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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-18th_century_to_the_present:_France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-18th_century_to_the_present:_Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#18th_century_to_the_present:_Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>18th century to the present: Spain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-18th_century_to_the_present:_Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hist%C3%B2ria_de_la_llengua_catalana" title="Història de la llengua catalana – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Història de la llengua catalana" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reforma_katal%C3%A1nsk%C3%A9ho_pravopisu" title="Reforma katalánského pravopisu – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Reforma katalánského pravopisu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_del_idioma_catal%C3%A1n" title="Historia del idioma catalán – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Historia del idioma catalán" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تاریخ کاتالان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تاریخ کاتالان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_de_la_langue_catalane" title="Histoire de la langue catalane – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Histoire de la langue catalane" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istoria_de_la_lingua_catalan" title="Istoria de la lingua catalan – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Istoria de la lingua catalan" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A3%E8%AA%9E%E3%81%AE%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2" title="カタルーニャ語の歴史 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カタルーニャ語の歴史" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4891602#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard hlist" style="width: 22em;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="line-height:1.2; font-size:140%;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Valencian_language" title="Valencian language">Valencian</a></span> <span class="nowrap">cultural domain</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Linguistic_map_Southwestern_Europe-en.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Linguistic_map_Southwestern_Europe-en.gif/250px-Linguistic_map_Southwestern_Europe-en.gif" decoding="async" width="250" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Linguistic_map_Southwestern_Europe-en.gif/375px-Linguistic_map_Southwestern_Europe-en.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Linguistic_map_Southwestern_Europe-en.gif/500px-Linguistic_map_Southwestern_Europe-en.gif 2x" data-file-width="806" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Andorra" title="History of Andorra">History of Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Aragon" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Aragon">History of Aragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Balearic_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Balearic Islands">History of the Balearic Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Catalonia" title="History of Catalonia">History of Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Roussillon" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Roussillon">History of Roussillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sardinia" title="History of Sardinia">History of Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Valencian_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Valencian Community">History of Valencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Catalonia" title="Principality of Catalonia">Principality of Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Majorca" title="Kingdom of Majorca">Kingdom of Majorca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia" title="Kingdom of Valencia">Kingdom of Valencia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_constitutions" title="Catalan constitutions">Catalan constitutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furs_of_Valencia" title="Furs of Valencia">Furs of Valencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_the_Pyrenees" title="Treaty of the Pyrenees">Treaty of the Pyrenees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nueva_Planta_decrees" title="Nueva Planta decrees">Nueva Planta decrees</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andorran_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Andorran people">Andorrans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_people" title="Aragonese people">Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balearic_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Balearic people">Balearics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibizan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibizan people">Ibizans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majorcan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Majorcan people">Majorcans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menorcan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Menorcan people">Minorcans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan people">Catalans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_people" title="Sardinian people">Sardinians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alguerese_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Alguerese people">Alguerese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Valencian people">Valencians</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Language</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_literature" title="Catalan literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_dialects" title="Catalan dialects">Dialects and varieties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_grammar" title="Catalan grammar">Grammar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_phonology" title="Catalan phonology">Pronunciation</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_Catalan" title="Phonological history of Catalan">Phonetic history</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Catalan" title="Help:IPA/Catalan">IPA guide</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_spelling-to-sound_correspondences_in_Catalan" title="Lists of spelling-to-sound correspondences in Catalan">Spelling-to-sound charts</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_orthography" title="Catalan orthography">Orthography</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Catalan_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan alphabet">Alphabet</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Braille" title="Catalan Braille">Braille</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_morphology" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan morphology">Morpho-</a><a href="/wiki/Catalan_syntax" title="Catalan syntax">syntax</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Catalan_nouns" title="Catalan nouns">Nouns</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Catalan_personal_pronouns" title="Catalan personal pronouns">Personal pronouns</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Catalan_verbs" title="Catalan verbs">Verbs</a></small> (<small><a href="/wiki/Catalan_conjugation" title="Catalan conjugation">Conjugation</a></small>)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A8mia_Valenciana_de_la_Llengua" title="Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua">Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua</a></i> (AVL)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Catalan_Studies" title="Institute for Catalan Studies">Institut d'Estudis Catalans</a></i> (IEC)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Institut_Ramon_Llull" title="Institut Ramon Llull">Institut</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Fundaci%C3%B3_Ramon_Llull" title="Fundació Ramon Llull">Fundació Ramon Llull</a></i> (IRL & FRL)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Geo-political divisions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragon" title="Aragon">Aragon</a> (<a href="/wiki/La_Franja" title="La Franja">La Franja</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balearic_Islands" title="Balearic Islands">Balearic Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibiza" title="Ibiza">Ibiza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majorca" class="mw-redirect" title="Majorca">Majorca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menorca" title="Menorca">Minorca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murcia" title="Murcia">Murcia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carche" title="Carche">El Carxe</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es-Orientales" title="Pyrénées-Orientales">Pyrénées-Orientales</a> (<a href="/wiki/Northern_Catalonia" title="Northern Catalonia">Northern Catalonia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alghero" title="Alghero">L'Alguer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_Community" title="Valencian Community">Valencia</a> <br /> <i>See <a href="/wiki/Catalan_Countries" title="Catalan Countries">Catalan Countries</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Government and politics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Council_of_Andorra" class="mw-redirect" title="General Council of Andorra">General Council of Andorra</a> (<a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Andorra" title="Politics of Andorra">Politics</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortes_of_Aragon" title="Cortes of Aragon">Courts of Aragon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Aragon" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Aragon">Politics</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balearic_Islands" title="Balearic Islands">Government of the Balearic Islands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Balearic_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of the Balearic Islands">Politics</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalitat_de_Catalunya" title="Generalitat de Catalunya">Generalitat of Catalonia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Catalonia" title="Politics of Catalonia">Politics</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Departmental_Council_of_Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es-Orientales" title="Departmental Council of Pyrénées-Orientales">General Council of the Pyrénées-Orientales</a> (<a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es-Orientales" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of the Pyrénées-Orientales">Politics</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalitat_Valenciana" title="Generalitat Valenciana">Generalitat of Valencia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Valencian_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of the Valencian Community">Politics</a>) <br /> <i>See <a href="/wiki/Catalan_nationalism" title="Catalan nationalism">Catalan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valencian_nationalism" title="Valencian nationalism">Valencian nationalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catalanophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalanophobia">Catalanophobia</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Traditions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_myths_and_legends" title="Catalan myths and legends">Myths and legends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditions_of_Catalonia" title="Traditions of Catalonia">Traditions</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Caganer" title="Caganer">Caganer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Castell" title="Castell">Castells</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Correfoc" title="Correfoc">Correfoc</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Falles" class="mw-redirect" title="Falles">Falles</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bonfires_of_Saint_John" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonfires of Saint John">Fogueres de Sant Joan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gigantes_y_cabezudos" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigantes y cabezudos">Gegants i capgrossos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moros_y_cristianos" title="Moros y cristianos">Moros i cristians</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Muixeranga" title="Muixeranga">Muixeranga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saint_George%27s_Day#Spain" title="Saint George's Day">Saint George's Day</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sardana" title="Sardana">Sardana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ti%C3%B3_de_Nadal" title="Tió de Nadal">Tió de Nadal</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Cuisine</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_cuisine" title="Catalan cuisine">Catalan cuisine</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coca_(pastry)" title="Coca (pastry)">Coca</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ensa%C3%AFmada" title="Ensaïmada">Ensaïmada</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pa_amb_tom%C3%A0quet" title="Pa amb tomàquet">Pa amb tomàquet</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paella" title="Paella">Paella</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Art</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_art" title="Catalan art">Catalan art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Gaud%C3%AD" title="Antoni Gaudí">Antoni Gaudí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_T%C3%A0pies" title="Antoni Tàpies">Antoni Tàpies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Mir%C3%B3" title="Joan Miró">Joan Miró</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Sorolla" title="Joaquín Sorolla">Joaquim Sorolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD" title="Salvador Dalí">Salvador Dalí</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_literature" title="Catalan literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Valencia" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Age of Valencia">Segle d'or</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Decad%C3%A8ncia" title="La Decadència">Decadència</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Renaixen%C3%A7a" title="Renaixença">Renaixença</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Modernisme" title="Modernisme">Modernisme</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Noucentisme" title="Noucentisme">Noucentisme</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Music and performing arts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan music">Music</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nova_can%C3%A7%C3%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="Nova cançó">Nova cançó</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rock_catal%C3%A0" title="Rock català">Rock català</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Catalan_rumba" title="Catalan rumba">Rumba catalana</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Sport</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Catalonia" title="Sport in Catalonia">Sport in Catalonia</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Symbols</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Catalonia" title="National symbols of Catalonia">National symbols of Catalonia</a></li> <li>Flags <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Andorra" title="Flag of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Balearic_Islands" title="Flag of the Balearic Islands">Balearic Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senyera" title="Senyera">Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Valencian_Community" title="Flag of the Valencian Community">Valencia</a></li></ul></li> <li>Coats of Arms <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Andorra" title="Coat of arms of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Balearic_Islands" title="Coat of arms of Balearic Islands">Balearic Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Crown_of_Aragon" title="Coat of arms of the Crown of Aragon">Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Valencian_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of Valencian Community">Valencia</a></li></ul></li> <li>Anthems <ul><li><a href="/wiki/El_Gran_Carlemany" class="mw-redirect" title="El Gran Carlemany">El Gran Carlemany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Els_Segadors" title="Els Segadors">Els Segadors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Balanguera" title="La Balanguera">La Balanguera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himne_de_l%27Exposici%C3%B3" title="Himne de l'Exposició">Himne de l'Exposició</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catalan/Valencian_cultural_domain" title="Template:Catalan/Valencian cultural domain"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catalan/Valencian_cultural_domain" title="Template talk:Catalan/Valencian cultural domain"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catalan/Valencian_cultural_domain" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catalan/Valencian cultural domain"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan language</a> originated from <a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees Mountains</a> between <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>. It diverged from the other <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a> in the 9th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECosta_CarrerasYates20096–7_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECosta_CarrerasYates20096–7-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At that time, Catalan spread quickly throughout the Iberian peninsula when the Catalan counts conquered Muslim territory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECosta_CarrerasYates20096–7_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECosta_CarrerasYates20096–7-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 11th century, the Catalan language was present in several feudal documents.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoran200437–38_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoran200437–38-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Catalan was present throughout the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> by the 15th century. At that time, the city of <a href="/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a> was thriving.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECosta_CarrerasYates20096–7_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECosta_CarrerasYates20096–7-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1659, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_the_Pyrenees" title="Treaty of the Pyrenees">Treaty of Pyrenees</a> was signed, beginning a suppression of the Catalan language. <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a> issued a decree that prohibited the use of the Catalan language in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Catalonia" title="Northern Catalonia">Northern Catalonia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CRDP,_Académie_de_Montpellier_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRDP,_Académie_de_Montpellier-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The repression continued during the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> when the <a href="/wiki/First_French_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="First French Republic">First French Republic</a> prohibited the usage of Catalan in linguistic education.<sup id="cite_ref-Abbé_Grégoire_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abbé_Grégoire-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The repression continued until recently, when finally the government body of the <a href="/wiki/Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es-Orientales" title="Pyrénées-Orientales">Pyrénées-Orientales</a> in 2007 symbolically recognized the usage of Catalan publicly and its presence in education.<sup id="cite_ref-Charte_en_faveur_du_Catalan_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charte_en_faveur_du_Catalan-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Spain, Catalan was expelled from the official sphere, until it regained official status after the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Region_of_Catalonia_(1931%E2%80%931939)" title="Autonomous Region of Catalonia (1931–1939)">Autonomous Region of Catalonia</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Second Spanish Republic</a> (1931-1939). In <a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Francoist Spain</a>, Catalan was prohibited in government or education, accompaigned with a harsh repression and discouragement of the public use of the language during the first years of the Dictatorship. It was initially prohibited in mass media, but then tolerated during the 1950s, including the publishing of written works in Catalan.<sup id="cite_ref-Ross_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ross-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the death of <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Franco</a> and the subsequent adoption of the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a>, Catalan was restored as official language and since then has been promoted in different degrees by the autonomous governments of the Catalan-speaking areas (<a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Balearic_Islands" title="Balearic Islands">Balearic Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valencian_Community" title="Valencian Community">Valencia</a>). Today, despite the efforts to re-normalize the social use of the language (particularly in Catalonia) and their relative successes of the first decades, Catalan still faces issues of <a href="/wiki/Diglossia" title="Diglossia">diglossia</a> and increasing minorization, alongside the growth of discrimination cases.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Catalan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Old_Catalan" title="Old Catalan">Old Catalan</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Middle_Ages">Early Middle Ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Catalan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Homilies_d%27Organya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Homilies_d%27Organya.jpg/150px-Homilies_d%27Organya.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Homilies_d%27Organya.jpg/225px-Homilies_d%27Organya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Homilies_d%27Organya.jpg/300px-Homilies_d%27Organya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="970" /></a><figcaption><i>Les Homilies d'Organyà</i> (12th century), first written in Catalan.</figcaption></figure> <p>By the 9th century, the Catalan language had developed from <a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a> on both sides of the eastern end of the <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a> mountains (counties of <a href="/wiki/County_of_Roussillon" title="County of Roussillon">Rosselló</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%BAries" title="Empúries">Empúries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Besal%C3%BA" title="Besalú">Besalú</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cerdanya" title="Cerdanya">Cerdanya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urgell" title="Urgell">Urgell</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_of_Pallars" title="County of Pallars">Pallars</a> and <a href="/wiki/County_of_Ribagor%C3%A7a" class="mw-redirect" title="County of Ribagorça">Ribagorça</a>), as well as in the territories of the Roman province and later archdiocese of <a href="/wiki/Tarraconensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarraconensis">Tarraconensis</a> to the south.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECosta_CarrerasYates20096–7_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECosta_CarrerasYates20096–7-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the 8th century on, the Catalan counts extended their territory southwards and westwards, conquering territories then occupied by Muslims, bringing their language with them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECosta_CarrerasYates20096–7_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECosta_CarrerasYates20096–7-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This expansion quickened with the separation of the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Barcelona" title="County of Barcelona">County of Barcelona</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a> in 988.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECosta_CarrerasYates20096–7_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECosta_CarrerasYates20096–7-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 9th century, the Christian rulers occupied the northern parts of present-day Catalonia, usually termed "Old Catalonia", and during the 11th and 12th centuries they expanded their domains to the region north of the <a href="/wiki/Ebro_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Ebro river">Ebro river</a>, a land known as "New Catalonia".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECosta_CarrerasYates20096–7_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECosta_CarrerasYates20096–7-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 13th century, the Catalans expanded to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia" title="Kingdom of Valencia">Land of Valencia</a> and across to the <a href="/wiki/Balearic_Islands" title="Balearic Islands">Balearic Islands</a> and Alghero in Sardinia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECosta_CarrerasYates20096–7_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECosta_CarrerasYates20096–7-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:50%; ; color: #202122;background-color: Honeydew;"> <div class="quotebox-title" style="color: #202122;background-color: Honeydew;"><i>Greuges</i> of Guitard Isarn, Lord of Caboet (ca. 1080–1095)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeny19979–18_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeny19979–18-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>Hec est memoria de ipsas rancuras que abet dominus Guitardus Isarnus, senior Caputense, de rancuras filio Guillelm Arnall et que ag de suo pater, Guilelm Arnall; et non voluit facere directum in sua vita de ipso castro Caputense <i>che li comannà</i>. <i>Et si Guilelm Arnal me facia tal cosa que dreçar no·m volgués ho no poqués, ho ssi·s partia de mi, che Mir Arnall me romasés aisí com lo·m avia al dia che ad él lo commanné.</i> Et in ipsa onor <i>a Guillelm Arnal no li doné negú domenge ni establiment de cavaler ni de pedó per gitar ni per metre quan l·i comanné Mir Arnall.</i> </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">Lines 1–4. Passages in Catalan in italics</cite></div> </div> <p>According to historian <a href="/wiki/Jaime_Villanueva" title="Jaime Villanueva">Jaume Villanueva</a> (1756–1824), the first attested Catalan sentence is thought to be found in an 8th-century manuscript from <a href="/wiki/Ripoll" title="Ripoll">Ripoll</a> that has since been lost. It was a whimsical note in 10th- or early 11th-century calligraphy: <i>Magister m[eu]s no vol que em miras novel</i> ("my master does not want you to watch me, newbie").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoran199455–93_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoran199455–93-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Starting in the 9th century, several feudal documents (especially oaths and complaints) written in <a href="/wiki/Macaronic_Latin" class="mw-redirect" title="Macaronic Latin">macaronic Latin</a> began to exhibit elements of Catalan, with proper names or even sentences in Romance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoran200437–38_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoran200437–38-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, in the act of consecration of the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Urgell" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral of Urgell">cathedral of Urgell</a> from 839 the toponymy exhibits clear Catalan traits, like <a href="/wiki/Apocope" title="Apocope">apocope</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <i>Argilers</i> < ARGILARĬUS, <i>Llinars</i> < LINĀRES, <i>Kabrils</i> < CAPRĪLES, and reduction of Latin clusters as in <i>Palomera</i> < PALUMBARĬA.<sup id="cite_ref-Els_primers_textos_en_català_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Els_primers_textos_en_català-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another text, from the early 11th century, exhibits the names of seven fruit trees:<sup id="cite_ref-Els_primers_textos_en_català_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Els_primers_textos_en_català-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>morers III et oliver I et noguer I et pomer I et amendolers IIII et pruners et figuers...</i></p></blockquote><p> Of special historical and linguistic importance is the <i>Memorial of Complaints of Ponç I</i><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (ca. 1050–1060), featuring whole sentences in Romance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoran200437–38_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoran200437–38-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the middle of the 11th century, documents written completely or mostly in Catalan begin to appear, like the <i>Oath of Radulf Oriol</i> (ca. 1028–1047),<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Complaints of Guitard Isarn, Lord of Caboet</i> (ca. 1080–1095), and <i>The Oath of Peace and Truce of Count Pere Ramon</i> (1098).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoran200437–38_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoran200437–38-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hagiographic poem Cançó de Santa Fe from ca. 1054 is not considered one of the oldest Catalan texts because it is hard to tell if it is written in Catalan or Occitan, since its place of composition is unknown and it is difficult to assign it to one language or the other: the two languages were similar to each other at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Catalan shares many features with <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Romance_languages" title="Gallo-Romance languages">Gallo-Romance languages</a>, which are mostly located in France and Northern Italy. Old Catalan diverged from <a href="/wiki/Old_Occitan" title="Old Occitan">Old Occitan</a> between the 11th and 14th centuries,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiquer1964_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiquer1964-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although it was not until the 19th century that Catalan was formally considered a separate language by romanists,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when in 1863 the German philologist <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Christian_Diez" title="Friedrich Christian Diez">Friedrich Christian Diez</a> first put Catalan on the same level as the rest of the Romance languages, though still admitting a close relationship with Occitan.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_Middle_Ages">Late Middle Ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Catalan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Late Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Catalan enjoyed a golden age during the <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a>, reaching a peak of maturity and cultural plenitude.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECosta_CarrerasYates20096–7_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECosta_CarrerasYates20096–7-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of this can be seen in the works of Majorcan polymath <a href="/wiki/Ramon_Llull" title="Ramon Llull">Ramon Llull</a> (1232–1315), the Four Great Chronicles (13th-14th centuries), and the Valencian school of poetry which culminated in <a href="/wiki/Ausi%C3%A0s_March" title="Ausiàs March">Ausiàs March</a> (1397–1459).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECosta_CarrerasYates20096–7_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECosta_CarrerasYates20096–7-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the 15th century, the city of <a href="/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a> had become the center of social and cultural dynamism, and Catalan was present all over the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECosta_CarrerasYates20096–7_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECosta_CarrerasYates20096–7-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The belief that political splendor was correlated with linguistic consolidation was voiced through the Royal Chancery, which promoted a highly standardized language.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECosta_CarrerasYates20096–7_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECosta_CarrerasYates20096–7-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The outstanding<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECosta_CarrerasYates20096–7_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECosta_CarrerasYates20096–7-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> novel of chivalry <i><a href="/wiki/Tirant_lo_Blanc" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirant lo Blanc">Tirant lo Blanc</a></i> (1490), by <a href="/wiki/Joanot_Martorell" title="Joanot Martorell">Joanot Martorell</a>, shows the transition from medieval to Renaissance values, something that can also be seen in the works of <a href="/wiki/Bernat_Metge" title="Bernat Metge">Bernat Metge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andreu_Febrer" title="Andreu Febrer">Andreu Febrer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECosta_CarrerasYates20096–7_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECosta_CarrerasYates20096–7-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this period, Catalan was what Costa Carreras terms "one of the 'great languages' of medieval Europe".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECosta_CarrerasYates20096–7_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECosta_CarrerasYates20096–7-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The flowering of the Renaissance was closely associated with the advent of the <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a>, and the first book produced with movable type in the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> was printed in Valencia in 1474: <i>Trobes en llaors de la Verge maria</i> ("Poems of praise of the Virgin Mary").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECosta_CarrerasYates20096–7_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECosta_CarrerasYates20096–7-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="18th_century_to_the_present:_France">18th century to the present: France</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Catalan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 18th century to the present: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Language_policy_in_France" title="Language policy in France">Language policy in France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vergonha" title="Vergonha">Vergonha</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Interdiction_officielle_de_la_langue_catalana_2_avril_1700.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Interdiction_officielle_de_la_langue_catalana_2_avril_1700.jpg/150px-Interdiction_officielle_de_la_langue_catalana_2_avril_1700.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Interdiction_officielle_de_la_langue_catalana_2_avril_1700.jpg/225px-Interdiction_officielle_de_la_langue_catalana_2_avril_1700.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Interdiction_officielle_de_la_langue_catalana_2_avril_1700.jpg/300px-Interdiction_officielle_de_la_langue_catalana_2_avril_1700.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1374" /></a><figcaption>Official Decree Prohibiting the Catalan Language in France.</figcaption></figure> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_the_Pyrenees" title="Treaty of the Pyrenees">Treaty of the Pyrenees</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Royal_decree" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal decree">royal decree</a> by <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIV of France">Louis XIV of France</a> on April 2, 1700 prohibited the use of the Catalan language in present-day <a href="/wiki/Northern_Catalonia" title="Northern Catalonia">Northern Catalonia</a>. The decree forbade use in any official document, under the threat of being invalidated.<sup id="cite_ref-CRDP,_Académie_de_Montpellier_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRDP,_Académie_de_Montpellier-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shortly after the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, the <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">French First Republic</a> prohibited official use of, and enacted discriminating policies against, the nonstandard languages of France (<i><a href="/wiki/Patois" title="Patois">patois</a></i>), such as Catalan, Breton, Occitan, <a href="/wiki/Flemish_dialects" title="Flemish dialects">Flemish</a>, and Basque. </p><p>The deliberate process of eradicating non-French <a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">vernaculars</a> in modern France and dismissing them as mere local and often strictly oral dialects was formalized with <a href="/wiki/Abb%C3%A9_Gr%C3%A9goire" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbé Grégoire">Abbé Grégoire</a>'s <i>Report on the necessity and means to annihilate the patois and to universalize the use of the French language</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Abbé_Grégoire_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abbé_Grégoire-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which he presented on June 4, 1794 to the <a href="/wiki/National_Convention" title="National Convention">National Convention</a>; thereafter, all languages other than French were officially banned in the administration and schools for the sake of <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistically</a> uniting post-<a href="/wiki/Bastille_Day" title="Bastille Day">Bastille Day</a> France. </p><p>To date, the French government continues its policy of recognizing French as the country's only official language. Nevertheless, on 10 December 2007, the <a href="/wiki/General_Council_of_the_Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es-Orientales" class="mw-redirect" title="General Council of the Pyrénées-Orientales">General Council of the Pyrénées-Orientales</a> recognized Catalan as one of its official languages in Article 1 (a) of its <i>Charte en faveur du Catalan</i><sup id="cite_ref-Charte_en_faveur_du_Catalan_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charte_en_faveur_du_Catalan-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and sought to promote it in public life and education. </p> <dl><dd>Article 1: "The General Council of Pyrénées-Orientales officially recognizes, along with the French language, Catalan as a language of the department."</dd> <dd>(<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">"Le Conseil Général des Pyrénées-Orientales reconnaît officiellement, au côté de la langue française, le catalan comme langue du département</i></span>)."</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="18th_century_to_the_present:_Spain">18th century to the present: Spain</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Catalan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 18th century to the present: Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Language_politics_in_Spain_under_Franco" class="mw-redirect" title="Language politics in Spain under Franco">Language politics in Spain under Franco</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DecretNovaPlanta.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/DecretNovaPlanta.png/150px-DecretNovaPlanta.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/DecretNovaPlanta.png/225px-DecretNovaPlanta.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/DecretNovaPlanta.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="404" /></a><figcaption><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=epd1t_OqzSIC">The Nueva Planta Decrees</a></figcaption></figure> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Nueva_Planta_Decrees" class="mw-redirect" title="Nueva Planta Decrees">Nueva Planta Decrees</a>, the use of Catalan in administration and education was banned in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Spain">Kingdom of Spain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The effect was limited on society, upon the official survey the Statistics Office of the French Ministry of the Interior asked the <a href="/wiki/Prefect_(France)" title="Prefect (France)">prefects</a>, in 1807, regarding the limits of the <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French language</a>. The survey found that in <a href="/wiki/Roussillon" title="Roussillon">Roussillon</a>, almost only Catalan was spoken, and since Napoleon wanted to incorporate Catalonia into France, as happened in 1812, the <a href="/wiki/Consul" title="Consul">consul</a> in <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a> was also asked. He declared that Catalan "is taught in schools, it is printed and spoken, not only among the lower class, but also among people of first quality, also in social gatherings, as in visits and congresses", indicating that it was spoken everywhere "with the exception of the royal courts". He also indicated that Catalan was spoken "in the Kingdom of Valencia, in the islands of Mallorca, Menorca, Ibiza, Sardinia, Corsica and much of Sicily, in the Vall d'Aran and Cerdaña".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Renaixen%C3%A7a" title="Renaixença">Renaixença</a> that use of the Catalan language also saw an increase in usage.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Second Spanish Republic</a> (1931-1939) Catalan became the official language of Catalonia (alongside Spanish), being used extensively by the <a href="/wiki/Generalitat_de_Catalunya" title="Generalitat de Catalunya">Generalitat</a>, the Catalan institution of self-government. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Francoist Spain</a> (1939–1975), the use of Spanish in place of Catalan was promoted, and public use of Catalan was initially repressed and discouraged by official propaganda campaigns.<sup id="cite_ref-josep_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-josep-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of Catalan in government-run institutions and in public events was banned.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During later stages of Francoist Spain, certain folkloric or religious celebrations in Catalan were allowed to resume and were tolerated. Use of Catalan in the <a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">mass media</a> was initially forbidden, but beginning in the early 1950s,<sup id="cite_ref-Ross_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ross-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was permitted in the theater. Publishing in Catalan continued throughout the Spanish State.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomas_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were attempts at prohibiting the use of spoken Catalan in public and in commerce,<sup id="cite_ref-josep_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-josep-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and all advertising and signage had to be in Spanish, as did all written communication in business.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the death of <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Franco</a> in 1975 and the restoration of <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a> under a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a>, the use of Catalan increased significantly because of new affirmative action and subsidy policies. The Catalan language recovered its official status and is now used in politics, education and the media, including the newspapers <i><a href="/wiki/Avui" title="Avui">Avui</a></i> ("Today"), <i><a href="/wiki/El_Punt" title="El Punt">El Punt</a></i> ("The Point"), <i><a href="/wiki/Ara_(newspaper)" title="Ara (newspaper)">Ara</a></i> ("Now"), <i><a href="/wiki/La_Vanguardia" title="La Vanguardia">La Vanguardia</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/El_Peri%C3%B3dico_de_Catalunya" title="El Periódico de Catalunya">El Periódico de Catalunya</a></i> (sharing content with <i><a href="/wiki/El_Peri%C3%B2dic_d%27Andorra" title="El Periòdic d'Andorra">El Periòdic d'Andorra</a></i>, printed in Andorra); and the television channels of <i>Televisió de Catalunya</i> (TVC): <a href="/wiki/TV3_(Catalonia)" class="mw-redirect" title="TV3 (Catalonia)">TV3</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Canal_33" class="mw-redirect" title="Canal 33">Canal 33</a> (culture channel), <a href="/wiki/Canal_Super3" class="mw-redirect" title="Canal Super3">Super3</a>/<a href="/wiki/3XL" title="3XL">3XL</a> (cartoons channel) as well as a 24-hour news channel <a href="/wiki/3/24" title="3/24">3/24</a> and the sports channel <a href="/wiki/Esport_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Esport 3">Esport 3</a>; in Valencia <a href="/wiki/Canal_Nou" class="mw-redirect" title="Canal Nou">Canal Nou</a>, <a href="/wiki/24/9" class="mw-redirect" title="24/9">24/9</a> and <a href="/wiki/Punt_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Punt 2">Punt 2</a>; in the Balearic islands <a href="/wiki/IB3_(TV_channel)" title="IB3 (TV channel)">IB3</a>; in Catalonia there are also some private channels such as <a href="/wiki/8TV_(Catalonia)" title="8TV (Catalonia)">8TV</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bar%C3%A7a_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Barça TV">Barça TV</a>. </p><p>But, despite the spread of media in Catalan, democracy consolidated an asymmetric regime of <a href="/wiki/Bilingualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilingualism">bilingualism</a> of sorts, wherein the Spanish government has employed a system of laws that favored Spanish over Catalan,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:33_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:33-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:43_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:43-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:53_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:53-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which becomes the weaker of the two languages, and therefore, in the absence of other states where it is spoken, is doomed to extinction in the medium or short term. In the same vein, before 2023,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> its use in the Spanish Congress was prevented,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it is prevented from achieving official status in Europe, unlike less spoken languages such as <a href="/wiki/Goidelic_languages" title="Goidelic languages">Gaelic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other institutional areas, such as justice, <a href="/wiki/Plataforma_per_la_Llengua" title="Plataforma per la Llengua">Plataforma per la Llengua</a> has denounced <a href="/wiki/Anti-Catalanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Catalanism">Catalanophobia</a>. The association <a href="/w/index.php?title=Soberania_i_Just%C3%ADcia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soberania i Justícia (page does not exist)">Soberania i Justícia</a> have also denounced it in an act in the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a>. It also takes the form of <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_secessionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic secessionism">linguistic secessionism</a>, originally advocated by the Spanish extreme right and which has finally been adopted by the Spanish government itself and state bodies.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Catalan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECosta_CarrerasYates20096–7-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECosta_CarrerasYates20096–7_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECosta_CarrerasYates20096–7_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECosta_CarrerasYates20096–7_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECosta_CarrerasYates20096–7_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECosta_CarrerasYates20096–7_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECosta_CarrerasYates20096–7_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECosta_CarrerasYates20096–7_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECosta_CarrerasYates20096–7_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECosta_CarrerasYates20096–7_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECosta_CarrerasYates20096–7_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECosta_CarrerasYates20096–7_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECosta_CarrerasYates20096–7_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECosta_CarrerasYates20096–7_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECosta_CarrerasYates20096–7_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECosta_CarrerasYates20096–7_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECosta_CarrerasYates20096–7_1-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCosta_CarrerasYates2009">Costa Carreras & Yates 2009</a>, pp. 6–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoran200437–38-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoran200437–38_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoran200437–38_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoran200437–38_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoran200437–38_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoran2004">Moran 2004</a>, pp. 37–38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CRDP,_Académie_de_Montpellier-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CRDP,_Académie_de_Montpellier_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRDP,_Académie_de_Montpellier_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101214055235/http://crdp-montpellier.fr/cd66/artscult/fichesVauban/cdvauban/PERIODES/moyenagetempsmodernes/chateaucollioureinterdictioncatalan.pdf">"L'interdiction de la langue catalane en Roussillon par Louis XIV"</a> [The Ban on the Catalan Language in Roussillon by Louis XIV] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>CRDP, Académie de Montpellier</i> (in French). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crdp-montpellier.fr/cd66/artscult/fichesVauban/cdvauban/PERIODES/moyenagetempsmodernes/chateaucollioureinterdictioncatalan.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2010-12-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CRDP%2C+Acad%C3%A9mie+de+Montpellier&rft.atitle=L%27interdiction+de+la+langue+catalane+en+Roussillon+par+Louis+XIV&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crdp-montpellier.fr%2Fcd66%2Fartscult%2FfichesVauban%2Fcdvauban%2FPERIODES%2Fmoyenagetempsmodernes%2Fchateaucollioureinterdictioncatalan.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Catalan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abbé_Grégoire-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abbé_Grégoire_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abbé_Grégoire_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbbé_Grégoire" class="citation web cs1">Abbé Grégoire. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061123134600/http://www.languefrancaise.net/dossiers/dossiers.php?id_dossier=66">"Report on the necessity and means to annihilate the patois and to universalize the use of the French language"</a>. <i>Languefrancaise.net</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.languefrancaise.net/dossiers/dossiers.php?id_dossier=66">the original</a> on 2006-11-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Languefrancaise.net&rft.atitle=Report+on+the+necessity+and+means+to+annihilate+the+patois+and+to+universalize+the+use+of+the+French+language&rft.au=Abb%C3%A9+Gr%C3%A9goire&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.languefrancaise.net%2Fdossiers%2Fdossiers.php%3Fid_dossier%3D66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Catalan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Charte_en_faveur_du_Catalan-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Charte_en_faveur_du_Catalan_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Charte_en_faveur_du_Catalan_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121222154353/http://www.cg66.fr/202-charte-en-faveur-du-catalan.htm">"Charte en faveur du Catalan"</a>. <i>Conseil Général des Pyrenées Orientales</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cg66.fr/202-charte-en-faveur-du-catalan.htm">the original</a> on December 22, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Conseil+G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral+des+Pyren%C3%A9es+Orientales&rft.atitle=Charte+en+faveur+du+Catalan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cg66.fr%2F202-charte-en-faveur-du-catalan.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Catalan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ross-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ross_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ross_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss2007" class="citation book cs1">Ross, Marc Howard (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Oe4popSDfW0C&pg=PA139"><i>Cultural Contestation in Ethnic Conflict</i></a>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-52169-032-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-52169-032-4"><bdi>978-0-52169-032-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultural+Contestation+in+Ethnic+Conflict&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-52169-032-4&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Marc+Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOe4popSDfW0C%26pg%3DPA139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Catalan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCebrián2022" class="citation news cs1">Cebrián, Joan (15 July 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ara.cat/societat/barcelona/catala-quart-motiu-discriminacio-barcelona_1_4435335.html">"El català, el quart motiu de discriminació a Barcelona"</a>. Ara.cat<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=El+catal%C3%A0%2C+el+quart+motiu+de+discriminaci%C3%B3+a+Barcelona&rft.date=2022-07-15&rft.aulast=Cebri%C3%A1n&rft.aufirst=Joan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ara.cat%2Fsocietat%2Fbarcelona%2Fcatala-quart-motiu-discriminacio-barcelona_1_4435335.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Catalan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeny19979–18-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeny19979–18_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVeny1997">Veny 1997</a>, pp. 9–18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The source book has reconstructed elided fragments and written out abbreviations in full, like <i>et</i>. Capitalization, the use of u-v, i-j, and c-ç have all been regularized. Accents apostrophes and diaeresis have been added according to the modern orthography. Used punctuation according to modern usage.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoran199455–93-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoran199455–93_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoran1994">Moran 1994</a>, pp. 55–93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRasico2004" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rasico, Philip D. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cilengua.es/sites/cilengua.es/files/book/5448/14cilengua-sobrelevoluciofonologicadelallenguacatalana.pdf">"Sobre l'Evolució Fonològica de la Llenguacatalana a l'Època dels Orígens"</a> [On the Phonological Evolution of the Catalan Language in the Age of Origins] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Aemilianense</i> (in Spanish). <b>I</b>. Cilengua - Centro Internacional de Investigación de la Lengua Española: 457–480.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aemilianense&rft.atitle=Sobre+l%27Evoluci%C3%B3+Fonol%C3%B2gica+de+la+Llenguacatalana+a+l%27%C3%88poca+dels+Or%C3%ADgens&rft.volume=I&rft.pages=457-480&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Rasico&rft.aufirst=Philip+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cilengua.es%2Fsites%2Fcilengua.es%2Ffiles%2Fbook%2F5448%2F14cilengua-sobrelevoluciofonologicadelallenguacatalana.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Catalan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Els_primers_textos_en_català-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Els_primers_textos_en_català_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Els_primers_textos_en_català_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoranRabella" class="citation web cs1">Moran, Josep; Rabella, Joan Anton. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xtec.cat/crp-baixllobregat6/homilies/C05b.htm">"Els primers textos en català"</a>. <i>XTEC - Xarxa Telemàtica Educativa de Catalunya</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=XTEC+-+Xarxa+Telem%C3%A0tica+Educativa+de+Catalunya&rft.atitle=Els+primers+textos+en+catal%C3%A0&rft.aulast=Moran&rft.aufirst=Josep&rft.au=Rabella%2C+Joan+Anton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xtec.cat%2Fcrp-baixllobregat6%2Fhomilies%2FC05b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Catalan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Memorial de greuges de Ponç I, comte d'Empúries, contra Jofre, Compte de Roselló</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRabell2001" class="citation book cs1">Rabell, Joan Anton (2001). <i>Primers textos de la llengua catalana</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Institut+d%27Estudis+Catalans&rft.atitle=Una+exposici%C3%B3+mostra+a+l%27Ajuntament+de+Tremp+els+primers+textos+escrits+en+catal%C3%A0&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iec.cat%2Factivitats%2Fbutlleti%2Fdetall.asp%3Fid_noticies%3D1042%26numero%3D183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Catalan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPendreigh1983" class="citation journal cs1">Pendreigh, Elisabeth (1983). 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Reisland. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/grammatikderroma01meyeuoft/page/14">14</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grammatik+der+romanischen+Sprachen&rft.place=Reisland&rft.pages=14&rft.date=1890%2F1902&rft.aulast=Meyer-L%C3%BCbke&rft.aufirst=Wilhelm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgrammatikderroma01meyeuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Catalan" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVeny2006" class="citation book cs1">Veny, Joan (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K0w4KjTqhT8C&q=Friedrich+Diez+catal%C3%A0+occit%C3%A0&pg=PA115"><i>Estudis de Llengua i Literatura Catalanes</i></a> (1 ed.). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Estudis+de+Llengua+i+Literatura+Catalanes&rft.place=Barcelona&rft.pages=115&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Abadia+de+Montserrat&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=8484157938&rft.aulast=Veny&rft.aufirst=Joan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK0w4KjTqhT8C%26q%3DFriedrich%2BDiez%2Bcatal%25C3%25A0%2Boccit%25C3%25A0%26pg%3DPA115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Catalan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMata2013" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mata, Jordi (2013). "Dos models d'estat oposats". <i>Sàpiens</i> (in Catalan) (134): 32–37. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1695-2014">1695-2014</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=S%C3%A0piens&rft.atitle=Dos+models+d%27estat+oposats&rft.issue=134&rft.pages=32-37&rft.date=2013&rft.issn=1695-2014&rft.aulast=Mata&rft.aufirst=Jordi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Catalan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolerStrubell2009" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Soler, Jordi & Strubell, Toni (13 June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elpuntavui.cat/article/12-apunts/31-efemerides/49501.html">"Efemèrides: 1323 - La conquesta de Sardenya"</a> [Events: 1323. The conquest of Sardinia]. <i><a href="/wiki/El_Punt_Avui" class="mw-redirect" title="El Punt Avui">El Punt Avui</a></i> (in Catalan).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Punt+Avui&rft.atitle=Efem%C3%A8rides%3A+1323+-+La+conquesta+de+Sardenya&rft.date=2009-06-13&rft.aulast=Soler&rft.aufirst=Jordi&rft.au=Strubell%2C+Toni&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elpuntavui.cat%2Farticle%2F12-apunts%2F31-efemerides%2F49501.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Catalan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mcu.es/archivos/lhe/Consultas/mostrarTitulo.jsp?titulo=030338">"Real cedula de 24 Decembre 1772"</a> [Royal proclamation of 24 December 1772]. <i>Legislación Histórica de Espana</i> (in Spanish). 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Planeta. p. 78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8485753003" title="Special:BookSources/8485753003"><bdi>8485753003</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+general+de+Espa%C3%B1a%3A+Llegada+y+apogeo+de+los+Borbones&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=Planeta&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=8485753003&rft.aulast=de+la+Cierva&rft.aufirst=Ricardo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Catalan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerle2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Merle, René (2010-01-05). <i>Visions de "l'idiome natal" à travers l'enquête impériale sur les patois 1807-1812</i> (in French). Perpinyà: Editorial Trabucaire. p. 223. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2849741078" title="Special:BookSources/978-2849741078"><bdi>978-2849741078</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Visions+de+%22l%27idiome+natal%22+%C3%A0+travers+l%27enqu%C3%AAte+imp%C3%A9riale+sur+les+patois+1807-1812&rft.place=Perpiny%C3%A0&rft.pages=223&rft.pub=Editorial+Trabucaire&rft.date=2010-01-05&rft.isbn=978-2849741078&rft.aulast=Merle&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Catalan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrado1989" class="citation book cs1">Prado, Joan Manuel (1989). <i>Història de la Literatura Catalana</i>. Girona: AVUI. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-8332-596-9" title="Special:BookSources/84-8332-596-9"><bdi>84-8332-596-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hist%C3%B2ria+de+la+Literatura+Catalana&rft.place=Girona&rft.pub=AVUI&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=84-8332-596-9&rft.aulast=Prado&rft.aufirst=Joan+Manuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Catalan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-josep-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-josep_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-josep_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolé_i_Sabaté1993" class="citation book cs1">Solé i Sabaté, Josep (1993). <i>Cronologia de la repressió de la llengua i la cultura catalanes: 1936-1975</i>. Barcelona: Curial. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8472569578" title="Special:BookSources/8472569578"><bdi>8472569578</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cronologia+de+la+repressi%C3%B3+de+la+llengua+i+la+cultura+catalanes%3A+1936-1975&rft.place=Barcelona&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Curial&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=8472569578&rft.aulast=Sol%C3%A9+i+Sabat%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Josep&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Catalan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolé_i_Sabaté1993" class="citation book cs1">Solé i Sabaté, Josep (1993). <i>Cronologia de la repressió de la llengua i la cultura catalanes: 1936-1975</i>. 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"The Resurgence of Catalan". <i>Hispania</i>. <b>45</b> (1): 43–48. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F337523">10.2307/337523</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/337523">337523</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hispania&rft.atitle=The+Resurgence+of+Catalan&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=43-48&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F337523&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F337523%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Earl+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Catalan" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:11-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:11_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Order from the Excmo. Sr. Gobernador Civil of Barcelona. <i>EL USO DEL IDIOMA NACIONAL EN TODOS LOS SERVICIOS PÚBLICOS</i>. 1940.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.plataforma-llengua.cat/media/upload/pdf/infornovetatslegislosc28022015_def_1434621426.pdf">"Novetats legislatives en matèria lingüística aprovades el 2014 que afecten Catalunya"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Plataforma per la llengua. 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Novetats+legislatives+en+mat%C3%A8ria+ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica+aprovades+el+2014+que+afecten+Catalunya&rft.pub=Plataforma+per+la+llengua&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.plataforma-llengua.cat%2Fmedia%2Fupload%2Fpdf%2Finfornovetatslegislosc28022015_def_1434621426.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Catalan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.plataforma-llengua.cat/media/upload/pdf/novetats-legislatives-2015_182_11_2160.pdf">"Novetats legislatives en matèria lingüística aprovades el 2015 que afecten els territoris de parla catalana"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Plataforma per la llengua. 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Novetats+legislatives+en+mat%C3%A8ria+ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica+aprovades+el+2015+que+afecten+els+territoris+de+parla+catalana&rft.pub=Plataforma+per+la+llengua&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.plataforma-llengua.cat%2Fmedia%2Fupload%2Fpdf%2Fnovetats-legislatives-2015_182_11_2160.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Catalan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.plataforma-llengua.cat/media/upload/pdf/report-de-novetats-legislatives-2016_1493294622.pdf">"Report sobre les novetats legislatives en matèria lingüística aprovades el 2016"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Plataforma per la llengua. 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report+sobre+les+novetats+legislatives+en+mat%C3%A8ria+ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica+aprovades+el+2016&rft.pub=Plataforma+per+la+llengua&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.plataforma-llengua.cat%2Fmedia%2Fupload%2Fpdf%2Freport-de-novetats-legislatives-2016_1493294622.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Catalan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.plataforma-llengua.cat/media/upload/pdf/report-sobre-les-novetats-legislatives-en-materia-linguistica-aprovades-el-2017_1528193285.pdf">"Report sobre les novetats legislatives en matèria lingüística aprovades el 2017"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Plataforma per la llengua.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Novetats+legislatives+en+mat%C3%A8ria+ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica+aprovades+el+2019+que+afecten+els+territoris+de+parla+catalana&rft.pub=Plataforma+per+la+llengua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplataforma-llengua.cat%2Fmedia%2Fupload%2Farxius%2Fambits-treball%2FDrets%2520Ling%25C3%25BC%25C3%25ADstics%2FNovetats_legislatives_en_mat%25C3%25A8ria_ling%25C3%25BC%25C3%25ADstic-2019-ok.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Catalan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.plataforma-llengua.cat/media/upload/pdf/informediscriminacioadministracions_1496058084.pdf">"Informe discriminacions lingüístiques 2016"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Plataforma per la llengua.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Informe+discriminacions+ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstiques+2016&rft.pub=Plataforma+per+la+llengua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.plataforma-llengua.cat%2Fmedia%2Fupload%2Fpdf%2Finformediscriminacioadministracions_1496058084.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Catalan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:53-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:53_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.plataforma-llengua.cat/media/upload/pdf/linguisticcossospolicials_1576579756.pdf">"Comportament lingüístic davant dels cossos policials espanyols"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Plataforma per la llengua. 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Comportament+ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstic+davant+dels+cossos+policials+espanyols&rft.pub=Plataforma+per+la+llengua&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.plataforma-llengua.cat%2Fmedia%2Fupload%2Fpdf%2Flinguisticcossospolicials_1576579756.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Catalan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLatona2023" class="citation news cs1">Latona, David (2023-09-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/spain-lawmakers-don-earphones-regional-languages-make-debut-lower-house-2023-09-19/">"Spain lawmakers don earphones as regional languages make debut in lower house"</a>. <i>Reuters</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Spain+lawmakers+don+earphones+as+regional+languages+make+debut+in+lower+house&rft.date=2023-09-19&rft.aulast=Latona&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fspain-lawmakers-don-earphones-regional-languages-make-debut-lower-house-2023-09-19%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Catalan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221223190423/https://www.naciodigital.cat/noticia/53649/congres-bosch-jorda-catala-esta-prohibit">"El Congrés a Bosch i Jordà: el català hi "està prohibit"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Naciódigital. 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.naciodigital.cat/noticia/53649/congres-bosch-jorda-catala-esta-prohibit">the original</a> on 2022-12-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=El+Congr%C3%A9s+a+Bosch+i+Jord%C3%A0%3A+el+catal%C3%A0+hi+%22est%C3%A0+prohibit%22&rft.pub=Naci%C3%B3digital&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.naciodigital.cat%2Fnoticia%2F53649%2Fcongres-bosch-jorda-catala-esta-prohibit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Catalan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dbalears.cat/ara/estat/2020/11/18/345765/video-presidenta-del-congres-diputats-meritxell-batet-prohibeix-parlar-catala-albert-botran-cup-talla-microfon.html">"La presidenta del Congrés de Diputats, Meritxell Batet, prohibeix parlar en català a Albert Botran (CUP) i li talla el micròfon"</a>. Diari de les Balears. 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+presidenta+del+Congr%C3%A9s+de+Diputats%2C+Meritxell+Batet%2C+prohibeix+parlar+en+catal%C3%A0+a+Albert+Botran+%28CUP%29+i+li+talla+el+micr%C3%B2fon&rft.pub=Diari+de+les+Balears&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dbalears.cat%2Fara%2Festat%2F2020%2F11%2F18%2F345765%2Fvideo-presidenta-del-congres-diputats-meritxell-batet-prohibeix-parlar-catala-albert-botran-cup-talla-microfon.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Catalan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ccma.cat/324/loficialitzacio-del-gaelic-a-la-ue-torna-a-evidenciar-la-discriminacio-del-catala/noticia/3138529/">"L'oficialització del gaèlic a la UE torna a evidenciar la discriminació del català"</a>. CCMA. 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=L%27oficialitzaci%C3%B3+del+ga%C3%A8lic+a+la+UE+torna+a+evidenciar+la+discriminaci%C3%B3+del+catal%C3%A0&rft.pub=CCMA&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccma.cat%2F324%2Floficialitzacio-del-gaelic-a-la-ue-torna-a-evidenciar-la-discriminacio-del-catala%2Fnoticia%2F3138529%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Catalan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dbalears.cat/ara/estat/2022/05/18/366617/govern-espanyol-ofereix-balea-com-llengua-oficial-campanya-seguretat.html">"El Govern espanyol ofereix el 'baléà' com a llengua oficial en una campanya"</a>. <i>Diari de Balears</i>. 2022-05-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Diari+de+Balears&rft.atitle=El+Govern+espanyol+ofereix+el+%27bal%C3%A9%C3%A0%27+com+a+llengua+oficial+en+una+campanya&rft.date=2022-05-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dbalears.cat%2Fara%2Festat%2F2022%2F05%2F18%2F366617%2Fgovern-espanyol-ofereix-balea-com-llengua-oficial-campanya-seguretat.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Catalan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elnacional.cat/ca/cultura/llengua-catalana-webs-estat-plataforma_456246_102.html">"Les webs de l'Estat: sense presència del català, o amb errors ortogràfics"</a>. <i>El Nacional</i>. 2022-01-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Nacional&rft.atitle=Les+webs+de+l%27Estat%3A+sense+pres%C3%A8ncia+del+catal%C3%A0%2C+o+amb+errors+ortogr%C3%A0fics&rft.date=2022-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elnacional.cat%2Fca%2Fcultura%2Fllengua-catalana-webs-estat-plataforma_456246_102.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Catalan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSallés2022" class="citation web cs1">Sallés, Quico (2022-10-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elmon.cat/societat/llengua/cnp-advocat-no-obligats-dialecte-catala-501969/">"El CNP, a un advocat: "No estem obligats a conèixer el dialecte català"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>El Mon</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=El+Mon&rft.atitle=El+CNP%2C+a+un+advocat%3A+%22No+estem+obligats+a+con%C3%A8ixer+el+dialecte+catal%C3%A0%22&rft.date=2022-10-22&rft.aulast=Sall%C3%A9s&rft.aufirst=Quico&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felmon.cat%2Fsocietat%2Fllengua%2Fcnp-advocat-no-obligats-dialecte-catala-501969%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Catalan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Catalan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCosta_CarrerasYates2009" class="citation book cs1">Costa Carreras, Joan; Yates, Alan (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BKvQg1323YkC"><i>The Architect of Modern Catalan: Selected Writings/Pompeu Fabra (1868–1948)</i></a>. Instutut d'Estudis Catalans & Universitat Pompeu Fabra & Jonh Benjamins B.V. pp. 6–7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-3264-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-3264-9"><bdi>978-90-272-3264-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Architect+of+Modern+Catalan%3A+Selected+Writings%2FPompeu+Fabra+%281868%E2%80%931948%29&rft.pages=6-7&rft.pub=Instutut+d%27Estudis+Catalans+%26+Universitat+Pompeu+Fabra+%26+Jonh+Benjamins+B.V.&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-90-272-3264-9&rft.aulast=Costa+Carreras&rft.aufirst=Joan&rft.au=Yates%2C+Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBKvQg1323YkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Catalan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrau_Mateu2015" class="citation journal cs1">Grau Mateu, Josep (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.raco.cat/index.php/RLD/article/view/302594">"El català, llengua de govern: la política lingüística de la Mancomunitat de Catalunya (1914-1924)"</a>. <i>Revista de Llengua i Dret</i> (64). Revista de llengua i dret, 64: 86–101.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+de+Llengua+i+Dret&rft.atitle=El+catal%C3%A0%2C+llengua+de+govern%3A+la+pol%C3%ADtica+ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica+de+la+Mancomunitat+de+Catalunya+%281914-1924%29&rft.issue=64&rft.pages=86-101&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Grau+Mateu&rft.aufirst=Josep&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.raco.cat%2Findex.php%2FRLD%2Farticle%2Fview%2F302594&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Catalan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoran1994" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Moran, Josep (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RXqT88QcKjUC&q=greuges+guitard+isarn&pg=PA38"><i>Treballs de lingüística històrica catalana</i></a> (in Catalan). Barcelona: Publicacions de l'Abadia de Monsterrat. pp. 55–93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-7826-568-6" title="Special:BookSources/84-7826-568-6"><bdi>84-7826-568-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Treballs+de+ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica+hist%C3%B2rica+catalana&rft.place=Barcelona&rft.pages=55-93&rft.pub=Publicacions+de+l%27Abadia+de+Monsterrat&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=84-7826-568-6&rft.aulast=Moran&rft.aufirst=Josep&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRXqT88QcKjUC%26q%3Dgreuges%2Bguitard%2Bisarn%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Catalan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoran2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Moran, Josep (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RXqT88QcKjUC"><i>Estudis d'història de la llengua catalana</i></a> (in Catalan). Barcelona: Publicacions de l'Abadia de Montserrat. pp. 37–38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-8415-672-9" title="Special:BookSources/84-8415-672-9"><bdi>84-8415-672-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Estudis+d%27hist%C3%B2ria+de+la+llengua+catalana&rft.place=Barcelona&rft.pages=37-38&rft.pub=Publicacions+de+l%27Abadia+de+Montserrat&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=84-8415-672-9&rft.aulast=Moran&rft.aufirst=Josep&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRXqT88QcKjUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Catalan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiquer1964" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Riquer, Martí de (1964). "Vol.1". <i>Història de la Literatura Catalana</i> (in Catalan). Barcelona: Ariel.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Vol.1&rft.btitle=Hist%C3%B2ria+de+la+Literatura+Catalana&rft.place=Barcelona&rft.pub=Ariel&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Riquer&rft.aufirst=Mart%C3%AD+de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Catalan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVeny1997" class="citation book cs1">Veny, Joan (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OMaXD1caTiEC&q=greuges+guitard+isarn&pg=PA17">"greuges de Guitard isarn, Senyor de Caboet (1080-1095)"</a>. <i>Homenatge a Arthur Terry</i>. Barcelona: Publicacions de l'Abadia de Montserrat. pp. 9–18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-7826-894-4" title="Special:BookSources/84-7826-894-4"><bdi>84-7826-894-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=greuges+de+Guitard+isarn%2C+Senyor+de+Caboet+%281080-1095%29&rft.btitle=Homenatge+a+Arthur+Terry&rft.place=Barcelona&rft.pages=9-18&rft.pub=Publicacions+de+l%27Abadia+de+Montserrat&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=84-7826-894-4&rft.aulast=Veny&rft.aufirst=Joan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOMaXD1caTiEC%26q%3Dgreuges%2Bguitard%2Bisarn%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Catalan" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Catalan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cronologia_de_la_repressi%C3%B3_del_catal%C3%A0" class="extiw" title="ca:Cronologia de la repressió del català">Chronology of the repression of the Catalan language</a> in Catalan language</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_related_to_Catalan_history" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_related_to_Catalan_history" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles related to Catalan history</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Catalan_/_Valencian" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catalan_language" title="Template:Catalan language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catalan_language" title="Template talk:Catalan language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catalan_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catalan language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Catalan_/_Valencian" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Valencian_language" title="Valencian language">Valencian</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_literature" title="Catalan literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Countries" title="Catalan Countries">Geo-political distribution (<i>Països Catalans</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Acad%C3%A8mia_Valenciana_de_la_Llengua.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Acad%C3%A8mia_Valenciana_de_la_Llengua.svg/50px-Acad%C3%A8mia_Valenciana_de_la_Llengua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Acad%C3%A8mia_Valenciana_de_la_Llengua.svg/75px-Acad%C3%A8mia_Valenciana_de_la_Llengua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Acad%C3%A8mia_Valenciana_de_la_Llengua.svg/100px-Acad%C3%A8mia_Valenciana_de_la_Llengua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catalan_grammar" title="Catalan grammar">Grammar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_phonology" title="Catalan phonology">Pronunciation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_Catalan" title="Phonological history of Catalan">Phonetic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Catalan" title="Help:IPA/Catalan">IPA guide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_spelling-to-sound_correspondences_in_Catalan" title="Lists of spelling-to-sound correspondences in Catalan">Spelling-to-sound charts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_orthography" title="Catalan orthography">Orthography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan alphabet">Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Braille" title="Catalan Braille">Braille</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_morphology" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan morphology">Morpho-</a><a href="/wiki/Catalan_syntax" title="Catalan syntax">syntax</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_nouns" title="Catalan nouns">Nouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_personal_pronouns" title="Catalan personal pronouns">Personal pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_verbs" title="Catalan verbs">Verbs</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Catalan_conjugation" title="Catalan conjugation">Conjugation</a></small></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catalan_dialects" title="Catalan dialects">Varieties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Catalan" title="Central Catalan">Central Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Catalan" title="Northern Catalan">Northern Catalan</a> (Roussillonese)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Catalan" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwestern Catalan">North-Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ribagor%C3%A7an_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Ribagorçan dialect">Ribagorçan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_language" title="Valencian language">Valencian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Valencian" title="Northern Valencian">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Valencian" title="Central Valencian">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Valencian" title="Southern Valencian">Southern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Catalan" class="mw-redirect" title="Insular Catalan">Insular</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algherese_dialect" title="Algherese dialect">Alguerese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balearic_Catalan" title="Balearic Catalan">Balearic</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Ibizan_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibizan dialect">Ibizan</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Majorcan_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Majorcan dialect">Majorcan</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Minorcan_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Minorcan dialect">Minorcan</a></small></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cal%C3%B3_language" title="Caló language">Catalan Caló</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Catalan" title="Judaeo-Catalan">Judaeo-Catalan</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patuet" title="Patuet">Patuet</a>†</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A8mia_Valenciana_de_la_Llengua" title="Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua">Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua</a></i> (AVL)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Catalan_Studies" title="Institute for Catalan Studies">Institut d'Estudis Catalans</a></i> (IEC)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Institut_Ramon_Llull" title="Institut Ramon Llull">Institut</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Fundaci%C3%B3_Ramon_Llull" title="Fundació Ramon Llull">Fundació Ramon Llull</a></i> (IRL & FRL)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Histories_of_the_world&#039;s_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_histories" title="Template:Language histories"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Language_histories" title="Template talk:Language histories"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Language_histories" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Language histories"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Histories_of_the_world&#039;s_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Historical_linguistics" title="Historical linguistics">Histories</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_languages" title="Lists of languages">world's languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indo-European</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germanic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Afrikaans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Danish" title="History of Danish">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Dutch_language" title="History of the Dutch language">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_English" title="History of English">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_German" title="History of German">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Icelandic" title="History of Icelandic">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Norwegian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Norwegian language">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Scots_language" title="History of the Scots language">Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Swedish" title="History of Swedish">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Celtic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Irish_language" title="History of the Irish language">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Welsh_language" title="History of the Welsh language">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_French" title="History of French">French</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_Quebec_French" title="History of Quebec French">Quebec</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Galician_language" title="History of the Galician language">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Italian">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Latin" title="History of Latin">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portuguese" title="History of Portuguese">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Romanian_language" title="History of the Romanian language">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Spanish_language" title="History of the Spanish language">Spanish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Baltic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Latvian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Latvian language">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Lithuanian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Slavic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language#History" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Bosnian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Bosnian language">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Bulgarian_language" title="History of the Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Czech_language" title="History of the Czech language">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Macedonian_language" title="History of the Macedonian language">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Polish_language" title="History of Polish language">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russian_language" title="History of the Russian language">Russian</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russian_language_in_Ukraine" title="History of the Russian language in Ukraine">in Ukraine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Slovak_language" title="History of the Slovak language">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_language#History" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language#History" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indo-Iranian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hindustani" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Hindustani">Hindustani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Nepali_language" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Nepali language">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Persian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Persian language">Persian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Albanian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Albanian language">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greek" title="History of Greek">Greek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Uralic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Estonian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Estonian language">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Finnish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Finnish language">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Hungarian_language" title="History of the Hungarian language">Hungarian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other European</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Basque_language" title="History of the Basque language">Basque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Afroasiatic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Arabic language">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Aramaic language">Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Hebrew">Hebrew</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dravidian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kannada" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Kannada">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam#History" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tamil" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Tamil">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Telugu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Telugu language">Telugu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Austroasiatic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Vietnamese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Austronesian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language#History" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_language#History" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Malay_language" title="History of the Malay language">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sundanese_language" title="History of Sundanese language">Sundanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Cebuano" title="Classical Cebuano">Cebuano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sino–Tibetan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Chinese_language" title="History of the Chinese language">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Gan_Chinese" title="History of Gan Chinese">Gan Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Standard_Chinese" title="History of Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Japonic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Japanese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Japanese language">Japanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Koreanic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Korean" title="History of Korean">Korean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Iroquoian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Cherokee_language" title="History of the Cherokee language">Cherokee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Turkic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Azerbaijani_language" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Azerbaijani language">Azeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Turkish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Turkish language">Turkish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">constructed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Esperanto" title="History of Esperanto">Esperanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Interlingua" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Interlingua">Interlingua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Interlingue" title="History of Interlingue">Interlingue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ido#History" title="Ido">Ido</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Catalan&oldid=1258917579">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Catalan&oldid=1258917579</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" 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