CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" xmlns:fb="http://www.facebook.com/2008/fbml" class="wf-loading"> <head prefix="og: https://ogp.me/ns# fb: https://ogp.me/ns/fb# academia: https://ogp.me/ns/fb/academia#"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name=viewport content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <meta rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/open_search.xml" title="Academia.edu"> <title>Philip Effiom Ephraim | American University of Nigeria, Yola - Academia.edu</title>  <link href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-production.ico" rel="shortcut icon" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="57x57" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="60x60" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-60x60.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="72x72" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-72x72.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="76x76" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-76x76.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="114x114" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-114x114.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="120x120" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-120x120.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="144x144" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-144x144.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="152x152" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-152x152.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-180x180.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-32x32.png" sizes="32x32"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-194x194.png" sizes="194x194"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-96x96.png" sizes="96x96"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/android-chrome-192x192.png" sizes="192x192"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-16x16.png" sizes="16x16"> <link rel="manifest" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/manifest.json"> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#2b5797"> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/mstile-144x144.png"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"> <script> window.performance && window.performance.measure && window.performance.measure("Time To First Byte", "requestStart", "responseStart"); </script> <script> (function() { if (!window.URLSearchParams || !window.history || !window.history.replaceState) { return; } var searchParams = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search); var paramsToDelete = [ 'fs', 'sm', 'swp', 'iid', 'nbs', 'rcc', // related content category 'rcpos', // related content carousel position 'rcpg', // related carousel page 'rchid', // related content hit id 'f_ri', // research interest id, for SEO tracking 'f_fri', // featured research interest, for SEO tracking (param key without value) 'f_rid', // from research interest directory for SEO tracking 'f_loswp', // from research interest pills on LOSWP sidebar for SEO tracking 'rhid', // referrring hit id ]; if (paramsToDelete.every((key) => searchParams.get(key) === null)) { return; } paramsToDelete.forEach((key) => { searchParams.delete(key); }); var cleanUrl = new URL(window.location.href); cleanUrl.search = searchParams.toString(); history.replaceState({}, document.title, cleanUrl); })(); </script> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "profiles/works", 'action': "summary", 'controller_action': 'profiles/works#summary', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script type="text/javascript"> window.sendUserTiming = function(timingName) { if (!(window.performance && window.performance.measure)) return; var entries = window.performance.getEntriesByName(timingName, "measure"); if (entries.length !== 1) return; var timingValue = Math.round(entries[0].duration); gtag('event', 'timing_complete', { name: timingName, value: timingValue, event_category: 'User-centric', }); }; window.sendUserTiming("Time To First Byte"); </script> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="hIt1f5IrXjUkQOETi1IrSDsnhXxO2Eqz91_Z511JsUDzZ6cRFQVsQk6BlBJcqRlFKyoCxzwwqG8FgGKgCGNcoQ" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow-3d36c19b4875b226bfed0fcba1dcea3f2fe61148383d97c0465c016b8c969290.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/social/home-79e78ce59bef0a338eb6540ec3d93b4a7952115b56c57f1760943128f4544d42.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/heading-95367dc03b794f6737f30123738a886cf53b7a65cdef98a922a98591d60063e3.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/button-bfbac2a470372e2f3a6661a65fa7ff0a0fbf7aa32534d9a831d683d2a6f9e01b.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/body-170d1319f0e354621e81ca17054bb147da2856ec0702fe440a99af314a6338c5.css" /><link crossorigin="" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com/" rel="preconnect" /><link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=DM+Sans:ital,opsz,wght@0,9..40,100..1000;1,9..40,100..1000&family=Gupter:wght@400;500;700&family=IBM+Plex+Mono:wght@300;400&family=Material+Symbols+Outlined:opsz,wght,FILL,GRAD@20,400,0,0&display=swap" rel="stylesheet" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/common-2b6f90dbd75f5941bc38f4ad716615f3ac449e7398313bb3bc225fba451cd9fa.css" /> <meta name="author" content="philip effiom ephraim" /> <meta name="description" content="Wigwe University - Associate Professor of Communication and Digital Media Studies Digital media Culture Society Social media Music Management " /> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bKJMBZA7E43xhDOopFZkssMMkBRjvYERV-NaN4R6mrs" /> <script> var $controller_name = 'works'; var $action_name = "summary"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = '29cbb9485f79f49ca3eb38b6f0905739256f19a4'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.Aedu = { hit_data: null }; window.Aedu.SiteStats = {"premium_universities_count":14030,"monthly_visitors":"103 million","monthly_visitor_count":103095310,"monthly_visitor_count_in_millions":103,"user_count":283461615,"paper_count":55203019,"paper_count_in_millions":55,"page_count":432000000,"page_count_in_millions":432,"pdf_count":16500000,"pdf_count_in_millions":16}; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1740292671000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1740292671000; window.Aedu.isUsingCssV1 = false; window.Aedu.enableLocalization = true; window.Aedu.activateFullstory = false; window.Aedu.serviceAvailability = { status: {"attention_db":"on","bibliography_db":"on","contacts_db":"on","email_db":"on","indexability_db":"on","mentions_db":"on","news_db":"on","notifications_db":"on","offsite_mentions_db":"on","redshift":"on","redshift_exports_db":"on","related_works_db":"on","ring_db":"on","user_tests_db":"on"}, serviceEnabled: function(service) { return this.status[service] === "on"; }, readEnabled: function(service) { return this.serviceEnabled(service) || this.status[service] === "read_only"; }, }; window.Aedu.viewApmTrace = function() { // Check if x-apm-trace-id meta tag is set, and open the trace in APM // in a new window if it is. var apmTraceId = document.head.querySelector('meta[name="x-apm-trace-id"]'); if (apmTraceId) { var traceId = apmTraceId.content; // Use trace ID to construct URL, an example URL looks like: // https://app.datadoghq.com/apm/traces?query=trace_id%31298410148923562634 var apmUrl = 'https://app.datadoghq.com/apm/traces?query=trace_id%3A' + traceId; window.open(apmUrl, '_blank'); } }; </script>  <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto:100,100i,300,300i,400,400i,500,500i,700,700i,900,900i" rel="stylesheet"> <link rel="preload" href="//maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/font-awesome/4.3.0/css/font-awesome.min.css" as="style" onload="this.rel='stylesheet'"> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/libraries-a9675dcb01ec4ef6aa807ba772c7a5a00c1820d3ff661c1038a20f80d06bb4e4.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/academia-1eb081e01ca8bc0c1b1d866df79d9eb4dd2c484e4beecf76e79a7806c72fee08.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system_legacy-056a9113b9a0f5343d013b29ee1929d5a18be35fdcdceb616600b4db8bd20054.css" /> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/runtime-bundle-005434038af4252ca37c527588411a3d6a0eabb5f727fac83f8bbe7fd88d93bb.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/webpack_libraries_and_infrequently_changed.wjs-bundle-b42d48e01e9cb3bf5ae55ea154ab7133fe47240c1d7c59b0249065c67d6f65ab.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/core_webpack.wjs-bundle-f3fdf92d2e211a3fd7a717a75adb7bf4af30f5d7651964d9f223129f218112cd.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/sentry.wjs-bundle-5fe03fddca915c8ba0f7edbe64c194308e8ce5abaed7bffe1255ff37549c4808.js"></script> <script> jade = window.jade || {}; jade.helpers = window.$h; jade._ = window._; </script>  <script id="tag-manager-head-root">(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer_old','GTM-5G9JF7Z');</script>  <script> window.gptadslots = []; window.googletag = window.googletag || {}; window.googletag.cmd = window.googletag.cmd || []; </script> <script type="text/javascript"> // TODO(jacob): This should be defined, may be rare load order problem. // Checking if null is just a quick fix, will default to en if unset. // Better fix is to run this immedietely after I18n is set. if (window.I18n != null) { I18n.defaultLocale = "en"; I18n.locale = "en"; I18n.fallbacks = true; } </script> <link rel="canonical" href="https://aun-ng.academia.edu/PhilipEffiomEphraim" /> </head>   <body class='c-profiles/works a-summary logged_out'>  <div id="fb-root"></div><script>window.fbAsyncInit = function() { FB.init({ appId: "2369844204", version: "v8.0", status: true, cookie: true, xfbml: true }); // Additional initialization code. if (window.InitFacebook) { // facebook.ts already loaded, set it up. window.InitFacebook(); } else { // Set a flag for facebook.ts to find when it loads. window.academiaAuthReadyFacebook = true; } };</script><script>window.fbAsyncLoad = function() { // Protection against double calling of this function if (window.FB) { return; } (function(d, s, id){ var js, fjs = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0]; if (d.getElementById(id)) {return;} js = d.createElement(s); js.id = id; js.src = "//connect.facebook.net/en_US/sdk.js"; fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js, fjs); }(document, 'script', 'facebook-jssdk')); } if (!window.defer_facebook) { // Autoload if not deferred window.fbAsyncLoad(); } else { // Defer loading by 5 seconds setTimeout(function() { window.fbAsyncLoad(); }, 5000); }</script> <div id="google-root"></div><script>window.loadGoogle = function() { if (window.InitGoogle) { // google.ts already loaded, set it up. window.InitGoogle("331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b"); } else { // Set a flag for google.ts to use when it loads. window.GoogleClientID = "331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b"; } };</script><script>window.googleAsyncLoad = function() { // Protection against double calling of this function (function(d) { var js; var id = 'google-jssdk'; var ref = d.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; if (d.getElementById(id)) { return; } js = d.createElement('script'); js.id = id; js.async = true; js.onload = loadGoogle; js.src = "https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client" ref.parentNode.insertBefore(js, ref); }(document)); } if (!window.defer_google) { // Autoload if not deferred window.googleAsyncLoad(); } else { // Defer loading by 5 seconds setTimeout(function() { window.googleAsyncLoad(); }, 5000); }</script> <div id="tag-manager-body-root">  <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-5G9JF7Z" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>   <script> window.addEventListener('load', function() { if (document.querySelector('input[name="commit"]')) { document.querySelector('input[name="commit"]').addEventListener('click', function() { gtag('event', 'click', { event_category: 'button', event_label: 'Log In' }) }) } }); </script> </div> <script>var _comscore = _comscore || []; _comscore.push({ c1: "2", c2: "26766707" }); (function() { var s = document.createElement("script"), el = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; s.async = true; s.src = (document.location.protocol == "https:" ? "https://sb" : "http://b") + ".scorecardresearch.com/beacon.js"; el.parentNode.insertBefore(s, el); })();</script><img src="https://sb.scorecardresearch.com/p?c1=2&c2=26766707&cv=2.0&cj=1" style="position: absolute; visibility: hidden" /> <div id='react-modal'></div> <div class='DesignSystem'> <a class='u-showOnFocus' href='#site'> Skip to main content </a> </div> <div id="upgrade_ie_banner" style="display: none;"><p>Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer.</p><p>To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to <a href="https://www.academia.edu/upgrade-browser">upgrade your browser</a>.</p></div><script>// Show this banner for all versions of IE if (!!window.MSInputMethodContext || /(MSIE)/.test(navigator.userAgent)) { document.getElementById('upgrade_ie_banner').style.display = 'block'; }</script> <div class="DesignSystem bootstrap ShrinkableNav"><div class="navbar navbar-default main-header"><div class="container-wrapper" id="main-header-container"><div class="container"><div class="navbar-header"><div class="nav-left-wrapper u-mt0x"><div class="nav-logo"><a data-main-header-link-target="logo_home" href="https://www.academia.edu/"><img class="visible-xs-inline-block" style="height: 24px;" alt="Academia.edu" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015-A.svg" width="24" height="24" /><img width="145.2" height="18" class="hidden-xs" style="height: 24px;" alt="Academia.edu" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015.svg" /></a></div><div class="nav-search"><div class="SiteSearch-wrapper select2-no-default-pills"><form class="js-SiteSearch-form DesignSystem" action="https://www.academia.edu/search" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="get"><i class="SiteSearch-icon fa fa-search u-fw700 u-positionAbsolute u-tcGrayDark"></i><input class="js-SiteSearch-form-input SiteSearch-form-input form-control" data-main-header-click-target="search_input" name="q" placeholder="Search" type="text" value="" /></form></div></div></div><div class="nav-right-wrapper pull-right"><ul class="NavLinks js-main-nav list-unstyled"><li class="NavLinks-link"><a class="js-header-login-url Button Button--inverseGray Button--sm u-mb4x" id="nav_log_in" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/login">Log In</a></li><li class="NavLinks-link u-p0x"><a class="Button Button--inverseGray Button--sm u-mb4x" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Sign Up</a></li></ul><button class="hidden-lg hidden-md hidden-sm u-ml4x navbar-toggle collapsed" data-target=".js-mobile-header-links" data-toggle="collapse" type="button"><span class="icon-bar"></span><span class="icon-bar"></span><span class="icon-bar"></span></button></div></div><div class="collapse navbar-collapse js-mobile-header-links"><ul class="nav navbar-nav"><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/login">Log In</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Sign Up</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1 js-mobile-nav-expand-trigger"><a href="#">more&nbsp<span class="caret"></span></a></li><li><ul class="js-mobile-nav-expand-section nav navbar-nav u-m0x collapse"><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="false" href="https://www.academia.edu/about">About</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/press">Press</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="false" href="https://www.academia.edu/documents">Papers</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/terms">Terms</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/privacy">Privacy</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/copyright">Copyright</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/hiring"><i class="fa fa-briefcase"></i> We're Hiring!</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://support.academia.edu/hc/en-us"><i class="fa fa-question-circle"></i> Help Center</a></li><li class="js-mobile-nav-collapse-trigger u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1 dropup" style="display:none"><a href="#">less&nbsp<span class="caret"></span></a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div><script>(function(){ var $moreLink = $(".js-mobile-nav-expand-trigger"); var $lessLink = $(".js-mobile-nav-collapse-trigger"); var $section = $('.js-mobile-nav-expand-section'); $moreLink.click(function(ev){ ev.preventDefault(); $moreLink.hide(); $lessLink.show(); $section.collapse('show'); }); $lessLink.click(function(ev){ ev.preventDefault(); $moreLink.show(); $lessLink.hide(); $section.collapse('hide'); }); })() if ($a.is_logged_in() || false) { new Aedu.NavigationController({ el: '.js-main-nav', showHighlightedNotification: false }); } else { $(".js-header-login-url").attr("href", $a.loginUrlWithRedirect()); } Aedu.autocompleteSearch = new AutocompleteSearch({el: '.js-SiteSearch-form'});</script></div></div> <div id='site' class='fixed'> <div id="content" class="clearfix"> <script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function(){ var $dismissible = $(".dismissible_banner"); $dismissible.click(function(ev) { $dismissible.hide(); }); });</script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/profile.wjs-bundle-6e7abecbfd0bf8149b30c67f14f697778b51c925ffaf0902383f452f4270c74f.js" defer="defer"></script><script>$viewedUser = Aedu.User.set_viewed( {"id":2572580,"first_name":"Philip Effiom","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Ephraim","page_name":"PhilipEffiomEphraim","domain_name":"aun-ng","created_at":"2012-09-27T13:55:06.563-07:00","display_name":"Philip Effiom Ephraim","url":"https://aun-ng.academia.edu/PhilipEffiomEphraim","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2572580/805556/27924756/s65_philip_effiom.ephraim_phd_fhea.jpg","has_photo":true,"department":{"id":3257418,"name":"Communication and Digital Media","url":"https://aun-ng.academia.edu/Departments/Communication_and_Digital_Media/Documents","university":{"id":19845,"name":"American University of Nigeria, Yola","url":"https://aun-ng.academia.edu/"}},"position":"Faculty Member","position_id":1,"is_analytics_public":false,"interests":[{"id":9246,"name":"Social Media","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Media"},{"id":102453,"name":"Mass media, culture and society","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mass_media_culture_and_society"},{"id":11602,"name":"Critical Media Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Media_Studies"},{"id":19458,"name":"Public Relations \u0026 Social Media","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Relations_and_Social_Media"},{"id":7369,"name":"Political communication","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_communication"}]} ); if ($a.is_logged_in() && $viewedUser.is_current_user()) { $('body').addClass('profile-viewed-by-owner'); } $socialProfiles = []</script><div id="js-react-on-rails-context" style="display:none" data-rails-context="{"inMailer":false,"i18nLocale":"en","i18nDefaultLocale":"en","href":"https://aun-ng.academia.edu/PhilipEffiomEphraim","location":"/PhilipEffiomEphraim","scheme":"https","host":"aun-ng.academia.edu","port":null,"pathname":"/PhilipEffiomEphraim","search":null,"httpAcceptLanguage":null,"serverSide":false}"></div> <div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="ProfileCheckPaperUpdate" data-props="{}" data-trace="false" data-dom-id="ProfileCheckPaperUpdate-react-component-ef09c39f-e98c-4e05-82e4-7ebb97b1a53a"></div> <div id="ProfileCheckPaperUpdate-react-component-ef09c39f-e98c-4e05-82e4-7ebb97b1a53a"></div> <div class="DesignSystem"><div class="onsite-ping" id="onsite-ping"></div></div><div class="profile-user-info DesignSystem"><div class="social-profile-container"><div class="left-panel-container"><div class="user-info-component-wrapper"><div class="user-summary-cta-container"><div class="user-summary-container"><div class="social-profile-avatar-container"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Philip Effiom Ephraim" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/2572580/805556/27924756/s200_philip_effiom.ephraim_phd_fhea.jpg" /></div><div class="title-container"><h1 class="ds2-5-heading-sans-serif-sm">Philip Effiom Ephraim</h1><div class="affiliations-container fake-truncate js-profile-affiliations"><div><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://aun-ng.academia.edu/">American University of Nigeria, Yola</a>, <a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://aun-ng.academia.edu/Departments/Communication_and_Digital_Media/Documents">Communication and Digital Media</a>, <span class="u-tcGrayDarker">Faculty Member</span></div></div></div></div><div class="sidebar-cta-container"><button class="ds2-5-button hidden profile-cta-button grow js-profile-follow-button" data-broccoli-component="user-info.follow-button" data-click-track="profile-user-info-follow-button" data-follow-user-fname="Philip Effiom" data-follow-user-id="2572580" data-follow-user-source="profile_button" data-has-google="false"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">add</span>Follow</button><button class="ds2-5-button hidden profile-cta-button grow js-profile-unfollow-button" data-broccoli-component="user-info.unfollow-button" data-click-track="profile-user-info-unfollow-button" data-unfollow-user-id="2572580"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">done</span>Following</button></div></div><div class="user-stats-container"><a><div class="stat-container js-profile-followers"><p class="label">Followers</p><p class="data">282</p></div></a><a><div class="stat-container js-profile-followees" data-broccoli-component="user-info.followees-count" data-click-track="profile-expand-user-info-following"><p class="label">Following</p><p class="data">49</p></div></a><a><div class="stat-container js-profile-coauthors" data-broccoli-component="user-info.coauthors-count" data-click-track="profile-expand-user-info-coauthors"><p class="label">Co-authors</p><p class="data">4</p></div></a><div class="js-mentions-count-container" style="display: none;"><a href="/PhilipEffiomEphraim/mentions"><div class="stat-container"><p class="label">Mentions</p><p class="data"></p></div></a></div><span><div class="stat-container"><p class="label"><span class="js-profile-total-view-text">Public Views</span></p><p class="data"><span class="js-profile-view-count"></span></p></div></span></div><div class="user-bio-container"><div class="profile-bio fake-truncate js-profile-about" style="margin: 0px;">Wigwe University - Associate Professor of Communication and Digital Media Studies<br />Digital media Culture  Society Social media  Music  Management<br /><div class="js-profile-less-about u-linkUnstyled u-tcGrayDarker u-textDecorationUnderline u-displayNone">less</div></div></div><div class="suggested-academics-container"><div class="suggested-academics--header"><p class="ds2-5-body-md-bold">Related Authors</p></div><ul class="suggested-user-card-list"><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a href="https://uprm.academia.edu/GregorioStephens"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Gregory Stephens" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/5104248/2233812/11895444/s200_gregorio.stephens.jpg" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://uprm.academia.edu/GregorioStephens">Gregory Stephens</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">University of Puerto Rico Mayaguez</p></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a href="https://kuleuven.academia.edu/SophieDufays"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Sophie Dufays" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/2639139/940265/78841761/s200_sophie.dufays.jpg" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://kuleuven.academia.edu/SophieDufays">Sophie Dufays</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">KU Leuven</p></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a href="https://upenn.academia.edu/SudevSheth"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Sudev Sheth" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/184434/18605011/38774672/s200_sudev.sheth.png" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://upenn.academia.edu/SudevSheth">Sudev Sheth</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">University of Pennsylvania</p></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/KetakiHirve"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" border="0" alt="" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://independent.academia.edu/KetakiHirve">Ketaki Hirve</a></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a href="https://ufscar-br.academia.edu/LucianaCorreadeAra%C3%BAjo"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Luciana Correa de Araújo" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/43684940/15342991/15990904/s200_luciana.correa_de_ara_jo.jpg" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://ufscar-br.academia.edu/LucianaCorreadeAra%C3%BAjo">Luciana Correa de Araújo</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">Universidade Federal De Sao Carlos</p></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a href="https://unibo.academia.edu/MonicaDallAsta"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Monica Dall'Asta" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/2713709/903513/1129125/s200_monica.dall_asta.jpg" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://unibo.academia.edu/MonicaDallAsta">Monica Dall'Asta</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">Università di Bologna</p></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/CarolinaPacheco64"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" border="0" alt="" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://independent.academia.edu/CarolinaPacheco64">Carolina Pacheco</a></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/MauraDonnelly1"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Maura Donnelly" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/175471021/99327385/88458431/s200_maura.donnelly.png" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MauraDonnelly1">Maura Donnelly</a></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/robround"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="rob round" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/71818492/30328678/28120967/s200_rob.round.jpg" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://independent.academia.edu/robround">rob round</a></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a href="https://ucl.academia.edu/BarbaraWyllie"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Barbara Wyllie" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/4579398/1904677/24194537/s200_barbara.wyllie.jpg" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://ucl.academia.edu/BarbaraWyllie">Barbara Wyllie</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">University College London</p></div></div></ul></div><div class="ri-section"><div class="ri-section-header"><span>Interests</span></div><div class="ri-tags-container"><a data-click-track="profile-user-info-expand-research-interests" data-has-card-for-ri-list="2572580" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Media"><div id="js-react-on-rails-context" style="display:none" data-rails-context="{"inMailer":false,"i18nLocale":"en","i18nDefaultLocale":"en","href":"https://aun-ng.academia.edu/PhilipEffiomEphraim","location":"/PhilipEffiomEphraim","scheme":"https","host":"aun-ng.academia.edu","port":null,"pathname":"/PhilipEffiomEphraim","search":null,"httpAcceptLanguage":null,"serverSide":false}"></div> <div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="Pill" data-props="{"color":"gray","children":["Social Media"]}" data-trace="false" data-dom-id="Pill-react-component-000b18bd-b09b-42a5-b2b0-306d96b18071"></div> <div id="Pill-react-component-000b18bd-b09b-42a5-b2b0-306d96b18071"></div> </a><a data-click-track="profile-user-info-expand-research-interests" data-has-card-for-ri-list="2572580" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mass_media_culture_and_society"><div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="Pill" data-props="{"color":"gray","children":["Mass media, culture and society"]}" data-trace="false" data-dom-id="Pill-react-component-f1235e45-5f2d-4d09-8214-014d245cb9b0"></div> <div id="Pill-react-component-f1235e45-5f2d-4d09-8214-014d245cb9b0"></div> </a><a data-click-track="profile-user-info-expand-research-interests" data-has-card-for-ri-list="2572580" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Media_Studies"><div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="Pill" data-props="{"color":"gray","children":["Critical Media Studies"]}" data-trace="false" data-dom-id="Pill-react-component-46d24df6-d99a-477b-b259-94ae7a974aed"></div> <div id="Pill-react-component-46d24df6-d99a-477b-b259-94ae7a974aed"></div> </a><a data-click-track="profile-user-info-expand-research-interests" data-has-card-for-ri-list="2572580" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Relations_and_Social_Media"><div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="Pill" data-props="{"color":"gray","children":["Public Relations \u0026 Social Media"]}" data-trace="false" data-dom-id="Pill-react-component-7c7d743c-a25a-4559-9eb2-884bf7c60a91"></div> <div id="Pill-react-component-7c7d743c-a25a-4559-9eb2-884bf7c60a91"></div> </a><a data-click-track="profile-user-info-expand-research-interests" data-has-card-for-ri-list="2572580" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_communication"><div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="Pill" data-props="{"color":"gray","children":["Political communication"]}" data-trace="false" data-dom-id="Pill-react-component-9ca52713-692c-4f2b-a38d-b8142c1e9e8c"></div> <div id="Pill-react-component-9ca52713-692c-4f2b-a38d-b8142c1e9e8c"></div> </a></div></div><div class="external-links-container"><ul class="profile-links new-profile js-UserInfo-social"><li class="profile-profiles js-social-profiles-container"><i class="fa fa-spin fa-spinner"></i></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="right-panel-container"><div class="user-content-wrapper"><div class="uploads-container" id="social-redesign-work-container"><div class="upload-header"><h2 class="ds2-5-heading-sans-serif-xs">Uploads</h2></div><div class="nav-container backbone-profile-documents-nav hidden-xs"><ul class="nav-tablist" role="tablist"><li class="nav-chip active" role="presentation"><a data-section-name="" data-toggle="tab" href="#all" role="tab">all</a></li><li class="nav-chip" role="presentation"><a class="js-profile-docs-nav-section u-textTruncate" data-click-track="profile-works-tab" data-section-name="Research-Articles" data-toggle="tab" href="#researcharticles" role="tab" title="Research Articles"><span>7</span> <span class="ds2-5-body-sm-bold">Research Articles</span></a></li><li class="nav-chip" role="presentation"><a class="js-profile-docs-nav-section u-textTruncate" data-click-track="profile-works-tab" data-section-name="Book-Chapters" data-toggle="tab" href="#bookchapters" role="tab" title="Book Chapters"><span>3</span> <span class="ds2-5-body-sm-bold">Book Chapters</span></a></li><li class="nav-chip" role="presentation"><a class="js-profile-docs-nav-section u-textTruncate" data-click-track="profile-works-tab" data-section-name="Book-Critiques" data-toggle="tab" href="#bookcritiques" role="tab" title="Book Critiques"><span>7</span> <span class="ds2-5-body-sm-bold">Book Critiques</span></a></li><li class="nav-chip" role="presentation"><a class="js-profile-docs-nav-section u-textTruncate" data-click-track="profile-works-tab" data-section-name="Books" data-toggle="tab" href="#books" role="tab" title="Books"><span>1</span> <span class="ds2-5-body-sm-bold">Books</span></a></li><li class="nav-chip more-tab" role="presentation"><a class="js-profile-documents-more-tab link-unstyled u-textTruncate" data-toggle="dropdown" role="tab">More  <i class="fa fa-chevron-down"></i></a><ul class="js-profile-documents-more-dropdown dropdown-menu dropdown-menu-right profile-documents-more-dropdown" role="menu"><li role="presentation"><a data-click-track="profile-works-tab" data-section-name="Academic-Blogs" data-toggle="tab" href="#academicblogs" role="tab" style="border: none;"><span>2</span> Academic Blogs</a></li><li role="presentation"><a data-click-track="profile-works-tab" data-section-name="Thesis-Chapters" data-toggle="tab" href="#thesischapters" role="tab" style="border: none;"><span>1</span> Thesis Chapters</a></li><li role="presentation"><a data-click-track="profile-works-tab" data-section-name="Papers" data-toggle="tab" href="#papers" role="tab" style="border: none;"><span>3</span> Papers</a></li></ul></li></ul></div><div class="divider ds-divider-16" style="margin: 0px;"></div><div class="documents-container backbone-social-profile-documents" style="width: 100%;"><div class="u-taCenter"></div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane active" id="all"><div class="profile--tab_heading_container js-section-heading" data-section="Research Articles" id="Research Articles"><h3 class="profile--tab_heading_container">Research Articles by Philip Effiom Ephraim</h3></div><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="124454723"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/124454723/Gamin_as_Heroine_A_Feminist_Critique_of_Chaplins_Modern_Times"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Gamin as Heroine: A Feminist Critique of Chaplin's Modern Times" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/118676666/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/124454723/Gamin_as_Heroine_A_Feminist_Critique_of_Chaplins_Modern_Times">Gamin as Heroine: A Feminist Critique of Chaplin's Modern Times</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>GAU Journal of Social and Applied Sciences 8 (1)</span><span>, 2016</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Till date, Charlie Chaplin"s films remain strong references for understanding the history of cine...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Till date, Charlie Chaplin"s films remain strong references for understanding the history of cinema and film, and indeed several significant socio-political and cultural developments currently experienced in the world. Improving representations of women in film and other media is just one of them. Relying on two feminist film theories, this study qualitatively evaluates representations of the female protagonist in Modern times. In the film, Chaplin departs from his earlier stereotypical representations of women as either vamps, suffragettes or in domestic roles. Chaplin"s portrayal of the gamin as a strong, industrious and resilient character who contributes immensely in making the hero, gives Modern Times strong pro-feminist pulses. The study argues that Modern Times can be viewed beyond the popular critical perspective of being a social commentary on the exploitation of human labor and the futility of pursuing happiness. Modern Times can also be referenced as a fine example of early feminist cinema.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="d4b293025eb8a00cc6d83e454ab7eaf8" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":118676666,"asset_id":124454723,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/118676666/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="124454723"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="124454723"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 124454723; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=124454723]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=124454723]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 124454723; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='124454723']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "d4b293025eb8a00cc6d83e454ab7eaf8" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=124454723]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":124454723,"title":"Gamin as Heroine: A Feminist Critique of Chaplin's Modern Times","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/124454723/Gamin_as_Heroine_A_Feminist_Critique_of_Chaplins_Modern_Times","owner_id":2572580,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":2572580,"first_name":"Philip Effiom","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Ephraim","page_name":"PhilipEffiomEphraim","domain_name":"aun-ng","created_at":"2012-09-27T13:55:06.563-07:00","display_name":"Philip Effiom Ephraim","url":"https://aun-ng.academia.edu/PhilipEffiomEphraim"},"attachments":[{"id":118676666,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/118676666/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Gamin_Chaplin_Philip.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/118676666/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Gamin_as_Heroine_A_Feminist_Critique_of.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/118676666/Gamin_Chaplin_Philip-libre.pdf?1728166220=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DGamin_as_Heroine_A_Feminist_Critique_of.pdf\u0026Expires=1740293090\u0026Signature=P0CV-3bNL6-kfMvWh59CIsq1FlUqUxAq8aBHUG2XIjAz1dmnXz1kOwTmuydnf56G7YW8fSRKZgnUUPb5VFkwGPOvRctqX34YZAaZOq0Bc4VmiHzDn4xX9ytLH3BSqo3vu97C4WbDSJ36wqpSFP9FQtNM4tJGX1i39Glg7MmdCyT3OyYLXiYI98L2KNZoLALBKyS8ikwuYNTceCGb0voM7i-CpFVnNVafUEyMn~XH-l5blEjuiBgOT6XiyUkSJHEYdBda0Tx~C5jRs6b2r0QMwvyujIECpaIuFg6nOftVvCWMaEUDf3qyYN9y74kB6WM8kf~ytEaWmT-Cb3jMnLPbLw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="43290575"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/43290575/_payusviaBVN_Social_Media_Lockdowns_and_Social_Welfare_in_Nigeria"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of #payusviaBVN: Social Media, Lockdowns and Social Welfare in Nigeria" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/63567299/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/43290575/_payusviaBVN_Social_Media_Lockdowns_and_Social_Welfare_in_Nigeria">#payusviaBVN: Social Media, Lockdowns and Social Welfare in Nigeria</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Quarantined Across Borders Media Rise Texas A & M University, USA</span><span>, 2020</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Nigerians are employing social media channels to call out the government’s corrupt practices, par...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Nigerians are employing social media channels to call out the government’s corrupt practices, particularly, the unequal distribution of monetary assistance meant for minimizing severe hardships caused by COVID-19 lockdowns.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="6ae9cce82711ac532be11ca84622a20e" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":63567299,"asset_id":43290575,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/63567299/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="43290575"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="43290575"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 43290575; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=43290575]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=43290575]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 43290575; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='43290575']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "6ae9cce82711ac532be11ca84622a20e" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=43290575]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":43290575,"title":"#payusviaBVN: Social Media, Lockdowns and Social Welfare in Nigeria","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/43290575/_payusviaBVN_Social_Media_Lockdowns_and_Social_Welfare_in_Nigeria","owner_id":2572580,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":2572580,"first_name":"Philip Effiom","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Ephraim","page_name":"PhilipEffiomEphraim","domain_name":"aun-ng","created_at":"2012-09-27T13:55:06.563-07:00","display_name":"Philip Effiom Ephraim","url":"https://aun-ng.academia.edu/PhilipEffiomEphraim"},"attachments":[{"id":63567299,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/63567299/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Philip__payusviaBVN_pub20200608-47982-1k9b507.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/63567299/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"payusviaBVN_Social_Media_Lockdowns_and.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/63567299/Philip__payusviaBVN_pub20200608-47982-1k9b507-libre.pdf?1591649633=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DpayusviaBVN_Social_Media_Lockdowns_and.pdf\u0026Expires=1740293090\u0026Signature=JRC20pzwtP~nBrCvnCprlZoAoq5l~NyEy~at~2dwOt9089PaQRTu04I7HUt7LO2ttSg2Nmk9i4~2HcGp-agjlvboCsaqxqz4kRgxhWQXoSJn9nv8vFObgzGv18UfhV3jZdMNrqNZyu3M7VuTT07ATOKVLv1qSXFpXA6eTX1sPQt5XQWlqD83QVfahse3-NS3vSncElBkgwqf0jgJcPbBCQ7fEcv0RmYLZR~JYvhv-zsugaEKIlXW87J3mZ9I-314nyW7D7kEZ13yDzl1zCm5AbH~Zgr2lMggXPG-lz6ZP3ReIeOIyyIqGFfK7QZbrjp51f5gpzCCgvtVq-DWa-6Mgg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="39874125"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/39874125/Louvre_Abu_Dhabi_Social_Media_in_Marketing_Culture"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Louvre Abu Dhabi: Social Media in Marketing Culture" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60064477/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/39874125/Louvre_Abu_Dhabi_Social_Media_in_Marketing_Culture">Louvre Abu Dhabi: Social Media in Marketing Culture</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Proceedings of the 5th World Conference on Media and Mass Communication, Vol. 5, 2019, pp. 49-57 </span><span>, 2019</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">For almost two decades, The United Arab Emirates (UAE) has been on a mission to boost its culture...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">For almost two decades, The United Arab Emirates (UAE) has been on a mission to boost its culture sector through projects that promote cultural enrichment, openness and tolerance, a move from previously conservative notions. The UAE's interest and commitment to developing its culture sector is anchored on its Cultural Mandate, a document highlighting the country's cultural vision for the next thirty years-the Abu Dhabi Vision 2030 Master plan. This new cultural movement has witnessed the birth of several new museums of which Louvre Abu Dhabi stands out as a museum that celebrates global cultures. In the wake of attractive new media technologies and new online audiences, museums are challenged to market themselves with new technologies in order to be attractive and remain relevant in contemporary society. A mixed analysis of data revealed Louvre Abu Dhabi's strategic use of social media to market its activities as well as promote the UAE. The study observed the use of only four social media including, Twitter, Facebook, YouTube and Instagram. Louvre Abu Dhabi applied the marketing technique of corporate foresight in media selection and strategic messaging through images, questions and creating audience anticipation. This study argues that through social media, Louvre Abu Dhabi is able to market its activities and events and promote the UAE to global audiences online. By providing digital platforms for attracting audiences and gaining feedback, social media helps Louvre Abu Dhabi to fulfill its cultural function of propagating intercultural understanding and tolerance in the UAE.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="aed7aa124dd7e40f7c363122259c909e" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":60064477,"asset_id":39874125,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60064477/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="39874125"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="39874125"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 39874125; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=39874125]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=39874125]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 39874125; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='39874125']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "aed7aa124dd7e40f7c363122259c909e" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=39874125]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":39874125,"title":"Louvre Abu Dhabi: Social Media in Marketing Culture","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/39874125/Louvre_Abu_Dhabi_Social_Media_in_Marketing_Culture","owner_id":2572580,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":2572580,"first_name":"Philip Effiom","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Ephraim","page_name":"PhilipEffiomEphraim","domain_name":"aun-ng","created_at":"2012-09-27T13:55:06.563-07:00","display_name":"Philip Effiom Ephraim","url":"https://aun-ng.academia.edu/PhilipEffiomEphraim"},"attachments":[{"id":60064477,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60064477/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Louvre_Abu_Dhabi_Marketing.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60064477/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Louvre_Abu_Dhabi_Social_Media_in_Marketi.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/60064477/Louvre_Abu_Dhabi_Marketing-libre.pdf?1563629171=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DLouvre_Abu_Dhabi_Social_Media_in_Marketi.pdf\u0026Expires=1740293090\u0026Signature=DeL6YWkYZL5oAgObkLvGvmw7PeP2rVfw0Paw9i4N6KxgmkdW73V8MhMhVIEdaocCcAkPtF-ZREzpKpdejivFKjgkey56KsHkzjIskohVMgoKbOErYh5zofmSSZUegeLueVZ7oMXzgbWpVuol66Y-2mpeAPbMC7X~9XmFoHGhVUNQyWFZ94w2DpMqK1EdFVUzwXgaQXIQcF0zj7sT2oajp1uKTX3r~cmAc2ScoAJFL6fUGBJ1zKm5YjBczbVmFQHYhXOX1m17ZeBSx6tgTQlFffS~9uTBHVvpan8fKDHPU544PV3OCkkwE4gEWBS2wf3Z3ViVZr-YXUy1V1Ym7XoOzQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="12909759"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/12909759/African_Youths_and_the_Dangers_of_Social_Networking_A_Culture_centered_Approach_to_using_social_media"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of African Youths and the Dangers of Social Networking: A Culture-centered Approach to using social media" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/37876986/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/12909759/African_Youths_and_the_Dangers_of_Social_Networking_A_Culture_centered_Approach_to_using_social_media">African Youths and the Dangers of Social Networking: A Culture-centered Approach to using social media</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Ethics and Information Technology</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">With rising numbers of Facebook, Twitter and MXit users, Africa is increasingly gaining prominenc...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">With rising numbers of Facebook, Twitter and<br />MXit users, Africa is increasingly gaining prominence in<br />the sphere of social networking. Social media is increasingly<br />becoming main stream; serving as important tools for<br />facilitating interpersonal communication, business and<br />educational activities. Qualitative analyses of relevant<br />secondary data show that children and youths aged<br />between 13 and 30 constitute Africa’s heaviest users of<br />social media. Media reports have revealed cases of abuse<br />on social media by youths. Social networks have severally<br />been used as tools for perpetuating crimes such as; cyberbullying<br />and violence against girls and women. This<br />study proposes a ‘Culture-centered Approach’ to the use of<br />social media in a bid to minimize these cybercrimes and<br />encourage the responsible use of social media amongst<br />African youths. The Culture-centered Approach, which<br />incorporates the tenets of Information Ethics, stresses the<br />need for the respect of the dignity and rights of other online<br />users as well the application of good cultural values and<br />ethical behavior while on social media platforms.<br /><br />Keywords: Social networking, Cyberbullying <br />Cyber violence, Culture-centered approach</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="bf01bdb10f20602148db82e935639e9e" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":37876986,"asset_id":12909759,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/37876986/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="12909759"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="12909759"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12909759; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12909759]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12909759]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12909759; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='12909759']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "bf01bdb10f20602148db82e935639e9e" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=12909759]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":12909759,"title":"African Youths and the Dangers of Social Networking: A Culture-centered Approach to using social media","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/12909759/African_Youths_and_the_Dangers_of_Social_Networking_A_Culture_centered_Approach_to_using_social_media","owner_id":2572580,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":2572580,"first_name":"Philip Effiom","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Ephraim","page_name":"PhilipEffiomEphraim","domain_name":"aun-ng","created_at":"2012-09-27T13:55:06.563-07:00","display_name":"Philip Effiom Ephraim","url":"https://aun-ng.academia.edu/PhilipEffiomEphraim"},"attachments":[{"id":37876986,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/37876986/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"My_Published_paper_Ethichs_and_Information.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/37876986/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"African_Youths_and_the_Dangers_of_Social.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/37876986/My_Published_paper_Ethichs_and_Information-libre.pdf?1433966940=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DAfrican_Youths_and_the_Dangers_of_Social.pdf\u0026Expires=1740293090\u0026Signature=Y8RwS3aXwt8JFI~iGn9F46WNczeyWuNt5Yqnjda8ndmi9YTUlZkMVQia1yYCV6KMxB8Zxy1Y9rRZ1sqoJ-LT~8pcsBTwSuIaR7MuVM7AmCycxlEnSlCmOqTEA3ewllDT3FtIbz~DRhfM7OY-68KX5N8-brQO14tgtqagUM~1INa~hW~ElUWmsF-sxN9xbHs9PL9nVbgiJLNXb1gDJOQVsvAu1nrw5Sb7lIt9Zysc5G6YKynKqs0DRT8CBoo9u-E2DGmuGJgYaTAujbe9nECi-OwehbJrhfLYcKx6T5bB5rj1unFq0QSRqedf3ph6sbOafv5r4qJFuauxcS3xUpVWRQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="30691213"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/30691213/Transparency_and_Ethical_Considerations_in_Business_Organizations_A_Comparative_Case_Study_of_Crisis_Relations_Strategies_of_Volkswagen_and_Mitsubishi_Motors"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Transparency and Ethical Considerations in Business Organizations: A Comparative Case Study of Crisis Relations Strategies of Volkswagen and Mitsubishi Motors" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/52245591/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/30691213/Transparency_and_Ethical_Considerations_in_Business_Organizations_A_Comparative_Case_Study_of_Crisis_Relations_Strategies_of_Volkswagen_and_Mitsubishi_Motors">Transparency and Ethical Considerations in Business Organizations: A Comparative Case Study of Crisis Relations Strategies of Volkswagen and Mitsubishi Motors</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The strongest global brands can suffer loss or even ruin in the event of crisis. The effective ma...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The strongest global brands can suffer loss or even ruin in the event of crisis. The effective management of communications during crisis is essential to ensuring that trust is rebuilt and dented brand image is quickly repaired. This study qualitatively evaluated how communication strategies were employed by Volkswagen and Mitsubishi to recent corporate cases.Guided by Coombs and Benoit’s crisis management theories, the study compares both strategies in terms of: timeliness of response, media selection and rhetoric of messages. Analyses of primary and secondary data show that both Volkswagen and Mitsubishi breached corporate values and were not transparent to stakeholders worldwide. The study argues that Volkswagen ignored early warnings, thus resorting to post-crisis communications using varieties of media with a mixture of apology and sales marketing activities. Mitsubishi’s response strategies were timelier and voluntary. Mitsubishi employed fewer media and maintained rhetoric with a strong appeal to pathos</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="2a290adfe9f64a2b2a807b34741571dd" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":52245591,"asset_id":30691213,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/52245591/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="30691213"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="30691213"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 30691213; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=30691213]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=30691213]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 30691213; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='30691213']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "2a290adfe9f64a2b2a807b34741571dd" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=30691213]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":30691213,"title":"Transparency and Ethical Considerations in Business Organizations: A Comparative Case Study of Crisis Relations Strategies of Volkswagen and Mitsubishi Motors","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/30691213/Transparency_and_Ethical_Considerations_in_Business_Organizations_A_Comparative_Case_Study_of_Crisis_Relations_Strategies_of_Volkswagen_and_Mitsubishi_Motors","owner_id":2572580,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":2572580,"first_name":"Philip Effiom","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Ephraim","page_name":"PhilipEffiomEphraim","domain_name":"aun-ng","created_at":"2012-09-27T13:55:06.563-07:00","display_name":"Philip Effiom Ephraim","url":"https://aun-ng.academia.edu/PhilipEffiomEphraim"},"attachments":[{"id":52245591,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/52245591/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Transparency_and_Ethical_Considerations_in_Business.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/52245591/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Transparency_and_Ethical_Considerations.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/52245591/Transparency_and_Ethical_Considerations_in_Business-libre.pdf?1490144233=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DTransparency_and_Ethical_Considerations.pdf\u0026Expires=1740293090\u0026Signature=DZWmU19PIXFx6-YeQ5PRSBKdmzpfgvD4k5uSOiilwM-nhDyRMs1Ml3-HCk~DxS82rNzDiCtxXhQ2eeRX3N~Szu85nWBXRMxlU2XdVTnIy8P7FulW4RiyEYVC2NRoBy8GV5hIvEeXY3hk1b-L~ffxOMArXs1QdE8lbrDomzpAWTuVZFLOEmR-vjKqijeT2eq1ne4J~CXZNfeUlbRgbrYjY9kEOGvGHNLBI2O7NufhGm5MK4gl~U~Vcu8ohJ9MBFl4UPW99lX-xyo0QlkMBGkHPtaBRcRqR8LCjgE5cV-3s0jzbnJ~VEEh5fBHkyzJeNL81dXkATCn~x8ONN57EkdJIg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="30243062"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/30243062/New_media_new_voices_satirical_representations_of_Nigerias_socio_politics_in_Ogas_at_the_top"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of New media-new voices: satirical representations of Nigeria's socio-politics in Ogas at the top" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/52245750/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/30243062/New_media_new_voices_satirical_representations_of_Nigerias_socio_politics_in_Ogas_at_the_top">New media-new voices: satirical representations of Nigeria's socio-politics in Ogas at the top</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://aun-ng.academia.edu/PhilipEffiomEphraim">Philip Effiom Ephraim</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://gau-tr.academia.edu/TutkuAkterG%C3%B6ka%C5%9Fan">Tutku Akter Gökaşan</a>, and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://aui.academia.edu/MartinGansinger">Martin A M Gansinger</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">New media are increasingly providing spaces and opportunities for media houses and activist group...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">New media are increasingly providing spaces and opportunities for<br />media houses and activist groups engaged in socio-political reform<br />in Africa. In Nigeria, social media are becoming platforms for<br />communicating messages of resistance against oppressive<br />political and exploitative economic power structures. This study<br />analyzed Ogas at the top (OATT), an online puppetry series by<br />Buni TV, as a way of examining new platforms and message<br />content in Nigeria’s rapidly changing media sphere. Relying on<br />semiotics and critical discourse analysis perspectives, the study<br />analyzed select episodes of the series, to gauge how producers<br />constructed powerful visual and linguistic messages to boldly<br />satirize social injustices perpetrated by Nigeria’s political elites.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="1a25c5a5432b5ed7fbf8ad6d4655c846" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":52245750,"asset_id":30243062,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/52245750/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="30243062"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="30243062"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 30243062; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=30243062]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=30243062]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 30243062; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='30243062']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "1a25c5a5432b5ed7fbf8ad6d4655c846" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=30243062]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":30243062,"title":"New media-new voices: satirical representations of Nigeria's socio-politics in Ogas at the top","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/30243062/New_media_new_voices_satirical_representations_of_Nigerias_socio_politics_in_Ogas_at_the_top","owner_id":2572580,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":2572580,"first_name":"Philip Effiom","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Ephraim","page_name":"PhilipEffiomEphraim","domain_name":"aun-ng","created_at":"2012-09-27T13:55:06.563-07:00","display_name":"Philip Effiom Ephraim","url":"https://aun-ng.academia.edu/PhilipEffiomEphraim"},"attachments":[{"id":52245750,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/52245750/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"New_media_new_voices_satirical_representations_of_Nigeria_s_socio_politics_in_Ogas_at_the_top.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/52245750/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"New_media_new_voices_satirical_represent.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/52245750/New_media_new_voices_satirical_representations_of_Nigeria_s_socio_politics_in_Ogas_at_the_top-libre.pdf?1490144930=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DNew_media_new_voices_satirical_represent.pdf\u0026Expires=1740288219\u0026Signature=UCE8poQwqCC4CpkuQeDdGh203nPDn8z4uOzTYJ4fBPAn-4cX9A6lgddwO8Gry1i6TeWplQIXL4MAd47~FvdKT8eAG-pBWFezQgidPpoeGuahJ-ddoe1QG54yabOEo9H21~JPbOwfFW7Da7scEaZrpmc4CBeu3Pnoi1Iq0WhovGq-l8PUi4S6nhB~Bmd6afRfUjPQcEzcFLCnPieX0wuHsAu89WK1xs2~2i-HfUTNz~oMmXFEUf1moA428AZWh6yl2jl04sIm-FYPiVVeBdZ2-V6SaxoA33mwrNvQXE5sVY~Uw-i9VJ6SsfLztOOpATdF5Z9qhMuk9Gs89sopMqI0gA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="12960951"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/12960951/The_Constraints_of_Internet_Based_English_Testing_Appraising_the_Nigerian_Experience_of_TOFEL"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Constraints of Internet-Based English Testing: Appraising the Nigerian Experience of TOFEL" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/101712839/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/12960951/The_Constraints_of_Internet_Based_English_Testing_Appraising_the_Nigerian_Experience_of_TOFEL">The Constraints of Internet-Based English Testing: Appraising the Nigerian Experience of TOFEL</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Currents in African Literature and the English Language</span><span>, 2011</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">A TOEFL score is often a basic requirement for Nigerians applying for admissions, scholarships, j...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">A TOEFL score is often a basic requirement for Nigerians applying for admissions, scholarships, jobs, and training overseas. TOEFL — the test of English as a foreign language; measures the English language proficiency of non-native speakers at undergraduate and graduate levels. In Nigeria, the Internet Based Test (IBT) is currently the only method of taking TOEFL. Being academically demanding and highly digitized; TOEFL tests also require oral and written proficiency in the United States variety of English, access to and knowledge of the use of computers and related ICTs amongst other socio-economic conditions. As shown in this research, these requirements often pose challenges to Nigerians. From data gathered through participant observation and oral interviews with 3 administrators and 37 candidates at three major test centers in Nigeria; this research identifies technological, financial, linguistic, socio-cultural, and proximity constraints which impede the process of administering and taking TOEFL in Nigeria. From the findings, this research also gathers that these constraints adversely affect the candidates' overall performance directly and indirectly. Recommendations are made to test administrators, prospective candidates as well as the Nigerian government towards the improvement of the whole process of TOEFL in Nigeria.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="6f79b104a21e5733184bbaa8af6d3c1f" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":101712839,"asset_id":12960951,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/101712839/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="12960951"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="12960951"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12960951; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12960951]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12960951]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12960951; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='12960951']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "6f79b104a21e5733184bbaa8af6d3c1f" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=12960951]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":12960951,"title":"The Constraints of Internet-Based English Testing: Appraising the Nigerian Experience of TOFEL","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/12960951/The_Constraints_of_Internet_Based_English_Testing_Appraising_the_Nigerian_Experience_of_TOFEL","owner_id":2572580,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":2572580,"first_name":"Philip Effiom","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Ephraim","page_name":"PhilipEffiomEphraim","domain_name":"aun-ng","created_at":"2012-09-27T13:55:06.563-07:00","display_name":"Philip Effiom Ephraim","url":"https://aun-ng.academia.edu/PhilipEffiomEphraim"},"attachments":[{"id":101712839,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/101712839/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"The_Constraints_of_Internet_Based_Englis.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/101712839/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"The_Constraints_of_Internet_Based_Englis.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/101712839/The_Constraints_of_Internet_Based_Englis.pdf?1682975204=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DThe_Constraints_of_Internet_Based_Englis.pdf\u0026Expires=1740293090\u0026Signature=T2uZyLDmeolWm~rJlujB5Hv9~vbAI8azcPGyG3wYqHFR-DoGHpDhjdqVA7MhtRuyrvptdOlSRKE3EsLO08CrvB~GQCwUig1q5~tBhL4de3h3Ak7WetcZ-JzWD8ASLlfwsCB4irGz8KZlkZ7qs4v2oUc4HqlzCVHbWpUs~g~RiHLHBL~PPNBbENZPwzWfeIm4JthigwekSYIS9KHc6r8Y02ZA0RkPyhp1gCz8PmagTQe2LAm0cSCq7YnmFCvDtWyKPIpcseVjZ3buHL7BsfLgXTZ344YyHWbGXq4uzpEpZHoVN5j1AVipm7G77WnncAZA8R8Djod-H0quaidvyTUjTw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="profile--tab_heading_container js-section-heading" data-section="Book Chapters" id="Book Chapters"><h3 class="profile--tab_heading_container">Book Chapters by Philip Effiom Ephraim</h3></div><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="44201201"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/44201201/The_Potentials_of_Radio_in_Combating_Misinformation_about_COVID_19_in_Nigeria"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Potentials of Radio in Combating Misinformation about COVID-19 in Nigeria" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/64564918/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/44201201/The_Potentials_of_Radio_in_Combating_Misinformation_about_COVID_19_in_Nigeria">The Potentials of Radio in Combating Misinformation about COVID-19 in Nigeria</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Fake News Is Bad News - Hoaxes, Half-truths and the Nature of Today’s Journalism</span><span>, 2020</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Radio remains an important mass medium in Nigeria and across Africa. Issues of power availability...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Radio remains an important mass medium in Nigeria and across Africa. Issues of<br />power availability, internet connectivity, and media costs, make radio a highly sort<br />after medium for public information. However, the potentials of radio in efforts to<br />combat misinformation about COVID-19 are yet to be fully exploited in Nigeria.<br />Extant efforts have mostly focused on live press briefings, TV programming, SMS,<br />and social media messaging. Media sources show that the spread of misinformation<br />about the pandemic in the country is rife. This chapter critically evaluates the<br />state of radio in Nigeria and proposes various strategies for utilizing its resources<br />in efforts to debunk and minimize the spread of misinformation, with wider<br />implications for Africa.<br />Keywords: radio, misinformation, COVID-19, Nigeria, Africa</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="8964e660e637941d4d7ea5081f7b28b6" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":64564918,"asset_id":44201201,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/64564918/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="44201201"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="44201201"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44201201; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=44201201]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=44201201]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44201201; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='44201201']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "8964e660e637941d4d7ea5081f7b28b6" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=44201201]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":44201201,"title":"The Potentials of Radio in Combating Misinformation about COVID-19 in Nigeria","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/44201201/The_Potentials_of_Radio_in_Combating_Misinformation_about_COVID_19_in_Nigeria","owner_id":2572580,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":2572580,"first_name":"Philip Effiom","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Ephraim","page_name":"PhilipEffiomEphraim","domain_name":"aun-ng","created_at":"2012-09-27T13:55:06.563-07:00","display_name":"Philip Effiom Ephraim","url":"https://aun-ng.academia.edu/PhilipEffiomEphraim"},"attachments":[{"id":64564918,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/64564918/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"The_Potentials_of_Radio_Misinformation_COVID-19.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/64564918/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"The_Potentials_of_Radio_in_Combating_Mis.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/64564918/The_Potentials_of_Radio_Misinformation_COVID-19-libre.pdf?1601479206=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DThe_Potentials_of_Radio_in_Combating_Mis.pdf\u0026Expires=1740293090\u0026Signature=ZiaU0QjypogOdIMtjGX2yG6KB0u9gQvgtSawak~nCBG-5MNcObvtbPioEkjXxe5Rf6gspZTlhoj643igODrTw8yPoTHEY2uoXNWBlIt-HP5dkGU0Nlo8G8gnaT99foJdKkNd07j1WfsqplCne7k8mvImte712~rNl3r0VporTC-rgwk4UxWESNDenSaWRcBr3ORdOnPlxvB2b6zLEunvwBORdsaoP-uAuq3gZjh~lZUdogCs5zBadJwDP7Ne6R5Ez9NCIQW11fQBkNQYjwu30OLTlhxCcWIoW42IIWDmGRg9kOo6kaInEBXagLJcgJjl3yLhyPBiZdwr5zZH1KJPQg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="32331989"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/32331989/Whistleblowing_and_Social_Responsibility_in_a_Surveillance_System_Appraising_the_Morality_of_the_Snowden_Disclosures"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Whistleblowing and Social Responsibility in a Surveillance System: Appraising the Morality of the Snowden Disclosures" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/52542154/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/32331989/Whistleblowing_and_Social_Responsibility_in_a_Surveillance_System_Appraising_the_Morality_of_the_Snowden_Disclosures">Whistleblowing and Social Responsibility in a Surveillance System: Appraising the Morality of the Snowden Disclosures</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="dca3225d84e8703b6518fa61ae965a27" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":52542154,"asset_id":32331989,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/52542154/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="32331989"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="32331989"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 32331989; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=32331989]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=32331989]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 32331989; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='32331989']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "dca3225d84e8703b6518fa61ae965a27" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=32331989]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":32331989,"title":"Whistleblowing and Social Responsibility in a Surveillance System: Appraising the Morality of the Snowden Disclosures","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/32331989/Whistleblowing_and_Social_Responsibility_in_a_Surveillance_System_Appraising_the_Morality_of_the_Snowden_Disclosures","owner_id":2572580,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":2572580,"first_name":"Philip Effiom","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Ephraim","page_name":"PhilipEffiomEphraim","domain_name":"aun-ng","created_at":"2012-09-27T13:55:06.563-07:00","display_name":"Philip Effiom Ephraim","url":"https://aun-ng.academia.edu/PhilipEffiomEphraim"},"attachments":[{"id":52542154,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/52542154/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Whistleblowing_and_Social_Responsibility_full.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/52542154/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Whistleblowing_and_Social_Responsibility.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/52542154/Whistleblowing_and_Social_Responsibility_full-libre.pdf?1491644707=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DWhistleblowing_and_Social_Responsibility.pdf\u0026Expires=1740293090\u0026Signature=ZmzDWa92GFThIWllzUlkbaxOQy2Yox7ffaIVUD88Lstywmz6TuWsBaRnBuvmh~yybosP52w8Mr8kF2houbDrKAWOWqYx4QiLOQkD8wBIB2xG-woQQJkh4ltSPALEMrp3OMLuG0AYvDi-THG86zjjeKOPCRlFkyGiE1NIoe~WKClfM89w6DMWZ7Rgja~b5e4YuvWzxjkwvtktwHcA2lDNeUiEuUaospnKnIV-oA6vJhcl6M~Sc60B1j6Q0bSF8zqaUuWq54LOAhV74ExPfmuQvxQ9yHT1Pi1uv1yZe5MyDWCIYz7sTJaWot602mTmjra2l97823uQK~WhexN4ljU1Yw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="25191856"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/25191856/Nigerian_Media_in_Transition_From_Folk_to_Viral_Comparative_Analysis_of_Kwaghir_Puppet_Theater_and_Ogas_at_the_top"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Nigerian Media in Transition – From Folk to Viral: Comparative Analysis of Kwaghir Puppet Theater and Ogas at the top" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/52542071/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/25191856/Nigerian_Media_in_Transition_From_Folk_to_Viral_Comparative_Analysis_of_Kwaghir_Puppet_Theater_and_Ogas_at_the_top">Nigerian Media in Transition – From Folk to Viral: Comparative Analysis of Kwaghir Puppet Theater and Ogas at the top</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Roots Reloaded: Culture, Identity and Social Development in the Digital Age</span><span>, 2016</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="8202efab429b9c13021120e4908cab31" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":52542071,"asset_id":25191856,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/52542071/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="25191856"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="25191856"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 25191856; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=25191856]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=25191856]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 25191856; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='25191856']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "8202efab429b9c13021120e4908cab31" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=25191856]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":25191856,"title":"Nigerian Media in Transition – From Folk to Viral: Comparative Analysis of Kwaghir Puppet Theater and Ogas at the top","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/25191856/Nigerian_Media_in_Transition_From_Folk_to_Viral_Comparative_Analysis_of_Kwaghir_Puppet_Theater_and_Ogas_at_the_top","owner_id":2572580,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":2572580,"first_name":"Philip Effiom","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Ephraim","page_name":"PhilipEffiomEphraim","domain_name":"aun-ng","created_at":"2012-09-27T13:55:06.563-07:00","display_name":"Philip Effiom Ephraim","url":"https://aun-ng.academia.edu/PhilipEffiomEphraim"},"attachments":[{"id":52542071,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/52542071/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Nigerian_Media_in_Transition_From_Folk_t.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/52542071/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Nigerian_Media_in_Transition_From_Folk_t.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/52542071/Nigerian_Media_in_Transition_From_Folk_t-libre.pdf?1491644432=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DNigerian_Media_in_Transition_From_Folk_t.pdf\u0026Expires=1740293090\u0026Signature=ZljP2m05Bs06Q-RsdN0AWDKq080saxL6It4FE03BJP1qk5Pds9b75D2wGOcoeoT40Zd7kgucCNZ6MJ74YfiPHddFuwY~doH2jgf8ssHpm1op-fKV5lXX16Tj1kz8-oGY9bf7Veu8X0AR2ErbvoxpwA0zL8i5OWPbSq60-ttUqam9dXxHadhkpL9uT5Tkkf74zsOEqv0SqWF7fbCY83MtqccTi2yhUr8-QkM29zdJUwjROq2Y23BgGV9-zWbq4Km0oiJeHVTJwllnDjQK4Ff4ipqu3JohRe2F4uMjYMeBr4Gn7zWJ2g8OhDxIY7RqURkgXHJ1gskAcLuFnrPshOU-bQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="profile--tab_heading_container js-section-heading" data-section="Book Critiques" id="Book Critiques"><h3 class="profile--tab_heading_container">Book Critiques by Philip Effiom Ephraim</h3></div><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="105490496"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/105490496/Book_Review_Public_relations_history_Theory_practice_and_profession_Cayce_Myers"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Book Review: Public relations history: Theory, practice, and profession - Cayce Myers" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/104930716/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/105490496/Book_Review_Public_relations_history_Theory_practice_and_profession_Cayce_Myers">Book Review: Public relations history: Theory, practice, and profession - Cayce Myers</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Public Relations Inquiry</span><span>, 2023</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Public relations – the management of persuasive communications between individuals or organizatio...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Public relations – the management of persuasive communications between individuals or organizations and their various publics, has had an interesting history. Public relations developed from traditional forms in various cultures, through press agentry, up until World Wars I and II, when it was combined with various mass media to create propaganda, further peace efforts, and promote contemporary globalization (Ephraim, 2014).In Public Relations History: Theory, Practice, and Profession, Cayce Myers, Associate Professor and Director of Graduate Studies in the Department of Communication, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, USA, argues that the history of public relations is multi-layered and a bit messy. It is full of good and bad deeds of people who sought to leverage public relations for self-serving purposes.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="0756e48f432523d791480988369aaac2" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":104930716,"asset_id":105490496,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/104930716/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="105490496"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="105490496"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 105490496; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=105490496]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=105490496]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 105490496; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='105490496']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "0756e48f432523d791480988369aaac2" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=105490496]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":105490496,"title":"Book Review: Public relations history: Theory, practice, and profession - Cayce Myers","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/105490496/Book_Review_Public_relations_history_Theory_practice_and_profession_Cayce_Myers","owner_id":2572580,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":2572580,"first_name":"Philip Effiom","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Ephraim","page_name":"PhilipEffiomEphraim","domain_name":"aun-ng","created_at":"2012-09-27T13:55:06.563-07:00","display_name":"Philip Effiom Ephraim","url":"https://aun-ng.academia.edu/PhilipEffiomEphraim"},"attachments":[{"id":104930716,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/104930716/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"PR_Hist_Book_Review.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/104930716/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Book_Review_Public_relations_history_The.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/104930716/PR_Hist_Book_Review-libre.pdf?1691766631=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DBook_Review_Public_relations_history_The.pdf\u0026Expires=1740293090\u0026Signature=f6rHZrc4LsiphzoqS5WUrfsrZa9Se5qyfiUIrCK09vhd43DvGpCHqZBrggTj4SkLmEDEXyjA~s8YBOi-vhgXJQJNRbeMrZYX9m6yjfBYLWPaKGqsEfZqbhJHUUUEZk08Xk~MzZXAV28Oi-smfjtzMF7Mly0qVIvlOQT4Fzp8nue1Hi7IRxiOcLj1QsRuYMd1C-GrdrpHxpT7r1zTb4V2-W~I8lwigP1eqU0m3j9JhP1-nBnQuwBk4qUjW6lgaSr-Lxitkz1mudBk4iV832ddvADgsezOik3dyvfYjeMumtFrIyLeEZeSmuiTL7IaMZ8N3NSLxCKXUh526D8adR6A0Q__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="103524282"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/103524282/Igor_E_Kylukanov_Communication_A_House_Seen_from_Everywhere"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Igor E. Kylukanov, Communication: A House Seen from Everywhere" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/103508626/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/103524282/Igor_E_Kylukanov_Communication_A_House_Seen_from_Everywhere">Igor E. Kylukanov, Communication: A House Seen from Everywhere</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>International Journal of Communication</span><span>, 2023</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Communication is the vehicle through which knowledge is gained and disseminated, hence, its stron...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Communication is the vehicle through which knowledge is gained and disseminated, hence, its strong connection with philosophy-the love of knowledge. To philosophize, one must communicate. To understand communication, we must subject it to philosophical inquiry (Muhammad, 2016). In Communication: A House Seen From Everywhere, Igor E. Klyukanov, professor of global and intercultural communications at Eastern Washington University, presents a philosophical and contemplative analysis of the nature of communication studies. The author examines the origins, meanings, and functions of communication as a philosophy and as a science. Through the chapters, the author provides an expansive conceptualization of communication, describing it as a natural, social, cultural, and rational science, in what is modeled as a semiotic square in chapter six.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="cb47e2ecc37d187faafa66a3f65f7519" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":103508626,"asset_id":103524282,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/103508626/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="103524282"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="103524282"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 103524282; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=103524282]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=103524282]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 103524282; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='103524282']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "cb47e2ecc37d187faafa66a3f65f7519" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=103524282]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":103524282,"title":"Igor E. Kylukanov, Communication: A House Seen from Everywhere","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/103524282/Igor_E_Kylukanov_Communication_A_House_Seen_from_Everywhere","owner_id":2572580,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":2572580,"first_name":"Philip Effiom","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Ephraim","page_name":"PhilipEffiomEphraim","domain_name":"aun-ng","created_at":"2012-09-27T13:55:06.563-07:00","display_name":"Philip Effiom Ephraim","url":"https://aun-ng.academia.edu/PhilipEffiomEphraim"},"attachments":[{"id":103508626,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/103508626/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Book_Review_A_House_Seen_from_Everywhere.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/103508626/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Igor_E_Kylukanov_Communication_A_House_S.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/103508626/Book_Review_A_House_Seen_from_Everywhere-libre.pdf?1687116085=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DIgor_E_Kylukanov_Communication_A_House_S.pdf\u0026Expires=1740293090\u0026Signature=fz0s8HNx2T7UOOo8jypgjfnzkhNpkJcHKh1kLc2gUTMg0LZ3eQ~jso2sw26dEFM9UoW-xvMsfz9WMdgFOzdYxT4LPlFADZDCXhMVL0slLHqzeM45m8Atv2z78caaaSdIMc3jFS699n95rr3q7QRGoMfn~WyOrLMyKGwKPIi4zzVZenGInCe4LIeq-XsVXCcyZdQSfbHtS7Raqbpc~Fj2Ukw940aGhXy~O~NyKYmjem23jeaL6~XaofAZVAT2Oe3Vjg4z9MOAIdDSBzFfDMBkSeWTfU7hVHwi-IZ2rV4MsJKwmkaJFMrAcnYMDT~gKBLo4UYSKHSmlDUOzdEVVXbx3A__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="29808019"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/29808019/Muted_Modernists_The_Struggle_Over_Divine_Politics_in_Saudi_Arabia"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Muted Modernists: The Struggle Over Divine Politics in Saudi Arabia" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/51637784/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/29808019/Muted_Modernists_The_Struggle_Over_Divine_Politics_in_Saudi_Arabia">Muted Modernists: The Struggle Over Divine Politics in Saudi Arabia</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>London School of Economics and Political Science Book Reviews</span><span>, 2016</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">In Muted Modernists: The Struggle Over Divine Politics in Saudi Arabia , Madawi Al-Rasheed challe...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">In Muted Modernists: The Struggle Over Divine Politics in Saudi Arabia , Madawi Al-Rasheed challenges<br />monolithic understandings of official and opposition divine politics in Saudi Arabia by examining how activists,<br />intellectuals and religious scholars are attempting to construct a new form of politics through reinterpretation of key<br />Islamic texts and civil society activism. This is an important and insightful read that contributes to scholarship on<br />changing socio-political and cultural dynamics within the Middle East and the influence of media and communication<br />technologies on political participation, writes Philip Effiom Ephraim.<br />Muted Modernists: The Struggle over Divine Politics in Saudi Arabia . Madawi Al-Rasheed. Hurst. 2015.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="3244c340ca5fe52bc4377d16bc95ae7b" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":51637784,"asset_id":29808019,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/51637784/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="29808019"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="29808019"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 29808019; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=29808019]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=29808019]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 29808019; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='29808019']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "3244c340ca5fe52bc4377d16bc95ae7b" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=29808019]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":29808019,"title":"Muted Modernists: The Struggle Over Divine Politics in Saudi Arabia","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/29808019/Muted_Modernists_The_Struggle_Over_Divine_Politics_in_Saudi_Arabia","owner_id":2572580,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":2572580,"first_name":"Philip Effiom","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Ephraim","page_name":"PhilipEffiomEphraim","domain_name":"aun-ng","created_at":"2012-09-27T13:55:06.563-07:00","display_name":"Philip Effiom Ephraim","url":"https://aun-ng.academia.edu/PhilipEffiomEphraim"},"attachments":[{"id":51637784,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/51637784/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"LSE_Muted_Modernists_.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/51637784/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Muted_Modernists_The_Struggle_Over_Divin.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/51637784/LSE_Muted_Modernists_-libre.pdf?1486232403=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DMuted_Modernists_The_Struggle_Over_Divin.pdf\u0026Expires=1740293090\u0026Signature=LQFy-MNosd4mTeO0FuXfbkNuJY~zHg5XSILxE4REcOgqFhc~NIEuNIp9bBSVVTKRJTINeCfJrUWmfHso2T4gsowzTTw6mjFLWMBb6OnVPqORhrt0lbbuqgaoPQR9CPvkjS67YSJ~qTEY1pCd6gF~Spubi4Ce~N62GoKMMxjiYRLrhKY~yqbTiSl6RWW4D-3Zoui0-eatc7GvgvIptJHCPLFhGN7PQZQzdtnFO4yAYPU3oAcs~qBYh~n4Lphu85ygl3E3~L2wunui7pREZWbbADRnRZweB-kgiZT94STm176sx4BxZJvx5C5wnVRhVpZzUlTgmffvGDjgdD5jrRZFQw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="100354475"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/100354475/Larry_D_Kelly_Advertising_Management_in_a_Digital_Environment_Text_and_Cases"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Larry D. Kelly, Advertising Management in a Digital Environment: Text and Cases" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/101201878/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/100354475/Larry_D_Kelly_Advertising_Management_in_a_Digital_Environment_Text_and_Cases">Larry D. Kelly, Advertising Management in a Digital Environment: Text and Cases</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Marketing Communications</span><span>, 2023</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">In Advertising Management in a Digital Environment: Text and Cases, by Larry D. Kelley, Professor...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">In Advertising Management in a Digital Environment: Text and Cases, by Larry D. Kelley, Professor of Advertising at the Jack J. Valenti School of Communication at the University of Houston, and Kim Bartel Sheehan, Professor, and Director of the master’s in Advertising and Brand Responsibility at the University of Oregon, provide knowledge to help readers navigate the complex and sensitive digital marketing space. The book addresses historical and contemporary issues in advertising management. The authors stress the importance of the case study method in analyzing real-life and realistic business challenges in the digital world. Through case study analyses, the reader can learn how these challenges were effectively surmounted or poorly managed.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="f9a83d5362aedf5d59a196c8f217e6bb" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":101201878,"asset_id":100354475,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/101201878/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="100354475"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="100354475"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 100354475; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=100354475]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=100354475]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 100354475; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='100354475']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "f9a83d5362aedf5d59a196c8f217e6bb" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=100354475]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":100354475,"title":"Larry D. Kelly, Advertising Management in a Digital Environment: Text and Cases","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/100354475/Larry_D_Kelly_Advertising_Management_in_a_Digital_Environment_Text_and_Cases","owner_id":2572580,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":2572580,"first_name":"Philip Effiom","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Ephraim","page_name":"PhilipEffiomEphraim","domain_name":"aun-ng","created_at":"2012-09-27T13:55:06.563-07:00","display_name":"Philip Effiom Ephraim","url":"https://aun-ng.academia.edu/PhilipEffiomEphraim"},"attachments":[{"id":101201878,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/101201878/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Advertising_Management_in_a_Digital_Environment_Text_and_Cases.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/101201878/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Larry_D_Kelly_Advertising_Management_in.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/101201878/Advertising_Management_in_a_Digital_Environment_Text_and_Cases-libre.pdf?1681777532=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DLarry_D_Kelly_Advertising_Management_in.pdf\u0026Expires=1740293090\u0026Signature=KynK5bFty4ceHbEkrFIDwKFQw5bNzFxjZldAjInT72sSTJYqtHT3WG-61S1ulOUL-s6~v-RtnNdVwSl09qflaDSIRP~yQe1ASXbKIiHTTSfTxl-OcXX8AMiN3fsrkj5C1Nt8f89Y2rn58~WXD61MPj3mSSp25clMdU6Jbm6rNMCDDGKDM3UaR~tFKM6nwHGPPL8BAloTWTKcruXEMUE~UudiaA4SNAnaqIvMBJkLrtttJRx5P0lxnXx~MnxeRpxGyUPCYQcG3E5FNpye0qyvjic2mbLItSsdVj-3c5VjQKoN7UEyVG-QM942rvgzC6NT3b1L-jAnXmqaU2H~YPFdfg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="41743950"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/41743950/Arthur_S_Hayes_Sympathy_for_the_Cyberbully_How_the_Crusade_to_Censor_Hostile_and_Offensive_Online_Speech_Abuses_Freedom_of_Expression"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Arthur S. Hayes, Sympathy for the Cyberbully: How the Crusade to Censor Hostile and Offensive Online Speech Abuses Freedom of Expression" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/61899382/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/41743950/Arthur_S_Hayes_Sympathy_for_the_Cyberbully_How_the_Crusade_to_Censor_Hostile_and_Offensive_Online_Speech_Abuses_Freedom_of_Expression">Arthur S. Hayes, Sympathy for the Cyberbully: How the Crusade to Censor Hostile and Offensive Online Speech Abuses Freedom of Expression</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly</span><span>, 2020</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">In view of the sensitivity and negative effects of cyberbullying, government lawmak-ers and schoo...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">In view of the sensitivity and negative effects of cyberbullying, government lawmak-ers and school authorities often enact laws to deal quickly and harshly with cyber bullies in the interests of victims. There are arguments that these anti-cyberbullying laws are often hastily enacted due to a strong desire to quickly help victims and stop the activities of the bullies. In Sympathy for the Cyberbully, Arthur Hayes, associate professor of Communications and Media Studies at Fordham University, calls for a review of anti-cyberbullying laws. He argues that not all the accused are truly cyber bullies. He describes this group as acid-tongued disparagers and youthful and adult sexters. Due to the attendant outpouring of strong emotions, Hayes calls for serious care in judging cases of cyberbullying. In light of the freedom of expression, he argues for a thorough examination of the motives and intentions behind each online message presented in judgment as evidence of cyberbullying. Hayes accuses the media of creating moral panic about cyberbullying. He argues that through negative framing of content, media create negative narratives about people holding contrary viewpoints and those expressing biting criticism of dominant narratives and perspectives. Media often hastily label these people as cyber bullies. The author argues further that moral panic could be blamed for the actions of governments of countries such as the United States and Canada. These governments have enacted cyber laws to track down and punish people suspected to be engaging in cyberbullying with little or no regard for legal protections provided them by the constitution. Examples include the Megan Meier suicide case in 2006 that leads to the enactment of the Megan Meier Law of 2008 in the State of Missouri, and the Rebecca Sedwick case of 2013. Sedwick was believed to have committed suicide due to shame from nasty Facebook comments. The case led to the enactment of Bill C 13 to protect Canadians from cyberbullying. Follow-up investigations after each case revealed that the offensive online comments used as key evidence in court were only a very small part of long troubled relations between the two parties and not the main cause of death. Hayes notes that even though cyberbullying was not the main cause of death, cyber-bullying is however not justifiable under any circumstance.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="d586e77a4ea30cee5c4600e441ad7c88" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":61899382,"asset_id":41743950,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/61899382/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="41743950"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="41743950"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 41743950; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=41743950]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=41743950]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 41743950; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='41743950']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "d586e77a4ea30cee5c4600e441ad7c88" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=41743950]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":41743950,"title":"Arthur S. Hayes, Sympathy for the Cyberbully: How the Crusade to Censor Hostile and Offensive Online Speech Abuses Freedom of Expression","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/41743950/Arthur_S_Hayes_Sympathy_for_the_Cyberbully_How_the_Crusade_to_Censor_Hostile_and_Offensive_Online_Speech_Abuses_Freedom_of_Expression","owner_id":2572580,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":2572580,"first_name":"Philip Effiom","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Ephraim","page_name":"PhilipEffiomEphraim","domain_name":"aun-ng","created_at":"2012-09-27T13:55:06.563-07:00","display_name":"Philip Effiom Ephraim","url":"https://aun-ng.academia.edu/PhilipEffiomEphraim"},"attachments":[{"id":61899382,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/61899382/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Sympathy_for_the_Cyberbully_Review20200126-85805-1y5wokp.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/61899382/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Arthur_S_Hayes_Sympathy_for_the_Cyberbul.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/61899382/Sympathy_for_the_Cyberbully_Review20200126-85805-1y5wokp-libre.pdf?1580069525=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DArthur_S_Hayes_Sympathy_for_the_Cyberbul.pdf\u0026Expires=1740147078\u0026Signature=BoTE1aIlCaPO1NQZSgdtbE6rflPzfuAsohvG7r3PRkLQ0QElQoJeSXyBIN60VEy71BYKOJH0yw2KamaDEc-SQb07D1drh0HN~dSaQHrvOvaS9eCXmGsM-SWCO4SS1De92fHsHkejxjWYZM-TCJfMiKTvtfDD1941mv~gwAfyuP-ZiAvV11whQxdYpNA-0lQcGYFEB0-OahvnFJmSsH94TFnp4ZHNE20DbroilmTjtNo1eS47lhNJXSkBSt-8s-eRClz99feuUEllRiiI3LvBZuVHBrJUOOfXMiAakp6lXR-Kldrq4qEfuRNNevismyfBl2FYcxrlJllpu80iFnTTDw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="23977616"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/23977616/Cristina_Archetti_Understanding_Terrorism_in_the_Age_of_Global_Media_A_Communication_Approach_New_York_Palgrave_Macmillan"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Cristina Archetti, Understanding Terrorism in the Age of Global Media: A Communication Approach New York: Palgrave Macmillan" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/44368468/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/23977616/Cristina_Archetti_Understanding_Terrorism_in_the_Age_of_Global_Media_A_Communication_Approach_New_York_Palgrave_Macmillan">Cristina Archetti, Understanding Terrorism in the Age of Global Media: A Communication Approach New York: Palgrave Macmillan</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>International Journal of Communication</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="55ef49d5d8de591fcee68c71448f04f0" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":44368468,"asset_id":23977616,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/44368468/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="23977616"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="23977616"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 23977616; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=23977616]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=23977616]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 23977616; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='23977616']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "55ef49d5d8de591fcee68c71448f04f0" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=23977616]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":23977616,"title":"Cristina Archetti, Understanding Terrorism in the Age of Global Media: A Communication Approach New York: Palgrave Macmillan","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/23977616/Cristina_Archetti_Understanding_Terrorism_in_the_Age_of_Global_Media_A_Communication_Approach_New_York_Palgrave_Macmillan","owner_id":2572580,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":2572580,"first_name":"Philip Effiom","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Ephraim","page_name":"PhilipEffiomEphraim","domain_name":"aun-ng","created_at":"2012-09-27T13:55:06.563-07:00","display_name":"Philip Effiom Ephraim","url":"https://aun-ng.academia.edu/PhilipEffiomEphraim"},"attachments":[{"id":44368468,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/44368468/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Pub_Book_Review_Terrorism.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/44368468/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Cristina_Archetti_Understanding_Terroris.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/44368468/Pub_Book_Review_Terrorism-libre.pdf?1459733640=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DCristina_Archetti_Understanding_Terroris.pdf\u0026Expires=1740293090\u0026Signature=RaSZiYYb-5CUpM8Ww8yjpZ1KiYfv3Xaitp17w7hRBSsRxEu-ztidXPJ3VbiVVPTy~tT-VJSnPIIdcbF6RExgmn9w5HiTEmDb5BAviPClcaJx1uFQ4hrmINwNA2a-HbUc~5rOS5FW4ef5TDAqRuoJiS8DxXgQlbfGyeHHxcxnMpg9rLK-6Z9KxcqE8fYaJc34RB613BkDATC42RRaUvDNRxQUAkXtRV3xilCXJ01BkIPTXqYp~LQPB~vGlgVd2oYbf1yXDdibmlM~FdVcSd-OekSQu8x5ZdovvJ1WIGl2yuhe4OfJ6kHsBoYxUkHDAg9RyGH6hzUVFs7ChkljkCst-Q__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="12909850"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/12909850/Book_Review_Age_of_Globalization_John_Hoberman"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Book Review: Age of Globalization - John Hoberman" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/37877038/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/12909850/Book_Review_Age_of_Globalization_John_Hoberman">Book Review: Age of Globalization - John Hoberman</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>International Journal of Communication</span><span>, 2013</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Globalization is not a new phenomenon. Some scholars tend to view globalization as a product of e...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Globalization is not a new phenomenon. Some scholars tend to view globalization as a product of early 20th-century advancements in industrialization and the development of modern transportation and communication technologies. Although international travel, and especially new media technologies, have played huge roles in expanding and accelerating the globalization process, several other subtle and often ignored factors remain powerful globalizing forces. Interconnection and exchange between peoples for purposes of diplomacy, trade, technological advancement, culture, and so on goes back practically to</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="e7ffd8d90015e9e059bdcea46c1a6fd7" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":37877038,"asset_id":12909850,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/37877038/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="12909850"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="12909850"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12909850; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12909850]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12909850]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12909850; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='12909850']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "e7ffd8d90015e9e059bdcea46c1a6fd7" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=12909850]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":12909850,"title":"Book Review: Age of Globalization - John Hoberman","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/12909850/Book_Review_Age_of_Globalization_John_Hoberman","owner_id":2572580,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":2572580,"first_name":"Philip Effiom","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Ephraim","page_name":"PhilipEffiomEphraim","domain_name":"aun-ng","created_at":"2012-09-27T13:55:06.563-07:00","display_name":"Philip Effiom Ephraim","url":"https://aun-ng.academia.edu/PhilipEffiomEphraim"},"attachments":[{"id":37877038,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/37877038/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Published_Book_Critique_Age_Of_Globalizationpdf.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/37877038/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Book_Review_Age_of_Globalization_John_Ho.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/37877038/Published_Book_Critique_Age_Of_Globalizationpdf-libre.pdf?1433966929=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DBook_Review_Age_of_Globalization_John_Ho.pdf\u0026Expires=1740293090\u0026Signature=fgv6GtjtPKc4bdb75pL2X~GN0EzzEbf3PI6FFOW8aZ1HypmKwfVVcKnqtPfII7RUwm3z7SHC7iMD2P47t5VU5~egX~M82GikGkV9VEocPd-SPXGWsc-LoVHIwF11APpugOxsu2ifa76GiKJ-uPxRnGzvbn4q30-CmtofP0zEwq80OkRVdD9RupJPQkh-8YZPpiNvOZJf~ZF9qUpQHFsyuWR6YOw6-6oUiEPJt8lytvt4L1jp2vOpnrvaQyigZE-6fM6j5Sb4hw0n6qjEXBy-ovKy8lutSmd17krwhFNMm5P6a7ERe~B0taRVjL2Y-d~3A2klDGOPxYLFXWjxFBlPuA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="profile--tab_heading_container js-section-heading" data-section="Books" id="Books"><h3 class="profile--tab_heading_container">Books by Philip Effiom Ephraim</h3></div><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="44237151"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/44237151/Music_Theory_in_Practice_for_Schools_and_Colleges_Book_1_ISBN_978_37540_4_1"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Music Theory in Practice for Schools and Colleges Book 1 ISBN:978-37540-4-1" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/64607539/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/44237151/Music_Theory_in_Practice_for_Schools_and_Colleges_Book_1_ISBN_978_37540_4_1">Music Theory in Practice for Schools and Colleges Book 1 ISBN:978-37540-4-1</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Music Theory in Practice for Schools and Colleges Book 1 ISBN:978-37540-4-1</span><span>, 2020</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Music Theory in Practice for Schools & Colleges Book 1 is for students beginning a journey in mus...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Music Theory in Practice for Schools & Colleges Book 1 is for students beginning a journey in music in school or in college. It is a product of the author’s over two decades of successful music teaching to diverse students in Africa, Europe, and The Middle East. The book contains concise lessons in rudimentary music theory, history, and literature to build a solid foundation for the total beginner and to enhance the understanding of older learners. There are lessons in sight-reading and singing. Finger charts and lessons for recorder are also included. The language and style used in the book are simple and straight to the point. Appropriate examples, activity prompts, and fun exercises and are also included to enhance understanding and encourage practice. It is advised that students be guided by an experienced music teacher to fully benefit from this book. However, an independent study is possible. All fun exercises should be done in a music manuscript.<br /><br />This book is an important study material for preparing students for the Junior Secondary Certificate Examination (JSCE) and also for laying a solid foundation for the Senior Secondary Certificate Examination (SSCE) and  Joint Admission Matriculation Board Examination (JAMB). For students seeking international certifications, this book covers all the requirements for the beginner grades (Preliminary, Grades 1 & 2) of The Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music (ABRSM) UK, Trinity College of Music London, Musical Society of Nigeria (MUSON) and The Masters Music Academy, Nigeria. It is hoped that Music Theory in Practice for Schools & Colleges Book 1 will greatly benefit students and teachers in Nigeria and beyond.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="aab0acf703003aade1ea8a3a87e8a0fb" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":64607539,"asset_id":44237151,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/64607539/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="44237151"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="44237151"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44237151; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=44237151]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=44237151]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44237151; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='44237151']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "aab0acf703003aade1ea8a3a87e8a0fb" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=44237151]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":44237151,"title":"Music Theory in Practice for Schools and Colleges Book 1 ISBN:978-37540-4-1","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/44237151/Music_Theory_in_Practice_for_Schools_and_Colleges_Book_1_ISBN_978_37540_4_1","owner_id":2572580,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":2572580,"first_name":"Philip Effiom","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Ephraim","page_name":"PhilipEffiomEphraim","domain_name":"aun-ng","created_at":"2012-09-27T13:55:06.563-07:00","display_name":"Philip Effiom Ephraim","url":"https://aun-ng.academia.edu/PhilipEffiomEphraim"},"attachments":[{"id":64607539,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/64607539/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Preview_Music_Theory_in_Practice_BK_1_.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/64607539/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Music_Theory_in_Practice_for_Schools_and.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/64607539/Preview_Music_Theory_in_Practice_BK_1_-libre.pdf?1601971765=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DMusic_Theory_in_Practice_for_Schools_and.pdf\u0026Expires=1740293090\u0026Signature=fVS8BMrVslY4reIXLOKX-O3ZOpM60G1oR6~FdXu31~nsJZx07wzlrW~SDjqDwnJktsYXLXPthhCHZpgtJXLEo6Y3uDMo3hvcyUMcB0~dln1WmFspzgyxxTEn932F9EUOfKXqod7U6eBb5N9QhfUEAeH1iUMWowybQG6OFqFNU8uOoX90gtxoRcv7tJkn2HLWhlzy99I8kU19ezUpqZFEFUQb4wmf2MWKmdPXLP3b0Cu9oHGgcPwbdLhJaFtYq4Ej71qbTK1Zth5yqnfJFJYVgu1ACKvcDTd7Sf5ZKiEpb-v1Zalcmr1D4p12B5iXh07cCaElAxj9QJNi2dozZPujFQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="profile--tab_heading_container js-section-heading" data-section="Academic Blogs" id="Academic Blogs"><h3 class="profile--tab_heading_container">Academic Blogs by Philip Effiom Ephraim</h3></div><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="101048896"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/101048896/5_Interview_Question_Suggestions_for_Faculty_Research_Positions"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of 5 Interview Question Suggestions for Faculty-Research Positions" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/101695807/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/101048896/5_Interview_Question_Suggestions_for_Faculty_Research_Positions">5 Interview Question Suggestions for Faculty-Research Positions</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Jobs.ac.uk Blog</span><span>, 2016</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Response questions are an important part of interviews for faculty and research positions. Many c...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Response questions are an important part of interviews for faculty and research positions. Many candidates are often dumbstruck when asked if they have a question for the recruitment team. This short piece provides tips for applicants seeking academic positions in the UK and globally.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="a5459403bcbdcf62cf0d88f115208753" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":101695807,"asset_id":101048896,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/101695807/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="101048896"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="101048896"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 101048896; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=101048896]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=101048896]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 101048896; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='101048896']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "a5459403bcbdcf62cf0d88f115208753" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=101048896]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":101048896,"title":"5 Interview Question Suggestions for Faculty-Research Positions","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/101048896/5_Interview_Question_Suggestions_for_Faculty_Research_Positions","owner_id":2572580,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":2572580,"first_name":"Philip Effiom","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Ephraim","page_name":"PhilipEffiomEphraim","domain_name":"aun-ng","created_at":"2012-09-27T13:55:06.563-07:00","display_name":"Philip Effiom Ephraim","url":"https://aun-ng.academia.edu/PhilipEffiomEphraim"},"attachments":[{"id":101695807,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/101695807/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"5InterviewQuestionSuggestionsforFaculty.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/101695807/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"5_Interview_Question_Suggestions_for_Fac.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/101695807/5InterviewQuestionSuggestionsforFaculty.pdf?1682940930=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3D5_Interview_Question_Suggestions_for_Fac.pdf\u0026Expires=1740293090\u0026Signature=IO9K7~drnAfefyT8xjLYVCZUhGWJDdjg7p8sE6Jfl~6rhHHDYP609eKvzEnnRn-eX9ZOHxr-UD01Q5iG2JMIhE1zIGpiSdmLe9o0iJXz33t4HaZh-Fz2u~uuZFgNLRHPkVt6EbOkIkh7H1mKiFOSbbkMASsDmQS86Uhd1c~EtXOe0wUZUhbydKP~ynvUj3~hGjiWH1Le-V1nDU8lswIt~CjQRRjffBGhA1S4c3aDYY3ZY2gcWWPwgk~7QKx~tPkGU2~xUqCUe9Gs9y5W9nWaaH~Pd1IxvE2mET2yUPpNMArQ2YEF8wg6eCV9O1KBFrVEjuhegw8hS5aQTMS8zMTOTw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="37306575"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/37306575/Bobi_Wine_Case_Demonstrates_the_Power_of_Social_Media"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Bobi Wine Case Demonstrates the Power of Social Media" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/101696666/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/37306575/Bobi_Wine_Case_Demonstrates_the_Power_of_Social_Media">Bobi Wine Case Demonstrates the Power of Social Media</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>The Coversation</span><span>, 2018</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Robert Kyagulanyi Ssentamu, also known as Bobi Wine, is a Ugandan politician whose arrest and inc...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Robert Kyagulanyi Ssentamu, also known as Bobi Wine, is a Ugandan politician whose arrest and incarceration has sparked widespread protests in Uganda and elsewhere in the East African region. A great deal of this can be attributed to social media, which quickly spread his story. The Conversation Africa spoke to Philip Ephraim about social media and the impact it can have on politics.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="bce25eefab531dbcacdbfc57d2a7085a" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":101696666,"asset_id":37306575,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/101696666/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="37306575"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="37306575"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 37306575; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=37306575]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=37306575]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 37306575; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='37306575']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "bce25eefab531dbcacdbfc57d2a7085a" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=37306575]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":37306575,"title":"Bobi Wine Case Demonstrates the Power of Social Media","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/37306575/Bobi_Wine_Case_Demonstrates_the_Power_of_Social_Media","owner_id":2572580,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":2572580,"first_name":"Philip Effiom","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Ephraim","page_name":"PhilipEffiomEphraim","domain_name":"aun-ng","created_at":"2012-09-27T13:55:06.563-07:00","display_name":"Philip Effiom Ephraim","url":"https://aun-ng.academia.edu/PhilipEffiomEphraim"},"attachments":[{"id":101696666,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/101696666/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Bobi_Wine_Case_Demonstrates_the_Power_of.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/101696666/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Bobi_Wine_Case_Demonstrates_the_Power_of.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/101696666/Bobi_Wine_Case_Demonstrates_the_Power_of.pdf?1682942157=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DBobi_Wine_Case_Demonstrates_the_Power_of.pdf\u0026Expires=1740293090\u0026Signature=gmj2qVqbS8GBOYpC9ODowlx-656L1gJRbVo9Friq0elwRESzCKrsSO9YlkKHtfnJC3YzKOS4gWklaCt37D5kSw91GG-4pdKhElx23-xxtPgPVdTGe6vgptrgANl21LA6kc5C7-eHQT97MujzUa3GeYdejz6Z3sJlAr1aKuc5i-~VLdn-SgGH-esvraITyeb4K6POg3OLVfZRxmjlHh2iaK6QfKX1ncIC9E3UFHsWfBLqA2vCyODFtxieDCECllf-YgCq5n4utgf859y2b7zgRr9-XDqQYg7wturz~uwaFt89gKiND7ejLPLYcSTLNxpLrWvvmR3f1qA~9Dr1OhzhuQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> </div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane" data-section-id="3024143" id="researcharticles"><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="124454723"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/124454723/Gamin_as_Heroine_A_Feminist_Critique_of_Chaplins_Modern_Times"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Gamin as Heroine: A Feminist Critique of Chaplin's Modern Times" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/118676666/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/124454723/Gamin_as_Heroine_A_Feminist_Critique_of_Chaplins_Modern_Times">Gamin as Heroine: A Feminist Critique of Chaplin's Modern Times</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>GAU Journal of Social and Applied Sciences 8 (1)</span><span>, 2016</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Till date, Charlie Chaplin"s films remain strong references for understanding the history of cine...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Till date, Charlie Chaplin"s films remain strong references for understanding the history of cinema and film, and indeed several significant socio-political and cultural developments currently experienced in the world. Improving representations of women in film and other media is just one of them. Relying on two feminist film theories, this study qualitatively evaluates representations of the female protagonist in Modern times. In the film, Chaplin departs from his earlier stereotypical representations of women as either vamps, suffragettes or in domestic roles. Chaplin"s portrayal of the gamin as a strong, industrious and resilient character who contributes immensely in making the hero, gives Modern Times strong pro-feminist pulses. The study argues that Modern Times can be viewed beyond the popular critical perspective of being a social commentary on the exploitation of human labor and the futility of pursuing happiness. Modern Times can also be referenced as a fine example of early feminist cinema.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="d4b293025eb8a00cc6d83e454ab7eaf8" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":118676666,"asset_id":124454723,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/118676666/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="124454723"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="124454723"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 124454723; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=124454723]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=124454723]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 124454723; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='124454723']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "d4b293025eb8a00cc6d83e454ab7eaf8" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=124454723]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":124454723,"title":"Gamin as Heroine: A Feminist Critique of Chaplin's Modern Times","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/124454723/Gamin_as_Heroine_A_Feminist_Critique_of_Chaplins_Modern_Times","owner_id":2572580,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":2572580,"first_name":"Philip Effiom","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Ephraim","page_name":"PhilipEffiomEphraim","domain_name":"aun-ng","created_at":"2012-09-27T13:55:06.563-07:00","display_name":"Philip Effiom Ephraim","url":"https://aun-ng.academia.edu/PhilipEffiomEphraim"},"attachments":[{"id":118676666,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/118676666/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Gamin_Chaplin_Philip.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/118676666/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Gamin_as_Heroine_A_Feminist_Critique_of.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/118676666/Gamin_Chaplin_Philip-libre.pdf?1728166220=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DGamin_as_Heroine_A_Feminist_Critique_of.pdf\u0026Expires=1740293090\u0026Signature=P0CV-3bNL6-kfMvWh59CIsq1FlUqUxAq8aBHUG2XIjAz1dmnXz1kOwTmuydnf56G7YW8fSRKZgnUUPb5VFkwGPOvRctqX34YZAaZOq0Bc4VmiHzDn4xX9ytLH3BSqo3vu97C4WbDSJ36wqpSFP9FQtNM4tJGX1i39Glg7MmdCyT3OyYLXiYI98L2KNZoLALBKyS8ikwuYNTceCGb0voM7i-CpFVnNVafUEyMn~XH-l5blEjuiBgOT6XiyUkSJHEYdBda0Tx~C5jRs6b2r0QMwvyujIECpaIuFg6nOftVvCWMaEUDf3qyYN9y74kB6WM8kf~ytEaWmT-Cb3jMnLPbLw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="43290575"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/43290575/_payusviaBVN_Social_Media_Lockdowns_and_Social_Welfare_in_Nigeria"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of #payusviaBVN: Social Media, Lockdowns and Social Welfare in Nigeria" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/63567299/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/43290575/_payusviaBVN_Social_Media_Lockdowns_and_Social_Welfare_in_Nigeria">#payusviaBVN: Social Media, Lockdowns and Social Welfare in Nigeria</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Quarantined Across Borders Media Rise Texas A & M University, USA</span><span>, 2020</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Nigerians are employing social media channels to call out the government’s corrupt practices, par...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Nigerians are employing social media channels to call out the government’s corrupt practices, particularly, the unequal distribution of monetary assistance meant for minimizing severe hardships caused by COVID-19 lockdowns.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="6ae9cce82711ac532be11ca84622a20e" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":63567299,"asset_id":43290575,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/63567299/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="43290575"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="43290575"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 43290575; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=43290575]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=43290575]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 43290575; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='43290575']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "6ae9cce82711ac532be11ca84622a20e" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=43290575]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":43290575,"title":"#payusviaBVN: Social Media, Lockdowns and Social Welfare in Nigeria","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/43290575/_payusviaBVN_Social_Media_Lockdowns_and_Social_Welfare_in_Nigeria","owner_id":2572580,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":2572580,"first_name":"Philip Effiom","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Ephraim","page_name":"PhilipEffiomEphraim","domain_name":"aun-ng","created_at":"2012-09-27T13:55:06.563-07:00","display_name":"Philip Effiom Ephraim","url":"https://aun-ng.academia.edu/PhilipEffiomEphraim"},"attachments":[{"id":63567299,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/63567299/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Philip__payusviaBVN_pub20200608-47982-1k9b507.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/63567299/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"payusviaBVN_Social_Media_Lockdowns_and.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/63567299/Philip__payusviaBVN_pub20200608-47982-1k9b507-libre.pdf?1591649633=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DpayusviaBVN_Social_Media_Lockdowns_and.pdf\u0026Expires=1740293090\u0026Signature=JRC20pzwtP~nBrCvnCprlZoAoq5l~NyEy~at~2dwOt9089PaQRTu04I7HUt7LO2ttSg2Nmk9i4~2HcGp-agjlvboCsaqxqz4kRgxhWQXoSJn9nv8vFObgzGv18UfhV3jZdMNrqNZyu3M7VuTT07ATOKVLv1qSXFpXA6eTX1sPQt5XQWlqD83QVfahse3-NS3vSncElBkgwqf0jgJcPbBCQ7fEcv0RmYLZR~JYvhv-zsugaEKIlXW87J3mZ9I-314nyW7D7kEZ13yDzl1zCm5AbH~Zgr2lMggXPG-lz6ZP3ReIeOIyyIqGFfK7QZbrjp51f5gpzCCgvtVq-DWa-6Mgg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="39874125"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/39874125/Louvre_Abu_Dhabi_Social_Media_in_Marketing_Culture"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Louvre Abu Dhabi: Social Media in Marketing Culture" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60064477/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/39874125/Louvre_Abu_Dhabi_Social_Media_in_Marketing_Culture">Louvre Abu Dhabi: Social Media in Marketing Culture</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Proceedings of the 5th World Conference on Media and Mass Communication, Vol. 5, 2019, pp. 49-57 </span><span>, 2019</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">For almost two decades, The United Arab Emirates (UAE) has been on a mission to boost its culture...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">For almost two decades, The United Arab Emirates (UAE) has been on a mission to boost its culture sector through projects that promote cultural enrichment, openness and tolerance, a move from previously conservative notions. The UAE's interest and commitment to developing its culture sector is anchored on its Cultural Mandate, a document highlighting the country's cultural vision for the next thirty years-the Abu Dhabi Vision 2030 Master plan. This new cultural movement has witnessed the birth of several new museums of which Louvre Abu Dhabi stands out as a museum that celebrates global cultures. In the wake of attractive new media technologies and new online audiences, museums are challenged to market themselves with new technologies in order to be attractive and remain relevant in contemporary society. A mixed analysis of data revealed Louvre Abu Dhabi's strategic use of social media to market its activities as well as promote the UAE. The study observed the use of only four social media including, Twitter, Facebook, YouTube and Instagram. Louvre Abu Dhabi applied the marketing technique of corporate foresight in media selection and strategic messaging through images, questions and creating audience anticipation. This study argues that through social media, Louvre Abu Dhabi is able to market its activities and events and promote the UAE to global audiences online. By providing digital platforms for attracting audiences and gaining feedback, social media helps Louvre Abu Dhabi to fulfill its cultural function of propagating intercultural understanding and tolerance in the UAE.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="aed7aa124dd7e40f7c363122259c909e" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":60064477,"asset_id":39874125,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60064477/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="39874125"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="39874125"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 39874125; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=39874125]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=39874125]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 39874125; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='39874125']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "aed7aa124dd7e40f7c363122259c909e" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=39874125]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":39874125,"title":"Louvre Abu Dhabi: Social Media in Marketing Culture","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/39874125/Louvre_Abu_Dhabi_Social_Media_in_Marketing_Culture","owner_id":2572580,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":2572580,"first_name":"Philip Effiom","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Ephraim","page_name":"PhilipEffiomEphraim","domain_name":"aun-ng","created_at":"2012-09-27T13:55:06.563-07:00","display_name":"Philip Effiom Ephraim","url":"https://aun-ng.academia.edu/PhilipEffiomEphraim"},"attachments":[{"id":60064477,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60064477/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Louvre_Abu_Dhabi_Marketing.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60064477/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Louvre_Abu_Dhabi_Social_Media_in_Marketi.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/60064477/Louvre_Abu_Dhabi_Marketing-libre.pdf?1563629171=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DLouvre_Abu_Dhabi_Social_Media_in_Marketi.pdf\u0026Expires=1740293090\u0026Signature=DeL6YWkYZL5oAgObkLvGvmw7PeP2rVfw0Paw9i4N6KxgmkdW73V8MhMhVIEdaocCcAkPtF-ZREzpKpdejivFKjgkey56KsHkzjIskohVMgoKbOErYh5zofmSSZUegeLueVZ7oMXzgbWpVuol66Y-2mpeAPbMC7X~9XmFoHGhVUNQyWFZ94w2DpMqK1EdFVUzwXgaQXIQcF0zj7sT2oajp1uKTX3r~cmAc2ScoAJFL6fUGBJ1zKm5YjBczbVmFQHYhXOX1m17ZeBSx6tgTQlFffS~9uTBHVvpan8fKDHPU544PV3OCkkwE4gEWBS2wf3Z3ViVZr-YXUy1V1Ym7XoOzQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="12909759"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/12909759/African_Youths_and_the_Dangers_of_Social_Networking_A_Culture_centered_Approach_to_using_social_media"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of African Youths and the Dangers of Social Networking: A Culture-centered Approach to using social media" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/37876986/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/12909759/African_Youths_and_the_Dangers_of_Social_Networking_A_Culture_centered_Approach_to_using_social_media">African Youths and the Dangers of Social Networking: A Culture-centered Approach to using social media</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Ethics and Information Technology</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">With rising numbers of Facebook, Twitter and MXit users, Africa is increasingly gaining prominenc...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">With rising numbers of Facebook, Twitter and<br />MXit users, Africa is increasingly gaining prominence in<br />the sphere of social networking. Social media is increasingly<br />becoming main stream; serving as important tools for<br />facilitating interpersonal communication, business and<br />educational activities. Qualitative analyses of relevant<br />secondary data show that children and youths aged<br />between 13 and 30 constitute Africa’s heaviest users of<br />social media. Media reports have revealed cases of abuse<br />on social media by youths. Social networks have severally<br />been used as tools for perpetuating crimes such as; cyberbullying<br />and violence against girls and women. This<br />study proposes a ‘Culture-centered Approach’ to the use of<br />social media in a bid to minimize these cybercrimes and<br />encourage the responsible use of social media amongst<br />African youths. The Culture-centered Approach, which<br />incorporates the tenets of Information Ethics, stresses the<br />need for the respect of the dignity and rights of other online<br />users as well the application of good cultural values and<br />ethical behavior while on social media platforms.<br /><br />Keywords: Social networking, Cyberbullying <br />Cyber violence, Culture-centered approach</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="bf01bdb10f20602148db82e935639e9e" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":37876986,"asset_id":12909759,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/37876986/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="12909759"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="12909759"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12909759; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12909759]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12909759]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12909759; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='12909759']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "bf01bdb10f20602148db82e935639e9e" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=12909759]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":12909759,"title":"African Youths and the Dangers of Social Networking: A Culture-centered Approach to using social media","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/12909759/African_Youths_and_the_Dangers_of_Social_Networking_A_Culture_centered_Approach_to_using_social_media","owner_id":2572580,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":2572580,"first_name":"Philip Effiom","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Ephraim","page_name":"PhilipEffiomEphraim","domain_name":"aun-ng","created_at":"2012-09-27T13:55:06.563-07:00","display_name":"Philip Effiom Ephraim","url":"https://aun-ng.academia.edu/PhilipEffiomEphraim"},"attachments":[{"id":37876986,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/37876986/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"My_Published_paper_Ethichs_and_Information.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/37876986/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"African_Youths_and_the_Dangers_of_Social.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/37876986/My_Published_paper_Ethichs_and_Information-libre.pdf?1433966940=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DAfrican_Youths_and_the_Dangers_of_Social.pdf\u0026Expires=1740293090\u0026Signature=Y8RwS3aXwt8JFI~iGn9F46WNczeyWuNt5Yqnjda8ndmi9YTUlZkMVQia1yYCV6KMxB8Zxy1Y9rRZ1sqoJ-LT~8pcsBTwSuIaR7MuVM7AmCycxlEnSlCmOqTEA3ewllDT3FtIbz~DRhfM7OY-68KX5N8-brQO14tgtqagUM~1INa~hW~ElUWmsF-sxN9xbHs9PL9nVbgiJLNXb1gDJOQVsvAu1nrw5Sb7lIt9Zysc5G6YKynKqs0DRT8CBoo9u-E2DGmuGJgYaTAujbe9nECi-OwehbJrhfLYcKx6T5bB5rj1unFq0QSRqedf3ph6sbOafv5r4qJFuauxcS3xUpVWRQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="30691213"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/30691213/Transparency_and_Ethical_Considerations_in_Business_Organizations_A_Comparative_Case_Study_of_Crisis_Relations_Strategies_of_Volkswagen_and_Mitsubishi_Motors"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Transparency and Ethical Considerations in Business Organizations: A Comparative Case Study of Crisis Relations Strategies of Volkswagen and Mitsubishi Motors" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/52245591/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/30691213/Transparency_and_Ethical_Considerations_in_Business_Organizations_A_Comparative_Case_Study_of_Crisis_Relations_Strategies_of_Volkswagen_and_Mitsubishi_Motors">Transparency and Ethical Considerations in Business Organizations: A Comparative Case Study of Crisis Relations Strategies of Volkswagen and Mitsubishi Motors</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The strongest global brands can suffer loss or even ruin in the event of crisis. The effective ma...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The strongest global brands can suffer loss or even ruin in the event of crisis. The effective management of communications during crisis is essential to ensuring that trust is rebuilt and dented brand image is quickly repaired. This study qualitatively evaluated how communication strategies were employed by Volkswagen and Mitsubishi to recent corporate cases.Guided by Coombs and Benoit’s crisis management theories, the study compares both strategies in terms of: timeliness of response, media selection and rhetoric of messages. Analyses of primary and secondary data show that both Volkswagen and Mitsubishi breached corporate values and were not transparent to stakeholders worldwide. The study argues that Volkswagen ignored early warnings, thus resorting to post-crisis communications using varieties of media with a mixture of apology and sales marketing activities. Mitsubishi’s response strategies were timelier and voluntary. Mitsubishi employed fewer media and maintained rhetoric with a strong appeal to pathos</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="2a290adfe9f64a2b2a807b34741571dd" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":52245591,"asset_id":30691213,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/52245591/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="30691213"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="30691213"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 30691213; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=30691213]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=30691213]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 30691213; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='30691213']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "2a290adfe9f64a2b2a807b34741571dd" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=30691213]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":30691213,"title":"Transparency and Ethical Considerations in Business Organizations: A Comparative Case Study of Crisis Relations Strategies of Volkswagen and Mitsubishi Motors","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/30691213/Transparency_and_Ethical_Considerations_in_Business_Organizations_A_Comparative_Case_Study_of_Crisis_Relations_Strategies_of_Volkswagen_and_Mitsubishi_Motors","owner_id":2572580,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":2572580,"first_name":"Philip Effiom","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Ephraim","page_name":"PhilipEffiomEphraim","domain_name":"aun-ng","created_at":"2012-09-27T13:55:06.563-07:00","display_name":"Philip Effiom Ephraim","url":"https://aun-ng.academia.edu/PhilipEffiomEphraim"},"attachments":[{"id":52245591,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/52245591/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Transparency_and_Ethical_Considerations_in_Business.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/52245591/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Transparency_and_Ethical_Considerations.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/52245591/Transparency_and_Ethical_Considerations_in_Business-libre.pdf?1490144233=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DTransparency_and_Ethical_Considerations.pdf\u0026Expires=1740293090\u0026Signature=DZWmU19PIXFx6-YeQ5PRSBKdmzpfgvD4k5uSOiilwM-nhDyRMs1Ml3-HCk~DxS82rNzDiCtxXhQ2eeRX3N~Szu85nWBXRMxlU2XdVTnIy8P7FulW4RiyEYVC2NRoBy8GV5hIvEeXY3hk1b-L~ffxOMArXs1QdE8lbrDomzpAWTuVZFLOEmR-vjKqijeT2eq1ne4J~CXZNfeUlbRgbrYjY9kEOGvGHNLBI2O7NufhGm5MK4gl~U~Vcu8ohJ9MBFl4UPW99lX-xyo0QlkMBGkHPtaBRcRqR8LCjgE5cV-3s0jzbnJ~VEEh5fBHkyzJeNL81dXkATCn~x8ONN57EkdJIg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="30243062"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/30243062/New_media_new_voices_satirical_representations_of_Nigerias_socio_politics_in_Ogas_at_the_top"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of New media-new voices: satirical representations of Nigeria's socio-politics in Ogas at the top" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/52245750/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/30243062/New_media_new_voices_satirical_representations_of_Nigerias_socio_politics_in_Ogas_at_the_top">New media-new voices: satirical representations of Nigeria's socio-politics in Ogas at the top</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://aun-ng.academia.edu/PhilipEffiomEphraim">Philip Effiom Ephraim</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://gau-tr.academia.edu/TutkuAkterG%C3%B6ka%C5%9Fan">Tutku Akter Gökaşan</a>, and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://aui.academia.edu/MartinGansinger">Martin A M Gansinger</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">New media are increasingly providing spaces and opportunities for media houses and activist group...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">New media are increasingly providing spaces and opportunities for<br />media houses and activist groups engaged in socio-political reform<br />in Africa. In Nigeria, social media are becoming platforms for<br />communicating messages of resistance against oppressive<br />political and exploitative economic power structures. This study<br />analyzed Ogas at the top (OATT), an online puppetry series by<br />Buni TV, as a way of examining new platforms and message<br />content in Nigeria’s rapidly changing media sphere. Relying on<br />semiotics and critical discourse analysis perspectives, the study<br />analyzed select episodes of the series, to gauge how producers<br />constructed powerful visual and linguistic messages to boldly<br />satirize social injustices perpetrated by Nigeria’s political elites.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="1a25c5a5432b5ed7fbf8ad6d4655c846" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":52245750,"asset_id":30243062,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/52245750/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="30243062"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="30243062"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 30243062; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=30243062]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=30243062]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 30243062; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='30243062']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "1a25c5a5432b5ed7fbf8ad6d4655c846" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=30243062]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":30243062,"title":"New media-new voices: satirical representations of Nigeria's socio-politics in Ogas at the top","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/30243062/New_media_new_voices_satirical_representations_of_Nigerias_socio_politics_in_Ogas_at_the_top","owner_id":2572580,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":2572580,"first_name":"Philip Effiom","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Ephraim","page_name":"PhilipEffiomEphraim","domain_name":"aun-ng","created_at":"2012-09-27T13:55:06.563-07:00","display_name":"Philip Effiom Ephraim","url":"https://aun-ng.academia.edu/PhilipEffiomEphraim"},"attachments":[{"id":52245750,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/52245750/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"New_media_new_voices_satirical_representations_of_Nigeria_s_socio_politics_in_Ogas_at_the_top.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/52245750/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"New_media_new_voices_satirical_represent.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/52245750/New_media_new_voices_satirical_representations_of_Nigeria_s_socio_politics_in_Ogas_at_the_top-libre.pdf?1490144930=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DNew_media_new_voices_satirical_represent.pdf\u0026Expires=1740288219\u0026Signature=UCE8poQwqCC4CpkuQeDdGh203nPDn8z4uOzTYJ4fBPAn-4cX9A6lgddwO8Gry1i6TeWplQIXL4MAd47~FvdKT8eAG-pBWFezQgidPpoeGuahJ-ddoe1QG54yabOEo9H21~JPbOwfFW7Da7scEaZrpmc4CBeu3Pnoi1Iq0WhovGq-l8PUi4S6nhB~Bmd6afRfUjPQcEzcFLCnPieX0wuHsAu89WK1xs2~2i-HfUTNz~oMmXFEUf1moA428AZWh6yl2jl04sIm-FYPiVVeBdZ2-V6SaxoA33mwrNvQXE5sVY~Uw-i9VJ6SsfLztOOpATdF5Z9qhMuk9Gs89sopMqI0gA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="12960951"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/12960951/The_Constraints_of_Internet_Based_English_Testing_Appraising_the_Nigerian_Experience_of_TOFEL"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Constraints of Internet-Based English Testing: Appraising the Nigerian Experience of TOFEL" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/101712839/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/12960951/The_Constraints_of_Internet_Based_English_Testing_Appraising_the_Nigerian_Experience_of_TOFEL">The Constraints of Internet-Based English Testing: Appraising the Nigerian Experience of TOFEL</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Currents in African Literature and the English Language</span><span>, 2011</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">A TOEFL score is often a basic requirement for Nigerians applying for admissions, scholarships, j...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">A TOEFL score is often a basic requirement for Nigerians applying for admissions, scholarships, jobs, and training overseas. TOEFL — the test of English as a foreign language; measures the English language proficiency of non-native speakers at undergraduate and graduate levels. In Nigeria, the Internet Based Test (IBT) is currently the only method of taking TOEFL. Being academically demanding and highly digitized; TOEFL tests also require oral and written proficiency in the United States variety of English, access to and knowledge of the use of computers and related ICTs amongst other socio-economic conditions. As shown in this research, these requirements often pose challenges to Nigerians. From data gathered through participant observation and oral interviews with 3 administrators and 37 candidates at three major test centers in Nigeria; this research identifies technological, financial, linguistic, socio-cultural, and proximity constraints which impede the process of administering and taking TOEFL in Nigeria. From the findings, this research also gathers that these constraints adversely affect the candidates' overall performance directly and indirectly. Recommendations are made to test administrators, prospective candidates as well as the Nigerian government towards the improvement of the whole process of TOEFL in Nigeria.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="6f79b104a21e5733184bbaa8af6d3c1f" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":101712839,"asset_id":12960951,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/101712839/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="12960951"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="12960951"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12960951; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12960951]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12960951]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12960951; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='12960951']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "6f79b104a21e5733184bbaa8af6d3c1f" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=12960951]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":12960951,"title":"The Constraints of Internet-Based English Testing: Appraising the Nigerian Experience of TOFEL","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/12960951/The_Constraints_of_Internet_Based_English_Testing_Appraising_the_Nigerian_Experience_of_TOFEL","owner_id":2572580,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":2572580,"first_name":"Philip Effiom","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Ephraim","page_name":"PhilipEffiomEphraim","domain_name":"aun-ng","created_at":"2012-09-27T13:55:06.563-07:00","display_name":"Philip Effiom Ephraim","url":"https://aun-ng.academia.edu/PhilipEffiomEphraim"},"attachments":[{"id":101712839,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/101712839/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"The_Constraints_of_Internet_Based_Englis.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/101712839/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"The_Constraints_of_Internet_Based_Englis.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/101712839/The_Constraints_of_Internet_Based_Englis.pdf?1682975204=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DThe_Constraints_of_Internet_Based_Englis.pdf\u0026Expires=1740293090\u0026Signature=T2uZyLDmeolWm~rJlujB5Hv9~vbAI8azcPGyG3wYqHFR-DoGHpDhjdqVA7MhtRuyrvptdOlSRKE3EsLO08CrvB~GQCwUig1q5~tBhL4de3h3Ak7WetcZ-JzWD8ASLlfwsCB4irGz8KZlkZ7qs4v2oUc4HqlzCVHbWpUs~g~RiHLHBL~PPNBbENZPwzWfeIm4JthigwekSYIS9KHc6r8Y02ZA0RkPyhp1gCz8PmagTQe2LAm0cSCq7YnmFCvDtWyKPIpcseVjZ3buHL7BsfLgXTZ344YyHWbGXq4uzpEpZHoVN5j1AVipm7G77WnncAZA8R8Djod-H0quaidvyTUjTw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> </div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane" data-section-id="5192392" id="bookchapters"><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="44201201"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/44201201/The_Potentials_of_Radio_in_Combating_Misinformation_about_COVID_19_in_Nigeria"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Potentials of Radio in Combating Misinformation about COVID-19 in Nigeria" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/64564918/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/44201201/The_Potentials_of_Radio_in_Combating_Misinformation_about_COVID_19_in_Nigeria">The Potentials of Radio in Combating Misinformation about COVID-19 in Nigeria</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Fake News Is Bad News - Hoaxes, Half-truths and the Nature of Today’s Journalism</span><span>, 2020</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Radio remains an important mass medium in Nigeria and across Africa. Issues of power availability...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Radio remains an important mass medium in Nigeria and across Africa. Issues of<br />power availability, internet connectivity, and media costs, make radio a highly sort<br />after medium for public information. However, the potentials of radio in efforts to<br />combat misinformation about COVID-19 are yet to be fully exploited in Nigeria.<br />Extant efforts have mostly focused on live press briefings, TV programming, SMS,<br />and social media messaging. Media sources show that the spread of misinformation<br />about the pandemic in the country is rife. This chapter critically evaluates the<br />state of radio in Nigeria and proposes various strategies for utilizing its resources<br />in efforts to debunk and minimize the spread of misinformation, with wider<br />implications for Africa.<br />Keywords: radio, misinformation, COVID-19, Nigeria, Africa</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="8964e660e637941d4d7ea5081f7b28b6" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":64564918,"asset_id":44201201,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/64564918/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="44201201"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="44201201"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44201201; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=44201201]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=44201201]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44201201; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='44201201']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "8964e660e637941d4d7ea5081f7b28b6" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=44201201]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":44201201,"title":"The Potentials of Radio in Combating Misinformation about COVID-19 in Nigeria","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/44201201/The_Potentials_of_Radio_in_Combating_Misinformation_about_COVID_19_in_Nigeria","owner_id":2572580,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":2572580,"first_name":"Philip Effiom","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Ephraim","page_name":"PhilipEffiomEphraim","domain_name":"aun-ng","created_at":"2012-09-27T13:55:06.563-07:00","display_name":"Philip Effiom Ephraim","url":"https://aun-ng.academia.edu/PhilipEffiomEphraim"},"attachments":[{"id":64564918,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/64564918/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"The_Potentials_of_Radio_Misinformation_COVID-19.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/64564918/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"The_Potentials_of_Radio_in_Combating_Mis.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/64564918/The_Potentials_of_Radio_Misinformation_COVID-19-libre.pdf?1601479206=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DThe_Potentials_of_Radio_in_Combating_Mis.pdf\u0026Expires=1740293090\u0026Signature=ZiaU0QjypogOdIMtjGX2yG6KB0u9gQvgtSawak~nCBG-5MNcObvtbPioEkjXxe5Rf6gspZTlhoj643igODrTw8yPoTHEY2uoXNWBlIt-HP5dkGU0Nlo8G8gnaT99foJdKkNd07j1WfsqplCne7k8mvImte712~rNl3r0VporTC-rgwk4UxWESNDenSaWRcBr3ORdOnPlxvB2b6zLEunvwBORdsaoP-uAuq3gZjh~lZUdogCs5zBadJwDP7Ne6R5Ez9NCIQW11fQBkNQYjwu30OLTlhxCcWIoW42IIWDmGRg9kOo6kaInEBXagLJcgJjl3yLhyPBiZdwr5zZH1KJPQg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="32331989"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/32331989/Whistleblowing_and_Social_Responsibility_in_a_Surveillance_System_Appraising_the_Morality_of_the_Snowden_Disclosures"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Whistleblowing and Social Responsibility in a Surveillance System: Appraising the Morality of the Snowden Disclosures" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/52542154/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/32331989/Whistleblowing_and_Social_Responsibility_in_a_Surveillance_System_Appraising_the_Morality_of_the_Snowden_Disclosures">Whistleblowing and Social Responsibility in a Surveillance System: Appraising the Morality of the Snowden Disclosures</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="dca3225d84e8703b6518fa61ae965a27" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":52542154,"asset_id":32331989,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/52542154/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="32331989"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="32331989"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 32331989; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=32331989]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=32331989]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 32331989; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='32331989']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "dca3225d84e8703b6518fa61ae965a27" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=32331989]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":32331989,"title":"Whistleblowing and Social Responsibility in a Surveillance System: Appraising the Morality of the Snowden Disclosures","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/32331989/Whistleblowing_and_Social_Responsibility_in_a_Surveillance_System_Appraising_the_Morality_of_the_Snowden_Disclosures","owner_id":2572580,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":2572580,"first_name":"Philip Effiom","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Ephraim","page_name":"PhilipEffiomEphraim","domain_name":"aun-ng","created_at":"2012-09-27T13:55:06.563-07:00","display_name":"Philip Effiom Ephraim","url":"https://aun-ng.academia.edu/PhilipEffiomEphraim"},"attachments":[{"id":52542154,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/52542154/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Whistleblowing_and_Social_Responsibility_full.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/52542154/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Whistleblowing_and_Social_Responsibility.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/52542154/Whistleblowing_and_Social_Responsibility_full-libre.pdf?1491644707=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DWhistleblowing_and_Social_Responsibility.pdf\u0026Expires=1740293090\u0026Signature=ZmzDWa92GFThIWllzUlkbaxOQy2Yox7ffaIVUD88Lstywmz6TuWsBaRnBuvmh~yybosP52w8Mr8kF2houbDrKAWOWqYx4QiLOQkD8wBIB2xG-woQQJkh4ltSPALEMrp3OMLuG0AYvDi-THG86zjjeKOPCRlFkyGiE1NIoe~WKClfM89w6DMWZ7Rgja~b5e4YuvWzxjkwvtktwHcA2lDNeUiEuUaospnKnIV-oA6vJhcl6M~Sc60B1j6Q0bSF8zqaUuWq54LOAhV74ExPfmuQvxQ9yHT1Pi1uv1yZe5MyDWCIYz7sTJaWot602mTmjra2l97823uQK~WhexN4ljU1Yw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="25191856"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/25191856/Nigerian_Media_in_Transition_From_Folk_to_Viral_Comparative_Analysis_of_Kwaghir_Puppet_Theater_and_Ogas_at_the_top"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Nigerian Media in Transition – From Folk to Viral: Comparative Analysis of Kwaghir Puppet Theater and Ogas at the top" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/52542071/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/25191856/Nigerian_Media_in_Transition_From_Folk_to_Viral_Comparative_Analysis_of_Kwaghir_Puppet_Theater_and_Ogas_at_the_top">Nigerian Media in Transition – From Folk to Viral: Comparative Analysis of Kwaghir Puppet Theater and Ogas at the top</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Roots Reloaded: Culture, Identity and Social Development in the Digital Age</span><span>, 2016</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="8202efab429b9c13021120e4908cab31" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":52542071,"asset_id":25191856,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/52542071/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="25191856"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="25191856"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 25191856; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=25191856]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=25191856]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 25191856; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='25191856']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "8202efab429b9c13021120e4908cab31" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=25191856]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":25191856,"title":"Nigerian Media in Transition – From Folk to Viral: Comparative Analysis of Kwaghir Puppet Theater and Ogas at the top","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/25191856/Nigerian_Media_in_Transition_From_Folk_to_Viral_Comparative_Analysis_of_Kwaghir_Puppet_Theater_and_Ogas_at_the_top","owner_id":2572580,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":2572580,"first_name":"Philip Effiom","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Ephraim","page_name":"PhilipEffiomEphraim","domain_name":"aun-ng","created_at":"2012-09-27T13:55:06.563-07:00","display_name":"Philip Effiom Ephraim","url":"https://aun-ng.academia.edu/PhilipEffiomEphraim"},"attachments":[{"id":52542071,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/52542071/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Nigerian_Media_in_Transition_From_Folk_t.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/52542071/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Nigerian_Media_in_Transition_From_Folk_t.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/52542071/Nigerian_Media_in_Transition_From_Folk_t-libre.pdf?1491644432=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DNigerian_Media_in_Transition_From_Folk_t.pdf\u0026Expires=1740293090\u0026Signature=ZljP2m05Bs06Q-RsdN0AWDKq080saxL6It4FE03BJP1qk5Pds9b75D2wGOcoeoT40Zd7kgucCNZ6MJ74YfiPHddFuwY~doH2jgf8ssHpm1op-fKV5lXX16Tj1kz8-oGY9bf7Veu8X0AR2ErbvoxpwA0zL8i5OWPbSq60-ttUqam9dXxHadhkpL9uT5Tkkf74zsOEqv0SqWF7fbCY83MtqccTi2yhUr8-QkM29zdJUwjROq2Y23BgGV9-zWbq4Km0oiJeHVTJwllnDjQK4Ff4ipqu3JohRe2F4uMjYMeBr4Gn7zWJ2g8OhDxIY7RqURkgXHJ1gskAcLuFnrPshOU-bQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> </div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane" data-section-id="4964414" id="bookcritiques"><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="105490496"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/105490496/Book_Review_Public_relations_history_Theory_practice_and_profession_Cayce_Myers"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Book Review: Public relations history: Theory, practice, and profession - Cayce Myers" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/104930716/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/105490496/Book_Review_Public_relations_history_Theory_practice_and_profession_Cayce_Myers">Book Review: Public relations history: Theory, practice, and profession - Cayce Myers</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Public Relations Inquiry</span><span>, 2023</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Public relations – the management of persuasive communications between individuals or organizatio...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Public relations – the management of persuasive communications between individuals or organizations and their various publics, has had an interesting history. Public relations developed from traditional forms in various cultures, through press agentry, up until World Wars I and II, when it was combined with various mass media to create propaganda, further peace efforts, and promote contemporary globalization (Ephraim, 2014).In Public Relations History: Theory, Practice, and Profession, Cayce Myers, Associate Professor and Director of Graduate Studies in the Department of Communication, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, USA, argues that the history of public relations is multi-layered and a bit messy. It is full of good and bad deeds of people who sought to leverage public relations for self-serving purposes.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="0756e48f432523d791480988369aaac2" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":104930716,"asset_id":105490496,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/104930716/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="105490496"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="105490496"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 105490496; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=105490496]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=105490496]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 105490496; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='105490496']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "0756e48f432523d791480988369aaac2" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=105490496]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":105490496,"title":"Book Review: Public relations history: Theory, practice, and profession - Cayce Myers","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/105490496/Book_Review_Public_relations_history_Theory_practice_and_profession_Cayce_Myers","owner_id":2572580,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":2572580,"first_name":"Philip Effiom","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Ephraim","page_name":"PhilipEffiomEphraim","domain_name":"aun-ng","created_at":"2012-09-27T13:55:06.563-07:00","display_name":"Philip Effiom Ephraim","url":"https://aun-ng.academia.edu/PhilipEffiomEphraim"},"attachments":[{"id":104930716,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/104930716/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"PR_Hist_Book_Review.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/104930716/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Book_Review_Public_relations_history_The.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/104930716/PR_Hist_Book_Review-libre.pdf?1691766631=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DBook_Review_Public_relations_history_The.pdf\u0026Expires=1740293090\u0026Signature=f6rHZrc4LsiphzoqS5WUrfsrZa9Se5qyfiUIrCK09vhd43DvGpCHqZBrggTj4SkLmEDEXyjA~s8YBOi-vhgXJQJNRbeMrZYX9m6yjfBYLWPaKGqsEfZqbhJHUUUEZk08Xk~MzZXAV28Oi-smfjtzMF7Mly0qVIvlOQT4Fzp8nue1Hi7IRxiOcLj1QsRuYMd1C-GrdrpHxpT7r1zTb4V2-W~I8lwigP1eqU0m3j9JhP1-nBnQuwBk4qUjW6lgaSr-Lxitkz1mudBk4iV832ddvADgsezOik3dyvfYjeMumtFrIyLeEZeSmuiTL7IaMZ8N3NSLxCKXUh526D8adR6A0Q__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="103524282"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/103524282/Igor_E_Kylukanov_Communication_A_House_Seen_from_Everywhere"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Igor E. Kylukanov, Communication: A House Seen from Everywhere" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/103508626/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/103524282/Igor_E_Kylukanov_Communication_A_House_Seen_from_Everywhere">Igor E. Kylukanov, Communication: A House Seen from Everywhere</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>International Journal of Communication</span><span>, 2023</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Communication is the vehicle through which knowledge is gained and disseminated, hence, its stron...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Communication is the vehicle through which knowledge is gained and disseminated, hence, its strong connection with philosophy-the love of knowledge. To philosophize, one must communicate. To understand communication, we must subject it to philosophical inquiry (Muhammad, 2016). In Communication: A House Seen From Everywhere, Igor E. Klyukanov, professor of global and intercultural communications at Eastern Washington University, presents a philosophical and contemplative analysis of the nature of communication studies. The author examines the origins, meanings, and functions of communication as a philosophy and as a science. Through the chapters, the author provides an expansive conceptualization of communication, describing it as a natural, social, cultural, and rational science, in what is modeled as a semiotic square in chapter six.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="cb47e2ecc37d187faafa66a3f65f7519" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":103508626,"asset_id":103524282,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/103508626/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="103524282"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="103524282"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 103524282; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=103524282]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=103524282]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 103524282; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='103524282']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "cb47e2ecc37d187faafa66a3f65f7519" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=103524282]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":103524282,"title":"Igor E. Kylukanov, Communication: A House Seen from Everywhere","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/103524282/Igor_E_Kylukanov_Communication_A_House_Seen_from_Everywhere","owner_id":2572580,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":2572580,"first_name":"Philip Effiom","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Ephraim","page_name":"PhilipEffiomEphraim","domain_name":"aun-ng","created_at":"2012-09-27T13:55:06.563-07:00","display_name":"Philip Effiom Ephraim","url":"https://aun-ng.academia.edu/PhilipEffiomEphraim"},"attachments":[{"id":103508626,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/103508626/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Book_Review_A_House_Seen_from_Everywhere.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/103508626/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Igor_E_Kylukanov_Communication_A_House_S.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/103508626/Book_Review_A_House_Seen_from_Everywhere-libre.pdf?1687116085=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DIgor_E_Kylukanov_Communication_A_House_S.pdf\u0026Expires=1740293090\u0026Signature=fz0s8HNx2T7UOOo8jypgjfnzkhNpkJcHKh1kLc2gUTMg0LZ3eQ~jso2sw26dEFM9UoW-xvMsfz9WMdgFOzdYxT4LPlFADZDCXhMVL0slLHqzeM45m8Atv2z78caaaSdIMc3jFS699n95rr3q7QRGoMfn~WyOrLMyKGwKPIi4zzVZenGInCe4LIeq-XsVXCcyZdQSfbHtS7Raqbpc~Fj2Ukw940aGhXy~O~NyKYmjem23jeaL6~XaofAZVAT2Oe3Vjg4z9MOAIdDSBzFfDMBkSeWTfU7hVHwi-IZ2rV4MsJKwmkaJFMrAcnYMDT~gKBLo4UYSKHSmlDUOzdEVVXbx3A__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="29808019"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/29808019/Muted_Modernists_The_Struggle_Over_Divine_Politics_in_Saudi_Arabia"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Muted Modernists: The Struggle Over Divine Politics in Saudi Arabia" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/51637784/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/29808019/Muted_Modernists_The_Struggle_Over_Divine_Politics_in_Saudi_Arabia">Muted Modernists: The Struggle Over Divine Politics in Saudi Arabia</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>London School of Economics and Political Science Book Reviews</span><span>, 2016</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">In Muted Modernists: The Struggle Over Divine Politics in Saudi Arabia , Madawi Al-Rasheed challe...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">In Muted Modernists: The Struggle Over Divine Politics in Saudi Arabia , Madawi Al-Rasheed challenges<br />monolithic understandings of official and opposition divine politics in Saudi Arabia by examining how activists,<br />intellectuals and religious scholars are attempting to construct a new form of politics through reinterpretation of key<br />Islamic texts and civil society activism. This is an important and insightful read that contributes to scholarship on<br />changing socio-political and cultural dynamics within the Middle East and the influence of media and communication<br />technologies on political participation, writes Philip Effiom Ephraim.<br />Muted Modernists: The Struggle over Divine Politics in Saudi Arabia . Madawi Al-Rasheed. Hurst. 2015.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="3244c340ca5fe52bc4377d16bc95ae7b" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":51637784,"asset_id":29808019,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/51637784/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="29808019"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="29808019"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 29808019; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=29808019]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=29808019]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 29808019; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='29808019']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "3244c340ca5fe52bc4377d16bc95ae7b" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=29808019]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":29808019,"title":"Muted Modernists: The Struggle Over Divine Politics in Saudi Arabia","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/29808019/Muted_Modernists_The_Struggle_Over_Divine_Politics_in_Saudi_Arabia","owner_id":2572580,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":2572580,"first_name":"Philip Effiom","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Ephraim","page_name":"PhilipEffiomEphraim","domain_name":"aun-ng","created_at":"2012-09-27T13:55:06.563-07:00","display_name":"Philip Effiom Ephraim","url":"https://aun-ng.academia.edu/PhilipEffiomEphraim"},"attachments":[{"id":51637784,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/51637784/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"LSE_Muted_Modernists_.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/51637784/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Muted_Modernists_The_Struggle_Over_Divin.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/51637784/LSE_Muted_Modernists_-libre.pdf?1486232403=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DMuted_Modernists_The_Struggle_Over_Divin.pdf\u0026Expires=1740293090\u0026Signature=LQFy-MNosd4mTeO0FuXfbkNuJY~zHg5XSILxE4REcOgqFhc~NIEuNIp9bBSVVTKRJTINeCfJrUWmfHso2T4gsowzTTw6mjFLWMBb6OnVPqORhrt0lbbuqgaoPQR9CPvkjS67YSJ~qTEY1pCd6gF~Spubi4Ce~N62GoKMMxjiYRLrhKY~yqbTiSl6RWW4D-3Zoui0-eatc7GvgvIptJHCPLFhGN7PQZQzdtnFO4yAYPU3oAcs~qBYh~n4Lphu85ygl3E3~L2wunui7pREZWbbADRnRZweB-kgiZT94STm176sx4BxZJvx5C5wnVRhVpZzUlTgmffvGDjgdD5jrRZFQw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="100354475"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/100354475/Larry_D_Kelly_Advertising_Management_in_a_Digital_Environment_Text_and_Cases"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Larry D. Kelly, Advertising Management in a Digital Environment: Text and Cases" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/101201878/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/100354475/Larry_D_Kelly_Advertising_Management_in_a_Digital_Environment_Text_and_Cases">Larry D. Kelly, Advertising Management in a Digital Environment: Text and Cases</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Marketing Communications</span><span>, 2023</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">In Advertising Management in a Digital Environment: Text and Cases, by Larry D. Kelley, Professor...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">In Advertising Management in a Digital Environment: Text and Cases, by Larry D. Kelley, Professor of Advertising at the Jack J. Valenti School of Communication at the University of Houston, and Kim Bartel Sheehan, Professor, and Director of the master’s in Advertising and Brand Responsibility at the University of Oregon, provide knowledge to help readers navigate the complex and sensitive digital marketing space. The book addresses historical and contemporary issues in advertising management. The authors stress the importance of the case study method in analyzing real-life and realistic business challenges in the digital world. Through case study analyses, the reader can learn how these challenges were effectively surmounted or poorly managed.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="f9a83d5362aedf5d59a196c8f217e6bb" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":101201878,"asset_id":100354475,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/101201878/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="100354475"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="100354475"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 100354475; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=100354475]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=100354475]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 100354475; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='100354475']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "f9a83d5362aedf5d59a196c8f217e6bb" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=100354475]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":100354475,"title":"Larry D. Kelly, Advertising Management in a Digital Environment: Text and Cases","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/100354475/Larry_D_Kelly_Advertising_Management_in_a_Digital_Environment_Text_and_Cases","owner_id":2572580,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":2572580,"first_name":"Philip Effiom","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Ephraim","page_name":"PhilipEffiomEphraim","domain_name":"aun-ng","created_at":"2012-09-27T13:55:06.563-07:00","display_name":"Philip Effiom Ephraim","url":"https://aun-ng.academia.edu/PhilipEffiomEphraim"},"attachments":[{"id":101201878,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/101201878/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Advertising_Management_in_a_Digital_Environment_Text_and_Cases.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/101201878/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Larry_D_Kelly_Advertising_Management_in.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/101201878/Advertising_Management_in_a_Digital_Environment_Text_and_Cases-libre.pdf?1681777532=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DLarry_D_Kelly_Advertising_Management_in.pdf\u0026Expires=1740293090\u0026Signature=KynK5bFty4ceHbEkrFIDwKFQw5bNzFxjZldAjInT72sSTJYqtHT3WG-61S1ulOUL-s6~v-RtnNdVwSl09qflaDSIRP~yQe1ASXbKIiHTTSfTxl-OcXX8AMiN3fsrkj5C1Nt8f89Y2rn58~WXD61MPj3mSSp25clMdU6Jbm6rNMCDDGKDM3UaR~tFKM6nwHGPPL8BAloTWTKcruXEMUE~UudiaA4SNAnaqIvMBJkLrtttJRx5P0lxnXx~MnxeRpxGyUPCYQcG3E5FNpye0qyvjic2mbLItSsdVj-3c5VjQKoN7UEyVG-QM942rvgzC6NT3b1L-jAnXmqaU2H~YPFdfg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="41743950"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/41743950/Arthur_S_Hayes_Sympathy_for_the_Cyberbully_How_the_Crusade_to_Censor_Hostile_and_Offensive_Online_Speech_Abuses_Freedom_of_Expression"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Arthur S. Hayes, Sympathy for the Cyberbully: How the Crusade to Censor Hostile and Offensive Online Speech Abuses Freedom of Expression" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/61899382/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/41743950/Arthur_S_Hayes_Sympathy_for_the_Cyberbully_How_the_Crusade_to_Censor_Hostile_and_Offensive_Online_Speech_Abuses_Freedom_of_Expression">Arthur S. Hayes, Sympathy for the Cyberbully: How the Crusade to Censor Hostile and Offensive Online Speech Abuses Freedom of Expression</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly</span><span>, 2020</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">In view of the sensitivity and negative effects of cyberbullying, government lawmak-ers and schoo...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">In view of the sensitivity and negative effects of cyberbullying, government lawmak-ers and school authorities often enact laws to deal quickly and harshly with cyber bullies in the interests of victims. There are arguments that these anti-cyberbullying laws are often hastily enacted due to a strong desire to quickly help victims and stop the activities of the bullies. In Sympathy for the Cyberbully, Arthur Hayes, associate professor of Communications and Media Studies at Fordham University, calls for a review of anti-cyberbullying laws. He argues that not all the accused are truly cyber bullies. He describes this group as acid-tongued disparagers and youthful and adult sexters. Due to the attendant outpouring of strong emotions, Hayes calls for serious care in judging cases of cyberbullying. In light of the freedom of expression, he argues for a thorough examination of the motives and intentions behind each online message presented in judgment as evidence of cyberbullying. Hayes accuses the media of creating moral panic about cyberbullying. He argues that through negative framing of content, media create negative narratives about people holding contrary viewpoints and those expressing biting criticism of dominant narratives and perspectives. Media often hastily label these people as cyber bullies. The author argues further that moral panic could be blamed for the actions of governments of countries such as the United States and Canada. These governments have enacted cyber laws to track down and punish people suspected to be engaging in cyberbullying with little or no regard for legal protections provided them by the constitution. Examples include the Megan Meier suicide case in 2006 that leads to the enactment of the Megan Meier Law of 2008 in the State of Missouri, and the Rebecca Sedwick case of 2013. Sedwick was believed to have committed suicide due to shame from nasty Facebook comments. The case led to the enactment of Bill C 13 to protect Canadians from cyberbullying. Follow-up investigations after each case revealed that the offensive online comments used as key evidence in court were only a very small part of long troubled relations between the two parties and not the main cause of death. Hayes notes that even though cyberbullying was not the main cause of death, cyber-bullying is however not justifiable under any circumstance.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="d586e77a4ea30cee5c4600e441ad7c88" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":61899382,"asset_id":41743950,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/61899382/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="41743950"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="41743950"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 41743950; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=41743950]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=41743950]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 41743950; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='41743950']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "d586e77a4ea30cee5c4600e441ad7c88" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=41743950]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":41743950,"title":"Arthur S. Hayes, Sympathy for the Cyberbully: How the Crusade to Censor Hostile and Offensive Online Speech Abuses Freedom of Expression","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/41743950/Arthur_S_Hayes_Sympathy_for_the_Cyberbully_How_the_Crusade_to_Censor_Hostile_and_Offensive_Online_Speech_Abuses_Freedom_of_Expression","owner_id":2572580,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":2572580,"first_name":"Philip Effiom","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Ephraim","page_name":"PhilipEffiomEphraim","domain_name":"aun-ng","created_at":"2012-09-27T13:55:06.563-07:00","display_name":"Philip Effiom Ephraim","url":"https://aun-ng.academia.edu/PhilipEffiomEphraim"},"attachments":[{"id":61899382,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/61899382/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Sympathy_for_the_Cyberbully_Review20200126-85805-1y5wokp.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/61899382/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Arthur_S_Hayes_Sympathy_for_the_Cyberbul.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/61899382/Sympathy_for_the_Cyberbully_Review20200126-85805-1y5wokp-libre.pdf?1580069525=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DArthur_S_Hayes_Sympathy_for_the_Cyberbul.pdf\u0026Expires=1740147078\u0026Signature=BoTE1aIlCaPO1NQZSgdtbE6rflPzfuAsohvG7r3PRkLQ0QElQoJeSXyBIN60VEy71BYKOJH0yw2KamaDEc-SQb07D1drh0HN~dSaQHrvOvaS9eCXmGsM-SWCO4SS1De92fHsHkejxjWYZM-TCJfMiKTvtfDD1941mv~gwAfyuP-ZiAvV11whQxdYpNA-0lQcGYFEB0-OahvnFJmSsH94TFnp4ZHNE20DbroilmTjtNo1eS47lhNJXSkBSt-8s-eRClz99feuUEllRiiI3LvBZuVHBrJUOOfXMiAakp6lXR-Kldrq4qEfuRNNevismyfBl2FYcxrlJllpu80iFnTTDw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="23977616"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/23977616/Cristina_Archetti_Understanding_Terrorism_in_the_Age_of_Global_Media_A_Communication_Approach_New_York_Palgrave_Macmillan"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Cristina Archetti, Understanding Terrorism in the Age of Global Media: A Communication Approach New York: Palgrave Macmillan" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/44368468/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/23977616/Cristina_Archetti_Understanding_Terrorism_in_the_Age_of_Global_Media_A_Communication_Approach_New_York_Palgrave_Macmillan">Cristina Archetti, Understanding Terrorism in the Age of Global Media: A Communication Approach New York: Palgrave Macmillan</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>International Journal of Communication</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="55ef49d5d8de591fcee68c71448f04f0" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":44368468,"asset_id":23977616,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/44368468/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="23977616"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="23977616"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 23977616; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=23977616]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=23977616]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 23977616; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='23977616']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "55ef49d5d8de591fcee68c71448f04f0" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=23977616]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":23977616,"title":"Cristina Archetti, Understanding Terrorism in the Age of Global Media: A Communication Approach New York: Palgrave Macmillan","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/23977616/Cristina_Archetti_Understanding_Terrorism_in_the_Age_of_Global_Media_A_Communication_Approach_New_York_Palgrave_Macmillan","owner_id":2572580,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":2572580,"first_name":"Philip Effiom","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Ephraim","page_name":"PhilipEffiomEphraim","domain_name":"aun-ng","created_at":"2012-09-27T13:55:06.563-07:00","display_name":"Philip Effiom Ephraim","url":"https://aun-ng.academia.edu/PhilipEffiomEphraim"},"attachments":[{"id":44368468,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/44368468/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Pub_Book_Review_Terrorism.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/44368468/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Cristina_Archetti_Understanding_Terroris.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/44368468/Pub_Book_Review_Terrorism-libre.pdf?1459733640=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DCristina_Archetti_Understanding_Terroris.pdf\u0026Expires=1740293090\u0026Signature=RaSZiYYb-5CUpM8Ww8yjpZ1KiYfv3Xaitp17w7hRBSsRxEu-ztidXPJ3VbiVVPTy~tT-VJSnPIIdcbF6RExgmn9w5HiTEmDb5BAviPClcaJx1uFQ4hrmINwNA2a-HbUc~5rOS5FW4ef5TDAqRuoJiS8DxXgQlbfGyeHHxcxnMpg9rLK-6Z9KxcqE8fYaJc34RB613BkDATC42RRaUvDNRxQUAkXtRV3xilCXJ01BkIPTXqYp~LQPB~vGlgVd2oYbf1yXDdibmlM~FdVcSd-OekSQu8x5ZdovvJ1WIGl2yuhe4OfJ6kHsBoYxUkHDAg9RyGH6hzUVFs7ChkljkCst-Q__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="12909850"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/12909850/Book_Review_Age_of_Globalization_John_Hoberman"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Book Review: Age of Globalization - John Hoberman" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/37877038/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/12909850/Book_Review_Age_of_Globalization_John_Hoberman">Book Review: Age of Globalization - John Hoberman</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>International Journal of Communication</span><span>, 2013</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Globalization is not a new phenomenon. Some scholars tend to view globalization as a product of e...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Globalization is not a new phenomenon. Some scholars tend to view globalization as a product of early 20th-century advancements in industrialization and the development of modern transportation and communication technologies. Although international travel, and especially new media technologies, have played huge roles in expanding and accelerating the globalization process, several other subtle and often ignored factors remain powerful globalizing forces. Interconnection and exchange between peoples for purposes of diplomacy, trade, technological advancement, culture, and so on goes back practically to</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="e7ffd8d90015e9e059bdcea46c1a6fd7" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":37877038,"asset_id":12909850,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/37877038/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="12909850"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="12909850"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12909850; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12909850]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12909850]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12909850; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='12909850']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "e7ffd8d90015e9e059bdcea46c1a6fd7" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=12909850]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":12909850,"title":"Book Review: Age of Globalization - John Hoberman","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/12909850/Book_Review_Age_of_Globalization_John_Hoberman","owner_id":2572580,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":2572580,"first_name":"Philip Effiom","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Ephraim","page_name":"PhilipEffiomEphraim","domain_name":"aun-ng","created_at":"2012-09-27T13:55:06.563-07:00","display_name":"Philip Effiom Ephraim","url":"https://aun-ng.academia.edu/PhilipEffiomEphraim"},"attachments":[{"id":37877038,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/37877038/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Published_Book_Critique_Age_Of_Globalizationpdf.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/37877038/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Book_Review_Age_of_Globalization_John_Ho.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/37877038/Published_Book_Critique_Age_Of_Globalizationpdf-libre.pdf?1433966929=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DBook_Review_Age_of_Globalization_John_Ho.pdf\u0026Expires=1740293090\u0026Signature=fgv6GtjtPKc4bdb75pL2X~GN0EzzEbf3PI6FFOW8aZ1HypmKwfVVcKnqtPfII7RUwm3z7SHC7iMD2P47t5VU5~egX~M82GikGkV9VEocPd-SPXGWsc-LoVHIwF11APpugOxsu2ifa76GiKJ-uPxRnGzvbn4q30-CmtofP0zEwq80OkRVdD9RupJPQkh-8YZPpiNvOZJf~ZF9qUpQHFsyuWR6YOw6-6oUiEPJt8lytvt4L1jp2vOpnrvaQyigZE-6fM6j5Sb4hw0n6qjEXBy-ovKy8lutSmd17krwhFNMm5P6a7ERe~B0taRVjL2Y-d~3A2klDGOPxYLFXWjxFBlPuA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> </div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane" data-section-id="10689885" id="books"><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="44237151"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/44237151/Music_Theory_in_Practice_for_Schools_and_Colleges_Book_1_ISBN_978_37540_4_1"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Music Theory in Practice for Schools and Colleges Book 1 ISBN:978-37540-4-1" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/64607539/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/44237151/Music_Theory_in_Practice_for_Schools_and_Colleges_Book_1_ISBN_978_37540_4_1">Music Theory in Practice for Schools and Colleges Book 1 ISBN:978-37540-4-1</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Music Theory in Practice for Schools and Colleges Book 1 ISBN:978-37540-4-1</span><span>, 2020</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Music Theory in Practice for Schools & Colleges Book 1 is for students beginning a journey in mus...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Music Theory in Practice for Schools & Colleges Book 1 is for students beginning a journey in music in school or in college. It is a product of the author’s over two decades of successful music teaching to diverse students in Africa, Europe, and The Middle East. The book contains concise lessons in rudimentary music theory, history, and literature to build a solid foundation for the total beginner and to enhance the understanding of older learners. There are lessons in sight-reading and singing. Finger charts and lessons for recorder are also included. The language and style used in the book are simple and straight to the point. Appropriate examples, activity prompts, and fun exercises and are also included to enhance understanding and encourage practice. It is advised that students be guided by an experienced music teacher to fully benefit from this book. However, an independent study is possible. All fun exercises should be done in a music manuscript.<br /><br />This book is an important study material for preparing students for the Junior Secondary Certificate Examination (JSCE) and also for laying a solid foundation for the Senior Secondary Certificate Examination (SSCE) and  Joint Admission Matriculation Board Examination (JAMB). For students seeking international certifications, this book covers all the requirements for the beginner grades (Preliminary, Grades 1 & 2) of The Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music (ABRSM) UK, Trinity College of Music London, Musical Society of Nigeria (MUSON) and The Masters Music Academy, Nigeria. It is hoped that Music Theory in Practice for Schools & Colleges Book 1 will greatly benefit students and teachers in Nigeria and beyond.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="aab0acf703003aade1ea8a3a87e8a0fb" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":64607539,"asset_id":44237151,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/64607539/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="44237151"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="44237151"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44237151; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=44237151]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=44237151]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44237151; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='44237151']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "aab0acf703003aade1ea8a3a87e8a0fb" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=44237151]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":44237151,"title":"Music Theory in Practice for Schools and Colleges Book 1 ISBN:978-37540-4-1","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/44237151/Music_Theory_in_Practice_for_Schools_and_Colleges_Book_1_ISBN_978_37540_4_1","owner_id":2572580,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":2572580,"first_name":"Philip Effiom","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Ephraim","page_name":"PhilipEffiomEphraim","domain_name":"aun-ng","created_at":"2012-09-27T13:55:06.563-07:00","display_name":"Philip Effiom Ephraim","url":"https://aun-ng.academia.edu/PhilipEffiomEphraim"},"attachments":[{"id":64607539,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/64607539/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Preview_Music_Theory_in_Practice_BK_1_.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/64607539/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Music_Theory_in_Practice_for_Schools_and.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/64607539/Preview_Music_Theory_in_Practice_BK_1_-libre.pdf?1601971765=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DMusic_Theory_in_Practice_for_Schools_and.pdf\u0026Expires=1740293090\u0026Signature=fVS8BMrVslY4reIXLOKX-O3ZOpM60G1oR6~FdXu31~nsJZx07wzlrW~SDjqDwnJktsYXLXPthhCHZpgtJXLEo6Y3uDMo3hvcyUMcB0~dln1WmFspzgyxxTEn932F9EUOfKXqod7U6eBb5N9QhfUEAeH1iUMWowybQG6OFqFNU8uOoX90gtxoRcv7tJkn2HLWhlzy99I8kU19ezUpqZFEFUQb4wmf2MWKmdPXLP3b0Cu9oHGgcPwbdLhJaFtYq4Ej71qbTK1Zth5yqnfJFJYVgu1ACKvcDTd7Sf5ZKiEpb-v1Zalcmr1D4p12B5iXh07cCaElAxj9QJNi2dozZPujFQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> </div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane" data-section-id="17692181" id="academicblogs"><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="101048896"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/101048896/5_Interview_Question_Suggestions_for_Faculty_Research_Positions"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of 5 Interview Question Suggestions for Faculty-Research Positions" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/101695807/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/101048896/5_Interview_Question_Suggestions_for_Faculty_Research_Positions">5 Interview Question Suggestions for Faculty-Research Positions</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Jobs.ac.uk Blog</span><span>, 2016</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Response questions are an important part of interviews for faculty and research positions. Many c...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Response questions are an important part of interviews for faculty and research positions. Many candidates are often dumbstruck when asked if they have a question for the recruitment team. This short piece provides tips for applicants seeking academic positions in the UK and globally.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="a5459403bcbdcf62cf0d88f115208753" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":101695807,"asset_id":101048896,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/101695807/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="101048896"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="101048896"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 101048896; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=101048896]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=101048896]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 101048896; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='101048896']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "a5459403bcbdcf62cf0d88f115208753" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=101048896]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":101048896,"title":"5 Interview Question Suggestions for Faculty-Research Positions","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/101048896/5_Interview_Question_Suggestions_for_Faculty_Research_Positions","owner_id":2572580,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":2572580,"first_name":"Philip Effiom","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Ephraim","page_name":"PhilipEffiomEphraim","domain_name":"aun-ng","created_at":"2012-09-27T13:55:06.563-07:00","display_name":"Philip Effiom Ephraim","url":"https://aun-ng.academia.edu/PhilipEffiomEphraim"},"attachments":[{"id":101695807,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/101695807/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"5InterviewQuestionSuggestionsforFaculty.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/101695807/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"5_Interview_Question_Suggestions_for_Fac.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/101695807/5InterviewQuestionSuggestionsforFaculty.pdf?1682940930=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3D5_Interview_Question_Suggestions_for_Fac.pdf\u0026Expires=1740293090\u0026Signature=IO9K7~drnAfefyT8xjLYVCZUhGWJDdjg7p8sE6Jfl~6rhHHDYP609eKvzEnnRn-eX9ZOHxr-UD01Q5iG2JMIhE1zIGpiSdmLe9o0iJXz33t4HaZh-Fz2u~uuZFgNLRHPkVt6EbOkIkh7H1mKiFOSbbkMASsDmQS86Uhd1c~EtXOe0wUZUhbydKP~ynvUj3~hGjiWH1Le-V1nDU8lswIt~CjQRRjffBGhA1S4c3aDYY3ZY2gcWWPwgk~7QKx~tPkGU2~xUqCUe9Gs9y5W9nWaaH~Pd1IxvE2mET2yUPpNMArQ2YEF8wg6eCV9O1KBFrVEjuhegw8hS5aQTMS8zMTOTw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="37306575"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/37306575/Bobi_Wine_Case_Demonstrates_the_Power_of_Social_Media"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Bobi Wine Case Demonstrates the Power of Social Media" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/101696666/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/37306575/Bobi_Wine_Case_Demonstrates_the_Power_of_Social_Media">Bobi Wine Case Demonstrates the Power of Social Media</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>The Coversation</span><span>, 2018</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Robert Kyagulanyi Ssentamu, also known as Bobi Wine, is a Ugandan politician whose arrest and inc...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Robert Kyagulanyi Ssentamu, also known as Bobi Wine, is a Ugandan politician whose arrest and incarceration has sparked widespread protests in Uganda and elsewhere in the East African region. A great deal of this can be attributed to social media, which quickly spread his story. The Conversation Africa spoke to Philip Ephraim about social media and the impact it can have on politics.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="bce25eefab531dbcacdbfc57d2a7085a" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":101696666,"asset_id":37306575,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/101696666/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="37306575"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="37306575"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 37306575; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=37306575]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=37306575]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 37306575; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='37306575']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "bce25eefab531dbcacdbfc57d2a7085a" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=37306575]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":37306575,"title":"Bobi Wine Case Demonstrates the Power of Social Media","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/37306575/Bobi_Wine_Case_Demonstrates_the_Power_of_Social_Media","owner_id":2572580,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":2572580,"first_name":"Philip Effiom","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Ephraim","page_name":"PhilipEffiomEphraim","domain_name":"aun-ng","created_at":"2012-09-27T13:55:06.563-07:00","display_name":"Philip Effiom Ephraim","url":"https://aun-ng.academia.edu/PhilipEffiomEphraim"},"attachments":[{"id":101696666,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/101696666/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Bobi_Wine_Case_Demonstrates_the_Power_of.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/101696666/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Bobi_Wine_Case_Demonstrates_the_Power_of.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/101696666/Bobi_Wine_Case_Demonstrates_the_Power_of.pdf?1682942157=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DBobi_Wine_Case_Demonstrates_the_Power_of.pdf\u0026Expires=1740293090\u0026Signature=gmj2qVqbS8GBOYpC9ODowlx-656L1gJRbVo9Friq0elwRESzCKrsSO9YlkKHtfnJC3YzKOS4gWklaCt37D5kSw91GG-4pdKhElx23-xxtPgPVdTGe6vgptrgANl21LA6kc5C7-eHQT97MujzUa3GeYdejz6Z3sJlAr1aKuc5i-~VLdn-SgGH-esvraITyeb4K6POg3OLVfZRxmjlHh2iaK6QfKX1ncIC9E3UFHsWfBLqA2vCyODFtxieDCECllf-YgCq5n4utgf859y2b7zgRr9-XDqQYg7wturz~uwaFt89gKiND7ejLPLYcSTLNxpLrWvvmR3f1qA~9Dr1OhzhuQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> </div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane" data-section-id="5072131" id="thesischapters"><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="24576884"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/24576884/New_Media_Radical_Puppetry_and_Image_Management_The_Construction_of_Counter_Hegemonic_Discourses_in_Ogas_at_the_top"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of New Media, Radical Puppetry and Image Management: The Construction of Counter-Hegemonic Discourses in Ogas at the top" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/24576884/New_Media_Radical_Puppetry_and_Image_Management_The_Construction_of_Counter_Hegemonic_Discourses_in_Ogas_at_the_top">New Media, Radical Puppetry and Image Management: The Construction of Counter-Hegemonic Discourses in Ogas at the top</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="24576884"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="24576884"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 24576884; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=24576884]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=24576884]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 24576884; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='24576884']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=24576884]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":24576884,"title":"New Media, Radical Puppetry and Image Management: The Construction of Counter-Hegemonic Discourses in Ogas at the top","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/24576884/New_Media_Radical_Puppetry_and_Image_Management_The_Construction_of_Counter_Hegemonic_Discourses_in_Ogas_at_the_top","owner_id":2572580,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":2572580,"first_name":"Philip Effiom","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Ephraim","page_name":"PhilipEffiomEphraim","domain_name":"aun-ng","created_at":"2012-09-27T13:55:06.563-07:00","display_name":"Philip Effiom Ephraim","url":"https://aun-ng.academia.edu/PhilipEffiomEphraim"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> </div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane" data-section-id="12803062" id="papers"><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="108152855"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/108152855/Roots_Reloaded_Culture_Identity_and_Social_Development_in_the_Digital_Age"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Roots Reloaded. Culture, Identity and Social Development in the Digital Age" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/106612170/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/108152855/Roots_Reloaded_Culture_Identity_and_Social_Development_in_the_Digital_Age">Roots Reloaded. Culture, Identity and Social Development in the Digital Age</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DrAymanKole">Ayman Kole</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://aun-ng.academia.edu/PhilipEffiomEphraim">Philip Effiom Ephraim</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Performance Studies and Studies in Religion in 2002. He also finished a scriptwriting course at t...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Performance Studies and Studies in Religion in 2002. He also finished a scriptwriting course at the same University. He worked as a High School English Teacher before completing his MA in English at the University of Sydney in 2006. During his studies in the Masters Degree program, he wrote the short story 'The Mirror' which was selected as the Phoenix Journal finalist and published by Sydney University Press. He later was successfully accepted as a PhD student at Charles Sturt University to commence work on his thesis encompassing Literature, History and Creative Writing. His objective was to explore the historical, cultural and social landscape of Eastern Europe and the Middle East with a focus on the 17 th century and he spent time in Turkey and Cyprus conducting thorough historical research. In his work, Ayman investigated how people can be manipulated and just how quickly firmly held beliefs can be either modified or replaced in light of effectively staged performances. Furthermore, his thesis aimed to alert inquisitive minds to the cons and trickery of harmful or pretentious movements and this message can be applied to the realm of religion and politics today. One of Ayman's strengths in writing is his richly detailed research and his ability to create a fascinating narrative not from only one cultural perspective, but from many competing social groups of the selected era. Indeed, his profound insightfulness of the 17 th century, illustrating the differences and commonalities between the major religions of the area are just as relevant today as they were in the past. His novel 'Mark of the Crescent' was published in Australia. He currently holds the position as Head of</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="4c840a7ea3280d0ae47fe8280d027f23" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":106612170,"asset_id":108152855,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/106612170/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="108152855"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="108152855"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 108152855; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=108152855]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=108152855]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 108152855; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='108152855']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "4c840a7ea3280d0ae47fe8280d027f23" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=108152855]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":108152855,"title":"Roots Reloaded. Culture, Identity and Social Development in the Digital Age","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/108152855/Roots_Reloaded_Culture_Identity_and_Social_Development_in_the_Digital_Age","owner_id":51689981,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":51689981,"first_name":"Ayman","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Kole","page_name":"DrAymanKole","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2016-08-04T04:42:44.823-07:00","display_name":"Ayman Kole","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DrAymanKole"},"attachments":[{"id":106612170,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/106612170/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"131209701.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/106612170/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Roots_Reloaded_Culture_Identity_and_Soci.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/106612170/131209701-libre.pdf?1697355387=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DRoots_Reloaded_Culture_Identity_and_Soci.pdf\u0026Expires=1740147078\u0026Signature=fMNZ5y2lcYRvkQzE83BDtaghEEeVpJFTIzE53LElvln-ZKO9FAKy6oOZzCGrUBM4piqK7c0JxDCpmE-NxdUufOVA6AlDPun6fgdX1B007cyBfui~rvBhtZxGtivnpFaZTYR~GAJz9xtnEou3vEQuKFHm0rnzv9Pt1S1InQNFS5bm6xF-j0CgCEAi2Eqfx2FhC5v-tXIYQKCHWM36A6CFbQWXd4I948WSmZ~MIyKVJO4dKSFicurOSBS9nHn5CIiEe7uz~rQ9AeB0om828k5OUcoGEr74YYW~MTWZXth-gN5jxY98di~qqY7x28rJKCwKKRsyAqObYCGgOhrod4bakA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="105861166"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/105861166/Book_Review_Public_relations_history_Theory_practice_and_profession"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Book Review: Public relations history: Theory, practice, and profession" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/105861166/Book_Review_Public_relations_history_Theory_practice_and_profession">Book Review: Public relations history: Theory, practice, and profession</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Public Relations Inquiry</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Public relations – the management of persuasive communications between individuals or organizatio...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Public relations – the management of persuasive communications between individuals or organizations and their various publics, has had an interesting history. Public relations developed from traditional forms in various cultures, through press agentry, up until World Wars I and II, when it was combined with various mass media to create propaganda, further peace efforts, and promote contemporary globalization (Ephraim, 2014).In Public Relations History: Theory, Practice, and Profession, Cayce Myers, Associate Professor and Director of Graduate Studies in the Department of Communication, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, USA, argues that the history of public relations is multi-layered and a bit messy. It is full of good and bad deeds of people who sought to leverage public relations for self-serving purposes.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="105861166"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="105861166"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 105861166; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=105861166]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=105861166]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 105861166; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='105861166']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=105861166]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":105861166,"title":"Book Review: Public relations history: Theory, practice, and profession","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/105861166/Book_Review_Public_relations_history_Theory_practice_and_profession","owner_id":2572580,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":2572580,"first_name":"Philip Effiom","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Ephraim","page_name":"PhilipEffiomEphraim","domain_name":"aun-ng","created_at":"2012-09-27T13:55:06.563-07:00","display_name":"Philip Effiom Ephraim","url":"https://aun-ng.academia.edu/PhilipEffiomEphraim"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="66174991"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/66174991/Roots_Reloaded_Culture_Identity_and_Social_Development_in_the_Digital_Age"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Roots Reloaded. Culture, Identity and Social Development in the Digital Age" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/77471205/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/66174991/Roots_Reloaded_Culture_Identity_and_Social_Development_in_the_Digital_Age">Roots Reloaded. Culture, Identity and Social Development in the Digital Age</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DrAymanKole">Ayman Kole</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://unswad.academia.edu/DrTatianaPentes">Dr Tatiana J Pentes</a>, and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://aun-ng.academia.edu/PhilipEffiomEphraim">Philip Effiom Ephraim</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">BLACK BOX V3: Painting A Digital Picture of Documented Memory is a digital art film where the pro...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">BLACK BOX V3: Painting A Digital Picture of Documented Memory is a digital art film where the protagonist Nina&#39;s discovery of symbolic objects, ethnic dance, & musical forms (Hindustani, Rembetika, Chinese Jazz) reveal her cultural/ spiritual origins. The digital film is a documentary archiving an interactive version for download & play. LAUNCH: <a href="http://bit.ly/BLACKBOX_V3" rel="nofollow">http://bit.ly/BLACKBOX_V3</a> (Shockwave Player)</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="3c2131865e8f3f98042881a483f3a9fd" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":77471205,"asset_id":66174991,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/77471205/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="66174991"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="66174991"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 66174991; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=66174991]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=66174991]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 66174991; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='66174991']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "3c2131865e8f3f98042881a483f3a9fd" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=66174991]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":66174991,"title":"Roots Reloaded. Culture, Identity and Social Development in the Digital Age","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/66174991/Roots_Reloaded_Culture_Identity_and_Social_Development_in_the_Digital_Age","owner_id":51689981,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":51689981,"first_name":"Ayman","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Kole","page_name":"DrAymanKole","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2016-08-04T04:42:44.823-07:00","display_name":"Ayman Kole","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DrAymanKole"},"attachments":[{"id":77471205,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/77471205/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"KOLRRC-3.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/77471205/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Roots_Reloaded_Culture_Identity_and_Soci.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/77471205/KOLRRC-3-libre.pdf?1640682047=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DRoots_Reloaded_Culture_Identity_and_Soci.pdf\u0026Expires=1740267657\u0026Signature=On7AfpU4Y8zpWiGg17tswA9Wxye9hFdR-r0hOjyHWMP2784bkFm-ClMJFPcL~mgQqJpk0aCDUGKMZmNcadofbsQWSHm-sfiozMdRWEXFQpy0uj3cY~PMtNQE4nqZT0rAsA4dv1N~CQEEU8-APNMx07wEW0~yPf9lDHpxsaVcI2-8P5b6LMTr~MGVLSUGgghMwFxO1IDNirlkhMbl6nsssrUQb4bFTfGq06zeCAgie1FufidXbQVnEmut8jIP4Hvep5TjLeA6JbfHrpuTUW-7A1SBRqTeZngupi0~-fd0PmQdGSWaw46IpLdGdSs7konE7qIo2qUvuYiBMzNGaXMKsQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"},{"id":77471206,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/77471206/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"KOLRRC-3.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/77471206/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Roots_Reloaded_Culture_Identity_and_Soci.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/77471206/KOLRRC-3-libre.pdf?1640682045=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DRoots_Reloaded_Culture_Identity_and_Soci.pdf\u0026Expires=1740267657\u0026Signature=aPyhT0M-cx8u31TV3w6xxQfmFrpBLghxZwPMc96XZLgpUFNDq0tbfenk3r4TJDBP2QgRMxOg82OzmYc6-Fqd9CAPSi-SejMB8n3rgnoB9mgLLzLXvWpU~mU9IXBPAAd6HS7gm~iIzzqofP9krzAgyx1LVHx9faaLf4586JVDANNyKNz0GHkumNlniLEtbnysceOhTeoK134Gt8TpAzwb0NYsvgEP1biITdPCtpgws1O8nFBDucwl-OYvrZJqesGcMP1UHEvIxh1-Ycpx-D9SunriywezvGJfxRzI74H0tOIC5iLCo7z23PUrPGs7cH19adq9tpNkIwTmoaWPj~4ecw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> </div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/google_contacts-0dfb882d836b94dbcb4a2d123d6933fc9533eda5be911641f20b4eb428429600.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb $('.js-google-connect-button').click(function(e) { e.preventDefault(); GoogleContacts.authorize_and_show_contacts(); Aedu.Dismissibles.recordClickthrough("WowProfileImportContactsPrompt"); }); $('.js-update-biography-button').click(function(e) { e.preventDefault(); Aedu.Dismissibles.recordClickthrough("UpdateUserBiographyPrompt"); $.ajax({ url: $r.api_v0_profiles_update_about_path({ subdomain_param: 'api', about: "", }), type: 'PUT', success: function(response) { location.reload(); } }); }); $('.js-work-creator-button').click(function (e) { e.preventDefault(); window.location = $r.upload_funnel_document_path({ source: encodeURIComponent(""), }); }); $('.js-video-upload-button').click(function (e) { e.preventDefault(); window.location = $r.upload_funnel_video_path({ source: encodeURIComponent(""), }); }); $('.js-do-this-later-button').click(function() { $(this).closest('.js-profile-nag-panel').remove(); Aedu.Dismissibles.recordDismissal("WowProfileImportContactsPrompt"); }); $('.js-update-biography-do-this-later-button').click(function(){ $(this).closest('.js-profile-nag-panel').remove(); Aedu.Dismissibles.recordDismissal("UpdateUserBiographyPrompt"); }); $('.wow-profile-mentions-upsell--close').click(function(){ $('.wow-profile-mentions-upsell--panel').hide(); Aedu.Dismissibles.recordDismissal("WowProfileMentionsUpsell"); }); $('.wow-profile-mentions-upsell--button').click(function(){ Aedu.Dismissibles.recordClickthrough("WowProfileMentionsUpsell"); }); new WowProfile.SocialRedesignUserWorks({ initialWorksOffset: 20, allWorksOffset: 20, maxSections: 4 }) }); </script> </div></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile_edit-5ea339ee107c863779f560dd7275595239fed73f1a13d279d2b599a28c0ecd33.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/add_coauthor-22174b608f9cb871d03443cafa7feac496fb50d7df2d66a53f5ee3c04ba67f53.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/tab-dcac0130902f0cc2d8cb403714dd47454f11fc6fb0e99ae6a0827b06613abc20.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb window.ae = window.ae || {}; window.ae.WowProfile = window.ae.WowProfile || {}; if(Aedu.User.current && Aedu.User.current.id === $viewedUser.id) { window.ae.WowProfile.current_user_edit = {}; new WowProfileEdit.EditUploadView({ el: '.js-edit-upload-button-wrapper', model: window.$current_user, }); new AddCoauthor.AddCoauthorsController(); } var userInfoView = new WowProfile.SocialRedesignUserInfo({ recaptcha_key: "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB" }); WowProfile.router = new WowProfile.Router({ userInfoView: userInfoView }); Backbone.history.start({ pushState: true, root: "/" + $viewedUser.page_name }); new WowProfile.UserWorksNav() }); </script> </div> <div class="bootstrap login"><div class="modal fade login-modal" id="login-modal"><div class="login-modal-dialog modal-dialog"><div class="modal-content"><div class="modal-header"><button class="close close" data-dismiss="modal" type="button"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span><span class="sr-only">Close</span></button><h4 class="modal-title text-center"><strong>Log In</strong></h4></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><button class="btn btn-fb btn-lg btn-block btn-v-center-content" id="login-facebook-oauth-button"><svg style="float: left; width: 19px; line-height: 1em; margin-right: .3em;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="facebook-square" class="svg-inline--fa fa-facebook-square fa-w-14" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M400 32H48A48 48 0 0 0 0 80v352a48 48 0 0 0 48 48h137.25V327.69h-63V256h63v-54.64c0-62.15 37-96.48 93.67-96.48 27.14 0 55.52 4.84 55.52 4.84v61h-31.27c-30.81 0-40.42 19.12-40.42 38.73V256h68.78l-11 71.69h-57.78V480H400a48 48 0 0 0 48-48V80a48 48 0 0 0-48-48z"></path></svg><small><strong>Log in</strong> with <strong>Facebook</strong></small></button><br /><button class="btn btn-google btn-lg btn-block btn-v-center-content" id="login-google-oauth-button"><svg style="float: left; width: 22px; line-height: 1em; margin-right: .3em;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="google-plus" class="svg-inline--fa fa-google-plus fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M256,8C119.1,8,8,119.1,8,256S119.1,504,256,504,504,392.9,504,256,392.9,8,256,8ZM185.3,380a124,124,0,0,1,0-248c31.3,0,60.1,11,83,32.3l-33.6,32.6c-13.2-12.9-31.3-19.1-49.4-19.1-42.9,0-77.2,35.5-77.2,78.1S142.3,334,185.3,334c32.6,0,64.9-19.1,70.1-53.3H185.3V238.1H302.2a109.2,109.2,0,0,1,1.9,20.7c0,70.8-47.5,121.2-118.8,121.2ZM415.5,273.8v35.5H380V273.8H344.5V238.3H380V202.8h35.5v35.5h35.2v35.5Z"></path></svg><small><strong>Log in</strong> with <strong>Google</strong></small></button><br /><style type="text/css">.sign-in-with-apple-button { width: 100%; height: 52px; border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid black; cursor: pointer; } .sign-in-with-apple-button > div { margin: 0 auto; / This centers the Apple-rendered button horizontally }</style><script src="https://appleid.cdn-apple.com/appleauth/static/jsapi/appleid/1/en_US/appleid.auth.js" type="text/javascript"></script><div class="sign-in-with-apple-button" data-border="false" data-color="white" id="appleid-signin"><span   ="Sign Up with Apple" class="u-fs11"></span></div><script>AppleID.auth.init({ clientId: 'edu.academia.applesignon', scope: 'name email', redirectURI: 'https://www.academia.edu/sessions', state: "07fcda6adcf30e39818ed2b6742fde3ee3488cc18fc3674123f743adc13406d0", });</script><script>// Hacky way of checking if on fast loswp if (window.loswp == null) { (function() { const Google = window?.Aedu?.Auth?.OauthButton?.Login?.Google; const Facebook = window?.Aedu?.Auth?.OauthButton?.Login?.Facebook; if (Google) { new Google({ el: '#login-google-oauth-button', rememberMeCheckboxId: 'remember_me', track: null }); } if (Facebook) { new Facebook({ el: '#login-facebook-oauth-button', rememberMeCheckboxId: 'remember_me', track: null }); } })(); }</script></div></div></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><div class="hr-heading login-hr-heading"><span class="hr-heading-text">or</span></div></div></div></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><form class="js-login-form" action="https://www.academia.edu/sessions" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="NnedjwgEPhNCg1VbOvdmN-7NEDCS5fAEBjeGq5SyVnlBm0_hjyoMZChCIFrtDFQ6_sCXi-ANEtj06D3swZi7mA" autocomplete="off" /><div class="form-group"><label class="control-label" for="login-modal-email-input" style="font-size: 14px;">Email</label><input class="form-control" id="login-modal-email-input" name="login" type="email" /></div><div class="form-group"><label class="control-label" for="login-modal-password-input" style="font-size: 14px;">Password</label><input class="form-control" id="login-modal-password-input" name="password" type="password" /></div><input type="hidden" name="post_login_redirect_url" id="post_login_redirect_url" value="https://aun-ng.academia.edu/PhilipEffiomEphraim" autocomplete="off" /><div class="checkbox"><label><input type="checkbox" name="remember_me" id="remember_me" value="1" checked="checked" /><small style="font-size: 12px; margin-top: 2px; display: inline-block;">Remember me on this computer</small></label></div><br><input type="submit" name="commit" value="Log In" class="btn btn-primary btn-block btn-lg js-login-submit" data-disable-with="Log In" /></br></form><script>typeof window?.Aedu?.recaptchaManagedForm === 'function' && window.Aedu.recaptchaManagedForm( document.querySelector('.js-login-form'), document.querySelector('.js-login-submit') );</script><small style="font-size: 12px;"><br />or <a data-target="#login-modal-reset-password-container" data-toggle="collapse" href="javascript:void(0)">reset password</a></small><div class="collapse" id="login-modal-reset-password-container"><br /><div class="well margin-0x"><form class="js-password-reset-form" action="https://www.academia.edu/reset_password" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="KKWLH4vX3HTgcL4aoNKUeNlnJVNkiE3NZCC8p9dKi6lfSVlxDPnuA4qxyxt3KaZ1yWqi6BZgrxGW_wfggmBmSA" autocomplete="off" /><p>Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link.</p><div class="form-group"><input class="form-control" name="email" type="email" /></div><script src="https://recaptcha.net/recaptcha/api.js" async defer></script> <script> var invisibleRecaptchaSubmit = function () { var closestForm = function (ele) { var curEle = ele.parentNode; while (curEle.nodeName !== 'FORM' && curEle.nodeName !== 'BODY'){ curEle = curEle.parentNode; } return curEle.nodeName === 'FORM' ? curEle : null }; var eles = document.getElementsByClassName('g-recaptcha'); if (eles.length > 0) { var form = closestForm(eles[0]); if (form) { form.submit(); } } }; </script> <input type="submit" data-sitekey="6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj" data-callback="invisibleRecaptchaSubmit" class="g-recaptcha btn btn-primary btn-block" value="Email me a link" value=""/> </form></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/collapse-45805421cf446ca5adf7aaa1935b08a3a8d1d9a6cc5d91a62a2a3a00b20b3e6a.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb $("#login-modal-reset-password-container").on("shown.bs.collapse", function() { $(this).find("input[type=email]").focus(); }); }); </script> </div></div></div><div class="modal-footer"><div class="text-center"><small style="font-size: 12px;">Need an account? <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Click here to sign up</a></small></div></div></div></div></div></div><script>// If we are on subdomain or non-bootstrapped page, redirect to login page instead of showing modal (function(){ if (typeof $ === 'undefined') return; var host = window.location.hostname; if ((host === $domain || host === "www."+$domain) && (typeof $().modal === 'function')) { $("#nav_log_in").click(function(e) { // Don't follow the link and open the modal e.preventDefault(); $("#login-modal").on('shown.bs.modal', function() { $(this).find("#login-modal-email-input").focus() }).modal('show'); }); } })()</script> <div class="bootstrap" id="footer"><div class="footer-content clearfix text-center padding-top-7x" style="width:100%;"><ul class="footer-links-secondary footer-links-wide list-inline margin-bottom-1x"><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/about">About</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/press">Press</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/documents">Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/topics">Topics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/journals">Academia.edu Journals</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/hiring"><svg style="width: 13px; height: 13px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="briefcase" class="svg-inline--fa fa-briefcase fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M320 336c0 8.84-7.16 16-16 16h-96c-8.84 0-16-7.16-16-16v-48H0v144c0 25.6 22.4 48 48 48h416c25.6 0 48-22.4 48-48V288H320v48zm144-208h-80V80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48H176c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v48H48c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v80h512v-80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48zm-144 0H192V96h128v32z"></path></svg> <strong>We're Hiring!</strong></a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://support.academia.edu/hc/en-us"><svg style="width: 12px; height: 12px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="question-circle" class="svg-inline--fa fa-question-circle fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M504 256c0 136.997-111.043 248-248 248S8 392.997 8 256C8 119.083 119.043 8 256 8s248 111.083 248 248zM262.655 90c-54.497 0-89.255 22.957-116.549 63.758-3.536 5.286-2.353 12.415 2.715 16.258l34.699 26.31c5.205 3.947 12.621 3.008 16.665-2.122 17.864-22.658 30.113-35.797 57.303-35.797 20.429 0 45.698 13.148 45.698 32.958 0 14.976-12.363 22.667-32.534 33.976C247.128 238.528 216 254.941 216 296v4c0 6.627 5.373 12 12 12h56c6.627 0 12-5.373 12-12v-1.333c0-28.462 83.186-29.647 83.186-106.667 0-58.002-60.165-102-116.531-102zM256 338c-25.365 0-46 20.635-46 46 0 25.364 20.635 46 46 46s46-20.636 46-46c0-25.365-20.635-46-46-46z"></path></svg> <strong>Help Center</strong></a></li></ul><ul class="footer-links-tertiary list-inline margin-bottom-1x"><li class="small">Find new research papers in:</li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physics">Physics</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology">Biology</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Sciences">Health Sciences</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecology">Ecology</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Earth_Sciences">Earth Sciences</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematics">Mathematics</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science">Computer Science</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="DesignSystem" id="credit" style="width:100%;"><ul class="u-pl0x footer-links-legal list-inline"><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/terms">Terms</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/privacy">Privacy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/copyright">Copyright</a></li><li>Academia ©2025</li></ul></div><script> //<![CDATA[ window.detect_gmtoffset = true; window.Academia && window.Academia.set_gmtoffset && Academia.set_gmtoffset('/gmtoffset'); //]]> </script> <div id='overlay_background'></div> <div id='bootstrap-modal-container' class='bootstrap'></div> <div id='ds-modal-container' class='bootstrap DesignSystem'></div> <div id='full-screen-modal'></div> </div> </body> </html>