CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="pa" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>ਫ੍ਰੇਡਰਿਕ ਬਰਗੀਅਸ - ਵਿਕੀਪੀਡੀਆ, ਇਕ ਅਜ਼ਾਦ ਵਿਸ਼ਵਗਿਆਨਕੋਸ਼</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )pawikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","ਜਨਵਰੀ","ਫ਼ਰਵਰੀ","ਮਾਰਚ","ਅਪਰੈਲ","ਮਈ","ਜੂਨ","ਜੁਲਾਈ","ਅਗਸਤ","ਸਤੰਬਰ","ਅਕਤੂਬਰ","ਨਵੰਬਰ","ਦਸੰਬਰ"],"wgRequestId":"8accb44a-2f82-4b5a-a65f-5ee06475c972","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"ਫ੍ਰੇਡਰਿਕ_ਬਰਗੀਅਸ","wgTitle":"ਫ੍ਰੇਡਰਿਕ ਬਰਗੀਅਸ","wgCurRevisionId":474454,"wgRevisionId":474454,"wgArticleId":99283,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with hCards","ਨੋਬਲ ਇਨਾਮ ਜੇਤੂ","ਰਸਾਇਣ ਵਿਗਿਆਨੀ"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"pa","wgPageContentLanguage":"pa","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"ਫ੍ਰੇਡਰਿਕ_ਬਰਗੀਅਸ","wgRelevantArticleId":99283,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true, "wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"pa","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"pa"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":3000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q76614","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false, "wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.Numeral_converter","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups", "ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.shortUrl","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=pa&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=pa&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=pa&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Bergius.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1697"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Bergius.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1131"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="905"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="ਫ੍ਰੇਡਰਿਕ ਬਰਗੀਅਸ - ਵਿਕੀਪੀਡੀਆ, ਇਕ ਅਜ਼ਾਦ ਵਿਸ਼ਵਗਿਆਨਕੋਸ਼"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//pa.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B8"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="ਸੋਧੋ" href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%AB%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B8&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="ਵਿਕੀਪੀਡੀਆ (pa)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//pa.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B8"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.pa"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="ਵਿਕੀਪੀਡੀਆ ਦੀ ਐਟਮ ਫ਼ੀਡ" href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8:%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%82&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-ਫ੍ਰੇਡਰਿਕ_ਬਰਗੀਅਸ rootpage-ਫ੍ਰੇਡਰਿਕ_ਬਰਗੀਅਸ skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">ਸਮੱਗਰੀ 'ਤੇ ਜਾਓ</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="ਸਾਈਟ"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="ਮੁੱਖ ਮੀਨੂ" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">ਮੁੱਖ ਮੀਨੂ</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">ਮੁੱਖ ਮੀਨੂ</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">ਸਾਈਡਬਾਰ 'ਤੇ ਜਾਓ</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">ਲੁਕਾਓ</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> ਨੇਵੀਗੇਸ਼ਨ </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%96_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਮੁੱਢਲੇ ਸਫ਼ੇ 'ਤੇ ਜਾਓ [z]" accesskey="z"><span>ਮੁੱਖ ਸਫ਼ਾ</span></a></li><li id="n-ਸੱਥ" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86:%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A5"><span>ਸੱਥ</span></a></li><li id="n-ਹਾਲੀਆ-ਤਬਦੀਲੀਆਂ" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8:%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%82"><span>ਹਾਲੀਆ ਤਬਦੀਲੀਆਂ</span></a></li><li id="n-ਹਾਲੀਆ-ਘਟਨਾਵਾਂ" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86:%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%82_%E0%A8%98%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82"><span>ਹਾਲੀਆ ਘਟਨਾਵਾਂ</span></a></li><li id="n-ਬੇਤਰਤੀਬ-ਸਫ਼ਾ" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8:%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE"><span>ਬੇਤਰਤੀਬ ਸਫ਼ਾ</span></a></li><li id="n-ਮਦਦ" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%A6:%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80"><span>ਮਦਦ</span></a></li><li id="n-ਦਾਨ" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_pa.wikipedia.org&uselang=pa"><span>ਦਾਨ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-ਵਿਕੀ_ਰੁਝਾਨ" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-ਵਿਕੀ_ਰੁਝਾਨ" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> ਵਿਕੀ ਰੁਝਾਨ </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-ਵਧੇਰੇ-ਵੇਖੇ-ਜਾਣ-ਵਾਲੇ-ਸਫ਼ੇ" class="mw-list-item"><a href="http://top.hatnote.com/pa/wikipedia" rel="nofollow"><span>ਵਧੇਰੇ ਵੇਖੇ ਜਾਣ ਵਾਲੇ ਸਫ਼ੇ</span></a></li><li id="n-ਅਕਸਰ-ਪੁੱਛੇ-ਜਾਣ-ਵਾਲੇ-ਸਵਾਲ" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86:%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%9B%E0%A9%87_%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A3_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%87_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2"><span>ਅਕਸਰ ਪੁੱਛੇ ਜਾਣ ਵਾਲੇ ਸਵਾਲ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%96_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="ਵਿਕੀਪੀਡੀਆ" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-pa.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.5625em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="ਇਕ ਅਜ਼ਾਦ ਵਿਸ਼ਵਗਿਆਨਕੋਸ਼" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-pa.svg" width="120" height="14" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.875em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8:%E0%A8%96%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%8B" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="ਵਿਕੀਪੀਡੀਆ ਖੋਜੋ [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>ਖੋਜ</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="ਵਿਕੀਪੀਡੀਆ ਖੋਜੋ" aria-label="ਵਿਕੀਪੀਡੀਆ ਖੋਜੋ" autocapitalize="sentences" title="ਵਿਕੀਪੀਡੀਆ ਖੋਜੋ [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="ਖ਼ਾਸ:ਖੋਜੋ"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">ਖੋਜੋ</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="ਨਿੱਜੀ ਸੰਦ"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="ਦਿੱਖ"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="ਸਫ਼ੇ ਦੇ ਫੋਂਟ ਦਾ ਆਕਾਰ, ਚੌਡ਼ਾਈ ਅਤੇ ਰੰਗ ਦੀ ਦਿੱਖ ਨੂੰ ਬਦਲੋ" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="ਦਿੱਖ" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">ਦਿੱਖ</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_pa.wikipedia.org&uselang=pa" class=""><span>ਦਾਨ</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8:%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%A3%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%93&returnto=%E0%A8%AB%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95+%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B8" title="ਤੁਹਾਨੂੰ ਖ਼ਾਤਾ ਬਣਾਉਣ ਤੋਂ ਬਾਅਦ ਦਾਖ਼ਲ ਕਰਨ ਦੀ ਸਲਾਹ ਦਿੱਤੀ ਜਾਂਦੀ ਹੈ; ਹਾਲਾਂਕਿ ਇਹ ਲਾਜ਼ਮੀ ਨਹੀਂ" class=""><span>ਖ਼ਾਤਾ ਬਣਾਓ</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8:%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%A8&returnto=%E0%A8%AB%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95+%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B8" title="ਤੁਹਾਨੂੰ ਦਾਖ਼ਲ ਹੋਣ ਲਈ ਪ੍ਰੇਰਿਆ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ; ਪਰ ਇਹ ਕੋਈ ਲਾਜ਼ਮੀ ਨਹੀਂ [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>ਦਾਖ਼ਲ ਹੋਵੋ</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="ਹੋਰ ਚੋਣਾਂ" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="ਨਿੱਜੀ ਸੰਦ" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">ਨਿੱਜੀ ਸੰਦ</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_pa.wikipedia.org&uselang=pa"><span>ਦਾਨ</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8:%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%A3%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%93&returnto=%E0%A8%AB%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95+%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B8" title="ਤੁਹਾਨੂੰ ਖ਼ਾਤਾ ਬਣਾਉਣ ਤੋਂ ਬਾਅਦ ਦਾਖ਼ਲ ਕਰਨ ਦੀ ਸਲਾਹ ਦਿੱਤੀ ਜਾਂਦੀ ਹੈ; ਹਾਲਾਂਕਿ ਇਹ ਲਾਜ਼ਮੀ ਨਹੀਂ"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>ਖ਼ਾਤਾ ਬਣਾਓ</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8:%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%A8&returnto=%E0%A8%AB%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95+%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B8" title="ਤੁਹਾਨੂੰ ਦਾਖ਼ਲ ਹੋਣ ਲਈ ਪ੍ਰੇਰਿਆ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ; ਪਰ ਇਹ ਕੋਈ ਲਾਜ਼ਮੀ ਨਹੀਂ [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>ਦਾਖ਼ਲ ਹੋਵੋ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> ਬਾਹਰ ਹੋਏ ਸੰਪਾਦਕਾਂ ਲਈ ਸਫ਼ੇ <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%A6:%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A3-%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%9B%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A3" aria-label="ਸੰਪਾਦਨ ਬਾਰੇ ਹੋਰ ਜਾਣੋ"><span>ਹੋਰ ਜਾਣੋ</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8:%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87_%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>ਯੋਗਦਾਨ</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8:%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%BE" title="ਇਸ IP ਪਤੇ ਤੋਂ ਹੋਈਆਂ ਸੋਧਾਂ ਬਾਰੇ ਗੱਲਬਾਤ [n]" accesskey="n"><span>ਗੱਲ-ਬਾਤ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="ਸਾਈਟ"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="ਸਮੱਗਰੀ" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">ਸਮੱਗਰੀ</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">ਸਾਈਡਬਾਰ 'ਤੇ ਜਾਓ</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ਲੁਕਾਓ</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">ਸ਼ੁਰੂਆਤ</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-ਹਵਾਲੇ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ਹਵਾਲੇ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>ਹਵਾਲੇ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ਹਵਾਲੇ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="ਸਮੱਗਰੀ" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="ਸਮੱਗਰੀ ਦੀ ਸਾਰਣੀ ਨੂੰ ਟੌਗਲ ਕਰੋ" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">ਸਮੱਗਰੀ ਦੀ ਸਾਰਣੀ ਨੂੰ ਟੌਗਲ ਕਰੋ</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">ਫ੍ਰੇਡਰਿਕ ਬਰਗੀਅਸ</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="ਕਿਸੇ ਹੋਰ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ ਵਿੱਚ ਲੇਖ 'ਤੇ ਜਾਓ। 60 ਭਾਸ਼ਾਵਾਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਉਪਲਬਧ ਹੈ" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-60" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">60 ਭਾਸ਼ਾਵਾਂ</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B4_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%BA%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3" title="فريدريش بيرغيوس – ਅਰਬੀ" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فريدريش بيرغيوس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="ਅਰਬੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B4_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3" title="فريدريش بيرجيوس – ਅਰਬੀ (ਮਿਸਰੀ)" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فريدريش بيرجيوس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="ਅਰਬੀ (ਮਿਸਰੀ)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%98%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3" title="فریدریش برژیوس – ਦੱਖਣੀ ਅਜ਼ੇਰੀ" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فریدریش برژیوس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="ਦੱਖਣੀ ਅਜ਼ੇਰੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%83%D1%81" title="Фрыдрых Бергіус – ਬੇਲਾਰੂਸੀ" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Фрыдрых Бергіус" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="ਬੇਲਾਰੂਸੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%81" title="Фридрих Бергиус – ਬੁਲਗਾਰੀਆਈ" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Фридрих Бергиус" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="ਬੁਲਗਾਰੀਆਈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%96_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%B8" title="ফ্রিডরিখ বের্গিউস – ਬੰਗਾਲੀ" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ফ্রিডরিখ বের্গিউস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="ਬੰਗਾਲੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Bergius" title="Friedrich Bergius – ਕੈਟਾਲਾਨ" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Friedrich Bergius" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="ਕੈਟਾਲਾਨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Bergius" title="Friedrich Bergius – ਚੈੱਕ" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Friedrich Bergius" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="ਚੈੱਕ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Bergius" title="Friedrich Bergius – ਡੈਨਿਸ਼" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Friedrich Bergius" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="ਡੈਨਿਸ਼" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Bergius" title="Friedrich Bergius – ਜਰਮਨ" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Friedrich Bergius" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="ਜਰਮਨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Bergius" title="Friedrich Bergius – ਅੰਗਰੇਜ਼ੀ" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Friedrich Bergius" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ਅੰਗਰੇਜ਼ੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Bergius" title="Friedrich Bergius – ਇਸਪੇਰਾਂਟੋ" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Friedrich Bergius" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="ਇਸਪੇਰਾਂਟੋ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Bergius" title="Friedrich Bergius – ਸਪੇਨੀ" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Friedrich Bergius" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="ਸਪੇਨੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Bergius" title="Friedrich Bergius – ਬਾਸਕ" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Friedrich Bergius" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="ਬਾਸਕ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3" title="فریدریش برگیوس – ਫ਼ਾਰਸੀ" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فریدریش برگیوس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="ਫ਼ਾਰਸੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Bergius" title="Friedrich Bergius – ਫਿਨਿਸ਼" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Friedrich Bergius" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="ਫਿਨਿਸ਼" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Bergius" title="Friedrich Bergius – ਫਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Friedrich Bergius" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="ਫਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Bergius" title="Friedrich Bergius – ਆਇਰਸ਼" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Friedrich Bergius" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="ਆਇਰਸ਼" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Bergius" title="Friedrich Bergius – ਸਕਾਟਿਸ਼ ਗੇਲਿਕ" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Friedrich Bergius" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="ਸਕਾਟਿਸ਼ ਗੇਲਿਕ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Bergius" title="Friedrich Bergius – ਗੈਲਿਸ਼ਿਅਨ" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Friedrich Bergius" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="ਗੈਲਿਸ਼ਿਅਨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Bergius" title="Friedrich Bergius – ਚੀਨੀ ਹਾਕਾ" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Friedrich Bergius" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="ਚੀਨੀ ਹਾਕਾ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9A_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A1" title="פרידריך ברגיוס – ਹਿਬਰੂ" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרידריך ברגיוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ਹਿਬਰੂ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Bergius" title="Friedrich Bergius – ਸਰਬੋ-ਕ੍ਰੋਏਸ਼ੀਅਨ" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Friedrich Bergius" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="ਸਰਬੋ-ਕ੍ਰੋਏਸ਼ੀਅਨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Bergius" title="Friedrich Bergius – ਹੰਗਰੀਆਈ" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Friedrich Bergius" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ਹੰਗਰੀਆਈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Karl_Rudolf_Bergius" title="Friedrich Karl Rudolf Bergius – ਇੰਡੋਨੇਸ਼ੀਆਈ" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Friedrich Karl Rudolf Bergius" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="ਇੰਡੋਨੇਸ਼ੀਆਈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Bergius" title="Friedrich Bergius – ਇਡੂ" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Friedrich Bergius" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ਇਡੂ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Bergius" title="Friedrich Bergius – ਇਤਾਲਵੀ" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Friedrich Bergius" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="ਇਤਾਲਵੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%83%AA%E3%83%83%E3%83%92%E3%83%BB%E3%83%99%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AE%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B9" title="フリードリッヒ・ベルギウス – ਜਪਾਨੀ" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フリードリッヒ・ベルギウス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="ਜਪਾਨੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%AE_%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ფრიდრიხ ბერგიუსი – ਜਾਰਜੀਆਈ" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფრიდრიხ ბერგიუსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="ਜਾਰਜੀਆਈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%A6%AC%EB%93%9C%EB%A6%AC%ED%9E%88_%EB%B2%A0%EB%A5%B4%EA%B8%B0%EC%9A%B0%EC%8A%A4" title="프리드리히 베르기우스 – ਕੋਰੀਆਈ" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프리드리히 베르기우스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="ਕੋਰੀਆਈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fridericus_Bergius" title="Fridericus Bergius – ਲਾਤੀਨੀ" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Fridericus Bergius" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="ਲਾਤੀਨੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C4%ABdrihs_Bergiuss" title="Frīdrihs Bergiuss – ਲਾਤੀਵੀ" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Frīdrihs Bergiuss" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="ਲਾਤੀਵੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8" title="फ्रीडरिश बर्गियस – ਮਰਾਠੀ" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="फ्रीडरिश बर्गियस" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="ਮਰਾਠੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Bergius" title="Friedrich Bergius – ਮਲਯ" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Friedrich Bergius" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="ਮਲਯ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%98%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3" title="فریدریش برژیوس – ਮੇਜ਼ੈਂਡਰਾਨੀ" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="فریدریش برژیوس" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="ਮੇਜ਼ੈਂਡਰਾਨੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Bergius" title="Friedrich Bergius – ਡੱਚ" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Friedrich Bergius" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="ਡੱਚ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Bergius" title="Friedrich Bergius – ਨਾਰਵੇਜਿਆਈ ਬੋਕਮਲ" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Friedrich Bergius" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="ਨਾਰਵੇਜਿਆਈ ਬੋਕਮਲ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Bergius" title="Friedrich Bergius – ਓਕਸੀਟਾਨ" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Friedrich Bergius" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="ਓਕਸੀਟਾਨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Bergius" title="Friedrich Bergius – ਪੋਲੈਂਡੀ" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Friedrich Bergius" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="ਪੋਲੈਂਡੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%88%D8%B1%D8%AE_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="فریڈرخ برجیاس – ਪੰਜਾਬੀ (ਸ਼ਾਹਮੁਖੀ)" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="فریڈرخ برجیاس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ (ਸ਼ਾਹਮੁਖੀ)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Bergius" title="Friedrich Bergius – ਪੁਰਤਗਾਲੀ" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Friedrich Bergius" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="ਪੁਰਤਗਾਲੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Bergius" title="Friedrich Bergius – ਰੋਮਾਨੀਆਈ" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Friedrich Bergius" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="ਰੋਮਾਨੀਆਈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%81,_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85" title="Бергиус, Фридрих – ਰੂਸੀ" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бергиус, Фридрих" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ਰੂਸੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Bergius" title="Friedrich Bergius – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Friedrich Bergius" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Karl_Rudolph_Bergius" title="Friedrich Karl Rudolph Bergius – ਸਲੋਵਾਕ" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Friedrich Karl Rudolph Bergius" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="ਸਲੋਵਾਕ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%88%D8%B1%DA%A9_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="فریڈرک برجیاس – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="فریڈرک برجیاس" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Bergius" title="Friedrich Bergius – ਸਲੋਵੇਨੀਆਈ" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Friedrich Bergius" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="ਸਲੋਵੇਨੀਆਈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D1%81" title="Фридрих Бергијус – ਸਰਬੀਆਈ" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Фридрих Бергијус" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="ਸਰਬੀਆਈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Bergius" title="Friedrich Bergius – ਸਵੀਡਿਸ਼" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Friedrich Bergius" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="ਸਵੀਡਿਸ਼" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Bergius" title="Friedrich Bergius – ਸਵਾਹਿਲੀ" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Friedrich Bergius" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="ਸਵਾਹਿਲੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%81" title="Фридрих Бергиус – ਤਾਜਿਕ" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Фридрих Бергиус" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="ਤਾਜਿਕ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Bergius" title="Friedrich Bergius – ਤੁਰਕੀ" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Friedrich Bergius" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="ਤੁਰਕੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%81" title="Фридрих Бергиус – ਟਾਟਾਰ (ਸਿਰਿਲਿਕ ਲਿਪੀ)" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Фридрих Бергиус" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="ਟਾਟਾਰ (ਸਿਰਿਲਿਕ ਲਿਪੀ)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%96%D1%85_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%83%D1%81" title="Фрідріх Карл Рудольф Бергіус – ਯੂਕਰੇਨੀਆਈ" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фрідріх Карл Рудольф Бергіус" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ਯੂਕਰੇਨੀਆਈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%88%D8%B1%D8%AE_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="فریڈرخ برجیاس – ਉਰਦੂ" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فریڈرخ برجیاس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ਉਰਦੂ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Bergius" title="Friedrich Bergius – ਵੀਅਤਨਾਮੀ" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Friedrich Bergius" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="ਵੀਅਤਨਾਮੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E5%90%89%E4%B9%8C%E6%96%AF" title="弗里德里希·贝吉乌斯 – ਚੀਨੀ ਵੂ" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="弗里德里希·贝吉乌斯" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="ਚੀਨੀ ਵੂ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Bergius" title="Friedrich Bergius – ਯੋਰੂਬਾ" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Friedrich Bergius" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="ਯੋਰੂਬਾ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E5%90%89%E4%B9%8C%E6%96%AF" title="弗里德里希·贝吉乌斯 – ਚੀਨੀ" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="弗里德里希·贝吉乌斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="ਚੀਨੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Bergius" title="Friedrich Bergius – ਚੀਨੀ ਮਿਨ ਨਾਨ" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Friedrich Bergius" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="ਚੀਨੀ ਮਿਨ ਨਾਨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q76614#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="ਅੰਤਰਭਾਸ਼ਾਈ ਕੜੀਆਂ ਸੋਧੋ" class="wbc-editpage">ਜੋੜ ਸੋਧੋ</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="ਨਾਂ-ਥਾਂ"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B8" title="ਸਮੱਗਰੀ ਸਫ਼ਾ ਵੇਖੋ [c]" accesskey="c"><span>ਸਫ਼ਾ</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%B2-%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A4:%E0%A8%AB%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="ਸਮੱਗਰੀ ਸਫ਼ੇ ਬਾਰੇ ਚਰਚਾ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>ਗੱਲਬਾਤ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="ਭਾਸ਼ਾ ਰੂਪ ਬਦਲੋ" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="ਵੇਖੋ"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B8"><span>ਪੜ੍ਹੋ</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%AB%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B8&action=edit" title="ਇਸ ਸਫ਼ੇ ਦੇ ਸਰੋਤ ਦਾ ਕੋਡ ਸੋਧੋ [e]" accesskey="e"><span>ਸੋਧੋ</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%AB%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B8&action=history" title="ਇਸ ਸਫ਼ੇ ਦੇ ਪਿਛਲੇ ਦੁਹਰਾਅ [h]" accesskey="h"><span>ਇਤਿਹਾਸ ਵੇਖੋ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="ਸਫ਼ੇ ਦੇ ਸੰਦ"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="ਸੰਦ" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">ਸੰਦ</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">ਸੰਦ</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">ਸਾਈਡਬਾਰ 'ਤੇ ਜਾਓ</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">ਲੁਕਾਓ</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="ਹੋਰ ਚੋਣਾਂ" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> ਕਾਰਵਾਈਆਂ </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B8"><span>ਪੜ੍ਹੋ</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%AB%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B8&action=edit" title="ਇਸ ਸਫ਼ੇ ਦੇ ਸਰੋਤ ਦਾ ਕੋਡ ਸੋਧੋ [e]" accesskey="e"><span>ਸੋਧੋ</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%AB%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B8&action=history"><span>ਇਤਿਹਾਸ ਵੇਖੋ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> ਆਮ </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8:%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%9C%E0%A9%87_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%87_%E0%A8%87%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A5%E0%A9%87_%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%8B%E0%A9%9C%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%87_%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%A8/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B8" title="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਵਿਕੀਪੀਡੀਆ ਦੇ ਸਾਰੇ ਸਫ਼ਿਆਂ ਦੀ ਸੂਚੀ, ਜੋ ਇੱਥੇ ਜੋੜਦੇ ਹਨ [j]" accesskey="j"><span>ਇੱਥੇ ਕੀ ਆ ਕੇ ਜੁੜਦਾ ਹੈ</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8:%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%9C%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%82_%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86_%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%82/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B8" rel="nofollow" title="ਇਸ ਸਫ਼ੇ ਤੋਂ ਜੋੜੇ ਗਏ ਸਫ਼ਿਆਂ ਵਿਚ ਹਾਲੀਆ ਤਬਦੀਲੀਆਂ [k]" accesskey="k"><span>ਸਬੰਧਤ ਤਬਦੀਲੀਆਂ</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8:%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%87" title="ਸਾਰੇ ਖ਼ਾਸ ਸਫ਼ਿਆਂ ਦੀ ਲਿਸਟ [q]" accesskey="q"><span>ਖ਼ਾਸ ਸਫ਼ੇ</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%AB%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B8&oldid=474454" title="ਇਸ ਸਫ਼ੇ ਦੇ ਇਸ ਸੋਧ ਲਈ ਸਥਾਈ ਕੜੀ"><span>ਪੱਕੀ ਕੜੀਆਂ</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%AB%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B8&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>ਸਫ਼ਾ ਜਾਣਕਾਰੀ</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8:CiteThisPage&page=%E0%A8%AB%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B8&id=474454&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="ਇਸ ਸਫ਼ੇ ਦਾ ਹਵਾਲੇ ਦੇਣ ਸਬੰਧੀ ਜਾਣਕਾਰੀ"><span>ਇਸ ਸਫ਼ੇ ਦਾ ਹਵਾਲਾ ਦਿਉ</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fpa.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E0%25A8%25AB%25E0%25A9%258D%25E0%25A8%25B0%25E0%25A9%2587%25E0%25A8%25A1%25E0%25A8%25B0%25E0%25A8%25BF%25E0%25A8%2595_%25E0%25A8%25AC%25E0%25A8%25B0%25E0%25A8%2597%25E0%25A9%2580%25E0%25A8%2585%25E0%25A8%25B8"><span>ਛੋਟਾ ਯੂਆਰਐੱਲ ਪ੍ਰਾਪਤ ਕਰੋ</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fpa.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E0%25A8%25AB%25E0%25A9%258D%25E0%25A8%25B0%25E0%25A9%2587%25E0%25A8%25A1%25E0%25A8%25B0%25E0%25A8%25BF%25E0%25A8%2595_%25E0%25A8%25AC%25E0%25A8%25B0%25E0%25A8%2597%25E0%25A9%2580%25E0%25A8%2585%25E0%25A8%25B8"><span>QR ਕੋਡ ਡਾਊਨਲੋਡ ਕਰੋ</span></a></li><li id="t-shorturl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//pa.wikipedia.org/s/8g0" title="ਸਾਂਝਾ ਕਰਨ ਲਈ ਇਸ ਛੋਟੀ ਕੜੀ ਦੀ ਨਕਲ ਕਰੋ"><span>ਛੋਟਾ ਯੂਆਰਐੱਲ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> ਛਾਪੋ / ਬਰਾਮਦ ਕਰੋ </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8:%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AC&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=%E0%A8%AB%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95+%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B8"><span>ਇੱਕ ਕਿਤਾਬ ਬਣਾਓ</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E0%A8%AB%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B8&action=show-download-screen"><span>PDF ਵਜੋਂ ਡਾਊਨਲੋਡ ਕਰੋ</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%AB%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B8&printable=yes" title="ਇਸ ਸਫ਼ੇ ਦਾ ਛਪਣਯੋਗ ਰੂਪ [p]" accesskey="p"><span>ਛਪਣਯੋਗ ਸੰਸਕਰਣ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> ਹੋਰ ਪ੍ਰਾਜੈਕਟਾਂ ਵਿੱਚ </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Friedrich_Bergius" hreflang="en"><span>ਵਿਕੀਮੀਡੀਆ ਕਾਮਨਜ਼</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q76614" title="ਡਾਟਾ ਭੰਡਾਰ ਦੀ ਸਮੱਗਰੀ ਨਾਲ ਕੜੀ ਜੋੜੋ [g]" accesskey="g"><span>ਵਿਕੀਡਾਟਾ ਆਈਟਮ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="ਸਫ਼ੇ ਦੇ ਸੰਦ"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="ਦਿੱਖ"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">ਦਿੱਖ</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">ਸਾਈਡਬਾਰ 'ਤੇ ਜਾਓ</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ਲੁਕਾਓ</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">ਵਿਕੀਪੀਡੀਆ, ਇੱਕ ਆਜ਼ਾਦ ਵਿਸ਼ਵਕੋਸ਼ ਤੋਂ</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="pa" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r765565">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn">ਫ੍ਰੇਡਰਿਕ ਬਰਗੀਅਸ</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B0:Bergius.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Bergius.jpg/210px-Bergius.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Bergius.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">ਜਨਮ</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1884-10-11</span>)</span>11 ਅਕਤੂਬਰ 1884<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace">ਬ੍ਰੋਕਲਾਅ <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80" title="ਜਰਮਨੀ">ਜਰਮਨੀ</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">ਮੌਤ</th><td class="infobox-data">30 ਮਾਰਚ 1949<span style="display:none">(1949-03-30)</span> (ਉਮਰ 64)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">ਬੁਏਨੋਸ <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE" title="ਅਰਜਨਟੀਨਾ">ਅਰਜਨਟੀਨਾ</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">ਰਾਸ਼ਟਰੀਅਤਾ</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80" title="ਜਰਮਨੀ">ਜਰਮਨੀ</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">ਅਲਮਾ ਮਾਤਰ</th><td class="infobox-data">ਬ੍ਰੋਕਲਾਅ ਯੂਨੀਵਰਸਿਟੀ<br />ਲਿਪਜ਼ਿਗ ਯੂਨੀਵਰਸਿਟੀ</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">ਲਈ ਪ੍ਰਸਿੱਧ</th><td class="infobox-data">ਬਰਗੀਅਸ ਕਿਰਿਆ</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">ਪੁਰਸਕਾਰ</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="ਨੋਬਲ ਪੁਰਸਕਾਰ">ਨੋਬਲ ਪੁਰਸਕਾਰ</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%A3%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="ਰਸਾਇਣਕ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ">ਰਸਾਇਣਕ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ</a> (1931)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r765565"><b>ਵਿਗਿਆਨਕ ਕਰੀਅਰ</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">ਖੇਤਰ</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%A3_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8" title="ਰਸਾਇਣ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ">ਰਸਾਇਣ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">ਅਦਾਰੇ</th><td class="infobox-data">ਹਨੋਵਰ ਯੂਨੀਵਰਸਿਟੀ</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਡਾਕਟੋਰਲ ਸਲਾਹਕਾਰ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਡਾਕਟੋਰਲ ਸਲਾਹਕਾਰ</a></th><td class="infobox-data">ਅਰਥਰ ਰੁਡੋਲਫ ਹੰਟਜ਼ਸਚ</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">ਹੋਰ ਅਕਾਦਮਿਕ ਸਲਾਹਕਾਰ</th><td class="infobox-data">ਰਿਚਰਡ ਅਬੇਗ</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>ਫ੍ਰੇਡਰਿਕ ਕਾਰਲ ਰੂਡੋਲਫ ਬਰਗੀਅਸ</b> (11 ਅਕਤੂਬਰ 1884 – 30 ਮਾਰਚ 1949) ਜਰਮਨੀ ਦੇ ਪ੍ਰਸਿੱਧ ਰਸਾਇਣ ਵਿਗਿਆਨੀ ਸਨ। ਕੋਲੇ ਨੂੰ ਤੇਲ ਦੇ ਰੂਪ ਵਿੱਚ ਤਬਦੀਲ ਕਰਨ ਦੀ ਪ੍ਰਕਿਰਿਆ ਦੀ ਖੋਜ ਕਰਨ ਇਹ ਪ੍ਰਸਿਧ ਵਿਗਿਆਨੀ ਹੈ। ਇਹਨਾਂ ਨੇ ਲੱਕੜੀ ਨੂੰ ਚੀਨੀ ਦੇ ਰੂਪ ਵਿੱਚ ਬਦਲਣ ਦੀ ਪ੍ਰਕਿਰਿਆ ਬਾਰੇ ਵੀ ਮਹੱਤਵ ਪੁਰਨ ਖੋਜ ਕੀਤੀ ਇਸ ਖੋਜ ਨੂੰ ਅੱਗੇ ਵਧਾਉਂਦੇ ਹੋਏ ਉਹਨਾਂ ਨੇ ਵਿਗਿਆਨੀ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਕਾਰਲ ਬਾਸਕ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਕਾਰਲ ਬਾਸਕ</a> ਨਾਲ ਮਿਲ ਕੇ ਉੱਚ ਦਬਾਅ ਉਦਯੋਗਿਕ ਤਕਨੀਕ ਦੀ ਖੋਜ ਤੇ ਵਿਕਾਸ ਕੀਤਾ ਅਤੇ ਉਹਨਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਇਸ ਖੋਜ ਲਈ ਸੰਨ 1937 ਵਿੱਚ ਕਾਰਲ ਬਾਸਕ ਦੇ ਨਾਲ ਸੰਯੁਕਤ ਰੂਪ ਵਿੱਚ <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="ਨੋਬਲ ਪੁਰਸਕਾਰ">ਨੋਬਲ ਪੁਰਸਕਾਰ</a> ਨਾਲ ਸਨਮਾਨਿਤ ਕਿਤਾ ਗਿਆ। ਸੰਨ 1963 ਵਿੱਚ ਇਹ ਵਿਗਿਆਨੀ ਇੱਕ ਹਾਦਸੇ ਦੌਰਾਨ ਇਸ ਸੰਸਾਰ ਨੂੰ ਅਲਵਿਦਾ ਆਖ ਗਏ।<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ਹਵਾਲੇ"><span id=".E0.A8.B9.E0.A8.B5.E0.A8.BE.E0.A8.B2.E0.A9.87"></span>ਹਵਾਲੇ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%AB%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B8&action=edit&section=1" title="ਭਾਗ ਸੋਧ: ਹਵਾਲੇ"><span>ਸੋਧੋ</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r636460">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MTKOu5j39yMC&pg=PA63">"New Scientist"</a>, Vol. 104, No. 1426. 18 October 1984. ISSN 0262-4079.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GcWxhlQVnHIC&pg=PA294">"After the Reich: The Brutal History of the Allied Occupation"</a>, Giles MacDonogh. Public Affairs, 2009. p. 294. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r765793">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%87%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A1_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0" title="ਇੰਟਰਨੈਸ਼ਨਲ ਸਟੈਂਡਰਡ ਬੁੱਕ ਨੰਬਰ">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8:%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AC_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A4/0-465-00338-9" title="ਖ਼ਾਸ:ਕਿਤਾਬ ਸਰੋਤ/0-465-00338-9">0-465-00338-9</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r765793"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%87%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A1_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0" title="ਇੰਟਰਨੈਸ਼ਨਲ ਸਟੈਂਡਰਡ ਬੁੱਕ ਨੰਬਰ">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8:%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AC_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A4/978-0-465-00338-9" title="ਖ਼ਾਸ:ਕਿਤਾਬ ਸਰੋਤ/978-0-465-00338-9">978-0-465-00338-9</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r627784">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r769441">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="ਨੋਬਲ_ਇਨਾਮ" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r627784"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r769404">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE:%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE" title="ਫਰਮਾ:ਨੋਬਲ ਇਨਾਮ"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%B2-%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A4:%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਫਰਮਾ ਗੱਲ-ਬਾਤ:ਨੋਬਲ ਇਨਾਮ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8:EditPage/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE:%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE" title="ਖ਼ਾਸ:EditPage/ਫਰਮਾ:ਨੋਬਲ ਇਨਾਮ"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="ਨੋਬਲ_ਇਨਾਮ" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE" title="ਨੋਬਲ ਇਨਾਮ">ਨੋਬਲ ਇਨਾਮ</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%A3_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8" title="ਰਸਾਇਣ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ">ਰਸਾਇਣ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">• <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="ਹਰਮਨ ਹੈਸ">ਹਰਮਨ ਹੈਸ</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਐਮਿਲ ਹਰਮਨ ਫਿਸ਼ਰ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਐਮਿਲ ਹਰਮਨ ਫਿਸ਼ਰ</a>• <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A3%E0%A8%A8" title="ਵੈਂਕਟਰਮਨ ਰਾਮਕ੍ਰਿਸ਼ਣਨ">ਵੈਂਕਟਰਮਨ ਰਾਮਕ੍ਰਿਸ਼ਣਨ</a>• <a class="mw-selflink selflink">ਫ੍ਰੇਡਰਿਕ ਬਰਗੀਅਸ</a></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B0:NobelPrizeSymbol.png" class="mw-file-description" title="ਅਲਫ਼ਰੈਡ ਨੋਬਲ"><img alt="ਅਲਫ਼ਰੈਡ ਨੋਬਲ" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/NobelPrizeSymbol.png/70px-NobelPrizeSymbol.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/NobelPrizeSymbol.png/105px-NobelPrizeSymbol.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/NobelPrizeSymbol.png/140px-NobelPrizeSymbol.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="201" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%A1_%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B2" title="ਅਲਫ਼ਰੈਡ ਨੋਬਲ">ਅਲਫ਼ਰੈਡ ਨੋਬਲ</a></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%AD%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਭੋਤਿਕ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਭੋਤਿਕ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">• <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9F_%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%A8" title="ਅਲਬਰਟ ਆਈਨਸਟਾਈਨ">ਅਲਬਰਟ ਆਈਨਸਟਾਈਨ</a>•<a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%9A%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%9F_%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8" title="ਚੰਦਰਸ਼ੇਖਰ ਵੈਂਕਟ ਰਾਮਨ">ਚੰਦਰਸ਼ੇਖਰ ਵੈਂਕਟ ਰਾਮਨ</a>• <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AE_%E0%A8%9A%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%B0" title="ਸੁਬਰਾਮਨੀਅਮ ਚੰਦਰਸ਼ੇਖਰ">ਐਸ. ਚੰਦਰਸ਼ੇਖਰ</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A5_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="ਅਰਥ ਸ਼ਾਸਤਰ">ਅਰਥ ਸ਼ਾਸਤਰ</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A8" title="ਅਮਰਤਿਆ ਸੇਨ">ਅਮਰਤਿਆ ਸੇਨ</a> • <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A6_%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B8" title="ਮੁਹੰਮਦ ਯੂਨਸ">ਮੁਹੰਮਦ ਯੂਨਸ</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A4" title="ਸਾਹਿਤ">ਸਾਹਿਤ</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%9F_%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%87" title="ਅਰਨੈਸਟ ਹੈਮਿੰਗਵੇ">ਅਰਨੈਸਟ ਹੈਮਿੰਗਵੇ</a> •<a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC" title="ਗੈਬਰੀਅਲ ਗਾਰਸੀਆ ਮਾਰਕੇਜ਼">ਗੈਬਰੀਅਲ ਗਾਰਸੀਆ ਮਾਰਕੇਜ਼</a>•<a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97" title="ਡੋਰਿਸ ਲੈਸਿੰਗ">ਡੋਰਿਸ ਲੈਸਿੰਗ</a> • <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A5_%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="ਰਾਬਿੰਦਰ ਨਾਥ ਟੈਗੋਰ">ਰਾਬਿੰਦਰ ਨਾਥ ਟੈਗੋਰ</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਸਰੀਰ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਸਰੀਰ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ</a> <br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਚਿਕਿਤਸਾ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਚਿਕਿਤਸਾ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">• <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A6_%E0%A8%96%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A3%E0%A8%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="ਹਰ ਗੋਬਿੰਦ ਖੋਰਾਣਾ">ਹਰ ਗੋਬਿੰਦ ਖੋਰਾਣਾ</a>•<a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%B8" title="ਮਾਰਟਿਨ ਜਾਨ ਐਵੰਸ">ਮਾਰਟਿਨ ਜਾਨ ਐਵੰਸ</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਸ਼ਾਂਤੀ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਸ਼ਾਂਤੀ</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%8B_%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%93%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BE" title="ਅਰਨੈਸਟੋ ਟੇਓਡੋਰੋ ਮੋਨੇਟਾ">ਅਰਨੈਸਟੋ ਟੇਓਡੋਰੋ ਮੋਨੇਟਾ</a>* <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%82_%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%9F" title="ਅਲੀਹੂ ਰੂਟ">ਅਲੀਹੂ ਰੂਟ</a>* <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A1_%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਆਲਫ਼ਰਡ ਹਰਮਾਨ ਫ਼੍ਰੀਡ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਆਲਫ਼ਰਡ ਹਰਮਾਨ ਫ਼੍ਰੀਡ</a>*<a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%94%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%8F%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%AF%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="ਔਸਕਰ ਏਰੀਯਾਸ">ਔਸਕਰ ਏਰੀਯਾਸ</a>* <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%9A" title="ਐਮਿਲੀ ਗ੍ਰੀਨ ਬਾਲਚ">ਐਮਿਲੀ ਗ੍ਰੀਨ ਬਾਲਚ</a>* <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%94%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A4_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%86_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4" title="ਔਗੂਸਤ ਮੇਰੀ ਫਰਾਂਸੋਆ ਬੇਰਨਾਰਤ">ਔਗੂਸਤ ਮੇਰੀ ਫਰਾਂਸੋਆ ਬੇਰਨਾਰਤ</a>* <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%82_%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%9F" title="ਅਲੀਹੂ ਰੂਟ">ਅਲੀਹੂ ਰੂਟ</a>*<a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%8F%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%A8" title="ਏਲੀ ਡੂਕੌਮੁਨ">ਏਲੀ ਡੂਕੌਮੁਨ</a>* <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A8" title="ਹੈਨਰੀ ਲਾ ਫ਼ੌਂਟੇਨ">ਹੈਨਰੀ ਲਾ ਫ਼ੌਂਟੇਨ</a>* <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A5%E0%A9%80" title="ਕੈਲਾਸ਼ ਸਤਿਆਰਥੀ">ਕੈਲਾਸ਼ ਸਤਿਆਰਥੀ</a>*<a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%85%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8" title="ਕੋਫ਼ੀ ਅੰਨਾਨ">ਕੋਫ਼ੀ ਅੰਨਾਨ</a>* <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B8_%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A8" title="ਕਲਾਸ ਪੌਂਟਸ ਆਰਨਲਡਸਨ">ਕਲਾਸ ਪੌਂਟਸ ਆਰਨਲਡਸਨ</a>*<a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%B8_%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%87_%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8B" title="ਕਾਰਲੌਸ ਫ਼ਿਲਿੱਪੇ ਜ਼ਿਮੇਨਾਸ ਬੇਲੋ">ਕਾਰਲੌਸ ਫ਼ਿਲਿੱਪੇ ਜ਼ਿਮੇਨਾਸ ਬੇਲੋ</a>* <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%B8_%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9F_%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9F" title="ਚਾਰਲਸ ਐਲਬਰਟ ਗੋਬਾਟ">ਚਾਰਲਸ ਐਲਬਰਟ ਗੋਬਾਟ</a> *<a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%9F" title="ਜੀਨ ਹੈਨਰੀ ਡੁਨਾਂਟ">ਜੀਨ ਹੈਨਰੀ ਡੁਨਾਂਟ</a>* <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC" title="ਜੇਨ ਐਡਮਜ਼">ਜੇਨ ਐਡਮਜ਼</a>*<a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%B8_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B0" title="ਟੋਬੀਆਸ ਮਿਕੇਲ ਆਰੇਲ ਆਸਰ">ਟੋਬੀਆਸ ਮਿਕੇਲ ਆਰੇਲ ਆਸਰ</a> *<a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%A5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%93%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%9F" title="ਥਿਓਡੋਰ ਰੂਜ਼ਵੈਲਟ">ਥਿਓਡੋਰ ਰੂਜ਼ਵੈਲਟ</a>* <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%97" title="ਨੌਰਮਨ ਬੋਰਲੌਗ">ਨੌਰਮਨ ਬੋਰਲੌਗ</a>* <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%97" title="ਨੌਰਮਨ ਬੋਰਲੌਗ">ਨੌਰਮਨ ਬੋਰਲੌਗ</a>* <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE" title="ਨੈਲਸਨ ਮੰਡੇਲਾ">ਨੈਲਸਨ ਮੰਡੇਲਾ</a>* <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="ਪੌਲ ਡੀ ਕੌਂਸਟੈਂਟ">ਪੌਲ ਡੀ ਕੌਂਸਟੈਂਟ</a> *<a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80" title="ਫ਼੍ਰੈਡ੍ਰਿਕ ਪਾਸੀ">ਫ਼੍ਰੈਡ੍ਰਿਕ ਪਾਸੀ</a> *<a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%B0" title="ਫ਼੍ਰੈਡ੍ਰਿਕ ਬਾਜਰ">ਫ਼੍ਰੈਡ੍ਰਿਕ ਬਾਜਰ</a>* <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A5%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B0" title="ਬਰਥਾ ਵੌਨ ਸੁੱਟਨਰ">ਬਰਥਾ ਵੌਨ ਸੁੱਟਨਰ</a>* <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="ਮਦਰ ਟੈਰੇਸਾ">ਮਦਰ ਟੈਰੇਸਾ</a>*<a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%AE_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A8" title="ਮਾਨਾਕੇਮ ਬੇਗਿਨ">ਮਾਨਾਕੇਮ ਬੇਗਿਨ</a>*<a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80" title="ਮਾਰਟੀ ਆਹਤੀਸਾਰੀ">ਮਾਰਟੀ ਆਹਤੀਸਾਰੀ</a>*<a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%88" title="ਮਲਾਲਾ ਯੂਸਫ਼ਜ਼ਈ">ਮਲਾਲਾ ਯੂਸਫ਼ਜ਼ਈ</a>* <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%AF%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="ਯਾਸੀਰ ਅਰਾਫ਼ਾਤ">ਯਾਸੀਰ ਅਰਾਫ਼ਾਤ</a>* <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%88_%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%8C" title="ਲੂਈ ਰੇਨੌ">ਲੂਈ ਰੇਨੌ</a>*<a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%93%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B8" title="ਲਿਓਨ ਬਰਗੇਅਸ">ਲਿਓਨ ਬਰਗੇਅਸ</a>* <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%85_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A8" title="ਵੁੱਡਰੋਅ ਵਿਲਸਨ">ਵੁੱਡਰੋਅ ਵਿਲਸਨ</a>* * <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AE_%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B0" title="ਵਿਲੀਅਮ ਰਾਂਡਾਲ ਕ੍ਰੇਮਰ">ਵਿਲੀਅਮ ਰਾਂਡਾਲ ਕ੍ਰੇਮਰ</a> *</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em">ਅਦਾਰੇ</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%88%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A1_%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8" title="ਰੈੱਡ ਕਰਾਸ">ਰੈੱਡ ਕਰਾਸ</a>* <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%8A%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B" title="ਕੌਮਾਂਤਰੀ ਅਮਨ ਬਿਊਰੋ">ਕੌਮਾਂਤਰੀ ਅਮਨ ਬਿਊਰੋ</a>*<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%87%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%8A%E0%A8%9F_%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%87_%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%9F_%E0%A8%87%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਇੰਸਟੀਟਿਊਟ ਡੇ ਡ੍ਰੌਇਟ ਇੰਟਰਨੈਸ਼ਨਲ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਇੰਸਟੀਟਿਊਟ ਡੇ ਡ੍ਰੌਇਟ ਇੰਟਰਨੈਸ਼ਨਲ</a>*<a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%87%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B2" title="ਐਮਨੈਸਟੀ ਇੰਟਰਨੈਸ਼ਨਲ">ਐਮਨੈਸਟੀ ਇੰਟਰਨੈਸ਼ਨਲ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">"<a dir="ltr" href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ਫ੍ਰੇਡਰਿਕ_ਬਰਗੀਅਸ&oldid=474454">https://pa.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ਫ੍ਰੇਡਰਿਕ_ਬਰਗੀਅਸ&oldid=474454</a>" ਤੋਂ ਲਿਆ</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8:%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A3%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%82" title="ਖ਼ਾਸ:ਸ਼੍ਰੇਣੀਆਂ">ਸ਼੍ਰੇਣੀਆਂ</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A3%E0%A9%80:%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE_%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%82" title="ਸ਼੍ਰੇਣੀ:ਨੋਬਲ ਇਨਾਮ ਜੇਤੂ">ਨੋਬਲ ਇਨਾਮ ਜੇਤੂ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A3%E0%A9%80:%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%A3_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80" title="ਸ਼੍ਰੇਣੀ:ਰਸਾਇਣ ਵਿਗਿਆਨੀ">ਰਸਾਇਣ ਵਿਗਿਆਨੀ</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">ਲੁਕਵੀਂ ਸ਼੍ਰੇਣੀ: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A3%E0%A9%80:Articles_with_hCards" title="ਸ਼੍ਰੇਣੀ:Articles with hCards">Articles with hCards</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> ਇਸ ਸਫ਼ੇ ਵਿੱਚ ਆਖ਼ਰੀ ਸੋਧ 5 ਮਈ 2019 ਨੂੰ 02:42 ਵਜੇ ਹੋਈ।</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">ਇਹ ਲਿਖਤ <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0</a> ਦੇ ਤਹਿਤ ਉਪਲਬਧ ਹੈ; ਵਾਧੂ ਸ਼ਰਤਾਂ ਲਾਗੂ ਹੋ ਸਕਦੀਆਂ ਹਨ। ਇਸ ਸਾਈਟ ਨੂੰ ਵਰਤਣ ਨਾਲ, ਤੁਸੀਂ ਇਸਦੀਆਂ <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">ਵਰਤਣ ਦੀਆਂ ਸ਼ਰਤਾਂ</a> ਅਤੇ <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy Policy</a> ਨਾਲ ਸਹਿਮਤ ਹੁੰਦੇ ਹੋ। Wikipedia® ਮੁਨਾਫ਼ਾ ਨਾ ਕਮਾਉਣ ਵਾਲ਼ੀ <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">ਵਿਕੀਮੀਡੀਆ ਸੰਸਥਾ, ਇੰਕ.</a> ਦਾ ਰਜਿਸਟ੍ਰਡ ਟ੍ਰੇਡਮਾਰਕ ਹੈ।</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">ਪਰਦਾ ਨੀਤੀ</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86:%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87">ਵਿਕੀਪੀਡੀਆ ਬਾਰੇ</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86:%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%AE_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%87">ਦਾਅਵੇ</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">ਆਚਾਰ ਜ਼ਾਬਤਾ</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">ਵਿਕਾਸਕਾਰ</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/pa.wikipedia.org">ਅੰਕੜੇ</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">ਕੂਕੀ ਤਫਸੀਲਾਂ</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//pa.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%AB%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B8&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">ਮੋਬਾਈਲੀ ਦਿੱਖ</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-44nch","wgBackendResponseTime":254,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.294","walltime":"0.650","ppvisitednodes":{"value":2256,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":32159,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":2918,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":0,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":18448,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 357.306 1 -total"," 57.31% 204.762 1 ਫਰਮਾ:Infobox_scientist"," 23.05% 82.345 1 ਫਰਮਾ:ਨੋਬਲ_ਇਨਾਮ"," 22.05% 78.770 1 ਫਰਮਾ:Navbox"," 18.98% 67.816 1 ਫਰਮਾ:ਹਵਾਲੇ"," 14.63% 52.258 1 ਫਰਮਾ:Birth_date"," 14.02% 50.088 2 ਫਰਮਾ:ISBN"," 11.91% 42.544 1 ਫਰਮਾ:Infobox"," 11.48% 41.029 2 ਫਰਮਾ:Catalog_lookup_link"," 7.13% 25.460 18 ਫਰਮਾ:Main_other"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.181","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":3182447,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-745f94f9f8-c2zxc","timestamp":"20241120081601","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"\u0a2b\u0a4d\u0a30\u0a47\u0a21\u0a30\u0a3f\u0a15 \u0a2c\u0a30\u0a17\u0a40\u0a05\u0a38","url":"https:\/\/pa.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B8","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q76614","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q76614","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2017-11-08T15:41:58Z","dateModified":"2019-05-05T02:42:13Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/b\/bc\/Bergius.jpg"}</script> </body> </html>