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class="vector-toc-text"> 3 German occupation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-German_occupation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle German occupation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-German_occupation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Life_in_occupied_Belgium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_in_occupied_Belgium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Life in occupied Belgium </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life_in_occupied_Belgium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collaboration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collaboration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Collaboration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collaboration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resistance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resistance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Resistance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resistance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Holocaust" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Holocaust"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 The Holocaust </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Holocaust-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Belgian_government_and_army_in_exile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belgian_government_and_army_in_exile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Belgian government and army in exile </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belgian_government_and_army_in_exile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Belgian_Congo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belgian_Congo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Belgian Congo </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belgian_Congo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liberation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liberation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Liberation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liberation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy_and_aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy_and_aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Legacy and aftermath </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy_and_aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legacy and aftermath subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy_and_aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Commemoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commemoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Commemoration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commemoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Belgium in World War II</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" > 16 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="بلجيكا في الحرب العالمية الثانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بلجيكا في الحرب العالمية الثانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bel%C3%A7ika_%C4%B0kinci_d%C3%BCnya_m%C3%BCharib%C9%99sind%C9%99" title="Belçika İkinci dünya müharibəsində – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Belçika İkinci dünya müharibəsində" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D1%8A%D0%B2_%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Белгия във Втората световна война – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Белгия във Втората световна война" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9lgica_en_la_Segunda_Guerra_Mundial" title="Bélgica en la Segunda Guerra Mundial – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bélgica en la Segunda Guerra Mundial" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%DA%98%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85" title="بلژیک در جنگ جهانی دوم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بلژیک در جنگ جهانی دوم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_de_la_Belgique_pendant_la_Seconde_Guerre_mondiale" title="Histoire de la Belgique pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Histoire de la Belgique pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D4%B5%D6%80%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A4_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%AD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Բելգիան Երկրորդ համաշխարհային պատերազմում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բելգիան Երկրորդ համաշխարհային պատերազմում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgia_pada_Perang_Dunia_II" title="Belgia pada Perang Dunia II – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Belgia pada Perang Dunia II" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgio_nella_seconda_guerra_mondiale" title="Belgio nella seconda guerra mondiale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Belgio nella seconda guerra mondiale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%91%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94" title="בלגיה במלחמת העולם השנייה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בלגיה במלחמת העולם השנייה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgi%C3%AB_in_de_Tweede_Wereldoorlog" title="België in de Tweede Wereldoorlog – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="België in de Tweede Wereldoorlog" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9lgica_na_Segunda_Guerra_Mundial" title="Bélgica na Segunda Guerra Mundial – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bélgica na Segunda Guerra Mundial" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Бельгия во Второй мировой войне – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бельгия во Второй мировой войне" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87" title="เบลเยียมในสงครามโลกครั้งที่สอง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เบลเยียมในสงครามโลกครั้งที่สอง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Бельгія в Другій світовій війні – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бельгія в Другій світовій війні" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%B0%E6%9C%9F%E9%96%93%E7%9A%84%E6%AF%94%E5%88%A9%E6%99%82" title="第二次世界大戰期間的比利時 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="第二次世界大戰期間的比利時" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1976-134-27,_Belgien,_Br%C3%BCssel,_Parade_vor_dem_Schloss.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1976-134-27%2C_Belgien%2C_Br%C3%BCssel%2C_Parade_vor_dem_Schloss.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1976-134-27%2C_Belgien%2C_Br%C3%BCssel%2C_Parade_vor_dem_Schloss.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1976-134-27%2C_Belgien%2C_Br%C3%BCssel%2C_Parade_vor_dem_Schloss.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1976-134-27%2C_Belgien%2C_Br%C3%BCssel%2C_Parade_vor_dem_Schloss.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1976-134-27%2C_Belgien%2C_Br%C3%BCssel%2C_Parade_vor_dem_Schloss.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1976-134-27%2C_Belgien%2C_Br%C3%BCssel%2C_Parade_vor_dem_Schloss.jpg 2x" data-file-width="545" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>German soldiers parade past the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_Brussels" title="Royal Palace of Brussels">Royal Palace</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>, 1940</figcaption></figure> Despite being neutral at the start of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> and its colonial possessions <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Belgium">found themselves at war</a> after the country was invaded by German forces on 10 May 1940. After 18 days of fighting in which Belgian forces were pushed back into a small pocket in the north-west of the country, the Belgian military surrendered to the Germans, beginning <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Belgium_during_World_War_II" title="German occupation of Belgium during World War II">an occupation</a> that would endure until 1944. The surrender of 28 May was ordered by <a href="/wiki/Leopold_III_of_Belgium" title="Leopold III of Belgium">King Leopold III</a> without the consultation of his government and sparked a political crisis after the war. Despite the capitulation, many Belgians managed to escape to the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> where they formed <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Government_in_Exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgian Government in Exile">a government</a> and <a href="/wiki/Free_Belgian_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Belgian Forces">army-in-exile</a> on the Allied side. The <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Congo" title="Belgian Congo">Belgian Congo</a> remained loyal to the Belgian government in London and contributed significant material and human resources to the Allied cause. Many Belgians were involved in both <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Resistance" title="Belgian Resistance">armed and passive resistance</a> to German forces, although some chose to collaborate with the German forces. Support from political factions and sections of the Belgian population allowed the German army to recruit two <a href="/wiki/Division_(military)" title="Division (military)">divisions</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a> from Belgium and also facilitated <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Belgium" title="The Holocaust in Belgium">the Nazi persecution of Belgian Jews</a> in which nearly 25,000 were killed. Most of the country was liberated by the Allies between September and October 1944, though areas in the far east of the country remained occupied until early 1945. In total, approximately 88,000 Belgians died during the conflict,<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> a figure representing 1.05 percent of the country's pre-war population, and around 8 percent of the country's <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> was destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-EB42-2">[2]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belgium_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> During the 1930s, Belgium was still recovering from the destruction of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. Economically, Belgium was experiencing high unemployment in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> of 1929, and by 1932 unemployment stood at 23.5 percent<a href="#cite_note-econ1-3">[3]</a> though under the "<a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a>-style" <a href="/wiki/Plan_de_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Plan de Man">Plan de Man</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> this had been reduced to around 15 percent by 1937.<a href="#cite_note-econ1-3">[3]</a> The 1930s also saw the growth of several <a href="/wiki/Authoritarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Authoritarian">authoritarian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist">fascist</a> political parties in both <a href="/wiki/Wallonia" title="Wallonia">Wallonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_general_election,_1936" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgian general election, 1936">1936 elections</a>, one of these, the <a href="/wiki/Rexism" class="mw-redirect" title="Rexism">Rexist party</a>, gained 11.6 percent of the national vote.<a href="#cite_note-domestic1-5">[5]</a> By 1939 however, <a href="/wiki/Extremist" class="mw-redirect" title="Extremist">extremist</a> parties lost many of the seats that they had previously gained <a href="/wiki/Belgian_general_election,_1939" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgian general election, 1939">in new elections</a> and political stability seemed to be returning.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neutrality">Neutrality</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belgium_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Neutrality">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:P4230112.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/P4230112.JPG/220px-P4230112.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/P4230112.JPG/330px-P4230112.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/P4230112.JPG/440px-P4230112.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Bunkers and anti-tank defenses of the <a href="/wiki/K-W_Line" title="K-W Line">K-W Line</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Dijle" class="mw-redirect" title="Dijle">River Dijle</a>, built in late 1939</figcaption></figure> As Belgium had suffered so much damage in <a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_I" title="Belgium in World War I">World War I</a>, there was little appetite within the country to involve itself in any potential European conflict. In October 1936, <a href="/wiki/Leopold_III_of_Belgium" title="Leopold III of Belgium">King Leopold III</a> announced that Belgium would remain neutral in the event of another war in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> as part of what he termed an Independent Policy (Politique d'Indépendance).<a href="#cite_note-Timeline1936-7">[7]</a> To this end, the Belgian government tried to steer a path away from alliances: leaving the <a href="/wiki/Locarno_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Locarno Treaty">Locarno Treaty</a>, repudiating <a href="/wiki/Franco-Belgian_Accord_of_1920" title="Franco-Belgian Accord of 1920">a defence pact with France</a> signed in 1920<a href="#cite_note-zum1-8">[8]</a> and receiving a guarantee of neutrality from <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> in 1937.<a href="#cite_note-zum1-8">[8]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The German Government considers that the inviolability and integrity of Belgium are common interests of the Western Powers. It confirms its determination that in no circumstances will it impair this inviolability and integrity and that it will at all times respect Belgian territory ...<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>German guarantee of neutrality, 13 October 1937<a href="#cite_note-neutrality1-9">[9]</a></cite></div></blockquote> During this period, the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Armed_Forces" title="Belgian Armed Forces">Belgian military</a> was reorganized as an exclusively defensive force<a href="#cite_note-Churchill1-10">[10]</a> and began construction and modernization of fortifications around the country, particularly around <a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge_Province" title="Liège Province">Liège Province</a> near the German border.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> On the declaration of war between the United Kingdom, France, and Germany in September 1939, the Belgian government launched a crash re-armament program, augmenting the national defenses by creating the <a href="/wiki/K-W_Line" title="K-W Line">K-W Line</a> linking the <a href="/wiki/National_redoubt_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="National redoubt of Belgium">National Redoubt at Antwerp</a> with the south along the <a href="/wiki/Dijle" class="mw-redirect" title="Dijle">River Dijle</a>, just behind the main <a href="/wiki/Fortified_Position_of_Li%C3%A8ge" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortified Position of Liège">Fortified Position of Liège</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="18_Days'_Campaign">18 Days' Campaign</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belgium_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 18 Days' Campaign">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1974-061-017,_Belgien,_Albert-Canal,_Gefangene.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1974-061-017%2C_Belgien%2C_Albert-Canal%2C_Gefangene.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1974-061-017%2C_Belgien%2C_Albert-Canal%2C_Gefangene.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1974-061-017%2C_Belgien%2C_Albert-Canal%2C_Gefangene.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1974-061-017%2C_Belgien%2C_Albert-Canal%2C_Gefangene.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1974-061-017%2C_Belgien%2C_Albert-Canal%2C_Gefangene.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1974-061-017%2C_Belgien%2C_Albert-Canal%2C_Gefangene.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="541" /></a><figcaption>Belgian soldiers surrender to <a href="/wiki/Luftlande-Sturm-Regiment" title="Luftlande-Sturm-Regiment">German paratroopers</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Eben-Emael" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Fort Eben-Emael">Battle of Fort Eben-Emael</a>, 11 May 1940.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Belgium">Battle of Belgium</a></div> With the <a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="German invasion of Poland">German invasion of Poland</a> in September 1939, although still following a policy of neutrality, the Belgian government began general mobilization.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> By 1940, the army numbered between 600,000<a href="#cite_note-LS1-14">[14]</a> and 650,000<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> men (nearly 20 percent of the male population of Belgium) making it approximately four times larger than the <a href="/wiki/British_Expeditionary_Force_(World_War_II)" title="British Expeditionary Force (World War II)">British Expeditionary Force</a> and twice as large as the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Armed_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Armed Forces">Dutch army</a> at the time.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> The invasion of Belgium by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> started on 10 May 1940, under the codename Fall Gelb ("Case Yellow") as part of the wider <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">invasion of France</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Luxembourg_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="German invasion of Luxembourg in World War II">Luxembourg</a>. The Belgian <a href="/wiki/Albert_Canal" title="Albert Canal">Albert Canal</a> fortifications, some of the most modern defensive networks in Europe, proved almost useless. At <a href="/wiki/Fort_Eben-Emael" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Eben-Emael">Eben-Emael</a>, the fort held by 1,200 Belgians was taken when the Germans deployed 500 glider-borne <a href="/wiki/Fallschirmj%C3%A4ger_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fallschirmjäger (World War II)">Fallschirmjäger</a> against them, opening the border for <a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a>-style warfare.<a href="#cite_note-Lucas21-22-17">[17]</a> Almost all of the air force's modern <a href="/wiki/Hawker_Hurricane" title="Hawker Hurricane">Hurricane fighters</a> were also destroyed by the <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a> on the ground at <a href="/wiki/Schaffen_Air_Base" title="Schaffen Air Base">Schaffen airfield</a> on 10 May.<a href="#cite_note-Mollo1-18">[18]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_troops_and_Belgian_refugees_on_the_Brussels-Louvain_road,_12_May_1940._F4422.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/British_troops_and_Belgian_refugees_on_the_Brussels-Louvain_road%2C_12_May_1940._F4422.jpg/220px-British_troops_and_Belgian_refugees_on_the_Brussels-Louvain_road%2C_12_May_1940._F4422.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/British_troops_and_Belgian_refugees_on_the_Brussels-Louvain_road%2C_12_May_1940._F4422.jpg/330px-British_troops_and_Belgian_refugees_on_the_Brussels-Louvain_road%2C_12_May_1940._F4422.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/British_troops_and_Belgian_refugees_on_the_Brussels-Louvain_road%2C_12_May_1940._F4422.jpg/440px-British_troops_and_Belgian_refugees_on_the_Brussels-Louvain_road%2C_12_May_1940._F4422.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2376" data-file-height="1772" /></a><figcaption>Belgian civilians fleeing westwards away from the advancing German army, 12 May 1940</figcaption></figure> The German breakthrough at <a href="/wiki/Sedan,_Ardennes" title="Sedan, Ardennes">Sedan</a>, which had been thought impassable, meant that defenders of the K-W Line risked being outflanked, and had to withdraw on 16 May.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> The German invasion triggered a panic amongst Belgian civilians in the path of the advancing <a href="/wiki/German_Army_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="German Army (Wehrmacht)">German army</a>. By 11 May, the roads leading westwards, away from the fighting, were blocked by refugees, hampering the eastward advance of French and British forces.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> It is estimated that around two million civilians fled their homes during the campaign.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> The government's policy of neutrality had left Belgium with an outdated and ill-equipped army and air force. Above all, the army possessed only 16 battle tanks<a href="#cite_note-22">[note 1]</a> between its two cavalry divisions for political reasons as they had been considered too "aggressive" for the army of a neutral power.<a href="#cite_note-vdmeiren1-23">[22]</a> The air force, hurriedly reorganised in May 1940, was taken by surprise and could only field 180 serviceable aircraft out of its total of 234.<a href="#cite_note-Mollo1-18">[18]</a> The military held out against German forces for 18 days, against overwhelming odds. On 28 May, forced into a small pocket <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Lys_(1940)" title="Battle of the Lys (1940)">along the Leie river</a> and after failed attempts to broker a ceasefire on the 27th, the Belgian king and military surrendered unconditionally.<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> Belgian casualties during the campaign numbered some 6,000 killed<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> and 15,850 wounded.<a href="#cite_note-Mollo1-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-ABC1-26">[25]</a> Some 112,500 French and Belgian troops escaped to the UK via <a href="/wiki/Operation_Dynamo" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Dynamo">Dunkirk</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> but the majority of the Belgian survivors were made <a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners of war">prisoners of war</a> and many were not released until the end of the war.<a href="#cite_note-pdg1-28">[27]</a> With the surrender of the Belgian army, <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Government_in_Exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgian Government in Exile">the government</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Pierlot" title="Hubert Pierlot">Hubert Pierlot</a>, fled first to <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> and formed a <a href="/wiki/Government_in_exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Government in exile">government in exile</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of France">Fall of France</a>, the government transferred to <a href="/wiki/Eaton_Square" title="Eaton Square">Eaton Square</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surrender_of_Leopold_III">Surrender of Leopold III</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belgium_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Surrender of Leopold III">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leopold_III_-_25_Cents_1943.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Leopold_III_-_25_Cents_1943.jpg/220px-Leopold_III_-_25_Cents_1943.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Leopold_III_-_25_Cents_1943.jpg/330px-Leopold_III_-_25_Cents_1943.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Leopold_III_-_25_Cents_1943.jpg/440px-Leopold_III_-_25_Cents_1943.jpg 2x" data-file-width="838" data-file-height="818" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/25_centimes_(World_War_II_Belgian_coin)" class="mw-redirect" title="25 centimes (World War II Belgian coin)">A Belgian coin</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Monogram#Royal_monograms" title="Monogram">monogram</a> of <a href="/wiki/Leopold_III_of_Belgium" title="Leopold III of Belgium">Leopold III</a>, minted during the occupation.</figcaption></figure> Leopold III, <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belgium" title="Monarchy of Belgium">king</a> and commander in chief of the Belgian army, surrendered personally to German forces on 28 May, contrary to the advice of Pierlot's government, having personally decided that the Allied cause was lost.<a href="#cite_note-Yapou1-30">[29]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">self-published source?</a>] His decision was fiercely criticized by the French prime minister, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Reynaud" title="Paul Reynaud">Paul Reynaud</a><a href="#cite_note-church1-31">[30]</a> and by Pierlot in a radio broadcast on 28 June 1940, where he declared Leopold's decision to be "an event without precedent in history".[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The king remained in Belgium during the war as a German prisoner while the government went into exile and continued military action in the Allied cause.<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> Unlike the Netherlands and Luxembourg where the monarchy was repressed or had joined the government in exile, Leopold III remained prominent in the occupied territory, and coins and stamps produced during the occupation continued to carry his face or monogram.<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> Nevertheless, Leopold remained a focus for resistance, his position explained by the slogan "Belgium is captive! Long live Belgium! The King is captive! Long live the King!"<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> While imprisoned, he sent a letter to <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> in 1942 which has been credited with saving an estimated 500,000 Belgian women and children from forced deportation to munitions factories in Germany.<a href="#cite_note-EBLeopold-35">[34]</a> In November 1940, Leopold visited Hitler in <a href="/wiki/Berghof_(residence)" title="Berghof (residence)">Berchtesgaden</a> where he asked for Belgian prisoners of war to be freed.<a href="#cite_note-church1-31">[30]</a> After the war, allegations that Leopold's surrender had been an act of collaboration provoked a political crisis, known as the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Question">Royal Question</a>, about whether he could return to the throne, which ultimately ended with his abdication.<a href="#cite_note-church1-31">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="German_occupation">German occupation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belgium_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: German occupation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Belgium_during_World_War_II" title="German occupation of Belgium during World War II">German occupation of Belgium during World War II</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Life_in_occupied_Belgium">Life in occupied Belgium</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belgium_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Life in occupied Belgium">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RAF_attack_St._Vith_26_Dec_1944.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/RAF_attack_St._Vith_26_Dec_1944.jpg/220px-RAF_attack_St._Vith_26_Dec_1944.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/RAF_attack_St._Vith_26_Dec_1944.jpg/330px-RAF_attack_St._Vith_26_Dec_1944.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/RAF_attack_St._Vith_26_Dec_1944.jpg/440px-RAF_attack_St._Vith_26_Dec_1944.jpg 2x" data-file-width="795" data-file-height="656" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">RAF</a> <a href="/wiki/Avro_Lancaster" title="Avro Lancaster">Lancaster bombers</a> target the Belgian town of <a href="/wiki/St._Vith" title="St. Vith">St. Vith</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">Ardennes, 1944</a>.</figcaption></figure> Belgium was run by a <a href="/wiki/Military_Administration_in_Belgium_and_Northern_France" title="Military Administration in Belgium and Northern France">German military government</a> under General <a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Falkenhausen" title="Alexander von Falkenhausen">Alexander von Falkenhausen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eggert_Reeder" title="Eggert Reeder">Eggert Reeder</a> until July 1944, and then by Reichskommissar <a href="/wiki/Josef_Groh%C3%A9" title="Josef Grohé">Josef Grohé</a> until liberation.<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> The German government levied the costs of the military occupation on the Belgians through taxes, while also demanding "external occupation costs" (or "<a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-Bolshevik</a> charge") to support operations elsewhere.<a href="#cite_note-occupationcharge1-37">[36]</a> In total, Belgium was forced to pay nearly two-thirds of its national income for these charges,<a href="#cite_note-occupationcharge2-38">[37]</a> a figure equaling 5.7 billion <a href="/wiki/Reichsmark" title="Reichsmark">Reichsmarks</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] As in all occupied countries in Europe, food, fuel and clothing were strictly rationed by the German authorities. Even with the stringent rationing, the food and materials which civilians should officially have been entitled to were not always available.<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> A significant <a href="/wiki/Black_market" title="Black market">black market</a> also existed in the country, supplying food illegally at very high prices to those that could afford it.<a href="#cite_note-Nefors256-7-40">[39]</a> Information and the press were strictly controlled by the German government and news was greatly restricted. Nevertheless, the sales of collaborationist newspapers like <a href="/wiki/Le_Soir" title="Le Soir">Le Soir</a> and the newspapers of pro-collaborationist political parties like <a href="/wiki/Le_Pays_R%C3%A9el" title="Le Pays Réel">Le Pays Réel</a> remained high.<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> A large number of underground newspapers were also published and distributed – the underground paper <a href="/wiki/La_Libre_Belgique_of_Peter_Pan" class="mw-redirect" title="La Libre Belgique of Peter Pan">La Libre Belgique</a> achieved a circulation of 30,000.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R46093,_Belgischer_Zwangsarbeiter_bei_Siemens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R46093%2C_Belgischer_Zwangsarbeiter_bei_Siemens.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R46093%2C_Belgischer_Zwangsarbeiter_bei_Siemens.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R46093%2C_Belgischer_Zwangsarbeiter_bei_Siemens.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R46093%2C_Belgischer_Zwangsarbeiter_bei_Siemens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R46093%2C_Belgischer_Zwangsarbeiter_bei_Siemens.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R46093%2C_Belgischer_Zwangsarbeiter_bei_Siemens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="574" /></a><figcaption>A Belgian forced worker in the <a href="/wiki/Siemens#1933_to_1945" title="Siemens">Siemens</a> factory in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, August 1943.</figcaption></figure> Occupied Belgium was also targeted by the <a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">Allied bombers</a> from both the British <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">RAF</a> and American <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces" title="United States Army Air Forces">USAAF</a>. The policy led to high civilian casualties as bombs missed their intended targets and fell on civilian areas. In a raid on the <a href="/wiki/Minerva_(automobile)" title="Minerva (automobile)">Erla Motor Works</a> in the Belgian town of <a href="/wiki/Mortsel" title="Mortsel">Mortsel</a> (near <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a>) in April 1943, just two bombs dropped by the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-17_Flying_Fortress" title="Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress">B-17s</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Air_Force" title="Eighth Air Force">U.S. 8th Air Force</a> fell on the intended target.<a href="#cite_note-Ww2today1-43">[42]</a> The remaining 24 tons of bombs fell on civilian areas of the town, killing 936 and injuring 1,600 more in just eight minutes.<a href="#cite_note-Ww2today1-43">[42]</a> The Allied policy was condemned by many leading figures within Belgium, including <a href="/wiki/Jozef-Ernest_van_Roey" title="Jozef-Ernest van Roey">Cardinal van Roey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> Around 375,000 Belgians also served in labour programs within Germany during the war, working in manual jobs in industry or agriculture for the German war effort.<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> Though nearly 180,000 Belgians signed up before conscription began in 1941, most were conscripted after that date and worked <a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">as forced labour</a> against their will.<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> 200,000 Belgian military prisoners of war, who had been captured in 1940, were also transported to Germany.<a href="#cite_note-pdg1-28">[27]</a> Most were used as forced labour and paid only a nominal sum.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> About 80,000 (mainly Flemish) prisoners were returned to Belgium between late 1940 and 1941,<a href="#cite_note-pdg1-28">[27]</a> but many remained in captivity until the end of the war. They were often kept in very poor conditions and around 2,000 died.<a href="#cite_note-ABC1-26">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Collaboration">Collaboration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belgium_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Collaboration">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WardHermans.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/WardHermans.jpg/180px-WardHermans.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/WardHermans.jpg/270px-WardHermans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/WardHermans.jpg/360px-WardHermans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="357" /></a><figcaption>Belgian Flemish nationalist politician (VNV), writer and poet <a href="/wiki/Ward_Hermans" title="Ward Hermans">Ward Hermans</a> (1897 - 1992) as a speaker at a meeting of the General SS Flanders in Ghent, during the German occupation in World War II.</figcaption></figure> During the period of Nazi occupation, some Belgians collaborated with their occupiers. There were pro-Nazi political organizations in both Flemish and Walloon communities before and during the war. The most significant were <a href="/wiki/DeVlag" title="DeVlag">DeVlag</a>, <a href="/wiki/Verdinaso" title="Verdinaso">Verdinaso</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flemish_National_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Flemish National Union">Vlaams Nationaal Verbond</a> (VNV) in Flanders as well as the Catholic <a href="/wiki/Rexism" class="mw-redirect" title="Rexism">Rex</a> movement in Wallonia. Each of these movements had subtly different ideologies, their own paramilitary forces and printed their own newspapers. These organisations were also instrumental in encouraging Belgians to enlist into the German Army. Unlike the German-style <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">National Socialist</a> agenda of DeVlag,<a href="#cite_note-witte-48">[47]</a> VNV appealed directly to a <a href="/wiki/Flemish_Movement" title="Flemish Movement">Flemish separatist</a> agenda,<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> though this message was never the main source of their popularity.<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> Infighting between the groups, particularly VNV and DeVlag, was considerable.<a href="#cite_note-witte-48">[47]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sswallonie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Sswallonie.jpg/180px-Sswallonie.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Sswallonie.jpg/270px-Sswallonie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Sswallonie.jpg/360px-Sswallonie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="661" data-file-height="862" /></a><figcaption>Recruitment poster with the slogan "Come to us!" for the <a href="/wiki/28th_SS_Volunteer_Grenadier_Division_Wallonien" class="mw-redirect" title="28th SS Volunteer Grenadier Division Wallonien">28th SS "Wallonien" Division</a> made up of French-speaking Belgians.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Rexism" class="mw-redirect" title="Rexism">Rexism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flemish_National_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Flemish National Union">Flemish National Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Verdinaso" title="Verdinaso">Verdinaso</a>, and <a href="/wiki/DeVlag" title="DeVlag">DeVlag</a></div> On the whole, the Belgian administrative system was very pliant and became an instrument of collaboration. In a 2007 report by a Belgian research institute, <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Historical_Research_and_Documentation_on_War_and_Contemporary_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Center for Historical Research and Documentation on War and Contemporary Society">Cegesoma</a>, a panel of historians concluded that Belgium had offered "maximum administrative collaboration" with the German occupation forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Doorslaer2007-51">[50]</a> The same report also commented on the apparently higher levels of collaboration in Flanders as part of an attempted integration into a "German-Flemish New Order".<a href="#cite_note-CEGES2-52">[51]</a> The towns of Brussels and <a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge" title="Liège">Liège</a>, the report added, "remained [generally] patriotic-Belgian and decisively hostile to Germany".<a href="#cite_note-CEGES2-52">[51]</a> The report also found that many Belgian authorities had been compliant, even active, in the deportation of Jews.<a href="#cite_note-CEGES2-52">[51]</a> Two separate units of the <a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a>, the <a href="/wiki/27th_SS_Volunteer_Division_Langemarck" class="mw-redirect" title="27th SS Volunteer Division Langemarck">Flemish Legion</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Walloon_Legion" title="Walloon Legion">Walloon Legion</a>, were recruited from Belgium during the occupation. <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Degrelle" title="Léon Degrelle">Léon Degrelle</a>, founder of the Rexist Party, served as commander of the Walloon Legion, which fought against the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> in Eastern Europe. A total of 15,000 Belgians<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> in the "divisions" (neither ever greater than brigade strength) fought on the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a> where the Walloon Legion was nearly annihilated in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Korsun%E2%80%93Cherkassy_Pocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Korsun–Cherkassy Pocket">Korsun–Cherkassy Pocket</a> in 1944.<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> After the war, a total of 400,000 Belgians were investigated for collaboration. Of these, around 56,000 were prosecuted. The majority received prison sentences although several hundred were executed.<a href="#cite_note-tele1-55">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resistance">Resistance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belgium_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Resistance">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Belgian_res.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Belgian_res.jpg/220px-Belgian_res.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/Belgian_res.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="249" /></a><figcaption>Members of the Belgian resistance with a <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Provost_Corps" title="Canadian Provost Corps">Canadian soldier</a> during the liberation of <a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a>, 1944.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Resistance" title="Belgian Resistance">Belgian Resistance</a></div> Resistance to German occupation came from all levels and regions of Belgium and quarters of the political spectrum, but was highly fragmented and localised.<a href="#cite_note-Conway21-23-56">[55]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Belgian_government_in_exile" title="Belgian government in exile">Belgian government in exile</a> dealt only with sympathetic resistance groups, like the <a href="/wiki/Arm%C3%A9e_secr%C3%A8te_(Belgium)" class="mw-redirect" title="Armée secrète (Belgium)">Armée Secrète</a>; however, even these umbrella organisations had many different agendas or political ideologies.<a href="#cite_note-Conway21-23-56">[55]</a> Some groups were very left-wing, like the Communist <a href="/wiki/Partisans_Arm%C3%A9s" title="Partisans Armés">Partisans armés</a>, but there were also right-wing resistance movements, like the monarchist <a href="/wiki/Mouvement_National_Royaliste" class="mw-redirect" title="Mouvement National Royaliste">Mouvement National Royaliste</a> and the fascist <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9gion_Belge_(resistance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Légion Belge (resistance)">Légion Belge</a>, created by members of the pre-war Légion Nationale movement. There were also other groups like <a href="/wiki/Groupe_G" title="Groupe G">Groupe G</a> which had no obvious political affiliation.<a href="#cite_note-Conway21-23-56">[55]</a> Resistance to the occupiers often came in the form of helping Allied airmen shot down over Belgium escape. Belgians created numerous <a href="/wiki/Escape_and_evasion_lines_(World_War_II)" title="Escape and evasion lines (World War II)">escape and evasion lines</a>. The best known was the <a href="/wiki/Comet_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Comet line">Comet line</a> which evacuated an estimated 700 Allied airmen to <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> from where they were flown to <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Moore35-57">[56]</a> The Comet Line sheltered downed airmen in <a href="/wiki/Safe_house" title="Safe house">safe houses</a> throughout Belgium. Allied airmen were given civilian clothes and moved from house to house, staying with Belgian families who supported the resistance. The escape lines gave the airmen false identification papers and guided them to neutral or Allied occupied territory. The guides were usually young women. Hundreds of the workers for the escape lines were captured and imprisoned by the Germans and many were executed.<a href="#cite_note-Moore35-57">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_bodies_of_Belgium_men,_women,_and_children,_killed_by_the_Nazis,_await_identification_before_burial._(As_the..._-_NARA_-_196543.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/The_bodies_of_Belgium_men%2C_women%2C_and_children%2C_killed_by_the_Nazis%2C_await_identification_before_burial._%28As_the..._-_NARA_-_196543.jpg/210px-The_bodies_of_Belgium_men%2C_women%2C_and_children%2C_killed_by_the_Nazis%2C_await_identification_before_burial._%28As_the..._-_NARA_-_196543.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/The_bodies_of_Belgium_men%2C_women%2C_and_children%2C_killed_by_the_Nazis%2C_await_identification_before_burial._%28As_the..._-_NARA_-_196543.jpg/315px-The_bodies_of_Belgium_men%2C_women%2C_and_children%2C_killed_by_the_Nazis%2C_await_identification_before_burial._%28As_the..._-_NARA_-_196543.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/The_bodies_of_Belgium_men%2C_women%2C_and_children%2C_killed_by_the_Nazis%2C_await_identification_before_burial._%28As_the..._-_NARA_-_196543.jpg/420px-The_bodies_of_Belgium_men%2C_women%2C_and_children%2C_killed_by_the_Nazis%2C_await_identification_before_burial._%28As_the..._-_NARA_-_196543.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2347" /></a><figcaption>The bodies of Belgian civilians killed by Germans, December 1944</figcaption></figure> As elsewhere, sabotage was employed against enemy military and economic assets, with railway lines and bridges being common targets. The activities of Groupe G, a small student resistance cell based in Brussels, alone are estimated to have cost the Nazis 10 million man-hours of labour to repair damages done.<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> Direct attacks on German troops and military installations were rarer, yet one estimate puts the number of German soldiers killed by the Belgian resistance in 1941 as higher than in all of France.<a href="#cite_note-smith1942-60">[59]</a> The resistance were instrumental in saving Jews and Roma from deportation to death camps, for instance the attack on the "<a href="/wiki/Twentieth_convoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Twentieth convoy">Twentieth convoy</a>" to <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz</a>. Many Belgians also hid Jews and political dissidents during the occupation, with one estimate putting the number at some 20,000 people hidden during the war.<a href="#cite_note-61">[note 2]</a> There was also significant low-level resistance, for instance in June 1941, the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Brussels" title="City of Brussels">City Council of Brussels</a> refused to distribute <a href="/wiki/Yellow_badge" title="Yellow badge">Stars of David badges</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a> Certain high-profile members of the Belgian establishment, including <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_of_Bavaria,_Queen_of_the_Belgians" title="Elisabeth of Bavaria, Queen of the Belgians">Queen Elizabeth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jozef-Ernest_van_Roey" title="Jozef-Ernest van Roey">Cardinal van Roey, Archbishop of Malines</a>, spoke out against the German treatment of Jews.<a href="#cite_note-63">[61]</a> So far, 1,612 Belgians have been awarded the distinction of "<a href="/wiki/Righteous_Among_the_Nations" title="Righteous Among the Nations">Righteous Among the Nations</a>" by the <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">State of Israel</a> for risking their lives to save Jews from persecution during the occupation.<a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a> Belgian civilians were often subject to retaliation by paramilitaries and German forces for resistance activity. In August 1944, 20 civilians were killed by Rexist paramilitaries in the <a href="/wiki/Courcelles_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Courcelles Massacre">Courcelles Massacre</a> in reprisal for a single attack on a Rexist politician.<a href="#cite_note-65">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Holocaust">The Holocaust</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belgium_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: The Holocaust">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Breendonk046.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Breendonk046.jpg/220px-Breendonk046.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Breendonk046.jpg/330px-Breendonk046.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Breendonk046.jpg/440px-Breendonk046.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1952" /></a><figcaption>The gallows at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Breendonk" title="Fort Breendonk">Breendonk Concentration Camp</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Mechelen" title="Mechelen">Mechelen</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Belgium" title="The Holocaust in Belgium">The Holocaust in Belgium</a></div> In mid-1940, nearly 57,000 Jews were living in Belgium out of a population of roughly 8 million.<a href="#cite_note-EHRI1-66">[64]</a> Many had fled to Belgium to escape recent persecution in Germany and elsewhere, meaning that only a minority were Belgian citizens.<a href="#cite_note-EHRI1-66">[64]</a> Most of the Jewish population was focused in communities in the towns of Brussels and Antwerp.<a href="#cite_note-EHRI1-66">[64]</a> Anti-Jewish legislation (along the lines of the German <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a> or <a href="/wiki/Vichy_laws_on_the_status_of_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Vichy laws on the status of Jews">French laws on the status of Jews</a>) was enacted in October 1940, a few months after the German occupation.<a href="#cite_note-EHRI1-66">[64]</a> Several <a href="/wiki/Pogroms" class="mw-redirect" title="Pogroms">pogroms</a> took place in 1941, notably in Antwerp,<a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a> and economic assets belonging to Jews were seized.<a href="#cite_note-EHRI1-66">[64]</a> In May 1942, wearing of the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_badge" title="Yellow badge">yellow Star-of-David badge</a> became compulsory for Jews in Belgium.<a href="#cite_note-EHRI1-66">[64]</a> From June 1942, as part of the "<a href="/wiki/Final_Solution" title="Final Solution">Final Solution</a>", Jews living in Belgium were ordered to report to the <a href="/wiki/Mechelen_transit_camp" title="Mechelen transit camp">Mechelen transit camp</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EHRI1-66">[64]</a> Those who did not do so voluntarily were rounded up by the police. Between August 1942 and July 1944, a total of twenty-six railway convoys deported 25,000 Jews and 350 Roma from Belgium to eastern Europe.<a href="#cite_note-JewishGen1-68">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[67]</a> Most were sent to the <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz</a> death camp, although others went to camps at <a href="/wiki/Bergen-Belsen_concentration_camp" title="Bergen-Belsen concentration camp">Bergen-Belsen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Concentration_camps_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Concentration camps in France">Vittel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EHRI1-66">[64]</a> Of the 25,000 deported, over 24,000 were killed. Fewer than 1,000 were still alive by the time Allied forces liberated the camps.<a href="#cite_note-tele1-55">[54]</a> The former Belgian army <a href="/wiki/Fort_Breendonk" title="Fort Breendonk">fort at Breendonk</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Mechelen" title="Mechelen">Mechelen</a>, was requisitioned by the Nazis and used for detainment and interrogation of Jews, political prisoners and captured members of the resistance. Of the 3,500 people incarcerated in Breendonk between 1940 and 1944, 1,733 died.<a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a> Around 300 people were killed in the camp itself, with at least 98 of them dying from deprivation or torture.<a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Belgian_government_and_army_in_exile">Belgian government and army in exile</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belgium_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Belgian government and army in exile">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Allied_Forces_in_the_United_Kingdom_1939-45_H7146.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Allied_Forces_in_the_United_Kingdom_1939-45_H7146.jpg/220px-Allied_Forces_in_the_United_Kingdom_1939-45_H7146.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Allied_Forces_in_the_United_Kingdom_1939-45_H7146.jpg/330px-Allied_Forces_in_the_United_Kingdom_1939-45_H7146.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Allied_Forces_in_the_United_Kingdom_1939-45_H7146.jpg/440px-Allied_Forces_in_the_United_Kingdom_1939-45_H7146.jpg 2x" data-file-width="781" data-file-height="589" /></a><figcaption>Free Belgian soldiers fire a <a href="/wiki/2-inch_mortar" class="mw-redirect" title="2-inch mortar">mortar</a> during a training exercise in <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>, 1941.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Free_Belgian_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Belgian Forces">Free Belgian Forces</a></div> After the defeat in 1940, significant numbers of Belgian soldiers and civilians escaped to Britain who, along with Belgian pre-war émigrés in <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">Britain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, formed the <a href="/wiki/Free_Belgian_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Belgian Forces">Belgian forces in exile</a>.<a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a> The Belgian government, including ministers from <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Party_(Belgium)" title="Catholic Party (Belgium)">Catholic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Labour_Party" title="Belgian Labour Party">Socialist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Belgium)" title="Liberal Party (Belgium)">Liberal parties</a> under <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Pierlot" title="Hubert Pierlot">Hubert Pierlot</a>, evacuated to London alongside other governments from occupied countries (including the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_government-in-exile" title="Dutch government-in-exile">Netherlands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Government_in_Exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxembourgish Government in Exile">Luxembourg</a>) where it remained until the liberation of Belgium in 1944. The government in exile claimed the authority to speak for the whole of Belgium, leading the Minister of Foreign Affairs, <a href="/wiki/Paul-Henri_Spaak" title="Paul-Henri Spaak">Paul-Henri Spaak</a>, to comment that "all that remains of legal and free Belgium, all that is entitled to speak in her name, is in London".<a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a> A Belgian politician, <a href="/wiki/Victor_de_Laveleye" title="Victor de Laveleye">Victor de Laveleye</a>, is also credited with inspiring the Allied <a href="/wiki/V_sign#The_V_for_Victory_campaign_and_the_victory-freedom_sign" title="V sign">"V for Victory"</a> propaganda campaign in 1941.<a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a> The Belgium government in exile declared war on the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a> on 20 December 1941.<a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a> In a broadcast on French Radio, Pierlot called for the creation of an army in exile to continue the fight: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">With the same youthful courage that responded to the government's call, reunited with the elements of the Belgian military in France and Great Britain, a new army will be levied and organized. It will go into the line alongside those of our allies ... all the forces we have will be put at the service of the cause which has become ours ... It is important to assure immediately and in a tangible way, the solidarity which continues to unite the powers which have given us their support ...<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Pierlot, Speech on French Radio, 28 May 1940<a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Air_Force_Fighter_Command,_1939-1945._CH6345.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Royal_Air_Force_Fighter_Command%2C_1939-1945._CH6345.jpg/255px-Royal_Air_Force_Fighter_Command%2C_1939-1945._CH6345.jpg" decoding="async" width="255" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Royal_Air_Force_Fighter_Command%2C_1939-1945._CH6345.jpg/383px-Royal_Air_Force_Fighter_Command%2C_1939-1945._CH6345.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Royal_Air_Force_Fighter_Command%2C_1939-1945._CH6345.jpg/510px-Royal_Air_Force_Fighter_Command%2C_1939-1945._CH6345.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="543" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Supermarine_Spitfire" title="Supermarine Spitfire">Spitfires</a> of <a href="/wiki/350th_Squadron_(Belgium)" title="350th Squadron (Belgium)">No. 350 (Belgian) Squadron</a> at <a href="/wiki/RAF_Kenley" title="RAF Kenley">RAF Kenley</a> in England, 1942.</figcaption></figure> By 1944, the Free Belgian forces in the United Kingdom numbered some 4,500 men.<a href="#cite_note-KLMvisit1-78">[76]</a> Belgian soldiers formed the <a href="/wiki/1st_Belgian_Infantry_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Belgian Infantry Brigade">1st Belgian Infantry Brigade</a> (which also included an artillery battery of soldiers from <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>) more often known as the Brigade Piron after its commanding officer, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Piron" title="Jean-Baptiste Piron">Jean-Baptiste Piron</a>. The Brigade Piron was involved in the <a href="/wiki/D-Day" class="mw-redirect" title="D-Day">Normandy Invasion</a> and the battles in France and the Netherlands until liberation.<a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a> Belgians also served in British special forces units during the war, forming a troop of <a href="/wiki/No._10_(Inter-Allied)_Commando#No._4_Belgian_Troop" title="No. 10 (Inter-Allied) Commando">No.10 (Inter-Allied) Commando</a>, which was involved in the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Campaign_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Campaign (World War II)">Italian Campaign</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Infatuate" title="Operation Infatuate">Landings on Walcheren</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[78]</a> The <a href="/wiki/5th_Special_Air_Service" title="5th Special Air Service">5th Special Air Service</a> (part of the élite <a href="/wiki/Special_Air_Service" title="Special Air Service">SAS</a>) was made up entirely of Belgians and was the first Allied unit to enter Belgium in September 1944.<a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a> 400 Belgian pilots served in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a>. Two all-Belgian fighter units, <a href="/wiki/349th_Squadron_(Belgium)" title="349th Squadron (Belgium)">Nos. 349</a> and <a href="/wiki/350th_Squadron_(Belgium)" title="350th Squadron (Belgium)">350 Squadrons</a>, served in the European theatre. No. 350 Squadron alone claimed 51 "kills" between its formation in November 1941 and the end of the war.<a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a> In total, 1,200 Belgians served in the RAF, mainly in British or <a href="/wiki/No._320_Squadron_RAF" class="mw-redirect" title="No. 320 Squadron RAF">Free Dutch</a> squadrons.<a href="#cite_note-Thomas17-83">[81]</a> Two <a href="/wiki/Corvettes" class="mw-redirect" title="Corvettes">corvettes</a> and a group of <a href="/wiki/Minesweeper_(ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minesweeper (ship)">minesweepers</a> were also operated by the Belgians during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a>. By 1943, 350 Belgians were serving as sailors on these vessels.<a href="#cite_note-Thomas17-83">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Belgian_Congo">Belgian Congo</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belgium_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Belgian Congo">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soldiers_in_the_Belgium_Congo_-_NARA_-_197079.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Soldiers_in_the_Belgium_Congo_-_NARA_-_197079.jpg/220px-Soldiers_in_the_Belgium_Congo_-_NARA_-_197079.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Soldiers_in_the_Belgium_Congo_-_NARA_-_197079.jpg/330px-Soldiers_in_the_Belgium_Congo_-_NARA_-_197079.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Soldiers_in_the_Belgium_Congo_-_NARA_-_197079.jpg/440px-Soldiers_in_the_Belgium_Congo_-_NARA_-_197079.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2407" /></a><figcaption>Belgian-Congolese <a href="/wiki/Force_Publique" title="Force Publique">Force Publique</a> soldiers, 1943.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Congo_in_World_War_II" title="Belgian Congo in World War II">Belgian Congo in World War II</a></div> Despite Belgium's occupation, the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Congo" title="Belgian Congo">Belgian Congo</a> remained loyal to the government in exile and was put at the disposal of the Allies, making a significant contribution to the Allied war effort.<a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a> Congolese soldiers of the <a href="/wiki/Force_Publique" title="Force Publique">Force Publique</a> were involved in fighting with Italian forces during the <a href="/wiki/East_African_Campaign_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="East African Campaign (World War II)">East African Campaign</a> and were instrumental to forcing Italian forces out of <a href="/wiki/Italian_East_Africa" title="Italian East Africa">Abyssinia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a> suffering 500 casualties.<a href="#cite_note-Killingray1-86">[84]</a> 13,000 Congolese troops served under British command in <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Killingray1-86">[84]</a> Detachments of Congolese soldiers also served in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Middle East</a> and <a href="/wiki/Burma_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma Campaign">Burma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Killingray1-86">[84]</a> In total, the Force Publique comprised approximately 40,000 men<a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a> and was racially segregated meaning that blacks could not become officers. Throughout the war, therefore, it was commanded by white officers.<a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a> Twice, in 1941 and 1944, major strikes took place in towns around the country against the extra pressure put on workers by the colonial authorities. The Force Publique garrison in <a href="/wiki/Kananga" title="Kananga">Luluabourg</a> also mutinied in 1944.<a href="#cite_note-Mwamba1-89">[87]</a> These were repressed by military force, often violently.<a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a> The Congo was also a vitally important economic asset to the Allied powers. The Congo's gold alone contributed some <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">$</a>28.5 million to the Allied war effort,<a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a> while its exports of rubber and uranium provided vital sources of raw materials.<a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a> Most of the uranium used during the American <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> – including that used for the nuclear weapons dropped on the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a> – was supplied by the Belgian firm <a href="/wiki/Union_Mini%C3%A8re_du_Haut_Katanga" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Minière du Haut Katanga">Union Minière du Haut Katanga</a> from <a href="/wiki/Katanga_Province" title="Katanga Province">Katanga Province</a> in the Belgian Congo.<a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Liberation">Liberation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belgium_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Liberation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Belgium_(1944)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberation of Belgium (1944)">Liberation of Belgium (1944)</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_the_liberation_of_Belgian_cities_and_towns_during_World_War_II" title="Chronology of the liberation of Belgian cities and towns during World War II">Chronology of the liberation of Belgian cities and towns during World War II</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_British_Army_in_North-west_Europe_1944-45_BU769.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/The_British_Army_in_North-west_Europe_1944-45_BU769.jpg/220px-The_British_Army_in_North-west_Europe_1944-45_BU769.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/The_British_Army_in_North-west_Europe_1944-45_BU769.jpg/330px-The_British_Army_in_North-west_Europe_1944-45_BU769.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/The_British_Army_in_North-west_Europe_1944-45_BU769.jpg/440px-The_British_Army_in_North-west_Europe_1944-45_BU769.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="502" /></a><figcaption>British armoured cars during the liberation of <a href="/wiki/Ghent" title="Ghent">Ghent</a>, September 8th 1944.</figcaption></figure> Belgium was liberated in September 1944 by the Allied forces, including <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canadian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American</a> armies, which also included the <a href="/wiki/1st_Belgian_Infantry_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Belgian Infantry Brigade">Brigade Piron</a>. On 3 September 1944, the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Guards" title="Welsh Guards">Welsh Guards</a> liberated Brussels.<a href="#cite_note-Lib1-94">[92]</a> Just after the liberation, the inhabitants of the <a href="/wiki/Marollen" title="Marollen">Marolles</a> district held a mock funeral for Hitler.<a href="#cite_note-Lib1-94">[92]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Antwerp" title="Port of Antwerp">port of Antwerp</a> was an important strategic objective because Allied supply lines were heavily stretched and needed a deep-sea port near the front lines.<a href="#cite_note-Supplyproblems1-95">[93]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Second_Army_(United_Kingdom)" title="Second Army (United Kingdom)">British Second Army</a> liberated <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a> on 6 September, with help from the local resistance.<a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a> Despite taking control of the city, the port was not accessible until the surrounding waters were safe for cargo ships. The Germans successfully denied access to the port until the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Scheldt" title="Battle of the Scheldt">Battle of the Scheldt</a> completed in November.<a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a> Leopold III's brother, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Charles,_Count_of_Flanders" title="Prince Charles, Count of Flanders">Charles, the Count of Flanders</a>, was appointed Regent, pending a decision about whether the King would be able to regain his former position on the throne.<a href="#cite_note-EBLeopold-35">[34]</a> In February 1945, <a href="/wiki/Achille_Van_Acker" title="Achille Van Acker">Achille Van Acker</a> replaced Pierlot as Prime Minister.<a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a> The resistance was disarmed, and many of its members and other Belgians who had remained in the country during the occupation were mobilised into the regular Belgian army in 57 "<a href="/wiki/Fusilier_Battalions_(Belgium)" title="Fusilier Battalions (Belgium)">Fusilier Battalions</a>".<a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a> These battalions served in several battles on the western front.<a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a> 100,000 Belgians were fighting in the Allied armies by <a href="/wiki/Victory_in_Europe_Day" title="Victory in Europe Day">VE Day</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a> General <a href="/wiki/Courtney_Hodges" title="Courtney Hodges">Courtney Hodges</a>' <a href="/wiki/First_United_States_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="First United States Army">U.S. First Army</a> liberated the region south of Brussels and <a href="/wiki/Maastricht" title="Maastricht">Maastricht</a> in early September 1944. While two corps of the First Army were concentrated elsewhere, <a href="/wiki/VIII_Corps_(United_States)" title="VIII Corps (United States)">VIII Corps</a> occupied a long stretch of the front from the area south of Liège, across the <a href="/wiki/Ardennes" title="Ardennes">Ardennes</a> and into Luxembourg. The length of the deployment meant that the Corps' front line was only lightly defended, leaving it vulnerable.<a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:99th_Infantry_Division_Moving_Through_Wirtzfeld.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/99th_Infantry_Division_Moving_Through_Wirtzfeld.jpg/220px-99th_Infantry_Division_Moving_Through_Wirtzfeld.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/99th_Infantry_Division_Moving_Through_Wirtzfeld.jpg/330px-99th_Infantry_Division_Moving_Through_Wirtzfeld.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/99th_Infantry_Division_Moving_Through_Wirtzfeld.jpg/440px-99th_Infantry_Division_Moving_Through_Wirtzfeld.jpg 2x" data-file-width="677" data-file-height="492" /></a><figcaption>American soldiers of the <a href="/wiki/99th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="99th Infantry Division (United States)">99th Infantry Division</a> enter the Belgian village of <a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCllingen" title="Büllingen">Wirtzfeld</a>, late 1944.</figcaption></figure> Following a few months of relative calm in Belgium, on 16 December 1944 the Germans launched the <a href="/wiki/Ardennes_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Ardennes Offensive">Ardennes Offensive</a> with over a quarter of a million soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-HC2-103">[101]</a> Antwerp was the ultimate objective of the German offensive, but the German advance stalled before the <a href="/wiki/Meuse_(river)" class="mw-redirect" title="Meuse (river)">Meuse River</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Celles,_Houyet" title="Celles, Houyet">Celles</a> near <a href="/wiki/Dinant" title="Dinant">Dinant</a>, and was pushed back in furious fighting over a period of six weeks in bitterly cold weather by American, British and Belgian troops.<a href="#cite_note-HC2-103">[101]</a> Belgian towns and civilians in the Ardennes suffered during the offensive as homes were reduced to ruins, and there were instances of German troops shooting civilians.<a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a> Around 90% of the town of <a href="/wiki/La_Roche-en-Ardenne" title="La Roche-en-Ardenne">La Roche-en-Ardenne</a> was destroyed during fighting.<a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a> By 4 February 1945, the country was reported to be free of German troops.<a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a> In the six months following Allied liberation, Belgian towns were widely targeted by the unpiloted German <a href="/wiki/V-weapons" title="V-weapons">V-Bombs</a>. A total of 2,342 of these rockets (<a href="/wiki/V-2_rocket#V-2_rocket_targets" title="V-2 rocket">1610</a> of the more advanced <a href="/wiki/V-2_rocket" title="V-2 rocket">V-2s</a> and about 732 <a href="/wiki/V-1_flying_bomb" title="V-1 flying bomb">V-1s</a>) fell in a 10-mile radius around Antwerp alone.<a href="#cite_note-CanberraTimes1-107">[105]</a> A post-war <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Headquarters_Allied_Expeditionary_Force" title="Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force">SHAEF</a> report estimated V-Bombs had been responsible for killing 5,000 people and injuring a further 21,000, mostly in the cities of <a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge" title="Liège">Liège</a> and Antwerp.<a href="#cite_note-CanberraTimes1-107">[105]</a> The period after liberation also saw a wave of prosecutions of those suspected of collaboration during the war. 400,000 Belgians were investigated for collaboration of whom 56,000 were prosecuted.<a href="#cite_note-tele1-55">[54]</a> Nearly 250 were executed.<a href="#cite_note-tele1-55">[54]</a> Léon Degrelle, despite being sentenced to death, managed to escape to <a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Francoist Spain</a> where he remained until his death in 1994.<a href="#cite_note-108">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy_and_aftermath">Legacy and aftermath</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belgium_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Legacy and aftermath">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bruxelles_rue_De_Lenglentier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Bruxelles_rue_De_Lenglentier.jpg/220px-Bruxelles_rue_De_Lenglentier.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Bruxelles_rue_De_Lenglentier.jpg/330px-Bruxelles_rue_De_Lenglentier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Bruxelles_rue_De_Lenglentier.jpg/440px-Bruxelles_rue_De_Lenglentier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3605" data-file-height="2315" /></a><figcaption>Plaque commemorating the Belgian victims of the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Marollen" title="Marollen">Marolles</a> area of <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>.</figcaption></figure> After the experience of World War II, Belgium abandoned its neutral stance in international politics, in favour of military, political and economic integration. In 1949, Belgium joined the <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">North Atlantic Treaty Organization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belgian_United_Nations_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgian United Nations Command">deployed troops</a> to fight alongside other <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> forces in the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> in 1950.<a href="#cite_note-EB42-2">[2]</a> Belgium was also a key player in the unsuccessful negotiations about the creation of a <a href="/wiki/European_Defence_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="European Defence Community">European Defence Community</a> (EDC) in the 1950s. Belgium was assigned <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Forces_in_Germany" title="Belgian Forces in Germany">a sector</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany#British_Zone_of_Occupation" title="Allied-occupied Germany">British zone</a> in <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a>, around the city of <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>, which it occupied from 1945.<a href="#cite_note-60ansdhistoire-109">[107]</a> Belgian soldiers remained in Germany until their final withdrawal in 2002.<a href="#cite_note-60ansdhistoire-109">[107]</a> Economically, Belgium joined the <a href="/wiki/Benelux" title="Benelux">Benelux Economic Union</a> in 1948 and was a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/European_Coal_and_Steel_Community" title="European Coal and Steel Community">European Coal and Steel Community</a> from its creation in 1952.<a href="#cite_note-EB42-2">[2]</a> From 1944 until 1960, Belgium also experienced a period of rapid economic recovery, dubbed the "<a href="/wiki/Belgian_economic_miracle" title="Belgian economic miracle">Belgian Miracle</a>", partially as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Question">political crisis</a> surrounding Leopold III's role during the occupation, and whether he could return to the throne, polarized Belgian public opinion in the years following the war between <a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Party_(Belgium,_defunct)" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Social Party (Belgium, defunct)">Catholics</a>, notably in Flanders, who broadly supported his return, and <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Socialist_Party" title="Belgian Socialist Party">Socialists</a>, in Wallonia and Brussels, who were strongly opposed to it.<a href="#cite_note-church1-31">[30]</a> After a general strike and an <a href="/wiki/Belgian_monarchy_referendum,_1950" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgian monarchy referendum, 1950">indecisive referendum</a>, the king resigned in favour of his son, <a href="/wiki/Baudouin_of_Belgium" title="Baudouin of Belgium">Baudouin</a>, in 1950.<a href="#cite_note-church1-31">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commemoration">Commemoration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belgium_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Commemoration">edit</a>]</div> In the decades following the war, large numbers of public memorials were erected around the country in memory of Belgian soldiers who had died fighting for the Allied cause during the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-111">[note 3]</a> There are numerous monuments and streets dedicated to Allied politicians and generals, including <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Roosevelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Roosevelt">Franklin Roosevelt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Montgomery" title="Bernard Montgomery">Bernard Montgomery</a> in Brussels.<a href="#cite_note-Lib1-94">[92]</a> The large numbers of British and American cemeteries and memorials, particularly in the Ardennes region associated with the Battle of the Bulge, meant that the legacy of the war was very visible.<a href="#cite_note-112">[109]</a> In common with other countries, there are numerous veterans' associations<a href="#cite_note-113">[110]</a> (known as "Fraternelle" or "Amicale" in French) and Belgian towns, particularly <a href="/wiki/Bastogne" title="Bastogne">Bastogne</a>, are frequently visited by veterans from other countries.<a href="#cite_note-114">[111]</a> There are also numerous war museums around the country, including the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Museum_of_the_Armed_Forces_and_of_Military_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Museum of the Armed Forces and of Military History">Royal Museum of the Army and Military History</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>, which aim to inform the public about the war.<a href="#cite_note-115">[112]</a> The Holocaust is commemorated in Belgium by both memorials and museums; the prison at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Breendonk" title="Fort Breendonk">Fort Breendonk</a> has been preserved as a museum and has been open to the public since 1947.<a href="#cite_note-116">[113]</a> Since the passing of the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Holocaust_denial_law" title="Belgian Holocaust denial law">Holocaust denial law</a> in 1995, it is illegal to deny the holocaust.<a href="#cite_note-117">[114]</a> The participation of soldiers from the Belgian Congo was, however, largely forgotten<a href="#cite_note-118">[115]</a> following Congolese independence in 1960 and decades of subsequent war. In recent years the profile of the veterans has been raised by exhibitions creating greater public awareness.<a href="#cite_note-119">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belgium_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Belgium.svg/32px-Flag_of_Belgium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Belgium.svg/48px-Flag_of_Belgium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Belgium.svg/64px-Flag_of_Belgium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="780" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Belgium" title="Portal:Belgium">Belgium portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Order of battle of armour units of the Belgian Army in May 1940</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faux_Soir" title="Faux Soir">Faux Soir</a> – a 1943 resistance spoof of the collaborationist newspaper Le Soir</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commemorative_Medal_of_the_War_1940%E2%80%931945" class="mw-redirect" title="Commemorative Medal of the War 1940–1945">Commemorative Medal of the War 1940–1945</a> – medal awarded to all Belgian veterans of the war</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_annexation_plans_after_the_Second_World_War" title="Belgian annexation plans after the Second World War">Belgian annexation plans after the Second World War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sorrow_of_Belgium" title="The Sorrow of Belgium">The Sorrow of Belgium</a> – a novel by the Flemish writer <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Claus" title="Hugo Claus">Hugo Claus</a> about growing up in occupied Belgium.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_I" title="Belgium in World War I">Belgium in World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belgium" title="History of Belgium">History of Belgium</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belgium_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> 16 tanks of the French <a href="/wiki/AMC_35" title="AMC 35">Renault ACG-1</a> type were in service in 1940, in addition to 270 other armoured vehicles, mostly of the lightly armoured <a href="/wiki/Belgian_combat_vehicles_of_World_War_II" title="Belgian combat vehicles of World War II">T-13 and T-15 types</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> The Museum van Deportatie en Verzet puts the number at 20,000 Jews, including 3,000 children. The historian <a href="/wiki/Eva_Fogelman" title="Eva Fogelman">Eva Fogelman</a> supplies a figure of 20,000 adults and 8,000 children in hiding. </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> For a map of all World War II memorials in Brussels, see <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130515194504/http://www.brusselsremembers.co.uk/">"Brussels Remembers"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brusselsremembers.co.uk/">the original</a> on 15 May 2013. Retrieved 28 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brussels+Remembers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brusselsremembers.co.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belgium_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrumkin1951" class="citation book cs1">Frumkin, Grzegorz (1951). Population Changes in Europe Since 1939. Geneva: A.M. Kelley.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Population+Changes+in+Europe+Since+1939&rft.place=Geneva&rft.pub=A.M.+Kelley&rft.date=1951&rft.aulast=Frumkin&rft.aufirst=Grzegorz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB42-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB42_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB42_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB42_2-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/59268/Belgium/24978/Belgium-after-World-War-II">"Belgium after World War II"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. 11 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Belgium+after+World+War+II&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2023-09-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F59268%2FBelgium%2F24978%2FBelgium-after-World-War-II&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-econ1-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-econ1_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-econ1_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/lowcountries/bel19291940.html">"Belgium 1929–1940 – Economic Policy"</a>. World History at <a href="/wiki/Korean_Minjok_Leadership_Academy" title="Korean Minjok Leadership Academy">KMLA</a>. Retrieved 31 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Belgium+1929%E2%80%931940+%E2%80%93+Economic+Policy&rft.pub=World+History+at+KMLA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zum.de%2Fwhkmla%2Fregion%2Flowcountries%2Fbel19291940.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchuermans2006" class="citation book cs1">Schuermans, Willy (2006). Memo 6: Nieuwste Tijden, 20ste – 21ste eeuw. Antwerp: de Boeck. pp. 42–47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-455-1501-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-455-1501-4"><bdi>978-90-455-1501-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memo+6%3A+Nieuwste+Tijden%2C+20ste+%E2%80%93+21ste+eeuw&rft.place=Antwerp&rft.pages=42-47&rft.pub=de+Boeck&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-90-455-1501-4&rft.aulast=Schuermans&rft.aufirst=Willy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-domestic1-5"><a href="#cite_ref-domestic1_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/lowcountries/bel19291940.html">"Belgium 1929–1940 – Domestic Policy"</a>. World History at <a href="/wiki/Korean_Minjok_Leadership_Academy" title="Korean Minjok Leadership Academy">KMLA</a>. Retrieved 31 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Belgium+1929%E2%80%931940+%E2%80%93+Domestic+Policy&rft.pub=World+History+at+KMLA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zum.de%2Fwhkmla%2Fregion%2Flowcountries%2Fbel19291940.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFdi_Muro2005" class="citation book cs1">di Muro, Giovanni F. (2005). Léon Degrelle et l'aventure rexiste. Brussels: Éd. Luc Pire. pp. 151–3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-87415-519-5" title="Special:BookSources/2-87415-519-5"><bdi>2-87415-519-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%C3%A9on+Degrelle+et+l%27aventure+rexiste&rft.place=Brussels&rft.pages=151-3&rft.pub=%C3%89d.+Luc+Pire&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=2-87415-519-5&rft.aulast=di+Muro&rft.aufirst=Giovanni+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Timeline1936-7"><a href="#cite_ref-Timeline1936_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolsson" class="citation web cs1">Polsson, Ken. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130129070555/http://ww2timeline.info/ww21936.htm">"October 1936"</a>. 2timeline.info. 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London: Osprey. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/foreignvolunteer00thom/page/n15">15</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85532-136-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85532-136-6"><bdi>978-1-85532-136-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foreign+Volunteers+of+the+Allied+Forces%3A+1939%E2%80%9345&rft.place=London&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-1-85532-136-6&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fforeignvolunteer00thom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVarious_authors1941" class="citation book cs1">Various authors (1941). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/Belgium/Belgium_1939-40/">Belgium: The Official Account of What Happened, 1939–40</a>. 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London: Cartographica. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84573-240-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84573-240-0"><bdi>978-1-84573-240-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Atlas+of+World+War+II&rft.place=London&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Cartographica&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84573-240-0&rft.au=Swanston%2C+Alexander&rft.au=Swanston%2C+Malcolm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pdg1-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pdg1_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pdg1_28-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pdg1_28-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210418035155/https://gege6220.skyrock.com/451931930-Les-prisonniers-de-guerre-belges.html">"Les prisonniers de guerre belges"</a>. 7 May 2006. 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Shirer">Shirer, William L.</a> (1990). <a href="/wiki/The_Rise_and_Fall_of_the_Third_Reich" title="The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich">The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany</a> (Rev. ed.). New York [u.a.]: Simon & Schuster. p. 729. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-72868-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-72868-7"><bdi>0-671-72868-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Third+Reich%3A+A+History+of+Nazi+Germany&rft.place=New+York+%5Bu.a.%5D&rft.pages=729&rft.edition=Rev.&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-671-72868-7&rft.aulast=Shirer&rft.aufirst=William+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yapou1-30"><a href="#cite_ref-Yapou1_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYapou2006" class="citation book cs1">Yapou, Eliezer (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210506182924/http://governmentsinexile.com/yapoubelgium.html">"Belgium: Disintegration and Resurrection"</a>. Governments in Exile, 1939–1945. 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Churchill Centre. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.winstonchurchill.org/support/the-churchill-centre/publications/finest-hour/issues-109-to-144/no-138/898-feeding-the-crocodile-was-leopold-guilty">the original</a> on 21 May 2013. 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Brussels: Racine. p. 121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-87386-483-4" title="Special:BookSources/2-87386-483-4"><bdi>2-87386-483-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+M%C3%A9connus+de+Londres%3A+Journal+de+Guerre+d%27une+Belge%2C+1940%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Brussels&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=Racine&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=2-87386-483-4&rft.aulast=Dutry-Soinne&rft.aufirst=Tinou&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EBLeopold-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EBLeopold_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBLeopold_35-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/336691/Leopold-III">"Leopold III"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Leopold+III&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F336691%2FLeopold-III&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeller1999" class="citation journal cs1">Geller, Jay Howard (January 1999). "The Role of Military Administration in German-occupied Belgium, 1940–1944". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Military_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Military History">Journal of Military History</a>. 63 (1): 99–125. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F120335">10.2307/120335</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/120335">120335</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Military+History&rft.atitle=The+Role+of+Military+Administration+in+German-occupied+Belgium%2C+1940%E2%80%931944&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=99-125&rft.date=1999-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F120335&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F120335%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Geller&rft.aufirst=Jay+Howard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-occupationcharge1-37"><a href="#cite_ref-occupationcharge1_37-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOffice_of_United_States_Chief_of_Counsel_for_Prosecution_of_Axis_Criminality1946" class="citation book cs1">Office of United States Chief of Counsel for Prosecution of Axis Criminality (1946). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/pdf/NT_Nazi_Vol-I.pdf#page=1083">"Germanization and Spoliation §4. The Western Occupied Countries"</a> (PDF). Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression. Vol. I. 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The Western Occupied Countries"</a> (PDF). Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression. Vol. I. 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Brussels: Éd. Complexe. p. 307. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-87027-940-X" title="Special:BookSources/2-87027-940-X"><bdi>2-87027-940-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Belgique+sous+l%27occupation+allemande%3A+1940%E2%80%931944&rft.place=Brussels&rft.pages=307&rft.pub=%C3%89d.+Complexe&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=2-87027-940-X&rft.aulast=Jacquemyns&rft.aufirst=Guillaume&rft.au=Struye%2C+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nefors256-7-40"><a href="#cite_ref-Nefors256-7_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNefors2006" class="citation book cs1">Nefors, Patrick (2006). La collaboration industrielle en Belgique, 1940–1945. 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Retrieved 15 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Catholic+Herald&rft.atitle=%22Stop+Bombing+Us%22%3A+Primate%27s+appeal+to+Allies+reported+on+Belgian+Radio&rft.date=1944-05-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.catholicherald.co.uk%2Farticle%2F26th-may-1944%2F1%2Fstop-bombing-us&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChiari,_BernhardEchternkamp,_Jörg2010" class="citation book cs1">Chiari, Bernhard; Echternkamp, Jörg; et al. (2010). Das Deutsche Reich und der Zweite Weltkrieg. Vol. 10. Munich: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt. p. 669. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-421-06528-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-421-06528-5"><bdi>978-3-421-06528-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+Deutsche+Reich+und+der+Zweite+Weltkrieg&rft.place=Munich&rft.pages=669&rft.pub=Deutsche+Verlags-Anstalt&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3-421-06528-5&rft.au=Chiari%2C+Bernhard&rft.au=Echternkamp%2C+J%C3%B6rg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bundesarchiv.de/zwangsarbeit/geschichte/auslaendisch/freiwillige/index.html">"Freiwillige Zwangsarbeit? Die Expansion nach Westen"</a>. <a href="/wiki/German_Federal_Archives" title="German Federal Archives">German Federal Archives</a>. Retrieved 23 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Freiwillige+Zwangsarbeit%3F+Die+Expansion+nach+Westen&rft.pub=German+Federal+Archives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bundesarchiv.de%2Fzwangsarbeit%2Fgeschichte%2Fauslaendisch%2Ffreiwillige%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cheratte.net/joomla1.5/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=77:les-prisonniers-de-guerre&catid=101&Itemid=83">"Les prisonniers de guerre (1e partie: 1940)"</a>. cheratte.net. Retrieved 17 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Les+prisonniers+de+guerre+%281e+partie%3A+1940%29&rft.pub=cheratte.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcheratte.net%2Fjoomla1.5%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D77%3Ales-prisonniers-de-guerre%26catid%3D101%26Itemid%3D83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-witte-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-witte_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-witte_48-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWitteCraeybeckxMeynen2010" class="citation book cs1">Witte, Els; Craeybeckx, Jan; Meynen, Alain (2010). Political History of Belgium: From 1830 Onwards. Asp. pp. 203–4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5487-517-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5487-517-8"><bdi>978-90-5487-517-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+History+of+Belgium%3A+From+1830+Onwards&rft.pages=203-4&rft.pub=Asp&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-90-5487-517-8&rft.aulast=Witte&rft.aufirst=Els&rft.au=Craeybeckx%2C+Jan&rft.au=Meynen%2C+Alain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFdi_Muro2005" class="citation book cs1">di Muro, Giovanni F. (2005). Léon Degrelle et l'aventure rexiste. Brussels: Éd. Luc Pire. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-87415-519-5" title="Special:BookSources/2-87415-519-5"><bdi>2-87415-519-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%C3%A9on+Degrelle+et+l%27aventure+rexiste&rft.place=Brussels&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=%C3%89d.+Luc+Pire&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=2-87415-519-5&rft.aulast=di+Muro&rft.aufirst=Giovanni+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2008" class="citation thesis cs1">Brown, Coree (January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/59487403/11/World-War-II-Collaboration-and-Resistance">Federalism as Fuel for National Conflict: Belgium's Political Evolution and Its Consequences</a> (MA thesis). <a href="/wiki/Jagiellonian_University" title="Jagiellonian University">Jagiellonian University</a>. p. 68. Retrieved 4 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Federalism+as+Fuel+for+National+Conflict%3A+Belgium%27s+Political+Evolution+and+Its+Consequences&rft.inst=Jagiellonian+University&rft.date=2008-01&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Coree&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdoc%2F59487403%2F11%2FWorld-War-II-Collaboration-and-Resistance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Doorslaer2007-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Doorslaer2007_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVan_Doorslaer2007">Van Doorslaer 2007</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-CEGES2-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CEGES2_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CEGES2_52-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CEGES2_52-2">c</a> "La Belgique docile" report summarised in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaes" class="citation web cs1">Baes, Ruben. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110928024139/http://www.cegesoma.be/cms/rech_encours_en.php?article=679">"'La Belgique docile': Les autorités belges et la persécution des Juifs"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CEGES-SOMA" class="mw-redirect" title="CEGES-SOMA">CEGES-SOMA</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cegesoma.be/cms/rech_encours_en.php?article=679">the original</a> on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 18 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27La+Belgique+docile%27%3A+Les+autorit%C3%A9s+belges+et+la+pers%C3%A9cution+des+Juifs&rft.pub=CEGES-SOMA&rft.aulast=Baes&rft.aufirst=Ruben&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cegesoma.be%2Fcms%2Frech_encours_en.php%3Farticle%3D679&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEstes2007" class="citation book cs1">Estes, Kenneth W. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg-e.org/esk01/index.html">A European Anabasis: Western European Volunteers in the German Army and SS, 1940–1945</a>. Columbia: Project Gutenburg. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13030-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13030-1"><bdi>978-0-231-13030-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+European+Anabasis%3A+Western+European+Volunteers+in+the+German+Army+and+SS%2C+1940%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Columbia&rft.pub=Project+Gutenburg&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-231-13030-1&rft.aulast=Estes&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg-e.org%2Fesk01%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNash2009" class="citation book cs1">Nash, Douglas E. (2009). Hell's Gate: the Battle of the Cherkassy Pocket, January–February 1944 (3rd ed.). Stamford, CT: RZM Imports. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9657584-3-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9657584-3-7"><bdi>978-0-9657584-3-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hell%27s+Gate%3A+the+Battle+of+the+Cherkassy+Pocket%2C+January%E2%80%93February+1944&rft.place=Stamford%2C+CT&rft.pages=27&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=RZM+Imports&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-9657584-3-7&rft.aulast=Nash&rft.aufirst=Douglas+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tele1-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tele1_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tele1_55-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tele1_55-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tele1_55-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaterfield2011" class="citation news cs1">Waterfield, Bruno (17 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131206152112/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/world-war-two/8518997/Nazi-hunters-call-on-Belgiums-justice-minister-to-be-sacked.html">"Nazi hunters call on Belgium's justice minister to be sacked"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Telegraph</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/world-war-two/8518997/Nazi-hunters-call-on-Belgiums-justice-minister-to-be-sacked.html">the original</a> on 6 December 2013. Retrieved 26 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Nazi+hunters+call+on+Belgium%27s+justice+minister+to+be+sacked&rft.date=2011-05-17&rft.aulast=Waterfield&rft.aufirst=Bruno&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fworld-war-two%2F8518997%2FNazi-hunters-call-on-Belgiums-justice-minister-to-be-sacked.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Conway21-23-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Conway21-23_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Conway21-23_56-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Conway21-23_56-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConway2012" class="citation book cs1">Conway, Martin (12 January 2012). The Sorrows of Belgium: Liberation and Political Reconstruction, 1944–1947. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 21–23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969434-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969434-1"><bdi>978-0-19-969434-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sorrows+of+Belgium%3A+Liberation+and+Political+Reconstruction%2C+1944%E2%80%931947&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=21-23&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012-01-12&rft.isbn=978-0-19-969434-1&rft.aulast=Conway&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moore35-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moore35_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moore35_57-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore2000" class="citation book cs1">Moore, Bob, ed. (2000). Resistance in Western Europe (1st ed.). Oxford: Berg. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85973-274-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-85973-274-7"><bdi>1-85973-274-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Resistance+in+Western+Europe&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=35&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Berg&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-85973-274-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Clinch2004" class="citation web cs1">John Clinch (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.clara.net/clinchy/neeb2.htm">"Comète Line"</a>. Escape Line Research and Remembrance. Retrieved 16 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Escape+Line+Research+and+Remembrance&rft.atitle=Com%C3%A8te+Line&rft.date=2004&rft.au=John+Clinch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhome.clara.net%2Fclinchy%2Fneeb2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029193123/http://groupeg.webs.com/briefhistory.htm">"A Brief History of Belgian Resistance"</a>. Groupe G - WW II Living History. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://groupeg.webs.com/briefhistory.htm">the original</a> on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 26 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+Belgian+Resistance&rft.pub=Groupe+G+-+WW+II+Living+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgroupeg.webs.com%2Fbriefhistory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-smith1942-60"><a href="#cite_ref-smith1942_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith,_Howard_K.1942" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Howard_K._Smith" title="Howard K. Smith">Smith, Howard K.</a> (1942). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lasttrainfromber0000smit_p0b1/page/317">Last Train from Berlin</a>. Knopf. p. 317.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Last+Train+from+Berlin&rft.pages=317&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=1942&rft.au=Smith%2C+Howard+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flasttrainfromber0000smit_p0b1%2Fpage%2F317&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110226071856/http://www.cicb.be/">"Museum van Deportatie en Verzet"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cicb.be">the original</a> on 26 February 2011. 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(2003). Churchill's Guests: Britain and the Belgian Exiles during World War II. 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London: James Currey Ltd. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84701-047-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84701-047-6"><bdi>978-1-84701-047-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fighting+for+Britain%3A+African+Soldiers+in+the+Second+World+War&rft.place=London&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=James+Currey+Ltd&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-84701-047-6&rft.aulast=Killingray&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDowling2005" class="citation book cs1">Dowling, Timothy C., ed. (2005). Personal Perspectives: World War II. Vol. 2. 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Retrieved 27 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Breendonck&rft.pub=Jewish+Virtual+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjsource%2FHolocaust%2Fbreendonck.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029194333/http://www.dekamer.be/kvvcr/showpage.cfm?section=flwb&language=fr&cfm=%2Fsite%2Fwwwcfm%2Fflwb%2Fflwbn.cfm%3FdossierID%3D0557&legislat=48&inst=K">"Projet de Loi tendant à réprimer la négation, la minimisation, la justification ou l'approbation du génocide commis par le régime national-socialiste allemand pendant la seconde guerre mondiale"</a>. lachambre.be. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dekamer.be/kvvcr/showpage.cfm?section=flwb&language=fr&cfm=/site/wwwcfm/flwb/flwbn.cfm?dossierID=0557&legislat=48&inst=K">the original</a> on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 27 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Projet+de+Loi+tendant+%C3%A0+r%C3%A9primer+la+n%C3%A9gation%2C+la+minimisation%2C+la+justification+ou+l%27approbation+du+g%C3%A9nocide+commis+par+le+r%C3%A9gime+national-socialiste+allemand+pendant+la+seconde+guerre+mondiale&rft.pub=lachambre.be&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dekamer.be%2Fkvvcr%2Fshowpage.cfm%3Fsection%3Dflwb%26language%3Dfr%26cfm%3D%2Fsite%2Fwwwcfm%2Fflwb%2Fflwbn.cfm%3FdossierID%3D0557%26legislat%3D48%26inst%3DK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDorzée2013" class="citation news cs1">Dorzée, Hugues (3 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lesoir.be/218519/article/actualite/belgique/2013-04-02/nos-veterans-congolais-spolies-et-oublies-l-histoire">"Nos vétérans congolais spoliés et oubliés de l'histoire"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Le_Soir" title="Le Soir">Le Soir</a>. Retrieved 1 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Nos+v%C3%A9t%C3%A9rans+congolais+spoli%C3%A9s+et+oubli%C3%A9s+de+l%27histoire&rft.date=2013-04-03&rft.aulast=Dorz%C3%A9e&rft.aufirst=Hugues&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lesoir.be%2F218519%2Farticle%2Factualite%2Fbelgique%2F2013-04-02%2Fnos-veterans-congolais-spolies-et-oublies-l-histoire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130614194418/http://www.klm-mra.be/klm-new/engels/main01.php?id=..%2Fcongo%2Fcongo-en">"Lisolo Na Bisu"</a>. Klm-mra.be. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.klm-mra.be/klm-new/engels/main01.php?id=../congo/congo-en">the original</a> on 14 June 2013. Retrieved 15 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lisolo+Na+Bisu&rft.pub=Klm-mra.be&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.klm-mra.be%2Fklm-new%2Fengels%2Fmain01.php%3Fid%3D..%2Fcongo%2Fcongo-en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130309062321/http://www.mil.be/vox/subject/index.asp?LAN=nl&ID=628&PAGE=7">"De Force Publique van Belgisch Kongo in de periode 1940–1945"</a>. VOX. Defence. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mil.be/vox/subject/index.asp?LAN=nl&ID=628&PAGE=7">the original</a> on 9 March 2013. Retrieved 15 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=VOX&rft.atitle=De+Force+Publique+van+Belgisch+Kongo+in+de+periode+1940%E2%80%931945&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mil.be%2Fvox%2Fsubject%2Findex.asp%3FLAN%3Dnl%26ID%3D628%26PAGE%3D7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belgium_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dt>Primary sources</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeller1941" class="citation book cs1">Weller, George (1941). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/Belgium/Ethiopia/">The Belgian Campaign in Ethiopia: A Trek of 2,500 Miles through Jungle Swamps and Desert Wastes</a>. New York: Belgian Information Center.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Belgian+Campaign+in+Ethiopia%3A+A+Trek+of+2%2C500+Miles+through+Jungle+Swamps+and+Desert+Wastes&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Belgian+Information+Center&rft.date=1941&rft.aulast=Weller&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fhyperwar%2FUN%2FBelgium%2FEthiopia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVarious_authors1941" class="citation book cs1">Various authors (1941). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/Belgium/Belgium_1939-40/">Belgium – The Official Account of What Happened – 1939–1940</a>. London: Evans Brothers Limited, for the Belgian Ministry of Foreign Affairs.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Belgium+%E2%80%93+The+Official+Account+of+What+Happened+%E2%80%93+1939%E2%80%931940&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Evans+Brothers+Limited%2C+for+the+Belgian+Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs&rft.date=1941&rft.au=Various+authors&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fhyperwar%2FUN%2FBelgium%2FBelgium_1939-40%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVarious_authors1942" class="citation book cs1">Various authors (1942). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/Belgium/Congo/">The Belgian Congo at War</a>. New York: Belgian Information Center.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Belgian+Congo+at+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Belgian+Information+Center&rft.date=1942&rft.au=Various+authors&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fhyperwar%2FUN%2FBelgium%2FCongo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <dl><dt>Secondary sources</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernard1968" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bernard, Henri (1968). La Résistance 1940–1945 (in French). Brussels: Éd. Renaissance du livre.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+R%C3%A9sistance+1940%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Brussels&rft.pub=%C3%89d.+Renaissance+du+livre&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Bernard&rft.aufirst=Henri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConway1993" class="citation book cs1">Conway, Martin (1993). Collaboration in Belgium: Léon Degrelle and the Rexist Movement, 1940–1944. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-05500-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-05500-5"><bdi>0-300-05500-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collaboration+in+Belgium%3A+L%C3%A9on+Degrelle+and+the+Rexist+Movement%2C+1940%E2%80%931944&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+Univ.+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-300-05500-5&rft.aulast=Conway&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConway2012" class="citation book cs1">Conway, Martin (2012). The Sorrows of Belgium: Liberation and Political Reconstruction, 1944–1947. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969434-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969434-1"><bdi>978-0-19-969434-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sorrows+of+Belgium%3A+Liberation+and+Political+Reconstruction%2C+1944%E2%80%931947&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-969434-1&rft.aulast=Conway&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConwayGotovitch2001" class="citation book cs1">Conway, Martin; Gotovitch, José, eds. (2001). Europe in Exile: European exile communities in Britain 1940–1945 (1st ed.). New York: Berghahn. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57181-759-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57181-759-4"><bdi>978-1-57181-759-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe+in+Exile%3A+European+exile+communities+in+Britain+1940%E2%80%931945&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Berghahn&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-57181-759-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeyes1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Keyes,_1st_Baron_Keyes" title="Roger Keyes, 1st Baron Keyes">Keyes, Roger</a> (1984). Outrageous Fortune: The Tragedy of Leopold III of the Belgians, 1901–1941 (1st British ed.). London: Secker & Warburg. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-436-23320-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-436-23320-3"><bdi>978-0-436-23320-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Outrageous+Fortune%3A+The+Tragedy+of+Leopold+III+of+the+Belgians%2C+1901%E2%80%931941&rft.place=London&rft.edition=1st+British&rft.pub=Secker+%26+Warburg&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-436-23320-3&rft.aulast=Keyes&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Doorslaer2007" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Van Doorslaer, Rudi; Debruyne, Emmanuel; Seberechts, Frank; Wouters, Nico (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.be/event/20070213-jews/doc/rapport_final.pdf">"La Belgique docile: Les autorités belges et la persécution des Juifs en Belgique pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale"</a> [Docile Belgium: Belgian authorities and the persecution Jews in Belgium during the Second World War] (PDF). Final report of a study carried out by the Center for Studies and Documentation on War and Contemporary Societies on behalf of Federal government and at the request of the Belgian Senate, 2004-2007 (in French). Brussels: <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Historical_Research_and_Documentation_on_War_and_Contemporary_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre for Historical Research and Documentation on War and Contemporary Society">Centre for Historical Research and Documentation on War and Contemporary Society</a> (CegeSoma) – via www.senate.be.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Final+report+of+a+study+carried+out+by+the+Center+for+Studies+and+Documentation+on+War+and+Contemporary+Societies+on+behalf+of+Federal+government+and+at+the+request+of+the+Belgian+Senate%2C+2004-2007&rft.atitle=La+Belgique+docile%3A+Les+autorit%C3%A9s+belges+et+la+pers%C3%A9cution+des+Juifs+en+Belgique+pendant+la+Seconde+Guerre+mondiale&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Van+Doorslaer&rft.aufirst=Rudi&rft.au=Debruyne%2C+Emmanuel&rft.au=Seberechts%2C+Frank&rft.au=Wouters%2C+Nico&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.senate.be%2Fevent%2F20070213-jews%2Fdoc%2Frapport_final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belgium_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Belgium_in_World_War_II" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Belgium in World War II">Belgium in World War II</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoubion,_GeorgetteMarichal,_Jean-Louis" class="citation web cs1">Houbion, Georgette; Marichal, Jean-Louis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brigade-piron.be/accueil_en.html">"History of the Piron Brigade 1940–1945"</a>. Brigade-piron.be. Retrieved 7 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Piron+Brigade+1940%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Brigade-piron.be&rft.au=Houbion%2C+Georgette&rft.au=Marichal%2C+Jean-Louis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brigade-piron.be%2Faccueil_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005432">"Holocaust Encyclopedia: Belgium"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a>. Retrieved 5 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Holocaust+Encyclopedia%3A+Belgium&rft.pub=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushmm.org%2Fwlc%2Fen%2Farticle.php%3FModuleId%3D10005432&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://warpress.cegesoma.be/en">"The Belgian War Press"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Historical_Research_and_Documentation_on_War_and_Contemporary_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Center for Historical Research and Documentation on War and Contemporary Society">CEGES-SOMA</a>. Retrieved 7 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Belgian+War+Press&rft.pub=CEGES-SOMA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwarpress.cegesoma.be%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelgium+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Wijnsberghe" class="citation web cs1">Van Wijnsberghe, Jean-Marie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.be4046.eu/">"The Belgian Armed Forces, 1940–1946"</a>. Be4046.eu. 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class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output 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4em"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_World_War_II" title="Outline of World War II">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_battles" title="List of World War II battles">Battles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_military_operations" title="List of World War II military operations">Operations</a></li></ul></li> <li>Leaders <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Allied leaders of World War II">Allied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Axis leaders of World War II">Axis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commanders_of_World_War_II" title="Commanders of World War II">Commanders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties" title="World War II casualties">Casualties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Allied_World_War_II_conferences" title="List of Allied World War II conferences">Conferences</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_topics" title="Lists of World War II topics">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_warfare_of_World_War_II" title="Air warfare of World War II">Air warfare of World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_air_operations_during_the_Battle_of_Europe" title="List of air operations during the Battle of Europe">In Europe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_officer_ranks_of_World_War_II" title="Comparative officer ranks of World War II">Comparative military ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_cryptography" title="World War II cryptography">Cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declarations_of_war_during_World_War_II" title="Declarations of war during World War II">Declarations of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II" title="Diplomatic history of World War II">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governments_in_exile_during_World_War_II" title="List of governments in exile during World War II">Governments in exile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Home front during World War II">Home front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Australian home front during World War II">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United Kingdom home front during World War II">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_contribution_to_the_Manhattan_Project" title="British contribution to the Manhattan Project">British contribution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_awards_and_decorations_of_World_War_II" title="List of military awards and decorations of World War II">Military awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_military_equipment" title="Lists of World War II military equipment">Military equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_production_during_World_War_II" title="Military production during World War II">Military production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_World_War_II" title="Naval history of World War II">Naval history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_plunder" title="Nazi plunder">Nazi plunder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_II" title="Opposition to World War II">Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_during_World_War_II" title="Technology during World War II">Technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_technological_cooperation_during_World_War_II" title="Allied technological cooperation during World War II">Allied cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulberry_harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry harbour">Mulberry harbour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_war#World_War_II" title="Total war">Total war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">Strategic bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_puppet_states" title="List of World War II puppet states">Puppet states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_World_War_II" title="Women in World War II">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_and_World_War_II" title="Art and World War II">Art and World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_in_World_War_II" title="Music in World War II">Music in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_events_during_wars#World_War_II" title="Weather events during wars">Weather events during World War II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_theaters_and_campaigns_of_World_War_II" title="List of theaters and campaigns of World War II">Theaters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asiatic-Pacific_theater" title="Asiatic-Pacific theater">Asia and Pacific</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South-East Asian theatre of World War II">South-East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_theater_of_World_War_II" title="Pacific Ocean theater of World War II">North and Central Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South West Pacific theatre of World War II">South-West Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_in_World_War_II" title="Indian Ocean in World War II">Indian Ocean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean and Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Atlantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Timeline of the Battle of the Atlantic">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Theater_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Theater (World War II)">Americas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II" title="Aftermath of World War II">Aftermath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">Expulsion of Germans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Keelhaul" title="Operation Keelhaul">Keelhaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Occupation of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Osoaviakhim" title="Operation Osoaviakhim">Osoaviakhim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Paperclip" title="Operation Paperclip">Paperclip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_occupations_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military occupations by the Soviet Union">Soviet occupations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Hungary–Soviet Union relations">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Romania" title="Soviet occupation of Romania">Romania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line" title="Oder–Neisse line">Territorial changes of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany" title="Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany">Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_World_War_II" title="War crimes in World War II">War crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_war_crimes_during_World_War_II" title="Allied war crimes during World War II">Allied war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="Soviet war crimes">Soviet war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="British war crimes">British war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="United States war crimes">United States war crimes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="German war crimes">German war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">forced labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Holocaust" title="Aftermath of the Holocaust">Aftermath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_response_to_the_Holocaust" title="International response to the Holocaust">Response</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_war_crimes" title="Italian war crimes">Italian war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japanese war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit_731" title="Unit 731">Unit 731</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">Prosecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Croatian war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Persecution of Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania#The_Holocaust" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romanian war crimes</a></li> <li>Sexual violence <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_military_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German military brothels in World War II">German military brothels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_camp_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German camp brothels in World War II">Camp brothels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Germany" title="Rape during the occupation of Germany">Rape during the occupation of Germany</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Japan" title="Rape during the occupation of Japan">Japan</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Soviet_occupation_of_Poland" title="Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_France" title="Rape during the liberation of France">Rape during the liberation of France</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_Serbia" title="Rape during the liberation of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sook_Ching" title="Sook Ching">Sook Ching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">Comfort women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_massacre#Mass_rapes" title="Manila massacre">Rape of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marocchinate" title="Marocchinate">Marocchinate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_by_country" title="World War II by country">Participants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria_in_World_War_II" title="Algeria in World War II">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Australia during World War II">Australia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_in_World_War_II" title="Brazil in World War II">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Bulgarian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Bulgarian coup d'état">from September 1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_World_War_II" title="Canada in World War II">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba_during_World_War_II" title="Cuba during World War II">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_in_World_War_II" title="Denmark in World War II">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini_in_World_War_II" title="Eswatini in World War II">Eswatini</a> (formerly Swaziland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">from September 1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_during_World_War_II" title="France during World War II">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Greece during World War II">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Co-belligerent_Army" title="Italian Co-belligerent Army">Italy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">from September 1943</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_in_World_War_II" title="Luxembourg in World War II">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico_during_World_War_II" title="Mexico during World War II">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Netherlands_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Netherlands during World War II">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Newfoundland_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Newfoundland during World War II">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of New Zealand during World War II">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Philippines during World War II">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Poland (1939–1945)">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Romanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Romanian coup d'état">from August 1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_in_World_War_II" title="Sierra Leone in World War II">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of South Africa during World War II">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II" title="Southern Rhodesia in World War II">Southern Rhodesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuva_in_World_War_II" title="Tuva in World War II">Tuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire_in_World_War_II" title="British Empire in World War II">British Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_World_War_II" title="Puerto Ricans in World War II">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)" title="Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)">Albania protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (until September 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">Wang Jingwei regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (until September 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">Italy</a> (until September 1943) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (until August 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovak Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Collaboration_with_Axis_Powers" title="Template:Collaboration with Axis Powers">Collaboration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Neutral_powers_during_World_War_II" title="Neutral powers during World War II">Neutral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Andorra#20th_and_21st_centuries" title="History of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_neutrality_during_World_War_II" title="Irish neutrality during World War II">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Liechtenstein in World War II">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_II" title="Portugal during World War II">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_during_World_War_II" title="Spain during World War II">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_II" title="Sweden during World War II">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_during_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland during the World Wars">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_during_World_War_II" title="Vatican City during World War II">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance during World War II">Resistance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Albania" title="World War II in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_resistance" title="Austrian resistance">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Resistance" title="Belgian Resistance">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_resistance_movement_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgarian resistance movement during World War II">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_the_Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Resistance in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Czech lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_resistance_movement" title="Danish resistance movement">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies#Underground_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_anti-German_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931944" title="Estonian anti-German resistance movement 1941–1944">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbegnoch" title="Arbegnoch">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="German resistance to Nazism">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_resistance" title="Greek resistance">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong#Anti-Japanese_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_dissidence_in_the_Empire_of_Japan#Dissidence_during_World_War_II" title="Political dissidence in the Empire of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Liberation_Army" title="Korean Liberation Army">Korean Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Volunteer_Army" title="Korean Volunteer Army">Korean Volunteer Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_anti-Nazi_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931945" title="Latvian anti-Nazi resistance movement 1941–1945">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_Lithuania_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance in Lithuania during World War II">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Resistance" title="Luxembourg Resistance">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Peoples%27_Anti-Japanese_Army" title="Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army">Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_resistance" title="Dutch resistance">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Anti-Japanese_United_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army">Northeast China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_resistance_movement" title="Norwegian resistance movement">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_resistance_against_Japan" title="Philippine resistance against Japan">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_anti-communist_resistance_movement" title="Romanian anti-communist resistance movement">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Thai_Movement" title="Free Thai Movement">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans" title="Soviet partisans">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_National_Uprising" title="Slovak National Uprising">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Western Ukraine</a></li> <li>Vietnam <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Qu%E1%BB%91c_D%C3%A2n_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng" title="Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng">Quốc dân Đảng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh">Viet Minh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">POWs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li>German prisoners <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_Azerbaijan" title="German prisoners of war in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_States" title="German prisoners of war in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="German prisoners of war in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_II" title="Japanese prisoners of war in World War II">Japanese prisoners</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Polish_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Polish prisoners of war">German atrocities against Polish POWs</a></li> <li>Soviet prisoners <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_prisoners_of_war_in_Finland" title="Soviet prisoners of war in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">atrocities by Germans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_prisoners-of-war_in_the_Soviet_Union_after_1939" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish prisoners-of-war in the Soviet Union after 1939">Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_timelines_of_World_War_II" title="List of timelines of World War II">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Prelude" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II" title="Causes of World War II">Prelude</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abyssinia_Crisis" title="Abyssinia Crisis">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="Events preceding World War II in Asia">Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Khalkhin_Gol" title="Battles of Khalkhin Gol">Battles of Khalkhin Gol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="Events preceding World War II in Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Occupation of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Himmler" title="Operation Himmler">Operation Himmler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Italian invasion of Albania</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1939)" title="Timeline of World War II (1939)">1939</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Invasion of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phoney War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1939)" title="Battle of Changsha (1939)">First Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Guangxi" title="Battle of South Guangxi">Battle of South Guangxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1939%E2%80%931940_Winter_Offensive" title="1939–1940 Winter Offensive">1939–1940 Winter Offensive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1940)" title="Timeline of World War II (1940)">1940</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norwegian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Denmark_(1940)" title="German invasion of Denmark (1940)">German invasion of Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zaoyang%E2%80%93Yichang" title="Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang">Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Luxembourg" title="German invasion of Luxembourg">German invasion of Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_the_Netherlands" title="German invasion of the Netherlands">German invasion of the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1940)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1940)">German invasion of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation" title="Dunkirk evacuation">Dunkirk evacuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mediterranean" title="Battle of the Mediterranean">Battle of the Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_campaign" title="Western Desert campaign">North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_British_Somaliland" title="Italian invasion of British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Regiments_Offensive" title="Hundred Regiments Offensive">Hundred Regiments Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Eastern Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_French_Indochina" title="Japanese invasion of French Indochina">Japanese invasion of French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Italian_War" title="Greco-Italian War">Italian invasion of Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Compass" title="Operation Compass">Compass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1941)" title="Timeline of World War II (1941)">1941</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Henan" title="Battle of South Henan">Battle of South Henan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanggao" title="Battle of Shanggao">Battle of Shanggao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">Invasion of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Greece" title="German invasion of Greece">German invasion of Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crete" title="Battle of Crete">Battle of Crete</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Anglo-Iraqi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Shanxi" title="Battle of South Shanxi">Battle of South Shanxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Syria–Lebanon campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East African campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Invasion of the Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Summer_War" title="Summer War">Summer War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Finland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Silver_Fox" title="Operation Silver Fox">Silver Fox</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_Uprising_in_Lithuania" title="June Uprising in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1941)" title="Battle of Kiev (1941)">Battle of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941)">Second Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">Siege of Leningrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow" title="Battle of Moscow">Battle of Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1941–1942)">Siege of Sevastopol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Thailand" title="Japanese invasion of Thailand">Japanese invasion of Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Fall of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">Fall of the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1941)" title="Battle of Guam (1941)">Battle of Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wake_Island" title="Battle of Wake Island">Battle of Wake Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malayan campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borneo_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Borneo (1941–1942)">Battle of Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Burma" title="Japanese invasion of Burma">Japanese invasion of Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941–1942)">Third Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Greece)" title="Great Famine (Greece)">Greek famine of 1941–1944</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1942)" title="Timeline of World War II (1942)">1942</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Singapore" title="Fall of Singapore">Fall of Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Java_Sea" title="Battle of the Java Sea">Battle of the Java Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Nazaire_Raid" title="St Nazaire Raid">St Nazaire Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Christmas_Island" title="Battle of Christmas Island">Battle of Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Battle of the Coral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Madagascar" title="Battle of Madagascar">Battle of Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhejiang-Jiangxi_campaign" title="Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign">Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gazala" title="Battle of Gazala">Battle of Gazala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dutch_Harbor" title="Battle of Dutch Harbor">Battle of Dutch Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Battle of Midway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands_campaign" title="Aleutian Islands campaign">Aleutian Islands campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Kiska" title="Japanese occupation of Kiska">Kiska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Attu" title="Japanese occupation of Attu"> Attu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_Blue" title="Case Blue">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="First Battle of El Alamein">First Battle of El Alamein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokoda_Track_campaign" title="Kokoda Track campaign">Kokoda Track campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rzhev,_summer_1942" title="Battle of Rzhev, summer 1942">Rzhev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieppe_Raid" title="Dieppe Raid">Jubilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">Second Battle of El Alamein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal_campaign" title="Guadalcanal campaign">Guadalcanal campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Torch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_famine_of_1942%E2%80%931943" title="Chinese famine of 1942–1943">Chinese famine of 1942–1943</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1943)" title="Timeline of World War II (1943)">1943</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_May_(1943)" title="Black May (1943)">Black May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_campaign" title="Tunisian campaign">Tunisian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hubei" title="Battle of West Hubei">Battle of West Hubei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Attu" title="Battle of Attu">Battle of Attu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II#June_1943" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Battle of Kursk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Allied invasion of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_operation" title="Smolensk operation">Smolensk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_campaign" title="Solomon Islands campaign">Solomon Islands campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cottage" title="Operation Cottage">Cottage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dnieper" title="Battle of the Dnieper">Battle of the Dnieper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Italy" title="Allied invasion of Italy">Allied invasion of Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile" title="Armistice of Cassibile">Armistice of Cassibile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Northern_Burma_and_Western_Yunnan" title="Battle of Northern Burma and Western Yunnan">Northern Burma and Western Yunnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changde" title="Battle of Changde">Changde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1943)" title="Battle of Kiev (1943)">Second Battle of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Marshall_Islands_campaign" title="Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign">Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarawa" title="Battle of Tarawa">Tarawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Makin" title="Battle of Makin">Makin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1944)" title="Timeline of World War II (1944)">1944</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tempest" title="Operation Tempest">Tempest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">Monte Cassino</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anzio" title="Battle of Anzio">Anzio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Korsun%E2%80%93Cherkassy" title="Battle of Korsun–Cherkassy">Korsun–Cherkassy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1944)" title="Battle of Narva (1944)">Narva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ichi-Go" title="Operation Ichi-Go">Ichi-Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Overlord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_and_Palau_Islands_campaign" title="Mariana and Palau Islands campaign">Mariana and Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bagration" title="Operation Bagration">Bagration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lvov%E2%80%93Sandomierz_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Lvov–Sandomierz offensive">Western Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1944)" title="Battle of Guam (1944)">Second Battle of Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg_Line" title="Battle of Tannenberg Line">Tannenberg Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive" title="Second Jassy–Kishinev offensive">Eastern Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Liberation of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon">Dragoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Line" title="Gothic Line">Gothic Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgrade_offensive" title="Belgrade offensive">Belgrade offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">Lapland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden" title="Operation Market Garden">Market Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallinn_offensive" title="Tallinn offensive">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Crossbow" title="Operation Crossbow">Crossbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_Bomber_Offensive" title="Combined Bomber Offensive">Pointblank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945">Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Philippines campaign (1944–1945)">Philippines (1944–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf" title="Battle of Leyte Gulf">Leyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrmian_Front" title="Syrmian Front">Syrmian Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_offensive" title="Budapest offensive">Hungary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Budapest" title="Siege of Budapest">Budapest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Burma campaign (1944–1945)">Burma (1944–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">Ardennes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bodenplatte" title="Operation Bodenplatte">Bodenplatte</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Dutch famine of 1944–1945">Dutch famine of 1944–1945</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1945%E2%80%931991)" title="Timeline of World War II (1945–1991)">1945</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Oder_offensive" title="Vistula–Oder offensive">Vistula–Oder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1945)" title="Battle of Manila (1945)">Battle of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima" title="Battle of Iwo Jima">Battle of Iwo Jima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina">Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_offensive" title="Vienna offensive">Vienna offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Hula" title="Project Hula">Project Hula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany" title="Western Allied invasion of Germany">Western invasion of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bratislava%E2%80%93Brno_offensive" title="Bratislava–Brno offensive">Bratislava–Brno offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa" title="Battle of Okinawa">Battle of Okinawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Guangxi_campaign" title="Second Guangxi campaign">Second Guangxi campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hunan" title="Battle of West Hunan">West Hunan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_1945_offensive_in_Italy" title="Spring 1945 offensive in Italy">Italy (Spring 1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin" title="Battle of Berlin">Battle of Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_offensive" title="Prague offensive">Prague offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="End of World War II in Europe">Surrender of Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="German Instrument of Surrender">document</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borneo_campaign" title="Borneo campaign">Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Taipei" title="Raid on Taipei">Taipei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_naval_bombardments_of_Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Allied naval bombardments of Japan during World War II">Naval bombardment of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debate_over_the_atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Debate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_South_Sakhalin" title="Soviet invasion of South Sakhalin">South Sakhalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Kuril_Islands" title="Invasion of the Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shumshu" title="Battle of Shumshu">Shumshu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender of Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration" title="Potsdam Declaration">Potsdam Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Japanese Instrument of Surrender">document</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="End of World War II in Asia">End of World War II in Asia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/16px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/24px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/32px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_World_War_II" title="Bibliography of World War II">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_War_II" title="Category:World War II">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Administrative_divisions_in_Nazi_Germany_and_German_occupations" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Administrative_divisions_in_Nazi_Germany_and_German_occupations" title="Template:Administrative divisions in Nazi Germany and German occupations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Administrative_divisions_in_Nazi_Germany_and_German_occupations" title="Template talk:Administrative divisions in Nazi Germany and German occupations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Administrative_divisions_in_Nazi_Germany_and_German_occupations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Administrative divisions in Nazi Germany and German occupations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Administrative_divisions_in_Nazi_Germany_and_German_occupations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Administrative divisions in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> and German occupations</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Administrative divisions of Nazi Germany">Administrative divisions of Nazi Germany</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gau_(territory)" title="Gau (territory)">Gaus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Altreich_(pre-1938_Nazi_Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Altreich (pre-1938 Nazi Germany)">Altreich</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Founded" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e5e5e5;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Founded</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Baden" title="Gau Baden">Baden-Alsace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Bayreuth" title="Gau Bayreuth">Bayreuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Berlin" title="Gau Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Cologne-Aachen" title="Gau Cologne-Aachen">Cologne–Aachen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Gau Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Eastern_Hanover" title="Gau Eastern Hanover">Eastern Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_East_Prussia" title="Gau East Prussia">East Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Electoral_Hesse" title="Gau Electoral Hesse">Electoral Hesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Essen" title="Gau Essen">Essen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Franconia" title="Gau Franconia">Franconia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Halle-Merseburg" title="Gau Halle-Merseburg">Halle-Merseburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Hamburg" title="Gau Hamburg">Hamburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Hesse-Nassau" title="Gau Hesse-Nassau">Hesse-Nassau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Lower_Silesia" title="Gau Lower Silesia">Lower Silesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Magdeburg-Anhalt" title="Gau Magdeburg-Anhalt">Magdeburg-Anhalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Main_Franconia" title="Gau Main Franconia">Main Franconia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_March_of_Brandenburg" title="Gau March of Brandenburg">March of Brandenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Mecklenburg" title="Gau Mecklenburg">Mecklenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Moselland" title="Gau Moselland">Moselland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Munich-Upper_Bavaria" title="Gau Munich-Upper Bavaria">Munich–Upper Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NSDAP/AO" class="mw-redirect" title="NSDAP/AO">NSDAP/AO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Pomerania" title="Gau Pomerania">Pomerania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Saxony" title="Gau Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Schleswig-Holstein" title="Gau Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Silesia" title="Gau Silesia">Silesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Swabia" title="Gau Swabia">Swabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Southern_Hanover-Brunswick" title="Gau Southern Hanover-Brunswick">Southern Hanover–Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Thuringia" title="Gau Thuringia">Thuringia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Upper_Silesia" title="Gau Upper Silesia">Upper Silesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Weser-Ems" title="Gau Weser-Ems">Weser-Ems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Westphalia-North" title="Gau Westphalia-North">Westphalia-North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Westphalia-South" title="Gau Westphalia-South">Westphalia-South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Westmark" title="Gau Westmark">Westmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_W%C3%BCrttemberg-Hohenzollern" title="Gau Württemberg-Hohenzollern">Württemberg-Hohenzollern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e5e5e5;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prinz-Eugen_Gau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prinz-Eugen Gau (page does not exist)">Prinz-Eugen</a> (<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsfestung_Belgrad" class="extiw" title="de:Reichsfestung Belgrad">Reichsfestung Belgrad</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gau_Holland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gau Holland (page does not exist)">Holland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reichsgau" title="Reichsgau">Reichsgaus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Founded" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e5e5e5;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Founded</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reichsgau_Danzig-West_Prussia" title="Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia">Danzig–West Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichsgau_Sudetenland" title="Reichsgau Sudetenland">Sudetenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichsgau_Wartheland" title="Reichsgau Wartheland">Wartheland</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e5e5e5;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Austria_within_Nazi_Germany" title="Austria within Nazi Germany">Austria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reichsgau_K%C3%A4rnten" title="Reichsgau Kärnten">Carinthia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichsgau_Niederdonau" title="Reichsgau Niederdonau">Lower Danube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichsgau_Oberdonau" title="Reichsgau Oberdonau">Upper Danube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichsgau_Salzburg" title="Reichsgau Salzburg">Salzburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichsgau_Steiermark" title="Reichsgau Steiermark">Styria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichsgau_Tirol-Vorarlberg" title="Reichsgau Tirol-Vorarlberg">Tyrol–Vorarlberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichsgau_Wien" title="Reichsgau Wien">Vienna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e5e5e5;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reichsgau_Banat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reichsgau Banat (page does not exist)">Banat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reichsgau_Beskidenland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reichsgau Beskidenland (page does not exist)">Beskidland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reichsgau_Brabant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reichsgau Brabant (page does not exist)">Brabant</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reichsgau_Burgund&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reichsgau Burgund (page does not exist)">Burgundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichsgau_Flandern" class="mw-redirect" title="Reichsgau Flandern">Flanders</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reichsgau_Galizien&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reichsgau Galizien (page does not exist)">Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reichsgau_Gotenland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reichsgau Gotenland (page does not exist)">Gothland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reichsgau_Nordmark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reichsgau Nordmark (page does not exist)">Nordmark</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reichsgau_Vandalenland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reichsgau Vandalenland (page does not exist)">Vandalland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Germanic_Reich#Role_of_Northern_Italy" title="Greater Germanic Reich">Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reichsgau_Weichselland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reichsgau Weichselland (page does not exist)">Vistulaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichsgau_Wallonien" class="mw-redirect" title="Reichsgau Wallonien">Wallonia</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e5e5e5;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Westland_(Nazi_propaganda)" title="Westland (Nazi propaganda)">Westland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Westland_(Nazi_propaganda)" title="Westland (Nazi propaganda)">Friesland, Groningen, and Drenthe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westland_(Nazi_propaganda)" title="Westland (Nazi propaganda)">Gelderland and Overijssel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westland_(Nazi_propaganda)" title="Westland (Nazi propaganda)">North Holland and Utrecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westland_(Nazi_propaganda)" title="Westland (Nazi propaganda)">South Holland and Zeeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westland_(Nazi_propaganda)" title="Westland (Nazi propaganda)">North Brabant and Limburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Areas_annexed_by_Nazi_Germany" title="Areas annexed by Nazi Germany">Partial annexations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Founded" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e5e5e5;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Founded</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Bohemia and Moravia</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="General_Government" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e5e5e5;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/General_Government" title="General Government">General Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Galicia" title="District of Galicia">Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_District" title="Kraków District">Kraków</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lublin_District" title="Lublin District">Lublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radom_District" title="Radom District">Radom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_District" title="Warsaw District">Warsaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e5e5e5;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Order_(Nazism)#SS_State_of_Burgundy" title="New Order (Nazism)">Burgundy (SS)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SS_Province_of_Holland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SS Province of Holland (page does not exist)">Holland (SS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Germanic_Reich#Role_of_Northern_Italy" title="Greater Germanic Reich">Lombardy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/German-occupied_Europe" title="German-occupied Europe">German occupations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Civil_Administration" title="Chief of Civil Administration">Civil Administration Areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Administration_Area_of_Alsace&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civil Administration Area of Alsace (page does not exist)">Alsace</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Administration_Area_of_Carinthia_and_Carniola&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civil Administration Area of Carinthia and Carniola (page does not exist)">Carinthia and Carniola</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Administration_Area_of_Gebiet_Bialystok&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civil Administration Area of Gebiet Bialystok (page does not exist)">Gebiet Bialystok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Administration_Area_of_Lorraine" title="Civil Administration Area of Lorraine">Lorraine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Administration_Area_of_Lower_Styria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civil Administration Area of Lower Styria (page does not exist)">Lower Styria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Administration_Area_of_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Administration Area of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Administration_Area_of_Posen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civil Administration Area of Posen (page does not exist)">Posen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Administration_Area_of_the_Sudetenland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civil Administration Area of the Sudetenland (page does not exist)">Sudetenland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Administration_Area_of_West_Prussia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civil Administration Area of West Prussia (page does not exist)">West Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Administration_Area_of_Zichenau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civil Administration Area of Zichenau (page does not exist)">Zichenau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bezirk" title="Bezirk">Districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Founded" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e5e5e5;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Founded</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bialystok_District" title="Bialystok District">Bialystok</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e5e5e5;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Brussels" class="mw-redirect" title="District of Brussels">Brussels</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_Administration_(Nazi_Germany)" title="Military Administration (Nazi Germany)">Military administrations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_Group_Rear_Area_Command" title="Army Group Rear Area Command">Army Group Rear Area Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Administration_in_Belgium_and_Northern_France" title="Military Administration in Belgium and Northern France">Belgium and Northern France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia#Zones_of_influence" title="Independent State of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_military_administration_in_occupied_France_during_World_War_II" title="German military administration in occupied France during World War II">France</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zone_interdite#Coastal_military_zone" title="Zone interdite">Atlantic Wall</a> ‧ <a href="/wiki/Zone_interdite#Zone_of_intended_German_settlement" title="Zone interdite">zone réservée</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Zone_of_Protection_in_Slovakia" title="German Zone of Protection in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_occupation_of_Greece#The_German_occupation_zone" title="Axis occupation of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Administration_of_Luxembourg" title="Military Administration of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Administration_in_Poland" title="Military Administration in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_the_Military_Commander_in_Serbia" title="Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia">Serbia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banat_(1941%E2%80%931944)" title="Banat (1941–1944)">Banat</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operational Zones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operational_Zone_of_the_Adriatic_Littoral" title="Operational Zone of the Adriatic Littoral">Adriatic Littoral</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Ljubljana#The_German_period_(1943–1945)" title="Province of Ljubljana">Ljubljana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operational_Zone_of_the_Alpine_Foothills" title="Operational Zone of the Alpine Foothills">Alpine Foothills</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Puppet administrations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e5e5e5;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Founded</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Albania" title="German occupation of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%A1#19th–20th_centuries" title="Aš">Asch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seyss-Inquart_government" title="Seyss-Inquart government">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Central_Council" title="Belarusian Central Council">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="Second Czechoslovak Republic">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_in_World_War_II" title="Denmark in World War II">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flemish_Liberation_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flemish Liberation Committee (page does not exist)">Flanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_State_(1941%E2%80%931944)" title="Hellenic State (1941–1944)">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Unity_(Hungary)" title="Government of National Unity (Hungary)">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lepel_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lepel Republic (page does not exist)">Lepel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lokot_Autonomy" title="Lokot Autonomy">Lokot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Mussert" title="Anton Mussert">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nias#World_War_II" title="Nias">Nias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quisling_regime#1940_coup" title="Quisling regime">Norway (Quisling I)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_Council_(Norway)" title="Administrative Council (Norway)">Norway (Administrative Council)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quisling_regime" title="Quisling regime">Norway (Quisling II)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent State of Macedonia">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupied_territory_of_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="German occupied territory of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commissioner_Government" title="Commissioner Government">Serbia (Commissioner Government)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Salvation" title="Government of National Salvation">Serbia (Council of Ministers)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_national_government_(1941)" title="Ukrainian national government (1941)">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walloon_Liberation_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walloon Liberation Committee (page does not exist)">Wallonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuyev_Republic" title="Zuyev Republic">Zuyev Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e5e5e5;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Exiled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Central_Council#Exile" title="Belarusian Central Council">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_government-in-exile" title="Bulgarian government-in-exile">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cossack_Central_Office&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cossack Central Office (page does not exist)">Cossackia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmaringen_enclave" title="Sigmaringen enclave">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_State_(1941%E2%80%931944)#Exile_and_trial" title="Hellenic State (1941–1944)">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Unity_(Hungary)" title="Government of National Unity (Hungary)">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German-occupied_territory_of_Montenegro" title="German-occupied territory of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horia_Sima#Exile" title="Horia Sima">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Liberation_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Liberation Movement">Russia (ODNR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_Liberation_of_the_Peoples_of_Russia" title="Committee for the Liberation of the Peoples of Russia">Russia (KONR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Salvation#After_the_war" title="Government of National Salvation">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)#End" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkiesta%C5%84ski_Komitet_Narodowy" class="extiw" title="pl:Turkiestański Komitet Narodowy">Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_National_Committee" title="Ukrainian National Committee">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlaamsche_Landsleiding" class="extiw" title="nl:Vlaamsche Landsleiding">Wallonia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e5e5e5;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_nationalism_and_World_War_II" title="Breton nationalism and World War II">Brittany</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat" title="Reichskommissariat">Reichskommissariats</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e5e5e5;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Founded</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_of_Belgium_and_Northern_France" title="Reichskommissariat of Belgium and Northern France">Belgium and Northern France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Niederlande" title="Reichskommissariat Niederlande">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Norwegen" title="Reichskommissariat Norwegen">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Ostland" title="Reichskommissariat Ostland">Ostland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Ukraine" title="Reichskommissariat Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e5e5e5;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Kaukasien" title="Reichskommissariat Kaukasien">Caucasia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reichskommissariat_Don-Wolga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reichskommissariat Don-Wolga (page does not exist)">Don-Volga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Moskowien" title="Reichskommissariat Moskowien">Muscovy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Turkestan" title="Reichskommissariat Turkestan">Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reichskommissariat_Ural&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reichskommissariat Ural (page does not exist)">Ural</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_and_occupation_of_Monaco_during_World_War_II#The_German_occupation_(September_9,_1943_-_September_3,_1944)" title="Invasion and occupation of Monaco during World War II">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Marino" title="Battle of San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_campaign" title="Tunisian campaign">Tunisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e5e5e5;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Founded</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Swabia" title="New Swabia">New Swabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_Station_Kurt" title="Weather Station Kurt">Weather Station Kurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schatzgr%C3%A4ber_(weather_station)" title="Schatzgräber (weather station)">Schatzgräber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holzauge" title="Holzauge">Holzauge</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bassgeiger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bassgeiger (page does not exist)">Bassgeiger</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edelweiss_base&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edelweiss base (page does not exist)">Edelweiss</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e5e5e5;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nordstern_(city)" title="Nordstern (city)">Nordstern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strength_Through_Joy" title="Strength Through Joy">Strength Through Joy</a> <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_the_Channel_Islands" title="German occupation of the Channel Islands">holiday resorts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_World_War_II_by_region_and_country" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:WWII_history_by_nation" title="Template:WWII history by nation"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:WWII_history_by_nation" title="Template talk:WWII history by nation"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:WWII_history_by_nation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:WWII history by nation"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_World_War_II_by_region_and_country" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_by_country" title="World War II by country">History of World War II by region and country</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Congo_in_World_War_II" title="Belgian Congo in World War II">Belgian Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_British_Somaliland" title="Italian invasion of British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt_in_World_War_II" title="Egypt in World War II">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Ethiopia" title="Italian Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Somaliland_in_World_War_II" title="French Somaliland in World War II">French Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">French West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia_in_World_War_II" title="The Gambia in World War II">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_in_World_War_II" title="Gold Coast in World War II">Gold Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya_in_World_War_II" title="Kenya in World War II">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia_in_World_War_II" title="Liberia in World War II">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar_in_World_War_II" title="Madagascar in World War II">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_campaign" title="Tunisian campaign">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco_in_World_War_II" title="Morocco in World War II">Morocco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyasaland_in_World_War_II" title="Nyasaland in World War II">Nyasaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_in_World_War_II" title="Sierra Leone in World War II">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of South Africa during World War II">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II" title="Southern Rhodesia in World War II">Southern Rhodesia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_World_War_II" title="Canada in World War II">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba_during_World_War_II" title="Cuba during World War II">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship_in_El_Salvador#World_War_II" title="Military dictatorship in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenland_in_World_War_II" title="Greenland in World War II">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico_during_World_War_II" title="Mexico during World War II">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Newfoundland_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Newfoundland during World War II">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_during_World_War_II" title="Arizona during World War II">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_during_World_War_II" title="California during World War II">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_during_World_War_II" title="Nevada during World War II">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_during_World_War_II" title="New Mexico during World War II">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_World_War_II" title="Puerto Ricans in World War II">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_and_World_War_II" title="Native Americans and World War II">Native Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina_during_World_War_II" title="Argentina during World War II">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_in_World_War_II" title="Brazil in World War II">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia_during_World_War_II" title="Colombia during World War II">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America_during_World_War_II" title="Latin America during World War II">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname_during_World_War_II" title="Suriname during World War II">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay_during_World_War_II" title="Uruguay during World War II">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela_during_World_War_II" title="Venezuela during World War II">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Burma" title="Japanese occupation of Burma">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceylon_in_World_War_II" title="Ceylon in World War II">Ceylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchuria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_New_Guinea" title="Japanese occupation of New Guinea">New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_West_Sumatra" title="Japanese occupation of West Sumatra">West Sumatra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">Indochina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Cambodia" title="Japanese occupation of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Japan during World War II">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Malaya" title="Japanese occupation of Malaya">Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia_in_World_War_II" title="Mongolia in World War II">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_in_World_War_II" title="Nepal in World War II">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Philippines during World War II">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_British_Borneo" title="Japanese occupation of British Borneo">Sarawak, Brunei, Labuan, and British North Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Singapore" title="Japanese occupation of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-party_period_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey#Politics_of_World_War_II" title="One-party period of the Republic of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuva_in_World_War_II" title="Tuva in World War II">Tuva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Albania" title="World War II in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Austria</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_in_World_War_II" title="Denmark in World War II">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia_in_World_War_II" title="Estonia in World War II">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_during_World_War_II" title="France during World War II">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_France_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of France during World War II">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_the_Basque_Country" title="World War II in the Basque Country">Basque Country</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Greece during World War II">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">Hungary</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Ruthenia_during_World_War_II" title="Carpathian Ruthenia during World War II">Carpathian Ruthenia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland_in_World_War_II" title="Iceland in World War II">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Emergency_(Ireland)" title="The Emergency (Ireland)">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Latvia_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Latvia during World War II">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Liechtenstein#World_War_II" title="History of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_Lithuania_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance in Lithuania during World War II">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_in_World_War_II" title="Luxembourg in World War II">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands_in_World_War_II" title="Netherlands in World War II">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Norway" title="German occupation of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Poland (1939–1945)">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_II" title="Portugal during World War II">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia_during_World_War_II" title="Slovakia during World War II">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_in_World_War_II" title="Azerbaijan in World War II">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byelorussia_in_World_War_II" title="Byelorussia in World War II">Byelorussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_Ukraine#World_War_II" title="Modern history of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_during_World_War_II" title="Spain during World War II">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_the_Basque_Country" title="World War II in the Basque Country">Basque Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalonia_and_World_War_II" title="Catalonia and World War II">Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galicia_and_World_War_II" title="Galicia and World War II">Galicia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_II" title="Sweden during World War II">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_during_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland during the World Wars">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire_in_World_War_II" title="British Empire in World War II">British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Wales in the World Wars">Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_the_Channel_Islands" title="German occupation of the Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Gibraltar_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Gibraltar during World War II">Gibraltar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_during_World_War_II" title="Vatican City during World War II">Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> (<a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_the_Slovene_Lands" title="World War II in the Slovene Lands">Slovenia</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Oceania and Antarctica</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica_during_World_War_II" title="Antarctica during World War II">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Australia during World War II">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Gilbert_Islands" title="Japanese occupation of the Gilbert Islands">Gilbert Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Nauru" title="Japanese occupation of Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_New_Guinea" title="Japanese occupation of New Guinea">New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of New Zealand during World War II">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Solomon_Islands" title="Japanese occupation of the Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Pacific Islands home front during World War II">Pacific Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a 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