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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Establishment and early rule</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Establishment_and_early_rule-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Establishment and early rule subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Establishment_and_early_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Harivarman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Harivarman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Harivarman</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Harivarman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ishanavarman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ishanavarman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Ishanavarman</span> </div> </a> <ul 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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tripartite_Struggle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Tripartite Struggle</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tripartite_Struggle-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Tripartite Struggle subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tripartite_Struggle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vajrayudha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vajrayudha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Vajrayudha</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vajrayudha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indrayudha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indrayudha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Indrayudha</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indrayudha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chakrayudha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chakrayudha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Chakrayudha</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chakrayudha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pratihara_rule_and_decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pratihara_rule_and_decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Pratihara rule and decline</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pratihara_rule_and_decline-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Pratihara rule and 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id="toc-Rajyapala" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rajyapala"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Rajyapala</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rajyapala-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Territorial_extent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Territorial_extent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Territorial extent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Territorial_extent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_kings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_kings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>List of kings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_kings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li 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<span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon 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searchaux" style="display:none">Kingdom in North India</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Kingdom of Kannauj</div><div class="ib-country-names"><i>Kānyakubja Rājya</i></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">510–1036</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Kingdom_of_Kannauj_(575_AD).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Kingdom_of_Kannauj_%28575_AD%29.png/250px-Kingdom_of_Kannauj_%28575_AD%29.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Kingdom_of_Kannauj_%28575_AD%29.png/375px-Kingdom_of_Kannauj_%28575_AD%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Kingdom_of_Kannauj_%28575_AD%29.png/500px-Kingdom_of_Kannauj_%28575_AD%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1702" data-file-height="1262" /></a></span><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">The Kingdom of Kannauj in 575</span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Empire_of_Kannauj_(634_AD).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Empire_of_Kannauj_%28634_AD%29.png/250px-Empire_of_Kannauj_%28634_AD%29.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Empire_of_Kannauj_%28634_AD%29.png/375px-Empire_of_Kannauj_%28634_AD%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Empire_of_Kannauj_%28634_AD%29.png/500px-Empire_of_Kannauj_%28634_AD%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1702" data-file-height="1262" /></a></span><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">The Kingdom of Kannauj in 634</span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Kingdom_of_Kannauj_910_AD.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Kingdom_of_Kannauj_910_AD.png/250px-Kingdom_of_Kannauj_910_AD.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Kingdom_of_Kannauj_910_AD.png/375px-Kingdom_of_Kannauj_910_AD.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Kingdom_of_Kannauj_910_AD.png/500px-Kingdom_of_Kannauj_910_AD.png 2x" data-file-width="1702" data-file-height="1262" /></a></span><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none" data-switcher-default="">The Kingdom of Kannauj in 910 with vassals</span></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">Vassal state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Magadha</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(510–550)</span></li><li>Independent <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">kingdom</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(550–785)</span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">Vassal state</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Pratihara_dynasty" title="Pratihara dynasty">Gurjara Kingdom</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(785)</span></li><li>Independent <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">kingdom</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(785–791)</span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">Vassal state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Gauda</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(791–816)</span></li><li>Independent <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">kingdom</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(816–1036)</span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kannauj" title="Kannauj">Kannauj</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shauraseni" class="mw-redirect" title="Shauraseni">Shauraseni</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="#List_of_monarchs_of_Kannauj">King</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 510–520 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Harivarman" title="Harivarman">Harivarman</a> (first)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1024–1036 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yasahpala_of_Kannauj" title="Yasahpala of Kannauj">Yasahpala</a> (last)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Early Mediaeval Era</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Gupta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Gupta dynasty">Magadha Empire</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghaznavid Empire">Ghaznavid Empire</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Kingdom of Kannauj</b> was a <a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">medieval</a> <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">kingdom</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northern_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern India">northern India</a> from 510, when it was established as a <a href="/wiki/Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">vassal state</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Magadhan Empire</a>, and as an independent sovereign state after 550, until 1036, when it collapsed after <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghaznavid">Ghaznavid invasions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Harsha" title="Harsha">Harsha</a>, and later under the <a href="/wiki/Pratiharas" class="mw-redirect" title="Pratiharas">Pratiharas</a>, the Kingdom of Kannauj stood as the most powerful state in <a href="/wiki/India_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="India (region)">India</a>, flourishing in the seventh century, and again in the ninth and tenth centuries. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kannauj" title="Kannauj">Kannauj</a> became the most important city in <a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North India</a> during this period, and hence was contested by the three great powers of the subcontinent of the period — the Gurjara kingdom under the <a href="/wiki/Pratihara_dynasty" title="Pratihara dynasty">Pratihara dynasty</a>, the Bengal kingdom under the <a href="/wiki/Pala_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Pala dynasty">Pala dynasty</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Rashtrakutas" title="Rashtrakutas">Rashtrakutas</a> of <a href="/wiki/Manyakheta" class="mw-redirect" title="Manyakheta">Manyakheta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kannauj_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kannauj-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-R._C._Majumdar_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R._C._Majumdar-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following <a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Struggle" title="Tripartite Struggle">his victory in 816</a>, the king of the Gurjaras, <a href="/wiki/Nagabhata_II" title="Nagabhata II">Nagabhata II</a> declared himself the king of Kannauj. For nearly half a century, between 890 and 944, the kings of Kannauj also bore the imperial title of 'Emperor of <a href="/wiki/Aryavarta" class="mw-redirect" title="Aryavarta">Aryavarta</a>'. However, after this period, the empire began to fragment as its vassals gradually declared their independence, eventually reducing the kingdom to <a href="/wiki/The_Doab" class="mw-redirect" title="The Doab">the Doab</a> region by the late tenth century. Following invasions of the <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghaznavid Empire">Ghaznavid Empire</a> in the early eleventh century, the kingdom came to an end and the prestige of Kannauj slowly dwindled, and <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a> became the most important city of <a href="/wiki/Hindustan" title="Hindustan">Hindustan</a> (<a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North India</a>). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names">Names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Kannauj&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The kingdom was also referred to as <i>Middle Country</i> or <i>Middle India</i> during diplomatic exchanges with <a href="/wiki/Tang_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Tang China">Tang China</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as <a href="/wiki/Madhyadesha" title="Madhyadesha">Madhyadesha</a> in Sanskrit within India. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Establishment_and_early_rule">Establishment and early rule</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Kannauj&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Establishment and early rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Maukhari_dynasty" title="Maukhari dynasty">Maukhari dynasty</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Harivarman">Harivarman</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Kannauj&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Harivarman"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gupta_emperors" title="List of Gupta emperors">Magadhan emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Budhagupta" title="Budhagupta">Budhagupta</a> met the young Harivarman in 487 AD,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when he was choosing men for his public service. Harivarman, a warrior from <a href="/wiki/Baghelkhand" class="mw-redirect" title="Baghelkhand">Baghelkhand</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> had a well-built physique, excellent archery skill, and a fierce face but a great calmness inside, a strict moral code and sensitivity to public sufferings.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Impressed by him, the emperor gave him the title <i><a href="/wiki/Maharaja" title="Maharaja">Maharaja</a></i> and granted him rule over the regions around <a href="/wiki/Ayodhya" title="Ayodhya">Ayodhya</a>, Kannauj and Antarvedi (<a href="/wiki/Ganga-Yamuna_Doab" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganga-Yamuna Doab">Ganga-Yamuna Doab</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The nobles and elites of the doab opposed his rule, but he eventually subdued them with military prowess and diplomacy, and soon assumed full control of his assigned provinces. His rule emphasised moral rightness and benevolence and he allied with other prominent families such as the <a href="/wiki/Later_Guptas" class="mw-redirect" title="Later Guptas">later Guptas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ishanavarman">Ishanavarman</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Kannauj&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ishanavarman"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>His great-grandson, <a href="/wiki/Ishanavarman" title="Ishanavarman">Ishanavarman</a>, (550–560) was the first prominent king of Kannauj. He pursued a policy of aggression against the emperors of Magadha and thus declared his independence, proclaiming himself Maharajadhiraja of Kannauj.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He invaded the Andhra country and defeated the <a href="/wiki/Vishnukundina" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishnukundina">king of Andhra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vishnukundina_dynasty#Janassraya_Madhava_Varma_IV" title="Vishnukundina dynasty">Madhava Varma IV</a> who had conquered and held suzerainty over a large region including modern day western Maharashtra and Karnataka.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Emperor of Magadha, Kumargupta III defeated Ishanavarman in 554 AD, but shortly died thereafter in Prayag. Harivarman's reign was followed by that of Adityavarman and Ishvavarman. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sharvavarman">Sharvavarman</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Kannauj&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sharvavarman"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ishvavarman's son, <a href="/wiki/Sharvavarman" title="Sharvavarman">Sharvavarman</a> (560–575) invaded and conquered eastern portion of the <a href="/wiki/Later_Gupta_dynasty" title="Later Gupta dynasty">Magadhan Empire</a>, i.e., <a href="/wiki/Magadha" title="Magadha">Magadha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bundelkhand" title="Bundelkhand">Bundelkhand</a> from <a href="/wiki/Mahasenagupta" title="Mahasenagupta">Mahasenagupta</a> who fled to Malwa (the remaining western portion of the empire) and established a rump state.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His reign was followed by that of Avantivarman. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kannauj–Malwa_War_and_Harshavardhan"><span id="Kannauj.E2.80.93Malwa_War_and_Harshavardhan"></span>Kannauj–Malwa War and Harshavardhan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Kannauj&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Kannauj–Malwa War and Harshavardhan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grahavarman">Grahavarman</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Kannauj&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Grahavarman"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Avantivarman's reign was followed by <a href="/wiki/Grahavarman" title="Grahavarman">Grahavarman</a> (r. 600–605) who married Rajyashri, the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Prabhakarvardhana" class="mw-redirect" title="Prabhakarvardhana">Prabhakarvardhana</a>, the King of Thanesar as a part of an alliance. Mahasenagupta's son <a href="/wiki/Devagupta" title="Devagupta">Devagupta</a> invaded the Kannauj and killed <a href="/wiki/Grahavarman" title="Grahavarman">Grahavarman</a>. Rajyavardhan the then king of Kannauj and brother of Rajyashri, defeated Devagupta but was himself killed by the king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gauda" title="Kingdom of Gauda">Gauda</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Harshavardhan">Harshavardhan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Kannauj&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Harshavardhan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following these events, <a href="/wiki/Harshavardhana" class="mw-redirect" title="Harshavardhana">Harshavardhana</a>, the younger brother of the dead king of Thanesar, vowed to avenge the death of his brother and rescue his sister. He repelled the invasion by the king of Gauda and rescued his widowed sister. He was then crowned the Emperor of Kannauj by the nobles of Kannauj in a grand ceremony at Kannauj attended by representatives of multiple principalities and kingdoms of North India. He carried out campaigns in Northern India to bring under his suzerainty the various kingdoms of northern India. He reigned until 647. </p><p>As per Hsüan Tsang, Harsha divided the income of his kingdom into four — a quarter for government expenses, another for salaries of public servants, a third quarter for the reward of intellectual attainments, and the last quarter for gifts. Although it seems to be very idealistic, but historians argue that there was a decay in urbant centres at that time. </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interwar_era">Interwar era</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Kannauj&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Interwar era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arunasva">Arunasva</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Kannauj&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Arunasva"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Harsha's rule was succeeded by that of <a href="/wiki/Arunasva" title="Arunasva">Arunasva</a> who had previously been the governor of <a href="/wiki/Mithila_(region)" title="Mithila (region)">Tirabhukti</a> (modern-day north <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since Harsha had no heir, Arunasva usurped the throne.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arunavasa repelled an invasion by the <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had attacked the envoy of the Chinese emperor who had came earlier during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Harsha" title="Harsha">Harsha</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yashovarman">Yashovarman</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Kannauj&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Yashovarman"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Varman_dynasty_(Kannauj)" title="Varman dynasty (Kannauj)">Varman dynasty (Kannauj)</a></div> <p>Arunasva was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Yashovarman" title="Yashovarman">Yashovarman</a> who established the <a href="/wiki/Varman_dynasty_(Kannauj)" title="Varman dynasty (Kannauj)">Varman dynasty</a>. Yashovarman led military campaigns in <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley">Indus Valley</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Deccan" class="mw-redirect" title="Deccan">Deccan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a>. Conflicting records exist regarding his war with <a href="/wiki/Karkota_dynasty" title="Karkota dynasty">Kashmir</a>. Though Kannauj records claim that he was victorious over Kashmir, Kashimri records claim that Yashovarman was defeated by the Kashmir king. He was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/%C4%80ma" title="Āma">Ama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dunduka" title="Dunduka">Dunduka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhoja_of_Kannauj" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhoja of Kannauj">Bhoja</a> who were weak rulers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tripartite_Struggle">Tripartite Struggle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Kannauj&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Tripartite Struggle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ayudha_dynasty" title="Ayudha dynasty">Ayudha dynasty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tripartite_struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripartite struggle">Tripartite struggle</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vajrayudha">Vajrayudha</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Kannauj&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Vajrayudha"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 770, Bhoja was deposed by <a href="/wiki/Vajrayudha_of_Kannauj" class="mw-redirect" title="Vajrayudha of Kannauj">Vajrayudha</a> founding the <a href="/wiki/Ayudha_dynasty" title="Ayudha dynasty">Ayudha dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This destabilised the political climate of eighth century northern India. Much of India at that time was under the rule of three great powers — the <a href="/wiki/Gurjara_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurjara Empire">Gurjara Empire</a> under the Rajput <a href="/wiki/Pratihara_dynasty" title="Pratihara dynasty">Pratihara dynasty</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pala_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Pala dynasty">Bengal Empire</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Pala_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Pala dynasty">House of Pala</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Manyakheta_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Manyakheta empire">Manyakheta empire</a> under a Rashtrakuta branch. The Kingdom of Kannauj constituted a vast prosperous region to the centre of northern India and seeing the instability of the kingdom due to the recent coup, the three powers were hoping to succeed to the throne of Kannauj. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indrayudha">Indrayudha</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Kannauj&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Indrayudha"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Indrayudha" class="mw-redirect" title="Indrayudha">Indrayudha</a> succeeded to the throne of Kannauj in 770. In 785, <a href="/wiki/Vatsaraja" title="Vatsaraja">Vatsaraja</a>, the Gurjara Emperor invaded Kannauj, made Indrayudha his vassal. Indrayudha continued rule over Kannauj under the suzerainty of the Gurjara emperor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chakrayudha">Chakrayudha</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Kannauj&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Chakrayudha"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In response to this, <a href="/wiki/Dharmapala" title="Dharmapala">Dharmapala</a>, the Emperor of Bengal invaded Kannauj and deposed Indrayudha and replaced him with Indrayudha's brother, <a href="/wiki/Chakrayudha" class="mw-redirect" title="Chakrayudha">Chakrayudha</a> whom he made his vassal at an imperial court at Kannauj attended by the rulers of Bhoja (possibly <a href="/wiki/Vidarbha" title="Vidarbha">Vidarbha</a>), <a href="/wiki/Matsya_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Matsya Kingdom">Matsya</a> (Jaipur and north-east Rajasthan), <a href="/wiki/Madra" title="Madra">Madra</a> (East Punjab), <a href="/wiki/Kuru_(kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuru (kingdom)">Kuru</a> (Haryana-Delhi-Western UP region), <a href="/wiki/Yadu" class="mw-redirect" title="Yadu">Yadu</a> (possibly <a href="/wiki/Mathura" title="Mathura">Mathura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dwarka" title="Dwarka">Dwarka</a> or <a href="/wiki/Katas_Raj_Temples#Siṁhapura" title="Katas Raj Temples">Siṁhapura in the Punjab</a> (<a href="/wiki/Katas_Raj_Temples" title="Katas Raj Temples">Katas Raj Temples</a>), <a href="/wiki/Yavana" class="mw-redirect" title="Yavana">Yavana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avanti_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Avanti (India)">Avanti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a> and Kira (<a href="/wiki/Kangra_Valley" title="Kangra Valley">Kangra Valley</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Nitish2011_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nitish2011-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sinha1977_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sinha1977-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This obviously led to war and the Gurjara Empire defeated Bengal and the Gurjara Emperor <a href="/wiki/Vatsaraja" title="Vatsaraja">Vatsaraja</a> occupied Kannauj. Rashtrakuta Emperor <a href="/wiki/Dhruva_Dharavarsha" title="Dhruva Dharavarsha">Dhruva</a> defeated the Gurjara Empire and Vatsaraja fled his empire, while Dhruva returned to his empire. Bengal re-installed Chakrayudha as the King of Kannauj and its vassal. </p><p>After the death of Dhruva in 793, the Rashtrakuta Empire fell into a war of succession. In the Gurjara Empire, the son of Vatsaraja, <a href="/wiki/Nagabhata_II" title="Nagabhata II">Nagabhata II</a>, seeking revenge and taking advantage of the succession crisis in the Rashtrakuta Empire, invaded Kannauj and defeated Dharmapala and made Chakrayudha his vassal. Before he could invade Bengal however, the new Rashtrakuta Emperor <a href="/wiki/Govinda_III" title="Govinda III">Govinda III</a> invaded Kannauj and defeated the Gurjara armies, and Nagabhatta retreated back to his empire. Dharmapala and Chakrayudha acknowledged Govinda III as their overlords to earn his friendship after which Govinda went back and Kannauj came back under Bengal rule in 800. Kannauj remained a vassal of the Bengal Empire until 816 when the Gurjara Emperor <a href="/wiki/Nagabhata_II" title="Nagabhata II">Nagabhata II</a> invaded the Kingdom of Kannauj and conquered it and proclaimed himself as the king of Kannauj after deposing the Ayudhas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pratihara_rule_and_decline">Pratihara rule and decline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Kannauj&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Pratihara rule and decline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pratihara_dynasty" title="Pratihara dynasty">Pratihara dynasty</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nagabhata_II">Nagabhata II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Kannauj&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Nagabhata II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the deposition of the Ayudhas, and proclamation of Nagabhata II as king of Kannauj, the Pratiharas became the rulers of the Kingdom of Kannauj to which they added their dominions of Gurjaradesa as well. Nagabhata II was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Ramabhadra" title="Ramabhadra">Ramabhadra</a> (r. 833–836). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bhoja_I">Bhoja I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Kannauj&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Bhoja I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rambhadra was followed by his son, <a href="/wiki/Bhoja_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhoja I">Bhoja I</a> (r. 836–885), one of the greatest rulers of Kannauj. He invaded the <a href="/wiki/Branches_of_Rashtrakuta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Branches of Rashtrakuta dynasty">Kingdom of Lata</a> around 840 but failed to conquer it. He led campaigns in other neighbouring regions and was successful in conquering included Travani, Valla, Mada, Arya, Gujarat, and Bundelkhand who acknowledged his suzerainty. He also managed to conquer Lata by the 870s. </p><p>The territories of Bhoja extended up till Kashmir in the north after Bhoja conquered Punjab by defeating ruling Thakkiyaka dynasty. After Devapala's death, Bhoja defeated the Bengal emperor Narayanapala and expanded his boundaries eastward into Bengal-held territories near Gorakhpur. </p><p>Bhoja also defeated the Arab invasions from Sindh into Kutch in 838 in the Battle of Sindhan, and conquered a portion of Sindh. </p><p>His reign was followed by that of his son <a href="/wiki/Mahendrapala_I" title="Mahendrapala I">Mahendrapala I</a> (r. 890–910) who further expanded into the territories of the empire of Bengal. During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Mahipala_I" title="Mahipala I">Mahipala I</a> (r. 913–944), the Manyakheta Rashtrakutas sacked Kannauj in 916, causing a weakening of the imperial power. This was also the period during which they used the title <a href="/wiki/King_of_Kings" title="King of Kings">King of Kings of</a> <a href="/wiki/Aryavarta" class="mw-redirect" title="Aryavarta">Aryavarta</a> (ancient name for <a href="/wiki/Northern_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern India">northern India</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hindustan" title="Hindustan">Hindustan</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Devapala_I">Devapala I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Kannauj&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Devapala I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mahipala was followed his son, Devapala I (r. 944–954), during whose decade-long reign the empire began to crumble away. <a href="/wiki/Simharaja" title="Simharaja">Simharaja</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chahamanas_of_Shakambhari" title="Chahamanas of Shakambhari">King of Sambhar</a>, also declared his independence in 944 (in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bundelkhand" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Bundelkhand">Kingdom of Bundelkhand</a> under <a href="/wiki/Dhanga" title="Dhanga">Dhanga</a> declared its independence in 950. Other kingdoms such as that of the <a href="/wiki/Tomaras_of_Delhi" title="Tomaras of Delhi">Tomaras of Delhi</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dahala" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Dahala">Kingdom of Dahala</a> declared their independence during the tenth century as well. This reduced the Kingdom of Kannauj to the Ganga Yamuna Doab region. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rajyapala">Rajyapala</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Kannauj&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Rajyapala"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In January 1019, Mahmud of Ghazni reached Kannauj. Surprisingly, Rajyapala, the then king of Kannauj, offered no resistance and fled his capital by crossing the <a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganga River</a>, ultimately seeking refuge in <a href="/wiki/Bari,_India" title="Bari, India">Bari</a>. In his absence, Ghaznavid forces ransacked Kannauj, seizing a substantial amount of plunder.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ultimately, Rajyapala, after fleeing to Bari, decided to surrender to Mahmud, acknowledging the nominal suzerainty of the Ghaznavids. The seven forts of Kannauj fell in one day to the Ghaznavids. Following this development, Mahmud engaged in other campaigns within India after successfully asserting control over Kannauj.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rajyapala's surrender to the Ghaznavids had consequences, leading to some turn of events. The <a href="/wiki/Chandelas_of_Jejakabhukti" title="Chandelas of Jejakabhukti">Bundelkhand</a> king <a href="/wiki/Vidyadhara_(Chandela_ruler)" title="Vidyadhara (Chandela ruler)">Vidyadhara</a>, along with his allies, took matters into their own hands and killed Rajyapala.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Rajyapala's demise, his successors persisted in maintaining control over certain territories by relocating their capital to Bari, near Kannauj, until the demise of the last ruler <a href="/wiki/Yasahpala" class="mw-redirect" title="Yasahpala">Yasahpala</a> in 1036. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Territorial_extent">Territorial extent</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Kannauj&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Territorial extent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Kingdom of Kannauj dominated the upper <a href="/wiki/Gangetic_basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangetic basin">Gangetic basin</a> and parts of middle Gangetic basin during its early stages. Following the coronation of <a href="/wiki/Harshavardhan" class="mw-redirect" title="Harshavardhan">Harshavardhan</a>, the Kingdom of Thanesar, i.e., eastern Punjab and the Trans-Gangetic Plain was merged into the Kingdom of Kannauj. Harshavardhan's campaigns expanded the empire of Kannauj to include the entirety of the Gangetic plain and eastern <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Bundelkhand" title="Bundelkhand">Bundelkhand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malwa" title="Malwa">Malwa</a>. </p><p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Varman_dynasty_(Kannauj)" title="Varman dynasty (Kannauj)">Varmans</a>, the Kingdom of Kannauj lost control over Malwa and later <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>. Other territories were lost during the <a href="/wiki/Kannauj_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Kannauj Wars">Kannauj Wars</a>, and significant power and territory was lost as the kingdom transitioned into a <a href="/wiki/Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">vassal state</a> under <a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Bengal</a>. </p><p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Pratiharas" class="mw-redirect" title="Pratiharas">Pratiharas</a>, the Kingdom of Kannauj transformed once again into a vast realm, even larger than that of Harshavardhana. The empire including its vassals extended from Gujarat to Magadha during its initial rule. Later, it was reduced to a small dominion around the capital city. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_kings">List of kings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Kannauj&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: List of kings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table style="text-align:center" class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#f0dc82">Royal title </th> <th style="background:#f0dc82">Name </th> <th style="background:#f0dc82">Dynasty </th> <th style="background:#f0dc82">Reign </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;">Emperor <a href="/wiki/Narasimhagupta" title="Narasimhagupta">Narasimhagupta</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gupta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Gupta dynasty">Magadha</a> appoints <a href="/wiki/Harivarman" title="Harivarman">Harivarman</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Maharaja" title="Maharaja">Maharaja</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kannauj" title="Kannauj">Kannauj</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Maharaja</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Harivarman" title="Harivarman">Harivarman</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maukhari" class="mw-redirect" title="Maukhari">Maukhari</a> </td> <td>510–? </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Maharaja</i> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adityavarman_of_Kannauj&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adityavarman of Kannauj (page does not exist)">Adityavarman</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maukhari" class="mw-redirect" title="Maukhari">Maukhari</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Maharaja</i> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ishvaravarman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ishvaravarman (page does not exist)">Ishvaravarman</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maukhari" class="mw-redirect" title="Maukhari">Maukhari</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Maharadhiraja</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ishanavarman" title="Ishanavarman">Ishanavarman</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maukhari" class="mw-redirect" title="Maukhari">Maukhari</a> </td> <td>560–574 </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Maharadhiraja</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sharva-varman" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharva-varman">Sharvavarman</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maukhari" class="mw-redirect" title="Maukhari">Maukhari</a> </td> <td><span class="nowrap">574–586</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Maharadhiraja</i> </td> <td>Avantivarman </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maukhari" class="mw-redirect" title="Maukhari">Maukhari</a> </td> <td>586–600 </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Maharadhiraja</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Grahavarman" title="Grahavarman">Grahavarman</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maukhari" class="mw-redirect" title="Maukhari">Maukhari</a> </td> <td>600–605 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Grahavarman" title="Grahavarman">Grahavarman</a> is killed in war and the King of Thanesar, <a href="/wiki/Harshavardhan" class="mw-redirect" title="Harshavardhan">Harshavardhan</a> is crowned Emperor of Kannauj. </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Maharadhiraja</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Harshavardhan" class="mw-redirect" title="Harshavardhan">Harshavardhan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pushyabhuti" class="mw-redirect" title="Pushyabhuti">Pushyabhuti</a> </td> <td>606–647 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Arunasva" title="Arunasva">Arunasva</a> usurps the throne after Harsha's death. After Arunasva, Yashovarman establishes <a href="/wiki/Varman_dynasty_(Kannauj)" title="Varman dynasty (Kannauj)">Varman</a> rule over Kannauj. </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arunasva" title="Arunasva">Arunasva</a> </td> <td>? </td> <td>647–? </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yashovarman" title="Yashovarman">Yashovarman</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Varman_dynasty_(Kannauj)" title="Varman dynasty (Kannauj)">Varman</a> </td> <td>725–752 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C4%80ma" title="Āma">Āma</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Varman_dynasty_(Kannauj)" title="Varman dynasty (Kannauj)">Varman</a> </td> <td>752–? </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dunduka" title="Dunduka">Dunduka</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Varman_dynasty_(Kannauj)" title="Varman dynasty (Kannauj)">Varman</a> </td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bhoja_of_Kannauj" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhoja of Kannauj">Bhoja</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Varman_dynasty_(Kannauj)" title="Varman dynasty (Kannauj)">Varman</a> </td> <td>?–770 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;">Vajrayudha establishes <a href="/wiki/Ayudha_dynasty" title="Ayudha dynasty">Ayudha</a> rule over Kannauj after deposing Bhoja. </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vajrayudha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vajrayudha">Vajrayudha</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ayudha_dynasty" title="Ayudha dynasty">Ayudha</a> </td> <td>770–783 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indrayudha" class="mw-redirect" title="Indrayudha">Indrayudha</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ayudha_dynasty" title="Ayudha dynasty">Ayudha</a> </td> <td>783–791<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chakrayudha" class="mw-redirect" title="Chakrayudha">Chakrayudha</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ayudha_dynasty" title="Ayudha dynasty">Ayudha</a> </td> <td>791–816 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;">Nagabhata conquers Kannauj and deposes the Ayudhas, and declares himself as the emperor of Kannauj. </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Maharajadhiraja</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nagabhata_II" title="Nagabhata II">Nagabhata II</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pratihara" class="mw-redirect" title="Pratihara">Pratihara</a> </td> <td>800–833 </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Maharajadhiraja</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ramabhadra" title="Ramabhadra">Ramabhadra</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pratihara" class="mw-redirect" title="Pratihara">Pratihara</a> </td> <td>833–836 </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Maharajadhiraja</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mihira_Bhoja" title="Mihira Bhoja">Mihira Bhoja</a> or Bhoja I </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pratihara" class="mw-redirect" title="Pratihara">Pratihara</a> </td> <td>836–885 </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Maharajadhiraja</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mahendrapala_I" title="Mahendrapala I">Mahendrapala I</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pratihara" class="mw-redirect" title="Pratihara">Pratihara</a> </td> <td>885–910 </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Maharajadhiraja</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bhoja_II_(Gurjara-Pratihara_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhoja II (Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty)">Bhoja II</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pratihara" class="mw-redirect" title="Pratihara">Pratihara</a> </td> <td>910–913 </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Maharajadhiraja</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mahipala_I" title="Mahipala I">Mahipala I</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pratihara" class="mw-redirect" title="Pratihara">Pratihara</a> </td> <td>913–944 </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Maharajadhiraja</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mahendrapala_II" title="Mahendrapala II">Mahendrapala II</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pratihara" class="mw-redirect" title="Pratihara">Pratihara</a> </td> <td>944–948 </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Maharajadhiraja</i> </td> <td>Devapala </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pratihara" class="mw-redirect" title="Pratihara">Pratihara</a> </td> <td>948–954 </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Maharajadhiraja</i> </td> <td>Vinayakapala </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pratihara" class="mw-redirect" title="Pratihara">Pratihara</a> </td> <td>954–955 </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Maharajadhiraja</i> </td> <td>Mahipala II </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pratihara" class="mw-redirect" title="Pratihara">Pratihara</a> </td> <td>955–956 </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Maharajadhiraja</i> </td> <td>Vijayapala II </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pratihara" class="mw-redirect" title="Pratihara">Pratihara</a> </td> <td>956–960 </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Maharajadhiraja</i> </td> <td>Rajapala </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pratihara" class="mw-redirect" title="Pratihara">Pratihara</a> </td> <td>960–1018 </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Maharajadhiraja</i> </td> <td>Trilochanapala </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pratihara" class="mw-redirect" title="Pratihara">Pratihara</a> </td> <td>1018–1027 </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Maharajadhiraja</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yasahpala_(king)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yasahpala (king)">Yasahpala</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pratihara" class="mw-redirect" title="Pratihara">Pratihara</a> </td> <td><span class="nowrap">1024–1036</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Kannauj&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Kannauj&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRangan2022" class="citation book cs1">Rangan, Venkatesh (12 November 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uVmaEAAAQBAJ"><i>Age of Pi and Prose</i></a>. Notion Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-8-88815-630-8" title="Special:BookSources/979-8-88815-630-8"><bdi>979-8-88815-630-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Age+of+Pi+and+Prose&rft.pub=Notion+Press&rft.date=2022-11-12&rft.isbn=979-8-88815-630-8&rft.aulast=Rangan&rft.aufirst=Venkatesh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuVmaEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Kannauj" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References_2">References</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Kannauj&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTripathi1989" class="citation book cs1">Tripathi, Rama S. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Tnh2QjGhMQC&pg=PA45"><i>History of Kanauj: To the Moslem Conquest</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120804043" title="Special:BookSources/9788120804043"><bdi>9788120804043</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Kanauj%3A+To+the+Moslem+Conquest&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publ.&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9788120804043&rft.aulast=Tripathi&rft.aufirst=Rama+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2Tnh2QjGhMQC%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Kannauj" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kannauj-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kannauj_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K7ZZzk8cXh8C&pg=PA9"><i>Pratiyogita Darpan</i></a>. Upkar Prakashan. p. 9. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240308060314/https://books.google.com/books?id=K7ZZzk8cXh8C&pg=PA9">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pratiyogita+Darpan&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Upkar+Prakashan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK7ZZzk8cXh8C%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Kannauj" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-R._C._Majumdar-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-R._C._Majumdar_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR.C._Majumdar1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/R.C._Majumdar" class="mw-redirect" title="R.C. Majumdar">R.C. Majumdar</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XNxiN5tzKOgC&pg=PA282"><i>Ancient India</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 282–285. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0436-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0436-4"><bdi>978-81-208-0436-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+India&rft.pages=282-285&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0436-4&rft.au=R.C.+Majumdar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXNxiN5tzKOgC%26pg%3DPA282&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Kannauj" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://journals.du.ac.in/humsoc/pdf/ZHANG%20Harsa.pdf">https://journals.du.ac.in/humsoc/pdf/ZHANG%20Harsa.pdf</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRangan2022">Rangan 2022</a>. "They explain that Budhagupta had selected this youth for public service as early as 168 GS (487 CE) if not earlier. This view is largely based on an interpretation of an inscription called the "Shankarpur charter.""</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRangan2022">Rangan 2022</a>. "A section of modern historians conclude that Harivarman was originally from Baghelkhand (in modern Madhya Pradesh)"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRangan2022">Rangan 2022</a>. "But as Budhagupta sat down to find out more about this ferocious looking man, he realized that behind this fierce exterior was a calm and composed man who believed in tact as much as in strength. He was a man who had a strong sense of morality. And behind that outer layer of toughness, he was also sensitive to the suffering of others.<br /><br />Like Krishnagupta, Hari had a strong physique and was a master archer himself"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRangan2022">Rangan 2022</a>. "Budhagupta impressed by Harivarman, conferred on him the honorific title of "Maharaja" and assigned him the important regions of Ayodhya, Kanyakubja to the east of the river Ganga (in modern Uttar Pradesh) and Antarvedi or the Ganga-Yamuna Doab."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRangan2022">Rangan 2022</a>. "The Disaffected elites and closet enemies to the imperial throne Harivarman tooth and nail. However, the latter showed both diplomatic tact and martial prowess to subdue the trouble makers. Using a combination of his sharp political acumen, amiable personality and fierce martial reputation, Hari managed to quickly outsmart his opponents and assume full control of his assigned provinces."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLal" class="citation web cs1">Lal, Avantika. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Maukhari_Dynasty/">"Maukhari Dynasty"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/World_History_Encyclopedia" title="World History Encyclopedia">World History Encyclopedia</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Maukhari+Dynasty&rft.aulast=Lal&rft.aufirst=Avantika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2FMaukhari_Dynasty%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Kannauj" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTripathi1989" class="citation book cs1">Tripathi, Rama S. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Tnh2QjGhMQC&pg=PA45"><i>History of Kanauj: To the Moslem Conquest</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120804043" title="Special:BookSources/9788120804043"><bdi>9788120804043</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Kanauj%3A+To+the+Moslem+Conquest&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publ.&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9788120804043&rft.aulast=Tripathi&rft.aufirst=Rama+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2Tnh2QjGhMQC%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Kannauj" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBindeshwari_Prasad_Sinha1977" class="citation book cs1">Bindeshwari Prasad Sinha (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V3KDaZY85wYC"><i>Dynastic History of Magadha, Cir. 450-1200 A.D.</i></a> p. 120.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dynastic+History+of+Magadha%2C+Cir.+450-1200+A.D.&rft.pages=120&rft.date=1977&rft.au=Bindeshwari+Prasad+Sinha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV3KDaZY85wYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Kannauj" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMishra1977" class="citation journal cs1">Mishra, Yogendra (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44139059">"Identification of Cha-Po-Ho-Lo and ITS Master A-Lo-Na-Shun (A. D. 647-48)"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Indian History Congress</i>. <b>38</b>: 117–121. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44139059">44139059</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Indian+History+Congress&rft.atitle=Identification+of+Cha-Po-Ho-Lo+and+ITS+Master+A-Lo-Na-Shun+%28A.+D.+647-48%29&rft.volume=38&rft.pages=117-121&rft.date=1977&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44139059%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Mishra&rft.aufirst=Yogendra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44139059&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Kannauj" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOdorico_(da_Pordenone)Rashīd_al-Dīn_ṬabībFrancesco_Balducci_PegolottiJoannes_de_Marignolis1998" class="citation book cs1">Odorico (da Pordenone); Rashīd al-Dīn Ṭabīb; Francesco Balducci Pegolotti; Joannes de Marignolis; Ibn Batuta (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=69UMAQAAMAAJ&q=648"><i>Cathay and the Way Thither: Preliminary essay on the intercourse between China and the western nations previous to the discovery of the Cape route</i></a>. Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. 69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788121508391" title="Special:BookSources/9788121508391"><bdi>9788121508391</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cathay+and+the+Way+Thither%3A+Preliminary+essay+on+the+intercourse+between+China+and+the+western+nations+previous+to+the+discovery+of+the+Cape+route&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Munshiram+Manoharlal+Publishers+Pvt.+Ltd.&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9788121508391&rft.au=Odorico+%28da+Pordenone%29&rft.au=Rash%C4%ABd+al-D%C4%ABn+%E1%B9%ACab%C4%ABb&rft.au=Francesco+Balducci+Pegolotti&rft.au=Joannes+de+Marignolis&rft.au=Ibn+Batuta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D69UMAQAAMAAJ%26q%3D648&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Kannauj" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVirji1952" class="citation book cs1">Virji, krishnakumari J. (1952). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.57287"><i>Ancient History Of Saurashtra</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+History+Of+Saurashtra&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Virji&rft.aufirst=krishnakumari+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.57287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Kannauj" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shyam Manohar Mishra (1977). Yaśovarman of Kanauj. Abhinav. pp. 120–121 OCLC 5782454</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nitish2011-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nitish2011_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNitish_K._Sengupta2011" class="citation book cs1">Nitish K. Sengupta (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kVSh_TyJ0YoC&pg=PA40"><i>Land of Two Rivers: A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib</i></a>. Penguin Books India. pp. 41–42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-341678-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-341678-4"><bdi>978-0-14-341678-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Land+of+Two+Rivers%3A+A+History+of+Bengal+from+the+Mahabharata+to+Mujib&rft.pages=41-42&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+India&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-14-341678-4&rft.au=Nitish+K.+Sengupta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkVSh_TyJ0YoC%26pg%3DPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Kannauj" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sinha1977-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sinha1977_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBindeshwari_Prasad_Sinha1977" class="citation book cs1">Bindeshwari Prasad Sinha (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gYO25eaDrqUC&pg=PA177"><i>Dynastic History of Magadha</i></a>. Abhinav Publications. p. 177. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-059-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-059-4"><bdi>978-81-7017-059-4</bdi></a>. <q>Dharmapāla after defeating Indrāyudha and capturing Kanuaj made it over to Cakrāyudha, who was a vassal king of Kanuaj subordinate to Dharmapāla ... Dharmapāla was thus acknowledged paramount ruler of almost whole of North India as the Bhojas of Berar, Kīra (Kangra district), Gandhāra (West Punjab), Pañcāla (Ramnagar area of U.P.), Kuru (eastern Punjab), Madra (Central Punjab), Avanti (Malwa), Yadus (Mathura or Dwarka or Siṁhapura in the Punjab), Matsya (a part of northeast Rajputana) were his vassals.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dynastic+History+of+Magadha&rft.pages=177&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-81-7017-059-4&rft.au=Bindeshwari+Prasad+Sinha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgYO25eaDrqUC%26pg%3DPA177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Kannauj" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRatnawatSharma1999" class="citation book cs1">Ratnawat, Shyam Singh; Sharma, Krishna Gopal (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6yNuAAAAMAAJ"><i>History and Culture of Rajasthan: From Earliest Times Upto 1956 A.D.</i></a> Centre for Rajasthan Studies, University of Rajasthan. pp. 91–92.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+and+Culture+of+Rajasthan%3A+From+Earliest+Times+Upto+1956+A.D.&rft.pages=91-92&rft.pub=Centre+for+Rajasthan+Studies%2C+University+of+Rajasthan&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Ratnawat&rft.aufirst=Shyam+Singh&rft.au=Sharma%2C+Krishna+Gopal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6yNuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Kannauj" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharma1989" class="citation book cs1">Sharma, L. P. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=18EKAQAAIAAJ"><i>History of Medieval India (1000-1740 A.D.)</i></a>. Konark Publishers. pp. 8–10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-220-0042-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-220-0042-9"><bdi>978-81-220-0042-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Medieval+India+%281000-1740+A.D.%29&rft.pages=8-10&rft.pub=Konark+Publishers&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-81-220-0042-9&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=L.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D18EKAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Kannauj" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHooja2006" class="citation book cs1">Hooja, Rima (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tosMAQAAMAAJ"><i>A History of Rajasthan</i></a>. Rupa & Company. pp. 192–193. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-291-0890-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-291-0890-6"><bdi>978-81-291-0890-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Rajasthan&rft.pages=192-193&rft.pub=Rupa+%26+Company&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-81-291-0890-6&rft.aulast=Hooja&rft.aufirst=Rima&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtosMAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Kannauj" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSen1999" class="citation book cs1">Sen, Sailendra Nath (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC"><i>Ancient Indian History and Civilization</i></a>. New Age International. pp. 345–355. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-224-1198-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-224-1198-0"><bdi>978-81-224-1198-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Indian+History+and+Civilization&rft.pages=345-355&rft.pub=New+Age+International&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-81-224-1198-0&rft.aulast=Sen&rft.aufirst=Sailendra+Nath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWk4_ICH_g1EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Kannauj" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPratipal_Bhatia1970" class="citation book cs1">Pratipal Bhatia (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a5gcAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Paramāras, C. 800-1305 A.D</i></a>. Munshiram Manoharlal. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-215-0410-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-215-0410-2"><bdi>978-81-215-0410-2</bdi></a>. <q>put Chakrayudha on the throne of Kanauj; and we may reasonably identify Upendrarāja with the chief of Avanti who with many other rulers of northern India approved Chakrāyudha's installation. These events may be assigned to about 791 A.D.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Param%C4%81ras%2C+C.+800-1305+A.D&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Munshiram+Manoharlal&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-81-215-0410-2&rft.au=Pratipal+Bhatia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da5gcAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Kannauj" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output 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