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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_rulers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_rulers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early rulers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_rulers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resistance_to_the_Caliphate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resistance_to_the_Caliphate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Resistance to the Caliphate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resistance_to_the_Caliphate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conquest_of_Kannauj_and_further_expansion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conquest_of_Kannauj_and_further_expansion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Conquest of Kannauj and further expansion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conquest_of_Kannauj_and_further_expansion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mihira_Bhoja" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mihira_Bhoja"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Mihira Bhoja</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mihira_Bhoja-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Decline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pratihara_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pratihara_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Pratihara art</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pratihara_art-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Pratihara art subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pratihara_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Māru-Gurjara_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Māru-Gurjara_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Māru-Gurjara architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Māru-Gurjara_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_rulers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_rulers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>List of rulers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_rulers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mandavyapura_branch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mandavyapura_branch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Mandavyapura branch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mandavyapura_branch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baddoch_branch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baddoch_branch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Baddoch branch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baddoch_branch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rajogarh_branch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rajogarh_branch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Rajogarh branch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rajogarh_branch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pratihara dynasty</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="سلالة غورجارا براتيهارا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سلالة غورجارا براتيهارا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurjara-Pratihara" title="Gurjara-Pratihara – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gurjara-Pratihara" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pratihara" title="Pratihara – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pratihara" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurjara-Pratihara" title="Gurjara-Pratihara – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gurjara-Pratihara" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%87_%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7-%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="سلسله گورجارا-پراتیهارا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سلسله گورجارا-پراتیهارا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pratih%C3%A2ra" title="Pratihâra – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pratihâra" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%AC%EB%A5%B4%EC%9E%90%EB%9D%BC-%ED%94%84%EB%9D%BC%ED%8B%B0%ED%95%98%EB%9D%BC" title="구르자라-프라티하라 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="구르자라-프라티하라" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6" title="गुर्जर-प्रतिहार राजवंश – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="गुर्जर-प्रतिहार राजवंश" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinasti_Gurjara-Pratihara" title="Dinasti Gurjara-Pratihara – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dinasti Gurjara-Pratihara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurjara-Pratihara" title="Gurjara-Pratihara – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gurjara-Pratihara" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0_%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%B6" title="ಗುರ್ಜರಪ್ರತಿಹಾರ ರಾಜವಂಶ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಗುರ್ಜರಪ್ರತಿಹಾರ ರಾಜವಂಶ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="პრატიხარები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პრატიხარები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pratiharos" title="Pratiharos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pratiharos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%BC" title="പ്രതിഹാരർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പ്രതിഹാരർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="गुर्जर-प्रतिहार – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="गुर्जर-प्रतिहार" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pratiharadynastie" title="Pratiharadynastie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pratiharadynastie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6" title="गुर्जर प्रतिहार वंश – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="गुर्जर प्रतिहार वंश" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%97%E3%83%A9%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8F%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9%E6%9C%9D" title="プラティーハーラ朝 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="プラティーハーラ朝" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%AC%D8%B1_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8C%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%B9%D8%A8%D8%B1" title="گجر پرتیہار راجٹبر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="گجر پرتیہار راجٹبر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0-%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Гурджара-Пратихара – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гурджара-Пратихара" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurjara-Pratihara_dynasty" title="Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurjara-Pratihara" title="Gurjara-Pratihara – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Gurjara-Pratihara" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurjara-Pratihara" title="Gurjara-Pratihara – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gurjara-Pratihara" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%B0-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="கூர்ஜர-பிரதிகாரப் பேரரசு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கூர்ஜர-பிரதிகாரப் பேரரசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%B0_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0_%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%82" title="గుర్జర ప్రతీహార రాజవంశం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="గుర్జర ప్రతీహార రాజవంశం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org">Pratihāras</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pratihara_bhoja.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Pratihara_bhoja.JPG/250px-Pratihara_bhoja.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Pratihara_bhoja.JPG/375px-Pratihara_bhoja.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Pratihara_bhoja.JPG/500px-Pratihara_bhoja.JPG 2x" data-file-width="586" data-file-height="337" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Pratihara coinage of <a href="/wiki/Mihira_Bhoja" title="Mihira Bhoja">Mihira Bhoja</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_of_Kannauj" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Kannauj">King of Kannauj</a>. <b>Obverse:</b> Boar, incarnation of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>, and solar symbol.<br /><b>Reverse</b>: Traces of <a href="/wiki/Indo-Sasanian_coinage" title="Indo-Sasanian coinage">Sasanian type</a>. Legend: <i>Srímad Ādi Varāha</i> "The fortunate primaeval boar".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HPR164_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HPR164-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gurjara" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Gurjara">Kingdom of Gurjara</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kannauj" title="Kingdom of Kannauj">Kingdom of Kannauj</a><br /><b>Branches</b>:<br /><a href="/wiki/Nagod_State" title="Nagod State">Nagod State</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Place of origin</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gurjaradesa" title="Gurjaradesa">Gurjaradesa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">730</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nagabhata_I" title="Nagabhata I">Nagabhata I</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Final ruler</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yasahpala" class="mw-redirect" title="Yasahpala">Yasahpala</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Family_seat" title="Family seat">Seat</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ujjain" title="Ujjain">Ujjain</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kannauj" title="Kannauj">Kannauj</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Titles</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Maharajadhiraja" class="mw-redirect" title="Maharajadhiraja">Maharajadhiraja</a> of <a href="/wiki/%C4%80ry%C4%81varta" title="Āryāvarta">Āryāvarta</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Maharajadhiraja_of_Kannauj" class="mw-redirect" title="Maharajadhiraja of Kannauj">Maharajadhiraja of Kannauj</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branches</th><td class="infobox-data"><div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pratiharas_of_Mandavyapura" title="Pratiharas of Mandavyapura">Pratiharas of Mandavyapura</a></li><li><a href="#Baddoch_branch">Pratiharas of Baddoch</a></li><li><a href="#Rajogarh_branch">Pratiharas of Rajogarh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nagod_State#Rulers" title="Nagod State">Pratiharas of Nagod</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Pratihara dynasty</b>, also called the <b>Gurjara-Pratiharas</b>, the <b>Pratiharas of Kannauj</b> or the <b>Imperial Pratiharas</b>, was a prominent <a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">medieval Indian</a> <a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">dynasty</a> which ruled over the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kannauj" title="Kingdom of Kannauj">Kingdom of Kannauj</a>. It initially ruled the <a href="/wiki/Gurjaradesa" title="Gurjaradesa">Gurjaradesa</a> until its victory in the <a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Struggle" title="Tripartite Struggle">Tripartite Struggle</a> in 816 which secured its right to the throne of Kannauj. <a href="/wiki/Cadet_branch" title="Cadet branch">Cadet branches</a> of the dynasty ruled other minor states in the subcontinent. </p><p>The Pratiharas were instrumental in containing Arab armies moving east of the <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nagabhata_I" title="Nagabhata I">Nagabhata I</a> defeated the Arab army under Junaid and Tamin in the <a href="/wiki/Caliphate_campaigns_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliphate campaigns in India">Caliphate campaigns in India</a>. Under <a href="/wiki/Nagabhata_II" title="Nagabhata II">Nagabhata II</a>, the Pratiharas became the most powerful dynasty in northern India. He was succeeded by his son <a href="/wiki/Ramabhadra" title="Ramabhadra">Ramabhadra</a>, who ruled briefly before being succeeded by his son, <a href="/wiki/Mihira_Bhoja" title="Mihira Bhoja">Mihira Bhoja</a>. Under Bhoja and his successor <a href="/wiki/Mahendrapala_I" title="Mahendrapala I">Mahendrapala I</a>, the Pratihara dynasty reached its peak of prosperity and power. By the time of Mahendrapala, the extent of its territory rivalled that of the <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a> stretching from the border of <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a> in the west to <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> in the east and from the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a> in the north to areas past the <a href="/wiki/Narmada" class="mw-redirect" title="Narmada">Narmada</a> in the south.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvari2007303_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvari2007303-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESircar1971146_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESircar1971146-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The expansion triggered a <a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Struggle" title="Tripartite Struggle">tripartite power struggle</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta">Rashtrakuta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala</a> empires for control of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>. During this period, Imperial Pratihara took the title of <i><a href="/wiki/Maharaja" title="Maharaja">Maharajadhiraja</a> of <a href="/wiki/%C4%80ry%C4%81varta" title="Āryāvarta">Āryāvarta</a></i> (<i>Great King of Kings of <a href="/wiki/Aryan" title="Aryan">Aryan</a> Lands</i>). </p><p>Pratihara are known for their sculptures, carved panels and open pavilion style temples. The greatest development of their style of temple building was at <a href="/wiki/Khajuraho_Group_of_Monuments" title="Khajuraho Group of Monuments">Khajuraho</a>, now a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Partha_Mitter_pp.66_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Partha_Mitter_pp.66-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The power of the Pratihara dynasty was weakened by dynastic strife. It was further diminished as a result of a great raid led by the Rashtrakuta ruler <a href="/wiki/Indra_III" title="Indra III">Indra III</a> who, in about 916, sacked Kannauj. Under a succession of rather obscure rulers, the dynasty never regained its former influence. Their feudatories became more and more powerful, one by one throwing off their allegiance until, by the end of the tenth century, the dynasty controlled little more than the Gangetic <a href="/wiki/Doab" title="Doab">Doab</a>. Their last important king, Rajyapala, was driven from Kannauj by <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_of_Ghazni" title="Mahmud of Ghazni">Mahmud of Ghazni</a> in 1018.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESircar1971146_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESircar1971146-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_origin">Etymology and origin</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Gurjara-Pratiharas" title="Origin of the Gurjara-Pratiharas">Origin of the Gurjara-Pratiharas</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_panel_depicting_the_Saptamatrikas_,_Kannauj,9th-10_century,_Pratihara_dynasty.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/A_panel_depicting_the_Saptamatrikas_%2C_Kannauj%2C9th-10_century%2C_Pratihara_dynasty.jpg/220px-A_panel_depicting_the_Saptamatrikas_%2C_Kannauj%2C9th-10_century%2C_Pratihara_dynasty.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/A_panel_depicting_the_Saptamatrikas_%2C_Kannauj%2C9th-10_century%2C_Pratihara_dynasty.jpg/330px-A_panel_depicting_the_Saptamatrikas_%2C_Kannauj%2C9th-10_century%2C_Pratihara_dynasty.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/A_panel_depicting_the_Saptamatrikas_%2C_Kannauj%2C9th-10_century%2C_Pratihara_dynasty.jpg/440px-A_panel_depicting_the_Saptamatrikas_%2C_Kannauj%2C9th-10_century%2C_Pratihara_dynasty.jpg 2x" data-file-width="861" data-file-height="583" /></a><figcaption>A panel depicting the <a href="/wiki/Saptamatrikas" class="mw-redirect" title="Saptamatrikas">Saptamatrikas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kannauj" title="Kannauj">Kannauj</a>, 9th-10 century, Pratihara dynasty</figcaption></figure> <p>The origin of the dynasty and the meaning of the term "Gurjara" in its name is a topic of debate among historians. The rulers of this dynasty used the self-designation "Pratihara" for their clan, and never referred to themselves as Gurjaras.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanjay_Sharma2006188_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanjay_Sharma2006188-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They claimed descent from the legendary hero <a href="/wiki/Lakshmana" title="Lakshmana">Lakshmana</a>, who is said to have acted as a <i>pratihara</i> ("door-keeper") for his brother <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETripathi1959223_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETripathi1959223-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPuri19577_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPuri19577-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Multiple inscriptions of their neighbouring dynasties describe the Pratiharas as "Gurjara".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPuri19579-13_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPuri19579-13-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "Gurjara-Pratihara" occurs only in the Rajor inscription of a feudatory ruler named Mathanadeva, who describes himself as a "Gurjara-Pratihara". According to one school of thought, Gurjara was the name of the territory (see <a href="/wiki/Gurjaradesa" title="Gurjaradesa">Gurjara-desha</a>) originally ruled by the Pratiharas; gradually, the term came to denote the people of this territory. An opposing theory is that <a href="/wiki/Gurjar" title="Gurjar">Gurjara</a> was the name of the tribe to which the dynasty belonged, and Pratihara was a clan of this tribe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMajumdar1981612–613_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajumdar1981612–613-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among those who believe that the term Gurjara was originally a tribal designation, there are disagreements over whether they were native Indians or foreigners.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPuri19571-2_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPuri19571-2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The proponents of the foreign origin theory point out that the Pratihars suddenly emerged as a political power in north India around sixth century CE, shortly after the <a href="/wiki/Hunas" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunas">Hunas</a> invasion of that region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPuri19572_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPuri19572-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to them Gujara-Pratihara were "likely" formed from a fusion of the <a href="/wiki/Alchon_Huns" title="Alchon Huns">Alchon Huns</a> ("White Huns") and native Indian elements, and can probably be considered as a <a href="/wiki/Hunas" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunas">Hunnic state</a>, although its precise origins remain unclear.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Critics of the foreign origin theory argue that there is no conclusive evidence of their foreign origin: they were well-assimilated in the Indian culture. Moreover, if they invaded India through the north-west, it is inexplicable why would they choose to settle in the semi-arid area of present-day Rajasthan, rather than the fertile <a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain" title="Indo-Gangetic Plain">Indo-Gangetic Plain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPuri19574–6_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPuri19574–6-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Agnivansha" title="Agnivansha">Agnivansha</a> legend given in the later manuscripts of <i><a href="/wiki/Prithviraj_Raso" title="Prithviraj Raso">Prithviraj Raso</a></i>, the Pratiharas, Parmar, Chauhan and Chalukya dynasties originated from a sacrificial fire-pit (agnikunda) at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Abu" title="Mount Abu">Mount Abu</a>. Some <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">colonial-era</a> historians interpreted this myth to suggest a foreign origin for these dynasties. According to this theory, the foreigners were admitted in the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_caste_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu caste system">Hindu caste system</a> after performing a fire ritual.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYadava198235_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYadava198235-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this legend is not found in the earliest available copies of <i>Prithviraj Raso</i>. It is based on a <a href="/wiki/Paramara_dynasty" title="Paramara dynasty">Paramara</a> legend; the 16th century Rajput <a href="/wiki/Bard" title="Bard">bards</a> claim heroic descent of clans in order to foster Rajput unity against the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal Emperor">Mughals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh196417–18_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh196417–18-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pashupatinath,_uttar_pradesh,_9th_-10th_century_,pratihara_dynasty.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Pashupatinath%2C_uttar_pradesh%2C_9th_-10th_century_%2Cpratihara_dynasty.jpg/220px-Pashupatinath%2C_uttar_pradesh%2C_9th_-10th_century_%2Cpratihara_dynasty.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Pashupatinath%2C_uttar_pradesh%2C_9th_-10th_century_%2Cpratihara_dynasty.jpg/330px-Pashupatinath%2C_uttar_pradesh%2C_9th_-10th_century_%2Cpratihara_dynasty.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Pashupatinath%2C_uttar_pradesh%2C_9th_-10th_century_%2Cpratihara_dynasty.jpg/440px-Pashupatinath%2C_uttar_pradesh%2C_9th_-10th_century_%2Cpratihara_dynasty.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="689" /></a><figcaption>Pashupatinath, Uttar Pradesh, 9th -10th century, Pratihara dynasty</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vishnu_and_Lakshmi_bronze,_10th-11th_Century,_Pratihara_dynasty.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Vishnu_and_Lakshmi_bronze%2C_10th-11th_Century%2C_Pratihara_dynasty.jpg/220px-Vishnu_and_Lakshmi_bronze%2C_10th-11th_Century%2C_Pratihara_dynasty.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Vishnu_and_Lakshmi_bronze%2C_10th-11th_Century%2C_Pratihara_dynasty.jpg/330px-Vishnu_and_Lakshmi_bronze%2C_10th-11th_Century%2C_Pratihara_dynasty.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Vishnu_and_Lakshmi_bronze%2C_10th-11th_Century%2C_Pratihara_dynasty.jpg/440px-Vishnu_and_Lakshmi_bronze%2C_10th-11th_Century%2C_Pratihara_dynasty.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a> bronze, 10th-11th century, Pratihara dynasty</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Gurjara-Pratiharas_(circa_800-950_CE).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Map_of_the_Gurjara-Pratiharas_%28circa_800-950_CE%29.png/300px-Map_of_the_Gurjara-Pratiharas_%28circa_800-950_CE%29.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Map_of_the_Gurjara-Pratiharas_%28circa_800-950_CE%29.png/450px-Map_of_the_Gurjara-Pratiharas_%28circa_800-950_CE%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Map_of_the_Gurjara-Pratiharas_%28circa_800-950_CE%29.png/600px-Map_of_the_Gurjara-Pratiharas_%28circa_800-950_CE%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2324" data-file-height="2151" /></a><figcaption>Extent of the Pratihara Empire at its peak (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 800—950</span> CE) and neighbouring polities.</figcaption></figure> <p>The original centre of Pratihara power is a matter of controversy. R. C. Majumdar, on the basis of a verse in the Harivamsha-Purana, 783 CE, the interpretation of which he conceded was not free from difficulty, held that Vatsaraja ruled at Ujjain.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dasharatha Sharma, interpreting it differently located the original capital in the Bhinmala Jalor area.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> M. W. Meister<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Shanta Rani Sharma<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> concur with his conclusion in view of the fact that the writer of the Jaina narrative <i><a href="/wiki/Kuvalayamala" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuvalayamala">Kuvalayamala</a></i> states that it was composed at Jalor in the time of Vatsaraja in 778 CE, which is five years before the composition of Harivamsha-Purana. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_rulers">Early rulers</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trivikrama,_Pratihara,_11th_c._CE,_Kashipur-_UP.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Trivikrama%2C_Pratihara%2C_11th_c._CE%2C_Kashipur-_UP.jpg/220px-Trivikrama%2C_Pratihara%2C_11th_c._CE%2C_Kashipur-_UP.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="361" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Trivikrama%2C_Pratihara%2C_11th_c._CE%2C_Kashipur-_UP.jpg/330px-Trivikrama%2C_Pratihara%2C_11th_c._CE%2C_Kashipur-_UP.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Trivikrama%2C_Pratihara%2C_11th_c._CE%2C_Kashipur-_UP.jpg/440px-Trivikrama%2C_Pratihara%2C_11th_c._CE%2C_Kashipur-_UP.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1261" /></a><figcaption>Trivikrama, Pratihara, 11th c. CE, Kashipur- UP</figcaption></figure><p> Nagabhata I (739–760), was originally perhaps a feudatory of the <a href="/wiki/Chavda_dynasty" title="Chavda dynasty">Chavdas</a> of Bhillamala. He gained prominence after the downfall of the Chavda kingdom in the course of resisting the invading forces led by the Arabs who controlled Sindh. <a href="/wiki/Nagabhata_I" title="Nagabhata I">Nagabhata Pratihara I</a> (730–756) later extended his control east and south from Mandor, conquering <a href="/wiki/Malwa" title="Malwa">Malwa</a> as far as <a href="/wiki/Gwalior" title="Gwalior">Gwalior</a> and the port of Bharuch in Gujarat. He established his capital at <a href="/wiki/Ujjain" title="Ujjain">Avanti</a> in Malwa, and checked the expansion of the Arabs, who had established themselves in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Sindh" title="History of Sindh">Sind</a>. In this battle (738 CE), Nagabhata led a confederacy of Pratiharas to defeat the Muslim Arabs who had till then been pressing on victorious through <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>. An inscription by <a href="/wiki/Mihira_Bhoja" title="Mihira Bhoja">Mihira Bhoja</a> ascribes Nagabhata with having appeared like <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> "in response to the prayers of the oppressed people to crush the large armies of the powerful <a href="/wiki/Mleccha" title="Mleccha">Mleccha</a> ruler, the destroyer of virtue".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nagabhata I was followed by two weak successors, his nephews Devraj and Kakkuka, who were in turn succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Vatsraj" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatsraj">Vatsraja</a> (775–805). </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resistance_to_the_Caliphate">Resistance to the Caliphate</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Caliphate_campaigns_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliphate campaigns in India">Caliphate campaigns in India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caliphal_province_of_Sind" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliphal province of Sind">Caliphal province of Sind</a></div> <p>In the Gwalior inscription, it is recorded that Pratihara emperor Nagabhata "crushed the large army of the powerful Mlechcha king." This large army consisted of cavalry, infantry, siege artillery, and probably a force of camels. Since Tamin was a new governor he had a force of <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syrian</a> cavalry from <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, local Arab contingents, converted Hindus of Sindh, and foreign mercenaries like the <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkics</a>. All together the invading army may have had anywhere between 10 and 15,000 cavalry, 5000 infantry, and 2000 camels.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Arab chronicler Sulaiman describes the army of the Pratiharas as it stood in 851 CE, "The ruler of Gurjara maintains numerous forces and no other Indian prince has so fine a cavalry. He is unfriendly to the Arabs, still he acknowledges that the king of the Arabs is the greatest of rulers. Among the princes of India there is no greater foe of the Islamic faith than he. He has got riches, and his camels and horses are numerous."<sup id="cite_ref-Chaurasia_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chaurasia-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conquest_of_Kannauj_and_further_expansion">Conquest of Kannauj and further expansion</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_Kanauj_triangle_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Indian_Kanauj_triangle_map.svg/300px-Indian_Kanauj_triangle_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Indian_Kanauj_triangle_map.svg/450px-Indian_Kanauj_triangle_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Indian_Kanauj_triangle_map.svg/600px-Indian_Kanauj_triangle_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1639" data-file-height="1852" /></a><figcaption>The Kanauj triangle.</figcaption></figure> <p>After bringing much of <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a> under his control, Vatsaraja embarked to become "master of all the land lying between the two seas." Contemporary Jijasena's <i>Harivamsha Purana</i> describes him as "master of western quarter".<sup id="cite_ref-8129108909_p274-278_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8129108909_p274-278-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the Radhanpur Plate and <a href="/wiki/Prithviraja_Vijaya" title="Prithviraja Vijaya">Prithviraja Vijaya</a>, Vatsaraja led an expedition against the Palas under Dharmapala of Bengal As such, the Palas came into conflict from time to time with the Imperial Pratiharas. According to the above inscription <a href="/wiki/Dharmapala_(emperor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmapala (emperor)">Dharmapala</a>, was deprived of his two white Royal Umbrellas, and fled, followed by the Pratihara forces under general <a href="/wiki/Durlabharaja_I" title="Durlabharaja I">Durlabharaja Chauhan</a> of <a href="/wiki/Chahamanas_of_Shakambhari" title="Chahamanas of Shakambhari">Shakambhari</a>. The Prithviraja Vijaya mentions Durlabhraj I as having "washed his sword at the confluence of the river Ganga and the ocean, and savouring the land of the Gaudas". The <a href="/wiki/Baroda" class="mw-redirect" title="Baroda">Baroda</a> Inscription (AD 812) states <a href="/wiki/Nagabhata_II" title="Nagabhata II">Nagabhata</a> defeated the Dharmapala. Through vigorous campaigning, <a href="/wiki/Vatsraj" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatsraj">Vatsraj</a> had extended his dominions to include a large part of northern India, from the <a href="/wiki/Thar_Desert" title="Thar Desert">Thar Desert</a> in the west up to the frontiers of <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> in the east.<sup id="cite_ref-8129108909_p274-278_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8129108909_p274-278-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The metropolis of Kannauj had suffered a power vacuum following the death of <a href="/wiki/Harsha" title="Harsha">Harsha</a> without an heir, which resulted in the disintegration of the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Harsha" class="mw-redirect" title="Empire of Harsha">Empire of Harsha</a>. This space was eventually filled by <a href="/wiki/Yashovarman" title="Yashovarman">Yashovarman</a> around a century later but his position was dependent upon an alliance with <a href="/wiki/Lalitaditya_Muktapida" title="Lalitaditya Muktapida">Lalitaditya Muktapida</a>. When Muktapida undermined Yashovarman, a tri-partite struggle for control of the city developed, involving the Pratiharas, whose territory was at that time to the west and north, the <a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Palas</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> in the east and the <a href="/wiki/Rashtrakutas" title="Rashtrakutas">Rashtrakutas</a>, whose base lay at the south in the <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Plateau" title="Deccan Plateau">Deccan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Vatsraja" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatsraja">Vatsaraja</a> successfully challenged and defeated the Pala ruler <a href="/wiki/Dharmapala_(emperor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmapala (emperor)">Dharmapala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dantidurga" title="Dantidurga">Dantidurga</a>, the Rashtrakuta king, for control of Kannauj. </p><p>Around 786, the Rashtrakuta ruler Dhruva (c. 780–793) crossed the <a href="/wiki/Narmada_River" title="Narmada River">Narmada River</a> into Malwa, and from there tried to capture Kannauj. Vatsraja was defeated by the <a href="/wiki/Dhruva_Dharavarsha" title="Dhruva Dharavarsha">Dhruva Dharavarsha</a> of the Rashtrakuta dynasty around 800. Vatsaraja was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Nagabhata_II" title="Nagabhata II">Nagabhata II</a> (805–833), who was initially defeated by the Rashtrakuta ruler <a href="/wiki/Govinda_III" title="Govinda III">Govinda III</a> (793–814), but later recovered Malwa from the Rashtrakutas, conquered Kannauj and the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain" title="Indo-Gangetic Plain">Indo-Gangetic Plain</a> as far as <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a> from the Palas, and again checked the <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslims</a> in the west. He rebuilt the great <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> temple at <a href="/wiki/Somnath" class="mw-redirect" title="Somnath">Somnath</a> in Gujarat, which had been demolished in an Arab raid from <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a>. Kannauj became the center of the Pratihara state, which covered much of northern India during the peak of their power, c. 836–910.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mihira_Bhoja">Mihira Bhoja</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mihira_Bhoja" title="Mihira Bhoja">Mihira Bhoja</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Teli_ka_mandir_fort_Gwalior_-_panoramio_-_Gyanendrasinghchauha%E2%80%A6_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Teli_ka_mandir_fort_Gwalior_-_panoramio_-_Gyanendrasinghchauha%E2%80%A6_%281%29.jpg/220px-Teli_ka_mandir_fort_Gwalior_-_panoramio_-_Gyanendrasinghchauha%E2%80%A6_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Teli_ka_mandir_fort_Gwalior_-_panoramio_-_Gyanendrasinghchauha%E2%80%A6_%281%29.jpg/330px-Teli_ka_mandir_fort_Gwalior_-_panoramio_-_Gyanendrasinghchauha%E2%80%A6_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Teli_ka_mandir_fort_Gwalior_-_panoramio_-_Gyanendrasinghchauha%E2%80%A6_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="332" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Teli_ka_Mandir" title="Teli ka Mandir">Teli ka Mandir</a> is a Hindu Temple built by <a href="/wiki/Mihira_Bhoja" title="Mihira Bhoja">Mihira Bhoja</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bajpai2006_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bajpai2006-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Mihira Bhoja first consolidated his territories by crushing the rebellious feudatories in Rajasthan, before turning his attention against the old enemies the Palas and Rastrakutas.<sup id="cite_ref-8129108909_p277-285_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8129108909_p277-285-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After consolidating his rule, he stepped into a <a href="/wiki/War_of_succession" title="War of succession">war of succession</a> for the throne of Gujarat between <a href="/wiki/Branches_of_Rashtrakuta_dynasty#Rashtrakutas_of_Lata_(Gujarat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Branches of Rashtrakuta dynasty">Dhruva II</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Branches_of_Rashtrakuta_dynasty#Rashtrakutas_of_Lata_(Gujarat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Branches of Rashtrakuta dynasty">Gujarat Rashtrakuta dynasty</a> and his younger brother. Bhoja led a cavalry raid into Gujarat against the Dhruva while supporting his Dhruva's younger brother. Although the raid was repulsed by Dhruva II, Bhoja was able to retain dominion over parts of Gujarat and Malwa.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bhoja's feudatory, the‌ <a href="/wiki/Sisodia_dynasty" title="Sisodia dynasty">Guhilas</a> <a href="/wiki/Samanta" title="Samanta">Samanta</a> named Harsha of <a href="/wiki/Chaksu" title="Chaksu">Chatsu</a>, is described as : </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>“defeating the northern rulers with the help of the mighty elephant force”, and “loyally presenting to Bhoja the special ‘Shrivamsha’ breed of horses, which could easily cross seas of sand."<sup id="cite_ref-8129108909_p277-285_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8129108909_p277-285-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Besides being a conqueror, Bhoja was a great diplomat.<sup id="cite_ref-RSC_207_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RSC_207-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The kingdoms which were conquered and acknowledged his suzerainty includes Travani, Valla, Mada, Arya, Gujaratra, Lata Parvarta and <a href="/wiki/Chandela" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandela">Chandelas</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bundelkhand" title="Bundelkhand">Bundelkhand</a>. Bhoja's <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daulatpura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daulatpura (page does not exist)">Daulatpura</a>-<a href="/wiki/Dausa" title="Dausa">Dausa</a> Inscription (AD 843), confirms his rule in Dausa region. Another inscription states that,"Bhoja's territories extended to the east of the <a href="/wiki/Sutlej" title="Sutlej">Sutlej</a> river." <a href="/wiki/Kalhana" title="Kalhana">Kalhana</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Rajatarangini" title="Rajatarangini">Rajatarangini</a> states that the territories of Bhoja extended to <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> in the north, and Bhoja had conquered <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a> by defeating ruling 'Thakkiyaka' dynasty .<sup id="cite_ref-8129108909_p277-285_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8129108909_p277-285-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Devapala's death, Bhoja defeated the <a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala</a> emperor <a href="/wiki/Narayanapala" title="Narayanapala">Narayanapala</a> and expanded his boundaries eastward into Pala-held territories near <a href="/wiki/Gorakhpur" title="Gorakhpur">Gorakhpur</a>. </p><p>In the early 8th century, <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Arabs</a> fought on and off to take over <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a>. Imran ibn-Musa, who governed Sindh, tried to expand Arab rule to nearby areas. When Bhoja became powerful the <a href="/wiki/Gurjara-Pratihara_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty">Pratiharas</a> fought back repulsed them from fort of Sindan, pushing the Arabs out of Kutch between 833 and 842 AD. Later on, the Arabs lost a best part of <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a>. This was the major conflict between the forces of Mihirbhoja and Imran ibn-musa <sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around 880, the <a href="/wiki/Gurjara-Pratihara_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty">Gurjara-Pratiharas</a> were defeated in large battle in <a href="/wiki/Ujjain" title="Ujjain">Ujjain</a> by Krishna II, the Rastrakuta king of Gujarat. However, retribution likely soon followed on the part of the Pratiharas, as by the end of his reign, Bhoja had successfully exterminated the Gujarat Rashtrakuta line.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hudud-ul-Alam, a tenth-century <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> geographic text, states that most of the kings of India acknowledged the supremacy of the powerful 'Rai of Qinnauj', (<a href="/wiki/Kannauj" title="Kannauj">Kannauj</a> was the capital of the Imperial Pratiharas) whose mighty army had 150,000 strong cavalry and 800 war elephants.<sup id="cite_ref-8129108909_p277-285_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8129108909_p277-285-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline">Decline</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:292px;border-color:lightgrey"><div style="position:relative;width:290px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Asia_non_political,_with_rivers.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pratihara dynasty is located in South Asia"><img alt="Pratihara dynasty is located in South Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg/290px-South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg/435px-South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg/580px-South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2324" data-file-height="2151" /></a></span><div id="annotation_230x5" style="position:absolute; left:230px; top:5px; font-size:10px; font-weight:bold; font-size:10; line-height:12px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Template:South_Asia_in_1000" title="Template:South Asia in 1000"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><b>South Asia<br />1000 CE</b></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_128x86" style="position:absolute; left:128px; top:86px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Long_Rectangle_(plain).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Long_Rectangle_%28plain%29.png/50px-Long_Rectangle_%28plain%29.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Long_Rectangle_%28plain%29.png/75px-Long_Rectangle_%28plain%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Long_Rectangle_%28plain%29.png/100px-Long_Rectangle_%28plain%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span></div><div id="annotation_1x1" style="position:absolute; left:1px; top:1px; font-size:8px; font-weight:bold; font-size:8; line-height:10px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#006400FF"><b>KARAKHANID<br />KHANATE</b></span></a></span></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:6.655%;left:52.468%;font-size:60%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:1px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Khotan_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Khotan Kingdom"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#006400FF"><b>KHOTAN</b></span></a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:12.86%;left:10.909%;font-size:65%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:1px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#006400FF"><b>GHAZNAVID<br />EMPIRE</b></span></a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:25.55%;left:30.39%;font-size:50%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:1px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Multan" title="Emirate of Multan"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#006400FF"><b>MULTAN<br />EMIRATE</b></span></a></div></div></div><div id="annotation_132x87" style="position:absolute; left:132px; top:87px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kannauj" title="Kingdom of Kannauj"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><b>KANNAUJ</b></span></a></span></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:35.42%;left:73.247%;font-size:50%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:1px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire"><div><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><b>PALA EMPIRE</b></span></div></a></div></div></div><div id="annotation_180x130" style="position:absolute; left:180px; top:130px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Nagvanshis_of_Chotanagpur" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagvanshis of Chotanagpur"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><b>NAGVANSHIS</b></span></a></span></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:34.574%;left:83.636%;font-size:50%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:1px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Kamarupa" title="Kamarupa"><div><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><b>KAMARUPA</b></span></div></a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:15.68%;left:32.208%;font-size:55%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:1px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Shahis" title="Hindu Shahis"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><b>HINDU<br />SHAHIS</b></span></a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:30.344%;left:53.766%;font-size:50%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:1px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Kumaon_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumaon Kingdom"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><b>KUMAON</b></span></a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:18.5%;left:44.156%;font-size:50%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:1px"><div><a href="/wiki/Maryul" title="Maryul"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><b>MARYUL</b></span></a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:19.91%;left:40.779%;font-size:50%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:1px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Utpala_dynasty" title="Utpala dynasty"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><b>UTPA-<br />LAS</b></span></a></div></div></div><div id="annotation_93x100" style="position:absolute; left:93px; top:100px; font-size:5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:5; line-height:7px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Guhila_dynasty" title="Guhila dynasty"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">GUHILAS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_75x122" style="position:absolute; left:75px; top:122px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gujarat" title="Kingdom of Gujarat"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><b>GUJARAT</b></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_60x135" style="position:absolute; left:60px; top:135px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Chudasama_dynasty" title="Chudasama dynasty"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><b>CHUDA-<br />SAMAS</b></span></a></span></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:36.83%;left:22.597%;font-size:50%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:1px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Habbari_dynasty" title="Habbari dynasty"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#006400FF"><b>HABBARID<br />EMIRATE</b></span></a></div></div></div><div id="annotation_85x88" style="position:absolute; left:85px; top:88px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Chahamanas_of_Shakambhari" title="Chahamanas of Shakambhari"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><b>CHAHAMANAS</b></span></a></span></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:28.37%;left:42.078%;font-size:50%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:1px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Tomara_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomara dynasty"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><b>TOMARAS</b></span></a></div></div></div><div id="annotation_110x115" style="position:absolute; left:110px; top:115px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Malwa" title="Kingdom of Malwa"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><b>MALWA</b></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_85x145" style="position:absolute; left:85px; top:145px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Shilahara" title="Shilahara"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">SHILA-<br />HARAS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_105x152" style="position:absolute; left:105px; top:152px; font-size:8px; font-weight:bold; font-size:8; line-height:10px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_Empire" title="Western Chalukya Empire"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><b>WESTERN<br />CHALUKYAS</b></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_153x167" style="position:absolute; left:153px; top:167px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><b>EASTERN<br />CHALUKYAS</b></span></a></span></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:79.131%;left:45.974%;font-size:50%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:1px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><b>CHOLAS</b></span></a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:70.671%;left:43.377%;font-size:50%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:1px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Kadambas_of_Hangal" title="Kadambas of Hangal"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">KADAMBAS</span></a></div></div></div><div id="annotation_137x107" style="position:absolute; left:137px; top:107px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Chandelas_of_Jejakabhukti" title="Chandelas of Jejakabhukti"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><b>BUNDELKHAND</b></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_147x120" style="position:absolute; left:147px; top:120px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Kalachuris_of_Tripuri" title="Kalachuris of Tripuri"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><b>DAHALA</b></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_170x140" style="position:absolute; left:170px; top:140px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Somavamshi_dynasty" title="Somavamshi dynasty"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><b>SOMAVAMSHIS</b></span></a></span></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:55.866%;left:64.156%;font-size:50%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:1px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Ganga_dynasty" title="Eastern Ganga dynasty"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><b>KALINGAS</b></span></a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:23.858%;left:52.468%;font-size:50%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:1px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Guge" title="Guge"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><b>GUGE</b></span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Asia_non_political,_with_rivers.jpg" title="File:South Asia non political, with rivers.jpg">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Much reduced territory of the Gurjara-Pratihara in 1000, and neighbouring South Asian polities, on the eve of the <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghaznavid Empire">Ghaznavid</a> invasions of the subcontinent.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Bhoja_II_(Gurjara-Pratihara_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhoja II (Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty)">Bhoja II</a> (910–912) was overthrown by <a href="/wiki/Mahipala_I" title="Mahipala I">Mahipala I</a> (912–944). Several feudatories of the empire took advantage of the temporary weakness of the Pratiharas to declare their independence, notably the <a href="/wiki/Paramara_dynasty" title="Paramara dynasty">Paramaras</a> of Malwa, the <a href="/wiki/Chandela" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandela">Chandelas</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bundelkhand" title="Bundelkhand">Bundelkhand</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kalachuris_of_Tripuri" title="Kalachuris of Tripuri">Kalachuris</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mahakoshal" title="Mahakoshal">Mahakoshal</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tomaras" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomaras">Tomaras</a> of <a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Chahamanas_of_Shakambhari" title="Chahamanas of Shakambhari">Chahamanas of Shakambhari</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SC19_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SC19-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The south Indian Emperor <a href="/wiki/Indra_III" title="Indra III">Indra III</a> (c. 914–928) of the Rashtrakuta dynasty briefly captured Kannauj in 916, and although the Pratiharas regained the city, their position continued to weaken in the tenth century, partly as a result of the drain of simultaneously fighting off <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> attacks from the west, the attacks from the Rashtrakuta dynasty from the south and the Pala advances in the east.<sup id="cite_ref-SC19_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SC19-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Pratiharas lost control of Rajasthan to their feudatories, and the Chandelas captured the strategic fortress of Gwalior in central India around 950.<sup id="cite_ref-SC19_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SC19-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the tenth century the Pratihara domains had dwindled to a small state centered on Kannauj.<sup id="cite_ref-SC19_44-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SC19-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_of_Ghazni" title="Mahmud of Ghazni">Mahmud of Ghazni</a> captured <a href="/wiki/Kannauj" title="Kannauj">Kannauj</a> in 1018, and the Pratihara ruler Rajapala fled. He was subsequently captured and killed by the Chandela ruler <a href="/wiki/Vidyadhara_(Chandela_ruler)" title="Vidyadhara (Chandela ruler)">Vidyadhara</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SC19_44-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SC19-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chandela ruler then placed Rajapala's son Trilochanpala on the throne as a proxy. Jasapala, the last Pratihara ruler of Kannauj, died in 1036.<sup id="cite_ref-SC19_44-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SC19-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Imperial Pratihara dynasty broke into several small states after the <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghaznavid">Ghaznavid</a> invasions. These branches fought each other for territory and one of the branches ruled Mandore till the 14th century. This Pratihara branch had marital ties with <a href="/wiki/Chunda_of_Mandore" title="Chunda of Mandore">Rao Chunda</a> of the Rathore clan and gave <a href="/wiki/Mandore" title="Mandore">Mandore</a> in dowry to Chunda. This was specifically done to form an alliance against the Turks of the <a href="/wiki/Tughlaq_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Tughlaq Empire">Tughlaq Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DQ_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DQ-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pratihara_art">Pratihara art</h2></div> <p>There are notable examples of architecture from the Pratihara era, including sculptures and carved panels.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their temples, constructed in an open pavilion style. One of the most notable Pratihara style of architecture was <a href="/wiki/Khajuraho_Group_of_Monuments" title="Khajuraho Group of Monuments">Khajuraho</a>, built by their vassals, the <a href="/wiki/Chandelas" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandelas">Chandelas</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bundelkhand" title="Bundelkhand">Bundelkhand</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Partha_Mitter_pp.66_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Partha_Mitter_pp.66-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Māru-Gurjara_architecture"><span id="M.C4.81ru-Gurjara_architecture"></span>Māru-Gurjara architecture</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ru-Gurjara_architecture" title="Māru-Gurjara architecture">Māru-Gurjara architecture</a> was developed during Pratihara Empire. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahavira_Jain_temple,_Osian" title="Mahavira Jain temple, Osian">Mahavira Jain temple, Osian</a> temple was constructed in 783 CE,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKalia19822_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalia19822-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making it the oldest surviving Jain temple in western India.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECort1998112_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECort1998112-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bateshwar_Hindu_temples,_Madhya_Pradesh" title="Bateshwar Hindu temples, Madhya Pradesh">Bateshwar Hindu temples, Madhya Pradesh</a> was constructed during the Pratihara Empire between 8th to 11th century.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroli_Temples" title="Baroli Temples">Baroli temples complex</a> are eight temples, built by the Pratiharas, is situated within a walled enclosure.</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 972px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Teli_ka_Mandir_(15702266503).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="One of the four entrances of the Teli ka Mandir. This Hindu temple was built by the Pratihara emperor Mihira Bhoja.[30]"><img alt="One of the four entrances of the Teli ka Mandir. This Hindu temple was built by the Pratihara emperor Mihira Bhoja.[30]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Teli_ka_Mandir_%2815702266503%29.jpg/150px-Teli_ka_Mandir_%2815702266503%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Teli_ka_Mandir_%2815702266503%29.jpg/225px-Teli_ka_Mandir_%2815702266503%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Teli_ka_Mandir_%2815702266503%29.jpg/300px-Teli_ka_Mandir_%2815702266503%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">One of the four entrances of the <a href="/wiki/Teli_ka_Mandir" title="Teli ka Mandir">Teli ka Mandir</a>. This Hindu temple was built by the Pratihara emperor <a href="/wiki/Mihira_Bhoja" title="Mihira Bhoja">Mihira Bhoja</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bajpai2006_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bajpai2006-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jain_statues,_Gwalior.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jainism-related cave monuments and statues carved into the rock face inside Siddhachal Caves, Gwalior Fort."><img alt="Jainism-related cave monuments and statues carved into the rock face inside Siddhachal Caves, Gwalior Fort." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Jain_statues%2C_Gwalior.jpg/200px-Jain_statues%2C_Gwalior.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Jain_statues%2C_Gwalior.jpg/300px-Jain_statues%2C_Gwalior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Jain_statues%2C_Gwalior.jpg/400px-Jain_statues%2C_Gwalior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2585" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Jainism-related cave monuments and statues carved into the rock face inside <a href="/wiki/Siddhachal_Caves" title="Siddhachal Caves">Siddhachal Caves</a>, Gwalior Fort.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Baroli_Temple_Complex1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ghateshwara Mahadeva temple at Baroli Temples complex. The complex of eight temples, built by the Pratiharas, is situated within a walled enclosure."><img alt="Ghateshwara Mahadeva temple at Baroli Temples complex. The complex of eight temples, built by the Pratiharas, is situated within a walled enclosure." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Baroli_Temple_Complex1.jpg/150px-Baroli_Temple_Complex1.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Baroli_Temple_Complex1.jpg/225px-Baroli_Temple_Complex1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Baroli_Temple_Complex1.jpg/300px-Baroli_Temple_Complex1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ghateshwara Mahadeva temple at <a href="/wiki/Baroli_Temples" title="Baroli Temples">Baroli Temples complex</a>. The complex of eight temples, built by the Pratiharas, is situated within a walled enclosure.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bateshwar_Temples_(15695822503).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bateshwar Hindu temples in Madhya Pradesh was built by the Pratiharas."><img alt="Bateshwar Hindu temples in Madhya Pradesh was built by the Pratiharas." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Bateshwar_Temples_%2815695822503%29.jpg/200px-Bateshwar_Temples_%2815695822503%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Bateshwar_Temples_%2815695822503%29.jpg/300px-Bateshwar_Temples_%2815695822503%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Bateshwar_Temples_%2815695822503%29.jpg/400px-Bateshwar_Temples_%2815695822503%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bateshwar_Hindu_temples,_Madhya_Pradesh" title="Bateshwar Hindu temples, Madhya Pradesh">Bateshwar Hindu temples</a> in Madhya Pradesh was built by the Pratiharas.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;border-color:lightgrey"><div style="position:relative;width:300px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Asia_physical_(continental).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Pratihara dynasty is located in Continental Asia"><img alt="Pratihara dynasty is located in Continental Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/300px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/450px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/600px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3196" data-file-height="1840" /></a></span><div id="annotation_119x114" style="position:absolute; 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left:40px; top:90px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:rgba(79,49,28,1)">ABBASID CALIPHATE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_25x35" style="position:absolute; left:25px; top:35px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:rgba(79,49,28,1)">KHAZAR<br />KHAGANATE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_3x70" style="position:absolute; left:3px; top:70px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:rgba(79,49,28,1)">BYZANTINE<br />EMPIRE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_73x50" style="position:absolute; left:73px; top:50px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Yabgu_State" title="Oghuz Yabgu State"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:rgba(79,49,28,1)">OGHUZ-<br />YABGUS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_155x80" style="position:absolute; left:155px; top:80px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:rgba(79,49,28,1)">TIBETAN<br />EMPIRE</span></a></span></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Asia_physical_(continental).png" title="File:Map Asia physical (continental).png">class=notpageimage| </a></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">The Gurjara-Pratihara and contemporary Asian polities, circa 800.</div></div></div></div> <p>Historians of India, since the days of <a href="/wiki/Lord_Elphinstone" title="Lord Elphinstone">Elphinstone</a>, have wondered at the slow progress of Muslim invaders in India, as compared with their rapid advance in other parts of the world. The Arabs possibly only stationed small invasions independent of the Caliph. Arguments of doubtful validity have often been put forward to explain this unique phenomenon. Currently it is believed that it was the power of the Pratihara army that effectively barred the progress of the Muslims beyond the confines of Sindh, their first conquest for nearly three hundred years. In the light of later events this might be regarded as the "Chief contribution of the Pratiharas to the history of India".<sup id="cite_ref-Chaurasia_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chaurasia-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_rulers">List of rulers</h2></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>List of Imperial Pratihara dynasty rulers </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Serial No. </th> <th>Ruler </th> <th>Reign (CE) </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nagabhata_I" title="Nagabhata I">Nagabhata I</a> </td> <td>730–760 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kakustha_(Gurjara-Pratihara_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kakustha (Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty)">Kakustha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Devaraja_(Gurjara-Pratihara_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Devaraja (Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty)">Devaraja</a> </td> <td>760–780 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vatsaraja" title="Vatsaraja">Vatsaraja</a> </td> <td>780–800 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nagabhata_II" title="Nagabhata II">Nagabhata II</a> </td> <td>800–833 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ramabhadra" title="Ramabhadra">Ramabhadra</a> </td> <td>833–836 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mihira_Bhoja" title="Mihira Bhoja">Mihira Bhoja</a> or Bhoja I </td> <td>836–885 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mahendrapala_I" title="Mahendrapala I">Mahendrapala I</a> </td> <td>885–910 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bhoja_II_(Gurjara-Pratihara_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhoja II (Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty)">Bhoja II</a> </td> <td>910–913 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mahipala_I" title="Mahipala I">Mahipala I</a> </td> <td>913–944 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mahendrapala_II" title="Mahendrapala II">Mahendrapala II</a> </td> <td>944–948 </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 </td> <td>Devapala </td> <td>948–954 </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 </td> <td>Vinayakapala </td> <td>954–955 </td></tr> <tr> <td>13 </td> <td>Mahipala II </td> <td>955–956 </td></tr> <tr> <td>14 </td> <td>Vijayapala II </td> <td>956–960 </td></tr> <tr> <td>15 </td> <td>Rajapala </td> <td>960–1018 </td></tr> <tr> <td>16 </td> <td>Trilochanapala </td> <td>1018–1027 </td></tr> <tr> <td>17 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yasahpala_(king)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yasahpala (king)">Yasahpala</a> </td> <td>1024–1036 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mandavyapura_branch">Mandavyapura branch</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pratiharas_of_Mandavyapura" title="Pratiharas of Mandavyapura">Pratiharas of Mandavyapura</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Baddoch_branch">Baddoch branch</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <span class="extendedconfirmed-show"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pratihara_dynasty&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a></span><span class="nonextendedconfirmed-show"><span class="sysop-show"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pratihara_dynasty&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a> or </span><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3APratihara_dynasty&preload=Template%3ASubmit+an+edit+request%2Fpreload&action=edit&section=new&editintro=Template%3AEdit+extended-protected%2Feditintro&preloadtitle=Extended-confirmed-protected+edit+request+on+22+November+2024&preloadparams%5B%5D=edit+extended-protected&preloadparams%5B%5D=Pratihara+dynasty">making an edit request</a></span></span>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Known Baddoch rulers are- </p> <ul><li>Dhaddha I (600 – 627 CE)</li> <li>Dhaddha II (627 – 655 CE)</li> <li>Jaibhatta (655 – 700 CE)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rajogarh_branch">Rajogarh branch</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <span class="extendedconfirmed-show"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pratihara_dynasty&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a></span><span class="nonextendedconfirmed-show"><span class="sysop-show"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pratihara_dynasty&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a> or </span><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3APratihara_dynasty&preload=Template%3ASubmit+an+edit+request%2Fpreload&action=edit&section=new&editintro=Template%3AEdit+extended-protected%2Feditintro&preloadtitle=Extended-confirmed-protected+edit+request+on+22+November+2024&preloadparams%5B%5D=edit+extended-protected&preloadparams%5B%5D=Pratihara+dynasty">making an edit request</a></span></span>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Badegujar were rulers of Rajogarh </p> <ul><li>Parmeshver Manthandev, (885 – 915 CE)</li> <li>No records found after Parmeshver Manthandev</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rajasthan" title="History of Rajasthan">History of Rajasthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_of_Rajasthan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of battles of Rajasthan">List of battles of Rajasthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Rajput_dynasties_and_states" title="List of Rajput dynasties and states">List of Rajput dynasties and states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_empires_and_dynasties" title="List of Hindu empires and dynasties">List of Hindu empires and dynasties</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSmithEdwardes1924" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Vincent Arthur; <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Edwardes" title="Stephen Edwardes">Edwardes, Stephen Meredyth</a> (1924). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/earlyhistoryofi00smit/page/76"><i>The early history of India : from 600 B.C. to the Muhammadan conquest, including the invasion of Alexander the Great</i></a>. Oxford : Clarendon Press. p. Plate 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+early+history+of+India+%3A+from+600+B.C.+to+the+Muhammadan+conquest%2C+including+the+invasion+of+Alexander+the+Great&rft.pages=Plate+2&rft.pub=Oxford+%3A+Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1924&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Vincent+Arthur&rft.au=Edwardes%2C+Stephen+Meredyth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fearlyhistoryofi00smit%2Fpage%2F76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APratihara+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HPR164-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HPR164_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRay2019" class="citation book cs1">Ray, Himanshu Prabha (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qkyfDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT162"><i>Negotiating Cultural Identity: Landscapes in Early Medieval South Asian History</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 164. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781000227932" title="Special:BookSources/9781000227932"><bdi>9781000227932</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Negotiating+Cultural+Identity%3A+Landscapes+in+Early+Medieval+South+Asian+History&rft.pages=164&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781000227932&rft.aulast=Ray&rft.aufirst=Himanshu+Prabha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqkyfDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APratihara+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlood2018" class="citation book cs1">Flood, Finbarr B. (20 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8MhJDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA40"><i>Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval "Hindu-Muslim" Encounter</i></a>. Princeton University Press. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-18074-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-18074-8"><bdi>978-0-691-18074-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Objects+of+Translation%3A+Material+Culture+and+Medieval+%22Hindu-Muslim%22+Encounter&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2018-03-20&rft.isbn=978-0-691-18074-8&rft.aulast=Flood&rft.aufirst=Finbarr+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8MhJDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APratihara+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWink2002" class="citation book cs1">Wink, André (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g2m7_R5P2oAC&pg=PA284"><i>Al-Hind: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam, 7th–11th Centuries</i></a>. Leiden: BRILL. p. 284. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-391-04173-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-391-04173-8"><bdi>978-0-391-04173-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Al-Hind%3A+Early+Medieval+India+and+the+Expansion+of+Islam%2C+7th%E2%80%9311th+Centuries&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=284&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-391-04173-8&rft.aulast=Wink&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg2m7_R5P2oAC%26pg%3DPA284&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APratihara+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvari2007303-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvari2007303_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvari2007">Avari 2007</a>, p. 303.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESircar1971146-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESircar1971146_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESircar1971146_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSircar1971">Sircar 1971</a>, p. 146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Partha_Mitter_pp.66-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Partha_Mitter_pp.66_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Partha_Mitter_pp.66_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Partha Mitter, Indian art, Oxford University Press, 2001 pp.66</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESanjay_Sharma2006188-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanjay_Sharma2006188_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSanjay_Sharma2006">Sanjay Sharma 2006</a>, p. 188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETripathi1959223-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETripathi1959223_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTripathi1959">Tripathi 1959</a>, p. 223.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPuri19577-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPuri19577_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPuri1957">Puri 1957</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgnihotri2010" class="citation book cs1">Agnihotri, V. K. (2010). <i>Indian History</i>. Vol. 26. p. B8. <q>Modern historians believed that the name was derived from one of the kings of the line holding the office of Pratihara in the Rashtrakuta court</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+History&rft.pages=B8&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Agnihotri&rft.aufirst=V.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APratihara+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPuri19579-13-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPuri19579-13_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPuri1957">Puri 1957</a>, p. 9-13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajumdar1981612–613-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMajumdar1981612–613_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMajumdar1981">Majumdar 1981</a>, pp. 612–613.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPuri19571-2-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPuri19571-2_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPuri1957">Puri 1957</a>, p. 1-2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPuri19572-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPuri19572_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPuri1957">Puri 1957</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim2015" class="citation book cs1">Kim, Hyun Jin (19 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bnv4CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA62"><i>The Huns</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 62–64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-34091-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-34091-1"><bdi>978-1-317-34091-1</bdi></a>. <q>Although it is not certain, it also seems likely that the formidable Gurjara Pratihara regime (ruled from the seventh-eleventh centuries AD) of northern India,may had a powerful <a href="/wiki/Hephthalite" class="mw-redirect" title="Hephthalite">White Hunnic</a> element. The Gurjara Pratiharas who were likely created from a fusion of White Hunnic and native Indian elements, ruled a vast Empire in northern India, and they also halted Arab Muslim expansion in India through Sind for centuries...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Huns&rft.pages=62-64&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015-11-19&rft.isbn=978-1-317-34091-1&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Hyun+Jin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbnv4CgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APratihara+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWink1991" class="citation book cs1">Wink, André (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bCVyhH5VDjAC&pg=PA279"><i>Al-hind: The Making of the Indo-islamic World</i></a>. BRILL. p. 279. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09249-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09249-5"><bdi>978-90-04-09249-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Al-hind%3A+The+Making+of+the+Indo-islamic+World&rft.pages=279&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-90-04-09249-5&rft.aulast=Wink&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbCVyhH5VDjAC%26pg%3DPA279&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APratihara+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPuri19574–6-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPuri19574–6_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPuri1957">Puri 1957</a>, pp. 4–6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYadava198235-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYadava198235_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYadava1982">Yadava 1982</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh196417–18-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh196417–18_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSingh1964">Singh 1964</a>, pp. 17–18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMajumdar1955" class="citation book cs1">Majumdar, R.C. (1955). <i>The Age of Imperial Kanauj</i> (First ed.). Bombay: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. pp. 21–22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Imperial+Kanauj&rft.place=Bombay&rft.pages=21-22&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Bharatiya+Vidya+Bhavan&rft.date=1955&rft.aulast=Majumdar&rft.aufirst=R.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APratihara+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharma1966" class="citation book cs1">Sharma, Dasharatha (1966). <i>Rajasthan through the Ages</i>. Bikaner: Rajasthan State Archives. pp. 124–30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rajasthan+through+the+Ages&rft.place=Bikaner&rft.pages=124-30&rft.pub=Rajasthan+State+Archives&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Dasharatha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APratihara+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeister1991" class="citation book cs1">Meister, M.W (1991). <i>Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple Architecture, Vol. 2, pt.2, North India: Period of Early Maturity, c. AD 700–900</i> (first ed.). Delhi: American Institute of Indian Studies. p. 153. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195629213" title="Special:BookSources/0195629213"><bdi>0195629213</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Indian+Temple+Architecture%2C+Vol.+2%2C+pt.2%2C+North+India%3A+Period+of+Early+Maturity%2C+c.+AD+700%E2%80%93900&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pages=153&rft.edition=first&rft.pub=American+Institute+of+Indian+Studies&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0195629213&rft.aulast=Meister&rft.aufirst=M.W&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APratihara+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharma2017" class="citation book cs1">Sharma, Shanta Rani (2017). <i>Origin and Rise of the Imperial Pratihāras of Rajasthan: Transitions, Trajectories and Historical Chang</i> (First ed.). Jaipur: University of Rajasthan. pp. 77–78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-85593-18-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-85593-18-5"><bdi>978-93-85593-18-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origin+and+Rise+of+the+Imperial+Pratih%C4%81ras+of+Rajasthan%3A+Transitions%2C+Trajectories+and+Historical+Chang&rft.place=Jaipur&rft.pages=77-78&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=University+of+Rajasthan&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-93-85593-18-5&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Shanta+Rani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APratihara+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A New History of Rajasthan, Rima Hooja pg – 270–274 University of Rajasthan</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chaurasia-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chaurasia_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chaurasia_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaurasia2002" class="citation book cs1">Chaurasia, Radhey Shyam (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cWmsQQ2smXIC&pg=PA207"><i>History of Ancient India: Earliest Times to 1000 A. D.</i></a> Atlantic Publishers & Distributors. p. 207. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-269-0027-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-269-0027-5"><bdi>978-81-269-0027-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Ancient+India%3A+Earliest+Times+to+1000+A.+D.&rft.pages=207&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers+%26+Distributors&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-81-269-0027-5&rft.aulast=Chaurasia&rft.aufirst=Radhey+Shyam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcWmsQQ2smXIC%26pg%3DPA207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APratihara+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8129108909_p274-278-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-8129108909_p274-278_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-8129108909_p274-278_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHooja2006" class="citation book cs1">Hooja, Rima (2006). <i>A History of Rajasthan</i>. Rajasthan: Rupa & Company. pp. 274–278. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8129108909" title="Special:BookSources/8129108909"><bdi>8129108909</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Rajasthan&rft.place=Rajasthan&rft.pages=274-278&rft.pub=Rupa+%26+Company&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=8129108909&rft.aulast=Hooja&rft.aufirst=Rima&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APratihara+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChopra2003" class="citation book cs1">Chopra, Pran Nath (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gE7udqBkACwC&pg=PA194"><i>A Comprehensive History of Ancient India</i></a>. Sterling Publishers. pp. 194–195. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-207-2503-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-207-2503-4"><bdi>978-81-207-2503-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Comprehensive+History+of+Ancient+India&rft.pages=194-195&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishers&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-81-207-2503-4&rft.aulast=Chopra&rft.aufirst=Pran+Nath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgE7udqBkACwC%26pg%3DPA194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APratihara+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKulkeRothermund2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Kulke" title="Hermann Kulke">Kulke, Hermann</a>; <a href="/wiki/Dietmar_Rothermund" title="Dietmar Rothermund">Rothermund, Dietmar</a> (2004) [1986]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V73N8js5ZgAC&pg=PA114"><i>A History of India</i></a> (4th ed.). Routledge. p. 114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-32920-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-32920-0"><bdi>978-0-415-32920-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+India&rft.pages=114&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-415-32920-0&rft.aulast=Kulke&rft.aufirst=Hermann&rft.au=Rothermund%2C+Dietmar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV73N8js5ZgAC%26pg%3DPA114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APratihara+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bajpai2006-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bajpai2006_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bajpai2006_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK._D._Bajpai2006" class="citation book cs1">K. D. Bajpai (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q3KcwLKuRnYC&pg=PA31"><i>History of Gopāchala</i></a>. Bharatiya Jnanpith. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-263-1155-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-263-1155-2"><bdi>978-81-263-1155-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Gop%C4%81chala&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Bharatiya+Jnanpith&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-81-263-1155-2&rft.au=K.+D.+Bajpai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ3KcwLKuRnYC%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APratihara+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJain1972" class="citation book cs1">Jain, Kailash Chand (31 December 1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_3O7q7cU7k0C&pg=PA429"><i>Malwa Through The Ages</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. pp. 429–430. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0824-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0824-9"><bdi>978-81-208-0824-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Malwa+Through+The+Ages&rft.pages=429-430&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publ.&rft.date=1972-12-31&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0824-9&rft.aulast=Jain&rft.aufirst=Kailash+Chand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_3O7q7cU7k0C%26pg%3DPA429&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APratihara+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRajan1984" class="citation book cs1">Rajan, K. V. Soundara (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ydojAAAAMAAJ"><i>Early Kalinga Art and Architecture</i></a>. Sundeep. p. 103. <q>When we have to compare a khākhärä temple of Kalinga with anything outside its borders, the most logical analogue coming to our mind will be that of Teli ka Mandir at Gwalior of the time of Pratihara Mihira Bhoja.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Kalinga+Art+and+Architecture&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=Sundeep&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Rajan&rft.aufirst=K.+V.+Soundara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DydojAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APratihara+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharma2008" class="citation book cs1">Sharma, Dr Shiv (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=COHI7LlpkSAC&pg=PA531"><i>India – A Travel Guide</i></a>. Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd. p. 531. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-284-0067-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-284-0067-4"><bdi>978-81-284-0067-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+%E2%80%93+A+Travel+Guide&rft.pages=531&rft.pub=Diamond+Pocket+Books+%28P%29+Ltd.&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-81-284-0067-4&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Dr+Shiv&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCOHI7LlpkSAC%26pg%3DPA531&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APratihara+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8129108909_p277-285-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-8129108909_p277-285_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-8129108909_p277-285_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-8129108909_p277-285_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-8129108909_p277-285_34-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHooja2006" class="citation book cs1">Hooja, Rima (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tosMAQAAMAAJ"><i>A History of Rajasthan</i></a>. Rajasthan: Rupa & Company. pp. 277–280. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8129108909" title="Special:BookSources/8129108909"><bdi>8129108909</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Rajasthan&rft.place=Rajasthan&rft.pages=277-280&rft.pub=Rupa+%26+Company&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=8129108909&rft.aulast=Hooja&rft.aufirst=Rima&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtosMAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APratihara+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHooja2006" class="citation book cs1">Hooja, Rima (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tosMAQAAMAAJ"><i>A History of Rajasthan</i></a>. Rajasthan: Rupa & Company. p. 187. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8129108909" title="Special:BookSources/8129108909"><bdi>8129108909</bdi></a>. <q>Perhaps after initially consolidating his inheritance, Bhoja I then turned towards Central India, the Deccan and Gujarat. Stepping into a struggle for the throne of Gujarat between Dhruva Il of the Gujarat Rashtrakuta dynasty and his younger brother, Bhoja led a cavalry raid into Gujarat, with the stated objective of supporting the claim of the latter. The raid was repulsed by Dhruva II. Amoghavarsha's army may also have taken up arms against the Imperial Pratiharas at this point. Bhoia I was able to retain dominion over parts of Gujarat and Malwa , but further expansion in that direction was effectively checked. This may have led Bhoja to concentrate on the lands other than those under the Rashtrakutas for the time being.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Rajasthan&rft.place=Rajasthan&rft.pages=187&rft.pub=Rupa+%26+Company&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=8129108909&rft.aulast=Hooja&rft.aufirst=Rima&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtosMAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APratihara+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RSC_207-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RSC_207_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadhey_Shyam_Chaurasia2002" class="citation book cs1">Radhey Shyam Chaurasia (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cWmsQQ2smXIC&pg=PA207"><i>History of Ancient India: Earliest Times to 1000 A. D.</i></a> Atlantic Publishers & Distributors. p. 207. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-269-0027-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-269-0027-5"><bdi>978-81-269-0027-5</bdi></a>. <q>He was undoubtedly one of the outstanding political figures of India in ninth century and ranks with Dhruva and Dharmapala as a great general and empire builder.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Ancient+India%3A+Earliest+Times+to+1000+A.+D.&rft.pages=207&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers+%26+Distributors&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-81-269-0027-5&rft.au=Radhey+Shyam+Chaurasia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcWmsQQ2smXIC%26pg%3DPA207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APratihara+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Dasharatha_Sharma" title="Dasharatha Sharma">Dasharatha Sharma</a>, Rajasthan Through the Ages "a comprehensive and authentic history of Rajasthan" Bikaner , Rajasthan State Archives 1966, pp.144–54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMajumdar1955" class="citation book cs1">Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra (1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s1WgAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Age of Imperial Kanauj</i></a>. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. pp. xi–xii.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Imperial+Kanauj&rft.pages=xi-xii&rft.pub=Bharatiya+Vidya+Bhavan&rft.date=1955&rft.aulast=Majumdar&rft.aufirst=Ramesh+Chandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds1WgAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APratihara+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRay1973" class="citation book cs1">Ray, Hem Chandra (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zAduAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Dynastic History of Northern India (early Mediaeval Period)</i></a>. Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers. pp. 12–13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dynastic+History+of+Northern+India+%28early+Mediaeval+Period%29&rft.pages=12-13&rft.pub=Munshiram+Manoharlal+Publishers&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Ray&rft.aufirst=Hem+Chandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzAduAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APratihara+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/early-Hindu-islamic-conflict-richards"><i>early-Hindu-islamic-conflict-richards</i></a>. p. 96.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=early-Hindu-islamic-conflict-richards&rft.pages=96&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fearly-Hindu-islamic-conflict-richards&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APratihara+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHooja2006" class="citation book cs1">Hooja, Rima (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tosMAQAAMAAJ"><i>A History of Rajasthan</i></a>. Rajasthan: Rupa & Company. p. 187. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8129108909" title="Special:BookSources/8129108909"><bdi>8129108909</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Rajasthan&rft.place=Rajasthan&rft.pages=187&rft.pub=Rupa+%26+Company&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=8129108909&rft.aulast=Hooja&rft.aufirst=Rima&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtosMAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APratihara+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandra2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Satish_Chandra_(historian)" title="Satish Chandra (historian)">Chandra, Satish</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L5eFzeyjBTQC&pg=PA19"><i>Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206–1526) – Part One</i></a>. Har-Anand Publications. pp. 19–20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-241-1064-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-241-1064-5"><bdi>978-81-241-1064-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+India%3A+From+Sultanat+to+the+Mughals-Delhi+Sultanat+%281206%E2%80%931526%29+%E2%80%93+Part+One&rft.pages=19-20&rft.pub=Har-Anand+Publications&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-241-1064-5&rft.aulast=Chandra&rft.aufirst=Satish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL5eFzeyjBTQC%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APratihara+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartzberg1978" class="citation book cs1">Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=069"><i>A Historical atlas of South Asia</i></a>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 32, 146. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226742210" title="Special:BookSources/0226742210"><bdi>0226742210</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Historical+atlas+of+South+Asia&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=32%2C+146&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0226742210&rft.aulast=Schwartzberg&rft.aufirst=Joseph+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdsal.uchicago.edu%2Freference%2Fschwartzberg%2Fpager.html%3Fobject%3D069&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APratihara+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SC19-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SC19_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SC19_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SC19_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SC19_44-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SC19_44-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SC19_44-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandra2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Satish_Chandra_(historian)" title="Satish Chandra (historian)">Chandra, Satish</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L5eFzeyjBTQC&pg=PA19"><i>Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206–1526) – Part One</i></a>. Har-Anand Publications. pp. 19–20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-241-1064-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-241-1064-5"><bdi>978-81-241-1064-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+India%3A+From+Sultanat+to+the+Mughals-Delhi+Sultanat+%281206%E2%80%931526%29+%E2%80%93+Part+One&rft.pages=19-20&rft.pub=Har-Anand+Publications&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-241-1064-5&rft.aulast=Chandra&rft.aufirst=Satish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL5eFzeyjBTQC%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APratihara+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDikshit1976" class="citation book cs1">Dikshit, R. K. (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA25"><i>The Candellas of Jejākabhukti</i></a>. Abhinav. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788170170464" title="Special:BookSources/9788170170464"><bdi>9788170170464</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Candellas+of+Jej%C4%81kabhukti&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Abhinav&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=9788170170464&rft.aulast=Dikshit&rft.aufirst=R.+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da9j9ZJGJOV0C%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APratihara+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitra1977" class="citation book cs1">Mitra, Sisirkumar (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=irHN2UA_Z7gC&pg=PA27"><i>The Early Rulers of Khajurāho</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 72–73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120819979" title="Special:BookSources/9788120819979"><bdi>9788120819979</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Rulers+of+Khajur%C4%81ho&rft.pages=72-73&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=9788120819979&rft.aulast=Mitra&rft.aufirst=Sisirkumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DirHN2UA_Z7gC%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APratihara+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DQ-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DQ_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelli2005" class="citation book cs1">Belli, Melia (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6dR0CgAAQBAJ&dq=rao+chunda+of+mandore&pg=PA142"><i>Royal Umbrellas of Stone: Memory, Politics, and Public Identity in Rajput funerary arts</i></a>. Brill. p. 142. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004300569" title="Special:BookSources/9789004300569"><bdi>9789004300569</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Royal+Umbrellas+of+Stone%3A+Memory%2C+Politics%2C+and+Public+Identity+in+Rajput+funerary+arts&rft.pages=142&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9789004300569&rft.aulast=Belli&rft.aufirst=Melia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6dR0CgAAQBAJ%26dq%3Drao%2Bchunda%2Bof%2Bmandore%26pg%3DPA142&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APratihara+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKala1988" class="citation book cs1">Kala, Jayantika (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MLcGKezqdDIC&pg=PA5"><i>Epic scenes in Indian plastic art</i></a>. 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font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Gurjara-Pratihara" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Gurjara-Pratihara">Gurjara-Pratihara</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Pratihara_dynasty" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Pratihara dynasty">Pratihara dynasty</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvari2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Burjor_Avari" title="Burjor Avari">Avari, Burjor</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DmB_AgAAQBAJ&pg=PT204"><i>India: The Ancient Past. 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New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-08850-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-08850-0"><bdi>978-0-203-08850-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%3A+The+Ancient+Past.+A+History+of+the+Indian-Subcontinent+from+7000+BC+to+AD+1200&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-203-08850-0&rft.aulast=Avari&rft.aufirst=Burjor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDmB_AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APratihara+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSircar1971" class="citation book cs1">Sircar, Dineschandra (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AqKw1Mn8WcwC"><i>Studies in the Geography of Ancient and Medieval India</i></a>. 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Bikaner: Rajasthan State Archives</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanjay_Sharma2006" class="citation cs2">Sharma, Sanjay (2006), "Negotiating Identity and Status Legitimation and Patronage under the Gurjara-Pratīhāras of Kanauj", <i>Studies in History</i>, <b>22</b> (22): 181–220, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F025764300602200202">10.1177/025764300602200202</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144128358">144128358</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+History&rft.atitle=Negotiating+Identity+and+Status+Legitimation+and+Patronage+under+the+Gurjara-Prat%C4%ABh%C4%81ras+of+Kanauj&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=22&rft.pages=181-220&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F025764300602200202&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144128358%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Sanjay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APratihara+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShanta_Rani_Sharma2012" class="citation cs2">Sharma, Shanta Rani (2012), "Exploding the Myth of the Gūjara Identity of the Imperial Pratihāras", <i>Indian Historical Review</i>, <b>39</b> (1): 1–10, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0376983612449525">10.1177/0376983612449525</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145175448">145175448</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indian+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Exploding+the+Myth+of+the+G%C5%ABjara+Identity+of+the+Imperial+Pratih%C4%81ras&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-10&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0376983612449525&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145175448%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Shanta+Rani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APratihara+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh1964" class="citation cs2">Singh, R. B. (1964), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TKs9AAAAIAAJ"><i>History of the Chāhamānas</i></a>, N. Kishore</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Ch%C4%81ham%C4%81nas&rft.pub=N.+Kishore&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=R.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTKs9AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APratihara+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Sharma, Shanta Rani (2017). Origin and Rise of the Imperial Pratihāras of Rajasthan: Transitions, Trajectories and Historical Change (First ed.). Jaipur: University of Rajasthan. p. 77–78. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-85593-18-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-85593-18-5">978-93-85593-18-5</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTripathi1959" class="citation book cs1">Tripathi, Rama Shankar (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U8GPENMw_psC&pg=PA231"><i>History of Kanauj: To the Moslem Conquest</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0478-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0478-4"><bdi>978-81-208-0478-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Kanauj%3A+To+the+Moslem+Conquest&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1959&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0478-4&rft.aulast=Tripathi&rft.aufirst=Rama+Shankar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU8GPENMw_psC%26pg%3DPA231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APratihara+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYadava1982" class="citation cs2">Yadava, Ganga Prasad (1982), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aY_I3zgxfpsC&pg=PA32"><i>Dhanapāla and His Times: A Socio-cultural Study Based Upon His Works</i></a>, Concept</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dhanap%C4%81la+and+His+Times%3A+A+Socio-cultural+Study+Based+Upon+His+Works&rft.pub=Concept&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Yadava&rft.aufirst=Ganga+Prasad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaY_I3zgxfpsC%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APratihara+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalia1982" class="citation cs2">Kalia, Asha (1982), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3n-sycLo3XQC"><i>Art of Osian Temples: Socio-economic and Religious Life in India, 8th–12th Centuries A.D.</i></a>, Abhinav Publications, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780391025585" title="Special:BookSources/9780391025585"><bdi>9780391025585</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art+of+Osian+Temples%3A+Socio-economic+and+Religious+Life+in+India%2C+8th%E2%80%9312th+Centuries+A.D.&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=9780391025585&rft.aulast=Kalia&rft.aufirst=Asha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3n-sycLo3XQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APratihara+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCort1998" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/John_E._Cort" title="John E. Cort">Cort, John E.</a> (1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WWfnXbVWjKcC"><i>Open Boundaries: Jain Communities and Cultures in Indian History</i></a>, SUNY Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780791437865" title="Special:BookSources/9780791437865"><bdi>9780791437865</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Open+Boundaries%3A+Jain+Communities+and+Cultures+in+Indian+History&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780791437865&rft.aulast=Cort&rft.aufirst=John+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWWfnXbVWjKcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APratihara+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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(730–760)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakustha_(Pratihara_dynasty)" title="Kakustha (Pratihara dynasty)">Kakustha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Devaraja_(Pratihara_dynasty)" title="Devaraja (Pratihara dynasty)">Devaraja</a> (760–780)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatsaraja" title="Vatsaraja">Vatsaraja</a> (780–800)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagabhata_II" title="Nagabhata II">Nagabhata II</a> (800–833)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramabhadra" title="Ramabhadra">Ramabhadra</a> (833–836)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihira_Bhoja" title="Mihira Bhoja">Mihira Bhoja</a> or Bhoja I (836–885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahendrapala_I" title="Mahendrapala I">Mahendrapala I</a> (885–910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhoja_II_(Pratihara_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhoja II (Pratihara dynasty)">Bhoja II</a> (910–913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahipala_I" title="Mahipala I">Mahipala I</a> (913–944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahendrapala_II" title="Mahendrapala II">Mahendrapala II</a> (944–948)</li> <li>Devapala (948–954)</li> <li>Vinayakapala (954–955)</li> <li>Mahipala II (955–956)</li> <li>Vijayapala II (956–960)</li> <li>Rajapala (960–1018)</li> <li>Trilochanapala (1018–1027)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasahpala" class="mw-redirect" title="Yasahpala">Yasahpala</a> (1024–1036)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Middle_kingdoms_of_India" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar 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class="wikitable" style="font-size: 100%; width:100%; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td rowspan="2">Timeline and<br />cultural period </td> <td rowspan="2">Northwestern India<br />(<a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a>-<a href="/wiki/Sapta_Sindhu" class="mw-redirect" title="Sapta Sindhu">Sapta Sindhu</a>) </td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain" title="Indo-Gangetic Plain">Indo-Gangetic Plain</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">Central India </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">Southern India</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#cdcdcd"> <td>Upper Gangetic Plain <br />(<a href="/wiki/Doab" title="Doab">Ganga-Yamuna doab</a>) </td> <td>Middle Gangetic Plain </td> <td>Lower Gangetic Plain </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;background-color:#CED4F2"> <td colspan="7"><b><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Age India">IRON AGE</a></b> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F8F8FF"> <td><i><b>Culture</b></i> </td> <td colspan="1"><b>Late <a href="/wiki/Vedic_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic Period">Vedic Period</a></b> </td> <td colspan="1"><b>Late <a href="/wiki/Vedic_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic Period">Vedic Period</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/Srauta" class="mw-redirect" title="Srauta">Srauta</a> culture)<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Painted_Grey_Ware_culture" title="Painted Grey Ware culture">Painted Grey Ware culture</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><b>Late <a href="/wiki/Vedic_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic Period">Vedic Period</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arama%E1%B9%87a" title="Śramaṇa">Shramanic culture</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Northern_Black_Polished_Ware" title="Northern Black Polished Ware">Northern Black Polished Ware</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_India#Prehistoric_era" title="History of India">Pre-history</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 6th century BCE</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kuru_kingdom" title="Kuru kingdom">Kuru</a>-<a href="/wiki/Panchala" class="mw-redirect" title="Panchala">Panchala</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Magadha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Magadha Empire">Magadha</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">Adivasi (tribes)</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Assaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Assaka">Assaka</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F8F8FF"> <td><i><b>Culture</b></i> </td> <td colspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_India#Persian_and_Greek_conquests" title="History of India">Persian-Greek influences</a></b> </td> <td colspan="3"><b>"<a href="/wiki/History_of_India#"Second_urbanisation"_(800-200_BCE)" title="History of India">Second Urbanisation</a>"</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Shramana" class="mw-redirect" title="Shramana">Rise of Shramana movements</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> - <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> - <a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a> - <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_India#Prehistoric_era" title="History of India">Pre-history</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 5th century BCE</b> </td> <td colspan="1">(<a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_conquest_of_the_Indus_Valley" title="Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley">Persian conquests</a>) </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shaishunaga_dynasty" title="Shaishunaga dynasty">Shaishunaga dynasty</a> </td> <td> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">Adivasi (tribes)</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Assaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Assaka">Assaka</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 4th century BCE</b> </td> <td colspan="1">(<a href="/wiki/Greek_conquests_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek conquests in India">Greek conquests</a>) </td> <td colspan="3"><b><a href="/wiki/Nanda_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanda Dynasty">Nanda empire</a></b> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#CED4F2"> <td colspan="7"><b><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">HISTORICAL AGE</a></b> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F8F8FF"> <td><i><b>Culture</b></i> </td> <td colspan="4"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">Spread of Buddhism</a></b> </td> <td><b>Pre-history</b> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 3rd century BCE</b> </td> <td colspan="5"><b><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana dynasty</a><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Sangam_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangam period">Sangam period</a></b><br />(300 BCE – 200 CE)<br /><a href="/wiki/Early_Cholas" title="Early Cholas">Early Cholas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Early_Pandyan_kingdom" title="Early Pandyan kingdom">Early Pandyan kingdom</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chera_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Chera Dynasty">Cheras</a><br /> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F8F8FF"> <td><i><b>Culture</b></i> </td> <td colspan="5"><b>Preclassical Hinduism</b><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> - <b>"Hindu Synthesis"</b><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (ca. 200 BC - 300 CE)<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Indian_epic_poetry" title="Indian epic poetry">Epics</a> - <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a> - <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a> - <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> - <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a> - <a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahma Sutras</a> - <a href="/wiki/Smarta_Tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Smarta Tradition">Smarta Tradition</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahayana Buddhism">Mahayana Buddhism</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 2nd century BCE</b> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Greeks">Indo-Greek Kingdom</a> </td> <td colspan="3" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shunga Empire</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Maha-Meghavahana_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Maha-Meghavahana Dynasty">Maha-Meghavahana Dynasty</a> </td> <td rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana dynasty</a><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Sangam_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangam period">Sangam period</a></b><br />(300 BCE – 200 CE)<br /><a href="/wiki/Early_Cholas" title="Early Cholas">Early Cholas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Early_Pandyan_kingdom" title="Early Pandyan kingdom">Early Pandyan kingdom</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chera_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Chera Dynasty">Cheras</a><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 1st century BCE</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 1st century CE</b> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="1"> <p><a href="/wiki/Indo-Scythians" title="Indo-Scythians">Indo-Scythians</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Parthian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Parthian Kingdom">Indo-Parthians</a> </p> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kuninda_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuninda Kingdom">Kuninda Kingdom</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 2nd century</b> </td> <td colspan="5" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 3rd century</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kushano-Sasanian_Kingdom" title="Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom">Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Western_Satraps" title="Western Satraps">Western Satraps</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kamarupa" title="Kamarupa">Kamarupa</a> kingdom </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">Adivasi (tribes)</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F8F8FF"> <td><i><b>Culture</b></i> </td> <td colspan="6"><b>"Golden Age of Hinduism"</b>(ca. CE 320-650)<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a><br />Co-existence of Hinduism and Buddhism </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 4th century</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kidarites" title="Kidarites">Kidarites</a> </td> <td colspan="4" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Varman_dynasty" title="Varman dynasty">Varman dynasty</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Ikshvakus" class="mw-redirect" title="Andhra Ikshvakus">Andhra Ikshvakus</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kalabhra_dynasty" title="Kalabhra dynasty">Kalabhra dynasty</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kadamba_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Kadamba Dynasty">Kadamba Dynasty</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Western_Ganga_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Ganga Dynasty">Western Ganga Dynasty</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 5th century</b> </td> <td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Hephthalite_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hephthalite Empire">Hephthalite Empire</a> </td> <td colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Alchon_Huns" title="Alchon Huns">Alchon Huns</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vishnukundina" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishnukundina">Vishnukundina</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kalabhra_dynasty" title="Kalabhra dynasty">Kalabhra dynasty</a><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 6th century</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nezak_Huns" title="Nezak Huns">Nezak Huns</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Turk_Shahis" title="Turk Shahis">Kabul Shahi</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maitraka" class="mw-redirect" title="Maitraka">Maitraka</a> </td> <td> </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">Adivasi (tribes)</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vishnukundina" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishnukundina">Vishnukundina</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Badami_Chalukyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Badami Chalukyas">Badami Chalukyas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kalabhra_dynasty" title="Kalabhra dynasty">Kalabhra dynasty</a><br /> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F8F8FF"> <td><i><b>Culture</b></i> </td> <td colspan="6"><b>Late-Classical Hinduism</b> (ca. CE 650-1100)<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</a> - <a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Decline of Buddhism in India">Decline of Buddhism in India</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 7th century</b> </td> <td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Sassanids" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Sassanids">Indo-Sassanids</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vakataka_dynasty" title="Vakataka dynasty">Vakataka dynasty</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Harsha" class="mw-redirect" title="Empire of Harsha">Empire of Harsha</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mlechchha_dynasty" title="Mlechchha dynasty">Mlechchha dynasty</a> </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">Adivasi (tribes)</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Badami_Chalukyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Badami Chalukyas">Badami Chalukyas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern Chalukyas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Pandyan_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyan kingdom">Pandyan kingdom (revival)</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Pallava_dynasty" title="Pallava dynasty">Pallava</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 8th century</b> </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Turk_Shahis" title="Turk Shahis">Kabul Shahi</a> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala Empire</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern Chalukyas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Pandyan_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyan kingdom">Pandyan kingdom</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kalachuris_of_Mahishmati" title="Kalachuris of Mahishmati">Kalachuri</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 9th century</b> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gurjara-Pratihara" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurjara-Pratihara">Gurjara-Pratihara</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta dynasty">Rashtrakuta dynasty</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern Chalukyas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Pandyan_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyan kingdom">Pandyan kingdom</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Cholas" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Cholas">Medieval Cholas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chera_Dynasty#Chera_Perumals_of_Makkotai" class="mw-redirect" title="Chera Dynasty">Chera Perumals of Makkotai</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>10th century</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavids</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pala_dynasty_(Kamarupa)" title="Pala dynasty (Kamarupa)">Pala dynasty</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kamboja-Pala_Dynasty_of_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamboja-Pala Dynasty of Bengal">Kamboja-Pala dynasty</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kalyani_Chalukyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalyani Chalukyas">Kalyani Chalukyas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern Chalukyas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Cholas" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Cholas">Medieval Cholas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty">Chera Perumals of Makkotai</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta dynasty">Rashtrakuta</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">References and sources for table</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <p><b>References</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Samuel</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Samuel</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michaels (2004) p.39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hiltebeitel (2002)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michaels (2004) p.39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hiltebeitel (2002)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michaels (2004) p.40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michaels (2004) p.41</span> </li> </ol></div> <p><b>Sources</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Flood, Gavin D. (1996), <i>An Introduction to Hinduism</i>, Cambridge University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Hinduism&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Flood&rft.aufirst=Gavin+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APratihara+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Alf_Hiltebeitel" title="Alf Hiltebeitel">Hiltebeitel, Alf</a> (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.nl/books?id=kfyzAAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=nl#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>Hinduism. In: Joseph Kitagawa, "The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture"</i></a>, Routledge</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism.+In%3A+Joseph+Kitagawa%2C+%22The+Religious+Traditions+of+Asia%3A+Religion%2C+History%2C+and+Culture%22&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Hiltebeitel&rft.aufirst=Alf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.nl%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkfyzAAAAQBAJ%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26hl%3Dnl%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APratihara+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Michaels, Axel (2004), <i>Hinduism. Past and present</i>, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism.+Past+and+present&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Michaels&rft.aufirst=Axel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APratihara+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Samuel, Geoffrey (2010), <i>The Origins of Yoga and Tantra. Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century</i>, Cambridge University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Yoga+and+Tantra.+Indic+Religions+to+the+Thirteenth+Century&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Samuel&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APratihara+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div></div></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5324#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5324#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5324#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/4951153596642751900006">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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