.jpg" decoding="async" width="20" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Bangia.jpg/30px-Bangia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Bangia.jpg/40px-Bangia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="656" data-file-height="930" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Picozoa" title="Picozoa">Picozoa</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Picomonas_judraskeda_(SEM).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Picomonas_judraskeda_%28SEM%29.png/23px-Picomonas_judraskeda_%28SEM%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Picomonas_judraskeda_%28SEM%29.png/35px-Picomonas_judraskeda_%28SEM%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Picomonas_judraskeda_%28SEM%29.png/46px-Picomonas_judraskeda_%28SEM%29.png 2x" data-file-width="455" data-file-height="1083" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Glaucophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaucophyta">Glaucophyta</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Glaucocystis_sp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Glaucocystis_sp.jpg/30px-Glaucocystis_sp.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Glaucocystis_sp.jpg/45px-Glaucocystis_sp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Glaucocystis_sp.jpg/60px-Glaucocystis_sp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">1100 mya </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Viridiplantae" title="Viridiplantae">Viridiplantae</a> (plants) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pediastrum_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Pediastrum_%28cropped%29.jpg/30px-Pediastrum_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Pediastrum_%28cropped%29.jpg/45px-Pediastrum_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Pediastrum_%28cropped%29.jpg/60px-Pediastrum_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="399" data-file-height="373" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">1000 mya </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">1600 mya </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Hemimastigophora" title="Hemimastigophora">Hemimastigophora</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hemimastix_amphikineta.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Hemimastix_amphikineta.png/20px-Hemimastix_amphikineta.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Hemimastix_amphikineta.png/30px-Hemimastix_amphikineta.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Hemimastix_amphikineta.png/40px-Hemimastix_amphikineta.png 2x" data-file-width="591" data-file-height="827" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Provora" title="Provora">Provora</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Outline_drawing_of_Ubysseya_fretuma.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Outline_drawing_of_Ubysseya_fretuma.svg/25px-Outline_drawing_of_Ubysseya_fretuma.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Outline_drawing_of_Ubysseya_fretuma.svg/38px-Outline_drawing_of_Ubysseya_fretuma.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Outline_drawing_of_Ubysseya_fretuma.svg/50px-Outline_drawing_of_Ubysseya_fretuma.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1052" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Haptista" title="Haptista">Haptista</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Acanthocystis_labeled_Picture1.1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Acanthocystis_labeled_Picture1.1.png/30px-Acanthocystis_labeled_Picture1.1.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Acanthocystis_labeled_Picture1.1.png/45px-Acanthocystis_labeled_Picture1.1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Acanthocystis_labeled_Picture1.1.png/60px-Acanthocystis_labeled_Picture1.1.png 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="482" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/TSAR" class="mw-redirect" title="TSAR">TSAR</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Telonemia" title="Telonemia">Telonemia</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Telonema_rivulare_(electron_micrography).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Telonema_rivulare_%28electron_micrography%29.jpg/30px-Telonema_rivulare_%28electron_micrography%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Telonema_rivulare_%28electron_micrography%29.jpg/45px-Telonema_rivulare_%28electron_micrography%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Telonema_rivulare_%28electron_micrography%29.jpg/60px-Telonema_rivulare_%28electron_micrography%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="167" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/SAR_supergroup" title="SAR supergroup">SAR</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Rhizaria" title="Rhizaria">Rhizaria</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ammonia_tepida.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Ammonia_tepida.jpg/30px-Ammonia_tepida.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Ammonia_tepida.jpg/45px-Ammonia_tepida.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Ammonia_tepida.jpg/60px-Ammonia_tepida.jpg 2x" data-file-width="459" data-file-height="309" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">550 mya </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Halvaria" title="Halvaria">Halvaria</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Alveolata" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolata">Alveolata</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ceratium_furca.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Ceratium_furca.jpg/40px-Ceratium_furca.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Ceratium_furca.jpg/60px-Ceratium_furca.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Ceratium_furca.jpg/80px-Ceratium_furca.jpg 2x" data-file-width="730" data-file-height="350" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Stramenopiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Stramenopiles">Stramenopiles</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ochromonas.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Ochromonas.png/20px-Ochromonas.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Ochromonas.png/30px-Ochromonas.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Ochromonas.png/40px-Ochromonas.png 2x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="635" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gemeiner_Blasentang.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Gemeiner_Blasentang.jpg/30px-Gemeiner_Blasentang.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Gemeiner_Blasentang.jpg/45px-Gemeiner_Blasentang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Gemeiner_Blasentang.jpg/60px-Gemeiner_Blasentang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="576" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">Bikonts </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last" style="font-size:90%; line-height:90%">2200 mya </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>One view of the great kingdoms and their stem groups.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown_2018_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown_2018-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Picozoa_2021_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Picozoa_2021-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Provora_2022_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Provora_2022-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Burki_Roger_Brown_Simpson_2020_pp._43–55_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burki_Roger_Brown_Simpson_2020_pp._43–55-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Metamonada" class="mw-redirect" title="Metamonada">Metamonada</a> are hard to place, being sister possibly to <a href="/wiki/Discoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Discoba">Discoba</a> or to <a href="/wiki/Malawimonada" class="mw-redirect" title="Malawimonada">Malawimonada</a><sup id="cite_ref-Burki_Roger_Brown_Simpson_2020_pp._43–55_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burki_Roger_Brown_Simpson_2020_pp._43–55-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or being a paraphyletic group external to <a href="/wiki/Metakaryota" title="Metakaryota">all other eukaryotes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Al_Jewari_Baldauf_20232_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Al_Jewari_Baldauf_20232-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin_of_eukaryotes">Origin of eukaryotes</h3></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Eukaryogenesis"></span><span class="anchor" id="Origin_of_eukaryotes"></span><span class="anchor" id="Last_common_ancestor"></span> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Eukaryogenesis" title="Eukaryogenesis">Eukaryogenesis</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbiogenesis_2_mergers.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Symbiogenesis_2_mergers.svg/330px-Symbiogenesis_2_mergers.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Symbiogenesis_2_mergers.svg/495px-Symbiogenesis_2_mergers.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Symbiogenesis_2_mergers.svg/660px-Symbiogenesis_2_mergers.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4456" data-file-height="3405" /></a><figcaption>In the theory of <a href="/wiki/Symbiogenesis" title="Symbiogenesis">symbiogenesis</a>, a merger of an <a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">archaean</a> and an aerobic bacterium created the eukaryotes, with aerobic <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrion" title="Mitochondrion">mitochondria</a>; a second merger added <a href="/wiki/Chloroplast" title="Chloroplast">chloroplasts</a>, creating the <a href="/wiki/Viridiplantae" title="Viridiplantae">green plants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-latorre_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-latorre-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The origin of the eukaryotic cell, or <i>eukaryogenesis</i>, is a milestone in the evolution of life, since eukaryotes include all complex cells and almost all multicellular organisms. The <a href="/wiki/Last_eukaryotic_common_ancestor" class="mw-redirect" title="Last eukaryotic common ancestor">last eukaryotic common ancestor</a> (LECA) is the hypothetical origin of all living eukaryotes,<sup id="cite_ref-Gabaldón_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gabaldón-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was most likely a <a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">biological population</a>, not a single individual.<sup id="cite_ref-O'Malley_Leger_Wideman_Ruiz-Trillo_pp._338–344_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O'Malley_Leger_Wideman_Ruiz-Trillo_pp._338–344-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The LECA is believed to have been a protist with a nucleus, at least one <a href="/wiki/Centriole" title="Centriole">centriole</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flagellum" title="Flagellum">flagellum</a>, facultatively aerobic mitochondria, sex (<a href="/wiki/Meiosis" title="Meiosis">meiosis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syngamy" class="mw-redirect" title="Syngamy">syngamy</a>), a dormant <a href="/wiki/Cyst" title="Cyst">cyst</a> with a cell wall of <a href="/wiki/Chitin" title="Chitin">chitin</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">cellulose</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Peroxisome" title="Peroxisome">peroxisomes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RedAlgalDerivedPlastids_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RedAlgalDerivedPlastids-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Koumandou_Wickstead_Ginger_van_der_Giezen_2013_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koumandou_Wickstead_Ginger_van_der_Giezen_2013-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An <a href="/wiki/Symbiogenesis" title="Symbiogenesis">endosymbiotic union</a> between a motile <a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_organism" title="Anaerobic organism">anaerobic</a> archaean and an aerobic <a href="/wiki/Alphaproteobacteria" title="Alphaproteobacteria">alphaproteobacterium</a> gave rise to the LECA and all eukaryotes, with <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrion" title="Mitochondrion">mitochondria</a>. A second, much later endosymbiosis with a cyanobacterium gave rise to the ancestor of plants, with <a href="/wiki/Chloroplast" title="Chloroplast">chloroplasts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-latorre_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-latorre-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The presence of eukaryotic biomarkers in archaea points towards an archaeal origin. The genomes of <a href="/wiki/Asgard_(archaea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Asgard (archaea)">Asgard</a> archaea have plenty of <a href="/wiki/Eukaryotic_signature_protein" class="mw-redirect" title="Eukaryotic signature protein">Eukaryotic signature protein</a> genes, which play a crucial role in the development of the <a href="/wiki/Cytoskeleton" title="Cytoskeleton">cytoskeleton</a> and complex cellular structures characteristic of eukaryotes. In 2022, <a href="/wiki/Cryo_Electron_Tomography" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryo Electron Tomography">cryo-electron tomography</a> demonstrated that Asgard archaea have a complex <a href="/wiki/Actin" title="Actin">actin</a>-based cytoskeleton, providing the first direct visual evidence of the archaeal ancestry of eukaryotes.<sup id="cite_ref-Rodrigues-Oliveira_et_al_2023_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rodrigues-Oliveira_et_al_2023-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fossils">Fossils</h3></div> <p>The timing of the origin of eukaryotes is hard to determine but the discovery of <i>Qingshania magnificia</i>, the earliest multicelluar eukaryote from North China which lived during 1.635 billion years ago, suggests that the crown group eukaryotes would have originated from the late <a href="/wiki/Paleoproterozoic" title="Paleoproterozoic">Paleoproterozoic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Statherian" title="Statherian">Statherian</a>); the earliest unequivocal unicellular eukaryotes which lived during approximately 1.65 billion years ago are also discovered from North China: <i>Tappania plana</i>, <i>Shuiyousphaeridium macroreticulatum</i>, <i>Dictyosphaera macroreticulata</i>, <i>Germinosphaera alveolata</i>, and <i>Valeria lophostriata</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some <a href="/wiki/Acritarch" title="Acritarch">acritarchs</a> are known from at least 1.65 billion years ago, and a fossil, <i><a href="/wiki/Grypania" title="Grypania">Grypania</a></i>, which may be an alga, is as much as 2.1 billion years old.<sup id="cite_ref-Han_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Han-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Incertae_sedis" title="Incertae sedis">"problematic"</a><sup id="cite_ref-Retallack_2013_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Retallack_2013-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> fossil <i><a href="/wiki/Diskagma" title="Diskagma">Diskagma</a></i> has been found in <a href="/wiki/Paleosol" title="Paleosol">paleosols</a> 2.2 billion years old.<sup id="cite_ref-Retallack_2013_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Retallack_2013-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diskagma_butonii.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Diskagma_butonii.jpg/220px-Diskagma_butonii.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Diskagma_butonii.jpg/330px-Diskagma_butonii.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Diskagma_butonii.jpg/440px-Diskagma_butonii.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Reconstruction of the problematic<sup id="cite_ref-Retallack_2013_79-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Retallack_2013-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Diskagma_buttonii" class="mw-redirect" title="Diskagma buttonii">Diskagma buttonii</a></i>, a terrestrial fossil less than 1mm high, from rocks around 2.2 billion years old</figcaption></figure> <p>Structures proposed to represent "large colonial organisms" have been found in the <a href="/wiki/Black_shale" class="mw-redirect" title="Black shale">black shales</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Palaeoproterozoic" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaeoproterozoic">Palaeoproterozoic</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Francevillian_B_Formation" title="Francevillian B Formation">Francevillian B Formation</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a>, dubbed the "<a href="/wiki/Francevillian_biota" title="Francevillian biota">Francevillian biota</a>" which is dated at 2.1 billion years old.<sup id="cite_ref-El_Albani_Bengtson_Canfield_2010_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-El_Albani_Bengtson_Canfield_2010-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-El_Albani_2023_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-El_Albani_2023-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the status of these structures as fossils is contested, with other authors suggesting that they might represent <a href="/wiki/Pseudofossil" title="Pseudofossil">pseudofossils</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ossa_Ossa_Pons_Bekker_Hofmann_2023_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ossa_Ossa_Pons_Bekker_Hofmann_2023-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest fossils than can unambiguously be assigned to eukaryotes are from the Ruyang Group of China, dating to approximately 1.8-1.6 billion years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fossils that are clearly related to modern groups start appearing an estimated 1.2 billion years ago, in the form of <a href="/wiki/Red_algae#Fossil_record" title="Red algae">red algae</a>, though recent work suggests the existence of fossilized <a href="/wiki/Filamentous_algae" class="mw-redirect" title="Filamentous algae">filamentous algae</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Vindhya" class="mw-redirect" title="Vindhya">Vindhya</a> basin dating back perhaps to 1.6 to 1.7 billion years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The presence of <a href="/wiki/Sterane" title="Sterane">steranes</a>, eukaryotic-specific <a href="/wiki/Biomarker_(petroleum)" class="mw-redirect" title="Biomarker (petroleum)">biomarkers</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australian</a> <a href="/wiki/Shale" title="Shale">shales</a> previously indicated that eukaryotes were present in these rocks dated at 2.7 billion years old,<sup id="cite_ref-sterane_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sterane-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but these Archaean biomarkers have been rebutted as later contaminants.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest valid biomarker records are only around 800 million years old.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, a molecular clock analysis suggests the emergence of sterol biosynthesis as early as 2.3 billion years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nature of steranes as eukaryotic biomarkers is further complicated by the production of <a href="/wiki/Sterol" title="Sterol">sterols</a> by some bacteria.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Whenever their origins, eukaryotes may not have become ecologically dominant until much later; a massive increase in the <a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis#Zinc_world" title="Abiogenesis">zinc composition</a> of marine sediments <span class="nourlexpansion plainlinks" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=800">800</a> million years ago</span> has been attributed to the rise of substantial populations of eukaryotes, which preferentially consume and incorporate <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a> relative to prokaryotes, approximately a billion years after their origin (at the latest).<sup id="cite_ref-pmid29869832_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid29869832-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote_hybrid_genome" title="Eukaryote hybrid genome">Eukaryote hybrid genome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sequenced_eukaryotic_genomes" title="List of sequenced eukaryotic genomes">List of sequenced eukaryotic genomes</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Parakaryon_myojinensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Parakaryon myojinensis">Parakaryon myojinensis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vault_(organelle)" title="Vault (organelle)">Vault (organelle)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns 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(June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fgbi.12289">"Tracking the rise of eukaryotes to ecological dominance with zinc isotopes"</a>. <i>Geobiology</i>. <b>16</b> (4): 341–352. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Gbio...16..341I">2018Gbio...16..341I</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fgbi.12289">10.1111/gbi.12289</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29869832">29869832</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geobiology&rft.atitle=Tracking+the+rise+of+eukaryotes+to+ecological+dominance+with+zinc+isotopes&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=341-352&rft.date=2018-06&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29869832&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fgbi.12289&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018Gbio...16..341I&rft.aulast=Isson&rft.aufirst=TT&rft.au=Love%2C+GD&rft.au=Dupont%2C+CL&rft.au=Reinhard%2C+CT&rft.au=Zumberge%2C+AJ&rft.au=Asael%2C+D&rft.au=Gueguen%2C+B&rft.au=McCrow%2C+J&rft.au=Gill%2C+BC&rft.au=Owens%2C+J&rft.au=Rainbird%2C+RH&rft.au=Rooney%2C+AD&rft.au=Zhao%2C+MY&rft.au=Stueeken%2C+EE&rft.au=Konhauser%2C+KO&rft.au=John%2C+SG&rft.au=Lyons%2C+TW&rft.au=Planavsky%2C+NJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fgbi.12289&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEukaryote" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/51px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/68px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a> has information related to <i><b><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Eukaryota">Eukaryota</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tolweb.org/Eukaryotes/3">"Eukaryotes"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120129074456/http://www.tolweb.org/Eukaryotes/3">Archived</a> 29 January 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tree_of_Life_Web_Project" title="Tree of Life Web Project">Tree of Life Web Project</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230000000000/http://www.eol.org/pages/2908256">"<i>Eukaryote</i>"</a>. <i>The <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">Encyclopedia of Life</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Life&rft.atitle=%3Ci%3EEukaryote%3C%2Fi%3E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20230000000000%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.eol.org%2Fpages%2F2908256&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEukaryote" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19088#P830" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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.navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Eukaryote_classification" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eukaryota" title="Template:Eukaryota"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eukaryota" title="Template talk:Eukaryota"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eukaryota" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eukaryota"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Eukaryote_classification" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eukaryote</a> classification</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Domain_(biology)" title="Domain (biology)">Domain</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Archaea_classification" title="Template:Archaea classification">Archaea</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Bacteria_classification" title="Template:Bacteria classification">Bacteria</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Eukaryota" title="Template:Eukaryota">Eukaryota</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">(major groups</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Excavata" title="Template:Excavata">Excavata</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Diaphoretickes" title="Diaphoretickes">Diaphoretickes</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Hacrobia" title="Template:Hacrobia">Hacrobia</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Cryptista" title="Template:Cryptista">Cryptista</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Rhizaria" title="Template:Rhizaria">Rhizaria</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Alveolata" title="Template:Alveolata">Alveolata</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Stramenopile" title="Template:Stramenopile">Stramenopiles</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Plant_classification" title="Template:Plant classification">Plants</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Amorphea" title="Amorphea">Amorphea</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Amoebozoa" title="Template:Amoebozoa">Amoebozoa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Opisthokont_protists" title="Template:Opisthokont protists">Opisthokonta</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Animalia" title="Template:Animalia">Animals</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Fungi_classification" title="Template:Fungi classification">Fungi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Mesomycetozoea" title="Template:Mesomycetozoea">Mesomycetozoea</a>)</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Amorphea" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;;background:rgb(245,215,255)"><span style="margin:-21px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Amorphea" title="Amorphea">Amorphea</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Amoebozoa" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;;background:rgb(245,215,255)"><a href="/wiki/Amoebozoa" title="Amoebozoa">Amoebozoa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discosea" title="Discosea">Discosea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubulinea" title="Tubulinea">Tubulinea</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Eumycetozoa" title="Eumycetozoa">Eumycetozoa</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variosea" class="mw-redirect" title="Variosea">Variosea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archamoebea" class="mw-redirect" title="Archamoebea">Archamoebea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutosea" title="Cutosea">Cutosea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;;background:rgb(245,215,255)"><span style="margin:-29px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);">   <a href="/wiki/Obazoa" title="Obazoa">Obazoa</a>   </span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apusomonadidae" title="Apusomonadidae">Apusomonadida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breviatea" title="Breviatea">Breviatea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(245,215,255)"><span style="margin:-29px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Opisthokonta" class="mw-redirect" title="Opisthokonta">Opisthokonta</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Holomycota" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;;background:rgb(245,215,255)"><a href="/wiki/Holomycota" title="Holomycota">Holomycota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cristidiscoidea" title="Cristidiscoidea">Rotosphaerida</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">Fungi</a></b>¹</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(245,215,255)"><span style="margin:-32px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);">   <a href="/wiki/Holozoa" title="Holozoa">Holozoa</a>   </span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tunicaraptor" title="Tunicaraptor">Tunicaraptor</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Bicellum" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicellum">Bicellum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichthyosporea" title="Ichthyosporea">Ichthyosporea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluriformea" title="Pluriformea">Pluriformea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(245,215,255)"><a href="/wiki/Filozoa" title="Filozoa">Filozoa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filasterea" title="Filasterea">Filasterea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(245,215,255)"><a href="/wiki/Choanozoa" title="Choanozoa">Choanozoa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Choanoflagellate" title="Choanoflagellate">Choanoflagellata</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></b>¹</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;"><span style="margin:-34px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Diaphoretickes" title="Diaphoretickes">Diaphoretickes</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provora" title="Provora">Provora</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(200,250,80)"><a href="/wiki/Haptista" title="Haptista">Haptista</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centroplasthelida" class="mw-redirect" title="Centroplasthelida">Centroplasthelida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haptophyte" title="Haptophyte">Haptophyta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;;background:rgb(200,250,80)"><span style="margin:-29px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);">    <a href="/wiki/TSAR" class="mw-redirect" title="TSAR">TSAR</a>    </span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telonemia" title="Telonemia">Telonemia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;;background:rgb(200,250,80)"><span style="margin:-29px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);">     <a href="/wiki/SAR_supergroup" title="SAR supergroup">SAR</a>     </span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(200,250,80)"><a href="/wiki/Rhizaria" title="Rhizaria">Rhizaria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cercozoa" title="Cercozoa">Cercozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endomyxa" title="Endomyxa">Endomyxa</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Foraminifera" title="Foraminifera">Foraminifera</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Radiolaria" title="Radiolaria">Radiolaria</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(200,250,80)"><a href="/wiki/Alveolata" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolata">Alveolata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colponemida" class="mw-redirect" title="Colponemida">Colponemida</a>*</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ciliate" title="Ciliate">Ciliophora</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(200,250,80); vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/Myzozoa" title="Myzozoa">Myzozoa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Apicomplexa" title="Apicomplexa">Apicomplexa</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrompodellid" title="Chrompodellid">Chrompodellida</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dinoflagellate" title="Dinoflagellate">Dinoflagellata</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perkinsozoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Perkinsozoa">Perkinsozoa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(200,250,80)"><a href="/wiki/Stramenopiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Stramenopiles">Stramenopiles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Platysulcus" title="Platysulcus">Platysulcus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(200,250,80)"><a href="/wiki/Bigyra" title="Bigyra">Bigyra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicosoecea" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicosoecea">Bicosoecida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placidozoa" title="Placidozoa">Placidozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagenista" title="Sagenista">Sagenista</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(200,250,80)"><a href="/wiki/Gyrista" title="Gyrista">Gyrista</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Developea" class="mw-redirect" title="Developea">Developea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirsoniales" class="mw-redirect" title="Pirsoniales">Pirsoniales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyphochytriomycetes" title="Hyphochytriomycetes">Hyphochytriomycetes</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ochrophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Ochrophyta">Ochrophyta</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Oomycetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Oomycetes">Oomycetes</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actinophryida" class="mw-redirect" title="Actinophryida">Actinophryida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;background:rgb(180,250,180)"><span style="margin:-29px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);">     <a href="/wiki/CAM_clade" class="mw-redirect" title="CAM clade">CAM</a>     </span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Pancryptista" title="Pancryptista">Pancryptista</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Microheliella" title="Microheliella">Microheliella</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Cryptista" title="Cryptista">Cryptista</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Palpitomonas" title="Palpitomonas">Palpitomonas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryptophyta">Cryptophyta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Archaeplastida" title="Archaeplastida">Archaeplastida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glaucophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaucophyta">Glaucophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picozoa" title="Picozoa">Picozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodelphidia" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodelphidia">Rhodelphidia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rhodophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodophyta">Rhodophyta</a></b></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Viridiplantae(Plants_sensu_lato)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Viridiplantae" title="Viridiplantae">Viridiplantae</a><br /><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Plant#Alternative_concepts" title="Plant">Plants <i>sensu lato</i></a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prasinodermophyta" title="Prasinodermophyta">Prasinodermophyta</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Chlorophyta" title="Chlorophyta">Chlorophyta</a></b></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Streptophyta" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Streptophyta" title="Streptophyta">Streptophyta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chlorokybus" title="Chlorokybus">Chlorokybus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mesostigma" title="Mesostigma">Mesostigma</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klebsormidiophyceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Klebsormidiophyceae">Klebsormidiophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charophyceae" title="Charophyceae">Charophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coleochaetophyceae" title="Coleochaetophyceae">Coleochaetophyceae</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Zygnematophyceae" title="Zygnematophyceae">Zygnematophyceae</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Embryophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Embryophyta">Embryophyta</a></b>¹</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;"><span style="margin:-23px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Excavata" title="Excavata">Excavates</a>*</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Discoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Discoba">Discoba</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jakobida" class="mw-redirect" title="Jakobida">Jakobida</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tsukubamonas" title="Tsukubamonas">Tsukubamonas</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Discicristata" title="Discicristata">Discicristata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heterolobosea" title="Heterolobosea">Heterolobosea</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Euglenozoa" title="Euglenozoa">Euglenozoa</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metamonada" class="mw-redirect" title="Metamonada">Metamonada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Barthelona" title="Barthelona">Barthelona</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anaeramoebae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anaeramoebae (page does not exist)">Anaeramoebae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaeromonada" class="mw-redirect" title="Anaeromonada">Anaeromonada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fornicata" class="mw-redirect" title="Fornicata">Fornicata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parabasalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Parabasalia">Parabasalia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Malawimonada" class="mw-redirect" title="Malawimonada">Malawimonada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malawimonadidae" title="Malawimonadidae">Malawimonadidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imasidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Imasidae">Imasidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><span style="margin:-31px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);"><i><a href="/wiki/Incertae_sedis" title="Incertae sedis">Incertae sedis</a></i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<a href="/wiki/Acritarch" title="Acritarch">Acritarchs</a></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Grypania" title="Grypania">Grypania</a></i></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Gunflint_chert" title="Gunflint chert">Gunflint microbiota</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Chitinozoan" title="Chitinozoan">Chitinozoan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meteora_sporadica" title="Meteora sporadica">Meteora sporadica</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Hemimastigophora" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hemimastigophora" title="Hemimastigophora">Hemimastigophora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spironematellidae" title="Spironematellidae">Spironematellidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramastigidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Paramastigidae">Paramastigidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancyromonadida" title="Ancyromonadida">Ancyromonadida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancyromonadidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ancyromonadidae (page does not exist)">Ancyromonadidae</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planomonadidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Planomonadidae (page does not exist)">Planomonadidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/CRuMs" title="CRuMs">CRuMs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collodictyonidae" title="Collodictyonidae">Collodictyonidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantamonadida" class="mw-redirect" title="Mantamonadida">Mantamonadida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigifilida" title="Rigifilida">Rigifilida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>¹traditional <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_(biology)" title="Kingdom (biology)">kingdoms</a> excluded from <a href="/wiki/Protist" title="Protist">protists</a></li> <li>*<a href="/wiki/Paraphyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraphyletic">paraphyletic</a> groups</li> <li><b>bold</b> denotes groups with over 1,000 species</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Extant_life_phyla/divisions_by_domain" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Life_on_Earth" title="Template:Life on Earth"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Life_on_Earth" title="Template talk:Life on Earth"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Life_on_Earth" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Life on Earth"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Extant_life_phyla/divisions_by_domain" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Extant <a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">life</a> phyla/divisions by domain</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Bacteria" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acidobacteriota" title="Acidobacteriota">Acidobacteriota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actinomycetota" title="Actinomycetota">Actinomycetota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquificota" title="Aquificota">Aquificota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armatimonadota" title="Armatimonadota">Armatimonadota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atribacterota" title="Atribacterota">Atribacterota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacillota" title="Bacillota">Bacillota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacteroidota" title="Bacteroidota">Bacteroidota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balneolota" class="mw-redirect" title="Balneolota">Balneolota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bdellovibrionota" title="Bdellovibrionota">Bdellovibrionota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caldisericota" class="mw-redirect" title="Caldisericota">Caldisericota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calditrichota" class="mw-redirect" title="Calditrichota">Calditrichota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campylobacterota" title="Campylobacterota">Campylobacterota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlamydiota" title="Chlamydiota">Chlamydiota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_sulfur_bacteria" title="Green sulfur bacteria">Chlorobiota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloroflexota" title="Chloroflexota">Chloroflexota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysiogenota" class="mw-redirect" title="Chrysiogenota">Chrysiogenota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coprothermobacterota" title="Coprothermobacterota">Coprothermobacterota</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Cyanobacteria" title="Cyanobacteria">Cyanobacteria</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deferribacteraceae" title="Deferribacteraceae">Deferribacterota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deinococcota" title="Deinococcota">Deinococcota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictyoglomus_thermophilum" title="Dictyoglomus thermophilum">Dictyoglomota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elusimicrobiota" title="Elusimicrobiota">Elusimicrobiota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibrobacterota" title="Fibrobacterota">Fibrobacterota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusobacteriota" title="Fusobacteriota">Fusobacteriota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemmatimonadota" title="Gemmatimonadota">Gemmatimonadota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignavibacteriota" class="mw-redirect" title="Ignavibacteriota">Ignavibacteriota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiritimatiellota" title="Kiritimatiellota">Kiritimatiellota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentisphaerota" title="Lentisphaerota">Lentisphaerota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycoplasmatota" title="Mycoplasmatota">Mycoplasmatota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myxococcota" title="Myxococcota">Myxococcota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrospinota" title="Nitrospinota">Nitrospinota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrospirota" title="Nitrospirota">Nitrospirota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planctomycetota" title="Planctomycetota">Planctomycetota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudomonadota" title="Pseudomonadota">Pseudomonadota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodothermota" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodothermota">Rhodothermota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirochaetota" class="mw-redirect" title="Spirochaetota">Spirochaetota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synergistota" title="Synergistota">Synergistota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermodesulfobacteriota" title="Thermodesulfobacteriota">Thermodesulfobacteriota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermomicrobiota" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermomicrobiota">Thermomicrobiota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermotogota" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermotogota">Thermotogota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verrucomicrobiota" title="Verrucomicrobiota">Verrucomicrobiota</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Archaea" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">Archaea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Euryarchaeota" title="Euryarchaeota">Euryarchaeota</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Korarchaeota" title="Korarchaeota">Korarchaeota</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Nanoarchaeota" title="Nanoarchaeota">Nanoarchaeota</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrososphaerota" title="Nitrososphaerota">Nitrososphaerota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermoproteota" title="Thermoproteota">Thermoproteota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeal_Richmond_Mine_acidophilic_nanoorganisms" title="Archaeal Richmond Mine acidophilic nanoorganisms">Archaeal Richmond Mine acidophilic nanoorganisms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eukaryote</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"<a href="/wiki/Protist" title="Protist">Protist</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alveolata" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolata">Alveolata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoebozoa" title="Amoebozoa">Amoebozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancyromonadida" title="Ancyromonadida">Ancyromonadida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apusomonadida" class="mw-redirect" title="Apusomonadida">Apusomonadida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breviatea" title="Breviatea">Breviatea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CRuMs" title="CRuMs">CRuMs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptista" title="Cryptista">Cryptista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciliate" title="Ciliate">Ciliophora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cercozoa" title="Cercozoa">Cercozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Discoba">Discoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euglenozoa" title="Euglenozoa">Euglenozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakobea" class="mw-redirect" title="Jakobea">Jakobea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haptista" title="Haptista">Haptista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemimastigophora" title="Hemimastigophora">Hemimastigophora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawimonada" class="mw-redirect" title="Malawimonada">Malawimonada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metamonada" class="mw-redirect" title="Metamonada">Metamonada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provora" title="Provora">Provora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhizaria" title="Rhizaria">Rhizaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stramenopiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Stramenopiles">Stramenopiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telonemia" title="Telonemia">Telonemia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">Fungi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chytridiomycota" title="Chytridiomycota">Chytridiomycota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blastocladiomycota" title="Blastocladiomycota">Blastocladiomycota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocallimastigomycota" title="Neocallimastigomycota">Neocallimastigomycota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glomeromycota" title="Glomeromycota">Glomeromycota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygomycota" title="Zygomycota">Zygomycota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascomycota" title="Ascomycota">Ascomycota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basidiomycota" title="Basidiomycota">Basidiomycota</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plant</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glaucophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaucophyta">Glaucophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodophyta">Rhodophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorophyta" title="Chlorophyta">Chlorophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charophyta" title="Charophyta">Charophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marchantiophyta" title="Marchantiophyta">Marchantiophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthocerotophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthocerotophyta">Anthocerotophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moss" title="Moss">Moss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycopodiophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Lycopodiophyta">Lycopodiophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pteridophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Pteridophyta">Pteridophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycadophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Cycadophyta">Cycadophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginkgophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Ginkgophyta">Ginkgophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinophyta">Pinophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnetophyta" title="Gnetophyta">Gnetophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Flowering plant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sponge" title="Sponge">Sponge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ctenophora" title="Ctenophora">Ctenophora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placozoa" title="Placozoa">Placozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnidaria" title="Cnidaria">Cnidaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenacoelomorpha" title="Xenacoelomorpha">Xenacoelomorpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemichordate" title="Hemichordate">Hemichordate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echinoderm" title="Echinoderm">Echinoderm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaetognatha" title="Chaetognatha">Chaetognatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinorhyncha" title="Kinorhyncha">Kinorhyncha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loricifera" title="Loricifera">Loricifera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priapulida" title="Priapulida">Priapulida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode">Nematoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nematomorpha" title="Nematomorpha">Nematomorpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onychophora" title="Onychophora">Onychophora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tardigrade" title="Tardigrade">Tardigrada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">Arthropoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flatworm" title="Flatworm">Flatworm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastrotricha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastrotricha">Gastrotricha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthonectida" title="Orthonectida">Orthonectida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicyemida" title="Dicyemida">Dicyemida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotifera">Rotifera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acanthocephala" title="Acanthocephala">Acanthocephala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnathostomulida" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnathostomulida">Gnathostomulida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micrognathozoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Micrognathozoa">Micrognathozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycliophora" class="mw-redirect" title="Cycliophora">Cycliophora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemertea" title="Nemertea">Nemertea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoronid" title="Phoronid">Phoronid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryozoa" title="Bryozoa">Bryozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entoprocta" title="Entoprocta">Entoprocta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brachiopoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Brachiopoda">Brachiopoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca">Mollusca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annelid" title="Annelid">Annelida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><i><a href="/wiki/Incertae_sedis" title="Incertae sedis">Incertae sedis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/Parakaryon" title="Parakaryon">Parakaryon</a></i></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Life,_non-cellular_life,_and_comparable_structures" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Life,_non-cellular_life,_and_comparable_structures" title="Template:Life, non-cellular life, and comparable structures"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Life,_non-cellular_life,_and_comparable_structures" title="Template talk:Life, non-cellular life, and comparable structures"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Life,_non-cellular_life,_and_comparable_structures" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Life, non-cellular life, and comparable structures"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Life,_non-cellular_life,_and_comparable_structures" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">Life</a>, <a href="/wiki/Non-cellular_life" title="Non-cellular life">non-cellular life</a>, and comparable structures</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cellular life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"<a href="/wiki/Prokaryote" title="Prokaryote">Prokaryota</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">Archaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitochondrion" title="Mitochondrion">Mitochondrion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastid" title="Plastid">Plastid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LUCA" class="mw-redirect" title="LUCA">LUCA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eukaryota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">Fungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a></li> <li>'<a href="/wiki/Protist" title="Protist">Protista</a>'</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Incertae_sedis" title="Incertae sedis">Incertae sedis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Parakaryon" title="Parakaryon">Parakaryon</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_dark_matter#Microbes_with_highly_unusual_DNA" title="Microbial dark matter">Microbes with highly unusual DNA</a> (?)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-cellular life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">Virus</a> <hr /><a href="/wiki/Viroid" title="Viroid">Viroid</a> <hr /><a href="/wiki/Satellite_(biology)" title="Satellite (biology)">Satellite</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Realms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Adnaviria" title="Adnaviria">Adnaviria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Duplodnaviria" title="Duplodnaviria">Duplodnaviria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monodnaviria" title="Monodnaviria">Monodnaviria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Riboviria" title="Riboviria">Riboviria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ribozyviria" title="Ribozyviria">Ribozyviria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Varidnaviria" title="Varidnaviria">Varidnaviria</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unassigned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/Naldaviricetes" title="Naldaviricetes">Naldaviricetes</a></i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Families</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alphasatellitidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Alphasatellitidae">Alphasatellitidae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ampullaviridae" title="Ampullaviridae">Ampullaviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anelloviridae" title="Anelloviridae">Anelloviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Avsunviroidae" title="Avsunviroidae">Avsunviroidae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bicaudaviridae" title="Bicaudaviridae">Bicaudaviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clavaviridae" title="Clavaviridae">Clavaviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Finnlakeviridae" title="Finnlakeviridae">Finnlakeviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fuselloviridae" title="Fuselloviridae">Fuselloviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Globuloviridae" title="Globuloviridae">Globuloviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guttaviridae" title="Guttaviridae">Guttaviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Halspiviridae" title="Halspiviridae">Halspiviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ovaliviridae" title="Ovaliviridae">Ovaliviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plasmaviridae" title="Plasmaviridae">Plasmaviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Polydnaviridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Polydnaviridae">Polydnaviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portogloboviridae" title="Portogloboviridae">Portogloboviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pospiviroidae" title="Pospiviroidae">Pospiviroidae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spiraviridae" title="Spiraviridae">Spiraviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thaspiviridae" title="Thaspiviridae">Thaspiviridae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolecusatellitidae" title="Tolecusatellitidae">Tolecusatellitidae</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genera</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dinodnavirus" title="Dinodnavirus">Dinodnavirus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhizidiovirus" title="Rhizidiovirus">Rhizidiovirus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanobe" title="Nanobe">Nanobe</a> (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obelisk_(biology)" title="Obelisk (biology)">Obelisk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comparable<br />structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bio-like_structure" title="Bio-like structure">Bio-like structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancer_cell" title="Cancer cell">Cancer cell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HeLa" title="HeLa">HeLa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clonally_transmissible_cancer" title="Clonally transmissible cancer">Clonally transmissible cancer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmid" title="Cosmid">Cosmid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defective_interfering_particle" title="Defective interfering particle">Defective interfering particle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endogenous_viral_element" title="Endogenous viral element">Endogenous viral element</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fosmid" title="Fosmid">Fosmid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrative_and_conjugative_element" title="Integrative and conjugative element">Integrative and conjugative element</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeewanu" title="Jeewanu">Jeewanu</a></li> <li>"<i><a href="/wiki/Nanobacterium" title="Nanobacterium">Nanobacterium</a></i>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phagemid" title="Phagemid">Phagemid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasmid" title="Plasmid">Plasmid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prion" title="Prion">Prion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fungal_prion" title="Fungal prion">Fungal prion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteinoid" title="Proteinoid">Proteinoid</a> <a href="/wiki/Microparticle#Biological_protocells" title="Microparticle">microsphere</a></li> <li>Retroelements not elsewhere classified <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Retron" title="Retron">Retron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity-generating_retroelement" title="Diversity-generating retroelement">Diversity-generating retroelement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telomerase_reverse_transcriptase" title="Telomerase reverse transcriptase">Telomerase reverse transcriptase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_transcriptase-related_cellular_gene" class="mw-redirect" title="Reverse transcriptase-related cellular gene">Reverse transcriptase-related cellular gene</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribozyme" title="Ribozyme">Ribozyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiegelman%27s_Monster" title="Spiegelman's Monster">Spiegelman's Monster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tandem_repeat" title="Tandem repeat">Tandem repeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transposable_element" title="Transposable element">Transposable element</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Retroposon" title="Retroposon">Retroposon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transpoviron" title="Transpoviron">Transpoviron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenobot" title="Xenobot">Xenobot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Eukaryota</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19088" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q19088">Q19088</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Eukaryota" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Eukaryota">Eukaryota</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/AlgaeBase" title="AlgaeBase">AlgaeBase</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.algaebase.org/browse/taxonomy/detail/?taxonid=86701">86701</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Plant_Name_Index" title="Australian Plant Name Index">APNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/237393">237393</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">BioLib: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id14783">14783</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/2908256">2908256</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=2759">2759</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=304358">304358</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=306691">306691</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tree_of_Life_Web_Project" title="Tree of Life Web Project">Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tolweb.org/3">3</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19088#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4070991-7">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Protista"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh88003785">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Cellules eucaryotes"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12120745x">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Cellules eucaryotes"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12120745x">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="jaderní"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph660332&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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