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background"></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From ICANNWiki</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><table class="template-box"> </table><table class="template-table" cellpadding="2"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" class="template-title template-title-tld"><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="mw-lingo-term" data-lingo-term-id="594cb7a6563ab5c889d951982d4f996e">gTLD</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="tld-logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/File:Dot_org_newlogo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/images/1/11/Dot_org_newlogo.png" decoding="async" width="276" height="206" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="276" data-file-height="206"></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="tld-flair"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Type</b>: </td> <td><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="mw-lingo-term" data-lingo-term-id="594cb7a6563ab5c889d951982d4f996e">gTLD</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Status</b>: </td> <td>Active </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Implemented</b>: </td> <td>1985 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Registry</b>: </td> <td><a href="/Afilias" title="Afilias">Afilias</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>.org</b> is one of the first <a href="/GTLD" class="mw-redirect" title="GTLD">generic top-level domains</a> (<a href="javascript:void(0);" class="mw-lingo-term" data-lingo-term-id="594cb7a6563ab5c889d951982d4f996e">gTLD</a>) to be included in the Internet <a href="/DNS" class="mw-redirect" title="DNS">Domain Name System</a> (DNS). It is managed by <a href="/PIR" class="mw-redirect" title="PIR">Public Interest Registry</a> (PIR).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/index.php?title=.org&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/index.php?title=.org&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: History"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>.org was proposed by <a href="/Jon_Postel" title="Jon Postel">Jon Postel</a> and <a href="/Joyce_Reynolds" title="Joyce Reynolds">Joyce Reynolds</a> as one of the initial <a href="javascript:void(0);" class="mw-lingo-term" data-lingo-term-id="4697ac6f26f5689fb9ae486938ef922d">gTLDs</a> ( along with <a href="/.com" title=".com">.com</a>, <a href="/.edu" title=".edu">.edu</a>, <a href="/.gov" title=".gov">.gov</a>, and <a href="/.mil" title=".mil">.mil</a>) for the DNS System in <a href="javascript:void(0);" class="mw-lingo-term" data-lingo-term-id="54bde4340555e534de2f4b6329ee925b">RFC</a> 920, entitled "Domain Requirements", dated October 1994. It was implemented in January 1985. </p><p>From the deployment of the DNS until the end of 1992, the <a href="javascript:void(0);" class="mw-lingo-term" data-lingo-term-id="4697ac6f26f5689fb9ae486938ef922d">gTLDs</a> were managed by <a href="/index.php?title=SRI_International%27s_Network_Information_Center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SRI International's Network Information Center (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow">SRI International's Network Information Center (SRI-NIC)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-iana_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iana-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1993, the registration function within <a href="javascript:void(0);" class="mw-lingo-term" data-lingo-term-id="4697ac6f26f5689fb9ae486938ef922d">gTLDs</a> was assumed by <a href="/Network_Solutions" title="Network Solutions">Network Solutions, Inc. (NSI)</a> through a cooperative agreement with USA's National Science Foundation. However, in 1998, the U.S. <a href="/DOC" class="mw-redirect" title="DOC">Department of Commerce</a> issued the <a href="/White_Paper" title="White Paper">White Paper</a> in response to the instruction of American president <a href="/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> to form a new non-profit organization to take over the responsibilities in improving the technical management of the Internet Domain Name System, which would become ICANN. As a result, Network Solutions' contract to manage the registration services of the .org was extended by the Department of Commerce until September 30, 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1999, Network Solutions entered an agreement with ICANN to remain as the registry operator of the .org <a href="/GTLD" class="mw-redirect" title="GTLD">gTLD</a> until December 31, 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The control of Network Solutions changed hands in 2000, when Verisign acquired the majority shareholding at a price of USD 21 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 2001, the ICANN-NSI registry agreement covering .com, .net, and .org, was replaced with three registry agreements for each <a href="javascript:void(0);" class="mw-lingo-term" data-lingo-term-id="4697ac6f26f5689fb9ae486938ef922d">gTLDs</a>. The registry agreement for .org provided that Verisign would give up the operatorship of the .org registry December 31, 2002, after which a successor registry operator designated by ICANN would assume responsibility for the operation.<sup id="cite_ref-iana_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iana-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Transition_to_Current_Management">Transition to Current Management</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/index.php?title=.org&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Transition to Current Management" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/index.php?title=.org&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Transition to Current Management"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>During the meeting in Accra, Ghana in March of 2002, the <a href="/ICANN_Board" title="ICANN Board">ICANN Board</a> resolved the request for proposals from parties interested in taking over the registry operations of the .org <a href="javascript:void(0);" class="mw-lingo-term" data-lingo-term-id="c509b3bd238b50a1f6f9f3cfd6cc3d2b">TLD</a> from <a href="/Verisign" title="Verisign">Verisign</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ICANN received 11 proposals by June 2002 and created four teams to evaluate the proposals. The teams were:<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/index.php?title=Gartner,_Inc.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gartner, Inc. (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow">Gartner, Inc.</a>, which was tasked to evaluate the technical aspects of the proposals;</li> <li>an international team of Chief Information Officers, which conducted an independent technical evaluation using a different methodology;</li> <li><a href="/NCUC" class="mw-redirect" title="NCUC">Noncommercial Domain Name Holders Constituency</a> of ICANN's <a href="/DNSO" class="mw-redirect" title="DNSO">DNSO</a>, that was responsible for usage evaluation of the proposals</li> <li>ICANN's General Counsel, that evaluated the procedural aspects of the bids.</li></ul> <p>After evaluating the proposals, the teams recommended these candidates to succeed in the management of the .org registration services from Verisign: </p> <ul><li><a href="/PIR" class="mw-redirect" title="PIR">Public Interest Registry</a> (PIR)</li> <li><a href="/Neustar" title="Neustar">Neustar</a></li> <li><a href="/GNR" class="mw-redirect" title="GNR">Global Name Registry</a></li></ul> <p>The <a href="/DOC" class="mw-redirect" title="DOC">Department of Commerce</a> approved Public Interest Registry to take over the management of the .org <a href="javascript:void(0);" class="mw-lingo-term" data-lingo-term-id="c509b3bd238b50a1f6f9f3cfd6cc3d2b">TLD</a> registry.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> PIR officially assumed the functions of .org registry operator on January 1, 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2006, PIR renewed its .org Registry Agreement with ICANN until June 30, 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Registration_Statistics">Registration Statistics</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/index.php?title=.org&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Registration Statistics" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/index.php?title=.org&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Registration Statistics"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>The first .org domain was registered by MITRE Corporation, a non-profit organization providing systems engineering and information technology support to the US government, on July 10, 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On June 24th, 2012, registration for .org passed the 10 million mark. The 10th million registration was for JADFORUM.org, registered by the Jordan River and Dead Sea Basin Forum via <a href="/GoDaddy" title="GoDaddy">GoDaddy</a>. It was the 7th <a href="javascript:void(0);" class="mw-lingo-term" data-lingo-term-id="c509b3bd238b50a1f6f9f3cfd6cc3d2b">TLD</a> to pass the 10 million mark; the others being <a href="/.com" title=".com">.com</a>, <a href="/.de" title=".de">.de</a> (2006), <a href="/.net" title=".net">.net</a> (2007) <a href="/.cn" title=".cn">.cn</a> (2008), <a href="/.uk" title=".uk">.uk</a> (2012), <a href="/.tk" title=".tk">.tk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id=".org_IDN">.org <a href="javascript:void(0);" class="mw-lingo-term" data-lingo-term-id="91b986165f8990bf44fd00cd6eaec922">IDN</a></span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/index.php?title=.org&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: .org IDN" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/index.php?title=.org&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: .org IDN"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>The <a href="/IDN" class="mw-redirect" title="IDN">Internationalized Domain Name</a> (<a href="javascript:void(0);" class="mw-lingo-term" data-lingo-term-id="91b986165f8990bf44fd00cd6eaec922">IDN</a>) registration for the .org <a href="javascript:void(0);" class="mw-lingo-term" data-lingo-term-id="c509b3bd238b50a1f6f9f3cfd6cc3d2b">TLD</a> is available in German, Danish, Hungarian, Icelandic, Korean (Hangul), Latvian, Lithuanian, Polish and Swedish scripts since 2005. The Spanish language script became available in 2007, while Chinese <a href="javascript:void(0);" class="mw-lingo-term" data-lingo-term-id="91b986165f8990bf44fd00cd6eaec922">IDN</a> registration became available in January of 2010; <a href="javascript:void(0);" class="mw-lingo-term" data-lingo-term-id="91b986165f8990bf44fd00cd6eaec922">IDN</a> registration for Bosnian, Bulgarian, Belarusian, Macedonian, Russian, Serbian and Ukrainian languages using the Cyrillic script started on February 19, 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="U.S._Seizures_of_Domain_Names">U.S. Seizures of Domain Names</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/index.php?title=.org&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: U.S. Seizures of Domain Names" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/index.php?title=.org&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: U.S. Seizures of Domain Names"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>The U.S. government has stated that because .org's registry operator, PIR, is based in the United States, it has the right to seize any .org domain names at any time. The government goes straight to the registry in cases where the domain name is foreign, as foreign registrars are not required to comply with U.S. law. By early 2012, the government had seized 750 domain names like this, most registered through foreign registrars. Usually, the domain names are redirected at the <a href="/DNS" class="mw-redirect" title="DNS">DNS</a> level to a U.S. government IP address that informs visitors that the site has been seized. Recently Bodog.com was targeted because federal law in the United States makes it illegal to offer online sports wagering and to payoff online bets, although online gambling isn’t illegal globally. The domain name was registered through a Canadian registrar, but the United States closed the site without any intervention from Canadian authorities or companies.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/index.php?title=.org&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/index.php?title=.org&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: References"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div style="font-size:.9em;"><div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/org.html">IANA: Delegation Record for .ORG</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iana-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-iana_2-0">2.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-iana_2-1">2.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://www.iana.org/reports/2002/org-report-09dec02.html">IANA: Report on Redelegation of the .org Top-Level Domain</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.icann.org/en/nsi/coopagmt-amend11-07oct98.htm">Special Award Conditions NCR-9218742 Amendment No. 11</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.icann.org/en/nsi/nsi-registry-agreement-04nov99.htm">ICANN: ICANN-NSI Agreement</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://www.cnet.com/tech/services-and-software/verisign-buys-network-solutions-in-21-billion-deal/">CNET: VeriSign buys Network Solutions in $21 billion deal</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.icann.org/en/minutes/prelim-report-14mar02.htm#orgReassignment">ICANN: .org Reassignment</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.icann.org/en/tlds/org/preliminary-evaluation-report-19aug02.htm">Preliminary Staff Report</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a class="external text" href="http://www.icann.org/en/correspondence/doc-to-icann-26nov02.htm">Department of Commerce Approval Letter</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.internic.net/faqs/org-transition.html">www.internic.net</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.icann.org/en/tlds/agreements/org/registry-agmt-16jul08.htm">PIR-ICANN .org RAA</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://circleid.com/posts/20100712_org_public_interest_registry_25_anniversary_of_first_domain_mitre">CircleID: .ORG Celebrates 25th Anniversary of Very First Registration - MITRE.org</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.domainnews.com/en/org-seventh-tld-to-pass-ten-millionth-registration-milestone.html?utm_source=twitterfeed&utm_medium=twitter">DomainNews: Seventh TLD to Pass Ten Millionth Registration Milestone</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.pir.org/why/global/idn">.ORG Internationalized Domain Names</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2012/03/feds-seize-foreign-sites/?utm_source=twitter&utm_medium=socialmedia&utm_campaign=twitterclickthru">Uncle Sam: If It Ends in .Com, It’s .Seizable, wired.com</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div></div><div class="mw-lingo-tooltip" id="594cb7a6563ab5c889d951982d4f996e"><div class="mw-lingo-definition navigation-not-searchable"><div class="mw-lingo-definition-text"> <p><a href="/Generic_Top-level_Domain" title="Generic Top-level Domain">Generic Top-level Domain</a> </p> </div></div> </div><div class="mw-lingo-tooltip" id="4697ac6f26f5689fb9ae486938ef922d"><div class="mw-lingo-definition navigation-not-searchable"><div class="mw-lingo-definition-text"> <p><a href="/Generic_Top-level_Domain" title="Generic Top-level Domain">Generic Top-level Domain</a> </p> </div></div> </div><div class="mw-lingo-tooltip" id="54bde4340555e534de2f4b6329ee925b"><div class="mw-lingo-definition navigation-not-searchable"><div class="mw-lingo-definition-text"> <p><a href="/Request_For_Comments" title="Request For Comments">Request For Comments</a> </p> </div></div> </div><div class="mw-lingo-tooltip" 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