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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mozhaisk_defense_line_(13–30_October)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Mozhaisk defense line (13–30 October) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mozhaisk_defense_line_(13–30_October)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wehrmacht_advance_towards_Moscow_(1_November_–_5_December)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wehrmacht_advance_towards_Moscow_(1_November_–_5_December)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Wehrmacht advance towards Moscow (1 November – 5 December) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Wehrmacht_advance_towards_Moscow_(1_November_–_5_December)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Wehrmacht advance towards Moscow (1 November – 5 December) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Wehrmacht_advance_towards_Moscow_(1_November_–_5_December)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wearing_down" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wearing_down"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Wearing down </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wearing_down-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Failed_pincer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Failed_pincer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Failed pincer </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Failed_pincer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet_counter-offensive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_counter-offensive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Soviet counter-offensive </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_counter-offensive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Aftermath </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Casualties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casualties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Casualties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Casualties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Footnotes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Battle of Moscow</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 63 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-63" aria-hidden="true" > 63 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%88" title="معركة موسكو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معركة موسكو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Mosc%C3%BA" title="Batalla de Moscú – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Batalla de Moscú" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskva_u%C4%9Frunda_d%C3%B6y%C3%BC%C5%9F" title="Moskva uğrunda döyüş – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Moskva uğrunda döyüş" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88_%D8%A7%DB%87%D8%BA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7_%D8%AF%D8%A4%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B4" title="موسکو اۇغروندا دؤیوش – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="موسکو اۇغروندا دؤیوش" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D1%83" title="Бітва за Маскву – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бітва за Маскву" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Битка при Москва – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Битка при Москва" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_za_Moskvu" title="Bitka za Moskvu – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Bitka za Moskvu" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Moscou" title="Batalla de Moscou – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Batalla de Moscou" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%88%C4%83%D0%BD_%C3%A7%D0%B0%D0%BF%C4%83%C3%A7%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Мускавшăн çапăçни – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Мускавшăн çапăçни" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitva_p%C5%99ed_Moskvou" title="Bitva před Moskvou – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bitva před Moskvou" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_om_Moskva" title="Slaget om Moskva – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Slaget om Moskva" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlacht_um_Moskau" title="Schlacht um Moskau – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schlacht um Moskau" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskva_lahing" title="Moskva lahing – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Moskva lahing" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AC%CF%87%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%9C%CF%8C%CF%83%CF%87%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Μάχη της Μόσχας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μάχη της Μόσχας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Mosc%C3%BA" title="Batalla de Moscú – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Batalla de Moscú" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalo_de_Moskvo" title="Batalo de Moskvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Batalo de Moskvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskuko_gudua" title="Moskuko gudua – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Moskuko gudua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88" title="نبرد مسکو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نبرد مسکو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_de_Moscou" title="Bataille de Moscou – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bataille de Moscou" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slach_om_Moskou" title="Slach om Moskou – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Slach om Moskou" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Moscova" title="Batalla de Moscova – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Batalla de Moscova" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AA%A8%EC%8A%A4%ED%81%AC%EB%B0%94_%EA%B3%B5%EB%B0%A9%EC%A0%84" title="모스크바 공방전 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="모스크바 공방전" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%AF%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%B3%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BF" title="Մոսկվայի ճակատամարտ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մոսկվայի ճակատամարտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_za_Moskvu" title="Bitka za Moskvu – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bitka za Moskvu" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalio_di_Moskva" title="Batalio di Moskva – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Batalio di Moskva" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertempuran_Moskow_(Rusia)" title="Pertempuran Moskow (Rusia) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pertempuran Moskow (Rusia)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battaglia_di_Mosca" title="Battaglia di Mosca – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Battaglia di Mosca" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%91_%D7%A2%D7%9C_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%94" title="הקרב על מוסקבה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הקרב על מוסקבה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D3%99%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%83_%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B9%D2%9B%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Мәскеу шайқасы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мәскеу шайқасы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B3%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%83%D1%83%D1%81%D1%83" title="Москва салгылашуусу – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Москва салгылашуусу" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauja_par_Maskavu" title="Kauja par Maskavu – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kauja par Maskavu" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskvos_m%C5%AB%C5%A1is" title="Maskvos mūšis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Maskvos mūšis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moszkvai_csata" title="Moszkvai csata – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Moszkvai csata" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertempuran_Moscow" title="Pertempuran Moscow – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pertempuran Moscow" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Москвагийн тулалдаан – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Москвагийн тулалдаан" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A2%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AF%E3%81%AE%E6%88%A6%E3%81%84" title="モスクワの戦い – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="モスクワの戦い" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_om_Moskva" title="Slaget om Moskva – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Slaget om Moskva" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_om_Moskva" title="Slaget om Moskva – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Slaget om Moskva" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalha_de_Mosc%C3%B2u" title="Batalha de Moscòu – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Batalha de Moscòu" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskva_jangi" title="Moskva jangi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Moskva jangi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88_%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D9%84%DA%91%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="ماسکو دی لڑائی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ماسکو دی لڑائی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwa_pod_Moskw%C4%85" title="Bitwa pod Moskwą – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bitwa pod Moskwą" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalha_de_Moscovo" title="Batalha de Moscovo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Batalha de Moscovo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%83t%C4%83lia_de_la_Moscova" title="Bătălia de la Moscova – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bătălia de la Moscova" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D1%83" title="Битва за Москву – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Битва за Москву" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow" title="Battle of Moscow – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Battle 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href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%95%DA%95%DB%8C_%D9%85%DB%86%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%86" title="شەڕی مۆسکۆ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شەڕی مۆسکۆ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D1%83" title="Битка за Москву – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Битка за Москву" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_za_Moskvu" title="Bitka za Moskvu – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bitka za Moskvu" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskovan_taistelu" title="Moskovan taistelu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Moskovan taistelu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_om_Moskva" title="Slaget om Moskva – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Slaget om Moskva" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a 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href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D1%83_(1941%E2%80%941942)" title="Битва за Москву (1941—1942) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Битва за Москву (1941—1942)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%81_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88" title="معرکہ ماسکو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="معرکہ ماسکو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataja_de_Mosca" title="Bataja de Mosca – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Bataja de Mosca" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Moscow&params=55_45_N_37_38_E_type:event">55°45′N 37°38′E / 55.750°N 37.633°E / 55.750; 37.633</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">World War II campaign in Russia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the 1941 battle. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Battle of Moscow (disambiguation)">Battle of Moscow (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Operation Typhoon" redirects here. For the 1943 German landing on Leros, see <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leros" title="Battle of Leros">Battle of Leros</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Battle of Moscow</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a> of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/File:RIAN_archive_887721_Defense_of_Moscow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/RIAN_archive_887721_Defense_of_Moscow.jpg/270px-RIAN_archive_887721_Defense_of_Moscow.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/RIAN_archive_887721_Defense_of_Moscow.jpg/405px-RIAN_archive_887721_Defense_of_Moscow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/RIAN_archive_887721_Defense_of_Moscow.jpg/540px-RIAN_archive_887721_Defense_of_Moscow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="718" /></a> Soviet anti-aircraft gunners on the roof of the <a href="/wiki/Four_Seasons_Hotel_Moscow" title="Four Seasons Hotel Moscow">Hotel Moskva</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>2 October 1941 – 7 January 1942 (3 months and 5 days)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Oblast" title="Moscow Oblast">Moscow Oblast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">USSR</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet </a> victory <ul><li>End of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a></li> <li>Beginning of Soviet counterattacks</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a> fails to seize <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Walther_von_Brauchitsch" title="Walther von Brauchitsch">Walther von Brauchitsch</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Franz_Halder" title="Franz Halder">Franz Halder</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Fedor_von_Bock" title="Fedor von Bock">Fedor von Bock</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Heinz_Guderian" title="Heinz Guderian">Heinz Guderian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Walter_Model" title="Walter Model">Walter Model</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_von_Kluge" title="Günther von Kluge">Günther von Kluge</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Georg-Hans_Reinhardt" title="Georg-Hans Reinhardt">G.H. Reinhardt</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Strauss_(general)" title="Adolf Strauss (general)">Adolf Strauss</a></li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Georgy_Zhukov" title="Georgy Zhukov">Georgy Zhukov</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Vasilevsky" title="Aleksandr Vasilevsky">Aleksandr Vasilevsky</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Konev" title="Ivan Konev">Ivan Konev</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Semyon_Timoshenko" title="Semyon Timoshenko">Semyon Timoshenko</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Boris_Shaposhnikov" title="Boris Shaposhnikov">Boris Shaposhnikov</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Rokossovsky" title="Konstantin Rokossovsky">Konstantin Rokossovsky</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Govorov" title="Leonid Govorov">Leonid Govorov</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Semyon_Budyonny" title="Semyon Budyonny">Semyon Budyonny</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Belov" title="Pavel Belov">Pavel Belov</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Lev_Dovator" title="Lev Dovator">Lev Dovator</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Vatutin" title="Nikolai Vatutin">Nikolai Vatutin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Issa_Pliyev" title="Issa Pliyev">Issa Pliyev</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Chuikov" title="Vasily Chuikov">Vasily Chuikov</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Katukov" title="Mikhail Katukov">Mikhail Katukov</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Kuznetsov_(general)" title="Vasily Kuznetsov (general)">Vasily Kuznetsov</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Rotmistrov" title="Pavel Rotmistrov">Pavel Rotmistrov</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Units involved</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_Group_Centre" title="Army Group Centre">Army Group Centre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Panzer_Army" title="2nd Panzer Army">2nd Panzer Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Panzer_Army" title="3rd Panzer Army">3rd Panzer Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_Panzer_Army" title="4th Panzer Army">4th Panzer Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Army_(Wehrmacht)" title="2nd Army (Wehrmacht)">2nd Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_Army_(Wehrmacht)" title="4th Army (Wehrmacht)">4th Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9th_Army_(Wehrmacht)" title="9th Army (Wehrmacht)">9th Army</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(Soviet_Union)" title="Western Front (Soviet Union)">Western Front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/16th_Army_(Soviet_Union)" title="16th Army (Soviet Union)">16th Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19th_Army_(Soviet_Union)" title="19th Army (Soviet Union)">19th Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th_Army_(Soviet_Union)" title="20th Army (Soviet Union)">20th Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/22nd_Army_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="22nd Army (Russia)">22nd Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/29th_Army_(Soviet_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="29th Army (Soviet Union)">29th Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/30th_Army_(Soviet_Union)" title="30th Army (Soviet Union)">30th Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1st_Shock_Army" title="1st Shock Army">1st Shock Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry_mechanized_group" title="Cavalry mechanized group">Cavalry Group</a> "Dovator"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry_mechanized_group" title="Cavalry mechanized group">Cavalry Group</a> "Belov"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_Front" title="Reserve Front">Reserve Front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/24th_Army_(Soviet_Union)" title="24th Army (Soviet Union)">24th Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/31st_Army_(Soviet_Union)" title="31st Army (Soviet Union)">31st Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/32nd_Army_(Soviet_Union)" title="32nd Army (Soviet Union)">32nd Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/43rd_Army_(Soviet_Union)" title="43rd Army (Soviet Union)">43rd Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/49th_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="49th Army">49th Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryansk_Front" title="Bryansk Front">Bryansk Front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operational_Group_Ermakov" title="Operational Group Ermakov">Operational Group Ermakov</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Army_(Soviet_Union)" title="3rd Army (Soviet Union)">3rd Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_Army_(Soviet_Union)" title="13th Army (Soviet Union)">13th Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/50th_Army_(Soviet_Union)" title="50th Army (Soviet Union)">50th Army</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> As of 1 October 1941:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>1,184,000–1,929,406 men<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZetterlingFrankson2012253-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mercatante2012-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stahel2013-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stahel2011-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></li> <li>1,000–2,470 tanks and assault guns<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiedtke2016148-7">[7]</a></li> <li>14,000 guns</li> <li>Initial aircraft: 549 serviceable;<a href="#cite_note-Bergström-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> at time of counter offensive: 599<a href="#cite_note-Bergström_2-11">[11]</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> As of 1 October 1941:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>1,252,591 men<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></li> <li>1,044<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-13">[13]</a>–3,232 tanks</li> <li>7,600 guns</li> <li>Initial aircraft: 936 (545 serviceable);<a href="#cite_note-Bergström-8">[8]</a> at time of counteroffensive: 1,376<a href="#cite_note-Bergström_2-11">[11]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> German strategic offensive: (1 October 1941 to 10 January 1942)<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-top:0.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em"> <ul><li>October: 62,870</li> <li>November: 46,374</li> <li>December: 41,819</li> <li>January: 23,131</li></ul> </div> German estimated: 174,194 KIA, WIA, MIA (see <a href="#Casualties">§7</a>)<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Soviet estimated: 581,000 killed, missing, wounded and captured.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Moscow Defense:<a href="#cite_note-David_M._Glantz_298,_299-16">[16]</a> (30 September 1941 to 5 December 1941)<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-top:0.5em; margin-bottom:0.5em"> <ul><li>514,338 killed or missing</li> <li>143,941 wounded</li></ul> </div> Moscow Offensive:<a href="#cite_note-David_M._Glantz_298,_299-16">[16]</a> (5 December 1941 to 7 January 1942)<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-top:0.5em; margin-bottom:0.5em"> <ul><li>139,586 killed or missing</li> <li>231,369 wounded</li></ul> </div> Total: 1,029,234 (see 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Eastern_Front" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Axis%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Template:Campaignbox Axis–Soviet War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Axis%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Axis–Soviet War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Axis%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Axis–Soviet War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Eastern_Front" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Naval warfare</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea_campaigns_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Baltic Sea campaigns (1939–1945)">Baltic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_campaigns_(1941%E2%80%931944)" title="Black Sea campaigns (1941–1944)">Black Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_naval_operations_of_World_War_II" title="Arctic naval operations of World War II">Arctic Ocean</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1941</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Barbarossa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defense_of_Brest_Fortress" title="Defense of Brest Fortress">Brest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bia%C5%82ystok%E2%80%93Minsk" title="Battle of Białystok–Minsk">Białystok–Minsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_operation" title="Baltic operation">1st Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brody_(1941)" title="Battle of Brody (1941)">Brody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_M%C3%BCnchen" title="Operation München">Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Smolensk_(1941)" title="Battle of Smolensk (1941)">1st Smolensk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Uman" title="Battle of Uman">Uman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Odessa" title="Siege of Odessa">Odessa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1941)" title="Battle of Kiev (1941)">1st Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_evacuation_of_Tallinn" title="Soviet evacuation of Tallinn">Tallinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">Leningrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sea_of_Azov" title="Battle of the Sea of Azov">Sea of Azov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Kharkov" title="First Battle of Kharkov">1st Kharkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_campaign" title="Crimean campaign">1st Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1941–1942)">Sevastopol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rostov_(1941)" title="Battle of Rostov (1941)">Rostov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Gorky</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Moscow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Kerch_Peninsula" title="Battle of the Kerch Peninsula">Kerch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940%E2%80%931944_insurgency_in_Chechnya" title="1940–1944 insurgency in Chechnya">Chechnya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_warfare_during_Operation_Barbarossa" title="Aerial warfare during Operation Barbarossa">Air war 1941</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1942</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lyuban" title="Battle of Lyuban">Lyuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barvenkovo%E2%80%93Lozovaya_offensive" title="Barvenkovo–Lozovaya offensive">Barvenkovo–Lozovaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Rzhev" title="Battles of Rzhev">Rzhev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toropets%E2%80%93Kholm_offensive" title="Toropets–Kholm offensive">Toropets–Kholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demyansk_Pocket" title="Demyansk Pocket">Demyansk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kholm_Pocket" title="Kholm Pocket">Kholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bamberg" title="Operation Bamberg">Bamberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Kharkov" title="Second Battle of Kharkov">2nd Kharkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_Blue" title="Case Blue">Case Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Caucasus" title="Battle of the Caucasus">Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rzhev,_summer_1942" title="Battle of Rzhev, summer 1942">Rzhev–Sychyovka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinyavino_offensive_(1942)" title="Sinyavino offensive (1942)">Sinyavino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Stalingrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Velikiye_Luki" title="Battle of Velikiye Luki">Velikiye Luki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Mars" title="Operation Mars">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Little_Saturn" title="Operation Little Saturn">Little Saturn</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1943</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Iskra" title="Operation Iskra">Iskra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogozhsk%E2%80%93Rossosh_offensive" title="Ostrogozhsk–Rossosh offensive">Ostrogozhsk–Rossosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voronezh%E2%80%93Kharkov_offensive" title="Voronezh–Kharkov offensive">Voronezh–Kharkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Polar_Star" title="Operation Polar Star">Polar Star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Kharkov" title="Third Battle of Kharkov">3rd Kharkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II#June_1943" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Gorky Blitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Kursk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donbas_strategic_offensive_(July_1943)" title="Donbas strategic offensive (July 1943)">1st Donbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgorod%E2%80%93Kharkov_offensive_operation" title="Belgorod–Kharkov offensive operation">Belgorod-Kharkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donbas_strategic_offensive_(August_1943)" title="Donbas strategic offensive (August 1943)">2nd Donbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_operation" title="Smolensk operation">2nd Smolensk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lenino" title="Battle of Lenino">Lenino</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dnieper" title="Battle of the Dnieper">Dnieper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nevel_(1943)" title="Battle of Nevel (1943)">Nevel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1943)" title="Battle of Kiev (1943)">2nd Kiev</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1944</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dnieper%E2%80%93Carpathian_offensive" title="Dnieper–Carpathian offensive">Dnieper–Carpathian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leningrad%E2%80%93Novgorod_offensive" title="Leningrad–Novgorod offensive">Leningrad–Novgorod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1944)" title="Battle of Narva (1944)">Narva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_offensive" title="Crimean offensive">2nd Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive" title="First Jassy–Kishinev offensive">1st Jassy–Kishinev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyborg%E2%80%93Petrozavodsk_offensive" title="Vyborg–Petrozavodsk offensive">Karelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bagration" title="Operation Bagration">Bagration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lvov-Sandomierz_Offensive" title="Lvov-Sandomierz Offensive">Lvov–Sandomierz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Doppelkopf" title="Operation Doppelkopf">Doppelkopf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive" title="Second Jassy–Kishinev offensive">2nd Jassy–Kishinev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dukla_Pass" title="Battle of the Dukla Pass">Dukla Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_offensive" title="Baltic offensive">2nd Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgrade_offensive" title="Belgrade offensive">Belgrade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Debrecen" title="Battle of Debrecen">Debrecen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petsamo%E2%80%93Kirkenes_offensive" title="Petsamo–Kirkenes offensive">Petsamo–Kirkenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courland_Pocket" title="Courland Pocket">Courland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gumbinnen_Operation" title="Gumbinnen Operation">Gumbinnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_offensive" title="Budapest offensive">Budapest</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1945</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Oder_offensive" title="Vistula–Oder offensive">Vistula–Oder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Carpathian_offensive" title="Western Carpathian offensive">Western Carpathian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Prussian_offensive" title="East Prussian offensive">East Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_offensives" title="Silesian offensives">Silesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Breslau" title="Siege of Breslau">Breslau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Solstice" title="Operation Solstice">Solstice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Pomeranian_offensive" title="East Pomeranian offensive">East Pomerania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Spring_Awakening" title="Operation Spring Awakening">Lake Balaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravia%E2%80%93Ostrava_offensive" title="Moravia–Ostrava offensive">Moravia–Ostrava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_offensive" title="Vienna offensive">Vienna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bratislava%E2%80%93Brno_offensive" title="Bratislava–Brno offensive">Bratislava–Brno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin" title="Battle of Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_offensive" title="Prague offensive">Prague</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prague_uprising" title="Prague uprising">Prague uprising</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Operation_Barbarossa" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Barbarossa" title="Template:Campaignbox Barbarossa"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Barbarossa" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Barbarossa"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Barbarossa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Barbarossa"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Operation_Barbarossa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/German_declaration_of_war_on_the_Soviet_Union" title="German declaration of war on the Soviet Union">German declaration of war</a> <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa#Phase_1:_The_Frontier_Battles_(22_June–3_July_1941)" title="Operation Barbarossa">Phase 1</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defense_of_Brest_Fortress" title="Defense of Brest Fortress">Brest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bia%C5%82ystok%E2%80%93Minsk" title="Battle of Białystok–Minsk">Białystok–Minsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_operation" title="Baltic operation">1st Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raseiniai" title="Battle of Raseiniai">Raseiniai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brody_(1941)" title="Battle of Brody (1941)">Brody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_M%C3%BCnchen" title="Operation München">Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mogilev" title="Siege of Mogilev">Mogilev</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa#Phase_2:_Battle_for_Smolensk_(3_July_–_5_August_1941)" title="Operation Barbarossa">Phase 2</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Smolensk_(1941)" title="Battle of Smolensk (1941)">Smolensk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roslavl%E2%80%93Novozybkov_offensive" title="Roslavl–Novozybkov offensive">Roslavl–Novozybkov</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leningrad_strategic_defensive" title="Leningrad strategic defensive">Advance on Leningrad</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa#Phase_3:_Kiev_and_Leningrad_(5_August_–_2_October_1941)" title="Operation Barbarossa">Phase 3</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Uman" title="Battle of Uman">Uman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Odessa_(1941)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Odessa (1941)">Odessa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1941)" title="Battle of Kiev (1941)">1st Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lypovec" title="Battle of Lypovec">Lypovec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_evacuation_of_Tallinn" title="Soviet evacuation of Tallinn">Tallinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Petrikowka" title="Battle of Petrikowka">Petrikowka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yelnya_offensive" title="Yelnya offensive">Yelnya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">Leningrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sea_of_Azov" title="Battle of the Sea of Azov">Sea of Azov</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa#Phase_4:_Battle_for_Moscow_(2_October_–_5_December_1941)" title="Operation Barbarossa">Phase 4</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Kharkov" title="First Battle of Kharkov">1st Kharkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Beowulf" title="Operation Beowulf">Beowulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donbas%E2%80%93Rostov_strategic_defensive_operation" title="Donbas–Rostov strategic defensive operation">Donbas–Rostov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bryansk_(1941)" title="Battle of Bryansk (1941)">Bryansk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_campaign" title="Crimean campaign">1st Crimea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1941–1942)">Sevastopol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikhvin_offensive" title="Tikhvin offensive">Tikhvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rostov_(1941)" title="Battle of Rostov (1941)">1st Rostov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Moscow</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Air_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Air war">Air war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_warfare_during_Operation_Barbarossa" title="Aerial warfare during Operation Barbarossa">Air war 1941</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German-Soviet_air_war_22_June_1941" title="German-Soviet air war 22 June 1941">Air war 22 june 1941</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> The Battle of Moscow was a military campaign that consisted of two periods of strategically significant fighting on a 600 km (370 mi) sector of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, between October 1941 and January 1942. The Soviet defensive effort frustrated <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a>'s attack on <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, the capital and largest city of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. Moscow was one of the primary <a href="/wiki/Strategic_goal_(military)" title="Strategic goal (military)">military</a> and political objectives for <a href="/wiki/Axis_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis forces">Axis forces</a> in their <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">invasion of the Soviet Union</a>. The German Strategic Offensive, named Operation Typhoon, called for two <a href="/wiki/Pincer_movement" title="Pincer movement">pincer offensives</a>, one to the north of Moscow against the <a href="/wiki/Kalinin_Front" title="Kalinin Front">Kalinin Front</a> by the <a href="/wiki/3rd_Panzer_Army" title="3rd Panzer Army">3rd</a> and <a href="/wiki/4th_Panzer_Army" title="4th Panzer Army">4th Panzer Armies</a>, simultaneously severing the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg%E2%80%93Moscow_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Petersburg–Moscow Railway">Moscow–Leningrad railway</a>, and another to the south of <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Oblast" title="Moscow Oblast">Moscow Oblast</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(Soviet_Union)" title="Western Front (Soviet Union)">Western Front</a> south of <a href="/wiki/Tula,_Russia" title="Tula, Russia">Tula</a>, by the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Panzer_Army" title="2nd Panzer Army">2nd Panzer Army</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/4th_Army_(Wehrmacht)" title="4th Army (Wehrmacht)">4th Army</a> advanced directly towards Moscow from the west. Initially, the Soviet forces conducted a <a href="/wiki/Strategic_defence" title="Strategic defence">strategic defence</a> of the Moscow <a href="/wiki/Oblast" title="Oblast">Oblast</a> by constructing three <a href="/wiki/Defence_in_depth" title="Defence in depth">defensive belts</a>, deploying newly raised <a href="/wiki/Military_reserve_force" title="Military reserve force">reserve armies</a>, and bringing troops from the <a href="/wiki/Siberian_Military_District" title="Siberian Military District">Siberian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_Military_District" title="Far Eastern Military District">Far Eastern Military Districts</a>. As the German offensives were halted, a Soviet strategic <a href="/wiki/Counter-offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-offensive">counter-offensive</a> and smaller-scale offensive operations forced the German armies back to the positions around the cities of <a href="/wiki/Oryol" title="Oryol">Oryol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vyazma" title="Vyazma">Vyazma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vitebsk" title="Vitebsk">Vitebsk</a>, and nearly surrounded three German armies. It was a major setback for the Germans, and the end of their belief in a swift German victory over the USSR.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> As a result of the failed offensive, Field Marshal <a href="/wiki/Walther_von_Brauchitsch" title="Walther von Brauchitsch">Walther von Brauchitsch</a> was dismissed as supreme commander of the <a href="/wiki/German_Army_(1935%E2%80%931945)" title="German Army (1935–1945)">German Army</a>, with Hitler replacing him in the position. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Moscow&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a>, the German invasion plan, called for the capture of Moscow within four months. On 22 June 1941, Axis forces invaded the Soviet Union, destroyed most of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Air Force">Soviet Air Force</a> (VVS) on the ground, and advanced deep into Soviet territory using <a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">blitzkrieg</a> tactics to destroy entire Soviet armies. The German <a href="/wiki/Army_Group_North" title="Army Group North">Army Group North</a> moved towards <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Leningrad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Army_Group_South" title="Army Group South">Army Group South</a> took control of <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukraine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Army_Group_Centre" title="Army Group Centre">Army Group Centre</a> advanced towards Moscow. By July 1941, Army Group Centre crossed the <a href="/wiki/Dnieper_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Dnieper River">Dnieper River</a>, on the path to Moscow.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBellamy2007243-18">[18]</a> On 16 July 1941, German forces <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Smolensk_(1941)" title="Battle of Smolensk (1941)">captured Smolensk</a>, an important stronghold on the road to Moscow.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBellamy2007240-19">[19]</a> At this stage, although Moscow was vulnerable, an offensive against the city would have exposed the German flanks. In part to address these risks, and to attempt to secure Ukraine's food and mineral resources, Hitler ordered the attack to turn north and south to eliminate Soviet forces at <a href="/wiki/Leningrad" class="mw-redirect" title="Leningrad">Leningrad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kiev" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiev">Kiev</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wilt-20">[20]</a> This delayed the German advance on Moscow.<a href="#cite_note-Wilt-20">[20]</a> When that advance resumed on 30 September 1941, German forces had been weakened, while the Soviets had raised new forces for the defence of the city.<a href="#cite_note-Wilt-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Initial_German_advance_(30_September_–_10_October)">Initial German advance (30 September – 10 October)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Moscow&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Initial German advance (30 September – 10 October)">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plans">Plans</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Moscow&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Plans">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow_order_of_battle" title="Battle of Moscow order of battle">Battle of Moscow order of battle</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Axis_invasion_of_Soviet_Union,_June-December_1941_with_surrounded_Soviet_Armies.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Axis_invasion_of_Soviet_Union%2C_June-December_1941_with_surrounded_Soviet_Armies.svg/300px-Axis_invasion_of_Soviet_Union%2C_June-December_1941_with_surrounded_Soviet_Armies.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Axis_invasion_of_Soviet_Union%2C_June-December_1941_with_surrounded_Soviet_Armies.svg/450px-Axis_invasion_of_Soviet_Union%2C_June-December_1941_with_surrounded_Soviet_Armies.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Axis_invasion_of_Soviet_Union%2C_June-December_1941_with_surrounded_Soviet_Armies.svg/600px-Axis_invasion_of_Soviet_Union%2C_June-December_1941_with_surrounded_Soviet_Armies.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3591" data-file-height="2751" /></a><figcaption>The eastern front at the time of the Battle of Moscow: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Initial Wehrmacht advance – to 9 July 1941</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Subsequent advances – to 1 September 1941</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Encirclement and battle of Kiev to 9 September 1941</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Final Wehrmacht advance – to 5 December 1941</div></figcaption></figure> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> For Hitler, the Soviet capital was secondary, and he believed the only way to bring the Soviet Union to its knees was to defeat it economically. He felt this could be accomplished by seizing the economic resources of Ukraine east of Kiev.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlitton1994-21">[21]</a> When <a href="/wiki/Walther_von_Brauchitsch" title="Walther von Brauchitsch">Walther von Brauchitsch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander-in-Chief">Commander-in-Chief</a> of the Army, supported a direct thrust to Moscow, he was told that "only <a href="/wiki/Ossification" title="Ossification">ossified</a> brains could think of such an idea".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlitton1994-21">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/Franz_Halder" title="Franz Halder">Franz Halder</a>, head of the <a href="/wiki/German_General_Staff" title="German General Staff">Army General Staff</a>, was also convinced that a drive to seize Moscow would be victorious after the German Army inflicted enough damage on the Soviet forces.<a href="#cite_note-:1-22">[22]</a> This view was shared by most within the German high command.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlitton1994-21">[21]</a> But Hitler overruled his generals in favor of pocketing the Soviet forces around Kiev in the south, followed by the seizure of Ukraine. The move was successful, resulting in the loss of nearly 700,000 Red Army personnel killed, captured, or wounded by 26 September, and further advances by Axis forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantzHouse1995293-23">[23]</a> With the end of summer, Hitler redirected his attention to Moscow and assigned Army Group Centre to this task. The forces committed to Operation Typhoon included three infantry armies (the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Army_(Wehrmacht)" title="2nd Army (Wehrmacht)">2nd</a>, <a href="/wiki/4th_Army_(Wehrmacht)" title="4th Army (Wehrmacht)">4th</a>, and <a href="/wiki/9th_Army_(Wehrmacht)" title="9th Army (Wehrmacht)">9th</a>)<a href="#cite_note-:0-24">[24]</a> supported by three Panzer (tank) Groups (the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Panzer_Army" title="2nd Panzer Army">2nd</a>, <a href="/wiki/3rd_Panzer_Army" title="3rd Panzer Army">3rd</a> and <a href="/wiki/4th_Panzer_Army" title="4th Panzer Army">4th</a>) and by the <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Luftflotte_2" title="Luftflotte 2">Luftflotte 2</a>. Up to two million German troops were committed to the operation, along with 1,000–2,470 tanks and assault guns and 14,000 guns. German aerial strength, however, had been severely reduced over the summer's campaign; the Luftwaffe had lost 1,603 aircraft and 1,028 had been damaged. Luftflotte 2 had only 549 serviceable machines, including 158 medium and dive-bombers and 172 fighters, available for Operation Typhoon.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> The attack relied on standard blitzkrieg tactics, using Panzer groups rushing deep into Soviet formations and executing double-pincer movements, pocketing Red Army divisions and destroying them.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Facing the <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a> were three Soviet fronts forming a defensive line based on the cities of <a href="/wiki/Vyazma" title="Vyazma">Vyazma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bryansk" title="Bryansk">Bryansk</a>, which barred the way to Moscow. The armies comprising these fronts had also been involved in heavy fighting. Still, it was a formidable concentration consisting of 1,250,000 men, 1,000 tanks and 7,600 guns. The Soviet Air Force had suffered appalling losses of some 7,500 to 21,200 aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-Hardesty61-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Extraordinary industrial achievements had begun to replace these, and at the outset of Typhoon the VVS could muster 936 aircraft, 578 of which were bombers.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Once Soviet resistance along the Vyazma-Bryansk front was eliminated, German forces were to press east, encircling Moscow by outflanking it from the north and south. Continuous fighting had reduced their effectiveness, and logistical difficulties became more acute. General <a href="/wiki/Heinz_Guderian" title="Heinz Guderian">Heinz Guderian</a>, commander of the 2nd Panzer Army, wrote that some of his destroyed tanks had not been replaced, and there were fuel shortages at the start of the operation.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battles_of_Vyazma_and_Bryansk">Battles of Vyazma and Bryansk</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Moscow&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Battles of Vyazma and Bryansk">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bryansk_(1941)" title="Battle of Bryansk (1941)">Battle of Bryansk (1941)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Operation_Typhoon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Map_Operation_Typhoon.jpg/290px-Map_Operation_Typhoon.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Map_Operation_Typhoon.jpg/435px-Map_Operation_Typhoon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Map_Operation_Typhoon.jpg/580px-Map_Operation_Typhoon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1256" data-file-height="956" /></a><figcaption>German offensives during Operation Typhoon</figcaption></figure> The German attack went according to plan, with 4th Panzer Group pushing through the middle nearly unopposed and then dividing its mobile forces north to complete the encirclement of Vyazma with 3rd Panzer Group, and other units south to close the ring around Bryansk in conjunction with 2nd Panzer Group. The Soviet defenses, still under construction, were overrun, and spearheads of the 3rd and 4th Panzer Groups met at Vyazma on 10 October 1941.<a href="#cite_note-Clark-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-GlantzVAB-32">[32]</a> Four Soviet armies (the <a href="/wiki/16th_Army_(Soviet_Union)" title="16th Army (Soviet Union)">16th</a>, <a href="/wiki/19th_Army_(Soviet_Union)" title="19th Army (Soviet Union)">19th</a>, <a href="/wiki/20th_Army_(Soviet_Union)" title="20th Army (Soviet Union)">20th</a>, <a href="/wiki/24th_Army_(Soviet_Union)" title="24th Army (Soviet Union)">24th</a> and part of the <a href="/wiki/32nd_Army_(Soviet_Union)" title="32nd Army (Soviet Union)">32nd</a>) were encircled in a large pocket just west of the city.<a href="#cite_note-Vasilevsky139-33">[33]</a> The encircled Soviet forces continued to fight, and the Wehrmacht had to employ 28 divisions to eliminate them, using troops which could have supported the offensive towards Moscow. The remnants of the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(Soviet_Union)" title="Western Front (Soviet Union)">Western</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reserve_Front" title="Reserve Front">Reserve Fronts</a> retreated and manned new defensive lines around Mozhaisk.<a href="#cite_note-Vasilevsky139-33">[33]</a> Although losses were high, some of the encircled units escaped in small groups, ranging in size from platoons to full rifle divisions.<a href="#cite_note-GlantzVAB-32">[32]</a> Soviet resistance near Vyazma also provided time for the Soviet high command to reinforce the four armies defending Moscow (the <a href="/wiki/5th_Red_Banner_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="5th Red Banner Army">5th</a>, 16th, <a href="/wiki/43rd_Army_(Soviet_Union)" title="43rd Army (Soviet Union)">43rd</a> and <a href="/wiki/49th_Army_(Soviet_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="49th Army (Soviet Union)">49th</a> Armies). Three rifle and two tank divisions were transferred from East Siberia with more to follow.<a href="#cite_note-Vasilevsky139-33">[33]</a> The weather began to change, hampering both sides. On 7 October, the first snow fell and quickly melted, turning roads and open areas into muddy quagmires, a phenomenon known as <a href="/wiki/Rasputitsa" title="Rasputitsa">rasputitsa</a> in Russia. German armored groups were greatly slowed, allowing Soviet forces to fall back and regroup.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Soviet forces were able to counterattack in some cases. For example, on 6 October the <a href="/wiki/4th_Panzer_Division" title="4th Panzer Division">4th Panzer Division</a> fell into an ambush set by <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Leliushenko" class="mw-redirect" title="Dmitri Leliushenko">Dmitri Leliushenko</a>'s hastily formed <a href="/wiki/1st_Guards_Special_Rifle_Corps" title="1st Guards Special Rifle Corps">1st Guards Special Rifle Corps</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Katukov" title="Mikhail Katukov">Mikhail Katukov</a>'s 4th Tank Brigade, near the city of <a href="/wiki/Mtsensk" title="Mtsensk">Mtsensk</a>. Newly built <a href="/wiki/T-34" title="T-34">T-34</a> tanks were concealed in the woods as German armor rolled past them; as a <a href="/wiki/Scratch_team" title="Scratch team">scratch team</a> of Soviet infantry contained their advance, Soviet armor attacked from both flanks and savaged the German <a href="/wiki/Panzer_IV" title="Panzer IV">Panzer IV</a> tanks. For the Wehrmacht, the shock of this defeat was so great that a special investigation was ordered.<a href="#cite_note-GlantzVAB-32">[32]</a> Guderian and his troops discovered, to their dismay, that the Soviet T-34s were almost impervious to German tank guns. As the general wrote, "Our Panzer IV tanks with their short 75 mm guns could only explode a T-34 by hitting the engine from behind". Guderian also noted in his memoirs that "the Russians already learned a few things".<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> In 2012, Niklas Zetterling disputed the notion of a major German reversal at Mtsensk, noting that only a battlegroup from the 4th Panzer Division was engaged while most of the division was fighting elsewhere, that both sides withdrew from the battlefield after the fighting and that the Germans lost only nine tanks; six completely destroyed, and three damaged. For German commanders like <a href="/wiki/Erich_Hoepner" title="Erich Hoepner">Hoepner</a> and Bock, the action was inconsequential; their primary worry was resistance from within the pocket, not outside it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZetterlingFrankson2012100-38">[38]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wojska_niemieckie_na_froncie_moskiewskim_(2-882).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Wojska_niemieckie_na_froncie_moskiewskim_%282-882%29.jpg/220px-Wojska_niemieckie_na_froncie_moskiewskim_%282-882%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Wojska_niemieckie_na_froncie_moskiewskim_%282-882%29.jpg/330px-Wojska_niemieckie_na_froncie_moskiewskim_%282-882%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Wojska_niemieckie_na_froncie_moskiewskim_%282-882%29.jpg/440px-Wojska_niemieckie_na_froncie_moskiewskim_%282-882%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="2227" /></a><figcaption>German armored column advances on the Moscow front, October 1941.</figcaption></figure> Other counterattacks further slowed the German offensive. The 2nd Army, which was operating to the north of Guderian's forces with the aim of encircling the Bryansk Front, had come under strong Red Army pressure assisted by air support.<a href="#cite_note-Bergström_3-39">[39]</a> According to German assessments of the initial Soviet defeat, 673,000 soldiers had been captured by the Wehrmacht in both the Vyazma and Bryansk pockets,<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> although recent research suggests a lower—but still enormous—figure of 514,000 prisoners, reducing Soviet strength by 41%.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Personnel losses of 499,001 (permanent as well as temporary) were calculated by the Soviet command.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> On 9 October, <a href="/wiki/Otto_Dietrich" title="Otto Dietrich">Otto Dietrich</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Enlightenment_and_Propaganda" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda">German Ministry of Propaganda</a>, quoting Hitler himself, forecast in a press conference the imminent destruction of the armies defending Moscow. As Hitler had never had to lie about a specific and verifiable military fact, Dietrich convinced foreign correspondents that the collapse of all Soviet resistance was perhaps hours away. German civilian morale—low since the start of Barbarossa—significantly improved, with rumors of soldiers home by Christmas and great riches from the future <a href="/wiki/Lebensraum" title="Lebensraum">Lebensraum</a> in the east.<a href="#cite_note-smith1942-43">[43]</a> However, Red Army resistance had slowed the Wehrmacht. When the Germans arrived within sight of the Mozhaisk line west of Moscow on 10 October, they encountered another defensive barrier manned by new Soviet forces. That same day, Georgy Zhukov, who had been recalled from the <a href="/wiki/Leningrad_Front" title="Leningrad Front">Leningrad Front</a> on 6 October, took charge of Moscow's defense and the combined Western and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Reserve_Front" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Reserve Front">Reserve Fronts</a>, with Colonel General <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Konev" title="Ivan Konev">Ivan Konev</a> as his deputy.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-GeorgyZhukov-45">[45]</a> On 12 October, Zhukov ordered the concentration of all available forces on a strengthened Mozhaisk line, a move supported by General Vasilevsky of the General Staff.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> The Luftwaffe still controlled the sky wherever it appeared, and Stuka and bomber groups flew 537 sorties, destroying some 440 vehicles and 150 artillery pieces.<a href="#cite_note-Plocher_1968_231-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> On 15 October, Stalin ordered the evacuation of the Communist Party, the General Staff and various civil government offices from Moscow to Kuibyshev (now <a href="/wiki/Samara,_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Samara, Russia">Samara</a>), leaving only a limited number of officials behind. The evacuation caused panic among Muscovites. On 16–17 October, much of the civilian population tried to flee, mobbing the available trains and jamming the roads from the city. Despite all this, Stalin publicly remained in the Soviet capital, somewhat calming the fear and pandemonium.<a href="#cite_note-GlantzVAB-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mozhaisk_defense_line_(13–30_October)">Mozhaisk defense line (13–30 October)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Moscow&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Mozhaisk defense line (13–30 October)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Moscow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Battle_of_Moscow.jpg/220px-Battle_of_Moscow.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Battle_of_Moscow.jpg/330px-Battle_of_Moscow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Battle_of_Moscow.jpg/440px-Battle_of_Moscow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1393" data-file-height="971" /></a><figcaption>Moscow women dig <a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_trench" title="Anti-tank trench">anti-tank trenches</a> around their city in 1941.</figcaption></figure> By 13 October 1941, the Wehrmacht had reached the Mozhaisk <a href="/wiki/Defense_line" title="Defense line">defense line</a>, a hastily constructed set of four lines of fortifications<a href="#cite_note-:0-24">[24]</a> protecting Moscow's western approaches which extended from <a href="/wiki/Kalinin_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalinin (city)">Kalinin</a> towards <a href="/wiki/Volokolamsk" title="Volokolamsk">Volokolamsk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kaluga" title="Kaluga">Kaluga</a>. Despite recent reinforcements, only around 90,000 Soviet soldiers manned this line—far too few to stem the German advance.<a href="#cite_note-Jukes32-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Given the limited resources available, Zhukov decided to concentrate his forces at four critical points: the 16th Army under Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Rokossovsky" title="Konstantin Rokossovsky">Konstantin Rokossovsky</a> guarded Volokolamsk, <a href="/wiki/Mozhaisk" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozhaisk">Mozhaisk</a> was defended by <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Army_(Soviet_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth Army (Soviet Union)">5th Army</a> under Major General <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Govorov" title="Leonid Govorov">Leonid Govorov</a>, the 43rd Army of Major General <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Golubev" title="Konstantin Golubev">Konstantin Golubev</a> defended <a href="/wiki/Maloyaroslavets" title="Maloyaroslavets">Maloyaroslavets</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/49th_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="49th Army">49th Army</a> under Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Zakharkin" title="Ivan Zakharkin">Ivan Zakharkin</a> protected Kaluga.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> The entire <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Western_Front" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Western Front">Soviet Western Front</a>—nearly destroyed after its encirclement near Vyazma—was being recreated almost from scratch.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Moscow itself was also hastily fortified. According to Zhukov, 250,000 women and teenagers worked building trenches and anti-tank moats around Moscow, moving almost three million cubic meters of earth with no mechanical help. Moscow's factories were hastily converted to military tasks: one automobile factory was turned into a <a href="/wiki/Submachine_gun" title="Submachine gun">submachine gun</a> armory, a clock factory manufactured <a href="/wiki/Land_mine" title="Land mine">mine</a> detonators, the chocolate factory shifted to food production for the front, and automobile repair stations worked fixing damaged tanks and military vehicles.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Despite these preparations, the capital was within striking distance of German tanks, with the Luftwaffe mounting large-scale air raids on the city. The air raids caused only limited damage because of extensive <a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_defense" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-aircraft defense">anti-aircraft defenses</a> and effective civilian fire brigades.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RIAN_archive_604273_Barricades_on_city_streets.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/RIAN_archive_604273_Barricades_on_city_streets.jpg/220px-RIAN_archive_604273_Barricades_on_city_streets.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/RIAN_archive_604273_Barricades_on_city_streets.jpg/330px-RIAN_archive_604273_Barricades_on_city_streets.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/RIAN_archive_604273_Barricades_on_city_streets.jpg/440px-RIAN_archive_604273_Barricades_on_city_streets.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="701" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Czech_hedgehog" title="Czech hedgehog">Anti-tank obstacles</a> in a Moscow street, October 1941</figcaption></figure> On 13 October 1941 (15 October, according to other sources),[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words">which?</a>] the Wehrmacht resumed its offensive. At first, the German forces attempted to bypass Soviet defenses by pushing northeast towards the weakly protected city of Kalinin and south towards Kaluga and <a href="/wiki/Tula,_Russia" title="Tula, Russia">Tula</a>, capturing all except Tula by 14 October. Encouraged by these initial successes, the Germans launched a frontal assault against the fortified line, taking Mozhaisk and Maloyaroslavets on 18 October, <a href="/wiki/Naro-Fominsk" title="Naro-Fominsk">Naro-Fominsk</a> on 21 October, and Volokolamsk on 27 October after intense fighting. Because of the increasing danger of flanking attacks, Zhukov was forced to fall back,<a href="#cite_note-GlantzVAB-32">[32]</a> withdrawing his forces east of the <a href="/wiki/Nara_(Oka)" title="Nara (Oka)">Nara river</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> In the south, the Second Panzer Army initially advanced towards Tula with relative ease because the Mozhaisk defense line did not extend that far south and no significant concentrations of Soviet troops blocked their advance. However, bad weather, fuel problems, and damaged roads and bridges eventually slowed the German army, and Guderian did not reach the outskirts of Tula until 26 October.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> The German plan initially called for the rapid capture of Tula, followed by a pincer move around Moscow. The first attack, however, was repelled by the 50th Army and civilian volunteers on 29 October, after a fight within sight of the city. This was followed by the counter-offensive by the <a href="/wiki/1st_Guards_Cavalry_Corps" title="1st Guards Cavalry Corps">1st Guards Cavalry Corps</a> whose flanks were secured by the <a href="/wiki/10th_Army_(Soviet_Union)" title="10th Army (Soviet Union)">10th Army</a>, 49th Army and <a href="/wiki/50th_Army_(Soviet_Union)" title="50th Army (Soviet Union)">50th Army</a> who attacked from Tula.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> On 31 October, the <a href="/wiki/Oberkommando_des_Heeres" title="Oberkommando des Heeres">German Army high command</a> ordered a halt to all offensive operations until increasingly severe logistical problems were resolved and the rasputitsa subsided.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wehrmacht_advance_towards_Moscow_(1_November_–_5_December)">Wehrmacht advance towards Moscow (1 November – 5 December)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Moscow&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Wehrmacht advance towards Moscow (1 November – 5 December)">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wearing_down">Wearing down</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Moscow&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Wearing down">edit</a>]</div> By late October, the German forces were worn out, with only a third of their motor vehicles still functioning, infantry divisions at third- to half-strength, and serious logistics issues preventing the delivery of <a href="/wiki/Winter_clothing" title="Winter clothing">warm clothing</a> and other winter equipment to the front. Even Hitler seemed to surrender to the idea of a long struggle, since the prospect of sending tanks into such a large city without heavy infantry support seemed risky after the costly <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Warsaw_(1939)" title="Siege of Warsaw (1939)">capture of Warsaw</a> in 1939.<a href="#cite_note-GlantzTTG-58">[58]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yuon_RedSquare_Parade_1941.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3d/Yuon_RedSquare_Parade_1941.jpg/220px-Yuon_RedSquare_Parade_1941.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3d/Yuon_RedSquare_Parade_1941.jpg/330px-Yuon_RedSquare_Parade_1941.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/3d/Yuon_RedSquare_Parade_1941.jpg 2x" data-file-width="363" data-file-height="275" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/1941_October_Revolution_Parade" title="1941 October Revolution Parade">Parade</a> by Soviet troops on <a href="/wiki/Red_Square" title="Red Square">Red Square</a>, Friday, 7 November 1941, depicted in 1949 painting by <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Yuon" title="Konstantin Yuon">Konstantin Yuon</a> vividly demonstrating the symbolic significance of the event<a href="#cite_note-GeorgyZhukov-45">[45]</a>: 31 </figcaption></figure> To stiffen the resolve of the Red Army and boost civilian morale, Stalin ordered the <a href="/wiki/1941_October_Revolution_Parade" title="1941 October Revolution Parade">traditional military parade</a> on 7 November (<a href="/wiki/October_Revolution_Day" title="October Revolution Day">Revolution Day</a>) to be staged in <a href="/wiki/Red_Square" title="Red Square">Red Square</a>. Soviet troops paraded past the Kremlin and then marched directly to the front. The parade carried a great symbolic significance by demonstrating the continued Soviet resolve, and was frequently invoked as such in the years to come. Despite this brave show, the Red Army's position remained precarious. Although 100,000 additional Soviet soldiers had reinforced <a href="/wiki/Klin,_Klinsky_District,_Moscow_Oblast" title="Klin, Klinsky District, Moscow Oblast">Klin</a> and Tula, where renewed German offensives were expected, Soviet defenses remained relatively thin. Nevertheless, Stalin ordered several preemptive <a href="/wiki/Counter-offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-offensive">counteroffensives</a> against German lines. These were launched despite protests from Zhukov, who pointed out the complete lack of reserves.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> The Wehrmacht repelled most of these counteroffensives, which squandered Soviet forces that could have been used for Moscow's defense. The only notable success of the offensive occurred west of Moscow near <a href="/wiki/Aleksino" title="Aleksino">Aleksino</a>, where Soviet tanks inflicted heavy losses on the 4th Army because the Germans still lacked anti-tank weapons capable of damaging the new, well-armoured T-34 tanks.<a href="#cite_note-GlantzTTG-58">[58]</a> From 31 October to 13–15 November, the <a href="/wiki/Oberkommando_der_Wehrmacht" title="Oberkommando der Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht high command</a> stood down while preparing to launch a second offensive towards Moscow. Although Army Group Centre still possessed considerable nominal strength, its fighting capabilities had been vitiated by wear and fatigue. While the Germans were aware of the continuous influx of Soviet reinforcements from the east as well as the presence of large reserves, given the tremendous Soviet casualties, they did not expect the Soviets to be able to mount a determined defense.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> But in comparison to the situation in October, Soviet rifle divisions occupied a much stronger defensive position: a triple defensive ring surrounding the city and some remnants of the Mozhaisk line near Klin. Most of the Soviet field armies now had a multilayered defense, with at least two rifle divisions in second echelon positions. Artillery support and <a href="/wiki/Sapper" title="Sapper">sapper</a> teams were also concentrated along major roads that German troops were expected to use in their attacks. There were also many Soviet troops still available in reserve armies behind the front. Finally, Soviet troops—and especially officers—were now more experienced and better prepared for the offensive.<a href="#cite_note-GlantzTTG-58">[58]</a> By 15 November 1941, the ground had finally frozen, solving the mud problem. The armored Wehrmacht spearheads, consisting of 51 divisions, could now advance, with the goal of encircling Moscow and linking up near the city of <a href="/wiki/Noginsk" title="Noginsk">Noginsk</a>, east of the capital. To achieve this objective, the German Third and Fourth Panzer Groups needed to concentrate their forces between the <a href="/wiki/Ivankovo_Reservoir" title="Ivankovo Reservoir">Volga Reservoir</a> and Mozhaysk, then proceed past the Soviet 30th Army to Klin and <a href="/wiki/Solnechnogorsk" title="Solnechnogorsk">Solnechnogorsk</a>, encircling the capital from the north. In the south, the Second Panzer Army intended to bypass Tula, still held by the Red Army, and advance to <a href="/wiki/Kashira" title="Kashira">Kashira</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kolomna" title="Kolomna">Kolomna</a>, linking up with the northern pincer at Noginsk. The German 4th Field Army in the centre were to "pin down the troops of the Western Front."<a href="#cite_note-GeorgyZhukov-45">[45]</a>: 33, 42–43  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Failed_pincer">Failed pincer</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Moscow&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Failed pincer">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2008-0317,_Russland,_Bergung_eines_Verwundeten.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2008-0317%2C_Russland%2C_Bergung_eines_Verwundeten.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2008-0317%2C_Russland%2C_Bergung_eines_Verwundeten.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2008-0317%2C_Russland%2C_Bergung_eines_Verwundeten.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2008-0317%2C_Russland%2C_Bergung_eines_Verwundeten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2008-0317%2C_Russland%2C_Bergung_eines_Verwundeten.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2008-0317%2C_Russland%2C_Bergung_eines_Verwundeten.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="509" /></a><figcaption>German soldiers tend to a wounded comrade near Moscow, November–December 1941.</figcaption></figure> On 15 November 1941, German tank armies began their offensive towards Klin, where no Soviet reserves were available because of Stalin's wish to attempt a counteroffensive at Volokolamsk, which had forced the relocation of all available reserve forces further south. Initial German attacks split the front in two, separating the 16th Army from the 30th.<a href="#cite_note-GlantzTTG-58">[58]</a> Several days of intense combat followed. <a href="/wiki/Zhukov" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhukov">Zhukov</a> recalled in his memoirs that "The enemy, ignoring the casualties, was making frontal assaults, willing to get to Moscow by any means necessary".<a href="#cite_note-Zhukov28-61">[61]</a> Despite the Wehrmacht's efforts, the multi-layered defense reduced Soviet casualties as the Soviet 16th Army slowly retreated and constantly harassed the German divisions which were trying to make their way through the fortifications.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Third Panzer Army captured Klin after heavy fighting on 23 November, Solnechnogorsk as well by 24 November and <a href="/wiki/Istra,_Istrinsky_District,_Moscow_Oblast" title="Istra, Istrinsky District, Moscow Oblast">Istra</a>, by 24/25 November. Soviet resistance was still strong, and the outcome of the battle was by no means certain. Reportedly, Stalin asked Zhukov whether Moscow could be successfully defended and ordered him to "speak honestly, like a communist". Zhukov replied that it was possible, but reserves were urgently needed.<a href="#cite_note-Zhukov28-61">[61]</a> By 27 November, the German 7th Panzer Division had seized a bridgehead across the <a href="/wiki/Moscow-Volga_Canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow-Volga Canal">Moscow-Volga Canal</a>—the last major obstacle before Moscow—and stood less than 35 km (22 mi) from the Kremlin;<a href="#cite_note-GlantzTTG-58">[58]</a> but a powerful counterattack by the <a href="/wiki/1st_Shock_Army" title="1st Shock Army">1st Shock Army</a> drove them back.<a href="#cite_note-Zhukov30-62">[62]</a> Just northwest of Moscow, the Wehrmacht reached <a href="/wiki/Lobnya" title="Lobnya">Krasnaya Polyana</a>, little more than 29 km (18 mi) from the Kremlin in central Moscow;<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> German officers were able to make out some of the major buildings of the Soviet capital through their field glasses. Both Soviet and German forces were severely depleted, sometimes having only 150–200 riflemen—a <a href="/wiki/Company_(military_unit)" title="Company (military unit)">company</a>'s full strength—left in a <a href="/wiki/Regiment" title="Regiment">regiment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GlantzTTG-58">[58]</a> In the south, near Tula, combat resumed on 18 November 1941, with the Second Panzer Army trying to encircle the city.<a href="#cite_note-GlantzTTG-58">[58]</a> The German forces involved were extremely battered from previous fighting and still had no winter clothing. As a result, initial German progress was only 5–10 km (3.1–6.2 mi) per day.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Moreover, it exposed the German tank armies to flanking attacks from the Soviet 49th and 50th Armies, located near Tula, further slowing the advance. Guderian nevertheless was able to pursue the offensive, spreading his forces in a star-like attack, taking <a href="/wiki/Stalinogorsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalinogorsk">Stalinogorsk</a> on 22 November 1941 and surrounding a Soviet rifle division stationed there. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wojska_niemieckie_na_froncie_moskiewskim_(2-878).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Wojska_niemieckie_na_froncie_moskiewskim_%282-878%29.jpg/220px-Wojska_niemieckie_na_froncie_moskiewskim_%282-878%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Wojska_niemieckie_na_froncie_moskiewskim_%282-878%29.jpg/330px-Wojska_niemieckie_na_froncie_moskiewskim_%282-878%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Wojska_niemieckie_na_froncie_moskiewskim_%282-878%29.jpg/440px-Wojska_niemieckie_na_froncie_moskiewskim_%282-878%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="2474" /></a><figcaption>German mechanized forces move through a hamlet towards Moscow, December 1941.</figcaption></figure> On 26 November 1941, the German 2nd Panzer Army under Guderian began advancing towards Kashira, which was a strategic stronghold that lay 120 kilometres southwest of Moscow and 80 kilometres northeast of Tula. Kashira was of paramount importance, considering that it was the headquarters of the Soviet Western Front, one of the three main groups of resistance against the Nazi storm. The Germans were capable of seizing <a href="/wiki/Venyov" title="Venyov">Venev</a> and pushing towards storming formidably towards Kashira. Should Kashira fall, the road to <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> would be open for the 2nd Panzer Group. In an attempt to halt the onslaught of the 2nd Panzer Group, the <a href="/wiki/Stavka_of_the_Supreme_High_Command" title="Stavka of the Supreme High Command">STAVKA High Command</a> hurled Major General Pavel Belov's 1st Guards Cavalry Corps, General Andrei Getman's 112th Tank Division, an armoured brigade and a battalion of BM-13 <a href="/wiki/Katyusha_rocket_launcher" title="Katyusha rocket launcher">Katyusha rocket launchers</a> along with support from the air force against the Wehrmacht. The cavalrymen of the 1st Guards Cavalry Corps, which was primarily armed with the <a href="/wiki/SVT-40" title="SVT-40">SVT-40</a> semi-automatic battle rifle and Cossack <a href="/wiki/Shashka" title="Shashka">shashkas</a>, as well as the mechanized troops possessing <a href="/wiki/T-34" title="T-34">T-34</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kliment_Voroshilov_tank" title="Kliment Voroshilov tank">KV-1 tanks</a>, battled relentlessly against Heinz Guderian's 2nd Panzer Group. After much vicious fighting, the 1st Guards Cavalry Corps was able to repel the armoured forces of Guderian and subsequently drove them back by 40 kilometres to the town of Mordves.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> The Germans were driven back in early December, securing the southern approach to the city.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Tula itself held, protected by fortifications and determined defenders mostly from the 50th Army, made of both soldiers and civilians. In the south, the Wehrmacht never got close to the capital. The first stroke of the Western-Front's counter-offensive on the outskirts of Moscow fell upon Guderian's 2nd Panzer Army. Because of the resistance on both the northern and southern sides of Moscow, on 1 December the Wehrmacht attempted a direct offensive from the west along the Minsk-Moscow highway near the city of Naro-Fominsk. This offensive had limited tank support and was directed against extensive Soviet defenses. After meeting determined resistance from the Soviet <a href="/wiki/1st_Guards_Motor_Rifle_Division" title="1st Guards Motor Rifle Division">1st Guards Motorized Rifle Division</a> and flank counterattacks staged by the <a href="/wiki/33rd_Army_(Soviet_Union)" title="33rd Army (Soviet Union)">33rd Army</a>, the German offensive stalled and was driven back four days later in the ensuing Soviet counteroffensive.<a href="#cite_note-GlantzTTG-58">[58]</a> On the same day, the French-manned <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_French_Volunteers_Against_Bolshevism" title="Legion of French Volunteers Against Bolshevism">638th Infantry Regiment</a>, the only foreign formation of the Wehrmacht that took part in the advance on Moscow, went into action near the village of Diutkovo.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> On 2 December, a reconnaissance battalion came to the town of <a href="/wiki/Khimki#History" title="Khimki">Khimki</a>—some 30 km (19 mi) away from the Kremlin in central Moscow reaching its bridge over the Moscow-Volga Canal as well as its railway station. This marked the closest approach of German forces to Moscow.<a href="#cite_note-comm-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-argyle-69">[69]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moscow_Strikes_Back_-_ski_soldiers_march_to_battle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Moscow_Strikes_Back_-_ski_soldiers_march_to_battle.jpg/220px-Moscow_Strikes_Back_-_ski_soldiers_march_to_battle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Moscow_Strikes_Back_-_ski_soldiers_march_to_battle.jpg/330px-Moscow_Strikes_Back_-_ski_soldiers_march_to_battle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Moscow_Strikes_Back_-_ski_soldiers_march_to_battle.jpg/440px-Moscow_Strikes_Back_-_ski_soldiers_march_to_battle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="634" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Red Army ski troops in Moscow. Still from documentary <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Strikes_Back" title="Moscow Strikes Back">Moscow Strikes Back</a>, 1942.</figcaption></figure> The European Winter of 1941–42 was the coldest of the twentieth century.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> On 30 November, General <a href="/wiki/Fedor_von_Bock" title="Fedor von Bock">Fedor von Bock</a> claimed in a report to Berlin that the temperature was −45 °C (−49 °F).<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> General <a href="/wiki/Erhard_Raus" title="Erhard Raus">Erhard Raus</a>, commander of the <a href="/wiki/6th_Panzer_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="6th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)">6th Panzer Division</a>, kept track of the daily mean temperature in his war diary. It shows a suddenly much colder period during 4–7 December: from −36 to −38 °C (−37 to −38 °F), although the method or reliability of his measurements is not known.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Other temperature reports varied widely.<a href="#cite_note-GlantzDecCounter-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-Moss-74">[74]</a> Zhukov said that November's freezing weather stayed only around −7 to −10 °C (+19 to +14 °F).<a href="#cite_note-Chew33-75">[75]</a> Official Soviet Meteorological Service records show that at the lowest point, the lowest December temperature reached −28.8 °C (−20 °F).<a href="#cite_note-Chew33-75">[75]</a> These numbers indicated severely cold conditions, and German troops were freezing with no winter clothing, using equipment that was not designed for such low temperatures. More than 130,000 cases of frostbite were reported among German soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-Jukes32-49">[49]</a> Frozen grease had to be removed from every loaded shell<a href="#cite_note-Jukes32-49">[49]</a> and vehicles had to be heated for hours before use. The same cold weather hit the Soviet troops, but they were better prepared.<a href="#cite_note-Moss-74">[74]</a> German clothing was supplemented by Soviet clothing and boots, which were often in better condition than German clothes as the owners had spent much less time at the front. Corpses were thawed out to remove the items; once when 200 bodies were left on the battlefield the "saw commandos" recovered sufficient clothing to outfit every man in a battalion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahel2019317-76">[76]</a> The Axis offensive on Moscow stopped. Guderian wrote in his journal that "the offensive on Moscow failed ... We underestimated the enemy's strength, as well as his size and climate. Fortunately, I stopped my troops on 5 December, otherwise the catastrophe would be unavoidable."<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Some historians have suggested that artificial floods played an important role in defending Moscow.<a href="#cite_note-KuzeevEcho-78">[78]</a> They were primarily meant to break the ice and prevent troops and heavy military equipment from crossing the Volga river and Ivankovo Reservoir.<a href="#cite_note-ArkhipovLJ-79">[79]</a> This began with the blowing up of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Istra_reservoir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Istra reservoir (page does not exist)">Istra</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Истринское водохранилище">ru</a>] waterworks reservoir dam on 24 November 1941. On 28 November 1941, the water was drained into the <a href="/wiki/Yakhroma_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yakhroma River">Yakhroma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sestra_River_(Moscow_Oblast)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sestra River (Moscow Oblast)">Sestra Rivers</a> from six reservoirs (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Khimki_reservoir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khimki reservoir (page does not exist)">Khimki</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Химкинское водохранилище">ru</a>], <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iksha_reservoir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iksha reservoir (page does not exist)">Iksha</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BA%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Икшинское водохранилище">ru</a>], <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyalovskoye&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pyalovskoye (page does not exist)">Pyalovskoye</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Пяловское водохранилище">ru</a>], <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pestovskoye_reservoir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pestovskoye reservoir (page does not exist)">Pestovskoye</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Пестовское водохранилище">ru</a>], <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pirogovskoye&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pirogovskoye (page does not exist)">Pirogovskoye</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Пироговское водохранилище">ru</a>], and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Klyazma_reservoir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klyazma reservoir (page does not exist)">Klyazma</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Клязьминское водохранилище">ru</a>] reservoirs), as well as from Ivankovo Reservoir using dams near <a href="/wiki/Dubna" title="Dubna">Dubna</a>.<a href="#cite_note-KuzeevEcho-78">[78]</a> This caused some 30–40 villages to become partially submerged even in the severe winter weather conditions of the time.<a href="#cite_note-KuzeevEcho-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-MoscowVolga-80">[80]</a> Both were results of Soviet General Headquarters' Order 0428 dated 17 November 1941. Artificial floods were also used as an unconventional weapon of direct impact.<a href="#cite_note-CARMD-81">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Soviet_counter-offensive">Soviet counter-offensive</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Moscow&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Soviet counter-offensive">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B-%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%89%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D1%8B_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B-%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%89%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D1%8B_2.jpg/220px-%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B-%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%89%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D1%8B_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B-%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%89%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D1%8B_2.jpg/330px-%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B-%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%89%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D1%8B_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B-%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%89%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D1%8B_2.jpg/440px-%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B-%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%89%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D1%8B_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3853" data-file-height="2545" /></a><figcaption>Soldiers transferred from Siberia on a troop train bound for Moscow, October 1941</figcaption></figure> Although the Wehrmacht's offensive had been stopped, German intelligence estimated that Soviet forces had no more reserves left and thus would be unable to stage a counteroffensive. This estimate proved wrong, as Stalin transferred over 18 divisions, 1,700 tanks, and over 1,500 aircraft from Siberia and the Far East after learning that Imperial Japan had no plans to invade the USSR in the near future from <a href="/wiki/Richard_Sorge" title="Richard Sorge">Richard Sorge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> The Red Army had accumulated a 58-division reserve by early December,<a href="#cite_note-Jukes32-49">[49]</a> when the offensive proposed by Zhukov and Vasilevsky was finally approved by Stalin.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Even with these new reserves, Soviet forces committed to the operation numbered only 1,100,000 men,<a href="#cite_note-GlantzDecCounter-73">[73]</a> only slightly outnumbering the Wehrmacht. Nevertheless, with careful troop deployment, a ratio of two-to-one was reached at some critical points.<a href="#cite_note-Jukes32-49">[49]</a> On 5 December 1941, the counteroffensive for "removing the immediate threat to Moscow" started on the Kalinin Front. The South-Western Front and Western Fronts began their offensives the next day. After several days of little progress, Soviet armies retook Solnechnogorsk on 12 December and Klin on 15 December. Guderian's army "beat a hasty retreat towards Venev" and then Sukhinichi. "The threat overhanging Tula was removed".<a href="#cite_note-GeorgyZhukov-45">[45]</a>: 44–46, 48–51 <a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Soviet_1941_Winter_counteroffensive.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Map_Soviet_1941_Winter_counteroffensive.jpg/350px-Map_Soviet_1941_Winter_counteroffensive.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Map_Soviet_1941_Winter_counteroffensive.jpg/525px-Map_Soviet_1941_Winter_counteroffensive.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Map_Soviet_1941_Winter_counteroffensive.jpg/700px-Map_Soviet_1941_Winter_counteroffensive.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3710" data-file-height="2871" /></a><figcaption>The Soviet winter counter-offensive, 5 December 1941 – 7 May 1942</figcaption></figure> On 8 December, Hitler had signed his <a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrer_Directives" class="mw-redirect" title="Führer Directives">directive</a> No.39, ordering the Wehrmacht to assume a defensive stance on the whole front. German troops were unable to organize a solid defense at their initial locations and were forced to pull back to consolidate their lines. Guderian wrote that discussions with <a href="/wiki/Hans_Schmidt_(general_of_the_infantry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hans Schmidt (general of the infantry)">Hans Schmidt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wolfram_Freiherr_von_Richthofen" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolfram Freiherr von Richthofen">Wolfram Freiherr von Richthofen</a> took place the same day, and both commanders agreed the current front line could not be held.<a href="#cite_note-:1-22">[22]</a> On 14 December, Halder and <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_von_Kluge" title="Günther von Kluge">Günther von Kluge</a> finally gave permission for a limited withdrawal to the west of the <a href="/wiki/Oka_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Oka river">Oka river</a>, without Hitler's approval.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> On 20 December, during a meeting with German senior officers, Hitler cancelled the withdrawal and ordered his soldiers to defend every patch of ground, "digging trenches with howitzer shells if needed".<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Guderian protested, pointing out that losses from cold were actually greater than combat losses and that winter equipment was held by traffic ties in Poland.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Nevertheless, Hitler insisted on defending the existing lines, and Guderian was dismissed by 25 December, along with generals Hoepner and Strauss, commanders of the 4th Panzer and 9th Army, respectively. Bock was also dismissed, officially for "medical reasons".<a href="#cite_note-GSEMoscow-91">[91]</a> Brauchitsch had been removed even earlier, on 19 December.<a href="#cite_note-GeorgyZhukov-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-Guderian_359-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Meanwhile, the Soviet offensive continued in the north. The offensive liberated Kalinin and the Soviets reached Klin on 7 December, overrunning the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/LVI_Panzer_Corps" title="LVI Panzer Corps">LVI Panzer Corps</a> outside the city. As the Kalinin Front drove west, a bulge developed around Klin. The Soviet front commander, Konev, attempted to envelop any German forces remaining. Zhukov diverted more forces to the southern end of the bulge, to help Konev trap the 3rd Panzer Army. The Germans pulled their forces out in time. Although the encirclement failed, it unhinged the German defenses. A second attempt was made to outflank Army Group Centre's northern forces, but met strong opposition near Rzhev and was forced to halt, forming a salient that would last until March 1943. In the south, the offensive went equally well, with Southwestern Front forces relieving Tula on 16 December 1941. A major achievement was the encirclement and destruction of the <a href="/wiki/XXXV_Army_Corps_(Wehrmacht)" title="XXXV Army Corps (Wehrmacht)">German XXXV Corps</a>, protecting Guderian's Second Panzer Army's southern flank.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> The Luftwaffe was paralysed in the second half of December. The weather, recorded as –42 °C (–44 °F)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">by whom?</a>], was a meteorological record.<a href="#cite_note-Bergstrom_2003,_p._297-95">[95]</a> Logistical difficulties and freezing temperatures created technical difficulties until January 1942. In the meantime, the Luftwaffe had virtually vanished from the skies over Moscow, while the <a href="/wiki/Red_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Air Force">Red Air Force</a>, operating from better prepared bases and benefiting from interior lines, grew stronger.<a href="#cite_note-Bergstrom_2003,_p._297-95">[95]</a> On 4 January, the skies cleared. The Luftwaffe was quickly reinforced, as Hitler hoped it would save the situation. The Kampfgruppen (Bomber Groups) II./<a href="/wiki/KG_4" class="mw-redirect" title="KG 4">KG 4</a> and II./<a href="/wiki/KG_30" class="mw-redirect" title="KG 30">KG 30</a> arrived from refitting in Germany, whilst four Transportgruppen (Transport Groups) with a strength of 102 <a href="/wiki/Junkers_Ju_52" title="Junkers Ju 52">Junkers Ju 52</a> transports were deployed from <a href="/wiki/Luftflotte_4" title="Luftflotte 4">Luftflotte 4</a> (Air Fleet 4) to evacuate surrounded army units and improve the supply line to the front-line forces. It was a last minute effort and it worked. The German air arm was to help prevent a total collapse of Army Group Centre. Despite the Soviets' best efforts, the Luftwaffe had contributed enormously to the survival of Army Group Centre. Between 17 and 22 December the Luftwaffe destroyed 299 motor vehicles and 23 tanks around Tula, hampering the Red Army's pursuit of the German Army.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> In the centre, Soviet progress was much slower. Soviet troops liberated Naro-Fominsk only on 26 December, Kaluga on 28 December, and Maloyaroslavets on 2 January, after ten days of violent action. Soviet reserves ran low, and the offensive halted on 7 January 1942, after having pushed the exhausted and freezing German armies back 100–250 km (62–155 mi) from Moscow. Stalin continued to order more offensives in order to trap and destroy Army Group Centre in front of Moscow, but the Red Army was exhausted and overstretched and they failed.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> In any case, the outcome of this battle put an end to Hitler's hope of a fast victory.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Moscow&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Aftermath">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Rzhev" title="Battles of Rzhev">Battles of Rzhev</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moscow_Strikes_Back_27-40_Germans_Surrendering.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Moscow_Strikes_Back_27-40_Germans_Surrendering.jpg/220px-Moscow_Strikes_Back_27-40_Germans_Surrendering.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Moscow_Strikes_Back_27-40_Germans_Surrendering.jpg/330px-Moscow_Strikes_Back_27-40_Germans_Surrendering.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Moscow_Strikes_Back_27-40_Germans_Surrendering.jpg/440px-Moscow_Strikes_Back_27-40_Germans_Surrendering.jpg 2x" data-file-width="632" data-file-height="482" /></a><figcaption>German soldiers surrender: still from the documentary <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Strikes_Back" title="Moscow Strikes Back">Moscow Strikes Back</a>, 1942</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_1941_%D0%B3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_1941_%D0%B3.jpg/220px-%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_1941_%D0%B3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_1941_%D0%B3.jpg/330px-%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_1941_%D0%B3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_1941_%D0%B3.jpg/440px-%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_1941_%D0%B3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="873" /></a><figcaption>Red Army soldiers celebrating after the successful Soviet counteroffensive, December 1941</figcaption></figure> Furious that his army had been unable to take Moscow, Hitler dismissed Brauchitsch on 19 December 1941, and took personal charge of the Wehrmacht,<a href="#cite_note-Guderian_359-92">[92]</a> effectively taking control of all military decisions. Hitler surrounded himself with staff officers with little or no recent combat experience.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> The Red Army's winter counter-offensive drove the Wehrmacht from Moscow, but the city was still considered to be threatened, with the front line relatively close. Because of this, the Moscow theater remained a priority for Stalin.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> On 5 January 1942, during a meeting in the Kremlin, Stalin announced that he was planning a general spring offensive, which would be staged simultaneously near Moscow, Leningrad, Kharkov, and the Crimea. This plan was accepted over Zhukov's objections.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> A documentary film, <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Strikes_Back" title="Moscow Strikes Back">Moscow Strikes Back</a>, (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Разгром немецких войск под Москвой, "Rout of the German Troops near Moscow"), was made during the battle and rapidly released in the Soviet Union. It was taken to America and shown at the Globe in New York in August 1942. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> reviewer commented that "The savagery of that retreat is a spectacle to stun the mind".<a href="#cite_note-NYT1942-103">[103]</a> As well as the Moscow parade and battle scenes, the film included images of German atrocities committed during the occupation, "the naked and slaughtered children stretched out in ghastly rows, the youths dangling limply in the cold from gallows that were rickety, but strong enough".<a href="#cite_note-NYT1942-103">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Moscow&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Souvenir_sheet_of_Russia_stamp_no._716_-_60th_anniversary_of_the_Battle_of_Moscow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Souvenir_sheet_of_Russia_stamp_no._716_-_60th_anniversary_of_the_Battle_of_Moscow.jpg/220px-Souvenir_sheet_of_Russia_stamp_no._716_-_60th_anniversary_of_the_Battle_of_Moscow.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Souvenir_sheet_of_Russia_stamp_no._716_-_60th_anniversary_of_the_Battle_of_Moscow.jpg/330px-Souvenir_sheet_of_Russia_stamp_no._716_-_60th_anniversary_of_the_Battle_of_Moscow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Souvenir_sheet_of_Russia_stamp_no._716_-_60th_anniversary_of_the_Battle_of_Moscow.jpg/440px-Souvenir_sheet_of_Russia_stamp_no._716_-_60th_anniversary_of_the_Battle_of_Moscow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="623" data-file-height="473" /></a><figcaption>2001 Russian stamp for the 60th anniversary of the Battle of Moscow</figcaption></figure> The defense of Moscow became a symbol of Soviet resistance against the invading Axis forces. To commemorate the battle, Moscow was awarded the title of "<a href="/wiki/Hero_City_(Soviet_Union)" title="Hero City (Soviet Union)">Hero City</a>" in 1965, on the 20th anniversary of <a href="/wiki/Victory_Day" title="Victory Day">Victory Day</a>. A Museum of the Defence of Moscow was created in 1995.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> In Moscow, an annual military parade on Red Square on 7 November is held in honor of the October Revolution Parade and as a substitute for the October Revolution celebrations that have not been celebrated on a national level since 1995. The parade is held to commemorate the historical event as a <a href="/wiki/Days_of_Military_Honour" title="Days of Military Honour">Day of Military Honour</a>. The parade includes troops of the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Garrison" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow Garrison">Moscow Garrison</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Western_Military_District" title="Western Military District">Western Military District</a>, which usually numbers to close to 3,000 soldiers, cadets, and <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> reenactors. The parade is presided by the <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Moscow" title="Mayor of Moscow">Mayor of Moscow</a> who delivers a speech during the event. Prior to the start of the parade, an historical reenactment of the Battle of Moscow is performed by young students, volunteers, and historical enthusiasts.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:4Samarin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/4Samarin.jpg/220px-4Samarin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/4Samarin.jpg/330px-4Samarin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/4Samarin.jpg/440px-4Samarin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Soldiers dressed in <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> uniforms carrying the standards of the military fronts of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a> on <a href="/wiki/Red_Square" title="Red Square">Red Square</a>, 7 November 2018</figcaption></figure> The parade commands are always given by a high ranking veteran of the armed forces (usually with a billet of a Colonel) who gives the orders for the march past from the grandstand near the <a href="/wiki/Lenin_Mausoleum" class="mw-redirect" title="Lenin Mausoleum">Lenin Mausoleum</a>. On the command of Quick March! by the parade commander, the parade begins with the tune of <a href="/wiki/Song_of_the_Soviet_Army" title="Song of the Soviet Army">Song of the Soviet Army</a>, to which the historical <a href="/wiki/Color_guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Color guard">color guards</a> holding wartime symbols such as the <a href="/wiki/Banner_of_Victory" class="mw-redirect" title="Banner of Victory">Banner of Victory</a> and the standards of the various military fronts march to. Musical support during the parade is always provided by the Massed Bands of the Moscow Garrison, which includes various military bands in the Western Military District, The <a href="/wiki/Band_of_the_154th_Preobrazhensky_Regiment" title="Band of the 154th Preobrazhensky Regiment">Regimental Band of the 154th Preobrazhensky Regiment</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Central_Military_Band_of_the_Ministry_of_Defense_of_Russia" title="Central Military Band of the Ministry of Defense of Russia">Central Military Band of the Ministry of Defense of Russia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Casualties">Casualties</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Moscow&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Casualties">edit</a>]</div> Both German and Soviet casualties during the battle of Moscow have been a subject of debate, as various sources provide somewhat different estimates. Not all historians agree on what should be considered the "Battle of Moscow" in the timeline of World War II. While the start of the battle is usually regarded as the beginning of Operation Typhoon on 30 September 1941 (or sometimes on 2 October 1941), there are two different dates for the end of the offensive. In particular, some sources (such as Erickson<a href="#cite_note-Erickson-108">[108]</a> and Glantz<a href="#cite_note-GlantzB-109">[109]</a>) exclude the Rzhev offensive from the scope of the battle, considering it as a distinct operation and making the Moscow offensive "stop" on 7 January 1942—thus lowering the number of casualties. There are also significant differences in figures from various sources. John Erickson, in his Barbarossa: The Axis and the Allies, gives a figure of 653,924 Soviet casualties between October 1941 and January 1942.<a href="#cite_note-Erickson-108">[108]</a> Glantz, in his book When Titans Clashed, gives a figure of 658,279 for the defense phase alone, plus 370,955 for the winter counteroffensive until 7 January 1942.<a href="#cite_note-GlantzB-109">[109]</a> The official Wehrmacht daily casualty reports show 35,757 killed in action, 128,716 wounded, and 9,721 missing in action for the entire Army Group Centre between 1 October 1941 and 10 January 1942.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> However, this official report does not match unofficial reports from individual battalion and divisional officers and commanders at the front, who record suffering far higher casualties than was officially reported.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> On the Russian side, discipline became ferocious. The <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> blocking groups were ready to shoot anyone retreating without orders. NKVD squads went to field hospitals in search of soldiers with self-inflicted injuries, the so-called 'self shooters' - those who shot themselves in the left hand to escape fighting. A surgeon in a field hospital of the Red Army admitted to amputating the hands of boys who tried this 'self-shooting' idea to escape fighting, to protect them from immediate execution via punishment squad.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Moscow&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Panfilov%27s_Twenty-Eight_Guardsmen" title="Panfilov's Twenty-Eight Guardsmen">Panfilov's Twenty-Eight Guardsmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_war_crimes_during_the_Battle_of_Moscow" class="mw-redirect" title="German war crimes during the Battle of Moscow">German war crimes during the Battle of Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_Guards_Motor_Rifle_Division" title="8th Guards Motor Rifle Division">8th Guards Motor Rifle Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Winter" title="Russian Winter">Russian Winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perimilovsky_Heights" title="Perimilovsky Heights">Perimilovsky Heights</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Moscow&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Footnotes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZetterlingFrankson2012253-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZetterlingFrankson2012253_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZetterlingFrankson2012">Zetterling & Frankson 2012</a>, p. 253. </li> <li id="cite_note-Mercatante2012-2"><a href="#cite_ref-Mercatante2012_2-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMercatante2012" class="citation book cs1">Mercatante (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BVTnt_N3hhkC&q=1,929,406&pg=PA105">Why Germany Nearly Won: A New History of the Second World War in Europe</a>. Abc-Clio. p. 105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313395932" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313395932"><bdi>978-0313395932</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+Germany+Nearly+Won%3A+A+New+History+of+the+Second+World+War+in+Europe&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=Abc-Clio&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0313395932&rft.au=Mercatante&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBVTnt_N3hhkC%26q%3D1%2C929%2C406%26pg%3DPA105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Moscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stahel2013-3"><a href="#cite_ref-Stahel2013_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStahel2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Stahel" title="David Stahel">Stahel, David</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aGsD2y6PuykC&q=1,929,406&pg=PA45">Operation Typhoon: Hitler's March on Moscow, October 1941</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1107035126" title="Special:BookSources/978-1107035126"><bdi>978-1107035126</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Operation+Typhoon%3A+Hitler%27s+March+on+Moscow%2C+October+1941&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1107035126&rft.aulast=Stahel&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaGsD2y6PuykC%26q%3D1%2C929%2C406%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Moscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stahel2011-4"><a href="#cite_ref-Stahel2011_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStahel,_David2011" class="citation book cs1">Stahel, David (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WvZiECseIrcC&q=1,929,406&pg=PA339">Kiev 1941</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 339. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1139503600" title="Special:BookSources/978-1139503600"><bdi>978-1139503600</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kiev+1941&rft.pages=339&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1139503600&rft.au=Stahel%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWvZiECseIrcC%26q%3D1%2C929%2C406%26pg%3DPA339&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Moscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlantz2001" class="citation book cs1">Glantz, David M. (2001). Barbarossa: Hitler's Invasion of Russia 1941. Tempus Publishing Ltd. p. 141. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0739417973" title="Special:BookSources/978-0739417973"><bdi>978-0739417973</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Barbarossa%3A+Hitler%27s+Invasion+of+Russia+1941&rft.pages=141&rft.pub=Tempus+Publishing+Ltd&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0739417973&rft.aulast=Glantz&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Moscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Glantz (1995), p. 78. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELiedtke2016148-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiedtke2016148_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLiedtke2016">Liedtke 2016</a>, p. 148. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bergström-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bergström_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bergström_8-1">b</a> Bergström 2007 p. 90. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Williamson 1983, p. 132. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Both sources use Luftwaffe records. The often quoted figures of 900–1,300 do not correspond with recorded Luftwaffe strength returns. Sources: Prien, J.; Stremmer, G.; Rodeike, P.; Bock, W. Die Jagdfliegerverbande der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945, parts 6/I and II; U.S National Archives, German Orders of Battle, Statistics of Quarter Years. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bergström_2-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bergström_2_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bergström_2_11-1">b</a> Bergström 2007, p. 111. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Liedtke, Enduring the Whirlwind, 3449. Kindle. </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-13"><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rus-sky.com/history/library/w/w06.htm#_Toc536603369">"РОССИЯ И СССР В ВОЙНАХ XX ВЕКА. Глава V. 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Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 70 (3): 271–81. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989BAMS...70..271L">1989BAMS...70..271L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0477%281989%29070%3C0271%3ATSWIET%3E2.0.CO%3B2">10.1175/1520-0477(1989)070<0271:TSWIET>2.0.CO;2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+American+Meteorological+Society&rft.atitle=The+Severe+Winter+in+Europe+1941%E2%80%9342%3A+The+large+scale+circulation%2C+cut-off+lows%2C+and+blocking&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=271-81&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1175%2F1520-0477%281989%29070%3C0271%3ATSWIET%3E2.0.CO%3B2&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1989BAMS...70..271L&rft.aulast=Lejen%C3%A4s&rft.aufirst=Harald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1175%252F1520-0477%25281989%2529070%253C0271%253ATSWIET%253E2.0.CO%253B2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Moscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Chew (1981), p. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Raus (2009), p. 89. </li> <li id="cite_note-GlantzDecCounter-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GlantzDecCounter_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GlantzDecCounter_73-1">b</a> Glantz, ch.6, subchapter "December counteroffensive", pp. 86ff. </li> <li id="cite_note-Moss-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moss_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moss_74-1">b</a> Moss (2005), p. 298. </li> <li id="cite_note-Chew33-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chew33_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chew33_75-1">b</a> Chew (1981), p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahel2019317-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahel2019317_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStahel2019">Stahel 2019</a>, p. 317. </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Guderian, pp. 354–55. </li> <li id="cite_note-KuzeevEcho-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KuzeevEcho_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KuzeevEcho_78-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KuzeevEcho_78-2">c</a> Iskander Kuzeev, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://echo.msk.ru/programs/victory/524051-echo/">"Moscow flood in autumn of 1941"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Echo_of_Moscow" title="Echo of Moscow">Echo of Moscow</a>, 30 June 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-ArkhipovLJ-79"><a href="#cite_ref-ArkhipovLJ_79-0">^</a> Mikhail Arkhipov, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://riverpilgrim.livejournal.com/65733.html">"Flooding north of Moscow Oblast in 1941"</a>, Private blog, 2 October 2007 </li> <li id="cite_note-MoscowVolga-80"><a href="#cite_ref-MoscowVolga_80-0">^</a> Igor Kuvyrkov, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://moskva-volga.ru/moskovskij-potop-1941-goda-novye-dannye/">"Moscow flood in 1941: new data"</a>, Moscow Volga channel, 23 February 2015 </li> <li id="cite_note-CARMD-81"><a href="#cite_ref-CARMD_81-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Central_Archive_of_the_Soviet_Ministry_of_Defence_-_Stock_208_inventory_2511_case_1039.pdf" title="File:Central Archive of the Soviet Ministry of Defence - Stock 208 inventory 2511 case 1039.pdf">Operational overview of military activities on Western Front in year 1941</a>, Central Archive of the Soviet Ministry of Defence, Stock 208 inventory 2511 case 1039, p. 112 </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Goldman p. 177 </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> Zhukov, tome 2, p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">History of the Second World War. Marshall Cavendish". pp. 29–32.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Second+World+War&rft.pages=29-32&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish%22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Moscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> Guderian, p. 354. </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ww2db.com/battle_spec.php?battle_id=37">"Battle of Moscow"</a>. WW2DB. Retrieved 28 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WW2DB&rft.atitle=Battle+of+Moscow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fww2db.com%2Fbattle_spec.php%3Fbattle_id%3D37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Moscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> Guderian, pp. 360–61. </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSTAHEL,_DAVID.2020" class="citation book cs1">STAHEL, DAVID. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/1132236223">RETREAT FROM MOSCOW : a new history of germany's winter campaign 1941-1942</a>. PICADOR. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-250-75816-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-250-75816-3"><bdi>978-1-250-75816-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1132236223">1132236223</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=RETREAT+FROM+MOSCOW+%3A+a+new+history+of+germany%27s+winter+campaign+1941-1942.&rft.pub=PICADOR&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1132236223&rft.isbn=978-1-250-75816-3&rft.au=STAHEL%2C+DAVID.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1132236223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Moscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> Guderian, pp. 363–64. </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergström"" class="citation book cs1">Bergström", Christer. Operation Barbarossa 1941: Hitler Against Stalin. p. 245.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Operation+Barbarossa+1941%3A+Hitler+Against+Stalin&rft.pages=245&rft.aulast=Bergstr%C3%B6m%22&rft.aufirst=Christer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Moscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GSEMoscow-91"><a href="#cite_ref-GSEMoscow_91-0">^</a> Great Soviet Encyclopedia, Moscow, 1973–78, entry "Battle of Moscow 1941–42" </li> <li id="cite_note-Guderian_359-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guderian_359_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guderian_359_92-1">b</a> Guderian, p. 359. </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Walther-von-Brauchitsch">"Walther von Brauchitsch | German military officer"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 28 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Walther+von+Brauchitsch+%7C+German+military+officer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FWalther-von-Brauchitsch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Moscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> Glantz and House 1995, pp. 88–90. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bergstrom_2003,_p._297-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bergstrom_2003,_p._297_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bergstrom_2003,_p._297_95-1">b</a> Bergstrom 2003, p. 297. </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> Bergström 2007, pp. 112–13. </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> Bergström 2003, p. 299. </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> Glantz and House 1995, pp. 91–97. </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> William L Shirer, Part 3,chapter 24, p275 </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> Guderian, p. 365. </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts1995" class="citation journal cs1">Roberts, Cynthia A. (December 1995). "Planning for war: the Red Army and the catastrophe of 1941". Europe-Asia Studies. 47 (8): 1293–1326. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09668139508412322">10.1080/09668139508412322</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/153299">153299</a>. <q>Marshal Georgii K. Zhukov, who had pressed Stalin on several occasions to alert and reinforce the army, nonetheless recalled the shock of the German attack when he noted that 'neither the defence commissariat, myself, my predecessors B.M. Shaposhnikov and K.A. Meretskov, nor the General Staff thought the enemy could concentrate such a mass of ... forces and commit them on the first day ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Europe-Asia+Studies&rft.atitle=Planning+for+war%3A+the+Red+Army+and+the+catastrophe+of+1941&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1293-1326&rft.date=1995-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09668139508412322&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F153299%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Cynthia+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Moscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> Zhukov, tome 2, pp. 43–44. </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT1942-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT1942_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT1942_103-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFT.S.1942" class="citation web cs1">T.S. (17 August 1942). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9501E0D7113CE33BBC4F52DFBE668389659EDE">"Movie Review: Moscow Strikes Back (1942) 'Moscow Strikes Back,' Front-Line Camera Men's Story of Russian Attack, Is Seen at the Globe"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 18 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Movie+Review%3A+Moscow+Strikes+Back+%281942%29+%27Moscow+Strikes+Back%2C%27+Front-Line+Camera+Men%27s+Story+of+Russian+Attack%2C+Is+Seen+at+the+Globe&rft.date=1942-08-17&rft.au=T.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fmovie%2Freview%3Fres%3D9501E0D7113CE33BBC4F52DFBE668389659EDE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Moscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Rodric Braithwaite, "Moscow 1941: A City and Its People at War", p. 345. </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> For example <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/world-europe-50330568/russia-re-enacts-historic-ww2-parade-in-moscow">"Russia re-enacts historic WW2 parade in Moscow"</a>. BBC News. 7 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Russia+re-enacts+historic+WW2+parade+in+Moscow&rft.date=2019-11-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fav%2Fworld-europe-50330568%2Frussia-re-enacts-historic-ww2-parade-in-moscow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Moscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnydayGuide" class="citation news cs1">AnydayGuide. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://anydayguide.com/calendar/349">"Anniversary of the 1941 October Revolution Day Parade in Russia / November 7, 2016"</a>. AnydayGuide. Retrieved 23 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AnydayGuide&rft.atitle=Anniversary+of+the+1941+October+Revolution+Day+Parade+in+Russia+%2F+November+7%2C+2016&rft.au=AnydayGuide&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fanydayguide.com%2Fcalendar%2F349&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Moscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190204014328/http://www.tucsonnewsnow.com/2018/11/08/russia-marks-anniversary-military-parade/">"Russia marks anniversary of 1941 military parade"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tucsonnewsnow.com/2018/11/08/russia-marks-anniversary-military-parade/">the original</a> on 4 February 2019. Retrieved 3 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russia+marks+anniversary+of+1941+military+parade&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tucsonnewsnow.com%2F2018%2F11%2F08%2Frussia-marks-anniversary-military-parade%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Moscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Erickson-108">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Erickson_108-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Erickson_108-1">b</a> John Erickson, Barbarossa: The Axis and the Allies, table 12.4 </li> <li id="cite_note-GlantzB-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GlantzB_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GlantzB_109-1">b</a> Glantz, Table B </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121025022023/http://ww2stats.com/cas_ger_okh_dec41.html">"Heeresarzt 10-Day Casualty Reports per Army/Army Group, 1941"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ww2stats.com/cas_ger_okh_dec41.html">the original</a> on 25 October 2012. Retrieved 28 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Heeresarzt+10-Day+Casualty+Reports+per+Army%2FArmy+Group%2C+1941&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fww2stats.com%2Fcas_ger_okh_dec41.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Moscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2009" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Michael (2009). The Retreat. New York: Thomas Dunne Books. pp. 107, 126–27, 292. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0719569265" title="Special:BookSources/978-0719569265"><bdi>978-0719569265</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Retreat&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=107%2C+126-27%2C+292&rft.pub=Thomas+Dunne+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0719569265&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Moscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Antony_Beevor" title="Antony Beevor">Antony Beevor</a>, "The Second World War". pg. 283 </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Moscow&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellamy2007" class="citation book cs1">Bellamy, Chris (2007). Absolute War: Soviet Russia in the Second World War. New York: Vintage Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-72471-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-375-72471-8"><bdi>978-0-375-72471-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Absolute+War%3A+Soviet+Russia+in+the+Second+World+War.&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-375-72471-8&rft.aulast=Bellamy&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Moscow" class="Z3988">.</li> <li>Braithwaite, Rodric. Moscow 1941: A City and Its People at War. London: Profile Books Ltd., 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86197-759-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-86197-759-X">1-86197-759-X</a>.</li> <li>Collection of legislative acts related to State Awards of the USSR (1984), Moscow, ed. Izvestia.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelov1963" class="citation book cs1">Belov, Pavel Alekseevich (1963). Za nami Moskva. Moscow: Voenizdat.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Za+nami+Moskva&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pub=Voenizdat&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Belov&rft.aufirst=Pavel+Alekseevich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Moscow" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergström2007" class="citation book cs1">Bergström, Christer (2007). Barbarossa – The Air Battle: July–December 1941. London: Chevron/Ian Allan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85780-270-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85780-270-2"><bdi>978-1-85780-270-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Barbarossa+%E2%80%93+The+Air+Battle%3A+July%E2%80%93December+1941&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Chevron%2FIan+Allan&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-85780-270-2&rft.aulast=Bergstr%C3%B6m&rft.aufirst=Christer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Moscow" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoogFörsterHoffmannKlink1998" class="citation book cs1">Boog, Horst; <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_F%C3%B6rster" title="Jürgen Förster">Förster, Jürgen</a>; Hoffmann, Joachim; Klink, Ernst; Müller, Rolf-Dieter; Ueberschär, Gerd R. (1998). Attack on the Soviet Union. <a href="/wiki/Germany_and_the_Second_World_War" title="Germany and the Second World War">Germany and the Second World War</a>. Vol. IV. Translated by Dean S. McMurry; Ewald Osers; Louise Willmot. Oxford: Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-822886-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-822886-8"><bdi>978-0-19-822886-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Attack+on+the+Soviet+Union&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Germany+and+the+Second+World+War&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-822886-8&rft.aulast=Boog&rft.aufirst=Horst&rft.au=F%C3%B6rster%2C+J%C3%BCrgen&rft.au=Hoffmann%2C+Joachim&rft.au=Klink%2C+Ernst&rft.au=M%C3%BCller%2C+Rolf-Dieter&rft.au=Uebersch%C3%A4r%2C+Gerd+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Moscow" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChew1981" class="citation journal cs1">Chew, Allen F. (December 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170214232231/http://usacac.army.mil/cac2/cgsc/carl/download/csipubs/chew.pdf">"Fighting the Russians in Winter: Three Case Studies"</a> (PDF). Leavenworth Papers (5). Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0195-3451">0195-3451</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usacac.army.mil/cac2/cgsc/carl/download/csipubs/chew.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 14 February 2017. Retrieved 29 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Leavenworth+Papers&rft.atitle=Fighting+the+Russians+in+Winter%3A+Three+Case+Studies&rft.issue=5&rft.date=1981-12&rft.issn=0195-3451&rft.aulast=Chew&rft.aufirst=Allen+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusacac.army.mil%2Fcac2%2Fcgsc%2Fcarl%2Fdownload%2Fcsipubs%2Fchew.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Moscow" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEricksonDilks,_David1994" class="citation book cs1">Erickson, John; Dilks, David (1994). Barbarossa: The Axis and the Allies. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-0504-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-0504-0"><bdi>978-0-7486-0504-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Barbarossa%3A+The+Axis+and+the+Allies&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-0504-0&rft.aulast=Erickson&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Dilks%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Moscow" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlantzHouse1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_M._Glantz" title="David M. Glantz">Glantz, David M.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_House" title="Jonathan House">House, Jonathan M.</a> (1995). When Titans Clashed: How the Red Army Stopped Hitler. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0717-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0717-4"><bdi>978-0-7006-0717-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+Titans+Clashed%3A+How+the+Red+Army+Stopped+Hitler&rft.place=Lawrence&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-0717-4&rft.aulast=Glantz&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft.au=House%2C+Jonathan+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Moscow" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldman2012" class="citation book cs1">Goldman, Stuart D. (2012). Nomonhan, 1939; The Red Army's Victory That Shaped World War II. Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61251-098-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61251-098-9"><bdi>978-1-61251-098-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nomonhan%2C+1939%3B+The+Red+Army%27s+Victory+That+Shaped+World+War+II&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-61251-098-9&rft.aulast=Goldman&rft.aufirst=Stuart+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Moscow" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Heinz Guderian, Воспоминания солдата (Memoirs of a soldier), Smolensk, Rusich, 1999 (Russian translation of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuderian1951" class="citation book cs1">Guderian, Heinz (1951). Erinnerungen eines Soldaten. Heidelberg: Vowinckel.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Erinnerungen+eines+Soldaten&rft.place=Heidelberg&rft.pub=Vowinckel&rft.date=1951&rft.aulast=Guderian&rft.aufirst=Heinz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Moscow" class="Z3988">)</li> <li>Hill, Alexander (2009)."British Lend-Lease Tanks and the Battle of Moscow, November–December 1941 – Revisited." Journal of Slavic Military Studies, 22: 574–87. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13518040903355794">10.1080/13518040903355794</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill2017" class="citation cs2">Hill, Alexander (2017), The Red Army and the Second World War, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-1070-2079-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-1070-2079-5"><bdi>978-1-1070-2079-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Red+Army+and+the+Second+World+War&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-1070-2079-5&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Moscow" class="Z3988">.</li> <li>Hardesty, Von. Red Phoenix. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1991. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56098-071-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-56098-071-0">1-56098-071-0</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJukes2002" class="citation book cs1">Jukes, Geoffrey (2002). The Second World War: The Eastern Front 1941–1945. Oxford: Osprey. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-391-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-391-0"><bdi>978-1-84176-391-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Second+World+War%3A+The+Eastern+Front+1941%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-84176-391-0&rft.aulast=Jukes&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Moscow" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiedtke2016" class="citation book cs1">Liedtke, Gregory (2016). Enduring the Whirlwind: The German Army and the Russo-German War 1941–1943. Helion and Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1910777756" title="Special:BookSources/978-1910777756"><bdi>978-1910777756</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enduring+the+Whirlwind%3A+The+German+Army+and+the+Russo-German+War+1941%E2%80%931943&rft.pub=Helion+and+Company&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1910777756&rft.aulast=Liedtke&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Moscow" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLopukhovsky2013" class="citation book cs1">Lopukhovsky, Lev (2013). Britton Stuart (ed.). The Viaz'ma Catastrophe, 1941 The Red Army's Disastrous Stand Against Operation Typhoon. Translated by Britton Stuart. West Midlands: Helion. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-908916-50-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-908916-50-1"><bdi>978-1-908916-50-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Viaz%27ma+Catastrophe%2C+1941+The+Red+Army%27s+Disastrous+Stand+Against+Operation+Typhoon&rft.place=West+Midlands&rft.pub=Helion.&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-908916-50-1&rft.aulast=Lopukhovsky&rft.aufirst=Lev&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Moscow" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoss2005" class="citation book cs1">Moss, Walter G. (2005). A History of Russia: Since 1855. Anthem Russian and Slavonic studies. Vol. II (2nd ed.). Anthem Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84331-034-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84331-034-1"><bdi>978-1-84331-034-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Russia%3A+Since+1855&rft.series=Anthem+Russian+and+Slavonic+studies&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Anthem+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-84331-034-1&rft.aulast=Moss&rft.aufirst=Walter+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Moscow" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNagorski2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Nagorski" title="Andrew Nagorski">Nagorski, Andrew</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greatestbattlest0000nago">The Greatest Battle: Stalin, Hitler, and the Desperate Struggle for Moscow That Changed the Course of World War II</a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-8110-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-8110-2"><bdi>978-0-7432-8110-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greatest+Battle%3A+Stalin%2C+Hitler%2C+and+the+Desperate+Struggle+for+Moscow+That+Changed+the+Course+of+World+War+II&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-8110-2&rft.aulast=Nagorski&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreatestbattlest0000nago&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Moscow" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlitton1994" class="citation audio-visual cs1">Flitton, Dave (director, producer, writer) (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hAfcOYKMPP4">The Battle of Russia</a> (television documentary). US: <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Battle+of+Russia&rft.place=US&rft.pub=PBS&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DhAfcOYKMPP4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Moscow" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlocher1968" class="citation book cs1">Plocher, Hermann (1968). Luftwaffe versus Russia, 1941. New York: USAF: Historical Division, Arno Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Luftwaffe+versus+Russia%2C+1941&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=USAF%3A+Historical+Division%2C+Arno+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Plocher&rft.aufirst=Hermann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Moscow" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProkhorov" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Prokhorov, A. M. (ed.). Большая советская энциклопедия (in Russian). Moscow.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.place=Moscow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Moscow" class="Z3988"> or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProkhorov1973–1978" class="citation book cs1">Prokhorov, A. M., ed. (1973–1978). Great Soviet Encyclopedia. New York: Macmillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Soviet+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1973%2F1978&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Moscow" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRausNewton2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Erhard_Raus" title="Erhard Raus">Raus, Erhard</a>; Newton, Steven H. (2009). Panzer Operations: The Eastern Front Memoir of General Raus, 1941–1945. Da Capo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-3970-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-3970-7"><bdi>978-0-7867-3970-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Panzer+Operations%3A+The+Eastern+Front+Memoir+of+General+Raus%2C+1941%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7867-3970-7&rft.aulast=Raus&rft.aufirst=Erhard&rft.au=Newton%2C+Steven+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Moscow" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Reinhardt, Klaus. Moscow: The Turning Point? The Failure of Hitler's Strategy in the Winter of 1941–42. Oxford: Berg Publishers, 1992. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85496-695-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-85496-695-1">0-85496-695-1</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSokolovskii1964" class="citation book cs1">Sokolovskii, Vasilii Danilovich (1964). Razgrom Nemetsko-Fashistskikh Voisk pod Moskvoi (with map album). Moscow: VoenIzdat. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/65-54443">65-54443</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Razgrom+Nemetsko-Fashistskikh+Voisk+pod+Moskvoi+%28with+map+album%29&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pub=VoenIzdat&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F65-54443&rft.aulast=Sokolovskii&rft.aufirst=Vasilii+Danilovich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Moscow" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStahel2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Stahel" title="David Stahel">Stahel, David</a> (2019). Retreat from Moscow: A New History of Germany's Winter Campaign, 1941–1942. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-03742-49526" title="Special:BookSources/978-03742-49526"><bdi>978-03742-49526</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Retreat+from+Moscow%3A+A+New+History+of+Germany%27s+Winter+Campaign%2C+1941%E2%80%931942&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-03742-49526&rft.aulast=Stahel&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Moscow" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStahel2015" class="citation book cs1">Stahel, David (2015). The Battle for Moscow. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1107087606" title="Special:BookSources/978-1107087606"><bdi>978-1107087606</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+for+Moscow&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1107087606&rft.aulast=Stahel&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Moscow" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTooze2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Tooze" title="Adam Tooze">Tooze, Adam</a> (2006). <a href="/wiki/The_Wages_of_Destruction" title="The Wages of Destruction">The Wages of Destruction: The making and breaking of the Nazi economy</a>. London: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-100348-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-100348-1"><bdi>978-0-14-100348-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wages+of+Destruction%3A+The+making+and+breaking+of+the+Nazi+economy&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-14-100348-1&rft.aulast=Tooze&rft.aufirst=Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Moscow" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVasilevsky1981" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vasilevsky, A. M. (1981). Дело всей жизни (Lifelong cause) (in Russian). Moscow: Progress. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7147-1830-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7147-1830-9"><bdi>978-0-7147-1830-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE+%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8+%28Lifelong+cause%29&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pub=Progress&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-7147-1830-9&rft.aulast=Vasilevsky&rft.aufirst=A.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Moscow" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamson1983" class="citation book cs1">Williamson, Murray (1983). Strategy for Defeat: The Luftwaffe 1933–1945. Maxwell AFB: Air University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58566-010-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58566-010-0"><bdi>978-1-58566-010-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strategy+for+Defeat%3A+The+Luftwaffe+1933%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Maxwell+AFB&rft.pub=Air+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-1-58566-010-0&rft.aulast=Williamson&rft.aufirst=Murray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Moscow" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZiemke1987" class="citation book cs1">Ziemke, Earl F. (1987). Moscow to Stalingrad. Center of Military History, United States Army. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0880292948" title="Special:BookSources/978-0880292948"><bdi>978-0880292948</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moscow+to+Stalingrad&rft.pub=Center+of+Military+History%2C+United+States+Army&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0880292948&rft.aulast=Ziemke&rft.aufirst=Earl+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Moscow" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZetterlingFrankson2012" class="citation book cs1">Zetterling, Niklas; Frankson, Anders (2012). The Drive on Moscow, 1941: Operation Taifun and Germany's First Great Crisis of World War II. <a href="/wiki/Havertown" class="mw-redirect" title="Havertown">Havertown</a>: Casemate Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61200-120-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61200-120-3"><bdi>978-1-61200-120-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Drive+on+Moscow%2C+1941%3A+Operation+Taifun+and+Germany%27s+First+Great+Crisis+of+World+War+II&rft.place=Havertown&rft.pub=Casemate+Publishers&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-61200-120-3&rft.aulast=Zetterling&rft.aufirst=Niklas&rft.au=Frankson%2C+Anders&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Moscow" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFЖуков2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Жуков, Г. К. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210121220931/http://militera.lib.ru/memo/russian/zhukov1/index.html">Воспоминания и размышления. В 2 т.</a> (in Russian). М. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-224-03195-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-224-03195-5"><bdi>978-5-224-03195-5</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://militera.lib.ru/memo/russian/zhukov1/index.html">the original</a> on 21 January 2021. Retrieved 27 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B8+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%88%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F.+%D0%92+2+%D1%82.&rft.place=%D0%9C.&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-5-224-03195-5&rft.aulast=%D0%96%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.aufirst=%D0%93.+%D0%9A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmilitera.lib.ru%2Fmemo%2Frussian%2Fzhukov1%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Moscow" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) (English translation <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhukov1971" class="citation book cs1">Zhukov, G. K. (1971). The Memoirs of Marshal Zhukov. London: Cape. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-224-61924-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-224-61924-0"><bdi>978-0-224-61924-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Memoirs+of+Marshal+Zhukov&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Cape&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-224-61924-0&rft.aulast=Zhukov&rft.aufirst=G.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Moscow" class="Z3988">)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Moscow&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>"Operation Typhoon": <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e4XEbJOqTCo">Video</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a>, lecture by <a href="/wiki/David_Stahel" title="David Stahel">David Stahel</a>, author of Operation Typhoon. Hitler's March on Moscow (2013) and The Battle for Moscow (2015); via the official channel of <a href="/wiki/USS_Silversides_(SS-236)#USS_Silversides_Submarine_Museum" title="USS Silversides (SS-236)">USS Silversides Museum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180426215631/http://mapswar2.x10host.com/Battle_of_Moscow_1941_World_War_2_Campaigns.htm#_map_of_deployment_of_German_Soviet_armies_divisions">Map: Deployment of troops before the battle of Moscow</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180426215631/http://mapswar2.x10host.com/Battle_of_Moscow_1941_World_War_2_Campaigns.htm#_map_of_battle_of_Moscow_1941_German_offensive_1">Map (detailed): Battle of Moscow 1941. German offensive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ww2db.com/battle_spec.php?battle_id=37">WW2DB: Battle of Moscow</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_War_II" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_War_II" title="Template:World War II"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_War_II" title="Template talk:World War II"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_War_II" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World War II"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_War_II" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_World_War_II" title="Outline of World War II">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_battles" title="List of World War II battles">Battles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_military_operations" title="List of World War II military operations">Operations</a></li></ul></li> <li>Leaders <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Allied leaders of World War II">Allied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Axis leaders of World War II">Axis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commanders_of_World_War_II" title="Commanders of World War II">Commanders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties" title="World War II casualties">Casualties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Allied_World_War_II_conferences" title="List of Allied World War II conferences">Conferences</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_topics" title="Lists of World War II topics">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_warfare_of_World_War_II" title="Air warfare of World War II">Air warfare of World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_air_operations_during_the_Battle_of_Europe" title="List of air operations during the Battle of Europe">In Europe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_officer_ranks_of_World_War_II" title="Comparative officer ranks of World War II">Comparative military ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_cryptography" title="World War II cryptography">Cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declarations_of_war_during_World_War_II" title="Declarations of war during World War II">Declarations of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II" title="Diplomatic history of World War II">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governments_in_exile_during_World_War_II" title="List of governments in exile during World War II">Governments in exile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Home front during World War II">Home front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Australian home front during World War II">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United Kingdom home front during World War II">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_contribution_to_the_Manhattan_Project" title="British contribution to the Manhattan Project">British contribution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_awards_and_decorations_of_World_War_II" title="List of military awards and decorations of World War II">Military awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_military_equipment" title="Lists of World War II military equipment">Military equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_production_during_World_War_II" title="Military production during World War II">Military production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_World_War_II" title="Naval history of World War II">Naval history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_plunder" title="Nazi plunder">Nazi plunder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_II" title="Opposition to World War II">Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_during_World_War_II" title="Technology during World War II">Technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_technological_cooperation_during_World_War_II" title="Allied technological cooperation during World War II">Allied cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulberry_harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry harbour">Mulberry harbour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_war#World_War_II" title="Total war">Total war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">Strategic bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_puppet_states" title="List of World War II puppet states">Puppet states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_World_War_II" title="Women in World War II">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_and_World_War_II" title="Art and World War II">Art and World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_in_World_War_II" title="Music in World War II">Music in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_events_during_wars#World_War_II" title="Weather events during wars">Weather events during World War II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_theaters_and_campaigns_of_World_War_II" title="List of theaters and campaigns of World War II">Theaters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asiatic-Pacific_theater" title="Asiatic-Pacific theater">Asia and Pacific</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South-East Asian theatre of World War II">South-East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_theater_of_World_War_II" title="Pacific Ocean theater of World War II">North and Central Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South West Pacific theatre of World War II">South-West Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_in_World_War_II" title="Indian Ocean in World War II">Indian Ocean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean and Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Atlantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Timeline of the Battle of the Atlantic">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Theater_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Theater (World War II)">Americas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II" title="Aftermath of World War II">Aftermath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">Expulsion of Germans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Keelhaul" title="Operation Keelhaul">Keelhaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Occupation of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Osoaviakhim" title="Operation Osoaviakhim">Osoaviakhim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Paperclip" title="Operation Paperclip">Paperclip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_occupations_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military occupations by the Soviet Union">Soviet occupations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Hungary–Soviet Union relations">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Romania" title="Soviet occupation of Romania">Romania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line" title="Oder–Neisse line">Territorial changes of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany" title="Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany">Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_World_War_II" title="War crimes in World War II">War crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_war_crimes_during_World_War_II" title="Allied war crimes during World War II">Allied war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="Soviet war crimes">Soviet war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="British war crimes">British war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="United States war crimes">United States war crimes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="German war crimes">German war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">forced labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Holocaust" title="Aftermath of the Holocaust">Aftermath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_response_to_the_Holocaust" title="International response to the Holocaust">Response</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_war_crimes" title="Italian war crimes">Italian war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japanese war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit_731" title="Unit 731">Unit 731</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">Prosecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Croatian war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Persecution of Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania#The_Holocaust" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romanian war crimes</a></li> <li>Sexual violence <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_military_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German military brothels in World War II">German military brothels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_camp_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German camp brothels in World War II">Camp brothels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Germany" title="Rape during the occupation of Germany">Rape during the occupation of Germany</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Japan" title="Rape during the occupation of Japan">Japan</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Soviet_occupation_of_Poland" title="Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_France" title="Rape during the liberation of France">Rape during the liberation of France</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_Serbia" title="Rape during the liberation of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sook_Ching" title="Sook Ching">Sook Ching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">Comfort women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_massacre#Mass_rapes" title="Manila massacre">Rape of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marocchinate" title="Marocchinate">Marocchinate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_by_country" title="World War II by country">Participants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria_in_World_War_II" title="Algeria in World War II">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Australia during World War II">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_II" title="Belgium in World War II">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_in_World_War_II" title="Brazil in World War II">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Bulgarian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Bulgarian coup d'état">from September 1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_World_War_II" title="Canada in World War II">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba_during_World_War_II" title="Cuba during World War II">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_in_World_War_II" title="Denmark in World War II">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini_in_World_War_II" title="Eswatini in World War II">Eswatini</a> (formerly Swaziland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">from September 1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_during_World_War_II" title="France during World War II">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Greece during World War II">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Co-belligerent_Army" title="Italian Co-belligerent Army">Italy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">from September 1943</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_in_World_War_II" title="Luxembourg in World War II">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico_during_World_War_II" title="Mexico during World War II">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Netherlands_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Netherlands during World War II">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Newfoundland_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Newfoundland during World War II">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of New Zealand during World War II">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Philippines during World War II">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Poland (1939–1945)">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Romanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Romanian coup d'état">from August 1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_in_World_War_II" title="Sierra Leone in World War II">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of South Africa during World War II">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II" title="Southern Rhodesia in World War II">Southern Rhodesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuva_in_World_War_II" title="Tuva in World War II">Tuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire_in_World_War_II" title="British Empire in World War II">British Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_World_War_II" title="Puerto Ricans in World War II">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)" title="Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)">Albania protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (until September 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">Wang Jingwei regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (until September 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">Italy</a> (until September 1943) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (until August 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovak Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Collaboration_with_Axis_Powers" title="Template:Collaboration with Axis Powers">Collaboration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Neutral_powers_during_World_War_II" title="Neutral powers during World War II">Neutral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Andorra#20th_and_21st_centuries" title="History of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_neutrality_during_World_War_II" title="Irish neutrality during World War II">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Liechtenstein in World War II">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_II" title="Portugal during World War II">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_during_World_War_II" title="Spain during World War II">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_II" title="Sweden during World War II">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_during_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland during the World Wars">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_during_World_War_II" title="Vatican City during World War II">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance during World War II">Resistance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Albania" title="World War II in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_resistance" title="Austrian resistance">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Resistance" title="Belgian Resistance">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_resistance_movement_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgarian resistance movement during World War II">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_the_Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Resistance in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Czech lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_resistance_movement" title="Danish resistance movement">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies#Underground_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_anti-German_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931944" title="Estonian anti-German resistance movement 1941–1944">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbegnoch" title="Arbegnoch">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="German resistance to Nazism">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_resistance" title="Greek resistance">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong#Anti-Japanese_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_dissidence_in_the_Empire_of_Japan#Dissidence_during_World_War_II" title="Political dissidence in the Empire of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Liberation_Army" title="Korean Liberation Army">Korean Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Volunteer_Army" title="Korean Volunteer Army">Korean Volunteer Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_anti-Nazi_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931945" title="Latvian anti-Nazi resistance movement 1941–1945">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_Lithuania_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance in Lithuania during World War II">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Resistance" title="Luxembourg Resistance">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Peoples%27_Anti-Japanese_Army" title="Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army">Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_resistance" title="Dutch resistance">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Anti-Japanese_United_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army">Northeast China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_resistance_movement" title="Norwegian resistance movement">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_resistance_against_Japan" title="Philippine resistance against Japan">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_anti-communist_resistance_movement" title="Romanian anti-communist resistance movement">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Thai_Movement" title="Free Thai Movement">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans" title="Soviet partisans">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_National_Uprising" title="Slovak National Uprising">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Western Ukraine</a></li> <li>Vietnam <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Qu%E1%BB%91c_D%C3%A2n_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng" title="Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng">Quốc dân Đảng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh">Viet Minh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">POWs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li>German prisoners <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_Azerbaijan" title="German prisoners of war in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_States" title="German prisoners of war in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="German prisoners of war in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_II" title="Japanese prisoners of war in World War II">Japanese prisoners</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Polish_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Polish prisoners of war">German atrocities against Polish POWs</a></li> <li>Soviet prisoners <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_prisoners_of_war_in_Finland" title="Soviet prisoners of war in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">atrocities by Germans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_prisoners-of-war_in_the_Soviet_Union_after_1939" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish prisoners-of-war in the Soviet Union after 1939">Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_timelines_of_World_War_II" title="List of timelines of World War II">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Prelude" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II" title="Causes of World War II">Prelude</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abyssinia_Crisis" title="Abyssinia Crisis">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="Events preceding World War II in Asia">Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Khalkhin_Gol" title="Battles of Khalkhin Gol">Battles of Khalkhin Gol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="Events preceding World War II in Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Occupation of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Himmler" title="Operation Himmler">Operation Himmler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Italian invasion of Albania</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1939)" title="Timeline of World War II (1939)">1939</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Invasion of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phoney War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1939)" title="Battle of Changsha (1939)">First Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Guangxi" title="Battle of South Guangxi">Battle of South Guangxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1939%E2%80%931940_Winter_Offensive" title="1939–1940 Winter Offensive">1939–1940 Winter Offensive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1940)" title="Timeline of World War II (1940)">1940</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norwegian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Denmark_(1940)" title="German invasion of Denmark (1940)">German invasion of Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zaoyang%E2%80%93Yichang" title="Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang">Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Luxembourg" title="German invasion of Luxembourg">German invasion of Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_the_Netherlands" title="German invasion of the Netherlands">German invasion of the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1940)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1940)">German invasion of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation" title="Dunkirk evacuation">Dunkirk evacuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mediterranean" title="Battle of the Mediterranean">Battle of the Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_campaign" title="Western Desert campaign">North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_British_Somaliland" title="Italian invasion of British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Regiments_Offensive" title="Hundred Regiments Offensive">Hundred Regiments Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Eastern Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_French_Indochina" title="Japanese invasion of French Indochina">Japanese invasion of French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Italian_War" title="Greco-Italian War">Italian invasion of Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Compass" title="Operation Compass">Compass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1941)" title="Timeline of World War II (1941)">1941</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Henan" title="Battle of South Henan">Battle of South Henan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanggao" title="Battle of Shanggao">Battle of Shanggao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">Invasion of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Greece" title="German invasion of Greece">German invasion of Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crete" title="Battle of Crete">Battle of Crete</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Anglo-Iraqi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Shanxi" title="Battle of South Shanxi">Battle of South Shanxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Syria–Lebanon campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East African campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Invasion of the Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Summer_War" title="Summer War">Summer War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Finland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Silver_Fox" title="Operation Silver Fox">Silver Fox</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_Uprising_in_Lithuania" title="June Uprising in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1941)" title="Battle of Kiev (1941)">Battle of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941)">Second Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">Siege of Leningrad</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Battle of Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1941–1942)">Siege of Sevastopol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Thailand" title="Japanese invasion of Thailand">Japanese invasion of Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Fall of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">Fall of the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1941)" title="Battle of Guam (1941)">Battle of Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wake_Island" title="Battle of Wake Island">Battle of Wake Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malayan campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borneo_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Borneo (1941–1942)">Battle of Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Burma" title="Japanese invasion of Burma">Japanese invasion of Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941–1942)">Third Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Greece)" title="Great Famine (Greece)">Greek famine of 1941–1944</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1942)" title="Timeline of World War II (1942)">1942</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Singapore" title="Fall of Singapore">Fall of Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Java_Sea" title="Battle of the Java Sea">Battle of the Java Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Nazaire_Raid" title="St Nazaire Raid">St Nazaire Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Christmas_Island" title="Battle of Christmas Island">Battle of Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Battle of the Coral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Madagascar" title="Battle of Madagascar">Battle of Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhejiang-Jiangxi_campaign" title="Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign">Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gazala" title="Battle of Gazala">Battle of Gazala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dutch_Harbor" title="Battle of Dutch Harbor">Battle of Dutch Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Battle of Midway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands_campaign" title="Aleutian Islands campaign">Aleutian Islands campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Kiska" title="Japanese occupation of Kiska">Kiska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Attu" title="Japanese occupation of Attu"> Attu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_Blue" title="Case Blue">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="First Battle of El Alamein">First Battle of El Alamein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokoda_Track_campaign" title="Kokoda Track campaign">Kokoda Track campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rzhev,_summer_1942" title="Battle of Rzhev, summer 1942">Rzhev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieppe_Raid" title="Dieppe Raid">Jubilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">Second Battle of El Alamein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal_campaign" title="Guadalcanal campaign">Guadalcanal campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Torch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_famine_of_1942%E2%80%931943" title="Chinese famine of 1942–1943">Chinese famine of 1942–1943</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1943)" title="Timeline of World War II (1943)">1943</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_May_(1943)" title="Black May (1943)">Black May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_campaign" title="Tunisian campaign">Tunisian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hubei" title="Battle of West Hubei">Battle of West Hubei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Attu" title="Battle of Attu">Battle of Attu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II#June_1943" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Battle of Kursk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Allied invasion of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_operation" title="Smolensk operation">Smolensk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_campaign" title="Solomon Islands campaign">Solomon Islands campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cottage" title="Operation Cottage">Cottage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dnieper" title="Battle of the Dnieper">Battle of the Dnieper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Italy" title="Allied invasion of Italy">Allied invasion of Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile" title="Armistice of Cassibile">Armistice of Cassibile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Northern_Burma_and_Western_Yunnan" title="Battle of Northern Burma and Western Yunnan">Northern Burma and Western Yunnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changde" title="Battle of Changde">Changde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1943)" title="Battle of Kiev (1943)">Second Battle of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Marshall_Islands_campaign" title="Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign">Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarawa" title="Battle of Tarawa">Tarawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Makin" title="Battle of Makin">Makin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1944)" title="Timeline of World War II (1944)">1944</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tempest" title="Operation Tempest">Tempest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">Monte Cassino</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anzio" title="Battle of Anzio">Anzio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Korsun%E2%80%93Cherkassy" title="Battle of Korsun–Cherkassy">Korsun–Cherkassy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1944)" title="Battle of Narva (1944)">Narva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ichi-Go" title="Operation Ichi-Go">Ichi-Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Overlord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_and_Palau_Islands_campaign" title="Mariana and Palau Islands campaign">Mariana and Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bagration" title="Operation Bagration">Bagration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lvov%E2%80%93Sandomierz_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Lvov–Sandomierz offensive">Western Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1944)" title="Battle of Guam (1944)">Second Battle of Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg_Line" title="Battle of Tannenberg Line">Tannenberg Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive" title="Second Jassy–Kishinev offensive">Eastern Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Liberation of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon">Dragoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Line" title="Gothic Line">Gothic Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgrade_offensive" title="Belgrade offensive">Belgrade offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">Lapland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden" title="Operation Market Garden">Market Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallinn_offensive" title="Tallinn offensive">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Crossbow" title="Operation Crossbow">Crossbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_Bomber_Offensive" title="Combined Bomber Offensive">Pointblank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945">Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Philippines campaign (1944–1945)">Philippines (1944–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf" title="Battle of Leyte Gulf">Leyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrmian_Front" title="Syrmian Front">Syrmian Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_offensive" title="Budapest offensive">Hungary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Budapest" title="Siege of Budapest">Budapest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Burma campaign (1944–1945)">Burma (1944–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">Ardennes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bodenplatte" title="Operation Bodenplatte">Bodenplatte</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Dutch famine of 1944–1945">Dutch famine of 1944–1945</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1945%E2%80%931991)" title="Timeline of World War II (1945–1991)">1945</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Oder_offensive" title="Vistula–Oder offensive">Vistula–Oder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1945)" title="Battle of Manila (1945)">Battle of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima" title="Battle of Iwo Jima">Battle of Iwo Jima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina">Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_offensive" title="Vienna offensive">Vienna offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Hula" title="Project Hula">Project Hula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany" title="Western Allied invasion of Germany">Western invasion of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bratislava%E2%80%93Brno_offensive" title="Bratislava–Brno offensive">Bratislava–Brno offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa" title="Battle of Okinawa">Battle of Okinawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Guangxi_campaign" title="Second Guangxi campaign">Second Guangxi campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hunan" title="Battle of West Hunan">West Hunan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_1945_offensive_in_Italy" title="Spring 1945 offensive in Italy">Italy (Spring 1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin" title="Battle of Berlin">Battle of Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_offensive" title="Prague offensive">Prague offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="End of World War II in Europe">Surrender of Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="German Instrument of Surrender">document</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borneo_campaign" title="Borneo campaign">Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Taipei" title="Raid on Taipei">Taipei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_naval_bombardments_of_Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Allied naval bombardments of Japan during World War II">Naval bombardment of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debate_over_the_atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Debate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_South_Sakhalin" title="Soviet invasion of South Sakhalin">South Sakhalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Kuril_Islands" title="Invasion of the Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shumshu" title="Battle of Shumshu">Shumshu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender of Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration" title="Potsdam Declaration">Potsdam Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Japanese Instrument of Surrender">document</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="End of World War II in Asia">End of World War II in Asia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/16px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/24px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/32px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_World_War_II" title="Bibliography of World War II">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_War_II" title="Category:World War II">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Soviet_Union" title="Portal:Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">Battle of Moscow at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow" class="extiw" title="c:Battle of Moscow">Media</a> from Commons</li></ul></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Moscow&params=55_45_N_37_38_E_type:event">55°45′N 37°38′E / 55.750°N 37.633°E / 55.750; 37.633</a> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q151290#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q151290#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q151290#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85087443">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121011244">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121011244">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph137690&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX557218">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007546052105171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Moscow&oldid=1254885758">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Moscow&oldid=1254885758</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battle_of_Moscow" title="Category:Battle of Moscow">Battle of Moscow</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1941_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Category:1941 in the Soviet Union">1941 in the Soviet Union</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1942_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Category:1942 in the Soviet Union">1942 in the Soviet Union</a></li><li><a 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