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class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Other tribal peoples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_tribal_peoples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span 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searchaux" style="display:none">Women with multiple simultaneous husbands</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Draupadi_and_Pandavas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Draupadi_and_Pandavas.jpg/260px-Draupadi_and_Pandavas.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="354" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Draupadi_and_Pandavas.jpg/390px-Draupadi_and_Pandavas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Draupadi_and_Pandavas.jpg/520px-Draupadi_and_Pandavas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="904" data-file-height="1231" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Draupadi" title="Draupadi">Draupadi</a> and her five husbands, the <a href="/wiki/Pandava" title="Pandava">Pandavas</a>. Top down, from left to right: the twins <a href="/wiki/Nakula" title="Nakula">Nakula</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sahadeva" title="Sahadeva">Sahadeva</a> stand either side of the throne on which <a href="/wiki/Yudhishthira" title="Yudhishthira">Yudhishthira</a> and Draupadi sit between <a href="/wiki/Bhima" title="Bhima">Bhima</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arjuna" title="Arjuna">Arjuna</a>.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.sidebar-heading{background:#e6e6ff;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist template-anthropology-of-kinship"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Kinship_and_descent" title="Category:Kinship and descent">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle">Anthropology of <a href="/wiki/Kinship" title="Kinship">kinship</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eg-filiation.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Eg-filiation.svg/100px-Eg-filiation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Eg-filiation.svg/150px-Eg-filiation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Eg-filiation.svg/200px-Eg-filiation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="299" data-file-height="302" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Basic concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family" title="Family">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineage_(anthropology)" title="Lineage (anthropology)">Lineage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_(law)" title="Affinity (law)">Affinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consanguinity" title="Consanguinity">Consanguinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incest_taboo" title="Incest taboo">Incest taboo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endogamy" title="Endogamy">Endogamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exogamy" title="Exogamy">Exogamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moiety_(kinship)" title="Moiety (kinship)">Moiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monogamy" title="Monogamy">Monogamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygyny" title="Polygyny">Polygyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">Polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concubinage" title="Concubinage">Concubinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyandry" title="Polyandry">Polyandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bride_price" title="Bride price">Bride price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bride_service" title="Bride service">Bride service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dowry" title="Dowry">Dowry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_and_cross_cousins" title="Parallel and cross cousins">Parallel / cross cousins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cousin_marriage" title="Cousin marriage">Cousin marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levirate_marriage" title="Levirate marriage">Levirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sororate_marriage" title="Sororate marriage">Sororate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posthumous_marriage" title="Posthumous marriage">Posthumous marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joking_relationship" title="Joking relationship">Joking relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clan" title="Clan">Clan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cohabitation" title="Cohabitation">Cohabitation</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fictive_kinship" title="Fictive kinship">Fictive</a> / <a href="/wiki/Milk_kinship" title="Milk kinship">Milk</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nurture_kinship" title="Nurture kinship">Nurture kinship</a></span></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Descent</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist"> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cognatic_kinship" title="Cognatic kinship">Cognatic</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bilateral_descent" title="Bilateral descent">Bilateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrilateral" title="Matrilateral">Matrilateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineal_descendant" title="Lineal descendant">Lineal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collateral_(kinship)" title="Collateral (kinship)">Collateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_society" title="House society">House society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avunculate" title="Avunculate">Avunculate</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Linealities</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambilineality" title="Ambilineality">Ambilineality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unilineality" title="Unilineality">Unilineality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrilineality" title="Matrilineality">Matrilineality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrilineality" title="Patrilineality">Patrilineality</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Household forms and residence</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extended_family" title="Extended family">Extended</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrifocal_family" title="Matrifocal family">Matrifocal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrilocal_residence" title="Matrilocal residence">Matrilocal</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/Neolocal_residence" title="Neolocal residence">Neolocal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_family" title="Nuclear family">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrilocal_residence" title="Patrilocal residence">Patrilocal</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Terminology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kinship_terminology" title="Kinship terminology">Kinship terminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classificatory_kinship" title="Classificatory kinship">Classificatory terminologies</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> By group</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iroquois_kinship" title="Iroquois kinship">Iroquois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow_kinship" title="Crow kinship">Crow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omaha_kinship" title="Omaha kinship">Omaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskimo_kinship" title="Eskimo kinship">Eskimo (Inuit)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_kinship" title="Hawaiian kinship">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_kinship" title="Sudanese kinship">Sudanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinship_terminology#Dravidian" title="Kinship terminology">Dravidian <i>(debated)</i></a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Case studies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_kinship" title="Australian Aboriginal kinship">Australian Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_kinship" title="Burmese kinship">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_kinship" title="Chinese kinship">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_kinship" title="Philippine kinship">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyandry_in_Tibet" title="Polyandry in Tibet">Polyandry in Tibet</a> / <a class="mw-selflink selflink">in India</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Feminist</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chambri_people#Marriage_within_the_Chambri" title="Chambri people">Chambri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosuo_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosuo women">Mosuo</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Sexuality</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Coming_of_Age_in_Samoa" title="Coming of Age in Samoa">Coming of Age in Samoa</a></i></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Major theorists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diane_Bell_(anthropologist)" title="Diane Bell (anthropologist)">Diane Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Boellstorff" title="Tom Boellstorff">Tom Boellstorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Goody" title="Jack Goody">Jack Goody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._D._Hamilton" title="W. D. Hamilton">W. D. Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Herdt" title="Gilbert Herdt">Gilbert Herdt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Kulick" title="Don Kulick">Don Kulick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Lancaster" title="Roger Lancaster">Roger Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Lamphere" title="Louise Lamphere">Louise Lamphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Leacock" title="Eleanor Leacock">Eleanor Leacock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_L%C3%A9vi-Strauss" title="Claude Lévi-Strauss">Claude Lévi-Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronis%C5%82aw_Malinowski" title="Bronisław Malinowski">Bronisław Malinowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mead" title="Margaret Mead">Margaret Mead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Moore" title="Henrietta Moore">Henrietta Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_H._Morgan" title="Lewis H. Morgan">Lewis H. Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_O._Murray" title="Stephen O. Murray">Stephen O. Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Rosaldo" title="Michelle Rosaldo">Michelle Rosaldo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gayle_Rubin" title="Gayle Rubin">Gayle Rubin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_M._Schneider" title="David M. Schneider">David M. Schneider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Schurtz" title="Heinrich Schurtz">Heinrich Schurtz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Strathern" title="Marilyn Strathern">Marilyn Strathern</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related articles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_theory" title="Alliance theory">Alliance theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_matrilineal_or_matrilocal_societies" title="List of matrilineal or matrilocal societies">Matrilineal / matrilocal societies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_anthropology" title="Feminist anthropology">Feminist anthropology</a></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><i><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_Repression_in_Savage_Society" title="Sex and Repression in Savage Society">Sex and Repression in Savage Society</a></i></div></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><i><a href="/wiki/Social_Bonding_and_Nurture_Kinship" title="Social Bonding and Nurture Kinship">Social Bonding and Nurture Kinship</a></i></div></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/The_Traffic_in_Women:_Notes_on_the_Political_Economy_of_Sex" title="The Traffic in Women: Notes on the Political Economy of Sex">"The Traffic in Women"</a></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/Social_anthropology" title="Social anthropology">Social anthropology</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Cultural_anthropology" title="Cultural anthropology">Cultural anthropology</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anthropology_of_kinship" title="Template:Anthropology of kinship"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anthropology_of_kinship" title="Template talk:Anthropology of kinship"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anthropology_of_kinship" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anthropology of kinship"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Polyandry in India</b> refers to the practice of <a href="/wiki/Polyandry" title="Polyandry">polyandry</a>, whereby a woman has two or more husbands at the same time, either historically on the Indian subcontinent or currently in the country of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. An early example can be found in the Hindu epic <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i>, in which <a href="/wiki/Draupadi" title="Draupadi">Draupadi</a>, daughter of the king of <a href="/wiki/Panchala" class="mw-redirect" title="Panchala">Panchala</a>, is married to five brothers.<sup id="cite_ref-India,_Past_and_Present_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-India,_Past_and_Present-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Polyandry was mainly prevalent in the <a href="/wiki/Kinnaur" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinnaur">Kinnaur</a> Region, a part of <a href="/wiki/Himachal" class="mw-redirect" title="Himachal">Himachal</a> in India which is close to the <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> or currently the <a href="/wiki/Indo-China" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-China">Indo-China</a> border. As mentioned in the epic <i>Mahabharata</i>, the <a href="/wiki/Pandavas" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandavas">Pandavas</a> were banished from their kingdom for thirteen years and they spent the last year hiding in this hilly terrain of Kinnaur. Some Kinaauris claim that this practice has been inherited from the Pandavas, who they identify as their ancestors <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. The <a href="/wiki/Garhwali_people" title="Garhwali people">Garhwali people</a> similarly identify their practice of polyandry with their descent from the Pandavas. </p><p>Polyandry is also seen in <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a> among the <a href="/wiki/Toda_people" title="Toda people">Todas</a> tribes of <a href="/wiki/Nilgiris_(mountains)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nilgiris (mountains)">Nilgiris</a>, Nanjanad Vellala of <a href="/wiki/Travancore" title="Travancore">Travancore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While polyandrous unions have disappeared from the traditions of many of the groups and tribes, it is still practiced by some <a href="/wiki/Northern_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Northern Indo-Aryan languages">Paharis</a>, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Jaunsar-Bawar" title="Jaunsar-Bawar">Jaunsar-Bawar</a> region in <a href="/wiki/Northern_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern India">Northern India</a>. </p><p>Recent years have seen the rise in <a href="/wiki/Fraternal_polyandry" class="mw-redirect" title="Fraternal polyandry">fraternal polyandry</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Agrarian_societies" class="mw-redirect" title="Agrarian societies">agrarian societies</a> in <a href="/wiki/Malwa_(Punjab)" title="Malwa (Punjab)">Malwa</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab</a> to avoid division of farming land.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_developments">Legal developments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyandry_in_India&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Legal developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Section 494 and 495 of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Penal_Code" title="Indian Penal Code">Indian Penal Code</a> of 1860, prohibited polygamy for the Christians. In 1955, the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Marriage_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu Marriage Act">Hindu Marriage Act</a> was drafted, which prohibited marriage of a Hindu whose spouse was still living. Thus <a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">polygamy</a> became illegal in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> in 1956.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kinnaur">Kinnaur</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyandry_in_India&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Kinnaur"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Polyandry_in_India" title="Special:EditPage/Polyandry in India">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Polyandry is in practice in many villages of <a href="/wiki/Kinnaur" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinnaur">Kinnaur</a> district of <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a>. Fraternal polyandry (where husbands are related to each other) is mainly in practice in villages, where the societies are male dominated and which still follow ancient rituals and customs. </p><p>There are many forms of polyandry which can be found here. Most often, all the brothers are married to a woman and sometimes the marriage to brothers happens at a later date. The wife can only ascertain the blood-relationship of the children, though recently there have been a few instances of <a href="/wiki/Paternity_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Paternity test">paternity tests</a> using <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> samples to resolve inheritance disputes. The rules for breaking the marriage are strict and a brother going against the marriage agreement can be treated as an outcast while losing his entire share in the property.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically, fraternal polyandry has been practiced by wealthier families, associated with a higher <a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">caste</a>, in Kinnaur as a way to keep wealth within one family. This allowed for land to be properly inherited and kept in one family. It was assurance that the land and wealth held by one family could not be partitioned. Those in lower castes also practiced fraternal polyandry if they had a larger amount of land.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The territory of Kinnaur remained forbidden for many years as the land route was only established 30 years ago. The joint families are now fragmented into nuclear families. The level of economies and financial resources have transformed the life of the people of Kinnaur into city.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="30 years back from when? (May 2016)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toda">Toda</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyandry_in_India&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Toda"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Toda_men_women_1871.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Toda_men_women_1871.jpg/220px-Toda_men_women_1871.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Toda_men_women_1871.jpg/330px-Toda_men_women_1871.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Toda_men_women_1871.jpg/440px-Toda_men_women_1871.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3272" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Photograph of two <a href="/wiki/Toda_people" title="Toda people">Toda</a> men and a woman. <a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_Hills" class="mw-redirect" title="Nilgiri Hills">Nilgiri Hills</a>, 1871.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Toda_people" title="Toda people">Todas</a> are tribal people residing in the <a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Nilgiri mountains">Nilgiri</a> hills (Tamil Nadu) in South India who for several centuries practiced polyandry.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They practiced a form of polyandrous relationship which is considered to be a classic example of polyandry. They practiced both fraternal and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sequential_polyandry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sequential polyandry (page does not exist)">sequential polyandry</a>. </p><p>The males who shared one or two wives were not always full or half-brothers.<sup id="cite_ref-Evolution_and_human_kinship_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evolution_and_human_kinship-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Toda woman when married was automatically married to her husband's brothers.<sup id="cite_ref-Families_in_global_and_multicultural_perspective_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Families_in_global_and_multicultural_perspective-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the wife became pregnant, one husband would ceremonially give a bow and arrow to the wife, and would be the father of that child. When the next child arrived, same husband who performed that ceremony continues to be called father even though child is not biologically related to him, unless another husband would perform the ceremony and become the father.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (February 2017)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kerala">Kerala</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyandry_in_India&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Kerala"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Polyandry and <a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">polygamy</a> were prevalent in <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> till the late 19th century and isolated cases were reported until the mid-20th century. Castes practicing polyandry were <a href="/wiki/Nairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Nairs">Nairs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thiyyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiyyas">Thiyyas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kammalar" class="mw-redirect" title="Kammalar">Kammalar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mukkuvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukkuvar">Mukkuvar</a> of Kerala <sup id="cite_ref-Gough313_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gough313-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historians assert that there exists no authenticated case of polyandry among the Nairs. The evidence presented for such a custom during the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries primarily stems from accounts provided by foreign travelers who were prohibited from approaching within sixty yards of a Nair's residence. Consequently, their testimonies offer an exceedingly unsatisfactory basis for definitive conclusions regarding Nair customs. Conversely, the extensive Malayalam literature on the subject provides a more nuanced and culturally informed perspective.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the case of castes, polyandry a man's property is inherited by his sister's children and not his own.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under polyandry, the only conceivable blood-relationship could be ascertained through females.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, polyandry among is a contested issue with opinion divided between ones who support its existence<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and ones who do not support it based on the fact that no stable relationship is formed in polyandry.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ezhavas" class="mw-redirect" title="Ezhavas">Ezhavas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mukkuva" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukkuva">Mukkuvas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kammalar" class="mw-redirect" title="Kammalar">Kammalars</a> of Kerala also practised polyandry. The custom of fraternal polyandry was common among <a href="/wiki/Thiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiyya">Thiyyas</a> of Malabar and <a href="/wiki/Ezhava" title="Ezhava">ezhavas</a>. According to Cyriac Pullipally, female members of the <a href="/wiki/Thiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiyya">Thiyya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ezhava" title="Ezhava">ezhava</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mukkuva" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukkuva">mukkuvas</a> community associated with English, French, Dutch, and Portuguese men as their concubines.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Punjab_and_Haryana">Punjab and Haryana</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyandry_in_India&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Punjab and Haryana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In certain areas of Punjab, especially the <a href="/wiki/Bathinda" title="Bathinda">Bathinda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mansa_district,_India" title="Mansa district, India">Mansa</a> districts of Malwa region, poor farmers follow the practice of polyandry under economic compulsion to avoid further fragmentation of their already small landholdings. A study conducted in 2019 by <a href="/wiki/Panjab_University" title="Panjab University">Panjab University</a> found evidence of polyandry in Haryana and Punjab. The study culminated in the book <i>Gender Culture and Honour</i> and found cases of wife sharing in the districts of Yamunanagar in Haryana and Mansa and Fatehgarh Sahib of Punjab.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jaunsar-Bawar">Jaunsar-Bawar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyandry_in_India&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Jaunsar-Bawar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Polyandry was practised in <a href="/wiki/Jaunsar-Bawar" title="Jaunsar-Bawar">Jaunsar-Bawar</a> in <a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A distinct group of people called <a href="/wiki/Northern_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Northern Indo-Aryan languages">Paharis</a> live in the lower ranges of <a href="/wiki/Himalaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Himalaya">Himalayas</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northern_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern India">Northern India</a> from southeastern <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> all the way through <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>. Polyandry has been reported among these people in many districts but studied in great detail in Jaunsar-Bawar. It is a region in <a href="/wiki/Dehradun_district" title="Dehradun district">Dehradun district</a> in <a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a>. The practice is believed to have descended from their ancestors who had earlier settled down in the plains from Himalayas.<sup id="cite_ref-Polygamy_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Polygamy-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Polyandrous union occurs in this region when a woman marries the eldest son in a family. The woman automatically becomes the wife of all his brothers upon her marriage. The brothers can be married to more than one woman if the first woman was sterile or if the age difference of the brothers were large. The wife is shared equally by all brothers and no one in the group has exclusive privilege to the wife. The woman considers all the men in the group her husband and the children recognise them all as their father.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tibetans_in_India">Tibetans in India</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyandry_in_India&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Tibetans in India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By 1976, 83.3% of Tibetans who were <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_diaspora" title="Tibetan diaspora">exiled from China</a> had taken refuge in India.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Tibet, monogamy, polygamy, and polyandry have traditionally been practiced. Some Tibetan refugees now settled in India practice polyandry as a result of their material conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fraternal polyandry is a way for Tibetans to avoid having to build multiple houses every time a male in the family marries. One wife married to many brothers allows for less resources to be used on one brother and his one wife. Polyandry is also a way for Tibetans to not have to marry non-Tibetans whilst they are settled in India.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_tribal_peoples">Other tribal peoples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyandry_in_India&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Other tribal peoples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Polyandry_(bold,_color).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Polyandry_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg/220px-Polyandry_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Polyandry_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg/330px-Polyandry_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Polyandry_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg/440px-Polyandry_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a><figcaption>Polyandry</figcaption></figure> <p>Fraternal polyandry exists among the Khasa of Dehradun; the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mala_Madessar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mala Madessar (page does not exist)">Mala Madessar</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mavilan" title="Mavilan">Mavilan</a>, etc. of Kerala and among the Sirmur, Shimla, Kullu, and Lahaul-Spiti of Himachal Pradesh.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Non-fraternal polyandry exists among the Kota; and among the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karvazhi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karvazhi (page does not exist)">Karvazhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pulaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulaya">Pulaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muthuvan" title="Muthuvan">Muthuvan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mannan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Mannan people">Mannan</a> in Kerala. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/1911_Census_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="1911 Census of India">1911 Census of India</a>, E.A. Gait mentions polyandry of the <a href="/wiki/Bhotias" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhotias">Bhotias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kanet" title="Kanet">Kanets</a> of Kulu valley, people of state of <a href="/wiki/Bashahr" class="mw-redirect" title="Bashahr">Bashahr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thakkar" title="Thakkar">Thakkars</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Megs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Megs (page does not exist)">Megs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gondi_people" title="Gondi people">Gonds</a> of <a href="/wiki/Central_Provinces_and_Berar" title="Central Provinces and Berar">Central Provinces</a>, <a href="/wiki/Todas" class="mw-redirect" title="Todas">Todas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kuruba" title="Kuruba">Kurumbas</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nilgiris_(mountains)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nilgiris (mountains)">Nilgiris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kallar_(caste)" title="Kallar (caste)">Kallars</a> of <a href="/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai">Madurai</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tolkolan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tolkolan (page does not exist)">Tolkolans</a> of <a href="/wiki/Malabar_(Northern_Kerala)" class="mw-redirect" title="Malabar (Northern Kerala)">Malabar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ezhavas" class="mw-redirect" title="Ezhavas">Ezhavas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaniyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaniyan">Kaniyans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kammalan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kammalan">Kammalans</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cochin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cochin">Cochin</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Muduva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muduva (page does not exist)">Muduvas</a> of <a href="/wiki/Travancore" title="Travancore">Travancore</a> and of Nairs.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyandry_in_India&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/48px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/64px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:India" 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id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyandry_in_India&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-India,_Past_and_Present-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-India,_Past_and_Present_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSamuelson1890" class="citation book cs1">Samuelson, James (1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/pli.kerala.rare.6522#page/n0"><i>India, Past and Present, Historical, Social, and Political</i></a>. London: Trübner & Co. pp. 18, 20, 46, 47<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Singh, Hoshiar (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331816023">"Marital Satisfaction and Well Being among Fraternal Polyandrous and Monogamous Tribal People of Kinnaur"</a>. <i>Irc's International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research in Social & Management Sciences</i>. <b>2</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">47–</span>57.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Irc%27s+International+Journal+of+Multidisciplinary+Research+in+Social+%26+Management+Sciences&rft.atitle=Marital+Satisfaction+and+Well+Being+among+Fraternal+Polyandrous+and+Monogamous+Tribal+People+of+Kinnaur&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E47-%3C%2Fspan%3E57&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Negi&rft.aufirst=Sunder+Kala&rft.au=Singh%2C+Hoshiar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F331816023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyandry+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:03-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:03_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAghaghia2020" class="citation journal cs1">Aghaghia, Rahimzadeh (October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/2473341683">"Fraternal Polyandry and Land Ownership in Kinnaur, Western Himalaya"</a>. <i>Human Ecology</i>. <b>48</b> (5): 574. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/2473341683">2473341683</a> – via Proquest.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Ecology&rft.atitle=Fraternal+Polyandry+and+Land+Ownership+in+Kinnaur%2C+Western+Himalaya&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=574&rft.date=2020-10&rft.aulast=Aghaghia&rft.aufirst=Rahimzadeh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fdocview%2F2473341683&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyandry+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGautamKshatriya2011" class="citation journal cs1">Gautam, Rajesh K; Kshatriya, Gautam K (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/4466645">"Polyandry: A Case Study of Kinnauras"</a>. <i>Indian Journal of Physical Anthropology</i>. <b>30</b> (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>2): <span class="nowrap">146–</span>161.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indian+Journal+of+Physical+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Polyandry%3A+A+Case+Study+of+Kinnauras&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E146-%3C%2Fspan%3E161&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Gautam&rft.aufirst=Rajesh+K&rft.au=Kshatriya%2C+Gautam+K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F4466645&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyandry+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthony_R_Walker2004" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cowdery" title="Oliver Cowdery">Anthony R Walker</a> (28 February – 12 March 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071013183019/http://hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2105/stories/20040312000206600.htm">"The truth about the Todas"</a>. <i>Frontline</i>. Vol. 21, no. 5. Archived from the original on 13 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontline&rft.atitle=The+truth+about+the+Todas&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=5&rft.date=2004-02-28%2F2004-03-12&rft.au=Anthony+R+Walker&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hinduonnet.com%2Ffline%2Ffl2105%2Fstories%2F20040312000206600.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyandry+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Evolution_and_human_kinship-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Evolution_and_human_kinship_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAustin_L._Hughes1988" class="citation book cs1">Austin L. 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OUP USA. p. 101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-505234-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-505234-3"><bdi>978-0-19-505234-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evolution+and+Human+Kinship&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=OUP+USA&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-19-505234-3&rft.au=Austin+L.+Hughes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5g9002yyTW8C%26q%3DEvolution%2Band%2Bhuman%2Bkinship%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyandry+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Families_in_global_and_multicultural_perspective-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Families_in_global_and_multicultural_perspective_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBron_B._Ingoldsby_and_Suzanna_D._Smith2005" class="citation book cs1">Bron B. Ingoldsby and Suzanna D. Smith (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UR3HhhtRy3gC&q=Families+in+global+and+multicultural+perspective"><i>Families in Global and Multicultural Perspective</i></a>. Sage Publications, Inc. p. 104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-2819-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-2819-5"><bdi>978-0-7619-2819-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Families+in+Global+and+Multicultural+Perspective&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Sage+Publications%2C+Inc&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7619-2819-5&rft.au=Bron+B.+Ingoldsby+and+Suzanna+D.+Smith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUR3HhhtRy3gC%26q%3DFamilies%2Bin%2Bglobal%2Band%2Bmulticultural%2Bperspective&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyandry+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/todas00rivegoog">The Todas by William Halse Rivers Rivers</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gough313-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gough313_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGough1961" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Gough" title="Kathleen Gough">Gough, E. Kathleen</a> (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qiRL3rnCVfAC&dq=tiyyar+polygamy&pg=PA412">"Nayars: Central Kerala"</a>. In Schneider, David Murray; Gough, E. Kathleen (eds.). <i>Matrilineal Kinship</i>. University of California Press. p. 412. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-02529-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-02529-5"><bdi>978-0-520-02529-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nayars%3A+Central+Kerala&rft.btitle=Matrilineal+Kinship&rft.pages=412&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1961&rft.isbn=978-0-520-02529-5&rft.aulast=Gough&rft.aufirst=E.+Kathleen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqiRL3rnCVfAC%26dq%3Dtiyyar%2Bpolygamy%26pg%3DPA412&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyandry+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardgrave" class="citation book cs1">Hardgrave, Robert L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KZ9mqiLgkdEC"><i>The Nadars of Tamilnad</i></a>. University of California Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nadars+of+Tamilnad&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.aulast=Hardgrave&rft.aufirst=Robert+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKZ9mqiLgkdEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyandry+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>A Study of Polyandry – Prince Peter of Greece and Denmark</i> (1963) The Hague: Moulton. Open Library ID OL15135517M. p. 159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Polyandry in India: Demographic, economic, social, religious, and psychological concomitants of plural marriages in women - Manis Kumar Raha and Palash Chandra Coomar</i> (1987) Gian Pub. House. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-212-0105-5" title="Special:BookSources/81-212-0105-5">81-212-0105-5</a>. p. 432.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh1988" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Sarva Daman (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=limC6vCMYnMC"><i>Polyandry in Ancient India</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120804876" title="Special:BookSources/9788120804876"><bdi>9788120804876</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Polyandry+in+Ancient+India&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publ.&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9788120804876&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Sarva+Daman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlimC6vCMYnMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyandry+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">074531693</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1976" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Bardwell L. (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xNAI9F8IBOgC&pg=PA38"><i>Religion and Social Conflict in South Asia</i></a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004045104" title="Special:BookSources/9004045104"><bdi>9004045104</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Social+Conflict+in+South+Asia&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=9004045104&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Bardwell+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxNAI9F8IBOgC%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyandry+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMann1996" class="citation book cs1">Mann, Rann Singh (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fuxv9_upHpYC&q=Polyandry+of+thiyya&pg=PA16"><i>Aspects of Indian Social Anthropology</i></a>. Concept Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7022-586-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7022-586-7"><bdi>978-81-7022-586-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aspects+of+Indian+Social+Anthropology&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-81-7022-586-7&rft.aulast=Mann&rft.aufirst=Rann+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFuxv9_upHpYC%26q%3DPolyandry%2Bof%2Bthiyya%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyandry+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanikkar1918" class="citation journal cs1">Panikkar, K. M. (July 1918). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2843423">"Some Aspects of Nayar Life"</a>. <i>The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland</i>. <b>48</b>: <span class="nowrap">254–</span>293. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2843423">10.2307/2843423</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2843423">2843423</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Royal+Anthropological+Institute+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.atitle=Some+Aspects+of+Nayar+Life.&rft.volume=48&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E254-%3C%2Fspan%3E293&rft.date=1918-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2843423&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2843423%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Panikkar&rft.aufirst=K.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2843423&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyandry+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/imperialgazette18huntgoog/page/n94">The imperial gazetteer of India by William Wilson Hunter</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFH._W._H.1886" class="citation journal cs1">H. 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(12 February 1886). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1618824">"Primitive Marriage"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>7</b> (158). <a href="/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science" title="American Association for the Advancement of Science">American Association for the Advancement of Science</a>: <span class="nowrap">147–</span>149. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.ns-7.158S.147">10.1126/science.ns-7.158S.147</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1760231">1760231</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17759687">17759687</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Primitive+Marriage&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=158&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E147-%3C%2Fspan%3E149&rft.date=1886-02-12&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17759687&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1760231%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.ns-7.158S.147&rft.au=H.+W.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1618824&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyandry+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._Aiyappan1932" class="citation journal cs1">A. 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(1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xNAI9F8IBOgC&q=polyandry"><i>Religion and Social Conflict in South Asia</i></a>. Brill. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-04510-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-04510-1"><bdi>978-90-04-04510-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Social+Conflict+in+South+Asia&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-90-04-04510-1&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Bardwell+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxNAI9F8IBOgC%26q%3Dpolyandry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyandry+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/modern-draupadis-exist-in-mansa-villages/articleshow/7847515.cms">"Modern Draupadis exist in Mansa villages"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i>. 2 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Modern+Draupadis+exist+in+Mansa+villages&rft.date=2011-04-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2Fmodern-draupadis-exist-in-mansa-villages%2Farticleshow%2F7847515.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyandry+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061111114506/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2024/stories/20031205000106600.htm">"The mystique of the mountains"</a>. <i>Frontline</i>. November–December 2003. Archived from the original on 11 November 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontline&rft.atitle=The+mystique+of+the+mountains&rft.date=2003-11%2F2003-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hinduonnet.com%2Ffline%2Ffl2024%2Fstories%2F20031205000106600.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyandry+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Polygamy-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Polygamy_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiriam_Koktvedgaard_Zeitzen2008" class="citation book cs1">Miriam Koktvedgaard Zeitzen (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WIzHjpTJgdQC&q=Polygamy+Miriam+Koktvedgaard+Zeitzen"><i>Polygamy: A Cross-Cultural Analysis</i></a>. Berg Publishers. p. 109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84520-221-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84520-221-7"><bdi>978-1-84520-221-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Polygamy%3A+A+Cross-Cultural+Analysis&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=Berg+Publishers&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84520-221-7&rft.au=Miriam+Koktvedgaard+Zeitzen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWIzHjpTJgdQC%26q%3DPolygamy%2BMiriam%2BKoktvedgaard%2BZeitzen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyandry+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerreman1962" class="citation journal cs1">Berreman, Gerald D. (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Faa.1962.64.1.02a00070">"Pahari Polyandry: A Comparison"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/American_Anthropologist" title="American Anthropologist">American Anthropologist</a></i>. <b>64</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">60–</span>75. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Faa.1962.64.1.02a00070">10.1525/aa.1962.64.1.02a00070</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Anthropologist&rft.atitle=Pahari+Polyandry%3A+A+Comparison&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E60-%3C%2Fspan%3E75&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Faa.1962.64.1.02a00070&rft.aulast=Berreman&rft.aufirst=Gerald+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1525%252Faa.1962.64.1.02a00070&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyandry+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerreman1975" class="citation journal cs1">Berreman, Gerald D. (February 1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fae.1975.2.1.02a00070">"Himalayan Polyandry and the Domestic Cycle"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/American_Ethnologist" class="mw-redirect" title="American Ethnologist">American Ethnologist</a></i>. <b>2</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/Blackwell_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackwell Publishing">Blackwell Publishing</a>, on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/American_Anthropological_Association" title="American Anthropological Association">American Anthropological Association</a>: <span class="nowrap">127–</span>138. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fae.1975.2.1.02a00070">10.1525/ae.1975.2.1.02a00070</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/643539">643539</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Ethnologist&rft.atitle=Himalayan+Polyandry+and+the+Domestic+Cycle&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E127-%3C%2Fspan%3E138&rft.date=1975-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fae.1975.2.1.02a00070&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F643539%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Berreman&rft.aufirst=Gerald+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1525%252Fae.1975.2.1.02a00070&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyandry+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSachdevaSurjyajeevan2021" class="citation book cs1">Sachdeva, Swati Ashkay; Surjyajeevan, Yumnam (2021). <i>Identity in Question: The Study of Tibetan Refugees in the Indian Himalayas</i>. Wilmington, DE: Vernon Press. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781622739127" title="Special:BookSources/9781622739127"><bdi>9781622739127</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Identity+in+Question%3A+The+Study+of+Tibetan+Refugees+in+the+Indian+Himalayas&rft.place=Wilmington%2C+DE&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Vernon+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9781622739127&rft.aulast=Sachdeva&rft.aufirst=Swati+Ashkay&rft.au=Surjyajeevan%2C+Yumnam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyandry+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrent2002" class="citation book cs1">Grent, Nellie (2002). <i>Polyandry in Dharamsala: Plural-Husband Marriage in a Tibetan Refugee Community in Northwest India</i>. Brill. pp. <span class="nowrap">105–</span>106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004489455" title="Special:BookSources/9789004489455"><bdi>9789004489455</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Polyandry+in+Dharamsala%3A+Plural-Husband+Marriage+in+a+Tibetan+Refugee+Community+in+Northwest+India&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E105-%3C%2Fspan%3E106&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9789004489455&rft.aulast=Grent&rft.aufirst=Nellie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyandry+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTanka1988" class="citation journal cs1">Tanka, Subba B. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43301058">"Social Adaptation of the Tibetan Refugees in the Darjeeling-Sikkim Himalayas"</a>. <i>The Tibet Journal</i>. <b>3</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">49–</span>57. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43301058">43301058</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Tibet+Journal&rft.atitle=Social+Adaptation+of+the+Tibetan+Refugees+in+the+Darjeeling-Sikkim+Himalayas&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E49-%3C%2Fspan%3E57&rft.date=1988&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43301058%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Tanka&rft.aufirst=Subba+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43301058&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyandry+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8UZF-ckLEnYC&dq=polyandry+Jaunsar+Bawar&pg=PA165">Polyandry in Ancient India by Sarva Daman Singh</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1xANOL3bu5YC&q=polyandry+kallar&pg=PA165"><i>Madura, a Tourist's Guide</i></a>. Asian Educational Services. 1913. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120607064" title="Special:BookSources/9788120607064"><bdi>9788120607064</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Madura%2C+a+Tourist%27s+Guide&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=1913&rft.isbn=9788120607064&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1xANOL3bu5YC%26q%3Dpolyandry%2Bkallar%26pg%3DPA165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolyandry+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyandry_in_India&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Manis Kumar Raha & Palash Chandra Coomar : <i>Polyandry in India</i>. Gian Publishing House, Delhi, 1987. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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title="Bengali Hindu wedding">Bengal (Hindu)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajong_marriage" title="Hajong marriage">Hajong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kettu_Kalyanam" title="Kettu Kalyanam">Kerala (Kettu Kalyanam)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_Hindu_wedding" title="Odia Hindu wedding">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_wedding_traditions" title="Punjabi wedding traditions">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbu_people#Wedding_practices" title="Limbu people">Sikkim (Limbu)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iyer_wedding" class="mw-redirect" title="Iyer wedding">Tamil (Iyer)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_wedding_ceremony" title="Telugu wedding ceremony">Telugu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Bangladesh#Weddings" title="Culture of 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baraat" title="Baraat">Baraat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dowry_system_in_India" title="Dowry system in India">Dahej (dowry)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahr" title="Mahr">Mahr (dower)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Islam" title="Marriage in Islam">Nikah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rituals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kanyadana" title="Kanyadana">Kanyadana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balle_Mallarada_Puje" title="Balle Mallarada Puje">Balle Mallarada Puje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadhu_Pravesha" title="Vadhu Pravesha">Vadhu Pravesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bou_Bhat" title="Bou Bhat">Bou Bhaat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauna" title="Gauna">Gauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaye_holud" title="Gaye holud">Gaye holud (Bengali)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kankana_Dharane" title="Kankana Dharane">Kankana Dharane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangala_Ashtaka" title="Mangala Ashtaka">Mangala Ashtaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parikrama" title="Parikrama">Parikrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saptapadi" title="Saptapadi">Saptapadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Satphere">Satphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Upanayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayian" title="Mayian">Mayian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Items</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alta_(dye)" title="Alta (dye)">Alta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangle" title="Bangle">Bangles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henna" title="Henna">Henna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangala_sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangala sutra">Mangala sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nose_piercing" title="Nose piercing">Nose ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_India#Palanquin" title="Transport in India">Palki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pheta" title="Pheta">Pheta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sehra_(headdress)" title="Sehra (headdress)">Sehra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindur" class="mw-redirect" title="Sindur">Sindur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiara" title="Tiara">Tiara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topor_(headgear)" title="Topor (headgear)">Topor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Upanayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varamala" title="Varamala">Varamala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_mandapa" title="Wedding mandapa">Wedding mandapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_sari" title="Wedding sari">Wedding sari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_wedding_card" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian wedding card">Invitations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_wedding_photography" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian wedding photography">Photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_wedding_songs" title="Hindi wedding songs">Songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrimonial_website#In_India" title="Matrimonial website">Websites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Social_issues_in_India337" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Social_issues_in_India" title="Template:Social issues in India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Social_issues_in_India" title="Template talk:Social issues in India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Social_issues_in_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Social issues in India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Social_issues_in_India337" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Social_issues_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Social issues in India">Social issues in India</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_India" title="Economy of India">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_India" title="Telecommunications in India">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Famine_in_India" title="Famine in India">Famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmers%27_suicides_in_India" title="Farmers' suicides in India">Farmers' suicides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_in_India" title="Labour in India">Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_reform_in_India" title="Land reform in India">Land reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debt_bondage_in_India" title="Debt bondage in India">Debt bondage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Pension_System" title="National Pension System">National Pension System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_India" title="Poverty in India">Poverty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Below_Poverty_Line" title="Below Poverty Line">BPL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_distribution_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Public distribution system">Public distribution system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remittances_to_India" title="Remittances to India">Remittances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_slums_in_India" title="List of slums in India">Slums</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slum_clearance_in_India" title="Slum clearance in India">Clearance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_India" title="Standard of living in India">Standard of living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawker_(trade)" title="Hawker (trade)">Street vendors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_India" title="Transport in India">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_basic_income_in_India" title="Universal basic income in India">Universal basic income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbanization_in_India" title="Urbanization in India">Urbanisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_India" title="Unemployment in India">Unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_India" title="Income inequality in India">Widening income gap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Education_in_India" title="Education in India">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_India" title="Literacy in India">Literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragging#Ragging_in_India" title="Ragging">Ragging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_India" title="Environmental issues in India">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_India" title="Conservation in India">Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change in South Asia">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manual_scavenging" title="Manual scavenging">Manual scavenging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_disasters_in_India" title="Natural disasters in India">Natural disasters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_India" title="Water supply and sanitation in India">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Water_disputes_in_India" title="Category:Water disputes in India">Water disputes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cohabitation_in_India" title="Cohabitation in India">Cohabitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_India" title="Domestic violence in India">Domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dowry_system_in_India" title="Dowry system in India">Dowry system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_planning_in_India" title="Family planning in India">Family planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint family">Joint family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infertility" title="Infertility">Infertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_family" title="Nuclear family">Nuclear family</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Polyandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygyny_in_India" title="Polygyny in India">Polygyny</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Children</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_India" title="Abortion in India">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour_in_India" title="Child labour in India">Child labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage_in_India" title="Child marriage in India">Child marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_prostitution" title="Child prostitution">Child prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_trafficking_in_India" title="Child trafficking in India">Child trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_foeticide_in_India" title="Female foeticide in India">Female foeticide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_infanticide_in_India" title="Female infanticide in India">Female infanticide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_children_in_India" title="Street children in India">Street children</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Women_in_India" title="Women in India">Women</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_attack" title="Acid attack">Acid attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bride_burning" title="Bride burning">Bride burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devadasi" title="Devadasi">Devadasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dowry_death" title="Dowry death">Dowry death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eve_teasing" title="Eve teasing">Eve teasing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_health_in_India" title="Women's health in India">Women's health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_India" title="Feminism in India">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_and_menstruation" title="Culture and menstruation">Menstrual taboo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_India" title="Prostitution in India">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_India" title="Rape in India">Rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(practice)" title="Sati (practice)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_India" title="Gender inequality in India">Sexism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">Caste system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caste_politics" title="Caste politics">Caste politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste-related_violence_in_India" title="Caste-related violence in India">Caste-related violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalit" title="Dalit">Dalit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reservation_in_India" title="Reservation in India">Reservation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Communalism_(South_Asia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (South Asia)">Communalism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" 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