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Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%82_%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A" title="اتفاق جماعي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اتفاق جماعي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Коллектив договор – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Коллектив договор" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conveni_col%C2%B7lectiu" title="Conveni col·lectiu – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Conveni col·lectiu" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolektivn%C3%AD_smlouva" title="Kolektivní smlouva – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kolektivní smlouva" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarifvertrag" title="Tarifvertrag – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tarifvertrag" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%8D%CE%BC%CE%B2%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Συλλογική σύμβαση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Συλλογική σύμβαση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contrato_colectivo_de_trabajo" title="Contrato colectivo de trabajo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Contrato colectivo de trabajo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolektiva_interkonsento" title="Kolektiva interkonsento – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kolektiva interkonsento" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lan_hitzarmen_kolektibo" title="Lan hitzarmen kolektibo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lan hitzarmen kolektibo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%82_%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9%DB%8C" title="توافق جمعی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="توافق جمعی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_collective_de_travail" title="Convention collective de travail – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Convention collective de travail" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%A8%EC%B2%B4%ED%98%91%EC%95%BD" title="단체협약 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="단체협약" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%BE_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%AB%D6%80" title="Կոլեկտիվ պայմանագիր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կոլեկտիվ պայմանագիր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contratto_collettivo_nazionale_di_lavoro" title="Contratto collettivo nazionale di lavoro – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Contratto collettivo nazionale di lavoro" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%9B%D7%9D_%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%99" title="הסכם קיבוצי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הסכם קיבוצי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B0%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B4%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82" title="Ұжымдық шарт – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ұжымдық шарт" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Жамааттык келишим – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жамааттык келишим" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolektyvin%C4%97_sutartis" title="Kolektyvinė sutartis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kolektyvinė sutartis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collectieve_arbeidsovereenkomst" title="Collectieve arbeidsovereenkomst – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Collectieve arbeidsovereenkomst" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%B4%E5%83%8D%E5%8D%94%E7%B4%84" title="労働協約 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="労働協約" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariffavtale" title="Tariffavtale – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tariffavtale" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariffavtale" title="Tariffavtale – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tariffavtale" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uk%C5%82ad_zbiorowy_pracy" title="Układ zbiorowy pracy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Układ zbiorowy pracy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conven%C3%A7%C3%A3o_coletiva_de_trabalho" title="Convenção coletiva de trabalho – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Convenção coletiva de trabalho" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract_colectiv_de_munc%C4%83" title="Contract colectiv de muncă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Contract colectiv de muncă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Коллективный договор – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Коллективный договор" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ty%C3%B6ehtosopimus" title="Työehtosopimus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Työehtosopimus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kollektivavtal" title="Kollektivavtal – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kollektivavtal" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasunduang_panlahat" title="Kasunduang panlahat – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kasunduang panlahat" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D3%A3" title="Шартномаи коллективӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Шартномаи коллективӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toplu_i%C5%9F_s%C3%B6zle%C5%9Fmesi" title="Toplu iş sözleşmesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Toplu iş sözleşmesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%80" title="Колективний договір – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Колективний договір" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%86%E9%AB%94%E8%AB%87%E5%88%A4%E6%AC%8A" title="集體談判權 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="集體談判權" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Agreement between employers and employees</div> <p>A <b>collective agreement</b>, <b>collective labour agreement</b> (<b>CLA</b>) or <b>collective bargaining agreement</b> (<b>CBA</b>) is a written contract negotiated through <a href="/wiki/Collective_bargaining" title="Collective bargaining">collective bargaining</a> for employees by one or more <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">trade unions</a> with the management of a company (or with an <a href="/wiki/Employers%27_association" class="mw-redirect" title="Employers' association">employers' association</a>) that regulates the terms and conditions of employees at work. This includes regulating the wages, benefits, and duties of the employees and the duties and responsibilities of the employer or employers and often includes rules for a dispute resolution process. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Finland">Finland</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collective_agreement&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Finland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, collective labour agreements are universally valid. This means that a collective agreement in an economic sector becomes a universally applicable legal minimum for any individual's employment contract, whether or not they are a union member. For this condition to apply, half of the workforce in that sector needs to be union members, thus supporting the agreement. </p><p>Workers are not forced to join a union in a specific <a href="/wiki/Workplace" title="Workplace">workplace</a>. Nevertheless, with 70% average unionization, most economic sectors are under a collective labour agreement. An agreement does not prohibit higher wages and better benefits, but establishes a legal minimum, similarly to a <a href="/wiki/Minimum_wage" title="Minimum wage">minimum wage</a>. Furthermore, a <a href="/wiki/National_income_policy_agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="National income policy agreement">national income policy agreement</a> is often, but not always reached, which includes all <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">trade unions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Employers%E2%80%99_association" class="mw-redirect" title="Employers’ association">employers’ associations</a>, and the Finnish government.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Germany">Germany</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collective_agreement&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/German_labour_law" title="German labour law">German labour law</a></div> <p>Collective agreements in Germany are legally binding. Germans pride themselves in a supposedly more cooperative spirit in industrial relations when compared to other countries, for example when contrasted to the historically more adversarial nature of industrial relations in the United Kingdom as described below. German workers by law have a right to representation on company boards.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Together, management and workers are considered "social partners".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Italy">Italy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collective_agreement&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like in Finland, collective labour agreement determinate a universal applicabile legal minimum wage, which is universally valid (in <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i>erga omnes</i>), whether the worker is a member of a trade union or not. </p><p>The introduction of collective labour agreement in Italy took place during the fascist period with the promulgation of the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Charter_of_1927" title="Labour Charter of 1927">Labour Charter of 1927</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1959, Vigorelli-type laws transferred the national collective labor agreements in force at the time into an ordinary law in such a way as to make the set of economic and regulatory rights established in these agreements universal and binding.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the first time in the history of Italian industrial relations, in December 2010, <a href="/wiki/Sergio_Marchionne" title="Sergio Marchionne">Marchionne</a> decided to unilaterally let the <a href="/wiki/Fiat_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiat group">Fiat group</a> out of Confindustria and Federmeccanica. the Fiat group decided to start separate negotiations with some trade union organizations to define a specific company contract for the automotive sector in force within its plants, as an exception to and in lieu of the national collective labor contract.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2013, the <a href="/wiki/Associazione_Bancaria_Italiana" title="Associazione Bancaria Italiana">Associazione Bancaria Italiana</a> was the first association to decide to cancel the national collective labor agreement of the banking sector and to adopt a separate negotiation with the trade union organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the subsequent contractual renewals of 2018 and 2022, the trade unions and bank's associations agreed on the right of withdrawal from the national collective labor agreement for both parties.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both employers' associations and trade unions of wage workers of the public and private sectors have the right to unilaterally withdraw from the contract. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sweden">Sweden</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collective_agreement&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Sweden"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Sweden about 90 per cent of all employees are covered by collective agreements, in the private sector 83 per cent (2017).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Collective agreements usually contain provisions concerning minimum wages. Sweden does not have statutory regulation of minimum wages or legislation on extension of collective agreements to unorganized employers. Non-organized employers can sign substitute agreements directly with trade unions, but many do not. The Swedish model of self-regulation applies only to workplaces and employees covered by collective agreements.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collective_agreement&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/UK_labour_law" class="mw-redirect" title="UK labour law">UK labour law</a> and <a href="/wiki/TULRCA_1992" class="mw-redirect" title="TULRCA 1992">TULRCA 1992</a></div> <p>At <a href="/wiki/English_common_law" class="mw-redirect" title="English common law">common law</a>, <i>Ford v A.U.E.F.</i> [1969],<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the courts once held that collective agreements were not binding. Then, the <i><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Relations_Act_1971" title="Industrial Relations Act 1971">Industrial Relations Act 1971</a></i>, introduced by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Carr" title="Robert Carr">Robert Carr</a> (Employment Minister in <a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Edward Heath</a>'s cabinet), provided that collective agreements were binding unless a written contract clause declared otherwise. After the demise of the Heath government, the law was reversed to reflect the tradition in British industrial relations policy of legal abstentionism from workplace disputes. </p><p>The law is now contained in the <i><a href="/wiki/Trade_Union_and_Labour_Relations_(Consolidation)_Act_1992" title="Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992">Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992</a></i> s.179, whereby in the United Kingdom collective agreements are conclusively deemed to be not legally binding. This presumption may be rebutted when the agreement is in writing and contains an explicit provision asserting that it should be legally enforceable. </p><p>Although the collective agreement itself is not enforceable, many of the terms negotiated will relate to pay, conditions, holidays, pensions and so on. These terms will be incorporated into an employee's contract of employment (whether or not the employee is a union member); and the contract of employment is, of course, enforceable. If the new terms are unacceptable to any individuals, they can object to his employer; but if the majority of workers have acquiesced, the company will be able to sack the complainants, normally with impunity. </p><p>The British law reflects the historic adversarial nature of UK industrial relations. Also, there is a background fear by employees that if their trade union sued for breach of a collective agreement, the union could become bankrupt, leaving employees without representation in collective bargaining. This unfortunate situation may be slowly changing, partly through <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a> influences. Japanese and Chinese firms that have UK factories (particularly in the motor industry) try to imbue their workers with the company ethic.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (April 2016)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This approach has been adopted by indigenous UK firms such as <a href="/wiki/Tesco" title="Tesco">Tesco</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_States">United States</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collective_agreement&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/US_labor_law" class="mw-redirect" title="US labor law">US labor law</a> and <a href="/wiki/NLRA" class="mw-redirect" title="NLRA">NLRA</a></div> <p>In the United States, collective bargaining agreements are recognised.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collective_agreement&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intention_to_be_legally_bound" class="mw-redirect" title="Intention to be legally bound">Intention to be legally bound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_economics" title="Labour economics">Labour economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_law" title="Labour law">Labour law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NBA_Collective_Bargaining_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="NBA Collective Bargaining Agreement">NBA Collective Bargaining Agreement</a>, an agreement between the <a href="/wiki/National_Basketball_Players_Association" title="National Basketball Players Association">National Basketball Players Association</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Basketball_Association" title="National Basketball Association">National Basketball Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NFL_Collective_Bargaining_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="NFL Collective Bargaining Agreement">NFL Collective Bargaining Agreement</a>, an agreement between the <a href="/wiki/National_Football_League_Players_Association" title="National Football League Players Association">National Football League Players Association</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">National Football League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NHL_Collective_Bargaining_Agreement" title="NHL Collective Bargaining Agreement">NHL Collective Bargaining Agreement</a>, an agreement between the <a href="/wiki/National_Hockey_League_Players%27_Association" title="National Hockey League Players' Association">National Hockey League Players' Association</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Hockey_League" title="National Hockey League">National Hockey League</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collective_agreement&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px 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.cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130213175135/http://www.enterprisefinland.fi/liston/portal/page.lsp?r=3938&l=en">"Enterprise Finland"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enterprisefinland.fi/liston/portal/page.lsp?r=3938&l=en">the original</a> on 2013-02-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Studies in Social Policy, Industrial Relations, Working Life and Mobility. Research Reports 2019:1, Appendix 3 (in English) Tables F-G</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anders Kjellberg (2019) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.research.lu.se/portal/sv/publications/sweden-collective-bargaining-under-the-industry-norm(11510a6d-057c-4a81-b69b-a82670685caa).html">"Sweden: collective bargaining under the industry norm"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190725151859/https://portal.research.lu.se/portal/sv/publications/sweden-collective-bargaining-under-the-industry-norm(11510a6d-057c-4a81-b69b-a82670685caa).html">Archived</a> 2019-07-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, in Torsten Müller & Kurt Vandaele & Jeremy Waddington (eds.) <i>Collective bargaining in Europe: towards an endgame</i>, European Trade Union Institute (ETUI) Brussels 2019. Vol. III (pp. 583-604)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anders Kjellberg (2017) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170418083350/http://portal.research.lu.se/ws/files/23904978/Kjellberg_FSNumhauserHenning_Self_Regulation_State_Regulation.pdf">”Self-regulation versus State Regulation in Swedish Industrial Relations”</a> In Mia Rönnmar and Jenny Julén Votinius (eds.) <i>Festskrift till Ann Numhauser-Henning</i>. Lund: Juristförlaget i Lund 2017, pp. 357-383</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ford v A.U.E.F. 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