CINXE.COM
<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><meta charset="utf-8" data-next-head/><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" data-next-head/><meta name="X-UA-Compatible" http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" data-next-head/><link rel="canonical" href="https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators" data-next-head/><meta name="msapplication-tap-highlight" content="no" data-next-head/><title data-next-head>Famous Scholars and Educators</title><meta name="title" content="Famous Scholars and Educators" data-next-head/><meta name="description" content="Famous scholars and educators have developed the concepts we still learn in schools today. " data-next-head/><meta name="keywords" content data-next-head/><meta property="og:type" content="website" data-next-head/><meta name="theme-color" content="#000000" data-next-head/><link href="/_assets/design-tokens/biography/static/images/favicon.3635572.ico" rel="icon" data-next-head/><meta property="og:site_name" content="Biography" data-next-head/><meta name="article:publisher" content="https://www.facebook.com/Biography" property="article:publisher" data-next-head/><meta name="twitter:site" content="@biography" data-next-head/><meta property="og:title" content="Famous Scholars and Educators" data-next-head/><meta property="og:description" content="Famous scholars and educators have developed the concepts we still learn in schools today. " data-next-head/><meta name="parsely-metadata" content="{}" data-next-head/><meta name="robots" content="noarchive,noai,noimageai,max-image-preview:large,max-snippet:-1,max-video-preview:30" data-next-head/><meta name="sailthru.tags" content="Biography-US" data-next-head/><link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="[object Object]" data-next-head/><link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Biography - Famous Scholars & Educators" href="/rss/scholars-educators.xml" data-next-head/><link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Biography" href="/rss/all.xml" data-next-head/><link rel="preload" as="image" imageSrcSet="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/archimedes-greek-scholarly-engraving-b-n-f-colourized-photo-news-photo-1678293949.jpg?crop=1.00xw:0.747xh;0,0.166xh&resize=640:* 640w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/archimedes-greek-scholarly-engraving-b-n-f-colourized-photo-news-photo-1678293949.jpg?crop=1.00xw:0.747xh;0,0.166xh&resize=980:* 980w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/archimedes-greek-scholarly-engraving-b-n-f-colourized-photo-news-photo-1678293949.jpg?crop=1.00xw:0.747xh;0,0.166xh&resize=1200:* 1120w" imageSizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high" data-next-head/><script id="settings" data-nscript="beforeInteractive">window.__FRE={env:"production",ver:"0.12.232",cdn:true},window.__SITE={brand:"biography",domain:"https://www.biography.com",dk:"aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuYmlvZ3JhcGh5LmNvb::Q==",force_www:true,id:"73ce8f33-abd8-4d76-b5c7-1c72caf717ce",locale:"en-us",locale_path:"",trailing_slash:false,assetPrefix:"/_assets/fre/scopes/hdm"},Object.defineProperties(window,{ADSFREE:{value:false,writable:!1},GDPR:{value:false,writable:!1}});</script><script id="device-detect" data-nscript="beforeInteractive">(()=>{const o="ontouchstart"in window||!!navigator.maxTouchPoints||window.location.search.includes("__touch"),t=window.matchMedia("only screen and (max-width: 767px)").matches,n=o&&t,i=o&&!t,e=[n?"mobile":"no-mobile",i?"tablet":"no-tablet",o?"touch":"no-touch"];window.touch=o,window.tablet=i,window.mobile=n,window.desktop=!(n||i),document.documentElement.classList.add(...e)})();</script><script id="journey-info" data-nscript="beforeInteractive">(()=>{if(window.JOURNEY_INFO)return;const e=new RegExp(["Publication-Access-for-Facebook","adwallet"].join("|"),"i").test(navigator.userAgent);window.JOURNEY_INFO={status:"pending",isBot:e};const i=Number.parseInt("null",10);Number.isNaN(i)||(window.JOURNEY_INFO.previewBlockerSlidePosition=i)})();</script><script id="lux" data-nscript="beforeInteractive">LUX=(function(){const a=(typeof(LUX)!=="undefined"&&typeof(LUX.gaMarks)!=="undefined"?LUX.gaMarks:[]);const d=(typeof(LUX)!=="undefined"&&typeof(LUX.gaMeasures)!=="undefined"?LUX.gaMeasures:[]);const j="LUX_start";const k=window.performance;let l=(typeof(LUX)!=="undefined"&&LUX.ns?LUX.ns:(Date.now?Date.now():+(new Date())));if(k&&k.timing&&k.timing.navigationStart){l=k.timing.navigationStart}function f(){if(k&&k.now){return k.now()}const o=Date.now?Date.now():+(new Date());return o-l}function b(n){if(k){if(k.mark){return k.mark(n)}if(k.webkitMark){return k.webkitMark(n)}}a.push({name:n,entryType:"mark",startTime:f(),duration:0});}function m(p,t,n){if(typeof(t)==="undefined"&&h(j)){t=j}if(k){if(k.measure){if(t){if(n){return k.measure(p,t,n)}return k.measure(p,t)}return k.measure(p)}if(k.webkitMeasure){return k.webkitMeasure(p,t,n)}}let r=0; let o=f();if(t){const s=h(t);if(s){r=s.startTime}else if(k&&k.timing&&k.timing[t]){r=k.timing[t]-k.timing.navigationStart}else{return}}if(n){const q=h(n);if(q){o=q.startTime}else if(k&&k.timing&&k.timing[n]){o=k.timing[n]-k.timing.navigationStart}else{return}}d.push({name:p,entryType:"measure",startTime:r,duration:(o-r)});}function h(n){return c(n,g())}function c(p,o){for(i=o.length-1;i>=0;i--){const n=o[i];if(p===n.name){return n}}return undefined}function g(){if(k){if(k.getEntriesByType){return k.getEntriesByType("mark")}if(k.webkitGetEntriesByType){return k.webkitGetEntriesByType("mark")}}return a}return{mark:b,measure:m,gaMarks:a,gaMeasures:d}})();LUX.ns=(Date.now?Date.now():+(new Date()));LUX.ac=[];LUX.cmd=function(a){LUX.ac.push(a)};LUX.init=function(){LUX.cmd(["init"])};LUX.send=function(){LUX.cmd(["send"])};LUX.addData=function(a,b){LUX.cmd(["addData",a,b])};LUX_ae=[];window.addEventListener("error",function(a){LUX_ae.push(a)});LUX_al=[];if(typeof(PerformanceObserver)==="function"&&typeof(PerformanceLongTaskTiming)==="function"){const LongTaskObserver=new PerformanceObserver(function(c){const b=c.getEntries();for(let a=0;a<b.length;a++){const d=b[a];LUX_al.push(d)}});try{LongTaskObserver.observe({type:["longtask"]})}catch(e){}};LUX.label = "section";</script><noscript data-n-css></noscript><script defer noModule src="/_assets/fre/scopes/hdm/_next/static/chunks/polyfills-42372ed130431b0a.js"></script><script id="onetrust-script" src="https://cdn.cookielaw.org/scripttemplates/otSDKStub.js" async fetchpriority="high" data-domain-script="651a82cd-9caa-41a8-bb3c-c2a80ef76a30" data-document-language="true" data-nscript="beforeInteractive"></script><script id="moapt-data-bundle" src="/_assets/moapt/2.284.0/moapt-data.js" async fetchpriority="high" data-nscript="beforeInteractive"></script><script id="moapt-bundle" src="/_assets/moapt/2.284.0/moapt-bundle-hdm.js" async fetchpriority="high" data-nscript="beforeInteractive"></script><script defer src="/_assets/fre/scopes/hdm/_next/static/chunks/92688.6791a0f97a316803.js"></script><script defer src="/_assets/fre/scopes/hdm/_next/static/chunks/10020.f516b193da45cc23.js"></script><script src="/_assets/fre/scopes/hdm/_next/static/chunks/webpack-1a3458453c465f9d.js" defer></script><script src="/_assets/fre/scopes/hdm/_next/static/chunks/framework-3ddea80a1f96b967.js" defer></script><script src="/_assets/fre/scopes/hdm/_next/static/chunks/main-9b65d2db7cfa5f9d.js" defer></script><script src="/_assets/fre/scopes/hdm/_next/static/chunks/pages/_app-6da2287bac1edb23.js" defer></script><script src="/_assets/fre/scopes/hdm/_next/static/chunks/66f33b82-b982f13ed4760d80.js" defer></script><script src="/_assets/fre/scopes/hdm/_next/static/chunks/97610-1f91e4881aef4c48.js" defer></script><script src="/_assets/fre/scopes/hdm/_next/static/chunks/14974-81b88e744fcc9470.js" defer></script><script src="/_assets/fre/scopes/hdm/_next/static/chunks/43613-02329611bc0e669b.js" defer></script><script src="/_assets/fre/scopes/hdm/_next/static/chunks/72278-94bccd42dde4d188.js" defer></script><script src="/_assets/fre/scopes/hdm/_next/static/chunks/8256-1d22698f4e0dd2d5.js" defer></script><script src="/_assets/fre/scopes/hdm/_next/static/chunks/95309-679e1c47068d50b2.js" defer></script><script src="/_assets/fre/scopes/hdm/_next/static/chunks/43672-f9ef34f8157d787e.js" defer></script><script src="/_assets/fre/scopes/hdm/_next/static/chunks/2865-3ba3e66525774a9d.js" defer></script><script src="/_assets/fre/scopes/hdm/_next/static/chunks/4155-aa774d491c59ce4a.js" defer></script><script src="/_assets/fre/scopes/hdm/_next/static/chunks/55469-1797dbc9e75aa9ec.js" defer></script><script src="/_assets/fre/scopes/hdm/_next/static/chunks/74170-d5cdd5244b4b1d2d.js" defer></script><script src="/_assets/fre/scopes/hdm/_next/static/chunks/403-6a939b6476264e74.js" defer></script><script src="/_assets/fre/scopes/hdm/_next/static/chunks/13377-48947b86199921ea.js" defer></script><script src="/_assets/fre/scopes/hdm/_next/static/chunks/57389-7ba09a8f378578e3.js" defer></script><script src="/_assets/fre/scopes/hdm/_next/static/chunks/83466-eb2cac876c58ee6a.js" defer></script><script src="/_assets/fre/scopes/hdm/_next/static/chunks/1522-f0c7b53946fe57a2.js" defer></script><script src="/_assets/fre/scopes/hdm/_next/static/chunks/33832-1dcf2cf929a4db3d.js" defer></script><script src="/_assets/fre/scopes/hdm/_next/static/chunks/78555-1a381649bbe0ca6d.js" defer></script><script src="/_assets/fre/scopes/hdm/_next/static/chunks/69259-63840e9e87253817.js" defer></script><script src="/_assets/fre/scopes/hdm/_next/static/chunks/18239-44f349500650b5ba.js" defer></script><script src="/_assets/fre/scopes/hdm/_next/static/chunks/32325-4107a998cde606aa.js" defer></script><script src="/_assets/fre/scopes/hdm/_next/static/chunks/90597-83b0fe47872e4f19.js" defer></script><script src="/_assets/fre/scopes/hdm/_next/static/chunks/39970-3a92fb7ac84bd6a4.js" defer></script><script src="/_assets/fre/scopes/hdm/_next/static/chunks/91964-2d4c9d00470ceff7.js" defer></script><script src="/_assets/fre/scopes/hdm/_next/static/chunks/94039-950480cefd39cdb2.js" defer></script><script src="/_assets/fre/scopes/hdm/_next/static/chunks/pages/_templates/feed-f1c7a5fd51daa817.js" defer></script><link rel="preload" href="/_assets/design-tokens/biography/static/fonts/GilroyBold_normal_normal.02461fe.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin="anonymous"/><link rel="stylesheet" href="/api/styles.css?id=0b814fef-2f9b-4f04-ab7b-40b722f90880&type=section" media="none" onLoad="media='all'"/><style type="text/css" id="deferred-fonts" media="none">@font-face {font-family: 'Inter'; src: url('/_assets/design-tokens/fre/static/fonts/inter-v3-latin-regular.c8ad008.woff2') format('woff2'); font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-display: fallback;} @font-face {font-family: 'Gilroy'; src: url('/_assets/design-tokens/biography/static/fonts/GilroyExtraBold_normal_normal.375b5d3.woff2') format('woff2'); font-weight: 800; font-style: normal; font-display: fallback;} @font-face {font-family: 'Ramillas'; src: url('/_assets/design-tokens/biography/static/fonts/TTRamillasBlack_normal_normal.63c7dd0.woff2') format('woff2'); font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; font-display: fallback;} @font-face {font-family: 'Gilroy'; src: url('/_assets/design-tokens/biography/static/fonts/GilroyLight_normal_normal.17b1bd5.woff2') format('woff2'); font-weight: 300; font-style: normal; font-display: fallback;} </style><script id="json-ld" type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":["ItemList","CollectionPage"],"itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"url":"https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/a43249494/who-discovered-pi-archimedes-of-syracuse","name":"Archimedes: The Mathematician Who Discovered Pi"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"url":"https://www.biography.com/scientists/a87353614/albert-einstein","name":"Albert Einstein"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"url":"https://www.biography.com/scientists/a27939341/alexander-fleming","name":"Alexander Fleming"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":4,"url":"https://www.biography.com/scientists/a15691022/gertrude-b-elion","name":"Gertrude B. Elion"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":5,"url":"https://www.biography.com/scientists/a25097485/ernest-rutherford","name":"Ernest Rutherford"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":6,"url":"https://www.biography.com/scientists/a42446386/galileo-mini-biography","name":"Galileo - Mini Biography"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":7,"url":"https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/a43343887/john-locke","name":"John Locke"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":8,"url":"https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/a55536910/thomas-hobbes","name":"Thomas Hobbes"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":9,"url":"https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/a31424271/socrates","name":"Socrates"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":10,"url":"https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/a58821646/plato","name":"Plato"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":11,"url":"https://www.biography.com/authors-writers/a66929414/anne-sullivan-helen-keller-relationship","name":"Anne Sullivan Found 'the Fire of a Purpose' Through Teaching Helen Keller"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":12,"url":"https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/a28486414/carter-g-woodson","name":"Carter G. Woodson"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":13,"url":"https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/g62918890/famous-philosophers","name":"11 Philosophers Who Made the World Stop and Think"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":14,"url":"https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/a99468559/noam-chomsky","name":"Noam Chomsky"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":15,"url":"https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/a45863904/erasmus","name":"Erasmus of Rotterdam"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":16,"url":"https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/a45861370/confucius","name":"Confucius"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":17,"url":"https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/a31974668/francis-bacon","name":"Francis Bacon"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":18,"url":"https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/a30425359/auguste-comte","name":"Auguste Comte"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":19,"url":"https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/a39288844/charles-louis-de-secondat","name":"Charles-Louis de Secondat"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":20,"url":"https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/a90367244/john-dewey","name":"John Dewey"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":21,"url":"https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/a58076171/william-james","name":"William James"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":22,"url":"https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/a65751819/jean-paul-sartre","name":"Jean-Paul Sartre"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":23,"url":"https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/a70790155/immanuel-kant","name":"Immanuel Kant"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":24,"url":"https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/a43249494/who-discovered-pi-archimedes-of-syracuse","name":"Archimedes: The Mathematician Who Discovered Pi"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":25,"url":"https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/a43343887/john-locke","name":"John Locke"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":26,"url":"https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/a58821646/plato","name":"Plato"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":27,"url":"https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/a26905614/john-stuart-mill","name":"John Stuart Mill"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":28,"url":"https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/a60629772/jean-jacques-rousseau","name":"Jean-Jacques Rousseau"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":29,"url":"https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/a97406478/simone-de-beauvoir","name":"Simone de Beauvoir"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":30,"url":"https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/a30834447/adam-smith","name":"Adam Smith"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":31,"url":"https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/a41034508/petrarch","name":"Petrarch"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":32,"url":"https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/a55216140/alain-leroy-locke","name":"Alain LeRoy Locke"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":33,"url":"https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/a19599479/hippocrates","name":"Hippocrates"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":34,"url":"https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/a22521612/cesare-beccaria","name":"Cesare Beccaria"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":35,"url":"https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/a69578763/rene-descartes","name":"René Descartes"}],"numberOfItems":35,"mainEntityOfPage":{"@type":["CollectionPage"],"@id":"https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators","name":"Famous Scholars and Educators","headline":"Famous Scholars & Educators","datePublished":"2022-11-16T19:34:44.339420Z","dateModified":"2024-07-25T13:57:47.361937Z","description":"Famous scholars and educators have developed the concepts we still learn in schools today. "},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Biography","url":"https://www.biography.com/","brand":{"@type":"Thing","name":"Biography"},"sameAs":["https://twitter.com/biography","https://www.facebook.com/Biography","https://www.instagram.com/biography/"],"logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://www.biography.com/_assets/design-tokens/biography/static/images/logos/logo-jsonld.736cd17.png","width":312,"height":60},"address":{"@type":"PostalAddress","postalCode":"10019","addressRegion":"NY","streetAddress":"300 W 57th Street","addressCountry":"US","addressLocality":"New York"},"parentOrganization":{"@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","name":"Hearst Corporation","url":"https://www.hearst.com/magazines","sameAs":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearst_Magazines","https://www.instagram.com/hearstmagazines/","https://www.linkedin.com/company/hearst-magazines/posts/"],"address":{"postalCode":"10019","addressRegion":"NY","streetAddress":"300 W 57th Street","addressCountry":"US","addressLocality":"New York"}}},"url":"https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators"}</script><style data-emotion="css-global k5cj40">body{--nav-height:96px;--mobile-sticky-header-height:96px;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global y17bjk">html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;}body{margin:0;}main{display:block;}h1{font-size:2em;margin:0.67em 0;}hr{box-sizing:content-box;height:0;overflow:visible;}pre{font-family:monospace,monospace;font-size:1em;}a{background-color:transparent;}abbr[title]{border-bottom:none;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;-webkit-text-decoration:underline dotted;text-decoration:underline dotted;}b,strong{font-weight:bolder;}code,kbd,samp{font-family:monospace,monospace;font-size:1em;}small{font-size:80%;}sub,sup{font-size:75%;line-height:0;position:relative;vertical-align:baseline;}sub{bottom:-0.25em;}sup{top:-0.5em;}img{border-style:none;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{font-family:inherit;font-size:100%;line-height:1.15;margin:0;}button,input{overflow:visible;}button,select{text-transform:none;}button,[type='button'],[type='reset'],[type='submit']{-webkit-appearance:button;}button::-moz-focus-inner,[type='button']::-moz-focus-inner,[type='reset']::-moz-focus-inner,[type='submit']::-moz-focus-inner{border-style:none;padding:0;}button:-moz-focusring,[type='button']:-moz-focusring,[type='reset']:-moz-focusring,[type='submit']:-moz-focusring{outline:1px dotted ButtonText;}fieldset{padding:0.35em 0.75em 0.625em;}legend{box-sizing:border-box;color:inherit;display:table;max-width:100%;padding:0;white-space:normal;}progress{vertical-align:baseline;}textarea{overflow:auto;}[type='checkbox'],[type='radio']{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;}[type='number']::-webkit-inner-spin-button,[type='number']::-webkit-outer-spin-button{height:auto;}[type='search']{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px;}[type='search']::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none;}::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit;}details{display:block;}summary{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-list-item;display:-ms-list-itembox;display:list-item;}template{display:none;}[hidden]{display:none;}*{box-sizing:border-box;}html{font-family:sans-serif;-ms-text-size-adjust:100%;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;scroll-behavior:smooth;overflow-x:hidden;overflow-y:auto;}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce){*{-webkit-animation-duration:0.01ms!important;animation-duration:0.01ms!important;-webkit-animation-iteration-count:1!important;animation-iteration-count:1!important;transition-duration:0.01ms!important;scroll-behavior:auto!important;}}html.no-scroll{overflow:hidden;}html.no-scroll body{overflow:scroll;}html.touch.no-scroll,html.touch body.no-scroll{overflow:hidden;}body{min-height:100vh;min-height:-webkit-fill-available;}a{color:inherit;}a:focus-visible{outline:0.125rem dotted;outline-offset:0.313rem;}button{color:inherit;}img:-moz-loading{color:transparent;}.__resp-container{position:relative;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.__resp-container:before{content:'';color:transparent;display:block;width:100%;height:0;padding-bottom:var(--aspect-ratio, 100%);}.__resp-container img:not(.video-items-box img):not(.filmstrip-image-wrapper img):not([data-dynamic-svg]):not(.video-player img),.__resp-container video{position:absolute;top:var(--top, 0);left:var(--left, 0);width:var(--width, 100%);min-width:var(--min-width, 100%);height:var(--height, auto);max-height:var(--max-height, 100%);object-fit:var(--object-fit, cover);}.__resp-container .video-player video{object-fit:contain;}.__resp-container .video-player{position:absolute;top:0;}.__resp-container.lqip img[importance=auto]{-webkit-transition:opacity 0.3s linear;transition:opacity 0.3s linear;opacity:0;}.__resp-container.lqip img[importance=auto].lazyloaded{opacity:1;}.screen-reader-only{position:absolute;left:-10000px,width:1px;height:1px;padding:0;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);white-space:nowrap;border-width:0;}.lqip{-webkit-background-size:cover;background-size:cover;-webkit-background-position:center;background-position:center;}@media print{.no-print{display:none!important;}}</style><style data-emotion="css-global he3ab">@font-face{font-family:'Gilroy';src:url('/_assets/design-tokens/biography/static/fonts/GilroyBold_normal_normal.02461fe.woff2') format('woff2');font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-display:fallback;}@font-face{font-family:"Gilroy-roboto";src:local('Roboto');size-adjust:105.76%;ascent-override:89.45%;descent-override:24.87%;}@font-face{font-family:"Gilroy-local";src:local('Arial');size-adjust:106.07%;ascent-override:89.18%;descent-override:24.79%;}@font-face{font-family:"Inter-roboto";src:local('Roboto');size-adjust:107.32%;ascent-override:90.27%;descent-override:22.50%;}@font-face{font-family:"Inter-local";src:local('Arial');size-adjust:107.64%;ascent-override:90.00%;descent-override:22.43%;}@font-face{font-family:"Gilroy-weight800-upcase-roboto";src:local('Roboto');size-adjust:100.55%;ascent-override:94.98%;descent-override:26.85%;}@font-face{font-family:"Gilroy-weight800-upcase-local";src:local('Arial');size-adjust:93.17%;ascent-override:102.50%;descent-override:28.98%;}@font-face{font-family:"Ramillas-weightbold-roboto";src:local('Roboto');size-adjust:109.54%;ascent-override:94.94%;descent-override:31.95%;}@font-face{font-family:"Ramillas-weightbold-local";src:local('Georgia');size-adjust:110.60%;ascent-override:94.04%;descent-override:31.65%;}@font-face{font-family:"Gilroy-upcase-roboto";src:local('Roboto');size-adjust:100.23%;ascent-override:94.38%;descent-override:26.24%;}@font-face{font-family:"Gilroy-upcase-local";src:local('Arial');size-adjust:92.87%;ascent-override:101.86%;descent-override:28.32%;}@font-face{font-family:"Gilroy-weight300-upcase-roboto";src:local('Roboto');size-adjust:99.85%;ascent-override:91.44%;descent-override:24.04%;}@font-face{font-family:"Gilroy-weight300-upcase-local";src:local('Arial');size-adjust:92.51%;ascent-override:98.69%;descent-override:25.94%;}</style><style data-emotion="css 1ezvwko 1kkonqv fpbvzc 1y3rz31 1nsrob6 1lgifh3 xwjhf9 1bz0sbn 1fqyieb 75z2gz pjjyzu bbrknr sfww4i gvs19i 1yhciq3 1joeej0 1blpyyf 40dj9l 1liwoxx an933u 0 1m67141 1cr3k5e gvpcz9 j0tz68 1fkzqk5 1cd8suq 1y3x20e rk6tbh 16nzlg9 1scf4p0 1cjybzt jpvy8t 1gb6w7l 1jg4y9p 126fzvm v0peyi 1d3d03u 1dmjnw1 389x1x ha23m7 7zvt1q 1fv2c70 tm3ilo lqdo5o 1lp3my3 chu8gj itteca mn2ao7 1k4oakh 19jtfnp ftsoqv 1dc3fjj x6pey5 y4yi8 1oj52ne om4gqg 97ptf1 1ui7hop guxj2g 1d3dqod 19szzr8 ovd4yx 157wciq g939jb 1s2ck7q 1pcuyp7 1c7d8p3 10ijrqx 1njatnj 1l5m43d w9tso1 9dixrv lp4mpi 1t9xeag 1aq4sl 1r2ktcv n68qui ztgqyu 1tv17ha 8k7p5x zqybsl 1qaby5q 1ctuv12 1cj76cq 1r9ia61 1ss7lvu iz4391 82acjr 6uae8g 70qvj9 n9en60 jmxdxt kzigki 1vc4yu1 15si9rg j307y1 i7117i lqx6q4 r7fsoq 5tjtfu 1qcmxj apqxi0 1wohilq 6bu6ey 1o9hvj">.css-1ezvwko{visibility:hidden;content-visibility:hidden;background-color:#F5F5F5;color:#000;width:20rem;max-width:20rem;height:100%;overflow-x:hidden;overflow-y:scroll;position:fixed;top:0rem;z-index:8000000;-webkit-transition:-webkit-transform 0.2s linear;transition:transform 0.2s linear;-webkit-transform:translateX(-20rem);-moz-transform:translateX(-20rem);-ms-transform:translateX(-20rem);transform:translateX(-20rem);}.css-1ezvwko >div{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;min-height:100%;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;}.css-1ezvwko ~.sidepanelToggleable{-webkit-transform:initial;-moz-transform:initial;-ms-transform:initial;transform:initial;-webkit-transition:-webkit-transform 0.2s linear;transition:transform 0.2s linear;}.css-1ezvwko.open{-webkit-transform:translateX(0);-moz-transform:translateX(0);-ms-transform:translateX(0);transform:translateX(0);visibility:visible;content-visibility:auto;}.css-1ezvwko.open ~.sidepanelToggleable{-webkit-transform:translateX(20rem);-moz-transform:translateX(20rem);-ms-transform:translateX(20rem);transform:translateX(20rem);}@media(min-width: 90rem){.css-1ezvwko.open ~.sidepanelToggleable{-webkit-transform:translateX(7rem);-moz-transform:translateX(7rem);-ms-transform:translateX(7rem);transform:translateX(7rem);}}.css-1kkonqv{margin:1rem 1rem 0 1rem;padding:0 0.6rem;width:auto;height:2.1875rem;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;margin-right:6rem;}.css-1kkonqv svg{fill:#000000;}.css-fpbvzc{height:1rem;width:1rem;}.css-1y3rz31{padding:1rem;color:#000000;font-family:Gilroy,Gilroy-roboto,Gilroy-local,Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif;}.css-1nsrob6{background-color:#A00000;border:0;color:#ffffff;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;padding:0.625rem 1.25rem;margin-top:0rem;margin-bottom:0rem;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;text-transform:uppercase;-webkit-transition:background 0.3s ease-in-out,color 0.3s ease-in-out;transition:background 0.3s ease-in-out,color 0.3s ease-in-out;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;right:1.0625rem;top:1rem;position:absolute;}.css-1nsrob6:hover{background-color:#525252;color:#fff;cursor:pointer;background:inherit;}.css-1nsrob6:disabled{background-color:#F3F4F6;color:#A3A3A3;cursor:not-allowed;}.css-1nsrob6{position:absolute;padding:0.6rem;border-radius:0;margin:0rem;background:inherit;right:1.0625rem;}.css-1nsrob6:focus-visible{outline:0.125rem dotted;outline-offset:0.313rem;}.css-1lgifh3{width:1rem;height:1rem;fill:#000000;}.css-xwjhf9{margin:0.5rem 1rem 0.125rem;padding:0rem;opacity:35%;height:0.0625rem;border:0;width:auto;background-color:#000000;color:#fff;}.css-1bz0sbn{position:relative;list-style:none;margin:0rem;padding:0.6rem;-webkit-flex:1 0 auto;-ms-flex:1 0 auto;flex:1 0 auto;font-family:Gilroy,Gilroy-roboto,Gilroy-local,Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif;}.css-1bz0sbn a{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1fqyieb{-webkit-transition:background-color 0.2s linear;transition:background-color 0.2s linear;padding:0 1rem;}.css-1fqyieb.has-submenu{position:relative;padding:0.5rem 1rem;color:#000000;-webkit-transition:padding 0.3s linear,background-color 0.2s linear;transition:padding 0.3s linear,background-color 0.2s linear;}.css-1fqyieb.has-submenu.submenu-open{padding:0.5rem 1rem 0;background-color:#ffffff;color:#000;}.css-1fqyieb:focus{outline:0.0625rem solid black;}@media (any-hover: hover){.css-1fqyieb:hover{background-color:#ffffff;color:#000;}}.css-75z2gz{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;position:relative;width:100%;height:2.875rem;color:#000000;-webkit-transition:color 0.2s linear;transition:color 0.2s linear;}.has-submenu .css-75z2gz{height:unset;display:inline;-webkit-align-items:unset;-webkit-box-align:unset;-ms-flex-align:unset;align-items:unset;padding:0.5rem 0;}@media (any-hover: hover){.css-75z2gz:hover{color:side-panel-menu-link;}}.css-pjjyzu{position:absolute;right:1.4rem;top:1.2rem;border-color:#000000;border-style:solid;border-width:0 0.0625rem 0.0625rem 0;padding:0.2rem;-webkit-transition:-webkit-transform 0.25s ease-in-out;transition:transform 0.25s ease-in-out;cursor:pointer;background-color:transparent;color:#fff;}.submenu-open .css-pjjyzu{-webkit-transform:rotate(45deg);-moz-transform:rotate(45deg);-ms-transform:rotate(45deg);transform:rotate(45deg);}.submenu-closed .css-pjjyzu{-webkit-transform:rotate(-45deg);-moz-transform:rotate(-45deg);-ms-transform:rotate(-45deg);transform:rotate(-45deg);}.css-bbrknr{margin:0 auto;margin-left:1.1rem;}.css-bbrknr .e1f7ykkd1{border:0.0625rem solid #000000;}.css-sfww4i{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;width:100%;height:3.125rem;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;padding-left:1rem;}.css-gvs19i{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;margin-right:1rem;font-family:Gilroy,Gilroy-roboto,Gilroy-local,Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif;-webkit-transition:opacity 0.2 linear;transition:opacity 0.2 linear;}.css-gvs19i:last-of-type{margin-right:0rem;}.css-gvs19i:hover{color:activside-panel-sub-menu-hover;}.css-1yhciq3{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;position:absolute;left:1rem;top:1rem;z-index:12000000;text-align:center;opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translateY(calc(-100% - 2.5rem));-moz-transform:translateY(calc(-100% - 2.5rem));-ms-transform:translateY(calc(-100% - 2.5rem));transform:translateY(calc(-100% - 2.5rem));-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;border:medium solid white;box-shadow:0 0 0 3px #55adff;background-color:#000000;color:#fff;border-radius:1.875rem;font-family:Inter,Inter-roboto,Inter-local,Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif;font-size:0.875rem;line-height:1;font-weight:bold;padding:0.625rem 1.25rem;width:auto;}.css-1yhciq3:focus{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translateY(0%);-moz-transform:translateY(0%);-ms-transform:translateY(0%);transform:translateY(0%);}.css-1yhciq3:focus-visible{outline:none;}.css-1joeej0{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;position:absolute;left:1rem;top:1rem;z-index:12000000;text-align:center;opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translateY(calc(-100% - 2.5rem));-moz-transform:translateY(calc(-100% - 2.5rem));-ms-transform:translateY(calc(-100% - 2.5rem));transform:translateY(calc(-100% - 2.5rem));-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;border:medium solid white;box-shadow:0 0 0 3px #55adff;background-color:#000000;color:#fff;border-radius:1.875rem;font-family:Inter,Inter-roboto,Inter-local,Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif;font-size:0.875rem;line-height:1;font-weight:bold;padding:0.625rem 1.25rem;width:auto;}.css-1joeej0:focus{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translateY(0%);-moz-transform:translateY(0%);-ms-transform:translateY(0%);transform:translateY(0%);}.css-1joeej0:focus-visible{outline:none;}.css-1blpyyf{position:-webkit-sticky;position:sticky;z-index:6000000;top:var(--nav-offset, 0);background-color:#000000;color:#fff;}@media(max-width: 73.75rem){.css-1blpyyf{height:96px;}}@media(min-width: 64rem){.css-1blpyyf{height:48px;position:-webkit-sticky;position:sticky;top:var(--nav-offset, 0);}}@media print{.css-1blpyyf{display:none;}}.css-40dj9l{-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;height:100%;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;margin:0 auto;max-width:75rem;padding-left:0;padding-right:0;width:100%;z-index:0;}@media(max-width: 64rem){.css-40dj9l{background:inherit;}}@media(min-width: 64rem){.css-40dj9l{-webkit-box-flex-wrap:nowrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:nowrap;-ms-flex-wrap:nowrap;flex-wrap:nowrap;}}.css-1liwoxx{background-color:inherit;border:none;color:#ffffff;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;padding:0.625rem 1.25rem;margin-top:0rem;margin-bottom:0rem;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;text-transform:uppercase;-webkit-transition:background 0.3s ease-in-out,color 0.3s ease-in-out;transition:background 0.3s ease-in-out,color 0.3s ease-in-out;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;margin-left:0.9375rem;border-radius:0;line-height:0.7;}@media(max-width: 64rem){.css-1liwoxx{padding:0.5rem 0.25rem 0.5rem 0.625rem;}}@media(min-width: 20rem){.css-1liwoxx{padding:0.5rem 0.25rem 0.5rem 0;}.css-1liwoxx svg{fill:#ffffff;-webkit-transition:fill 0.3s ease-in-out;transition:fill 0.3s ease-in-out;}.css-1liwoxx svg:hover{fill:#D4D4D4;}}@media(min-width: 40.625rem) and (max-width: 90rem){.css-1liwoxx{margin-left:2.5rem;}}@media(min-width: 48rem){.css-1liwoxx{padding:0.5rem 0.625rem 0.5rem 0.625rem;}}@media(min-width: 90rem){.css-1liwoxx{margin-left:0rem;}}.css-1liwoxx:hover{background-color:#525252;color:#fff;cursor:pointer;background:inherit;}.css-1liwoxx:disabled{background-color:#F3F4F6;color:#A3A3A3;cursor:not-allowed;}.css-1liwoxx:focus-visible{outline:0.125rem dotted;outline-offset:0.313rem;}.css-1liwoxx img{height:1.875rem;width:1.875rem;}.css-1liwoxx svg{height:1.875rem;width:1.875rem;}.css-an933u{line-height:1;margin-right:auto;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;}@media(max-width: 48rem){.css-an933u{height:1.2rem;width:10rem;}}@media(min-width: 48rem){.css-an933u{height:1.5rem;width:13rem;}}@media(min-width: 64rem){.css-an933u{margin-right:0.3125rem;}}.css-1m67141{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-order:1;-ms-flex-order:1;order:1;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%;border-bottom:thin solid #F5F5F5;border-top:thin solid #F5F5F5;}@media(min-width: 61.25rem){.css-1m67141{border-bottom:0;border-top:0;}}@media(min-width: 64rem){.css-1m67141{-webkit-order:0;-ms-flex-order:0;order:0;width:auto;}}.css-1m67141::-webkit-scrollbar{height:0rem;}.css-1cr3k5e{list-style:none;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;width:100%;margin:0rem;padding-left:1.125rem;-webkit-transform:translateX(undefinedpx);-moz-transform:translateX(undefinedpx);-ms-transform:translateX(undefinedpx);transform:translateX(undefinedpx);}@media(min-width: 40.625rem) and (max-width: 61.25rem){.css-1cr3k5e{padding-left:2.625rem;}}@media(min-width: 48rem){.css-1cr3k5e{padding-left:3.125rem;}}@media(min-width: 64rem){.css-1cr3k5e{padding-left:0rem;}}.css-gvpcz9{white-space:nowrap;padding:0 1.875rem 0 1.25rem;font-family:Gilroy,Gilroy-weight800-upcase-roboto,Gilroy-weight800-upcase-local,Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif;font-size:0.75rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:0.075rem;text-transform:uppercase;}@media(min-width: 64rem){.css-gvpcz9{padding:0 1.25rem 0 1.25rem;}}.css-j0tz68{display:inline-block;min-height:3rem;min-width:3rem;padding:.5rem 0 .5rem 0;text-align:center;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;-webkit-transition:outline 0.3s ease-in-out,outline-offset 0.3s ease-in-out;transition:outline 0.3s ease-in-out,outline-offset 0.3s ease-in-out;color:inherit;line-height:2.58918;}@media(min-width: 61.25rem){.css-j0tz68{color:inherit;}}.css-j0tz68:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-thickness:0.0625rem;text-underline-offset:0.25rem;}.css-1fkzqk5{display:inline-block;min-height:3rem;min-width:3rem;padding:.5rem 0 .5rem 0;text-align:center;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;-webkit-transition:outline 0.3s ease-in-out,outline-offset 0.3s ease-in-out;transition:outline 0.3s ease-in-out,outline-offset 0.3s ease-in-out;color:inherit;line-height:2.58918;}@media(min-width: 61.25rem){.css-1fkzqk5{color:inherit;}}.css-1fkzqk5:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-thickness:0.0625rem;text-underline-offset:0.25rem;}.css-1cd8suq{z-index:6000000;position:-webkit-sticky;position:sticky;top:calc(var(--mobile-sticky-header-height, 0px));width:100%;}.css-1y3x20e{position:-webkit-sticky;position:sticky;top:var(--nav-height, 0);z-index:6000000;}.css-rk6tbh{position:relative;background-color:bg-primary;}@media(min-width: 64rem){.css-rk6tbh{margin-right:var(--sponsor-panel-width, auto);}}.css-16nzlg9{padding:0 0.938rem;margin:0.9375rem;text-align:center;}@media(min-width: 40.625rem){.css-16nzlg9{padding:0 2.5rem;}}.css-1scf4p0{font-family:Ramillas,Ramillas-weightbold-roboto,Ramillas-weightbold-local,Georgia,Times,Serif;font-size:2rem;line-height:1.2;font-weight:900;letter-spacing:0.015rem;text-transform:capitalize;}@media(max-width: 48rem){.css-1scf4p0{font-size:1.5rem;line-height:1.2;letter-spacing:-0.015rem;}}.css-1cjybzt{padding:0.9375rem 0;min-width:45.5rem;text-align:center;z-index:2000000;position:relative;display:none;background-color:#E5E5E5;color:#000;width:100%;}@media(max-width: 40.625rem){.css-1cjybzt{position:-webkit-sticky;position:sticky;top:calc(var(--mobile-sticky-header-height, 0px) + var(--sticky-secondary-header-height, 0px));padding-bottom:0.9375rem;}}@media(min-width: 48rem){.css-1cjybzt{min-height:121px;}}@media(min-width: 61.25rem){.css-1cjybzt{display:block;}}@media print{.css-1cjybzt{display:none!important;}}.css-jpvy8t{padding:0 0.938rem 1.25rem 0.938rem;background-color:#F5F5F5;color:#000;}@media(max-width: 48rem){.css-jpvy8t{padding-top:0;}}@media(min-width: 40.625rem){.css-jpvy8t{padding-top:0.625rem;}}@media(min-width: 48rem){.css-jpvy8t{padding:0 2.5rem 1.875rem 2.5rem;padding-bottom:1.5625rem;padding-top:1.5625rem;}}@media(min-width: 61.25rem){.css-jpvy8t{display:grid;grid-row-gap:1.25rem;grid-column-gap:1.25rem;grid-template-areas:"header" "content";grid-template-rows:repeat(2, auto);grid-template-columns:minmax(auto, 75rem);}}@media(min-width: 64rem){.css-jpvy8t{margin:0 auto;padding-bottom:2.5rem;padding-top:1.25rem;}}@media(min-width: 73.75rem){.css-jpvy8t{grid-column-gap:0rem;grid-template-areas:"lgut header rgut" "lgut content rgut";grid-template-columns:1fr minmax(auto, 75rem) 1fr;}}.css-jpvy8t a{margin-bottom:1.25rem;}.css-jpvy8t div{margin-bottom:0;}.css-jpvy8t div video{background:none;}.css-jpvy8t h2{padding-bottom:0.3125rem;padding-top:0.3125rem;}.css-jpvy8t span div{padding-bottom:0.3125rem;padding-top:0.625rem;}@media(max-width: 40.625rem){.css-jpvy8t span div{padding-top:0.25rem;}}.css-1gb6w7l{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;grid-area:content;background-color:#ffffff;color:#000;padding-left:0;}@media(max-width: 48rem){.css-1gb6w7l{border:0 solid transparent;}}@media(min-width: 40.625rem){.css-1gb6w7l{border:0.0625rem solid #A00000;display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;grid-template-areas:"item_content item_image";}}.css-1gb6w7l h2 span{-webkit-transition:color 0.3s ease-in-out;transition:color 0.3s ease-in-out;}.css-1gb6w7l h2 span:hover{color:#A00000;}.css-1gb6w7l div img{min-height:auto;}.css-1jg4y9p{grid-area:content;background-color:#ffffff;color:#000;padding-left:0;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;grid-area:content;background-color:#ffffff;color:#000;padding-left:0;}@media(max-width: 48rem){.css-1jg4y9p{border:0 solid transparent;}}@media(min-width: 40.625rem){.css-1jg4y9p{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;grid-template-areas:"item_content item_image";border:0.0625rem solid #A00000;}}.css-1jg4y9p div img{min-height:auto;}@media(max-width: 48rem){.css-1jg4y9p{border:0 solid transparent;}}@media(min-width: 40.625rem){.css-1jg4y9p{border:0.0625rem solid #A00000;display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;grid-template-areas:"item_content item_image";}}.css-1jg4y9p h2 span{-webkit-transition:color 0.3s ease-in-out;transition:color 0.3s ease-in-out;}.css-1jg4y9p h2 span:hover{color:#A00000;}.css-1jg4y9p div img{min-height:auto;}.css-126fzvm{display:block;width:100vw;position:relative;left:-0.938rem;grid-area:item_image;margin-bottom:0;}@media(min-width: 40.625rem){.css-126fzvm{width:100%;left:0rem;}}.css-126fzvm img{vertical-align:top;}.css-v0peyi{-webkit-align-self:center;-ms-flex-item-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:#ffffff;color:#000;text-align:center;}@media(max-width: 40.625rem){.css-v0peyi{border-bottom:0.0625rem solid #A00000;border-left:0.0625rem solid #A00000;border-right:0.0625rem solid #A00000;}}@media(max-width: 48rem){.css-v0peyi{padding:1.875rem;}}@media(min-width: 40.625rem){.css-v0peyi{padding:1.875rem 2.5rem;}}@media(min-width: 64rem){.css-v0peyi{padding:0 4rem;}}.css-1d3d03u{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;font-family:Ramillas,Ramillas-weightbold-roboto,Ramillas-weightbold-local,Georgia,Times,Serif;font-size:2rem;line-height:1.2;font-weight:800;}@media(max-width: 48rem){.css-1d3d03u{font-size:1.5rem;line-height:1.1;}}.css-1dmjnw1{position:relative;}.css-1dmjnw1:before{content:"";position:absolute;}.css-389x1x{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:block;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;font-family:Ramillas,Ramillas-weightbold-roboto,Ramillas-weightbold-local,Georgia,Times,Serif;font-size:2rem;line-height:1.2;font-weight:800;word-break:break-word;}@media(max-width: 48rem){.css-389x1x{font-size:1.5rem;line-height:1.1;}}@media (any-hover: hover){.css-389x1x{-webkit-transition:color 0.3s ease-in-out;transition:color 0.3s ease-in-out;}.css-389x1x:hover{color:link-hover;}}.css-ha23m7{position:relative;}.css-ha23m7:after{content:"";position:absolute;}.css-7zvt1q{margin-top:0.9375rem;margin-bottom:0.9375rem;padding-top:0;font-family:Gilroy,Gilroy-roboto,Gilroy-local,Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif;font-weight:600;}.css-7zvt1q p{margin-bottom:0rem;margin-top:0rem;}.css-1fv2c70{position:relative;padding-right:0.3125rem;}.css-tm3ilo{font-style:normal;display:inline-block;padding-right:0.3125rem;color:#262626;font-family:Ramillas,Ramillas-weightbold-roboto,Ramillas-weightbold-local,Georgia,Times,Serif;font-size:0.75rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:bold;text-transform:capitalize;padding-top:0.625rem;}.css-lqdo5o{display:inline-block;padding-right:0.3125rem;color:#262626;font-family:Ramillas,Ramillas-weightbold-roboto,Ramillas-weightbold-local,Georgia,Times,Serif;font-size:0.75rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:bold;text-transform:capitalize;padding-top:0.625rem;}.css-1lp3my3{padding:0 0.938rem 1.25rem 0.938rem;background-color:#F5F5F5;color:#000;}@media(min-width: 48rem){.css-1lp3my3{padding:0 2.5rem 1.875rem 2.5rem;}}@media(min-width: 61.25rem){.css-1lp3my3{display:grid;grid-row-gap:1.25rem;grid-column-gap:1.25rem;grid-template-areas:"header header header" "content content ad";grid-template-rows:repeat(2, auto);grid-template-columns:auto auto auto;}}@media(min-width: 64rem){.css-1lp3my3{margin:0 auto;}}@media(min-width: 73.75rem){.css-1lp3my3{grid-column-gap:0rem;grid-template-areas:"lgut header header header rgut" "lgut content content ad rgut";grid-template-columns:1fr repeat(3, minmax(auto, 25rem)) 1fr;}}.css-chu8gj{position:relative;grid-area:header;contain:layout;}.css-itteca{margin:0rem;margin-top:1.25rem;font-family:Gilroy,Gilroy-upcase-roboto,Gilroy-upcase-local,Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif;font-weight:600;text-align:center;text-transform:uppercase;}@media(max-width: 48rem){.css-itteca{font-size:3rem;line-height:1;}}@media(max-width: 61.25rem){.css-itteca{margin-bottom:1rem;}}@media(min-width: 48rem){.css-itteca{font-size:3.25rem;line-height:1.1;}}@media(min-width: 64rem){.css-itteca{font-size:4.375rem;line-height:1.3;}}.css-itteca a,.css-itteca span{overflow:hidden;}.css-itteca a{color:link-block-header;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;-webkit-transition:color 0.3s ease-in-out;transition:color 0.3s ease-in-out;z-index:0;}.css-itteca a:hover{color:link-hover-block-header;}.css-itteca span:before{z-index:-2000000;}.css-mn2ao7{contain:layout;display:grid;grid-area:content;grid-gap:1rem;grid-template-columns:repeat(2, 1fr);}@media(min-width: 48rem){.css-mn2ao7{grid-gap:1.8rem;grid-template-columns:repeat(2, 1fr);}}.css-1k4oakh{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1k4oakh h2 span{-webkit-transition:color 0.3s ease-in-out;transition:color 0.3s ease-in-out;}.css-1k4oakh h2 span:hover{color:#A00000;}.css-19jtfnp{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-19jtfnp h2 span{-webkit-transition:color 0.3s ease-in-out;transition:color 0.3s ease-in-out;}.css-19jtfnp h2 span:hover{color:#A00000;}.css-ftsoqv{display:block;margin-bottom:0.625rem;}.css-ftsoqv img{vertical-align:top;}.css-1dc3fjj{background-color:bg-block-content-four-across;}.css-x6pey5{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:block;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;font-family:Gilroy,Gilroy-roboto,Gilroy-local,Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif;font-size:1.125rem;line-height:1.2;font-weight:bold;color:#262626;text-transform:capitalize;word-break:break-word;}@media (any-hover: hover){.css-x6pey5{-webkit-transition:color 0.3s ease-in-out;transition:color 0.3s ease-in-out;}.css-x6pey5:hover{color:link-hover;}}.css-y4yi8{-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;justify-content:space-between;text-align:center;width:calc(100% + (0.938rem * 2));margin-top:1.25rem;margin-bottom:0.875rem;margin-left:-0.938rem;min-height:523px;}@media(max-width: 40.625rem){.css-y4yi8{-webkit-box-pack:start;-ms-flex-pack:start;-webkit-justify-content:start;justify-content:start;position:relative;}}@media(max-width: 61.25rem){.css-y4yi8{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;}}@media(min-width: 48rem){.css-y4yi8{width:calc(100% + (2.5rem * 2));margin-left:-2.5rem;min-height:138px;}}@media(min-width: 61.25rem){.css-y4yi8{top:4rem;width:unset;margin:0rem;margin-left:0rem;position:-webkit-sticky;position:sticky;-webkit-align-self:flex-start;-ms-flex-item-align:flex-start;align-self:flex-start;grid-area:ad;}}.css-y4yi8:after{content:"";display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;position:static;margin:0.9375rem 0.938rem 0;}@media(max-width: 40.625rem){.css-y4yi8:after{position:absolute;bottom:0rem;width:-webkit-fill-available;}}@media(max-width: 61.25rem){.css-y4yi8:after{border-bottom:thin solid #E5E5E5;}}@media(min-width: 48rem){.css-y4yi8:after{margin:0.9375rem 2.5rem 0;}}@media(min-width: 61.25rem){.css-y4yi8:after{visibility:hidden;}}@media(min-width: 75rem){.css-y4yi8:after{margin:0.9375rem 0 0;}}.css-1oj52ne{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;text-align:center;margin:0 0.938rem;line-height:2rem;text-transform:none;color:#262626;font-family:Gilroy,Gilroy-roboto,Gilroy-local,Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif;font-size:0.70028rem;}@media(min-width: 48rem){.css-1oj52ne{margin:0 2.5rem;}}@media(min-width: 75rem){.css-1oj52ne{margin:0rem;}}.css-1oj52ne:after{margin:0 0 0 0.625rem;}.css-1oj52ne:before{margin:0 0.625rem 0 0;}.css-1oj52ne:before,.css-1oj52ne:after{background-color:#E5E5E5;color:inherit;content:"";-webkit-box-flex:1;-webkit-flex-grow:1;-ms-flex-positive:1;flex-grow:1;height:0.0625rem;position:relative;top:1rem;}@media(min-width: 61.25rem){.css-1oj52ne,.css-1oj52ne:after,.css-1oj52ne:before{display:none;}}.css-1oj52ne a{color:inherit;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-color:inherit;text-decoration-thickness:0.0625rem;text-underline-offset:0.25rem;-webkit-transition:color 0.3s ease-in-out;transition:color 0.3s ease-in-out;}.css-1oj52ne a:hover{color:#A00000;text-decoration-color:border-link-body-hover;}.css-om4gqg{min-width:18.75rem;text-align:center;z-index:2000000;position:relative;width:100%;}@media(max-width: 40.625rem){.css-om4gqg{position:-webkit-sticky;position:sticky;top:calc(var(--mobile-sticky-header-height, 0px) + var(--sticky-secondary-header-height, 0px));padding-bottom:0.9375rem;}}@media(min-width: 61.25rem){.css-om4gqg{left:unset;}}.css-97ptf1{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;grid-area:content;display:block;background-color:#ffffff;color:#000;}@media(max-width: 48rem){.css-97ptf1{border:0 solid transparent;border-bottom:0.0625rem solid #A00000;border-left:0.0625rem solid #A00000;border-right:0.0625rem solid #A00000;}}@media(min-width: 40.625rem){.css-97ptf1{border:0.0625rem solid #A00000;}}.css-97ptf1 h2 span{-webkit-transition:color 0.3s ease-in-out;transition:color 0.3s ease-in-out;}.css-97ptf1 h2 span:hover{color:#A00000;}.css-1ui7hop{margin-bottom:0.9375rem;--aspect-ratio:56.25%;}.css-guxj2g{width:100%;height:100%;}.css-guxj2g video{height:100%;width:100%;}.css-guxj2g .hpc-sticky video{position:relative;}.css-guxj2g .video-player-wrapper{background:#ffffff;}.css-guxj2g .video-player-wrapper:not(.hpc-sticky){position:absolute;top:0rem;width:100%;height:100%;z-index:2000000;}.css-guxj2g .video-player-wrapper.hpc-sticky{z-index:4000000;}.css-1d3dqod{height:100%;width:100%;position:relative;z-index:2000000;visibility:visible;overflow:hidden;}.css-19szzr8{position:absolute;left:50%;top:50%;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%);transform:translate(-50%,-50%);z-index:1;stroke:#ffffff;cursor:pointer;height:3.75rem;width:3.75rem;border-radius:50%;background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);color:#fff;border:.1875rem solid white;-webkit-transition:all 0.4s;transition:all 0.4s;}@media(min-width: 48rem){.css-19szzr8{height:5.625rem;width:5.625rem;border:.28125rem solid white;}}.e7hrar04:hover .css-19szzr8{background-color:rgba(33, 150, 245, 0.8);color:#ffffff;}.css-ovd4yx{vertical-align:middle;width:1.45rem;height:1.4rem;margin-right:0rem;}@media(min-width: 48rem){.css-ovd4yx{width:2.3125rem;height:3rem;margin-right:.25rem;}}.css-157wciq{width:100%;height:100%;object-fit:cover;cursor:pointer;}.css-g939jb{width:100%;height:100%;object-fit:cover;cursor:pointer;}.css-1s2ck7q{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:inherit;background-color:#ffffff;color:#000;text-align:center;}@media(max-width: 48rem){.css-1s2ck7q{padding:1.5rem 2rem;}}@media(min-width: 40.625rem){.css-1s2ck7q{padding:1.875rem 2.5rem;}}@media(min-width: 64rem){.css-1s2ck7q{padding:3.5rem 7rem;}}.css-1pcuyp7{background-color:#ffffff;color:#000;text-align:center;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:inherit;background-color:#ffffff;color:#000;text-align:center;}@media(max-width: 48rem){.css-1pcuyp7{padding:1.5rem 2rem;}}@media(min-width: 40.625rem){.css-1pcuyp7{padding:1.875rem 2.5rem;}}@media(min-width: 64rem){.css-1pcuyp7{padding:3.5rem 7rem;}}@media(max-width: 48rem){.css-1pcuyp7{padding:1.5rem 2rem;}}@media(min-width: 40.625rem){.css-1pcuyp7{padding:1.875rem 2.5rem;}}@media(min-width: 64rem){.css-1pcuyp7{padding:3.5rem 7rem;}}.css-1c7d8p3{margin:1.25rem 0;clear:both;color:#000000;text-align:center;position:static;margin-top:1.25rem;margin-bottom:1.25rem;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;justify-content:space-between;min-height:523px;}@media(max-width: 40.625rem){.css-1c7d8p3{position:-webkit-sticky;position:sticky;-webkit-box-pack:start;-ms-flex-pack:start;-webkit-justify-content:start;justify-content:start;}}@media(min-width: 48rem){.css-1c7d8p3{min-height:138px;}}@media(min-width: 61.25rem){.css-1c7d8p3{margin:1.25rem auto;}}@media(min-width: 64rem){.css-1c7d8p3{max-width:75rem;}}.css-1c7d8p3.clearfix{clear:both;}.css-1c7d8p3:after{content:"";border-bottom:thin solid #E5E5E5;margin:0.9375rem 0.938rem 0;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;position:static;}@media(max-width: 40.625rem){.css-1c7d8p3:after{position:absolute;bottom:0rem;width:-webkit-fill-available;}}@media(min-width: 48rem){.css-1c7d8p3:after{margin:0.9375rem 2.5rem 0;}}@media(min-width: 75rem){.css-1c7d8p3:after{margin:0.9375rem 0 0;}}.css-1c7d8p3 #gpt-ad-leaderboard-bottom{position:-webkit-sticky;position:sticky;margin:0 calc(50% - 50vw);}@media(min-width: 48rem){.css-1c7d8p3 #gpt-ad-leaderboard-bottom{position:relative;}}.css-10ijrqx{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;text-align:center;margin:0 0.938rem;line-height:2rem;text-transform:none;color:#262626;font-family:Gilroy,Gilroy-roboto,Gilroy-local,Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif;font-size:0.70028rem;}@media(min-width: 48rem){.css-10ijrqx{margin:0 2.5rem;}}@media(min-width: 75rem){.css-10ijrqx{margin:0rem;}}.css-10ijrqx:after{margin:0 0 0 0.625rem;margin-right:0rem;}.css-10ijrqx:before{margin:0 0.625rem 0 0;margin-left:0rem;}.css-10ijrqx:before,.css-10ijrqx:after{background-color:#E5E5E5;color:inherit;content:"";-webkit-box-flex:1;-webkit-flex-grow:1;-ms-flex-positive:1;flex-grow:1;height:0.0625rem;position:relative;top:1rem;}.css-10ijrqx a{color:inherit;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-color:inherit;text-decoration-thickness:0.0625rem;text-underline-offset:0.25rem;-webkit-transition:color 0.3s ease-in-out;transition:color 0.3s ease-in-out;}.css-10ijrqx a:hover{color:#A00000;text-decoration-color:border-link-body-hover;}.css-1njatnj{min-width:18.75rem;text-align:center;z-index:2000000;position:relative;margin:0rem;}@media(max-width: 40.625rem){.css-1njatnj{position:-webkit-sticky;position:sticky;top:calc(var(--mobile-sticky-header-height, 0px) + var(--sticky-secondary-header-height, 0px));padding-bottom:0.9375rem;}}@media(min-width: 73.75rem){.css-1njatnj{margin:0 calc((100vw - 75rem) / -2);}}.css-1l5m43d{padding:0 0.938rem 1.25rem 0.938rem;background-color:#000000;color:#fff;}@media(min-width: 48rem){.css-1l5m43d{padding:0 2.5rem 1.875rem 2.5rem;}}@media(min-width: 61.25rem){.css-1l5m43d{display:grid;grid-gap:1.25rem;grid-row-gap:1.25rem;grid-column-gap:1.25rem;grid-template-areas:"header" "content";grid-template-rows:repeat(2, auto);grid-template-columns:minmax(auto, 75rem);}}@media(min-width: 64rem){.css-1l5m43d{margin:0 auto;}}@media(min-width: 73.75rem){.css-1l5m43d{grid-column-gap:0rem;grid-template-areas:"lgut header rgut" "lgut content rgut";grid-template-columns:1fr minmax(auto, 75rem) 1fr;}}.css-1l5m43d a h2 span:hover{color:#D4D4D4;}.css-1l5m43d div{color:#ffffff;}.css-w9tso1{contain:layout;grid-area:content;}@media(min-width: 48rem){.css-w9tso1{display:grid;grid-column-gap:1.25rem;grid-auto-columns:1fr;grid-auto-flow:column;}}.css-9dixrv{position:relative;}.css-9dixrv a{border:0.0625rem solid #A00000;margin-bottom:1.25rem;}.css-9dixrv a >div{margin-bottom:0;}.css-9dixrv h2 a{border:0 solid transparent;}.css-9dixrv h2 a:hover{color:#D4D4D4;}.css-lp4mpi{position:relative;grid-area:header;contain:layout;}@media(max-width: 48rem){.css-lp4mpi{margin-bottom:1.563rem;}}@media(min-width: 40.625rem){.css-lp4mpi{margin-bottom:1.563rem;}}.css-1t9xeag{margin:0rem;margin-top:1.25rem;font-family:Gilroy,Gilroy-weight300-upcase-roboto,Gilroy-weight300-upcase-local,Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif;font-weight:300;text-align:left;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:0.03rem;}@media(max-width: 48rem){.css-1t9xeag{font-size:1.875rem;line-height:1.2;text-align:center;}}@media(min-width: 48rem){.css-1t9xeag{font-size:1.75rem;line-height:1.2;}}@media(min-width: 64rem){.css-1t9xeag{font-size:2rem;line-height:1.2;}}.css-1t9xeag a,.css-1t9xeag span{overflow:hidden;}.css-1t9xeag a{color:link-three-column-heading;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;-webkit-transition:color 0.3s ease-in-out;transition:color 0.3s ease-in-out;z-index:0;}.css-1t9xeag a:hover{color:link-hover-block-header;}@media (any-hover: hover){.css-1t9xeag a{-webkit-transition:color 0.3s ease-in-out;transition:color 0.3s ease-in-out;}.css-1t9xeag a:hover{color:#A00000;}}.css-1t9xeag span:before{z-index:-2000000;}.css-1t9xeag:before,.css-1t9xeag:after{visibility:hidden;}.css-1aq4sl:before,.css-1aq4sl:after{visibility:hidden;}.css-1r2ktcv{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:grid;grid-template-columns:50% 1fr;grid-gap:0.9375rem;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;width:100%;}.css-1r2ktcv h2 span{-webkit-transition:color 0.3s ease-in-out;transition:color 0.3s ease-in-out;}.css-1r2ktcv h2 span:hover{color:#A00000;}.css-n68qui{display:grid;grid-template-columns:50% 1fr;grid-gap:0.9375rem;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;width:100%;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:grid;grid-template-columns:50% 1fr;grid-gap:0.9375rem;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;width:100%;}.css-n68qui h2 span{-webkit-transition:color 0.3s ease-in-out;transition:color 0.3s ease-in-out;}.css-n68qui h2 span:hover{color:#A00000;}.css-ztgqyu{background-color:bg-block-content-three-col;}.css-1tv17ha{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:block;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;font-family:Gilroy,Gilroy-roboto,Gilroy-local,Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif;font-size:1.125rem;line-height:1.2;font-weight:bold;color:#ffffff;text-transform:capitalize;word-break:break-word;}@media (any-hover: hover){.css-1tv17ha{-webkit-transition:color 0.3s ease-in-out;transition:color 0.3s ease-in-out;}.css-1tv17ha:hover{color:link-hover;}}.css-8k7p5x{padding:0 0.938rem 1.25rem 0.938rem;background-color:#F5F5F5;color:#000;}@media(max-width: 48rem){.css-8k7p5x{padding-top:0;}}@media(min-width: 40.625rem){.css-8k7p5x{padding-top:0.625rem;}}@media(min-width: 48rem){.css-8k7p5x{padding:0 2.5rem 1.875rem 2.5rem;padding-bottom:1.5625rem;padding-top:1.5625rem;}}@media(min-width: 61.25rem){.css-8k7p5x{display:grid;grid-row-gap:1.25rem;grid-column-gap:1.25rem;grid-template-areas:"header header header" "content content ad";grid-template-rows:repeat(2, auto);grid-template-columns:auto auto auto;}}@media(min-width: 64rem){.css-8k7p5x{margin:0 auto;padding-bottom:2.5rem;padding-top:1.25rem;}}@media(min-width: 73.75rem){.css-8k7p5x{grid-column-gap:0rem;grid-template-areas:"lgut header header header rgut" "lgut content content ad rgut";grid-template-columns:1fr repeat(3, minmax(auto, 25rem)) 1fr;}}.css-8k7p5x a{margin-bottom:1.25rem;}.css-8k7p5x div{margin-bottom:0;}.css-8k7p5x div video{background:none;}.css-8k7p5x h2{padding-bottom:0.3125rem;padding-top:0.3125rem;}.css-8k7p5x span div{padding-bottom:0.3125rem;padding-top:0.625rem;}@media(max-width: 40.625rem){.css-8k7p5x span div{padding-top:0.25rem;}}.css-zqybsl{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;grid-area:content;background-color:#ffffff;color:#000;}@media(max-width: 48rem){.css-zqybsl{border:0 solid transparent;}}@media(min-width: 40.625rem){.css-zqybsl{border:0.0625rem solid #A00000;}}@media(min-width: 40.625rem) and (max-width: 61.25rem){.css-zqybsl{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;grid-template-areas:"item_content item_image";}}@media(min-width: 64rem){.css-zqybsl{border:0 solid transparent;}}.css-zqybsl h2 span{-webkit-transition:color 0.3s ease-in-out;transition:color 0.3s ease-in-out;}.css-zqybsl h2 span:hover{color:#A00000;}.css-1qaby5q{grid-area:content;background-color:#ffffff;color:#000;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;grid-area:content;background-color:#ffffff;color:#000;}@media(max-width: 48rem){.css-1qaby5q{border:0 solid transparent;}}@media(min-width: 40.625rem){.css-1qaby5q{border:0.0625rem solid #A00000;}}@media(min-width: 40.625rem) and (max-width: 61.25rem){.css-1qaby5q{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;grid-template-areas:"item_content item_image";}}@media(min-width: 64rem){.css-1qaby5q{border:0 solid transparent;}}@media(max-width: 48rem){.css-1qaby5q{border:0 solid transparent;}}@media(min-width: 40.625rem){.css-1qaby5q{border:0.0625rem solid #A00000;}}@media(min-width: 40.625rem) and (max-width: 61.25rem){.css-1qaby5q{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;grid-template-areas:"item_content item_image";}}@media(min-width: 64rem){.css-1qaby5q{border:0 solid transparent;}}.css-1qaby5q h2 span{-webkit-transition:color 0.3s ease-in-out;transition:color 0.3s ease-in-out;}.css-1qaby5q h2 span:hover{color:#A00000;}.css-1ctuv12{-webkit-align-self:center;-ms-flex-item-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:#ffffff;color:#000;text-align:center;}@media(max-width: 40.625rem){.css-1ctuv12{border-bottom:0.0625rem solid #A00000;border-left:0.0625rem solid #A00000;border-right:0.0625rem solid #A00000;}}@media(max-width: 48rem){.css-1ctuv12{padding:1.5rem 2rem;}}@media(min-width: 40.625rem){.css-1ctuv12{padding:0 2rem;}}@media(min-width: 61.25rem){.css-1ctuv12{padding:1.25rem 7rem;}}@media(min-width: 64rem){.css-1ctuv12{border:0.0625rem solid #A00000;padding:1.25rem 7rem;}}.css-1cj76cq{margin:0rem;margin-top:1.25rem;font-family:Gilroy,Gilroy-upcase-roboto,Gilroy-upcase-local,Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif;font-weight:600;text-align:center;text-transform:uppercase;}@media(max-width: 48rem){.css-1cj76cq{font-size:3rem;line-height:1;}}@media(min-width: 48rem){.css-1cj76cq{font-size:3.25rem;line-height:1.1;}}@media(min-width: 64rem){.css-1cj76cq{font-size:4.375rem;line-height:1.3;}}.css-1cj76cq a,.css-1cj76cq span{overflow:hidden;}.css-1cj76cq a{color:link-block-header;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;-webkit-transition:color 0.3s ease-in-out;transition:color 0.3s ease-in-out;z-index:0;}.css-1cj76cq a:hover{color:link-hover-block-header;}.css-1cj76cq span:before{z-index:-2000000;}.css-1r9ia61{position:relative;padding-top:1.875rem;padding-bottom:1.875rem;background-color:#000000;color:#fff;font-family:Gilroy,Gilroy-roboto,Gilroy-local,Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif;}@media(min-width: 64rem){.css-1r9ia61{margin-right:var(--sponsor-panel-width, auto);}}@media print{.css-1r9ia61{display:none;}}body:has(#page-settings[data-has-sponsor]) .css-1r9ia61{margin-top:25vh;top:-25vh;}@media(min-width: 64rem){body:has(#page-settings[data-has-sponsor]) .css-1r9ia61{margin-top:auto;top:auto;}}.css-1ss7lvu{padding:0 0.938rem;margin:0 auto;max-width:75rem;}@media(min-width: 40.625rem){.css-1ss7lvu{padding:0 2.5rem;}}.css-iz4391{display:grid;grid-gap:0.5rem;grid-template-rows:1fr 1fr;line-height:1;}@media(min-width: 48rem){.css-iz4391{-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;grid-gap:10%;grid-template-columns:auto 1fr;grid-template-rows:1fr;}}.css-82acjr{display:block;max-height:1.4375rem;width:7.5rem;}.css-6uae8g{-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;display:grid;margin-left:-1.25rem;grid-auto-columns:minmax(3rem, 3rem);grid-auto-flow:column;}@media(min-width: 48rem){.css-6uae8g{margin-left:0rem;}}@media(min-width: 61.25rem){.css-6uae8g{top:2.5rem;}}.css-70qvj9{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}.css-n9en60{padding:0.8125rem 1rem;}.css-jmxdxt{height:1.063rem;width:1.063rem;}.css-jmxdxt path{fill:#ffffff;}.css-kzigki{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(2, 1fr);margin-top:0.5rem;margin-bottom:0.875rem;}@media(min-width: 48rem){.css-kzigki{grid-template-columns:repeat(4, 1fr);}}.css-1vc4yu1{padding:0.6rem 0;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}@media (any-hover: hover){.css-1vc4yu1{-webkit-transition:color 0.3s ease-in-out;transition:color 0.3s ease-in-out;}.css-1vc4yu1:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}}.css-15si9rg{max-width:12rem;padding-bottom:0.3125rem;}.css-j307y1{padding-top:0.9375rem;margin:0.3125rem 0;}.css-i7117i{padding-top:0.9375rem;margin:0.3125rem 0;line-height:1.4;}.css-i7117i span{display:block;margin-top:1rem;}.css-lqx6q4{padding-top:0.9375rem;line-height:2;}.css-r7fsoq{padding:0.625rem 0.625rem 0.625rem 0;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;padding-right:1.25rem;}@media (any-hover: hover){.css-r7fsoq{-webkit-transition:color 0.3s ease-in-out;transition:color 0.3s ease-in-out;}.css-r7fsoq:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}}.css-5tjtfu{display:inline-block;margin:1.875rem 0.9375rem 1.25rem 0;}.css-1qcmxj{display:inline-block;gap:0px;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;width:-webkit-fit-content;width:-moz-fit-content;width:fit-content;border:thin solid white;font-size:0.75rem;line-height:1.3;padding:0.625rem;text-transform:uppercase;font-family:Gilroy,Gilroy-weight800-upcase-roboto,Gilroy-weight800-upcase-local,Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:0.075rem;-webkit-transition:background 0.3s ease-in-out;transition:background 0.3s ease-in-out;}@media(max-width: 48rem){.css-1qcmxj{text-align:left;}}@media(min-width: 48rem){.css-1qcmxj{text-align:center;}}.css-1qcmxj:hover{background-color:#D4D4D4;color:#000;}.css-apqxi0{display:inline-block;gap:0px;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;width:-webkit-fit-content;width:-moz-fit-content;width:fit-content;border:thin solid white;font-size:0.75rem;line-height:1.3;padding:0.625rem;text-transform:uppercase;font-family:Gilroy,Gilroy-weight800-upcase-roboto,Gilroy-weight800-upcase-local,Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:0.075rem;-webkit-transition:background 0.3s ease-in-out;transition:background 0.3s ease-in-out;}@media(max-width: 48rem){.css-apqxi0{text-align:left;}}@media(min-width: 48rem){.css-apqxi0{text-align:center;}}.css-apqxi0:hover{background-color:#D4D4D4;color:#000;}.css-1wohilq{position:fixed;bottom:0;width:100%;z-index:10000000;background-color:#E5E5E5;color:#000000;text-align:center;}@media(min-width: 61.25rem){.css-1wohilq{display:none;}}.css-6bu6ey{min-width:18.75rem;text-align:center;z-index:2000000;position:relative;}.css-1o9hvj{visibility:hidden;position:absolute;right:0.625rem;bottom:auto;top:-0.7rem;padding:0rem;margin:0rem;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;z-index:2000000;box-sizing:content-box;width:1.4rem;height:1.4rem;border:2px solid white;border-radius:1em;color:#000000;text-overflow:clip;cursor:pointer;background-color:#000000;box-shadow:1px 1px 4px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.2);}.css-1o9hvj::before{display:inline-block;box-sizing:content-box;width:0.75rem;height:0.1rem;position:absolute;content:"";border:none;color:#000000;text-overflow:clip;background-color:#ffffff;text-shadow:none;inset:0;margin:auto;-webkit-transform:rotateZ(45deg);-moz-transform:rotateZ(45deg);-ms-transform:rotateZ(45deg);transform:rotateZ(45deg);}.css-1o9hvj::after{display:inline-block;box-sizing:content-box;width:0.75rem;height:0.1rem;position:absolute;content:"";border:none;color:#000000;text-overflow:clip;background-color:#ffffff;text-shadow:none;inset:0;margin:auto;-webkit-transform:rotateZ(-45deg);-moz-transform:rotateZ(-45deg);-ms-transform:rotateZ(-45deg);transform:rotateZ(-45deg);}</style></head><body><template id="page-settings" data-nav-height="96"></template><div id="__next"><section data-lazy-id="P0-1"><nav id="sidepanel" role="dialog" aria-label="Sidebar Menu" class="new-sidepanel-menu hidden css-1ezvwko e13srmb716"><div data-focus-lock-disabled="disabled"><a data-theme-key="base-link" href="/search" class="css-1kkonqv e1c1bym14"><img src="/_assets/design-tokens/fre/static/icons/search.f1c199c.svg" alt="Search" title="Search" width="16" height="16" decoding="async" loading="lazy" class="css-fpbvzc e13srmb70"/><span class="css-1y3rz31 e13srmb715">Search</span></a><button data-theme-key="button-primary" aria-label="Close Sidepanel" class="css-1nsrob6 e12nq69g1"><img src="/_assets/design-tokens/fre/static/icons/close.38e3324.svg" alt="Close" title="Close" width="100%" height="auto" decoding="async" loading="lazy" role="img" class="css-1lgifh3 e13srmb714"/></button><hr class="css-xwjhf9 e13srmb713"/><ul class="css-1bz0sbn e13srmb712"><li data-id="1" class="nav-item has-children has-submenu submenu-closed css-1fqyieb e13srmb710"><a data-theme-key="base-link" href="/black-history-month" class="css-75z2gz e1c1bym14">Black History Month</a><button role="button" tabindex="0" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="blackhistorymonth" aria-label="Black History Month" class="css-pjjyzu e13srmb78"></button></li><li data-id="2" class="nav-item has-children has-submenu submenu-closed css-1fqyieb e13srmb710"><a data-theme-key="base-link" href="/history-culture" class="css-75z2gz e1c1bym14">History & Culture</a><button role="button" tabindex="0" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="history&culture" aria-label="History & Culture" class="css-pjjyzu e13srmb78"></button></li><li data-id="3" class="nav-item has-children has-submenu submenu-closed css-1fqyieb e13srmb710"><a data-theme-key="base-link" href="/movies-tv" class="css-75z2gz e1c1bym14">Movies & TV</a><button role="button" tabindex="0" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="movies&tv" aria-label="Movies & TV" class="css-pjjyzu e13srmb78"></button></li><li data-id="4" class="nav-item has-children has-submenu submenu-closed css-1fqyieb e13srmb710"><a data-theme-key="base-link" href="/musicians" class="css-75z2gz e1c1bym14">Musicians</a><button role="button" tabindex="0" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="musicians" aria-label="Musicians" class="css-pjjyzu e13srmb78"></button></li><li data-id="5" class="nav-item has-children has-submenu submenu-closed css-1fqyieb e13srmb710"><a data-theme-key="base-link" href="/athletes" class="css-75z2gz e1c1bym14">Athletes</a><button role="button" tabindex="0" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="athletes" aria-label="Athletes" class="css-pjjyzu e13srmb78"></button></li><li data-id="6" class="nav-item has-children has-submenu submenu-closed css-1fqyieb e13srmb710"><a data-theme-key="base-link" href="/artists" class="css-75z2gz e1c1bym14">Artists</a><button role="button" tabindex="0" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="artists" aria-label="Artists" class="css-pjjyzu e13srmb78"></button></li><li data-id="7" class="nav-item has-children has-submenu submenu-closed css-1fqyieb e13srmb710"><a data-theme-key="base-link" href="/political-figures" class="css-75z2gz e1c1bym14">Power & Politics</a><button role="button" tabindex="0" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="power&politics" aria-label="Power & Politics" class="css-pjjyzu e13srmb78"></button></li><li data-id="8" class="nav-item has-children has-submenu submenu-closed css-1fqyieb e13srmb710"><a data-theme-key="base-link" href="/business-leaders" class="css-75z2gz e1c1bym14">Business</a><button role="button" tabindex="0" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="business" aria-label="Business" class="css-pjjyzu e13srmb78"></button></li><li data-id="9" class="nav-item has-children has-submenu submenu-closed css-1fqyieb e13srmb710"><a data-theme-key="base-link" href="/scholars-educators" class="css-75z2gz e1c1bym14">Scholars & Educators</a><button role="button" tabindex="0" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="scholars&educators" aria-label="Scholars & Educators" class="css-pjjyzu e13srmb78"></button></li><li data-id="10" class="nav-item has-children has-submenu submenu-closed css-1fqyieb e13srmb710"><a data-theme-key="base-link" href="/scientists" class="css-75z2gz e1c1bym14">Scientists</a><button role="button" tabindex="0" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="scientists" aria-label="Scientists" class="css-pjjyzu e13srmb78"></button></li><li data-id="11" class="nav-item has-children has-submenu submenu-closed css-1fqyieb e13srmb710"><a data-theme-key="base-link" href="/activists" class="css-75z2gz e1c1bym14">Activists</a><button role="button" tabindex="0" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="activists" aria-label="Activists" class="css-pjjyzu e13srmb78"></button></li><li data-id="12" class="nav-item css-1fqyieb e13srmb710"><a data-theme-key="base-link" href="/crime" class="css-75z2gz e1c1bym14">Notorious Figures</a></li><li data-id="13" class="nav-item css-1fqyieb e13srmb710"><a data-theme-key="base-link" href="/bio-buys" class="css-75z2gz e1c1bym14">BIO Buys</a></li><li data-id="14" class="nav-item css-1fqyieb e13srmb710"><a data-theme-key="base-link" href="/email/biography-newsletter" class="css-75z2gz e1c1bym14">Newsletter</a></li></ul><div class="css-bbrknr e13srmb74"></div><footer class="sidepanel-footer-container css-sfww4i e13srmb73"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" data-theme-key="base-link" href="https://www.hearst.com/-/us-magazines-privacy-notice" class="css-gvs19i e1c1bym14">Privacy Notice</a><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" data-theme-key="base-link" href="https://www.hearst.com/-/us-magazines-terms-of-use" class="css-gvs19i e1c1bym14">Terms Of Use</a></footer></div></nav></section><span tabindex="0"></span><a data-theme-key="base-link" href="#main-content" class="ez54tv90 css-1joeej0 e1c1bym14">Skip to Content</a><nav data-tracking-id="topNav" class="css-1blpyyf e1rbq3om6"><div class="nav-bar-container css-40dj9l e1rbq3om5"><button data-theme-key="button-primary" aria-label="Sidepanel Button" title="Side Panel" class="css-1liwoxx e12nq69g1"><svg data-dynamic-svg="true"><use href="/_assets/design-tokens/fre/static/icons/menu.cf1782e.svg?embed#icon"></use></svg></button><a data-theme-key="base-link" href="/" aria-label="Biography" class="nav-logo css-an933u e1c1bym14"><img data-dynamic-svg="true" src="/_assets/design-tokens/biography/static/images/logos/logo.5ec9b18.svg?primary=%2523ffffff" fetchPriority="high" data-testid="dynamic-svg-base" height="auto" width="auto" alt="Logo" class="css-0 e1qdlatq0"/></a><div style="scrollbar-width:none;margin-right:0.5rem;" data-lazy-id="P0-2" class="css-1m67141 e1rbq3om2"><ul class="css-1cr3k5e e1rbq3om1"><li class="css-gvpcz9 e1rbq3om0"><a data-theme-key="base-link" href="/black-history-month" aria-current="false" class="e1c1bym11 css-1fkzqk5 e1c1bym14">Black History Month</a></li><li class="css-gvpcz9 e1rbq3om0"><a data-theme-key="base-link" href="/musicians" aria-current="false" class="e1c1bym11 css-1fkzqk5 e1c1bym14">Musicians</a></li><li class="css-gvpcz9 e1rbq3om0"><a data-theme-key="base-link" href="/movies-tv" aria-current="false" class="e1c1bym11 css-1fkzqk5 e1c1bym14">Movies & TV</a></li><li class="css-gvpcz9 e1rbq3om0"><a data-theme-key="base-link" href="/history-culture" aria-current="false" class="e1c1bym11 css-1fkzqk5 e1c1bym14">History & Culture</a></li><li class="css-gvpcz9 e1rbq3om0"><a data-theme-key="base-link" href="/email/biography-newsletter" aria-current="false" class="e1c1bym11 css-1fkzqk5 e1c1bym14">Newsletter</a></li></ul></div></div></nav><div class="css-1cd8suq ex7z30p0"></div><div id="journey-topnav" class="css-1y3x20e ei7rc5z0"></div><div class="oop-ad css-0 e7hrg971"><div id="gpt-ad-oop-1" class="ad-container css-0 e7hrg970"></div></div><main id="main-content" class="css-rk6tbh ewq0ot90"><header class="css-16nzlg9 e1ctoqpg2"><h1 class="css-1scf4p0 e1ctoqpg0">Famous Scholars & Educators</h1></header><div id="gpt-leaderboard-ad" class="css-1cjybzt ewg5wdb1"></div><section data-vars-block-curation="curated" data-vars-block-type="Big Story Block" data-vars-block-slot="1" data-vars-block-id="b3d59956-d5e8-4bdc-a37a-6ea5058026e8" data-vars-block-heading id="0b7e95fd-8d2c-437e-a697-f8dee73d4473" data-lazy-id="P0-4" class="css-jpvy8t e1smmp0v0"><a data-theme-key="custom-item" data-vars-cta="Big Story Block 0" data-vars-ga-position="1" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Archimedes: The Mathematician Who Discovered Pi" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/a43249494/who-discovered-pi-archimedes-of-syracuse" href="/scholars-educators/a43249494/who-discovered-pi-archimedes-of-syracuse" class="ee4ms352 css-1jg4y9p e1c1bym14"><div data-vars-cta="Big Story Block 0" data-vars-ga-position="1" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Archimedes: The Mathematician Who Discovered Pi" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/a43249494/who-discovered-pi-archimedes-of-syracuse" class="css-126fzvm ee4ms351"><img alt="engraving of mathematician and engineer archimedes sitting at desk" title="Archimedes is credited with calculating pi" fetchpriority="high" width="2680" height="3597" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" style="color:transparent;width:100%;height:auto;" sizes="100vw" srcset="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/archimedes-greek-scholarly-engraving-b-n-f-colourized-photo-news-photo-1678293949.jpg?crop=1.00xw:0.747xh;0,0.166xh&resize=640:* 640w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/archimedes-greek-scholarly-engraving-b-n-f-colourized-photo-news-photo-1678293949.jpg?crop=1.00xw:0.747xh;0,0.166xh&resize=980:* 980w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/archimedes-greek-scholarly-engraving-b-n-f-colourized-photo-news-photo-1678293949.jpg?crop=1.00xw:0.747xh;0,0.166xh&resize=1200:* 1120w" src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/archimedes-greek-scholarly-engraving-b-n-f-colourized-photo-news-photo-1678293949.jpg?crop=1.00xw:0.747xh;0,0.166xh&resize=1200:*" class="css-0 e1g79fud0"/></div><div data-theme-key="custom-item-content" class="css-v0peyi ee4ms350"><h2 data-theme-key="custom-item-title" class="css-1d3d03u e10ip9lg6"><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-before" class="css-1dmjnw1 eagam8p0"></span><span data-theme-key="custom-item-title-text" class="css-389x1x e10ip9lg5">Archimedes: The Mathematician Who Discovered Pi</span><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-after" class="css-ha23m7 eagam8p1"></span></h2><div data-theme-key="custom-item-dek" class="css-7zvt1q e10ip9lg4"><p>You can thank this Greek mathematician for your annual Pi Day celebration.</p></div><span class="css-1fv2c70 e10ip9lg2"><section data-lazy-parent="P0-4"><address class="css-tm3ilo e1v8cotw2"><span data-theme-key="by-line-name" class="css-lqdo5o e1v8cotw1"><span>By Tyler Piccotti</span></span></address></section></span></div></a></section><section data-vars-block-curation="curated" data-vars-block-type="4 Across Block" data-vars-block-slot="2" data-vars-block-id="d641b37a-1ab1-43cf-8d79-581bdb0fd3b1" data-vars-block-heading="Nobel Prize Winners" id="e5e01e65-666b-4bb1-8384-01f7c0fd156c" data-lazy-id="P0-5" class="css-1lp3my3 ezpcz1b0"><div data-theme-key="block-header" class="css-chu8gj eqz7u0o2"><h2 data-theme-key="block-heading" class="css-itteca eqz7u0o1"><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-before" class="css-0 eagam8p0"></span><span>Nobel Prize Winners</span><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-after" class="css-0 eagam8p1"></span></h2></div><div data-theme-key="four-across-layout" class="css-mn2ao7 ezpcz1b1"><a data-theme-key="custom-item" label data-vars-cta="Nobel Prize Winners" data-vars-ga-position="1" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Albert Einstein" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/scientists/albert-einstein" href="/scientists/albert-einstein" class="ee4ms352 css-19jtfnp e1c1bym14"><div data-vars-cta="Nobel Prize Winners" data-vars-ga-position="1" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Albert Einstein" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/scientists/albert-einstein" class="css-ftsoqv ee4ms351"><img src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/gettyimages-3091504.jpg?crop=1.00xw:1.00xh;0,0&resize=360:*" alt="albert einstein looks at the camera with a neutral expression, he is wearing a wool coat" title="Albert Einstein" width="100%" height="auto" decoding="async" loading="lazy"/></div><div data-theme-key="custom-item-content" class="css-1dc3fjj ee4ms350"><h2 data-theme-key="custom-item-title" class="css-1d3d03u e10ip9lg6"><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-before" class="css-0 eagam8p0"></span><span data-theme-key="custom-item-title-text" class="css-x6pey5 e10ip9lg5">Albert Einstein</span><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-after" class="css-0 eagam8p1"></span></h2></div></a><a data-theme-key="custom-item" label data-vars-cta="Nobel Prize Winners" data-vars-ga-position="2" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Alexander Fleming" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/scientists/alexander-fleming" href="/scientists/alexander-fleming" class="ee4ms352 css-19jtfnp e1c1bym14"><div data-vars-cta="Nobel Prize Winners" data-vars-ga-position="2" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Alexander Fleming" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/scientists/alexander-fleming" class="css-ftsoqv ee4ms351"><img src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/gettyimages-2644207.jpg?crop=1.00xw:1.00xh;0,0&resize=360:*" alt="alexander fleming" title="Alexander Fleming" width="100%" height="auto" decoding="async" loading="lazy"/></div><div data-theme-key="custom-item-content" class="css-1dc3fjj ee4ms350"><h2 data-theme-key="custom-item-title" class="css-1d3d03u e10ip9lg6"><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-before" class="css-0 eagam8p0"></span><span data-theme-key="custom-item-title-text" class="css-x6pey5 e10ip9lg5">Alexander Fleming</span><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-after" class="css-0 eagam8p1"></span></h2></div></a><a data-theme-key="custom-item" label data-vars-cta="Nobel Prize Winners" data-vars-ga-position="3" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Gertrude B. Elion" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/scientist/gertrude-b-elion" href="/scientist/gertrude-b-elion" class="ee4ms352 css-19jtfnp e1c1bym14"><div data-vars-cta="Nobel Prize Winners" data-vars-ga-position="3" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Gertrude B. Elion" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/scientist/gertrude-b-elion" class="css-ftsoqv ee4ms351"><img src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/gertrude-belle-elion-9285981-1-402.jpg?crop=1xw:1.0xh;center,top&resize=360:*" alt="Gertrude B. Elion" title="Gertrude B. Elion" width="100%" height="auto" decoding="async" loading="lazy"/></div><div data-theme-key="custom-item-content" class="css-1dc3fjj ee4ms350"><h2 data-theme-key="custom-item-title" class="css-1d3d03u e10ip9lg6"><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-before" class="css-0 eagam8p0"></span><span data-theme-key="custom-item-title-text" class="css-x6pey5 e10ip9lg5">Gertrude B. Elion</span><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-after" class="css-0 eagam8p1"></span></h2></div></a><a data-theme-key="custom-item" label data-vars-cta="Nobel Prize Winners" data-vars-ga-position="4" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Ernest Rutherford" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/scientist/ernest-rutherford" href="/scientist/ernest-rutherford" class="ee4ms352 css-19jtfnp e1c1bym14"><div data-vars-cta="Nobel Prize Winners" data-vars-ga-position="4" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Ernest Rutherford" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/scientist/ernest-rutherford" class="css-ftsoqv ee4ms351"><img src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/gettyimages-456512880.jpg?crop=1xw:1.0xh;center,top&resize=360:*" alt="Ernest Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford" width="100%" height="auto" decoding="async" loading="lazy"/></div><div data-theme-key="custom-item-content" class="css-1dc3fjj ee4ms350"><h2 data-theme-key="custom-item-title" class="css-1d3d03u e10ip9lg6"><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-before" class="css-0 eagam8p0"></span><span data-theme-key="custom-item-title-text" class="css-x6pey5 e10ip9lg5">Ernest Rutherford</span><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-after" class="css-0 eagam8p1"></span></h2></div></a></div><div class="css-y4yi8 e19qkiag2"><div class="ad-disclaimer no-print css-1oj52ne e1caqep90">Advertisement - Continue Reading Below</div><div id="gpt-ad-vertical-top" class="ad-container css-om4gqg ewg5wdb1"></div></div></section><section data-vars-block-curation="curated" data-vars-block-type="Big Story Block" data-vars-block-slot="3" data-vars-block-id="08d800f9-6f0a-46f9-bc5d-207f0c3d08b5" data-vars-block-heading id="ddedaef9-07e0-4540-aa2d-7c4ecbead39b" data-lazy-id="P0-6" class="css-jpvy8t e1smmp0v0"><div data-vars-cta="Big Story Block 0" data-vars-ga-position="1" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Galileo - Mini Biography" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/scientists/galileo-mini-biography" class="css-97ptf1 empdns50"><div class="__resp-container css-1ui7hop e6inl0f0"><div data-position="18" data-dock="false" data-disable-ads="true" data-sticky="false" data-muted="true" class="video-player css-guxj2g e1hzgkwu0"><div class="video-player-wrapper"><video playsinline></video></div><div class="css-1d3dqod e7hrar04"><button data-theme-key="video-play-icon-button" aria-label="Play Video" class="css-19szzr8 e7hrar00"><img data-dynamic-svg="true" src="/_assets/design-tokens/fre/static/icons/play.db7c035.svg?primary=%2523ffffff" loading="lazy" data-testid="dynamic-svg-base" height="24" width="24" alt="Play Icon" role="img" title="Play" class="css-ovd4yx e7hrar01"/></button><img alt="preview for Galileo - A Mini Biography" title="Video player poster image" loading="lazy" width="2000" height="1000" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" style="color:transparent;width:100%;height:auto;" sizes="100vw" srcset="https://hips.hearstapps.com/vidthumb/fb29bc54-e77c-42df-b163-a47579837ca6/thumb_1920x1080_00002_1673368939_12026.jpg?crop=1xw:1xh;center,top&resize=640:* 640w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/vidthumb/fb29bc54-e77c-42df-b163-a47579837ca6/thumb_1920x1080_00002_1673368939_12026.jpg?crop=1xw:1xh;center,top&resize=980:* 980w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/vidthumb/fb29bc54-e77c-42df-b163-a47579837ca6/thumb_1920x1080_00002_1673368939_12026.jpg?crop=1xw:1xh;center,top&resize=1200:* 1120w" src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/vidthumb/fb29bc54-e77c-42df-b163-a47579837ca6/thumb_1920x1080_00002_1673368939_12026.jpg?crop=1xw:1xh;center,top&resize=1200:*" class="e7hrar03 css-g939jb e1g79fud0"/></div></div></div><a data-theme-key="base-link" href="/scientists/galileo-mini-biography" class="empdns51 css-1pcuyp7 e1c1bym14"><h2 data-theme-key="custom-item-title" class="css-1d3d03u e10ip9lg6"><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-before" class="css-1dmjnw1 eagam8p0"></span><span data-theme-key="custom-item-title-text" class="css-389x1x e10ip9lg5">Galileo - Mini Biography</span><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-after" class="css-ha23m7 eagam8p1"></span></h2><div data-theme-key="custom-item-dek" class="css-7zvt1q e10ip9lg4"><p>Italian scientist and scholar Galileo's pioneering observations laid the foundation for modern physics and astronomy. He also constructed a telescope and supported the Copernican theory, which supports a sun-centered solar system.</p></div><span class="css-1fv2c70 e10ip9lg2"><section data-lazy-parent="P0-6"><address class="css-tm3ilo e1v8cotw2"></address></section></span></a></div></section><div data-journey-unblur="true" class="gpt-breaker-container breaker-ad e1dxcrh10 css-1c7d8p3 e1spmc110"><div class="ad-disclaimer no-print css-10ijrqx e1caqep90">Advertisement - Continue Reading Below</div><div id="gpt-ad-feed-leaderboard-3" class="ad-container css-1njatnj ewg5wdb1"></div></div><section data-vars-block-curation="curated" data-vars-block-type="3 Column Block" data-vars-block-slot="4" data-vars-block-id="befa130e-80ca-4653-ae7c-6a1a2765e8e0" data-vars-block-heading id="ff17c760-3b5d-4d5b-a534-ce26753ff03d" data-lazy-id="P0-7" class="css-1l5m43d emk51de2"><div data-theme-key="three-columns-block-container" class="css-w9tso1 emk51de1"><div data-theme-key="block-column" class="css-9dixrv emk51de0"><div data-theme-key="block-header" class="css-lp4mpi eqz7u0o2"><h2 data-theme-key="block-heading" class="css-1t9xeag eqz7u0o1"><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-before" class="css-1aq4sl eagam8p0"></span><span>Philosophers</span><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-after" class="css-1aq4sl eagam8p1"></span></h2></div><a data-theme-key="custom-item" label data-vars-cta="3 Column Block 0" data-vars-ga-position="1" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="John Locke" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/john-locke" href="/scholars-educators/john-locke" class="ee4ms352 css-n68qui e1c1bym14"><div data-vars-cta="3 Column Block 0" data-vars-ga-position="1" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="John Locke" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/john-locke" class="css-ftsoqv ee4ms351"><img src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/john-locke-gettyimages-464426427.jpg?crop=1xw:1.0xh;center,top&resize=360:*" alt="john locke" title="John Locke" width="100%" height="auto" decoding="async" loading="lazy"/></div><div data-theme-key="custom-item-content" class="css-ztgqyu ee4ms350"><h2 data-theme-key="custom-item-title" class="css-1d3d03u e10ip9lg6"><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-before" class="css-0 eagam8p0"></span><span data-theme-key="custom-item-title-text" class="css-1tv17ha e10ip9lg5">John Locke</span><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-after" class="css-0 eagam8p1"></span></h2></div></a><a data-theme-key="custom-item" label data-vars-cta="3 Column Block 1" data-vars-ga-position="2" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Thomas Hobbes" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/thomas-hobbes" href="/scholars-educators/thomas-hobbes" class="ee4ms352 css-n68qui e1c1bym14"><div data-vars-cta="3 Column Block 1" data-vars-ga-position="2" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Thomas Hobbes" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/thomas-hobbes" class="css-ftsoqv ee4ms351"><img src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/gettyimages-492753601.jpg?crop=1xw:1.0xh;center,top&resize=360:*" alt="thomas hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes" width="100%" height="auto" decoding="async" loading="lazy"/></div><div data-theme-key="custom-item-content" class="css-ztgqyu ee4ms350"><h2 data-theme-key="custom-item-title" class="css-1d3d03u e10ip9lg6"><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-before" class="css-0 eagam8p0"></span><span data-theme-key="custom-item-title-text" class="css-1tv17ha e10ip9lg5">Thomas Hobbes</span><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-after" class="css-0 eagam8p1"></span></h2></div></a><a data-theme-key="custom-item" label data-vars-cta="3 Column Block 2" data-vars-ga-position="3" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Socrates" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/socrates" href="/scholars-educators/socrates" class="ee4ms352 css-n68qui e1c1bym14"><div data-vars-cta="3 Column Block 2" data-vars-ga-position="3" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Socrates" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/socrates" class="css-ftsoqv ee4ms351"><img src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/socrates-gettyimages-51242028.jpg?crop=1.00xw:1.00xh;0,0&resize=360:*" alt="socrates circa" title="SocratesCirca 430 BC, Greek philosopher Socrates (c. 470 - 399 BC). (Photo by Hulton Archive/Getty Images)" width="100%" height="auto" decoding="async" loading="lazy"/></div><div data-theme-key="custom-item-content" class="css-ztgqyu ee4ms350"><h2 data-theme-key="custom-item-title" class="css-1d3d03u e10ip9lg6"><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-before" class="css-0 eagam8p0"></span><span data-theme-key="custom-item-title-text" class="css-1tv17ha e10ip9lg5">Socrates</span><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-after" class="css-0 eagam8p1"></span></h2></div></a><a data-theme-key="custom-item" label data-vars-cta="3 Column Block 3" data-vars-ga-position="4" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Plato" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/plato" href="/scholars-educators/plato" class="ee4ms352 css-n68qui e1c1bym14"><div data-vars-cta="3 Column Block 3" data-vars-ga-position="4" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Plato" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/plato" class="css-ftsoqv ee4ms351"><img src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/gettyimages-113631148.jpg?crop=1.00xw:1.00xh;0,0&resize=360:*" alt="plato" title="Plato" width="100%" height="auto" decoding="async" loading="lazy"/></div><div data-theme-key="custom-item-content" class="css-ztgqyu ee4ms350"><h2 data-theme-key="custom-item-title" class="css-1d3d03u e10ip9lg6"><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-before" class="css-0 eagam8p0"></span><span data-theme-key="custom-item-title-text" class="css-1tv17ha e10ip9lg5">Plato</span><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-after" class="css-0 eagam8p1"></span></h2></div></a></div><div data-theme-key="block-column" class="css-9dixrv emk51de0"><div data-theme-key="block-header" class="css-lp4mpi eqz7u0o2"><h2 data-theme-key="block-heading" class="css-1t9xeag eqz7u0o1"><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-before" class="css-1aq4sl eagam8p0"></span><span>Economists</span><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-after" class="css-1aq4sl eagam8p1"></span></h2></div><a data-theme-key="custom-item" label data-vars-cta="3 Column Block 4" data-vars-ga-position="5" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Adam Smith" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/adam-smith" href="/scholars-educators/adam-smith" class="ee4ms352 css-n68qui e1c1bym14"><div data-vars-cta="3 Column Block 4" data-vars-ga-position="5" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Adam Smith" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/adam-smith" class="css-ftsoqv ee4ms351"><img src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/gettyimages-843192764.jpg?crop=1.00xw:1.00xh;0,0&resize=360:*" alt="adam smith" title="Adam Smith" width="100%" height="auto" decoding="async" loading="lazy"/></div><div data-theme-key="custom-item-content" class="css-ztgqyu ee4ms350"><h2 data-theme-key="custom-item-title" class="css-1d3d03u e10ip9lg6"><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-before" class="css-0 eagam8p0"></span><span data-theme-key="custom-item-title-text" class="css-1tv17ha e10ip9lg5">Adam Smith</span><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-after" class="css-0 eagam8p1"></span></h2></div></a><a data-theme-key="custom-item" label data-vars-cta="3 Column Block 5" data-vars-ga-position="6" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Karl Marx" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/karl-marx" href="/scholars-educators/karl-marx" class="ee4ms352 css-n68qui e1c1bym14"><div data-vars-cta="3 Column Block 5" data-vars-ga-position="6" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Karl Marx" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/karl-marx" class="css-ftsoqv ee4ms351"><img src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/gettyimages-515410892.jpg?crop=1.00xw:1.00xh;0,0&resize=360:*" alt="karl marz" title="Karl Marz" width="100%" height="auto" decoding="async" loading="lazy"/></div><div data-theme-key="custom-item-content" class="css-ztgqyu ee4ms350"><h2 data-theme-key="custom-item-title" class="css-1d3d03u e10ip9lg6"><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-before" class="css-0 eagam8p0"></span><span data-theme-key="custom-item-title-text" class="css-1tv17ha e10ip9lg5">Karl Marx</span><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-after" class="css-0 eagam8p1"></span></h2></div></a><a data-theme-key="custom-item" label data-vars-cta="3 Column Block 6" data-vars-ga-position="7" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Sadie Alexander" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/activists/sadie-alexander" href="/activists/sadie-alexander" class="ee4ms352 css-n68qui e1c1bym14"><div data-vars-cta="3 Column Block 6" data-vars-ga-position="7" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Sadie Alexander" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/activists/sadie-alexander" class="css-ftsoqv ee4ms351"><img src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/sadie-tanner-mossell-alexander-gettyimages-513406527.jpg?crop=1xw:1.0xh;center,top&resize=360:*" alt="Sadie Tanner Mossell AlexanderSadie Tanner Mossell Alexander, 1954. (Photo by Afro American Newspapers/Gado/Getty Images)" title="Sadie Tanner Mossell AlexanderSadie Tanner Mossell Alexander, 1954. (Photo by Afro American Newspapers/Gado/Getty Images)" width="100%" height="auto" decoding="async" loading="lazy"/></div><div data-theme-key="custom-item-content" class="css-ztgqyu ee4ms350"><h2 data-theme-key="custom-item-title" class="css-1d3d03u e10ip9lg6"><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-before" class="css-0 eagam8p0"></span><span data-theme-key="custom-item-title-text" class="css-1tv17ha e10ip9lg5">Sadie Alexander</span><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-after" class="css-0 eagam8p1"></span></h2></div></a><a data-theme-key="custom-item" label data-vars-cta="3 Column Block 7" data-vars-ga-position="8" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="John Stuart Mill" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/scholar/john-stuart-mill" href="/scholar/john-stuart-mill" class="ee4ms352 css-n68qui e1c1bym14"><div data-vars-cta="3 Column Block 7" data-vars-ga-position="8" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="John Stuart Mill" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/scholar/john-stuart-mill" class="css-ftsoqv ee4ms351"><img src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/gettyimages-517443904.jpg?crop=1.00xw:0.998xh;0,0&resize=360:*" alt="john stuart mill" title="John Stuart Mill" width="100%" height="auto" decoding="async" loading="lazy"/></div><div data-theme-key="custom-item-content" class="css-ztgqyu ee4ms350"><h2 data-theme-key="custom-item-title" class="css-1d3d03u e10ip9lg6"><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-before" class="css-0 eagam8p0"></span><span data-theme-key="custom-item-title-text" class="css-1tv17ha e10ip9lg5">John Stuart Mill</span><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-after" class="css-0 eagam8p1"></span></h2></div></a></div><div data-theme-key="block-column" class="css-9dixrv emk51de0"><div data-theme-key="block-header" class="css-lp4mpi eqz7u0o2"><h2 data-theme-key="block-heading" class="css-1t9xeag eqz7u0o1"><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-before" class="css-1aq4sl eagam8p0"></span><span>Theologians</span><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-after" class="css-1aq4sl eagam8p1"></span></h2></div><a data-theme-key="custom-item" label data-vars-cta="3 Column Block 8" data-vars-ga-position="9" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Roger Williams" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/roger-williams" href="/scholars-educators/roger-williams" class="ee4ms352 css-n68qui e1c1bym14"><div data-vars-cta="3 Column Block 8" data-vars-ga-position="9" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Roger Williams" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/roger-williams" class="css-ftsoqv ee4ms351"><img src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/gettyimages-2162496-copy.jpg?crop=1xw:1.0xh;center,top&resize=360:*" alt="Roger Williams" title="Roger Williams" width="100%" height="auto" decoding="async" loading="lazy"/></div><div data-theme-key="custom-item-content" class="css-ztgqyu ee4ms350"><h2 data-theme-key="custom-item-title" class="css-1d3d03u e10ip9lg6"><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-before" class="css-0 eagam8p0"></span><span data-theme-key="custom-item-title-text" class="css-1tv17ha e10ip9lg5">Roger Williams</span><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-after" class="css-0 eagam8p1"></span></h2></div></a><a data-theme-key="custom-item" label data-vars-cta="3 Column Block 9" data-vars-ga-position="10" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Thomas More" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/thomas-more" href="/scholars-educators/thomas-more" class="ee4ms352 css-n68qui e1c1bym14"><div data-vars-cta="3 Column Block 9" data-vars-ga-position="10" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Thomas More" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/thomas-more" class="css-ftsoqv ee4ms351"><img src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/gettyimages-505228628.jpg?crop=1xw:1.0xh;center,top&resize=360:*" alt="Sir Thomas More" title="Sir Thomas More" width="100%" height="auto" decoding="async" loading="lazy"/></div><div data-theme-key="custom-item-content" class="css-ztgqyu ee4ms350"><h2 data-theme-key="custom-item-title" class="css-1d3d03u e10ip9lg6"><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-before" class="css-0 eagam8p0"></span><span data-theme-key="custom-item-title-text" class="css-1tv17ha e10ip9lg5">Thomas More</span><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-after" class="css-0 eagam8p1"></span></h2></div></a><a data-theme-key="custom-item" label data-vars-cta="3 Column Block 10" data-vars-ga-position="11" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Saint Thomas Aquinas" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/religious-figure/saint-thomas-aquinas" href="/religious-figure/saint-thomas-aquinas" class="ee4ms352 css-n68qui e1c1bym14"><div data-vars-cta="3 Column Block 10" data-vars-ga-position="11" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Saint Thomas Aquinas" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/religious-figure/saint-thomas-aquinas" class="css-ftsoqv ee4ms351"><img src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/gettyimages-919610926-copy.jpg?crop=1.00xw:1.00xh;0,0&resize=360:*" alt="saint thomas aquinas" title="Saint Thomas Aquinas" width="100%" height="auto" decoding="async" loading="lazy"/></div><div data-theme-key="custom-item-content" class="css-ztgqyu ee4ms350"><h2 data-theme-key="custom-item-title" class="css-1d3d03u e10ip9lg6"><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-before" class="css-0 eagam8p0"></span><span data-theme-key="custom-item-title-text" class="css-1tv17ha e10ip9lg5">Saint Thomas Aquinas</span><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-after" class="css-0 eagam8p1"></span></h2></div></a><a data-theme-key="custom-item" label data-vars-cta="3 Column Block 11" data-vars-ga-position="12" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Martin Luther" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/religious-figures/martin-luther" href="/religious-figures/martin-luther" class="ee4ms352 css-n68qui e1c1bym14"><div data-vars-cta="3 Column Block 11" data-vars-ga-position="12" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Martin Luther" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/religious-figures/martin-luther" class="css-ftsoqv ee4ms351"><img src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/circa-1520-protestant-reformer-martin-luther-1483---1546-a-leading-figure-in-the-reformation-photo-by-stock-montage_getty-images.jpg?crop=1xw:1.0xh;center,top&resize=360:*" alt="Martin Luther" title="Martin Luther" width="100%" height="auto" decoding="async" loading="lazy"/></div><div data-theme-key="custom-item-content" class="css-ztgqyu ee4ms350"><h2 data-theme-key="custom-item-title" class="css-1d3d03u e10ip9lg6"><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-before" class="css-0 eagam8p0"></span><span data-theme-key="custom-item-title-text" class="css-1tv17ha e10ip9lg5">Martin Luther</span><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-after" class="css-0 eagam8p1"></span></h2></div></a></div></div></section><section data-vars-block-curation="curated" data-vars-block-type="Big Story Block" data-vars-block-slot="5" data-vars-block-id="e194f8b9-3a6b-40cc-96da-caba7f53cc02" data-vars-block-heading id="b5bb23ea-91a4-4e50-9ddf-425bd12a645f" data-lazy-id="P0-8" class="css-8k7p5x e1smmp0v0"><div class="css-y4yi8 e19qkiag2"><div class="ad-disclaimer no-print css-1oj52ne e1caqep90">Advertisement - Continue Reading Below</div><div id="gpt-ad-feed-vertical-5" class="ad-container css-om4gqg ewg5wdb1"></div></div><a data-theme-key="custom-item" data-vars-cta="Big Story Block 0" data-vars-ga-position="1" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Anne Sullivan Found 'the Fire of a Purpose' Through Teaching Helen Keller" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/authors-writers/anne-sullivan-helen-keller-relationship" href="/authors-writers/anne-sullivan-helen-keller-relationship" class="ee4ms352 css-1qaby5q e1c1bym14"><div data-vars-cta="Big Story Block 0" data-vars-ga-position="1" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Anne Sullivan Found 'the Fire of a Purpose' Through Teaching Helen Keller" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/authors-writers/anne-sullivan-helen-keller-relationship" class="css-126fzvm ee4ms351"><img alt="Helen Keller and Anne Sullivan" title="Helen Keller and Anne Sullivan" loading="lazy" width="2528" height="1422" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" style="color:transparent;width:100%;height:auto;" sizes="100vw" srcset="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/e39dafd5-2b34-4cd1-89b4-6a2795ae334a.jpg?crop=0.5625xw:1xh;center,top&resize=650:* 640w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/e39dafd5-2b34-4cd1-89b4-6a2795ae334a.jpg?crop=0.5625xw:1xh;center,top&resize=720:* 980w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/e39dafd5-2b34-4cd1-89b4-6a2795ae334a.jpg?crop=1xw:0.8888888888888888xh;center,top&resize=980:* 1120w" src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/e39dafd5-2b34-4cd1-89b4-6a2795ae334a.jpg?crop=1xw:0.8888888888888888xh;center,top&resize=980:*" class="css-0 e1g79fud0"/></div><div data-theme-key="custom-item-content" class="css-1ctuv12 ee4ms350"><h2 data-theme-key="custom-item-title" class="css-1d3d03u e10ip9lg6"><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-before" class="css-1dmjnw1 eagam8p0"></span><span data-theme-key="custom-item-title-text" class="css-389x1x e10ip9lg5">Anne Sullivan Found 'the Fire of a Purpose' Through Teaching Helen Keller</span><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-after" class="css-ha23m7 eagam8p1"></span></h2><div data-theme-key="custom-item-dek" class="css-7zvt1q e10ip9lg4">Keller and her "miracle worker" started out as pupil and teacher, but their relationship blossomed into one of lifelong support.</div><span class="css-1fv2c70 e10ip9lg2"><section data-lazy-parent="P0-8"><address class="css-tm3ilo e1v8cotw2"></address></section></span></div></a></section><section data-vars-block-curation="section" data-vars-block-type="3 Column Block" data-vars-block-slot="6" data-vars-block-id="a0568607-b90e-45b3-bf73-1f5724bdef1f" data-vars-block-heading="More Scholars & Educators" id="b9f165e6-7aca-449c-8f4c-9519ada46c5c" data-lazy-id="P0-9" class="css-1l5m43d emk51de2"><div data-theme-key="block-header" class="css-chu8gj eqz7u0o2"><h2 data-theme-key="block-heading" class="css-1cj76cq eqz7u0o1"><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-before" class="css-0 eagam8p0"></span><span>More Scholars & Educators</span><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-after" class="css-0 eagam8p1"></span></h2></div><div data-theme-key="three-columns-block-container" class="css-w9tso1 emk51de1"><div data-theme-key="block-column" class="css-9dixrv emk51de0"><a data-theme-key="custom-item" label data-vars-cta="More Scholars & Educators" data-vars-ga-position="1" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Carter G. Woodson" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/carter-g-woodson" href="/scholars-educators/carter-g-woodson" class="ee4ms352 css-n68qui e1c1bym14"><div data-vars-cta="More Scholars & Educators" data-vars-ga-position="1" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Carter G. Woodson" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/carter-g-woodson" class="css-ftsoqv ee4ms351"><img src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/portrait-of-american-historian-and-educator-carter-godwin-news-photo-1738616428.pjpeg?crop=1.00xw:0.730xh;0,0&resize=360:*" alt="carter g woodson looks at the camera, he wears a dark suit jacket, collared shirt and tie" title="Carter G. Woodson, circa 1910s" width="100%" height="auto" decoding="async" loading="lazy"/></div><div data-theme-key="custom-item-content" class="css-ztgqyu ee4ms350"><h2 data-theme-key="custom-item-title" class="css-1d3d03u e10ip9lg6"><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-before" class="css-0 eagam8p0"></span><span data-theme-key="custom-item-title-text" class="css-1tv17ha e10ip9lg5">Carter G. Woodson</span><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-after" class="css-0 eagam8p1"></span></h2></div></a><a data-theme-key="custom-item" label data-vars-cta="More Scholars & Educators" data-vars-ga-position="2" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="11 Philosophers Who Made the World Stop and Think" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/g62918890/famous-philosophers" href="/scholars-educators/g62918890/famous-philosophers" class="ee4ms352 css-n68qui e1c1bym14"><div data-vars-cta="More Scholars & Educators" data-vars-ga-position="2" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="11 Philosophers Who Made the World Stop and Think" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/g62918890/famous-philosophers" class="css-ftsoqv ee4ms351"><img src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/the-philosopher-jean-paul-sartre-france-about-1946-news-photo-1731685135.jpg?crop=0.498xw:0.693xh;0.0176xw,0.0200xh&resize=360:*" alt="jean paul sartre sits in a three piece suit and tie and points one finger out to the right" title="Jean-Paul Sartre, circa1946" width="100%" height="auto" decoding="async" loading="lazy"/></div><div data-theme-key="custom-item-content" class="css-ztgqyu ee4ms350"><h2 data-theme-key="custom-item-title" class="css-1d3d03u e10ip9lg6"><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-before" class="css-0 eagam8p0"></span><span data-theme-key="custom-item-title-text" class="css-1tv17ha e10ip9lg5">11 Philosophers Who Made the World Stop and Think</span><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-after" class="css-0 eagam8p1"></span></h2></div></a><a data-theme-key="custom-item" label data-vars-cta="More Scholars & Educators" data-vars-ga-position="3" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Noam Chomsky" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/noam-chomsky" href="/scholars-educators/noam-chomsky" class="ee4ms352 css-n68qui e1c1bym14"><div data-vars-cta="More Scholars & Educators" data-vars-ga-position="3" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Noam Chomsky" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/noam-chomsky" class="css-ftsoqv ee4ms351"><img src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/noam-chomsky.jpg?crop=1.00xw:1.00xh;0,0&resize=360:*" alt="noam chomsky smiles and looks past the camera, he wears glasses, a black suit jacket, a blue collared shirt and a blue and white sweater" title="Noam Chomsky in September 2018" width="100%" height="auto" decoding="async" loading="lazy"/></div><div data-theme-key="custom-item-content" class="css-ztgqyu ee4ms350"><h2 data-theme-key="custom-item-title" class="css-1d3d03u e10ip9lg6"><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-before" class="css-0 eagam8p0"></span><span data-theme-key="custom-item-title-text" class="css-1tv17ha e10ip9lg5">Noam Chomsky</span><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-after" class="css-0 eagam8p1"></span></h2></div></a><a data-theme-key="custom-item" label data-vars-cta="More Scholars & Educators" data-vars-ga-position="4" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Erasmus of Rotterdam" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/a45863904/erasmus" href="/scholars-educators/a45863904/erasmus" class="ee4ms352 css-n68qui e1c1bym14"><div data-vars-cta="More Scholars & Educators" data-vars-ga-position="4" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Erasmus of Rotterdam" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/a45863904/erasmus" class="css-ftsoqv ee4ms351"><img src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/portrait-of-erasmus-of-rotterdam-dutch-humanist-and-news-photo-1700158497.jpg?crop=0.583xw:1.00xh;0.417xw,0&resize=360:*" alt="portrait of erasmus of rotterdam" title="Portrait of Erasmus of Rotterdam..." width="100%" height="auto" decoding="async" loading="lazy"/></div><div data-theme-key="custom-item-content" class="css-ztgqyu ee4ms350"><h2 data-theme-key="custom-item-title" class="css-1d3d03u e10ip9lg6"><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-before" class="css-0 eagam8p0"></span><span data-theme-key="custom-item-title-text" class="css-1tv17ha e10ip9lg5">Erasmus of Rotterdam</span><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-after" class="css-0 eagam8p1"></span></h2></div></a></div><div data-theme-key="block-column" class="css-9dixrv emk51de0"><a data-theme-key="custom-item" label data-vars-cta="More Scholars & Educators" data-vars-ga-position="5" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Confucius" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/a45861370/confucius" href="/scholars-educators/a45861370/confucius" class="ee4ms352 css-n68qui e1c1bym14"><div data-vars-cta="More Scholars & Educators" data-vars-ga-position="5" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Confucius" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/a45861370/confucius" class="css-ftsoqv ee4ms351"><img src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/statue-of-confucius-zakynthos-greece-news-photo-1700147985.jpg?crop=0.603xw:0.926xh;0.192xw,0.0739xh&resize=360:*" alt="statue of confucius, zakynthos" title="Statue of Confucius, Zakynthos" width="100%" height="auto" decoding="async" loading="lazy"/></div><div data-theme-key="custom-item-content" class="css-ztgqyu ee4ms350"><h2 data-theme-key="custom-item-title" class="css-1d3d03u e10ip9lg6"><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-before" class="css-0 eagam8p0"></span><span data-theme-key="custom-item-title-text" class="css-1tv17ha e10ip9lg5">Confucius</span><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-after" class="css-0 eagam8p1"></span></h2></div></a><a data-theme-key="custom-item" label data-vars-cta="More Scholars & Educators" data-vars-ga-position="6" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Francis Bacon" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/francis-bacon" href="/scholars-educators/francis-bacon" class="ee4ms352 css-n68qui e1c1bym14"><div data-vars-cta="More Scholars & Educators" data-vars-ga-position="6" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Francis Bacon" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/francis-bacon" class="css-ftsoqv ee4ms351"><img src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/francis-bacon-royalty-free-illustration-1691614750.jpg?crop=0.918xw:0.781xh;0.0245xw,0.0817xh&resize=360:*" alt="francis bacon" title="Francis Bacon" width="100%" height="auto" decoding="async" loading="lazy"/></div><div data-theme-key="custom-item-content" class="css-ztgqyu ee4ms350"><h2 data-theme-key="custom-item-title" class="css-1d3d03u e10ip9lg6"><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-before" class="css-0 eagam8p0"></span><span data-theme-key="custom-item-title-text" class="css-1tv17ha e10ip9lg5">Francis Bacon</span><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-after" class="css-0 eagam8p1"></span></h2></div></a><a data-theme-key="custom-item" label data-vars-cta="More Scholars & Educators" data-vars-ga-position="7" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Auguste Comte" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/auguste-comte" href="/scholars-educators/auguste-comte" class="ee4ms352 css-n68qui e1c1bym14"><div data-vars-cta="More Scholars & Educators" data-vars-ga-position="7" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Auguste Comte" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/auguste-comte" class="css-ftsoqv ee4ms351"><img src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/gettyimages-930099036.jpg?crop=1xw:1.0xh;center,top&resize=360:*" alt="auguste comte" title="Auguste Comte" width="100%" height="auto" decoding="async" loading="lazy"/></div><div data-theme-key="custom-item-content" class="css-ztgqyu ee4ms350"><h2 data-theme-key="custom-item-title" class="css-1d3d03u e10ip9lg6"><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-before" class="css-0 eagam8p0"></span><span data-theme-key="custom-item-title-text" class="css-1tv17ha e10ip9lg5">Auguste Comte</span><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-after" class="css-0 eagam8p1"></span></h2></div></a><a data-theme-key="custom-item" label data-vars-cta="More Scholars & Educators" data-vars-ga-position="8" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Charles-Louis de Secondat" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/scholar/charles-louis-de-secondat" href="/scholar/charles-louis-de-secondat" class="ee4ms352 css-n68qui e1c1bym14"><div data-vars-cta="More Scholars & Educators" data-vars-ga-position="8" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Charles-Louis de Secondat" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/scholar/charles-louis-de-secondat" class="css-ftsoqv ee4ms351"><img src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/charles-louis-de-secondat-baron-de-la-brede-and-de-montesquieu-21292453-1-402.png?crop=1.00xw:1.00xh;0,0&resize=360:*" alt="charles louis de secondat" title="Charles-Louis de Secondat" width="100%" height="auto" decoding="async" loading="lazy"/></div><div data-theme-key="custom-item-content" class="css-ztgqyu ee4ms350"><h2 data-theme-key="custom-item-title" class="css-1d3d03u e10ip9lg6"><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-before" class="css-0 eagam8p0"></span><span data-theme-key="custom-item-title-text" class="css-1tv17ha e10ip9lg5">Charles-Louis de Secondat</span><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-after" class="css-0 eagam8p1"></span></h2></div></a></div><div data-theme-key="block-column" class="css-9dixrv emk51de0"><a data-theme-key="custom-item" label data-vars-cta="More Scholars & Educators" data-vars-ga-position="9" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="John Dewey" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/scholar/john-dewey" href="/scholar/john-dewey" class="ee4ms352 css-n68qui e1c1bym14"><div data-vars-cta="More Scholars & Educators" data-vars-ga-position="9" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="John Dewey" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/scholar/john-dewey" class="css-ftsoqv ee4ms351"><img src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/john-dewey-9273497-1-402.jpg?crop=1.00xw:1.00xh;0,0&resize=360:*" alt="john dewey" title="john dewey" width="100%" height="auto" decoding="async" loading="lazy"/></div><div data-theme-key="custom-item-content" class="css-ztgqyu ee4ms350"><h2 data-theme-key="custom-item-title" class="css-1d3d03u e10ip9lg6"><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-before" class="css-0 eagam8p0"></span><span data-theme-key="custom-item-title-text" class="css-1tv17ha e10ip9lg5">John Dewey</span><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-after" class="css-0 eagam8p1"></span></h2></div></a><a data-theme-key="custom-item" label data-vars-cta="More Scholars & Educators" data-vars-ga-position="10" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="William James" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/william-james" href="/scholars-educators/william-james" class="ee4ms352 css-n68qui e1c1bym14"><div data-vars-cta="More Scholars & Educators" data-vars-ga-position="10" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="William James" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/william-james" class="css-ftsoqv ee4ms351"><img src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/gettyimages-929233606.jpg?crop=1.00xw:1.00xh;0,0&resize=360:*" alt="william james" title="William James" width="100%" height="auto" decoding="async" loading="lazy"/></div><div data-theme-key="custom-item-content" class="css-ztgqyu ee4ms350"><h2 data-theme-key="custom-item-title" class="css-1d3d03u e10ip9lg6"><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-before" class="css-0 eagam8p0"></span><span data-theme-key="custom-item-title-text" class="css-1tv17ha e10ip9lg5">William James</span><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-after" class="css-0 eagam8p1"></span></h2></div></a><a data-theme-key="custom-item" label data-vars-cta="More Scholars & Educators" data-vars-ga-position="11" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Jean-Paul Sartre" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/jean-paul-sartre" href="/scholars-educators/jean-paul-sartre" class="ee4ms352 css-n68qui e1c1bym14"><div data-vars-cta="More Scholars & Educators" data-vars-ga-position="11" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Jean-Paul Sartre" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/jean-paul-sartre" class="css-ftsoqv ee4ms351"><img src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/jean-paul-sartre-9472219-1-402.jpg?crop=1.00xw:1.00xh;0,0&resize=360:*" alt="jean paul sartre" title="jean paul sartre" width="100%" height="auto" decoding="async" loading="lazy"/></div><div data-theme-key="custom-item-content" class="css-ztgqyu ee4ms350"><h2 data-theme-key="custom-item-title" class="css-1d3d03u e10ip9lg6"><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-before" class="css-0 eagam8p0"></span><span data-theme-key="custom-item-title-text" class="css-1tv17ha e10ip9lg5">Jean-Paul Sartre</span><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-after" class="css-0 eagam8p1"></span></h2></div></a><a data-theme-key="custom-item" label data-vars-cta="More Scholars & Educators" data-vars-ga-position="12" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Immanuel Kant" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/immanuel-kant" href="/scholars-educators/immanuel-kant" class="ee4ms352 css-n68qui e1c1bym14"><div data-vars-cta="More Scholars & Educators" data-vars-ga-position="12" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Immanuel Kant" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/immanuel-kant" class="css-ftsoqv ee4ms351"><img src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/gettyimages-171223546.jpg?crop=1.00xw:1.00xh;0,0&resize=360:*" alt="immanuel kant" title="Immanuel Kant" width="100%" height="auto" decoding="async" loading="lazy"/></div><div data-theme-key="custom-item-content" class="css-ztgqyu ee4ms350"><h2 data-theme-key="custom-item-title" class="css-1d3d03u e10ip9lg6"><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-before" class="css-0 eagam8p0"></span><span data-theme-key="custom-item-title-text" class="css-1tv17ha e10ip9lg5">Immanuel Kant</span><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-after" class="css-0 eagam8p1"></span></h2></div></a></div></div></section><section data-vars-block-curation="section" data-vars-block-type="3 Column Block" data-vars-block-slot="7" data-vars-block-id="69a99709-4ab7-4457-9fb6-6652f547250e" data-vars-block-heading id="9e74ed61-e144-4cc0-beb1-eaceb2e42aa5" data-lazy-id="P0-10" class="css-1l5m43d emk51de2"><div data-theme-key="three-columns-block-container" class="css-w9tso1 emk51de1"><div data-theme-key="block-column" class="css-9dixrv emk51de0"><a data-theme-key="custom-item" label data-vars-cta="3 Column Block 0" data-vars-ga-position="1" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Archimedes: The Mathematician Who Discovered Pi" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/a43249494/who-discovered-pi-archimedes-of-syracuse" href="/scholars-educators/a43249494/who-discovered-pi-archimedes-of-syracuse" class="ee4ms352 css-n68qui e1c1bym14"><div data-vars-cta="3 Column Block 0" data-vars-ga-position="1" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Archimedes: The Mathematician Who Discovered Pi" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/a43249494/who-discovered-pi-archimedes-of-syracuse" class="css-ftsoqv ee4ms351"><img src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/archimedes-greek-scholarly-engraving-b-n-f-colourized-photo-news-photo-1678293949.jpg?crop=1.00xw:0.747xh;0,0.166xh&resize=360:*" alt="engraving of mathematician and engineer archimedes sitting at desk" title="Archimedes is credited with calculating pi" width="100%" height="auto" decoding="async" loading="lazy"/></div><div data-theme-key="custom-item-content" class="css-ztgqyu ee4ms350"><h2 data-theme-key="custom-item-title" class="css-1d3d03u e10ip9lg6"><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-before" class="css-0 eagam8p0"></span><span data-theme-key="custom-item-title-text" class="css-1tv17ha e10ip9lg5">Archimedes: The Mathematician Who Discovered Pi</span><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-after" class="css-0 eagam8p1"></span></h2></div></a><a data-theme-key="custom-item" label data-vars-cta="3 Column Block 1" data-vars-ga-position="2" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="John Locke" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/john-locke" href="/scholars-educators/john-locke" class="ee4ms352 css-n68qui e1c1bym14"><div data-vars-cta="3 Column Block 1" data-vars-ga-position="2" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="John Locke" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/john-locke" class="css-ftsoqv ee4ms351"><img src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/john-locke-gettyimages-464426427.jpg?crop=1xw:1.0xh;center,top&resize=360:*" alt="john locke" title="John Locke" width="100%" height="auto" decoding="async" loading="lazy"/></div><div data-theme-key="custom-item-content" class="css-ztgqyu ee4ms350"><h2 data-theme-key="custom-item-title" class="css-1d3d03u e10ip9lg6"><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-before" class="css-0 eagam8p0"></span><span data-theme-key="custom-item-title-text" class="css-1tv17ha e10ip9lg5">John Locke</span><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-after" class="css-0 eagam8p1"></span></h2></div></a><a data-theme-key="custom-item" label data-vars-cta="3 Column Block 2" data-vars-ga-position="3" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Plato" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/plato" href="/scholars-educators/plato" class="ee4ms352 css-n68qui e1c1bym14"><div data-vars-cta="3 Column Block 2" data-vars-ga-position="3" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Plato" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/plato" class="css-ftsoqv ee4ms351"><img src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/gettyimages-113631148.jpg?crop=1.00xw:1.00xh;0,0&resize=360:*" alt="plato" title="Plato" width="100%" height="auto" decoding="async" loading="lazy"/></div><div data-theme-key="custom-item-content" class="css-ztgqyu ee4ms350"><h2 data-theme-key="custom-item-title" class="css-1d3d03u e10ip9lg6"><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-before" class="css-0 eagam8p0"></span><span data-theme-key="custom-item-title-text" class="css-1tv17ha e10ip9lg5">Plato</span><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-after" class="css-0 eagam8p1"></span></h2></div></a><a data-theme-key="custom-item" label data-vars-cta="3 Column Block 3" data-vars-ga-position="4" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="John Stuart Mill" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/scholar/john-stuart-mill" href="/scholar/john-stuart-mill" class="ee4ms352 css-n68qui e1c1bym14"><div data-vars-cta="3 Column Block 3" data-vars-ga-position="4" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="John Stuart Mill" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/scholar/john-stuart-mill" class="css-ftsoqv ee4ms351"><img src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/gettyimages-517443904.jpg?crop=1.00xw:0.998xh;0,0&resize=360:*" alt="john stuart mill" title="John Stuart Mill" width="100%" height="auto" decoding="async" loading="lazy"/></div><div data-theme-key="custom-item-content" class="css-ztgqyu ee4ms350"><h2 data-theme-key="custom-item-title" class="css-1d3d03u e10ip9lg6"><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-before" class="css-0 eagam8p0"></span><span data-theme-key="custom-item-title-text" class="css-1tv17ha e10ip9lg5">John Stuart Mill</span><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-after" class="css-0 eagam8p1"></span></h2></div></a></div><div data-theme-key="block-column" class="css-9dixrv emk51de0"><a data-theme-key="custom-item" label data-vars-cta="3 Column Block 4" data-vars-ga-position="5" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Jean-Jacques Rousseau" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/jean-jacques-rousseau" href="/scholars-educators/jean-jacques-rousseau" class="ee4ms352 css-n68qui e1c1bym14"><div data-vars-cta="3 Column Block 4" data-vars-ga-position="5" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Jean-Jacques Rousseau" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/jean-jacques-rousseau" class="css-ftsoqv ee4ms351"><img src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/gettyimages-51239169.jpg?crop=1xw:1.0xh;center,top&resize=360:*" alt="jean—jacques rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau" width="100%" height="auto" decoding="async" loading="lazy"/></div><div data-theme-key="custom-item-content" class="css-ztgqyu ee4ms350"><h2 data-theme-key="custom-item-title" class="css-1d3d03u e10ip9lg6"><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-before" class="css-0 eagam8p0"></span><span data-theme-key="custom-item-title-text" class="css-1tv17ha e10ip9lg5">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</span><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-after" class="css-0 eagam8p1"></span></h2></div></a><a data-theme-key="custom-item" label data-vars-cta="3 Column Block 5" data-vars-ga-position="6" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Simone de Beauvoir" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/simone-de-beauvoir" href="/scholars-educators/simone-de-beauvoir" class="ee4ms352 css-n68qui e1c1bym14"><div data-vars-cta="3 Column Block 5" data-vars-ga-position="6" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Simone de Beauvoir" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/simone-de-beauvoir" class="css-ftsoqv ee4ms351"><img src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/simone-de-beauvoir-9269063-1-402.jpg?crop=1.00xw:1.00xh;0,0&resize=360:*" alt="simone de beauvoir" title="simone de beauvoir" width="100%" height="auto" decoding="async" loading="lazy"/></div><div data-theme-key="custom-item-content" class="css-ztgqyu ee4ms350"><h2 data-theme-key="custom-item-title" class="css-1d3d03u e10ip9lg6"><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-before" class="css-0 eagam8p0"></span><span data-theme-key="custom-item-title-text" class="css-1tv17ha e10ip9lg5">Simone de Beauvoir</span><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-after" class="css-0 eagam8p1"></span></h2></div></a><a data-theme-key="custom-item" label data-vars-cta="3 Column Block 6" data-vars-ga-position="7" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Adam Smith" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/adam-smith" href="/scholars-educators/adam-smith" class="ee4ms352 css-n68qui e1c1bym14"><div data-vars-cta="3 Column Block 6" data-vars-ga-position="7" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Adam Smith" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/adam-smith" class="css-ftsoqv ee4ms351"><img src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/gettyimages-843192764.jpg?crop=1.00xw:1.00xh;0,0&resize=360:*" alt="adam smith" title="Adam Smith" width="100%" height="auto" decoding="async" loading="lazy"/></div><div data-theme-key="custom-item-content" class="css-ztgqyu ee4ms350"><h2 data-theme-key="custom-item-title" class="css-1d3d03u e10ip9lg6"><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-before" class="css-0 eagam8p0"></span><span data-theme-key="custom-item-title-text" class="css-1tv17ha e10ip9lg5">Adam Smith</span><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-after" class="css-0 eagam8p1"></span></h2></div></a><a data-theme-key="custom-item" label data-vars-cta="3 Column Block 7" data-vars-ga-position="8" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Petrarch" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/petrarch" href="/scholars-educators/petrarch" class="ee4ms352 css-n68qui e1c1bym14"><div data-vars-cta="3 Column Block 7" data-vars-ga-position="8" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Petrarch" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/petrarch" class="css-ftsoqv ee4ms351"><img src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/gettyimages-609128401-copy.jpg?crop=1.00xw:1.00xh;0,0&resize=360:*" alt="petrarch" title="Petrarch" width="100%" height="auto" decoding="async" loading="lazy"/></div><div data-theme-key="custom-item-content" class="css-ztgqyu ee4ms350"><h2 data-theme-key="custom-item-title" class="css-1d3d03u e10ip9lg6"><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-before" class="css-0 eagam8p0"></span><span data-theme-key="custom-item-title-text" class="css-1tv17ha e10ip9lg5">Petrarch</span><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-after" class="css-0 eagam8p1"></span></h2></div></a></div><div data-theme-key="block-column" class="css-9dixrv emk51de0"><a data-theme-key="custom-item" label data-vars-cta="3 Column Block 8" data-vars-ga-position="9" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Alain LeRoy Locke" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/alain-leroy-locke" href="/scholars-educators/alain-leroy-locke" class="ee4ms352 css-n68qui e1c1bym14"><div data-vars-cta="3 Column Block 8" data-vars-ga-position="9" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Alain LeRoy Locke" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/alain-leroy-locke" class="css-ftsoqv ee4ms351"><img src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/gettyimages-72402069.jpg?crop=0.998xw:1.00xh;0.00163xw,0&resize=360:*" alt="alain leroy locke" title="Alain LeRoy Locke" width="100%" height="auto" decoding="async" loading="lazy"/></div><div data-theme-key="custom-item-content" class="css-ztgqyu ee4ms350"><h2 data-theme-key="custom-item-title" class="css-1d3d03u e10ip9lg6"><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-before" class="css-0 eagam8p0"></span><span data-theme-key="custom-item-title-text" class="css-1tv17ha e10ip9lg5">Alain LeRoy Locke</span><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-after" class="css-0 eagam8p1"></span></h2></div></a><a data-theme-key="custom-item" label data-vars-cta="3 Column Block 9" data-vars-ga-position="10" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Hippocrates" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/hippocrates" href="/scholars-educators/hippocrates" class="ee4ms352 css-n68qui e1c1bym14"><div data-vars-cta="3 Column Block 9" data-vars-ga-position="10" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Hippocrates" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/hippocrates" class="css-ftsoqv ee4ms351"><img src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/hippocrates--gettyImages-164084419_1600.jpg?crop=1.00xw:1.00xh;0,0&resize=360:*" alt="hippocrates photo" title="Hippocrates photo" width="100%" height="auto" decoding="async" loading="lazy"/></div><div data-theme-key="custom-item-content" class="css-ztgqyu ee4ms350"><h2 data-theme-key="custom-item-title" class="css-1d3d03u e10ip9lg6"><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-before" class="css-0 eagam8p0"></span><span data-theme-key="custom-item-title-text" class="css-1tv17ha e10ip9lg5">Hippocrates</span><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-after" class="css-0 eagam8p1"></span></h2></div></a><a data-theme-key="custom-item" label data-vars-cta="3 Column Block 10" data-vars-ga-position="11" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Cesare Beccaria" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/cesare-beccaria" href="/scholars-educators/cesare-beccaria" class="ee4ms352 css-n68qui e1c1bym14"><div data-vars-cta="3 Column Block 10" data-vars-ga-position="11" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Cesare Beccaria" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/cesare-beccaria" class="css-ftsoqv ee4ms351"><img src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/gettyimages-1302306074jp.jpg?crop=1.00xw:1.00xh;0,0&resize=360:*" alt="cesare beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria" width="100%" height="auto" decoding="async" loading="lazy"/></div><div data-theme-key="custom-item-content" class="css-ztgqyu ee4ms350"><h2 data-theme-key="custom-item-title" class="css-1d3d03u e10ip9lg6"><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-before" class="css-0 eagam8p0"></span><span data-theme-key="custom-item-title-text" class="css-1tv17ha e10ip9lg5">Cesare Beccaria</span><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-after" class="css-0 eagam8p1"></span></h2></div></a><a data-theme-key="custom-item" label data-vars-cta="3 Column Block 11" data-vars-ga-position="12" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="René Descartes" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/rene-descartes" href="/scholars-educators/rene-descartes" class="ee4ms352 css-n68qui e1c1bym14"><div data-vars-cta="3 Column Block 11" data-vars-ga-position="12" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="René Descartes" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/rene-descartes" class="css-ftsoqv ee4ms351"><img src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/gettyimages-143112931.jpg?crop=1xw:1.0xh;center,top&resize=360:*" alt="rene descartes" title="Rene Descartes" width="100%" height="auto" decoding="async" loading="lazy"/></div><div data-theme-key="custom-item-content" class="css-ztgqyu ee4ms350"><h2 data-theme-key="custom-item-title" class="css-1d3d03u e10ip9lg6"><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-before" class="css-0 eagam8p0"></span><span data-theme-key="custom-item-title-text" class="css-1tv17ha e10ip9lg5">René Descartes</span><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-after" class="css-0 eagam8p1"></span></h2></div></a></div></div></section></main><footer data-lazy-id="P0-11" class="footer css-1r9ia61 eqtscwt0"><div class="css-1ss7lvu eluqz9n10"><div class="css-iz4391 eluqz9n9"><a data-theme-key="base-link" href="/" aria-label="Biography" class="css-82acjr e1c1bym14"><img data-dynamic-svg="true" src="/_assets/design-tokens/biography/static/images/logos/logo.5ec9b18.svg?primary=%2523ffffff" loading="lazy" data-testid="dynamic-svg-base" height="auto" width="auto" alt="Logo" class="css-0 e1qdlatq0"/></a><div class="css-6uae8g eznjit40"><div class="css-70qvj9 eznjit44"><a data-theme-key="base-link" href="https://twitter.com/biography" aria-label="x" class="css-n9en60 e1c1bym14"><img data-dynamic-svg="true" src="/_assets/design-tokens/fre/static/icons/social/x.3361b6d.svg?primary=%2523ffffff&id=social-button-icon" loading="lazy" data-testid="dynamic-svg-base" height="auto" width="auto" alt="x" class="css-jmxdxt eznjit42"/></a></div><div class="css-70qvj9 eznjit44"><a data-theme-key="base-link" href="https://www.facebook.com/Biography" aria-label="facebook" class="css-n9en60 e1c1bym14"><img data-dynamic-svg="true" src="/_assets/design-tokens/fre/static/icons/social/facebook.a5a3a69.svg?primary=%2523ffffff&id=social-button-icon" loading="lazy" data-testid="dynamic-svg-base" height="auto" width="auto" alt="facebook" class="css-jmxdxt eznjit42"/></a></div><div class="css-70qvj9 eznjit44"><a data-theme-key="base-link" href="https://www.instagram.com/biography/" aria-label="instagram" class="css-n9en60 e1c1bym14"><img data-dynamic-svg="true" src="/_assets/design-tokens/fre/static/icons/social/instagram.f282b14.svg?primary=%2523ffffff&id=social-button-icon" loading="lazy" data-testid="dynamic-svg-base" height="auto" width="auto" alt="instagram" class="css-jmxdxt eznjit42"/></a></div></div></div><nav data-track-type="footer-menu" role="navigation" aria-label="Footer" class="css-kzigki eluqz9n8"><a data-theme-key="base-link" href="/about/a43602329/about-us" class="css-1vc4yu1 e1c1bym14">About Biography.com</a><a data-theme-key="base-link" href="/email/biography-newsletter" class="css-1vc4yu1 e1c1bym14">Newsletter</a><a data-theme-key="base-link" href="/about/a42731733/contact-us" class="css-1vc4yu1 e1c1bym14">Contact Us</a><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener" data-theme-key="base-link" href="http://subscribe.hearstmags.com/circulation/shared/index.html" class="css-1vc4yu1 e1c1bym14">Other Hearst Subscriptions</a></nav><img data-dynamic-svg="true" src="/_assets/design-tokens/biography/static/images/logos/network-logo.04aa008.svg?primary=%2523ffffff" loading="lazy" data-testid="dynamic-svg-base" height="41" width="192" alt="A Part of Hearst Digital Media" class="css-15si9rg eluqz9n7"/><p class="css-j307y1 eluqz9n6">A Part of Hearst Digital Media</p><p class="css-i7117i eluqz9n5">We may earn commission from links on this page, but we only recommend products we back.</p><p class="css-j307y1 eluqz9n3">©2025 Hearst Magazine Media, Inc. Site contains certain content that is owned A&E Television Networks, LLC. All Rights Reserved. Biography and associated logos are trademarks of A+E Networks®protected in the US and other countries around the globe.</p><div data-track-type="legal-footer-menu" class="css-lqx6q4 eluqz9n2"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" data-theme-key="base-link" href="https://www.hearst.com/-/us-magazines-privacy-notice" class="css-r7fsoq e1c1bym14">Privacy Notice</a><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" data-theme-key="base-link" href="https://www.hearst.com/-/us-magazines-terms-of-use" class="css-r7fsoq e1c1bym14">Terms of Use</a><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" data-theme-key="base-link" href="https://www.hearst.com/-/us-magazines-privacy-notice#_ADDITIONAL_INFO" class="css-r7fsoq e1c1bym14">CA Notice at Collection</a><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" data-theme-key="base-link" href="https://www.hearst.com/-/us-magazines-privacy-notice#_OPT_OUTS" class="css-r7fsoq e1c1bym14">DAA Industry Opt Out</a><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" data-theme-key="base-link" href="https://www.hearst.com/-/us-magazines-privacy-notice#_ADDITIONAL_INFO" class="css-r7fsoq e1c1bym14">Your CA Privacy Rights/Shine the Light</a></div><div class="css-5tjtfu eluqz9n1"></div><div class="css-0 eluqz9n0"><a data-theme-key="base-link" href="#" title="Cookies Choices" data-track-type="cookie-choices" class="ot-sdk-show-settings e1f7ykkd1 css-apqxi0 e1c1bym14">Cookies Choices</a></div></div></footer><div class="mobile-adhesion-unit open css-1wohilq e1kh6tol1"><div id="adAdhesion" class="css-6bu6ey ewg5wdb0"></div><div aria-label="Close" class="mobile-adhesion-unit-close-button css-1o9hvj e1kh6tol0"></div></div></div><script id="__HRST_DATA__" type="application/json">{"landing":{"header":"standard","layout":"Custom","type":"Section","value":{"name":"Section","url":"scholars-educators"}},"site":{"cds-paywall":false,"icxSiteId":"2171","jam-journey-enabled":true,"jam-journey-modals-enabled":false,"jam-journey-meters-enabled":true,"jam-journey-registration-modals-enabled":false,"name":"Biography","new-nav":true,"piano-paywall":false,"prefix":"biography","sso":true,"video":{"gaVideoDiagTracking":"false","gaVideoBrandName":"Biography","icxVideoDomainId":"7648"}},"flags":{"custom-feeds.image-block":1,"fre.commerce.affiliate.trackonomics":1,"fre.location-choice.display-generic-title":1,"custom-feeds.getty-collection-images":1,"retailer.site.specific-ecpc":1,"content-editor.toggles.paywall":1,"top-pathing":1,"gallery-display-type-custom":1,"seo.display-publish-date-timezone-all":1,"fre.next-ad-placements":1,"product.draft.enabled":1,"fre.commerce.use-affiliate_url":1,"custom-feeds.media-modal-search-tab":1,"gallery-display-type-timeline":1,"fre.enable-userinfo-auth-route":1,"commerce.magento.affiliate.enabled":1,"product.content-product.smart-swap.out-of-stock":1,"fre.do-not-sell-link":1,"gallery-1x1-mobile-lede-crops":1,"content-editor.enable-repositioned-disclaimer":1,"video.watch-next-in-body":1,"video.watch-next-in-body-listicle":1,"author-bios":1,"concorde.fre.end-of-content-search":1,"custom-feeds.composite-image-block":1,"custom-promo-lead-videos":1,"mobile-adhesion-unit":1,"fre.enable-query-split":1,"enable-top-touts":1,"fre.commerce.product-summary-view":1,"fre.use-onetrust":1,"content-editor.1x1-lead-image-crop":1,"custom-feeds.curated-products.4-across":1,"cover-stories":1,"video.sticky-player-mobile":1,"show-updated-timestamp":1,"product.badging.automate-sale-badging-organic":1,"content-editor.key-features-product-specs":1,"concorde.fre.autocomplete":1,"enable-sso":1,"content-editor.enable-custom-header":1,"self-hosted-ads":1,"content-editor.toggles.hide-affiliate-disclaimer":1,"seo.syndicated-content.no-noindex":1,"recirculation.end-of-content":1,"commerce.reordering.enable":1,"fre.render-dek-on-search-page":1,"gallery-display-type-product-roundup":1,"video.use-social-image":1,"self-hosted.affiliate.enabled":1,"fre.enable-author-flyout":1,"concorde.fre.related-search":1,"fre.seogra.breadcrumbs-with-collections":1,"video.sticky-player":1,"video.enable-glimmer":1,"seo.block-meta-ai-crawler":1,"fre.enable-jam-journey":1,"vader.commerce.use-afflinks_link":1,"custom-feeds.default-blocks":1,"display-search":1,"add-introduction-h2s-in-listicle-toc":1,"fre.jam-journey.enable-meters":1,"video.sticky-player-lead":1,"fre.font-fallbacks":1,"fre.seogra.breadcrumbs":1,"video.use-video-player-two":1,"fre.products.gallery.new-product-styling":1,"gallery-display-type-event-roundup":1,"new-nav":1,"fre.piano.enable-templates":1,"product.content-product.smarter-swap":1,"fre.commerce.simplified-psv":1,"new-tablet-gallery":1,"content-editor.table-of-contents.sticky":1,"content-editor.gallery.multi-retailer.enabled":1,"custom-feeds.text-block":1,"mason-custom-feeds":1,"product.badging.automate-sale-badging":1,"fre.jam-journey.enable-top-slim-banner":1,"product-links-enabled":1,"top-pathing.content":1,"syndy.hreflang.version_of_all_locales":1},"article":{"canonicalUrl":"https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators","modifiedDate":{"year":"2025","month":"02","day":"17","hour":"16","minute":"01"},"publishDate":{"year":"2025","month":"02","day":"17","hour":"16","minute":"01"},"id":"biography.section.41982867","display":"Section","template":"Section","hideAffiliates":false,"metadata":{"hideWatchNextPlayer":false},"noAffiliateUrl":false,"section":{"name":"Famous Scholars & Educators","prefix":"scholars-educators"}},"metadata":{"contentId":"0b814fef-2f9b-4f04-ab7b-40b722f90880","keywords":"","ogTitle":"","hreflangCount":0},"datalayer":{},"adConfig":{"bu":"HDM","site":"biography","zone":"/36117602/hdm-biography/","bidders":{"IX":{"d":{"ga":"670278","gb":"670282","la":"670277","lb":"670283","brk":"670280","garb":"670279","brkrr":"670281"},"m":{"ga":"670284","gb":"670285","lb":"670287","adh":"670288","brk":"670286"},"v":"942443"},"APN":{"d":{"ga":"28335653","gb":"28335699","la":"28335652","lb":"28335701","brk":"28335694","garb":"28335656","brkrr":"28335695"},"m":{"ga":"28335663","gb":"28335702","lb":"28335703","adh":"28335673","brk":"28335674"},"v":"28336229"},"KAR":{"m":{"gb":"_huOqULAdyc","lb":"_vlJObQkrHZ","adh":"_mV3wfVHC2F","gabrk":"_t5dIWrCwC8"},"v":"_roqCuZZ19L"},"MAG":{"d":{"ga":"2669930","gb":"2669944","la":"2669926","lb":"2669948","brk":"2669936","garb":"2669934","brkrr":"2669940"},"m":{"ga":"2669952","gb":"2669976","lb":"2669980","adh":"2669982","brk":"2669978"},"v":"2731528","siteId":"455226","accountId":"11636"},"TDS":{"d":{"tdsArt":"174937","tdsBrk":"174936"},"m":{"tdsArt":"174936"},"pageId":"160343","pageIdDesktop300":"160344"},"TPL":{"d":{"ga":"biography_300x600_flex_atf_desktop_PB","gb":"biography_300x250_flex_btf_desktop_PB","lb":"biography_970x250_flex_atf_desktop_PB","brkrr":"biography_300x600_flex_brk_desktop_PB","la728":"biography_728x90_btf_desktop_PB","la970":"biography_970x250_flex_atf_desktop_PB"},"m":{"ga":"biography_300x250_flex_atf_mobile_PB","lb":"biography_300x250_flex_btf_mobile_PB","adh":"biography_320x50_atf_mobile_PB","brk":"biography_300x250_flex_brk_mobile_PB"}},"TTD":{"d":{"ttd":"desktop"},"m":{"ttd":"mobile"},"v":"video","siteId":"hdm-biography","supplySourceId":"hearstmagazines"},"AMZN":"3049"},"modules":{"ias":{"pubId":"931694"},"meta":{"id":"1818263528206619","cur":"USD"},"parsely":{"siteId":"biography.com"},"comscore":{"c2":6035258},"oneTrust":{"doNotSellUrlOverride":"/about/a42621427/do-not-sell-my-personal-information"},"sailthru":{"ids":{"production":"35bb1c0998d8c6fd4f6ee5f6b8462a30"}},"trueAnthem":"hearst","googleAnalytics":{"measurementId":"G-Z0D64Z6MCG"}},"adBundle":[],"settings":{"mobileStickyAds":true,"enableVerityTags":true},"siteList":["www.biography.com"]},"commerce":{"cons":"Cons","pros":"Pros","affiliate":{"url":"https://assets.hearstapps.com/commerce/release/affiliate-bundle.master.js","amazon":{"market":"HMG-US","default":{"tag":"bio-auto-20"}},"skimlinks":{"market":"HMG-US","default":{"url":"//s.skimresources.com/js/74968X1712615.skimlinks.js"}},"trackonomics":[]},"flags":{"site":{"commerce.magento.affiliate.enabled":true,"commerce.vader.render-afflinks-redirect":false,"commerce.self-hosted.affiliate.render-afflinks-redirect":false,"custom-feeds.sponsorship":false,"fre.commerce.affiliate.trackonomics":true,"fre.commerce.block-affiliate-tags":false,"fre.commerce.use-affiliate_url":true,"fre.enable-sponsored-content-to-content":false,"self-hosted.affiliate.enabled":true}},"hasProduct":false},"viewability":{"/36117602/hdm-biography/scholars-educators/atf|m":40,"/36117602/hdm-biography/scholars-educators/breaker|d":45,"/36117602/hdm-biography/scholars-educators/atf|d":15,"/36117602/hdm-biography/scholars-educators/breaker|m":25},"abTestingFullStack":[],"app":{"fontFallbacks":["Gilroy","Inter","Ramillas"]}}</script><script id="__HRST">window.HRST=window.HRST||JSON.parse(window.__HRST_DATA__.textContent),window.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent("HRST"));</script><script id="__NEXT_DATA__" type="application/json">{"props":{"pageProps":{"alternates":[],"data":{"feedInfo":[{"id":"0b814fef-2f9b-4f04-ab7b-40b722f90880","display_id":41982867,"title":"Famous Scholars \u0026 Educators","body":"","created_at":"2022-11-16T19:34:44.339420Z","updated_at":"2024-07-25T13:57:47.361937Z","slug":"scholars-educators","blocks":[{"id":"0b7e95fd-8d2c-437e-a697-f8dee73d4473","type":"big-story","heading":"","subheading":"","settings":{"show_dek":true,"show_byline":true,"show_date":false,"layout":"image-right"},"feeds":[{"id":"b3d59956-d5e8-4bdc-a37a-6ea5058026e8","source_type":"curated","heading_url":"","resources":[{"type":"Content","id":"78653b1c-8d8c-4588-ab36-8b2717c8db7f","display_id":43249494,"edited_at":"2024-03-13T13:37:58.476612Z","publish_from":"2024-03-13T13:36:00Z","authors":[{"profile":{"display_name":"Tyler Piccotti"}}],"display_type":{"title":"Standard Article"},"slug":"who-discovered-pi-archimedes-of-syracuse","section":{"slug":"scholars-educators"},"media":[{"role":2},{"role":3},{"id":"fe9e359c-71aa-42e0-b4ac-5ec4ccf046b6","image_id":"fe9e359c-71aa-42e0-b4ac-5ec4ccf046b6","hips_url":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/archimedes-greek-scholarly-engraving-b-n-f-colourized-photo-news-photo-1678293949.jpg","hips_prefix":"hmg-prod","height":3597,"role":12,"pathname":"/images/archimedes-greek-scholarly-engraving-b-n-f-colourized-photo-news-photo-1678293949.jpg","media_type":"image","width":2680,"metadata":{"crops":{"1x1":"1.00xw:0.747xh;0,0.166xh","2x1":"1.00xw:0.375xh;0,0.128xh","3x1":"1xw:0.24836xh;center,top","4x3":"1xw:0.5588xh;center,top","4x6":"0.89478xw:1xh;center,top","5x1":"1xw:0.14901xh;center,top","6x4":"1xw:0.49671xh;center,top","8x1":"1xw:0.09313xh;center,top","10x2":"1xw:0.14901xh;center,top","10x3":"1xw:0.22352xh;center,top","10x5":"1xw:0.37253xh;center,top","16x9":"1xw:0.4191xh;center,top","8x10":"1xw:0.93133xh;center,top","9x16":"0.75497xw:1xh;center,top","18x11":"1xw:0.45532xh;center,top"}},"image_metadata":{"seo_meta_title":"Archimedes is credited with calculating pi","seo_meta_description":"engraving of mathematician and engineer archimedes sitting at desk"},"source":{}}],"metadata":{"dek":"\u003cp\u003eThe Greek’s calculation of the infinite mathematical concept pi in the 200s BCE is celebrated every year on March 14, or Pi Day. \u003c/p\u003e","short_title":"Archimedes: The Mathematician Who Discovered Pi","index_title":"Archimedes: The Mathematician Who Discovered Pi","social_dek":"\u003cp\u003eYou can thank this Greek mathematician for your annual Pi Day celebration.\u003c/p\u003e","editor_attribution":"By","sponsor":{}}}]}],"textDom":{"children":[],"type":"root"}},{"id":"e5e01e65-666b-4bb1-8384-01f7c0fd156c","type":"4-across","heading":"Nobel Prize Winners","subheading":"","settings":{"show_dek":false,"show_byline":false,"show_date":false,"layout":"image-stacked"},"feeds":[{"id":"d641b37a-1ab1-43cf-8d79-581bdb0fd3b1","source_type":"curated","heading_url":"","resources":[{"type":"Content","id":"45b00e5f-9f7f-46cf-839c-b28e1ef8cddd","display_id":42571541,"legacy_id":87353614,"edited_at":"2023-07-21T12:49:44.790459Z","publish_from":"2023-07-20T20:08:00Z","authors":[{},{}],"display_type":{"title":"Standard Article"},"slug":"albert-einstein","section":{"slug":"scientists"},"media":[{"role":2},{"role":3},{"id":"821c4ee5-20b7-400a-96da-3c56e7aa5f66","image_id":"821c4ee5-20b7-400a-96da-3c56e7aa5f66","hips_url":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/gettyimages-3091504.jpg","hips_prefix":"hmg-prod","height":500,"role":12,"pathname":"/images/gettyimages-3091504.jpg","media_type":"image","width":500,"metadata":{"crops":{"1x1":"1.00xw:1.00xh;0,0","2x1":"1.00xw:0.503xh;0,0.196xh","3x1":"1xw:0.3333333333333333xh;center,top","3x4":"0.75xw:1xh;center,top","4x3":"1xw:0.75xh;center,top","4x6":"0.6666666666666666xw:1xh;center,top","5x1":"1xw:0.2xh;center,top","6x4":"1xw:0.6666666666666666xh;center,top","8x1":"1xw:0.125xh;center,top","10x3":"1xw:0.3xh;center,top","16x9":"1xw:0.5625xh;center,top","8x10":"0.8xw:1xh;center,top","18x11":"1xw:0.611111111111111xh;center,top"}},"image_metadata":{"seo_meta_title":"Albert Einstein","seo_meta_description":"albert einstein looks at the camera with a neutral expression, he is wearing a wool coat"},"source":{}}],"metadata":{"dek":"\u003cp\u003eOne of the most influential scientists of the 20\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e century, Albert Einstein was a physicist who developed the theory of relativity.\u003c/p\u003e","short_title":"Albert Einstein","index_title":"Albert Einstein","social_dek":"\u003cp\u003eOne of the most influential scientists of the 20\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e century, Albert Einstein is portrayed in the upcoming biopic \u003cem\u003eOppenheimer\u003c/em\u003e.\u003cem\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","editor_attribution":"By","legacy_url":"/scientists/albert-einstein","sponsor":{}}},{"type":"Content","id":"f9dbae00-a6fd-4ed0-9f8a-cc5875f9753c","display_id":42596626,"legacy_id":27939341,"edited_at":"2023-08-02T21:01:42.614398Z","publish_from":"2021-05-27T16:18:00Z","display_type":{"title":"Standard Article"},"slug":"alexander-fleming","section":{"slug":"scientists"},"media":[{"role":2},{"role":3},{"id":"bc91835b-1ac0-4df7-94f7-2f1d35dea3d6","image_id":"bc91835b-1ac0-4df7-94f7-2f1d35dea3d6","hips_url":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/gettyimages-2644207.jpg","hips_prefix":"hmg-prod","height":1000,"role":12,"pathname":"/images/gettyimages-2644207.jpg","media_type":"image","width":1000,"metadata":{"crops":{"1x1":"1.00xw:1.00xh;0,0","2x1":"1.00xw:0.502xh;0,0.260xh","3x1":"1xw:0.3333333333333333xh;center,top","3x4":"0.75xw:1xh;center,top","4x3":"1xw:0.75xh;center,top","4x6":"0.6666666666666666xw:1xh;center,top","5x1":"1xw:0.2xh;center,top","6x4":"1xw:0.6666666666666666xh;center,top","8x1":"1xw:0.125xh;center,top","10x3":"1xw:0.3xh;center,top","16x9":"1xw:0.5625xh;center,top","8x10":"0.8xw:1xh;center,top","18x11":"1xw:0.611111111111111xh;center,top"}},"image_metadata":{"seo_meta_title":"Alexander Fleming","seo_meta_description":"alexander fleming"},"source":{}}],"metadata":{"dek":"\u003cp\u003eAlexander Fleming was a doctor and bacteriologist who discovered penicillin, receiving the Nobel Prize in 1945.\u003c/p\u003e","short_title":"Alexander Fleming","index_title":"Alexander Fleming","social_dek":"\u003cp\u003eAlexander Fleming was a doctor and bacteriologist who discovered penicillin, receiving the Nobel Prize in 1945.\u003c/p\u003e","editor_attribution":"By","legacy_url":"/scientists/alexander-fleming","sponsor":{}}},{"type":"Content","id":"76f118a0-74c4-4b61-8b26-04b2e7f2be64","display_id":42604281,"legacy_id":15691022,"edited_at":"2023-05-31T17:15:09.458668Z","publish_from":"2019-04-17T22:06:26Z","display_type":{"title":"Standard Article"},"slug":"gertrude-b-elion","section":{"slug":"scientists"},"media":[{"role":2},{"role":3},{"id":"1c0e4be4-66c2-4bd6-a868-be23fe9b87ef","image_id":"1c0e4be4-66c2-4bd6-a868-be23fe9b87ef","hips_url":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/gertrude-belle-elion-9285981-1-402.jpg","hips_prefix":"hmg-prod","height":402,"role":12,"pathname":"/images/gertrude-belle-elion-9285981-1-402.jpg","media_type":"image","width":402,"metadata":{"crops":{"1x1":"1xw:1.0xh;center,top","2x1":"1xw:0.5xh;center,top","3x1":"1xw:0.3333333333333333xh;center,top","3x4":"0.75xw:1xh;center,top","4x3":"1xw:0.75xh;center,top","4x6":"0.6666666666666666xw:1xh;center,top","5x1":"1xw:0.2xh;center,top","6x4":"1xw:0.6666666666666666xh;center,top","8x1":"1xw:0.125xh;center,top","10x3":"1xw:0.3xh;center,top","16x9":"1xw:0.5625xh;center,top","8x10":"0.8xw:1xh;center,top","18x11":"1xw:0.611111111111111xh;center,top"}},"image_metadata":{"seo_meta_title":"","seo_meta_description":"Gertrude B. Elion"}}],"metadata":{"dek":"American biochemist and pharmacologist Gertrude B. Elion helped develop drugs to treat leukemia and prevent kidney transplant rejection. She won a Nobel Prize for medicine in 1988.","short_title":"Gertrude B. Elion","index_title":"Gertrude B. Elion","social_dek":"American biochemist and pharmacologist Gertrude B. Elion helped develop drugs to treat leukemia and prevent kidney transplant rejection. She won a Nobel Prize for medicine in 1988.","editor_attribution":"By","legacy_url":"/scientist/gertrude-b-elion"}},{"type":"Content","id":"d4367317-ba29-4afb-9d0c-795c9cb64b4b","display_id":42599580,"legacy_id":25097485,"edited_at":"2023-05-31T17:20:41.065187Z","publish_from":"2021-11-05T18:34:12Z","display_type":{"title":"Standard Article"},"slug":"ernest-rutherford","section":{"slug":"scientists"},"media":[{"role":2},{"role":3},{"id":"a5f0e9c8-e3c4-4b0f-ab5c-069d542e7a60","image_id":"a5f0e9c8-e3c4-4b0f-ab5c-069d542e7a60","hips_url":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/gettyimages-456512880.jpg","hips_prefix":"hmg-prod","height":3000,"role":12,"pathname":"/images/gettyimages-456512880.jpg","media_type":"image","width":3000,"metadata":{"crops":{"1x1":"1xw:1.0xh;center,top","2x1":"1xw:0.5xh;center,top","3x1":"1xw:0.3333333333333333xh;center,top","3x4":"0.75xw:1xh;center,top","4x3":"1xw:0.75xh;center,top","4x6":"0.6666666666666666xw:1xh;center,top","5x1":"1xw:0.2xh;center,top","6x4":"1xw:0.6666666666666666xh;center,top","8x1":"1xw:0.125xh;center,top","10x3":"1xw:0.3xh;center,top","16x9":"1xw:0.5625xh;center,top","8x10":"0.8xw:1xh;center,top","18x11":"1xw:0.611111111111111xh;center,top"}},"image_metadata":{"seo_meta_title":"Ernest Rutherford","seo_meta_description":"Ernest Rutherford"}}],"metadata":{"dek":"Physicist Ernest Rutherford was the central figure in the study of radioactivity who led the exploration of nuclear physics.","short_title":"Ernest Rutherford","index_title":"Ernest Rutherford","social_dek":"Physicist Ernest Rutherford was the central figure in the study of radioactivity who led the exploration of nuclear physics.","editor_attribution":"By","legacy_url":"/scientist/ernest-rutherford"}}]}],"textDom":{"children":[],"type":"root"}},{"id":"ddedaef9-07e0-4540-aa2d-7c4ecbead39b","type":"big-story","heading":"","subheading":"","settings":{"show_dek":true,"show_byline":true,"show_date":false,"layout":"text-under"},"feeds":[{"id":"08d800f9-6f0a-46f9-bc5d-207f0c3d08b5","source_type":"curated","heading_url":"","resources":[{"type":"Content","id":"5dd823e4-363a-42ad-8088-9fc650008a8b","display_id":42446386,"edited_at":"2023-06-12T16:13:10.968685Z","publish_from":"2013-07-02T14:46:00Z","display_type":{"title":"Standard Article"},"slug":"galileo-mini-biography","section":{"slug":"scientists"},"media":[{},{"media_type":"image"},{"adsDisabled":false,"croppedPreviewImage":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/vidthumb/fb29bc54-e77c-42df-b163-a47579837ca6/thumb_1920x1080_00002_1673368939_12026.jpg?crop=1xw:1xh;center,top","media_type":"video","title":"Galileo - A Mini Biography","role":3,"metadata":{"videoEmbedId":"360e4dab-2d7c-45d2-ab7a-5775bcd99bb7"}},{},{}],"metadata":{"short_title":"Galileo - Mini Biography","index_title":"Galileo - Mini Biography","social_dek":"\u003cp\u003eItalian scientist and scholar Galileo's pioneering observations laid the foundation for modern physics and astronomy. He also constructed a telescope and supported the Copernican theory, which supports a sun-centered solar system.\u003c/p\u003e","legacy_url":"/scientists/galileo-mini-biography","sponsor":{}}}]}],"textDom":{"children":[],"type":"root"}},{"id":"ff17c760-3b5d-4d5b-a534-ce26753ff03d","type":"3-column","heading":"","subheading":"","settings":{"show_dek":false,"show_byline":false,"show_date":false,"layout":"image-left","single_source":false},"feeds":[{"id":"befa130e-80ca-4653-ae7c-6a1a2765e8e0","heading":"Philosophers","source_type":"curated","heading_url":"","resources":[{"type":"Content","id":"f60f3748-c273-4866-adc9-1f1ab249aeec","display_id":42594469,"legacy_id":43343887,"edited_at":"2024-11-15T15:57:24.517355Z","publish_from":"2023-08-16T20:45:00Z","display_type":{"title":"Standard Article"},"slug":"john-locke","section":{"slug":"scholars-educators"},"media":[{"role":2},{"role":3},{"id":"aa7bd75f-8a48-44eb-bf01-4561c4cb078b","image_id":"aa7bd75f-8a48-44eb-bf01-4561c4cb078b","hips_url":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/john-locke-gettyimages-464426427.jpg","hips_prefix":"hmg-prod","height":500,"role":12,"pathname":"/images/john-locke-gettyimages-464426427.jpg","media_type":"image","width":500,"metadata":{"crops":{"1x1":"1xw:1.0xh;center,top","2x1":"1xw:0.5xh;center,top","3x1":"1xw:0.3333333333333333xh;center,top","3x4":"0.75xw:1xh;center,top","4x3":"1xw:0.75xh;center,top","4x6":"0.6666666666666666xw:1xh;center,top","5x1":"1xw:0.2xh;center,top","6x4":"1xw:0.6666666666666666xh;center,top","8x1":"1xw:0.125xh;center,top","10x3":"1xw:0.3xh;center,top","16x9":"1xw:0.5625xh;center,top","8x10":"0.8xw:1xh;center,top","18x11":"1xw:0.611111111111111xh;center,top"}},"image_metadata":{"seo_meta_title":"John Locke","seo_meta_description":"john locke"},"photographer":{},"source":{}}],"metadata":{"dek":"\u003cp\u003eEnglish philosopher John Locke's works lie at the foundation of modern philosophical empiricism and political liberalism.\u003c/p\u003e","short_title":"John Locke","index_title":"John Locke","social_dek":"\u003cp\u003eEnglish philosopher John Locke's works lie at the foundation of modern philosophical empiricism and political liberalism.\u003c/p\u003e","editor_attribution":"By","legacy_url":"/scholars-educators/john-locke","sponsor":{}}},{"type":"Content","id":"3121d5cb-c849-4cdc-8938-ada8180636b1","display_id":42594481,"legacy_id":55536910,"edited_at":"2023-08-16T20:47:41.242084Z","publish_from":"2023-08-08T19:10:00Z","display_type":{"title":"Standard Article"},"slug":"thomas-hobbes","section":{"slug":"scholars-educators"},"media":[{"role":2},{"role":3},{"id":"7ec7ff9e-5b91-413e-aeef-d1657a21ebcb","image_id":"7ec7ff9e-5b91-413e-aeef-d1657a21ebcb","hips_url":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/gettyimages-492753601.jpg","hips_prefix":"hmg-prod","height":2675,"role":12,"pathname":"/images/gettyimages-492753601.jpg","media_type":"image","width":2675,"metadata":{"crops":{"1x1":"1xw:1.0xh;center,top","2x1":"1xw:0.5xh;center,top","3x1":"1xw:0.3333333333333333xh;center,top","3x4":"0.75xw:1xh;center,top","4x3":"1xw:0.75xh;center,top","4x6":"0.6666666666666666xw:1xh;center,top","5x1":"1xw:0.2xh;center,top","6x4":"1xw:0.6666666666666666xh;center,top","8x1":"1xw:0.125xh;center,top","10x3":"1xw:0.3xh;center,top","16x9":"1xw:0.5625xh;center,top","8x10":"0.8xw:1xh;center,top","18x11":"1xw:0.611111111111111xh;center,top"}},"image_metadata":{"seo_meta_title":"Thomas Hobbes","seo_meta_description":"thomas hobbes"},"photographer":{},"source":{}}],"metadata":{"dek":"\u003cp\u003eThomas Hobbes, an English philosopher in the 17th century, was best known for his book 'Leviathan' (1651) and his political views on society.\u003c/p\u003e","short_title":"Thomas Hobbes","index_title":"Thomas Hobbes","social_dek":"\u003cp\u003eThomas Hobbes, an English philosopher in the 17th century, was best known for his book 'Leviathan' (1651) and his political views on society.\u003c/p\u003e","editor_attribution":"By","legacy_url":"/scholars-educators/thomas-hobbes","sponsor":{}}},{"type":"Content","id":"5bfb0f40-e4f9-4922-adac-b67b60ab0537","display_id":42582827,"legacy_id":31424271,"edited_at":"2023-08-08T19:30:28.424706Z","publish_from":"2023-08-08T18:50:00Z","display_type":{"title":"Standard Article"},"slug":"socrates","section":{"slug":"scholars-educators"},"media":[{"role":2},{"role":3},{"id":"c6f5cf28-41df-4b12-b7d2-a0ea88ed2bfe","image_id":"c6f5cf28-41df-4b12-b7d2-a0ea88ed2bfe","hips_url":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/socrates-gettyimages-51242028.jpg","hips_prefix":"hmg-prod","height":2414,"role":12,"pathname":"/images/socrates-gettyimages-51242028.jpg","media_type":"image","width":2414,"metadata":{"crops":{"1x1":"1.00xw:1.00xh;0,0","2x1":"1.00xw:0.502xh;0,0.352xh","3x1":"1xw:0.3333333333333333xh;center,top","3x4":"0.75xw:1xh;center,top","4x3":"1xw:0.75xh;center,top","4x6":"0.6666666666666666xw:1xh;center,top","5x1":"1xw:0.2xh;center,top","6x4":"1xw:0.6666666666666666xh;center,top","8x1":"1xw:0.125xh;center,top","10x3":"1xw:0.30000000000000004xh;center,top","16x9":"1xw:0.5625xh;center,top","8x10":"0.8xw:1xh;center,top","18x11":"1xw:0.611111111111111xh;center,top"}},"image_metadata":{"seo_meta_title":"SocratesCirca 430 BC, Greek philosopher Socrates (c. 470 - 399 BC). (Photo by Hulton Archive/Getty Images)","seo_meta_description":"socrates circa"},"photographer":{},"source":{}}],"metadata":{"dek":"\u003cp\u003eSocrates was an ancient Greek philosopher considered to be the main source of Western thought. He was condemned to death for his Socratic method of questioning.\u003c/p\u003e","short_title":"Socrates","index_title":"Socrates","social_dek":"\u003cp\u003eSocrates was an ancient Greek philosopher considered to be the main source of Western thought. He was condemned to death for his Socratic method of questioning.\u003c/p\u003e","editor_attribution":"By","legacy_url":"/scholars-educators/socrates","sponsor":{}}},{"type":"Content","id":"1e11feeb-3924-4f91-9ef4-912d05e9ec7b","display_id":42616807,"legacy_id":58821646,"edited_at":"2023-08-09T20:56:58.970293Z","publish_from":"2023-08-09T20:56:00Z","display_type":{"title":"Standard Article"},"slug":"plato","section":{"slug":"scholars-educators"},"media":[{"role":2},{"role":3},{"id":"5306a878-3f09-4ece-95cb-c487dbd9dbda","image_id":"5306a878-3f09-4ece-95cb-c487dbd9dbda","hips_url":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/gettyimages-113631148.jpg","hips_prefix":"hmg-prod","height":1000,"role":12,"pathname":"/images/gettyimages-113631148.jpg","media_type":"image","width":1000,"metadata":{"crops":{"1x1":"1.00xw:1.00xh;0,0","2x1":"1.00xw:0.502xh;0,0.173xh","3x1":"1xw:0.3333333333333333xh;center,top","3x4":"0.75xw:1xh;center,top","4x3":"1xw:0.75xh;center,top","4x6":"0.6666666666666666xw:1xh;center,top","5x1":"1xw:0.2xh;center,top","6x4":"1xw:0.6666666666666666xh;center,top","8x1":"1xw:0.125xh;center,top","10x3":"1xw:0.3xh;center,top","16x9":"1xw:0.5625xh;center,top","8x10":"0.8xw:1xh;center,top","18x11":"1xw:0.611111111111111xh;center,top"}},"image_metadata":{"seo_meta_title":"Plato","seo_meta_description":"plato"},"photographer":{},"source":{}}],"metadata":{"dek":"\u003cp\u003eAncient Greek philosopher Plato founded the Academy and is the author of philosophical works of unparalleled influence in Western thought.\u003c/p\u003e","short_title":"Plato","index_title":"Plato","social_dek":"\u003cp\u003eAncient Greek philosopher Plato founded the Academy and is the author of philosophical works of unparalleled influence in Western thought.\u003c/p\u003e","editor_attribution":"By","legacy_url":"/scholars-educators/plato","sponsor":{}}}]},{"heading":"Economists","source_type":"curated","heading_url":"","resources":[{"type":"Content","id":"f95019f4-451b-4397-a3f9-38538ed8828c","display_id":42595521,"legacy_id":30834447,"edited_at":"2023-08-09T15:37:15.309150Z","publish_from":"2023-08-09T15:35:00Z","display_type":{"title":"Standard Article"},"slug":"adam-smith","section":{},"media":[{"role":2},{"role":3},{"id":"2dc869de-b37b-4c2b-9303-7da9892e54f3","image_id":"2dc869de-b37b-4c2b-9303-7da9892e54f3","hips_url":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/gettyimages-843192764.jpg","hips_prefix":"hmg-prod","height":500,"role":12,"pathname":"/images/gettyimages-843192764.jpg","media_type":"image","width":500,"metadata":{"crops":{"1x1":"1.00xw:1.00xh;0,0","2x1":"1.00xw:0.502xh;0,0.0457xh","3x1":"1xw:0.3333333333333333xh;center,top","3x4":"0.75xw:1xh;center,top","4x3":"1xw:0.75xh;center,top","4x6":"0.6666666666666666xw:1xh;center,top","5x1":"1xw:0.2xh;center,top","6x4":"1xw:0.6666666666666666xh;center,top","8x1":"1xw:0.125xh;center,top","10x3":"1xw:0.3xh;center,top","16x9":"1xw:0.5625xh;center,top","8x10":"0.8xw:1xh;center,top","18x11":"1xw:0.611111111111111xh;center,top"}},"image_metadata":{"seo_meta_title":"Adam Smith","seo_meta_description":"adam smith"},"photographer":{},"source":{}}],"metadata":{"dek":"\u003cp\u003eScottish social philosopher and political economist Adam Smith wrote 'The Wealth of Nations' and achieved the first comprehensive system of political economy.\u003c/p\u003e","short_title":"Adam Smith","index_title":"Adam Smith","social_dek":"\u003cp\u003eScottish social philosopher and political economist Adam Smith wrote 'The Wealth of Nations' and achieved the first comprehensive system of political economy.\u003c/p\u003e","editor_attribution":"By","legacy_url":"/scholars-educators/adam-smith","sponsor":{}}},{"type":"Content","id":"a51c5e63-ada4-4601-ba89-1821c0184c4b","display_id":42582343,"legacy_id":19827726,"edited_at":"2023-08-08T19:30:29.164240Z","publish_from":"2023-08-08T18:03:00Z","display_type":{"title":"Standard Article"},"slug":"karl-marx","section":{},"media":[{"role":2},{"role":3},{"id":"e4e999e7-1b39-4bbc-92a4-90a0d7b5a8ff","image_id":"e4e999e7-1b39-4bbc-92a4-90a0d7b5a8ff","hips_url":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/gettyimages-515410892.jpg","hips_prefix":"hmg-prod","height":1000,"role":12,"pathname":"/images/gettyimages-515410892.jpg","media_type":"image","width":1000,"metadata":{"crops":{"1x1":"1.00xw:1.00xh;0,0","2x1":"1.00xw:0.502xh;0,0.158xh","3x1":"1xw:0.3333333333333333xh;center,top","3x4":"0.75xw:1xh;center,top","4x3":"1xw:0.75xh;center,top","4x6":"0.6666666666666666xw:1xh;center,top","5x1":"1xw:0.2xh;center,top","6x4":"1xw:0.6666666666666666xh;center,top","8x1":"1xw:0.125xh;center,top","10x3":"1xw:0.3xh;center,top","16x9":"1xw:0.5625xh;center,top","8x10":"0.8xw:1xh;center,top","18x11":"1xw:0.611111111111111xh;center,top"}},"image_metadata":{"seo_meta_title":"Karl Marz","seo_meta_description":"karl marz"},"photographer":{},"source":{}}],"metadata":{"dek":"\u003cp\u003eGerman philosopher and revolutionary socialist Karl Marx published 'The Communist Manifesto' and 'Das Kapital,' anticapitalist works that form the basis of Marxism.\u003c/p\u003e","short_title":"Karl Marx","index_title":"Karl Marx","social_dek":"\u003cp\u003eGerman philosopher and revolutionary socialist Karl Marx published 'The Communist Manifesto' and 'Das Kapital,' anticapitalist works that form the basis of Marxism.\u003c/p\u003e","editor_attribution":"By","legacy_url":"/scholars-educators/karl-marx","sponsor":{}}},{"type":"Content","id":"0b3fabb8-828a-4fe3-9496-c52cdf776755","display_id":42599834,"legacy_id":36486383,"publish_from":"2022-02-11T16:23:55Z","display_type":{"title":"Standard Article"},"slug":"sadie-alexander","section":{},"media":[{"role":2},{"role":3},{"id":"88e5a449-9ad8-44db-be70-c5313f5fc712","image_id":"88e5a449-9ad8-44db-be70-c5313f5fc712","hips_url":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/sadie-tanner-mossell-alexander-gettyimages-513406527.jpg","hips_prefix":"hmg-prod","height":3659,"role":12,"pathname":"/images/sadie-tanner-mossell-alexander-gettyimages-513406527.jpg","media_type":"image","width":3659,"metadata":{"crops":{"1x1":"1xw:1.0xh;center,top","2x1":"1xw:0.5xh;center,top","3x1":"1xw:0.33333333333333337xh;center,top","3x4":"0.75xw:1xh;center,top","4x3":"1xw:0.75xh;center,top","4x6":"0.6666666666666667xw:1xh;center,top","5x1":"1xw:0.19999999999999998xh;center,top","6x4":"1xw:0.6666666666666667xh;center,top","8x1":"1xw:0.125xh;center,top","10x3":"1xw:0.3xh;center,top","16x9":"1xw:0.5625xh;center,top","8x10":"0.7999999999999999xw:1xh;center,top","18x11":"1xw:0.6111111111111112xh;center,top"}},"image_metadata":{"seo_meta_title":"Sadie Tanner Mossell AlexanderSadie Tanner Mossell Alexander, 1954. (Photo by Afro American Newspapers/Gado/Getty Images)","seo_meta_description":"Sadie Tanner Mossell AlexanderSadie Tanner Mossell Alexander, 1954. (Photo by Afro American Newspapers/Gado/Getty Images)"}}],"metadata":{"dek":"Sadie Alexander was an American economist, lawyer and civil rights advocate who achieved multiple firsts as a Black woman in the 20th century.","short_title":"Sadie Alexander","index_title":"Sadie Alexander","social_dek":"Sadie Alexander was an American economist, lawyer and civil rights advocate who achieved multiple firsts as a Black woman in the 20th century.","editor_attribution":"By","legacy_url":"/activists/sadie-alexander"}},{"type":"Content","id":"951591e0-2b4e-4b05-9b54-faaa0e9915e3","display_id":42600031,"legacy_id":26905614,"edited_at":"2023-08-09T20:37:50.939435Z","publish_from":"2023-08-09T20:35:00Z","display_type":{"title":"Standard Article"},"slug":"john-stuart-mill","section":{},"media":[{"role":2},{"role":3},{"id":"adcd5414-cdbe-4a0f-9a55-38b4159ab499","image_id":"adcd5414-cdbe-4a0f-9a55-38b4159ab499","hips_url":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/gettyimages-517443904.jpg","hips_prefix":"hmg-prod","height":1004,"role":12,"pathname":"/images/gettyimages-517443904.jpg","media_type":"image","width":1000,"metadata":{"crops":{"1x1":"1.00xw:0.998xh;0,0","2x1":"1.00xw:0.499xh;0,0.262xh","3x1":"1xw:0.33200531208499334xh;center,top","3x4":"0.753xw:1xh;center,top","4x3":"1xw:0.7470119521912351xh;center,top","4x6":"0.6693333333333333xw:1xh;center,top","5x1":"1xw:0.199203187250996xh;center,top","6x4":"1xw:0.6640106241699867xh;center,top","8x1":"1xw:0.12450199203187251xh;center,top","10x3":"1xw:0.29880478087649404xh;center,top","16x9":"1xw:0.5602589641434262xh;center,top","8x10":"0.8032xw:1xh;center,top","18x11":"1xw:0.6086764054891545xh;center,top"}},"image_metadata":{"seo_meta_title":"John Stuart Mill","seo_meta_description":"john stuart mill"},"photographer":{},"source":{}}],"metadata":{"dek":"\u003cp\u003eJohn Stuart Mill, who has been called the most influential English-speaking philosopher of the 19th century, was a British philosopher, economist, and moral and political theorist.\u003c/p\u003e","short_title":"John Stuart Mill","index_title":"John Stuart Mill","social_dek":"\u003cp\u003eJohn Stuart Mill, who has been called the most influential English-speaking philosopher of the 19th century, was a British philosopher, economist, and moral and political theorist.\u003c/p\u003e","editor_attribution":"By","legacy_url":"/scholar/john-stuart-mill","sponsor":{}}}]},{"heading":"Theologians","source_type":"curated","heading_url":"","resources":[{"type":"Content","id":"38f72a12-9c21-4be4-a694-aaff1ca4fb63","display_id":42603964,"legacy_id":75418499,"publish_from":"2021-04-06T19:43:38Z","display_type":{"title":"Standard Article"},"slug":"roger-williams","section":{},"media":[{"role":2},{"role":3},{"id":"8e283f8f-f2a8-43e4-9e86-d7b0f68ae3dc","image_id":"8e283f8f-f2a8-43e4-9e86-d7b0f68ae3dc","hips_url":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/gettyimages-2162496-copy.jpg","hips_prefix":"hmg-prod","height":1813,"role":12,"pathname":"/images/gettyimages-2162496-copy.jpg","media_type":"image","width":1813,"metadata":{"crops":{"1x1":"1xw:1.0xh;center,top","2x1":"1xw:0.5xh;center,top","3x1":"1xw:0.33333333333333337xh;center,top","3x4":"0.75xw:1xh;center,top","4x3":"1xw:0.75xh;center,top","4x6":"0.6666666666666667xw:1xh;center,top","5x1":"1xw:0.2xh;center,top","6x4":"1xw:0.6666666666666667xh;center,top","8x1":"1xw:0.125xh;center,top","10x3":"1xw:0.3xh;center,top","16x9":"1xw:0.5625xh;center,top","8x10":"0.8xw:1xh;center,top","18x11":"1xw:0.611111111111111xh;center,top"}},"image_metadata":{"seo_meta_title":"Roger Williams","seo_meta_description":"Roger Williams"}}],"metadata":{"dek":"Roger Williams was a political and religious leader best remembered for his strong stance on the separation of church and state and founding the colony of Rhode Island.","short_title":"Roger Williams","index_title":"Roger Williams","social_dek":"Roger Williams was a political and religious leader best remembered for his strong stance on the separation of church and state and founding the colony of Rhode Island.","editor_attribution":"By","legacy_url":"/scholars-educators/roger-williams"}},{"type":"Content","id":"798c2a9b-7fc4-475e-847c-2008e03f0f63","display_id":42598216,"legacy_id":34573326,"publish_from":"2021-10-27T19:56:22Z","display_type":{"title":"Standard Article"},"slug":"thomas-more","section":{},"media":[{"role":2},{"role":3},{"id":"db059da2-465d-4924-8887-0761c018f773","image_id":"db059da2-465d-4924-8887-0761c018f773","hips_url":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/gettyimages-505228628.jpg","hips_prefix":"hmg-prod","height":3565,"role":12,"pathname":"/images/gettyimages-505228628.jpg","media_type":"image","width":3565,"metadata":{"crops":{"1x1":"1xw:1.0xh;center,top","2x1":"1xw:0.5xh;center,top","3x1":"1xw:0.3333333333333333xh;center,top","3x4":"0.75xw:1xh;center,top","4x3":"1xw:0.75xh;center,top","4x6":"0.6666666666666666xw:1xh;center,top","5x1":"1xw:0.2xh;center,top","6x4":"1xw:0.6666666666666666xh;center,top","8x1":"1xw:0.125xh;center,top","10x3":"1xw:0.3xh;center,top","16x9":"1xw:0.5625xh;center,top","8x10":"0.8xw:1xh;center,top","18x11":"1xw:0.6111111111111112xh;center,top"}},"image_metadata":{"seo_meta_title":"Sir Thomas More","seo_meta_description":"Sir Thomas More"}}],"metadata":{"dek":"Thomas More is known for his 1516 book 'Utopia' and for his untimely death in 1535, after refusing to acknowledge King Henry VIII as head of the Church of England.","short_title":"Thomas More","index_title":"Thomas More","social_dek":"Thomas More is known for his 1516 book 'Utopia' and for his untimely death in 1535, after refusing to acknowledge King Henry VIII as head of the Church of England.","editor_attribution":"By","legacy_url":"/scholars-educators/thomas-more"}},{"type":"Content","id":"31dc8a35-3522-449e-8b25-04ce7816015f","display_id":42603527,"legacy_id":25945356,"edited_at":"2023-09-01T18:56:58.832655Z","publish_from":"2023-08-09T20:50:00Z","display_type":{"title":"Standard Article"},"slug":"saint-thomas-aquinas","section":{},"media":[{"role":2},{"role":3},{"id":"60c03e5f-79b6-4cd0-a5bb-1c7b571efb74","image_id":"60c03e5f-79b6-4cd0-a5bb-1c7b571efb74","hips_url":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/gettyimages-919610926-copy.jpg","hips_prefix":"hmg-prod","height":2626,"role":12,"pathname":"/images/gettyimages-919610926-copy.jpg","media_type":"image","width":2626,"metadata":{"crops":{"1x1":"1.00xw:1.00xh;0,0","2x1":"1.00xw:0.502xh;0,0.158xh","3x1":"1xw:0.33333333333333337xh;center,top","3x4":"0.75xw:1xh;center,top","4x3":"1xw:0.75xh;center,top","4x6":"0.6666666666666667xw:1xh;center,top","5x1":"1xw:0.2xh;center,top","6x4":"1xw:0.6666666666666667xh;center,top","8x1":"1xw:0.125xh;center,top","10x3":"1xw:0.3xh;center,top","16x9":"1xw:0.5625xh;center,top","8x10":"0.8xw:1xh;center,top","18x11":"1xw:0.6111111111111112xh;center,top"}},"image_metadata":{"seo_meta_title":"Saint Thomas Aquinas","seo_meta_description":"saint thomas aquinas"},"photographer":{},"source":{}}],"metadata":{"dek":"\u003cp\u003eItalian Dominican theologian Saint Thomas Aquinas was one of the most influential medieval thinkers of Scholasticism and the father of the Thomistic school of theology.\u003c/p\u003e","short_title":"Saint Thomas Aquinas","index_title":"Saint Thomas Aquinas","social_dek":"\u003cp\u003eItalian Dominican theologian Saint Thomas Aquinas was one of the most influential medieval thinkers of Scholasticism and the father of the Thomistic school of theology.\u003c/p\u003e","editor_attribution":"By","legacy_url":"/religious-figure/saint-thomas-aquinas","sponsor":{}}},{"type":"Content","id":"e733ede0-1533-4abf-992d-91497a3f6f8b","display_id":42581049,"legacy_id":7500045,"publish_from":"2019-09-20T19:47:06Z","display_type":{"title":"Standard Article"},"slug":"martin-luther","section":{},"media":[{"role":2},{"role":3},{"id":"e0364034-6c8f-4163-9ca3-e33d4ad23b86","image_id":"e0364034-6c8f-4163-9ca3-e33d4ad23b86","hips_url":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/circa-1520-protestant-reformer-martin-luther-1483---1546-a-leading-figure-in-the-reformation-photo-by-stock-montage_getty-images.jpg","hips_prefix":"hmg-prod","height":500,"role":12,"pathname":"/images/circa-1520-protestant-reformer-martin-luther-1483---1546-a-leading-figure-in-the-reformation-photo-by-stock-montage_getty-images.jpg","media_type":"image","width":500,"metadata":{"crops":{"1x1":"1xw:1.0xh;center,top","2x1":"1xw:0.5xh;center,top","3x1":"1xw:0.3333333333333333xh;center,top","3x4":"0.75xw:1xh;center,top","4x3":"1xw:0.75xh;center,top","4x6":"0.6666666666666666xw:1xh;center,top","5x1":"1xw:0.2xh;center,top","6x4":"1xw:0.6666666666666666xh;center,top","8x1":"1xw:0.125xh;center,top","10x3":"1xw:0.3xh;center,top","16x9":"1xw:0.5625xh;center,top","8x10":"0.8xw:1xh;center,top","18x11":"1xw:0.611111111111111xh;center,top"}},"image_metadata":{"seo_meta_title":"Martin Luther","seo_meta_description":"Martin Luther"}}],"metadata":{"dek":"Martin Luther was a German monk who forever changed Christianity when he nailed his '95 Theses' to a church door in 1517, sparking the Protestant Reformation.","short_title":"Martin Luther","index_title":"Martin Luther","social_dek":"Martin Luther was a German monk who forever changed Christianity when he nailed his '95 Theses' to a church door in 1517, sparking the Protestant Reformation.","editor_attribution":"By","legacy_url":"/religious-figures/martin-luther"}}]}],"textDom":{"children":[],"type":"root"}},{"id":"b5bb23ea-91a4-4e50-9ddf-425bd12a645f","type":"big-story","heading":"","subheading":"","settings":{"show_dek":true,"show_byline":true,"show_date":false,"layout":"image-right"},"feeds":[{"id":"e194f8b9-3a6b-40cc-96da-caba7f53cc02","source_type":"curated","heading_url":"","resources":[{"type":"Content","id":"b9cf24d0-dde5-4d3c-8aa0-b786871d7ef8","display_id":42575009,"legacy_id":66929414,"publish_from":"2020-03-02T21:25:16Z","display_type":{"title":"Standard Article"},"slug":"anne-sullivan-helen-keller-relationship","section":{"slug":"authors-writers"},"media":[{"role":2},{"role":3},{"id":"af669f14-f0a7-41ef-bb30-9e72d6c8d5ae","image_id":"af669f14-f0a7-41ef-bb30-9e72d6c8d5ae","hips_url":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/e39dafd5-2b34-4cd1-89b4-6a2795ae334a.jpg","hips_prefix":"hmg-prod","height":1422,"role":12,"pathname":"/images/e39dafd5-2b34-4cd1-89b4-6a2795ae334a.jpg","media_type":"image","width":2528,"metadata":{"crops":{"1x1":"0.5625xw:1xh;center,top","2x1":"1xw:0.8888888888888888xh;center,top","3x1":"1xw:0.5925925925925926xh;center,top","3x4":"0.421875xw:1xh;center,top","4x3":"0.75xw:1xh;center,top","4x6":"0.375xw:1xh;center,top","5x1":"1xw:0.35555555555555557xh;center,top","6x4":"0.84375xw:1xh;center,top","8x1":"1xw:0.2222222222222222xh;center,top","10x3":"1xw:0.5333333333333333xh;center,top","16x9":"1xw:1.0xh;center,top","8x10":"0.44999999999999996xw:1xh;center,top","18x11":"0.9204545454545455xw:1xh;center,top"}},"image_metadata":{"seo_meta_title":"Helen Keller and Anne Sullivan","seo_meta_description":"Helen Keller and Anne Sullivan"}}],"metadata":{"dek":"Keller and her \"miracle worker\" started out as pupil and teacher, but their relationship blossomed into one of lifelong support.","short_title":"Anne Sullivan Found 'the Fire of a Purpose' Through Teaching Helen Keller","index_title":"Anne Sullivan Found 'the Fire of a Purpose' Through Teaching Helen Keller","social_dek":"Keller and her \"miracle worker\" started out as pupil and teacher, but their relationship blossomed into one of lifelong support.","editor_attribution":"By","legacy_url":"/authors-writers/anne-sullivan-helen-keller-relationship"}}]}],"textDom":{"children":[],"type":"root"}},{"id":"b9f165e6-7aca-449c-8f4c-9519ada46c5c","type":"3-column","heading":"More Scholars \u0026 Educators","subheading":"","settings":{"show_dek":false,"show_byline":false,"show_date":false,"layout":"image-left","single_source":true},"feeds":[{"id":"a0568607-b90e-45b3-bf73-1f5724bdef1f","heading":"","source_type":"section","heading_url":"","resources":[{"type":"Content","id":"e7b6bd58-8427-482b-aac5-8514beb580c5","display_id":42573774,"legacy_id":28486414,"edited_at":"2025-02-03T21:41:53.548677Z","publish_from":"2025-02-03T21:41:00Z","authors":[{}],"display_type":{"title":"Standard Article"},"slug":"carter-g-woodson","section":{"slug":"scholars-educators"},"media":[{"role":2},{"role":3},{"id":"ba4498e5-55ee-4cff-b57c-1d1c1e0d6475","image_id":"ba4498e5-55ee-4cff-b57c-1d1c1e0d6475","hips_url":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/portrait-of-american-historian-and-educator-carter-godwin-news-photo-1738616428.pjpeg","hips_prefix":"hmg-prod","height":1024,"role":12,"pathname":"/images/portrait-of-american-historian-and-educator-carter-godwin-news-photo-1738616428.pjpeg","media_type":"image","width":745,"metadata":{"crops":{"1x1":"1.00xw:0.730xh;0,0","2x1":"1.00xw:0.366xh;0,0.158xh","3x1":"1xw:0.24251xh;center,top","4x3":"1xw:0.54565xh;center,top","4x6":"0.91633xw:1xh;center,top","5x1":"1xw:0.14551xh;center,top","6x4":"1xw:0.48503xh;center,top","8x1":"1xw:0.09094xh;center,top","10x2":"1xw:0.14551xh;center,top","10x3":"1xw:0.21826xh;center,top","10x5":"1xw:0.36377xh;center,top","16x9":"1xw:0.40924xh;center,top","8x10":"1xw:0.90942xh;center,top","9x16":"0.77315xw:1xh;center,top","18x11":"1xw:0.44461xh;center,top"}},"image_metadata":{"seo_meta_title":"Carter G. Woodson, circa 1910s","seo_meta_description":"carter g woodson looks at the camera, he wears a dark suit jacket, collared shirt and tie"},"source":{}}],"metadata":{"dek":"\u003cp\u003eHistorian and author Carter G. Woodson is remembered as the “Father of Black History” and creator of Black History Month.\u003c/p\u003e","short_title":"Carter G. Woodson","index_title":"Carter G. Woodson","social_dek":"\u003cp\u003eThe historian and author began a nationwide effort to teach Black history in 1926.\u003c/p\u003e","editor_attribution":"By","legacy_url":"/scholars-educators/carter-g-woodson","sponsor":{}}},{"type":"Content","id":"3803c741-e415-46cb-9081-7338d24cd951","display_id":62918890,"edited_at":"2024-12-12T15:02:04.222788Z","publish_from":"2024-11-21T15:32:00Z","authors":[{}],"display_type":{"title":"Listicle"},"slug":"famous-philosophers","section":{"slug":"scholars-educators"},"media":[{"role":2},{"role":3},{"id":"6fddb063-2867-460b-a89c-f27f1d50683b","image_id":"6fddb063-2867-460b-a89c-f27f1d50683b","hips_url":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/the-philosopher-jean-paul-sartre-france-about-1946-news-photo-1731685135.jpg","hips_prefix":"hmg-prod","height":2546,"role":12,"pathname":"/images/the-philosopher-jean-paul-sartre-france-about-1946-news-photo-1731685135.jpg","media_type":"image","width":3543,"metadata":{"crops":{"1x1":"0.498xw:0.693xh;0.0176xw,0.0200xh","2x1":"1.00xw:0.697xh;0,0.0290xh","3x1":"1xw:0.46386xh;center,top","4x3":"0.95813xw:1xh;center,top","4x6":"0.47907xw:1xh;center,top","5x1":"1xw:0.27832xh;center,top","6x4":"1xw:0.92773xh;center,top","8x1":"1xw:0.17395xh;center,top","10x2":"1xw:0.27832xh;center,top","10x3":"1xw:0.41748xh;center,top","10x5":"1xw:0.6958xh;center,top","16x9":"1xw:0.78277xh;center,top","8x10":"0.57488xw:1xh;center,top","9x16":"0.40421xw:1xh;center,top","18x11":"1xw:0.85042xh;center,top"}},"image_metadata":{"seo_meta_title":"Jean-Paul Sartre, circa1946","seo_meta_description":"jean paul sartre sits in a three piece suit and tie and points one finger out to the right"},"source":{}}],"metadata":{"dek":"\u003cp\u003eFamous philosophers like Jean-Paul Sartre, Socrates, and Ayn Rand have challenged the way we consider the world and our place in it.\u003c/p\u003e","short_title":"11 Philosophers Who Made the World Stop and Think","index_title":"11 Philosophers Who Made the World Stop and Think","social_dek":"\u003cp\u003eFamous philosophers like Jean-Paul Sartre, Socrates, and Ayn Rand have challenged the way we consider the world and our place in it.\u003c/p\u003e","editor_attribution":"By","sponsor":{}}},{"type":"Content","id":"a734350e-efb1-4063-8949-130c3f2be3e4","display_id":42600577,"legacy_id":99468559,"edited_at":"2024-06-20T16:20:22.520829Z","publish_from":"2024-06-20T16:18:00Z","authors":[{}],"display_type":{"title":"Standard Article"},"slug":"noam-chomsky","section":{"slug":"scholars-educators"},"media":[{"role":2},{"role":3},{"id":"5e8e2715-29ab-4c13-a8af-bf2cfac48e5d","image_id":"5e8e2715-29ab-4c13-a8af-bf2cfac48e5d","hips_url":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/noam-chomsky.jpg","hips_prefix":"hmg-prod","height":1000,"role":12,"pathname":"/images/noam-chomsky.jpg","media_type":"image","width":1000,"metadata":{"crops":{"1x1":"1.00xw:1.00xh;0,0","2x1":"1.00xw:0.506xh;0,0.294xh","3x1":"1xw:0.3333333333333333xh;center,top","3x4":"0.75xw:1xh;center,top","4x3":"1xw:0.75xh;center,top","4x6":"0.6666666666666666xw:1xh;center,top","5x1":"1xw:0.2xh;center,top","6x4":"1xw:0.6666666666666666xh;center,top","8x1":"1xw:0.125xh;center,top","10x3":"1xw:0.3xh;center,top","16x9":"1xw:0.5625xh;center,top","8x10":"0.8xw:1xh;center,top","18x11":"1xw:0.611111111111111xh;center,top"}},"image_metadata":{"seo_meta_title":"Noam Chomsky in September 2018","seo_meta_description":"noam chomsky smiles and looks past the camera, he wears glasses, a black suit jacket, a blue collared shirt and a blue and white sweater"},"source":{}}],"metadata":{"dek":"\u003cp\u003eFamed scholar Noam Chomsky has made groundbreaking contributions to linguistics and offered penetrating critiques of political systems.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","short_title":"Noam Chomsky","index_title":"Noam Chomsky","social_dek":"\u003cp\u003eNow 95 years old, the famed scholar continues to recover from a stroke he suffered in June 2023.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","editor_attribution":"By","legacy_url":"/scholars-educators/noam-chomsky","sponsor":{}}},{"type":"Content","id":"d8d9f58d-a411-4e88-bf45-0c4705bd2bc5","display_id":45863904,"edited_at":"2023-11-30T19:24:01.220570Z","publish_from":"2023-11-16T18:20:00Z","display_type":{"title":"Standard Article"},"slug":"erasmus","section":{"slug":"scholars-educators"},"media":[{"role":2},{"role":3},{"id":"21acafcf-3e18-4647-becf-76381023b5b5","image_id":"21acafcf-3e18-4647-becf-76381023b5b5","hips_url":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/portrait-of-erasmus-of-rotterdam-dutch-humanist-and-news-photo-1700158497.jpg","hips_prefix":"hmg-prod","height":346,"role":12,"pathname":"/images/portrait-of-erasmus-of-rotterdam-dutch-humanist-and-news-photo-1700158497.jpg","media_type":"image","width":594,"metadata":{"crops":{"1x1":"0.583xw:1.00xh;0.417xw,0","2x1":"1.00xw:0.863xh;0,0.0577xh","3x1":"1xw:0.57225xh;center,top","4x3":"0.77666xw:1xh;center,top","4x6":"0.38833xw:1xh;center,top","5x1":"1xw:0.34335xh;center,top","6x4":"0.87374xw:1xh;center,top","8x1":"1xw:0.2146xh;center,top","10x2":"1xw:0.34335xh;center,top","10x3":"1xw:0.51503xh;center,top","10x5":"1xw:0.85838xh;center,top","16x9":"1xw:0.96568xh;center,top","8x10":"0.46599xw:1xh;center,top","9x16":"0.32765xw:1xh;center,top","18x11":"0.95317xw:1xh;center,top"}},"image_metadata":{"seo_meta_title":"Portrait of Erasmus of Rotterdam...","seo_meta_description":"portrait of erasmus of rotterdam"},"photographer":{},"source":{}}],"metadata":{"dek":"\u003cp\u003eErasmus of Rotterdam was the dominant figure of the early humanist movement. Neither a radical nor an apologist, he remains one of early Renaissance controversial figures.\u003c/p\u003e","short_title":"Erasmus of Rotterdam","index_title":"Erasmus of Rotterdam","social_dek":"\u003cp\u003eErasmus of Rotterdam was the dominant figure of the early humanist movement. Neither a radical nor an apologist, he remains one of early Renaissance controversial figures.\u003c/p\u003e","editor_attribution":"By","sponsor":{}}},{"type":"Content","id":"15588c37-3a81-423a-9d75-024c911428e5","display_id":45861370,"edited_at":"2024-10-30T19:23:48.412970Z","publish_from":"2023-11-16T15:29:00Z","display_type":{"title":"Standard Article"},"slug":"confucius","section":{"slug":"scholars-educators"},"media":[{"role":2},{"role":3},{"id":"167cee7f-08cf-4aac-9b71-1e2312143b4b","image_id":"167cee7f-08cf-4aac-9b71-1e2312143b4b","hips_url":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/statue-of-confucius-zakynthos-greece-news-photo-1700147985.jpg","hips_prefix":"hmg-prod","height":3317,"role":12,"pathname":"/images/statue-of-confucius-zakynthos-greece-news-photo-1700147985.jpg","media_type":"image","width":5100,"metadata":{"crops":{"1x1":"0.603xw:0.926xh;0.192xw,0.0739xh","2x1":"1.00xw:0.776xh;0,0.0788xh","3x1":"1xw:0.51251xh;center,top","4x3":"0.86719xw:1xh;center,top","4x6":"0.43359xw:1xh;center,top","5x1":"1xw:0.30751xh;center,top","6x4":"0.97559xw:1xh;center,top","8x1":"1xw:0.19219xh;center,top","10x2":"1xw:0.30751xh;center,top","10x3":"1xw:0.46126xh;center,top","10x5":"1xw:0.76877xh;center,top","16x9":"1xw:0.86486xh;center,top","8x10":"0.52031xw:1xh;center,top","9x16":"0.36585xw:1xh;center,top","18x11":"1xw:0.9396xh;center,top"}},"image_metadata":{"seo_meta_title":"Statue of Confucius, Zakynthos","seo_meta_description":"statue of confucius, zakynthos"},"photographer":{},"source":{}}],"metadata":{"dek":"\u003cp\u003eConfucius was an influential Chinese philosopher, teacher and political figure known for his popular aphorisms and for his models of social interaction.\u003c/p\u003e","short_title":"Confucius","index_title":"Confucius","social_dek":"\u003cp\u003eConfucius was an influential Chinese philosopher, teacher and political figure known for his popular aphorisms and for his models of social interaction.\u003c/p\u003e","editor_attribution":"By","sponsor":{}}},{"type":"Content","id":"cfff5299-02e7-49ba-b7f4-7573082168de","display_id":43023839,"legacy_id":31974668,"edited_at":"2023-08-09T21:01:25.598159Z","publish_from":"2023-08-09T20:58:00Z","display_type":{"title":"Standard Article"},"slug":"francis-bacon","section":{"slug":"scholars-educators"},"media":[{"role":2},{"role":3},{"id":"696d30b1-0d7f-4b08-88c4-833610a3818d","image_id":"696d30b1-0d7f-4b08-88c4-833610a3818d","hips_url":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/francis-bacon-royalty-free-illustration-1691614750.jpg","hips_prefix":"hmg-prod","height":1881,"role":12,"pathname":"/images/francis-bacon-royalty-free-illustration-1691614750.jpg","media_type":"image","width":1597,"metadata":{"crops":{"1x1":"0.918xw:0.781xh;0.0245xw,0.0817xh","2x1":"1.00xw:0.425xh;0,0.220xh","3x1":"1xw:0.28301xh;center,top","4x3":"1xw:0.63676xh;center,top","4x6":"0.78522xw:1xh;center,top","5x1":"1xw:0.1698xh;center,top","6x4":"1xw:0.56601xh;center,top","8x1":"1xw:0.10613xh;center,top","10x2":"1xw:0.1698xh;center,top","10x3":"1xw:0.2547xh;center,top","10x5":"1xw:0.42451xh;center,top","16x9":"1xw:0.47757xh;center,top","8x10":"0.94227xw:1xh;center,top","9x16":"0.66253xw:1xh;center,top","18x11":"1xw:0.51884xh;center,top"}},"image_metadata":{"seo_meta_title":"Francis Bacon","seo_meta_description":"francis bacon"},"photographer":{},"source":{}}],"metadata":{"dek":"\u003cp\u003eFrancis Bacon was an English Renaissance statesman and philosopher, best known for his promotion of the scientific method.\u003c/p\u003e","short_title":"Francis Bacon","index_title":"Francis Bacon","social_dek":"\u003cp\u003eFrancis Bacon was an English Renaissance statesman and philosopher, best known for his promotion of the scientific method.\u003c/p\u003e","editor_attribution":"By","legacy_url":"/scholars-educators/francis-bacon","sponsor":{}}},{"type":"Content","id":"834e7b27-a207-4eb3-af00-344b1ecaf957","display_id":42650957,"legacy_id":30425359,"edited_at":"2023-08-09T20:58:07.374730Z","publish_from":"2023-08-09T20:57:00Z","display_type":{"title":"Standard Article"},"slug":"auguste-comte","section":{"slug":"scholars-educators"},"media":[{"role":2},{"role":3},{"id":"3b43501b-3c37-469b-9222-d7806f427bb0","image_id":"3b43501b-3c37-469b-9222-d7806f427bb0","hips_url":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/gettyimages-930099036.jpg","hips_prefix":"hmg-prod","height":500,"role":12,"pathname":"/images/gettyimages-930099036.jpg","media_type":"image","width":500,"metadata":{"crops":{"1x1":"1xw:1.0xh;center,top","2x1":"1xw:0.5xh;center,top","3x1":"1xw:0.3333333333333333xh;center,top","3x4":"0.75xw:1xh;center,top","4x3":"1xw:0.75xh;center,top","4x6":"0.6666666666666666xw:1xh;center,top","5x1":"1xw:0.2xh;center,top","6x4":"1xw:0.6666666666666666xh;center,top","8x1":"1xw:0.125xh;center,top","10x3":"1xw:0.3xh;center,top","16x9":"1xw:0.5625xh;center,top","8x10":"0.8xw:1xh;center,top","18x11":"1xw:0.611111111111111xh;center,top"}},"image_metadata":{"seo_meta_title":"Auguste Comte","seo_meta_description":"auguste comte"},"photographer":{},"source":{}}],"metadata":{"dek":"\u003cp\u003eFrench philosopher Auguste Comte greatly advanced the field of social science, giving it the name \"sociology\" and influenced many 19th-century social intellectuals.\u003c/p\u003e","short_title":"Auguste Comte","index_title":"Auguste Comte","social_dek":"\u003cp\u003eFrench philosopher Auguste Comte greatly advanced the field of social science, giving it the name \"sociology\" and influenced many 19th-century social intellectuals.\u003c/p\u003e","editor_attribution":"By","legacy_url":"/scholars-educators/auguste-comte","sponsor":{}}},{"type":"Content","id":"1cfc819f-a720-4a27-bf6c-f121a9ab55fd","display_id":42605832,"legacy_id":39288844,"edited_at":"2023-08-09T20:54:02.653651Z","publish_from":"2023-08-09T20:52:00Z","display_type":{"title":"Standard Article"},"slug":"charles-louis-de-secondat","section":{"slug":"scholars-educators"},"media":[{"role":2},{"role":3},{"id":"1ffd9f06-6e3a-4061-a1d3-e4c06322c6a1","image_id":"1ffd9f06-6e3a-4061-a1d3-e4c06322c6a1","hips_url":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/charles-louis-de-secondat-baron-de-la-brede-and-de-montesquieu-21292453-1-402.png","hips_prefix":"hmg-prod","height":402,"role":12,"pathname":"/images/charles-louis-de-secondat-baron-de-la-brede-and-de-montesquieu-21292453-1-402.png","media_type":"image","width":402,"metadata":{"crops":{"1x1":"1.00xw:1.00xh;0,0","2x1":"1.00xw:0.502xh;0,0.356xh","3x1":"1xw:0.3333333333333333xh;center,top","3x4":"0.75xw:1xh;center,top","4x3":"1xw:0.75xh;center,top","4x6":"0.6666666666666666xw:1xh;center,top","5x1":"1xw:0.2xh;center,top","6x4":"1xw:0.6666666666666666xh;center,top","8x1":"1xw:0.125xh;center,top","10x3":"1xw:0.3xh;center,top","16x9":"1xw:0.5625xh;center,top","8x10":"0.8xw:1xh;center,top","18x11":"1xw:0.611111111111111xh;center,top"}},"image_metadata":{"seo_meta_title":"Charles-Louis de Secondat","seo_meta_description":"charles louis de secondat"},"source":{}}],"metadata":{"dek":"\u003cp\u003eFrench philosopher Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de la Brède et de Montesquieu, was a highly influential political thinker during the Age of Enlightenment.\u003c/p\u003e","short_title":"Charles-Louis de Secondat","index_title":"Charles-Louis de Secondat","social_dek":"\u003cp\u003eFrench philosopher Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de la Brède et de Montesquieu, was a highly influential political thinker during the Age of Enlightenment.\u003c/p\u003e","editor_attribution":"By","legacy_url":"/scholar/charles-louis-de-secondat","sponsor":{}}},{"type":"Content","id":"8a0f0c0f-b1c5-42bf-8d5d-2f59575d15e6","display_id":42604198,"legacy_id":90367244,"edited_at":"2023-08-09T20:50:35.905991Z","publish_from":"2023-08-09T20:50:00Z","display_type":{"title":"Standard Article"},"slug":"john-dewey","section":{"slug":"scholars-educators"},"media":[{"role":2},{"role":3},{"id":"3997432b-ca4a-40fa-9e66-efdca5b32165","image_id":"3997432b-ca4a-40fa-9e66-efdca5b32165","hips_url":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/john-dewey-9273497-1-402.jpg","hips_prefix":"hmg-prod","height":402,"role":12,"pathname":"/images/john-dewey-9273497-1-402.jpg","media_type":"image","width":402,"metadata":{"crops":{"1x1":"1.00xw:1.00xh;0,0","2x1":"1.00xw:0.502xh;0,0.297xh","3x1":"1xw:0.3333333333333333xh;center,top","3x4":"0.75xw:1xh;center,top","4x3":"1xw:0.75xh;center,top","4x6":"0.6666666666666666xw:1xh;center,top","5x1":"1xw:0.2xh;center,top","6x4":"1xw:0.6666666666666666xh;center,top","8x1":"1xw:0.125xh;center,top","10x3":"1xw:0.3xh;center,top","16x9":"1xw:0.5625xh;center,top","8x10":"0.8xw:1xh;center,top","18x11":"1xw:0.611111111111111xh;center,top"}},"image_metadata":{"seo_meta_description":"john dewey"},"source":{}}],"metadata":{"dek":"\u003cp\u003eEducator John Dewey originated the experimentalism philosophy. A proponent of social change and education reform, he founded The New School for Social Research.\u003c/p\u003e","short_title":"John Dewey","index_title":"John Dewey","social_dek":"\u003cp\u003eEducator John Dewey originated the experimentalism philosophy. A proponent of social change and education reform, he founded The New School for Social Research.\u003c/p\u003e","editor_attribution":"By","legacy_url":"/scholar/john-dewey","sponsor":{}}},{"type":"Content","id":"29f73b99-1d32-4986-af30-69ababc73646","display_id":42600479,"legacy_id":58076171,"edited_at":"2023-08-09T20:39:50.758297Z","publish_from":"2023-08-09T20:38:00Z","display_type":{"title":"Standard Article"},"slug":"william-james","section":{"slug":"scholars-educators"},"media":[{"role":2},{"role":3},{"id":"30595a00-6882-4c09-811a-a6e62fe348c8","image_id":"30595a00-6882-4c09-811a-a6e62fe348c8","hips_url":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/gettyimages-929233606.jpg","hips_prefix":"hmg-prod","height":500,"role":12,"pathname":"/images/gettyimages-929233606.jpg","media_type":"image","width":500,"metadata":{"crops":{"1x1":"1.00xw:1.00xh;0,0","2x1":"1.00xw:0.502xh;0,0.192xh","3x1":"1xw:0.3333333333333333xh;center,top","3x4":"0.75xw:1xh;center,top","4x3":"1xw:0.75xh;center,top","4x6":"0.6666666666666666xw:1xh;center,top","5x1":"1xw:0.2xh;center,top","6x4":"1xw:0.6666666666666666xh;center,top","8x1":"1xw:0.125xh;center,top","10x3":"1xw:0.3xh;center,top","16x9":"1xw:0.5625xh;center,top","8x10":"0.8xw:1xh;center,top","18x11":"1xw:0.611111111111111xh;center,top"}},"image_metadata":{"seo_meta_title":"William James","seo_meta_description":"william james"},"photographer":{},"source":{}}],"metadata":{"dek":"\u003cp\u003eWilliam James was a philosopher who was the first educator to offer a psychology course in the United States, earning him the title 'Father of American psychology.'\u003c/p\u003e","short_title":"William James","index_title":"William James","social_dek":"\u003cp\u003eWilliam James was a philosopher who was the first educator to offer a psychology course in the United States, earning him the title 'Father of American psychology.'\u003c/p\u003e","editor_attribution":"By","legacy_url":"/scholars-educators/william-james","sponsor":{}}},{"type":"Content","id":"96ecc3a1-df66-4501-b952-4e18ce8fda12","display_id":42597355,"legacy_id":65751819,"edited_at":"2023-08-09T20:35:10.884462Z","publish_from":"2023-08-09T20:32:00Z","display_type":{"title":"Standard Article"},"slug":"jean-paul-sartre","section":{"slug":"scholars-educators"},"media":[{"role":2},{"role":3},{"id":"e08782dd-9bc2-4531-b7bd-4d6e874d70d1","image_id":"e08782dd-9bc2-4531-b7bd-4d6e874d70d1","hips_url":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/jean-paul-sartre-9472219-1-402.jpg","hips_prefix":"hmg-prod","height":402,"role":12,"pathname":"/images/jean-paul-sartre-9472219-1-402.jpg","media_type":"image","width":402,"metadata":{"crops":{"1x1":"1.00xw:1.00xh;0,0","2x1":"1.00xw:0.502xh;0,0.382xh","3x1":"1xw:0.3333333333333333xh;center,top","3x4":"0.75xw:1xh;center,top","4x3":"1xw:0.75xh;center,top","4x6":"0.6666666666666666xw:1xh;center,top","5x1":"1xw:0.2xh;center,top","6x4":"1xw:0.6666666666666666xh;center,top","8x1":"1xw:0.125xh;center,top","10x3":"1xw:0.3xh;center,top","16x9":"1xw:0.5625xh;center,top","8x10":"0.8xw:1xh;center,top","18x11":"1xw:0.611111111111111xh;center,top"}},"image_metadata":{"seo_meta_description":"jean paul sartre"},"source":{}}],"metadata":{"dek":"\u003cp\u003eJean-Paul Sartre was a 20th century intellectual, writer and activist who put forth pioneering ideas on existentialism.\u003c/p\u003e","short_title":"Jean-Paul Sartre","index_title":"Jean-Paul Sartre","social_dek":"\u003cp\u003eJean-Paul Sartre was a 20th century intellectual, writer and activist who put forth pioneering ideas on existentialism.\u003c/p\u003e","editor_attribution":"By","legacy_url":"/scholars-educators/jean-paul-sartre","sponsor":{}}},{"type":"Content","id":"93b34d27-59d5-4156-a826-3b5d8fadd2a6","display_id":42594473,"legacy_id":70790155,"edited_at":"2023-08-09T20:32:28.309485Z","publish_from":"2023-08-09T20:31:00Z","display_type":{"title":"Standard Article"},"slug":"immanuel-kant","section":{"slug":"scholars-educators"},"media":[{"role":2},{"role":3},{"id":"d9fda320-8203-408f-85c2-9bac471d23b9","image_id":"d9fda320-8203-408f-85c2-9bac471d23b9","hips_url":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/gettyimages-171223546.jpg","hips_prefix":"hmg-prod","height":1201,"role":12,"pathname":"/images/gettyimages-171223546.jpg","media_type":"image","width":1201,"metadata":{"crops":{"1x1":"1.00xw:1.00xh;0,0","2x1":"1.00xw:0.504xh;0,0.119xh","3x1":"1xw:0.3333333333333333xh;center,top","3x4":"0.75xw:1xh;center,top","4x3":"1xw:0.75xh;center,top","4x6":"0.6666666666666666xw:1xh;center,top","5x1":"1xw:0.19999999999999998xh;center,top","6x4":"1xw:0.6666666666666666xh;center,top","8x1":"1xw:0.125xh;center,top","10x3":"1xw:0.3xh;center,top","16x9":"1xw:0.5625xh;center,top","8x10":"0.7999999999999999xw:1xh;center,top","18x11":"1xw:0.6111111111111112xh;center,top"}},"image_metadata":{"seo_meta_title":"Immanuel Kant","seo_meta_description":"immanuel kant"},"photographer":{},"source":{}}],"metadata":{"dek":"\u003cp\u003eImmanuel Kant was a German philosopher during the Enlightenment era of the late 18th century. His best-known work is the 'Critique of Pure Reason.'\u003c/p\u003e","short_title":"Immanuel Kant","index_title":"Immanuel Kant","social_dek":"\u003cp\u003eImmanuel Kant was a German philosopher during the Enlightenment era of the late 18th century. His best-known work is the 'Critique of Pure Reason.'\u003c/p\u003e","editor_attribution":"By","legacy_url":"/scholars-educators/immanuel-kant","sponsor":{}}}]}],"textDom":{"children":[],"type":"root"}},{"id":"9e74ed61-e144-4cc0-beb1-eaceb2e42aa5","type":"3-column","heading":"","subheading":"","settings":{"show_dek":false,"show_byline":false,"show_date":false,"layout":"image-left","single_source":true},"feeds":[{"id":"69a99709-4ab7-4457-9fb6-6652f547250e","heading":"","source_type":"section","heading_url":"","resources":[{"type":"Content","id":"78653b1c-8d8c-4588-ab36-8b2717c8db7f","display_id":43249494,"edited_at":"2024-03-13T13:37:58.476612Z","publish_from":"2024-03-13T13:36:00Z","authors":[{}],"display_type":{"title":"Standard Article"},"slug":"who-discovered-pi-archimedes-of-syracuse","section":{"slug":"scholars-educators"},"media":[{"role":2},{"role":3},{"id":"fe9e359c-71aa-42e0-b4ac-5ec4ccf046b6","image_id":"fe9e359c-71aa-42e0-b4ac-5ec4ccf046b6","hips_url":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/archimedes-greek-scholarly-engraving-b-n-f-colourized-photo-news-photo-1678293949.jpg","hips_prefix":"hmg-prod","height":3597,"role":12,"pathname":"/images/archimedes-greek-scholarly-engraving-b-n-f-colourized-photo-news-photo-1678293949.jpg","media_type":"image","width":2680,"metadata":{"crops":{"1x1":"1.00xw:0.747xh;0,0.166xh","2x1":"1.00xw:0.375xh;0,0.128xh","3x1":"1xw:0.24836xh;center,top","4x3":"1xw:0.5588xh;center,top","4x6":"0.89478xw:1xh;center,top","5x1":"1xw:0.14901xh;center,top","6x4":"1xw:0.49671xh;center,top","8x1":"1xw:0.09313xh;center,top","10x2":"1xw:0.14901xh;center,top","10x3":"1xw:0.22352xh;center,top","10x5":"1xw:0.37253xh;center,top","16x9":"1xw:0.4191xh;center,top","8x10":"1xw:0.93133xh;center,top","9x16":"0.75497xw:1xh;center,top","18x11":"1xw:0.45532xh;center,top"}},"image_metadata":{"seo_meta_title":"Archimedes is credited with calculating pi","seo_meta_description":"engraving of mathematician and engineer archimedes sitting at desk"},"source":{}}],"metadata":{"dek":"\u003cp\u003eThe Greek’s calculation of the infinite mathematical concept pi in the 200s BCE is celebrated every year on March 14, or Pi Day. \u003c/p\u003e","short_title":"Archimedes: The Mathematician Who Discovered Pi","index_title":"Archimedes: The Mathematician Who Discovered Pi","social_dek":"\u003cp\u003eYou can thank this Greek mathematician for your annual Pi Day celebration.\u003c/p\u003e","editor_attribution":"By","sponsor":{}}},{"type":"Content","id":"f60f3748-c273-4866-adc9-1f1ab249aeec","display_id":42594469,"legacy_id":43343887,"edited_at":"2024-11-15T15:57:24.517355Z","publish_from":"2023-08-16T20:45:00Z","display_type":{"title":"Standard Article"},"slug":"john-locke","section":{"slug":"scholars-educators"},"media":[{"role":2},{"role":3},{"id":"aa7bd75f-8a48-44eb-bf01-4561c4cb078b","image_id":"aa7bd75f-8a48-44eb-bf01-4561c4cb078b","hips_url":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/john-locke-gettyimages-464426427.jpg","hips_prefix":"hmg-prod","height":500,"role":12,"pathname":"/images/john-locke-gettyimages-464426427.jpg","media_type":"image","width":500,"metadata":{"crops":{"1x1":"1xw:1.0xh;center,top","2x1":"1xw:0.5xh;center,top","3x1":"1xw:0.3333333333333333xh;center,top","3x4":"0.75xw:1xh;center,top","4x3":"1xw:0.75xh;center,top","4x6":"0.6666666666666666xw:1xh;center,top","5x1":"1xw:0.2xh;center,top","6x4":"1xw:0.6666666666666666xh;center,top","8x1":"1xw:0.125xh;center,top","10x3":"1xw:0.3xh;center,top","16x9":"1xw:0.5625xh;center,top","8x10":"0.8xw:1xh;center,top","18x11":"1xw:0.611111111111111xh;center,top"}},"image_metadata":{"seo_meta_title":"John Locke","seo_meta_description":"john locke"},"photographer":{},"source":{}}],"metadata":{"dek":"\u003cp\u003eEnglish philosopher John Locke's works lie at the foundation of modern philosophical empiricism and political liberalism.\u003c/p\u003e","short_title":"John Locke","index_title":"John Locke","social_dek":"\u003cp\u003eEnglish philosopher John Locke's works lie at the foundation of modern philosophical empiricism and political liberalism.\u003c/p\u003e","editor_attribution":"By","legacy_url":"/scholars-educators/john-locke","sponsor":{}}},{"type":"Content","id":"1e11feeb-3924-4f91-9ef4-912d05e9ec7b","display_id":42616807,"legacy_id":58821646,"edited_at":"2023-08-09T20:56:58.970293Z","publish_from":"2023-08-09T20:56:00Z","display_type":{"title":"Standard Article"},"slug":"plato","section":{"slug":"scholars-educators"},"media":[{"role":2},{"role":3},{"id":"5306a878-3f09-4ece-95cb-c487dbd9dbda","image_id":"5306a878-3f09-4ece-95cb-c487dbd9dbda","hips_url":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/gettyimages-113631148.jpg","hips_prefix":"hmg-prod","height":1000,"role":12,"pathname":"/images/gettyimages-113631148.jpg","media_type":"image","width":1000,"metadata":{"crops":{"1x1":"1.00xw:1.00xh;0,0","2x1":"1.00xw:0.502xh;0,0.173xh","3x1":"1xw:0.3333333333333333xh;center,top","3x4":"0.75xw:1xh;center,top","4x3":"1xw:0.75xh;center,top","4x6":"0.6666666666666666xw:1xh;center,top","5x1":"1xw:0.2xh;center,top","6x4":"1xw:0.6666666666666666xh;center,top","8x1":"1xw:0.125xh;center,top","10x3":"1xw:0.3xh;center,top","16x9":"1xw:0.5625xh;center,top","8x10":"0.8xw:1xh;center,top","18x11":"1xw:0.611111111111111xh;center,top"}},"image_metadata":{"seo_meta_title":"Plato","seo_meta_description":"plato"},"photographer":{},"source":{}}],"metadata":{"dek":"\u003cp\u003eAncient Greek philosopher Plato founded the Academy and is the author of philosophical works of unparalleled influence in Western thought.\u003c/p\u003e","short_title":"Plato","index_title":"Plato","social_dek":"\u003cp\u003eAncient Greek philosopher Plato founded the Academy and is the author of philosophical works of unparalleled influence in Western thought.\u003c/p\u003e","editor_attribution":"By","legacy_url":"/scholars-educators/plato","sponsor":{}}},{"type":"Content","id":"951591e0-2b4e-4b05-9b54-faaa0e9915e3","display_id":42600031,"legacy_id":26905614,"edited_at":"2023-08-09T20:37:50.939435Z","publish_from":"2023-08-09T20:35:00Z","display_type":{"title":"Standard Article"},"slug":"john-stuart-mill","section":{"slug":"scholars-educators"},"media":[{"role":2},{"role":3},{"id":"adcd5414-cdbe-4a0f-9a55-38b4159ab499","image_id":"adcd5414-cdbe-4a0f-9a55-38b4159ab499","hips_url":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/gettyimages-517443904.jpg","hips_prefix":"hmg-prod","height":1004,"role":12,"pathname":"/images/gettyimages-517443904.jpg","media_type":"image","width":1000,"metadata":{"crops":{"1x1":"1.00xw:0.998xh;0,0","2x1":"1.00xw:0.499xh;0,0.262xh","3x1":"1xw:0.33200531208499334xh;center,top","3x4":"0.753xw:1xh;center,top","4x3":"1xw:0.7470119521912351xh;center,top","4x6":"0.6693333333333333xw:1xh;center,top","5x1":"1xw:0.199203187250996xh;center,top","6x4":"1xw:0.6640106241699867xh;center,top","8x1":"1xw:0.12450199203187251xh;center,top","10x3":"1xw:0.29880478087649404xh;center,top","16x9":"1xw:0.5602589641434262xh;center,top","8x10":"0.8032xw:1xh;center,top","18x11":"1xw:0.6086764054891545xh;center,top"}},"image_metadata":{"seo_meta_title":"John Stuart Mill","seo_meta_description":"john stuart mill"},"photographer":{},"source":{}}],"metadata":{"dek":"\u003cp\u003eJohn Stuart Mill, who has been called the most influential English-speaking philosopher of the 19th century, was a British philosopher, economist, and moral and political theorist.\u003c/p\u003e","short_title":"John Stuart Mill","index_title":"John Stuart Mill","social_dek":"\u003cp\u003eJohn Stuart Mill, who has been called the most influential English-speaking philosopher of the 19th century, was a British philosopher, economist, and moral and political theorist.\u003c/p\u003e","editor_attribution":"By","legacy_url":"/scholar/john-stuart-mill","sponsor":{}}},{"type":"Content","id":"de543e85-1570-49e1-a921-bb06e4221fa9","display_id":42575290,"legacy_id":60629772,"edited_at":"2023-08-09T20:23:02.368225Z","publish_from":"2023-08-09T20:20:00Z","display_type":{"title":"Standard Article"},"slug":"jean-jacques-rousseau","section":{"slug":"scholars-educators"},"media":[{"role":2},{"role":3},{"id":"55e05734-5e95-41dc-847f-84439aa67b3f","image_id":"55e05734-5e95-41dc-847f-84439aa67b3f","hips_url":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/gettyimages-51239169.jpg","hips_prefix":"hmg-prod","height":500,"role":12,"pathname":"/images/gettyimages-51239169.jpg","media_type":"image","width":500,"metadata":{"crops":{"1x1":"1xw:1.0xh;center,top","2x1":"1xw:0.5xh;center,top","3x1":"1xw:0.3333333333333333xh;center,top","3x4":"0.75xw:1xh;center,top","4x3":"1xw:0.75xh;center,top","4x6":"0.6666666666666666xw:1xh;center,top","5x1":"1xw:0.2xh;center,top","6x4":"1xw:0.6666666666666666xh;center,top","8x1":"1xw:0.125xh;center,top","10x3":"1xw:0.3xh;center,top","16x9":"1xw:0.5625xh;center,top","8x10":"0.8xw:1xh;center,top","18x11":"1xw:0.611111111111111xh;center,top"}},"image_metadata":{"seo_meta_title":"Jean-Jacques Rousseau","seo_meta_description":"jean—jacques rousseau"},"photographer":{},"source":{}}],"metadata":{"dek":"\u003cp\u003eJean-Jacques Rousseau is best known as an influential 18th-century philosopher who wrote the acclaimed work 'A Discourse on the Arts and Sciences.'\u003c/p\u003e","short_title":"Jean-Jacques Rousseau","index_title":"Jean-Jacques Rousseau","social_dek":"\u003cp\u003eJean-Jacques Rousseau is best known as an influential 18th-century philosopher who wrote the acclaimed work 'A Discourse on the Arts and Sciences.'\u003c/p\u003e","editor_attribution":"By","legacy_url":"/scholars-educators/jean-jacques-rousseau","sponsor":{}}},{"type":"Content","id":"d0438478-add3-4459-9af9-8ffb4530201f","display_id":42597357,"legacy_id":97406478,"edited_at":"2024-03-05T18:23:39.017067Z","publish_from":"2023-08-09T15:45:00Z","display_type":{"title":"Standard Article"},"slug":"simone-de-beauvoir","section":{"slug":"scholars-educators"},"media":[{"role":2},{"role":3},{"id":"600313c3-5f86-486b-83a1-b95b7b01d4f7","image_id":"600313c3-5f86-486b-83a1-b95b7b01d4f7","hips_url":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/simone-de-beauvoir-9269063-1-402.jpg","hips_prefix":"hmg-prod","height":402,"role":12,"pathname":"/images/simone-de-beauvoir-9269063-1-402.jpg","media_type":"image","width":402,"metadata":{"crops":{"1x1":"1.00xw:1.00xh;0,0","2x1":"1.00xw:0.502xh;0,0.374xh","3x1":"1xw:0.3333333333333333xh;center,top","3x4":"0.75xw:1xh;center,top","4x3":"1xw:0.75xh;center,top","4x6":"0.6666666666666666xw:1xh;center,top","5x1":"1xw:0.2xh;center,top","6x4":"1xw:0.6666666666666666xh;center,top","8x1":"1xw:0.125xh;center,top","10x3":"1xw:0.3xh;center,top","16x9":"1xw:0.5625xh;center,top","8x10":"0.8xw:1xh;center,top","18x11":"1xw:0.611111111111111xh;center,top"}},"image_metadata":{"seo_meta_description":"simone de beauvoir"},"source":{}}],"metadata":{"dek":"\u003cp\u003eFrench writer Simone de Beauvoir laid the foundation for the modern feminist movement. Also an existentialist philosopher, she had a long-term relationship with Jean-Paul Sartre.\u003c/p\u003e","short_title":"Simone de Beauvoir","index_title":"Simone de Beauvoir","social_dek":"\u003cp\u003eFrench writer Simone de Beauvoir laid the foundation for the modern feminist movement. Also an existentialist philosopher, she had a long-term relationship with Jean-Paul Sartre.\u003c/p\u003e","editor_attribution":"By","legacy_url":"/scholars-educators/simone-de-beauvoir","sponsor":{}}},{"type":"Content","id":"f95019f4-451b-4397-a3f9-38538ed8828c","display_id":42595521,"legacy_id":30834447,"edited_at":"2023-08-09T15:37:15.309150Z","publish_from":"2023-08-09T15:35:00Z","display_type":{"title":"Standard Article"},"slug":"adam-smith","section":{"slug":"scholars-educators"},"media":[{"role":2},{"role":3},{"id":"2dc869de-b37b-4c2b-9303-7da9892e54f3","image_id":"2dc869de-b37b-4c2b-9303-7da9892e54f3","hips_url":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/gettyimages-843192764.jpg","hips_prefix":"hmg-prod","height":500,"role":12,"pathname":"/images/gettyimages-843192764.jpg","media_type":"image","width":500,"metadata":{"crops":{"1x1":"1.00xw:1.00xh;0,0","2x1":"1.00xw:0.502xh;0,0.0457xh","3x1":"1xw:0.3333333333333333xh;center,top","3x4":"0.75xw:1xh;center,top","4x3":"1xw:0.75xh;center,top","4x6":"0.6666666666666666xw:1xh;center,top","5x1":"1xw:0.2xh;center,top","6x4":"1xw:0.6666666666666666xh;center,top","8x1":"1xw:0.125xh;center,top","10x3":"1xw:0.3xh;center,top","16x9":"1xw:0.5625xh;center,top","8x10":"0.8xw:1xh;center,top","18x11":"1xw:0.611111111111111xh;center,top"}},"image_metadata":{"seo_meta_title":"Adam Smith","seo_meta_description":"adam smith"},"photographer":{},"source":{}}],"metadata":{"dek":"\u003cp\u003eScottish social philosopher and political economist Adam Smith wrote 'The Wealth of Nations' and achieved the first comprehensive system of political economy.\u003c/p\u003e","short_title":"Adam Smith","index_title":"Adam Smith","social_dek":"\u003cp\u003eScottish social philosopher and political economist Adam Smith wrote 'The Wealth of Nations' and achieved the first comprehensive system of political economy.\u003c/p\u003e","editor_attribution":"By","legacy_url":"/scholars-educators/adam-smith","sponsor":{}}},{"type":"Content","id":"306acb33-4670-4fb4-b6b8-98e54f723a79","display_id":42589090,"legacy_id":41034508,"edited_at":"2023-08-11T16:09:36.855582Z","publish_from":"2023-08-09T15:31:00Z","display_type":{"title":"Standard Article"},"slug":"petrarch","section":{"slug":"scholars-educators"},"media":[{"role":2},{"role":3},{"id":"b34479e8-2ca8-4890-ab5c-fed355d0eb32","image_id":"b34479e8-2ca8-4890-ab5c-fed355d0eb32","hips_url":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/gettyimages-609128401-copy.jpg","hips_prefix":"hmg-prod","height":3252,"role":12,"pathname":"/images/gettyimages-609128401-copy.jpg","media_type":"image","width":3252,"metadata":{"crops":{"1x1":"1.00xw:1.00xh;0,0","2x1":"1.00xw:0.502xh;0,0.341xh","3x1":"1xw:0.3333333333333333xh;center,top","3x4":"0.75xw:1xh;center,top","4x3":"1xw:0.75xh;center,top","4x6":"0.6666666666666666xw:1xh;center,top","5x1":"1xw:0.19999999999999998xh;center,top","6x4":"1xw:0.6666666666666666xh;center,top","8x1":"1xw:0.125xh;center,top","10x3":"1xw:0.3xh;center,top","16x9":"1xw:0.5625xh;center,top","8x10":"0.7999999999999999xw:1xh;center,top","18x11":"1xw:0.611111111111111xh;center,top"}},"image_metadata":{"seo_meta_title":"Petrarch","seo_meta_description":"petrarch"},"photographer":{},"source":{}}],"metadata":{"dek":"\u003cp\u003ePetrarch was a poet and scholar whose humanist philosophy set the stage for the Renaissance. He is also considered one of the fathers of the modern Italian language.\u003c/p\u003e","short_title":"Petrarch","index_title":"Petrarch","social_dek":"\u003cp\u003ePetrarch was a poet and scholar whose humanist philosophy set the stage for the Renaissance. He is also considered one of the fathers of the modern Italian language.\u003c/p\u003e","editor_attribution":"By","legacy_url":"/scholars-educators/petrarch","sponsor":{}}},{"type":"Content","id":"81a69784-b0ae-491c-ad67-abcf8782d9bf","display_id":42584213,"legacy_id":55216140,"edited_at":"2023-08-09T15:24:59.959738Z","publish_from":"2023-08-09T15:23:00Z","display_type":{"title":"Standard Article"},"slug":"alain-leroy-locke","section":{"slug":"scholars-educators"},"media":[{"role":2},{"role":3},{"id":"8868fecc-32ad-4079-aa6e-046cf3795eaa","image_id":"8868fecc-32ad-4079-aa6e-046cf3795eaa","hips_url":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/gettyimages-72402069.jpg","hips_prefix":"hmg-prod","height":1000,"role":12,"pathname":"/images/gettyimages-72402069.jpg","media_type":"image","width":1004,"metadata":{"crops":{"1x1":"0.998xw:1.00xh;0.00163xw,0","2x1":"1.00xw:0.504xh;0,0.0540xh","3x1":"1xw:0.33466666666666667xh;center,top","3x4":"0.7470119521912351xw:1xh;center,top","4x3":"1xw:0.753xh;center,top","4x6":"0.6640106241699867xw:1xh;center,top","5x1":"1xw:0.2008xh;center,top","6x4":"1xw:0.6693333333333333xh;center,top","8x1":"1xw:0.1255xh;center,top","10x3":"1xw:0.30119999999999997xh;center,top","16x9":"1xw:0.56475xh;center,top","8x10":"0.796812749003984xw:1xh;center,top","18x11":"1xw:0.6135555555555555xh;center,top"}},"image_metadata":{"seo_meta_title":"Alain LeRoy Locke","seo_meta_description":"alain leroy locke"},"photographer":{},"source":{}}],"metadata":{"dek":"\u003cp\u003eAlain LeRoy Locke was a philosopher best known for his writing on and support of the Harlem Renaissance.\u003c/p\u003e","short_title":"Alain LeRoy Locke","index_title":"Alain LeRoy Locke","social_dek":"\u003cp\u003eAlain LeRoy Locke was a philosopher best known for his writing on and support of the Harlem Renaissance.\u003c/p\u003e","editor_attribution":"By","legacy_url":"/scholars-educators/alain-leroy-locke","sponsor":{}}},{"type":"Content","id":"9bca93d8-aa8f-4177-8aea-62b9e21aadd2","display_id":42678267,"legacy_id":19599479,"edited_at":"2023-08-09T15:21:35.343694Z","publish_from":"2023-08-09T15:14:00Z","display_type":{"title":"Standard Article"},"slug":"hippocrates","section":{"slug":"scholars-educators"},"media":[{"role":2},{"role":3},{"id":"75105551-b959-41f4-8280-f154a10efb43","image_id":"75105551-b959-41f4-8280-f154a10efb43","hips_url":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/hippocrates--gettyImages-164084419_1600.jpg","hips_prefix":"hmg-prod","height":1599,"role":12,"pathname":"/images/hippocrates--gettyImages-164084419_1600.jpg","media_type":"image","width":1600,"metadata":{"crops":{"1x1":"1.00xw:1.00xh;0,0","2x1":"1.00xw:0.502xh;0,0.241xh","3x1":"1xw:0.3335417969564311xh;center,top","3x4":"0.74953125xw:1xh;center,top","4x3":"1xw:0.7504690431519699xh;center,top","4x6":"0.66625xw:1xh;center,top","5x1":"1xw:0.20012507817385866xh;center,top","6x4":"1xw:0.6670835939128622xh;center,top","8x1":"1xw:0.12507817385866166xh;center,top","10x3":"1xw:0.300187617260788xh;center,top","16x9":"1xw:0.5628517823639775xh;center,top","8x10":"0.7995xw:1xh;center,top","18x11":"1xw:0.6114932944201237xh;center,top"}},"image_metadata":{"seo_meta_title":"Hippocrates photo","seo_meta_description":"hippocrates photo"},"photographer":{},"source":{}}],"metadata":{"dek":"\u003cp\u003eAlthough Hippocrates probably didn't write the famous oath that bears his name, it serves as foundation for the oath medical school graduates take at the start of their careers.\u003c/p\u003e","short_title":"Hippocrates","index_title":"Hippocrates","social_dek":"\u003cp\u003eAlthough Hippocrates probably didn't write the famous oath that bears his name, it serves as foundation for the oath medical school graduates take at the start of their careers.\u003c/p\u003e","editor_attribution":"By","legacy_url":"/scholars-educators/hippocrates","sponsor":{}}},{"type":"Content","id":"ed7f03eb-e7df-43d3-a02e-8ea587996411","display_id":42649515,"legacy_id":22521612,"edited_at":"2023-08-09T15:13:28.366798Z","publish_from":"2023-08-09T15:09:00Z","display_type":{"title":"Standard Article"},"slug":"cesare-beccaria","section":{"slug":"scholars-educators"},"media":[{"role":2},{"role":3},{"id":"5110881f-5c80-4e4a-b5e9-2febefa87d23","image_id":"5110881f-5c80-4e4a-b5e9-2febefa87d23","hips_url":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/gettyimages-1302306074jp.jpg","hips_prefix":"hmg-prod","height":3000,"role":12,"pathname":"/images/gettyimages-1302306074jp.jpg","media_type":"image","width":3000,"metadata":{"crops":{"1x1":"1.00xw:1.00xh;0,0","2x1":"1.00xw:0.502xh;0,0.184xh","3x1":"1xw:0.3333333333333333xh;center,top","3x4":"0.75xw:1xh;center,top","4x3":"1xw:0.75xh;center,top","4x6":"0.6666666666666666xw:1xh;center,top","5x1":"1xw:0.2xh;center,top","6x4":"1xw:0.6666666666666666xh;center,top","8x1":"1xw:0.125xh;center,top","10x3":"1xw:0.3xh;center,top","16x9":"1xw:0.5625xh;center,top","8x10":"0.8xw:1xh;center,top","18x11":"1xw:0.611111111111111xh;center,top"}},"image_metadata":{"seo_meta_title":"Cesare Beccaria","seo_meta_description":"cesare beccaria"},"photographer":{},"source":{}}],"metadata":{"dek":"\u003cp\u003eCesare Beccaria was one of the greatest minds of the Age of Enlightenment in the 18th century. His writings on criminology and economics were well ahead of their time.\u003c/p\u003e","short_title":"Cesare Beccaria","index_title":"Cesare Beccaria","social_dek":"\u003cp\u003eCesare Beccaria was one of the greatest minds of the Age of Enlightenment in the 18th century. His writings on criminology and economics were well ahead of their time.\u003c/p\u003e","editor_attribution":"By","legacy_url":"/scholars-educators/cesare-beccaria","sponsor":{}}},{"type":"Content","id":"be44d7c1-82bc-487c-bf3d-aebf3f8f65bb","display_id":42616805,"legacy_id":69578763,"edited_at":"2023-08-08T19:30:16.468699Z","publish_from":"2023-08-08T19:15:00Z","display_type":{"title":"Standard Article"},"slug":"rene-descartes","section":{"slug":"scholars-educators"},"media":[{"role":2},{"role":3},{"id":"a34e343a-744b-4582-88dd-67b77bb58011","image_id":"a34e343a-744b-4582-88dd-67b77bb58011","hips_url":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/gettyimages-143112931.jpg","hips_prefix":"hmg-prod","height":1000,"role":12,"pathname":"/images/gettyimages-143112931.jpg","media_type":"image","width":1000,"metadata":{"crops":{"1x1":"1xw:1.0xh;center,top","2x1":"1xw:0.5xh;center,top","3x1":"1xw:0.3333333333333333xh;center,top","3x4":"0.75xw:1xh;center,top","4x3":"1xw:0.75xh;center,top","4x6":"0.6666666666666666xw:1xh;center,top","5x1":"1xw:0.2xh;center,top","6x4":"1xw:0.6666666666666666xh;center,top","8x1":"1xw:0.125xh;center,top","10x3":"1xw:0.3xh;center,top","16x9":"1xw:0.5625xh;center,top","8x10":"0.8xw:1xh;center,top","18x11":"1xw:0.611111111111111xh;center,top"}},"image_metadata":{"seo_meta_title":"Rene Descartes","seo_meta_description":"rene descartes"},"photographer":{},"source":{}}],"metadata":{"dek":"\u003cp\u003ePhilosopher and mathematician René Descartes is regarded as the father of modern philosophy for defining a starting point for existence, “I think; therefore I am.”\u003c/p\u003e","short_title":"René Descartes","index_title":"René Descartes","social_dek":"\u003cp\u003ePhilosopher and mathematician René Descartes is regarded as the father of modern philosophy for defining a starting point for existence, “I think; therefore I am.”\u003c/p\u003e","editor_attribution":"By","legacy_url":"/scholars-educators/rene-descartes","sponsor":{}}}]}],"textDom":{"children":[],"type":"root"}}],"metadata":{"seo_meta_title":"Famous Scholars and Educators","seo_meta_description":"Famous scholars and educators have developed the concepts we still learn in schools today. ","sponsor":{}},"theme":{"borderWidths":{"border-lg":"0.625rem","border-m":"0.3125rem","border-ml":"0.375rem","border-mlg":"0.5rem","border-none":"0","border-s":"0.19rem","border-xs":"0.125rem","border-xxs":"0.0625rem","medium":"0.19rem","thick":"0.3125rem","thin":"0.0625rem"},"borders":{"border-avatar":"{*borderWidths.border-xxs} solid {*colors.black}","border-button-outline":"{*borderWidths.border-xxs} solid {*colors.black}","border-button-outline-hover":"{*borderWidths.border-xxs} solid {*colors.greyDark}","border-discount":"{*borderWidths.border-xxs} solid {*colors.globalColorDiscount}","border-dropdown":"{*borderWidths.border-xxs} solid {*colors.greyLight}","border-error":"{*borderWidths.border-xxs} solid {*colors.globalColorError}","border-form-checkbox-disabled":"{*borderWidths.border-xxs} solid {*colors.grey}","border-form-checkbox-error":"{*borderWidths.border-xxs} solid {*colors.globalColorError}","border-form-checkbox-resting":"{*borderWidths.border-xxs} solid {*colors.black}","border-form-input-disabled":"{*borderWidths.border-xxs} solid {*colors.grey}","border-form-input-error":"{*borderWidths.border-xxs} solid {*colors.globalColorError}","border-form-input-resting":"{*borderWidths.border-xxs} solid {*colors.greyDark}","border-form-input-selected":"{*borderWidths.border-xxs} solid {*colors.black}","border-form-radio-disabled":"{*borderWidths.border-xxs} solid {*colors.grey}","border-form-radio-error":"{*borderWidths.border-xxs} solid {*colors.globalColorError}","border-form-radio-resting":"{*borderWidths.border-xxs} solid {*colors.black}","border-form-select-disabled":"{*borderWidths.border-xxs} solid {*colors.grey}","border-form-select-error":"{*borderWidths.border-xxs} solid {*colors.globalColorError}","border-form-select-resting":"{*borderWidths.border-xxs} solid {*colors.greyDark}","border-form-select-selected":"{*borderWidths.border-xxs} solid {*colors.black}","border-form-textarea-disabled":"{*borderWidths.border-xxs} solid {*colors.grey}","border-form-textarea-error":"{*borderWidths.border-xxs} solid {*colors.globalColorError}","border-form-textarea-resting":"{*borderWidths.border-xxs} solid {*colors.greyDark}","border-form-textarea-selected":"{*borderWidths.border-xxs} solid {*colors.black}","border-informative":"{*borderWidths.border-xxs} solid {*colors.greyLight}","border-large-greyXlight":"0.6rem solid {*colors.greyXlight}","border-large-transparent":"0.6rem solid transparent","border-lg-black":"{*borderWidths.border-lg} solid black","border-lg-greyXlight":"{*borderWidths.border-lg} solid {*colors.greyXlight}","border-lg-transparent":"{*borderWidths.border-lg} solid transparent","border-lg-white":"{*borderWidths.border-lg} solid white","border-link-body-hover":"border-thin-brandColorPrimary","border-m-black":"{*borderWidths.border-m} solid black","border-m-white":"{*borderWidths.border-m} solid white","border-medium-black":"medium solid black","border-medium-grey":"medium solid {*colors.grey}","border-medium-greyLight":"{*borderWidths.border-m} solid {*colors.greyLight}","border-medium-white":"medium solid white","border-ml-black":"{*borderWidths.border-ml} solid black","border-mlg-black":"{*borderWidths.border-mlg} solid black","border-mlg-grey":"{*borderWidths.border-mlg} solid {*colors.grey}","border-msm-black":"{*sizes.primitive-4} solid {*colors.black}","border-msm-brand-primary":"{*sizes.primitive-4} solid {*colors.brandColorPrimary}","border-none-transparent":"{*borderWidths.border-none} solid transparent","border-rating":"{*borderWidths.border-xxs} solid {*colors.globalColorRating}","border-s-black":"{*borderWidths.border-s} solid black","border-s-white":"{*borderWidths.border-s} solid white","border-thin-black":"thin solid black","border-thin-dashed-black":"thin dashed black","border-thin-grey":"thin solid {*colors.grey}","border-thin-greyDark":"thin solid {*colors.greyDark}","border-thin-greyLight":"thin solid {*colors.greyLight}","border-thin-greyXXXdark":"thin solid {*colors.greyXXXdark}","border-thin-greyXXdark":"thin solid {*colors.greyXXdark}","border-thin-greyXdark":"thin solid {*colors.greyXdark}","border-thin-greyXlight":"thin solid {*colors.greyXlight}","border-thin-transparent":"thin solid transparent","border-thin-white":"thin solid white","border-xs-black":"{*borderWidths.border-xs} solid black","border-xs-grey":"{*borderWidths.border-xs} solid {*colors.grey}","border-xs-transparent":"{*borderWidths.border-xs} solid transparent","border-xs-white":"{*borderWidths.border-xs} solid white","border-xxs-black":"{*borderWidths.border-xxs} solid black","border-xxs-brand-primary":"{*borderWidths.border-xxs} solid {*colors.brandColorPrimary}","border-xxs-dotted-black":"{*borderWidths.border-xxs} dotted black","border-xxs-grey":"{*borderWidths.border-xxs} solid {*colors.grey}","border-xxs-greyDark":"{*borderWidths.border-xxs} solid {*colors.greyDark}","border-xxs-greyLight":"{*borderWidths.border-xxs} solid {*colors.greyLight}","border-xxs-greyXXXdark":"{*borderWidths.border-xxs} solid {*colors.greyXXXdark}","border-xxs-greyXXdark":"{*borderWidths.border-xxs} solid {*colors.greyXXdark}","border-xxs-greyXdark":"{*borderWidths.border-xxs} solid {*colors.greyXdark}","border-xxs-greyXlight":"{*borderWidths.border-xxs} solid {*colors.greyXlight}","border-xxs-transparent":"{*borderWidths.border-xxs} solid transparent","border-xxs-white":"{*borderWidths.border-xxs} solid white","button-border-thin":"thin solid"},"colors":{"amber-100":"#FEF3C7","amber-200":"#FDE68A","amber-300":"#FCD34D","amber-400":"#FBBF24","amber-50":"#FFFBEB","amber-500":"#F59E0B","amber-600":"#D97706","amber-700":"#B45309","amber-800":"#92400E","amber-900":"#78350F","amber-950":"#431407","bg-avatar":"white","bg-avatar-hover":"black","bg-block-big-story":"","bg-block-big-story-feed":"","bg-block-content-big-story":"","bg-block-content-big-story-feed":"","bg-block-content-big-story-feed-colright-basefeed":"","bg-block-content-big-story-feed-colright-feature":"","bg-block-content-big-story-feed-noimage-basefeed":"","bg-block-content-big-story-feed-noimage-feature":"","bg-block-content-big-story-feed-stacked-basefeed":"","bg-block-content-big-story-feed-stacked-feature":"","bg-block-content-big-story-imageright":"","bg-block-content-big-story-imageright-ad":"","bg-block-content-big-story-noimage":"","bg-block-content-big-story-noimage-ad":"","bg-block-content-big-story-under":"","bg-block-content-big-story-under-ad":"","bg-block-content-four-across":"","bg-block-content-text":"","bg-block-content-three-col":"","bg-block-four-across":"","bg-block-three-col":"","bg-chip-base":"greyXlight","bg-chip-base-disabled":"greyLight","bg-chip-button":"black","bg-chip-button-hover":"greyXdark","bg-color-do-not-sell-hover":"grey","bg-color-poll-bar":"greyLight","bg-discount":"globalColorDiscount","bg-discount-onDark":"globalColorDiscount-OnDark","bg-droppdown-list":"white","bg-droppdown-list-first":"greyLight","bg-droppdown-list-hover":"greyXlight","bg-error":"globalColorError","bg-error-onDark":"globalColorError-OnDark","bg-form-check-disabled":"greyXlight","bg-form-check-resting":"white","bg-form-check-selected":"black","bg-form-input-disabled":"greyXlight","bg-form-input-resting":"white","bg-form-input-selected":"white","bg-informative":"greyLight","bg-informative-onDark":"greyXXXdark","bg-legal":"greyLight","bg-legal-onDark":"greyXXXdark","bg-rating":"globalColorRating","bg-rating-onDark":"globalColorRating-OnDark","black":"#000000","blue-100":"#DBEAFE","blue-200":"#BFDBFE","blue-300":"#93C5FD","blue-400":"#60A5FA","blue-50":"#EFF6FF","blue-500":"#3B82F6","blue-600":"#2563EB","blue-700":"#1D4ED8","blue-800":"#1E40AF","blue-900":"#1E3A8A","blue-950":"#172554","brandColorPrimary":"#A00000","brandColorSecondary":"#FFF5F5","breaker-ad-border":"greyLight","color-link-body-hover":"brandColorPrimary","color-rating-default":"#F3B032","color-star-rating-default":"#F3B032","cyan-100":"#CFFAFE","cyan-200":"#A5F3FC","cyan-300":"#67E8F9","cyan-400":"#22D3EE","cyan-50":"#ECFEFF","cyan-500":"#06B6D4","cyan-600":"#0891B2","cyan-700":"#0E7490","cyan-800":"#155E75","cyan-900":"#164E63","cyan-950":"#083344","emerald-100":"#D1FAE5","emerald-200":"#A7F3D0","emerald-300":"#6EE7B7","emerald-400":"#34D399","emerald-50":"#ECFDF5","emerald-500":"#10B981","emerald-600":"#059669","emerald-700":"#047857","emerald-800":"#065F46","emerald-900":"#064E3B","emerald-950":"#022C22","fg-discount":"globalColorDiscount","fg-discount-onDark":"globalColorDiscount-OnDark","fg-error":"globalColorError","fg-error-onDark":"globalColorError-OnDark","footer-fill":"white","footer-network-fill":"white","footerbgColor":"black","fuchsia-100":"#FAE8FF","fuchsia-200":"#F5D0FE","fuchsia-300":"#F0ABFC","fuchsia-400":"#E879F9","fuchsia-50":"#FDF4FF","fuchsia-500":"#D946EF","fuchsia-600":"#C026D3","fuchsia-700":"#A21CAF","fuchsia-800":"#86198F","fuchsia-900":"#701A75","fuchsia-950":"#4A044E","globalColorDiscount":"greenDark","globalColorDiscount-OnDark":"greenLight","globalColorError":"red","globalColorError-OnDark":"redLight","globalColorFocus":"black","globalColorFocus-OnDark":"white","globalColorInformative":"greyXXXdark","globalColorInformative-OnDark":"greyXlight","globalColorLegal":"greyXXXdark","globalColorLegal-OnDark":"greyXlight","globalColorRating":"yellow","globalColorRating-OnDark":"yellowLight","gray-100":"#F3F4F6","gray-200":"#E5E7EB","gray-300":"#D1D5DB","gray-400":"#9CA3AF","gray-50":"#F9FAFB","gray-500":"#6B7280","gray-600":"#4B5563","gray-700":"#374151","gray-800":"#1F2937","gray-900":"#111827","gray-950":"#030712","green-100":"#DCFCE7","green-200":"#BBF7D0","green-300":"#86EFAC","green-400":"#4ADE80","green-50":"#F0FDF4","green-500":"#22C55E","green-600":"#16A34A","green-700":"#15803D","green-800":"#166534","green-900":"#14532D","green-950":"#052E16","greenDark":"#006603","greenLight":"#75C278","grey":"neutral-300","greyDark":"neutral-400","greyLight":"neutral-200","greyXXXdark":"neutral-800","greyXXdark":"neutral-600","greyXdark":"neutral-500","greyXlight":"neutral-100","indigo-100":"#E0E7FF","indigo-200":"#C7D2FE","indigo-300":"#A5B4FC","indigo-400":"#818CF8","indigo-50":"#EEF2FF","indigo-500":"#6366F1","indigo-600":"#4F46E5","indigo-700":"#4338CA","indigo-800":"#3730A3","indigo-900":"#312E81","indigo-950":"#1E1B4B","lime-100":"#ECFCCB","lime-200":"#D9F99D","lime-300":"#BEF264","lime-400":"#A3E635","lime-50":"#F7FEE7","lime-500":"#84CC16","lime-600":"#65A30D","lime-700":"#4D7C0F","lime-800":"#3F6212","lime-900":"#365314","lime-950":"#1A2E05","link-hover-item-title-primary":"brandColorPrimary","link-hover-three-column-heading":"brandColorPrimary","location-choice-menu-bg":"black","nav-subscribe-link-focus":"white","navLogoColor":"white","navLogoWithSponsorColor":"black","neutral-100":"#F5F5F5","neutral-200":"#E5E5E5","neutral-300":"#D4D4D4","neutral-400":"#A3A3A3","neutral-50":"#FAFAFA","neutral-500":"#737373","neutral-600":"#525252","neutral-700":"#404040","neutral-800":"#262626","neutral-900":"#171717","neutral-950":"#0A0A0A","orange-100":"#FFEDD5","orange-200":"#FED7AA","orange-300":"#FDBA74","orange-400":"#FB923C","orange-50":"#FFF7ED","orange-500":"#F97316","orange-600":"#EA580C","orange-700":"#C2410C","orange-800":"#9A3412","orange-900":"#7C2D12","orange-950":"#431407","pink-100":"#FCE7F3","pink-200":"#FBCFE8","pink-300":"#F9A8D4","pink-400":"#F472B6","pink-50":"#FDF2F8","pink-500":"#EC4899","pink-600":"#DB2777","pink-700":"#BE185D","pink-800":"#9D174D","pink-900":"#831843","pink-950":"#500724","purple-100":"#F3E8FF","purple-200":"#E9D5FF","purple-300":"#D8B4FE","purple-400":"#C084FC","purple-50":"#FAF5FF","purple-500":"#A855F7","purple-600":"#9333EA","purple-700":"#7E22CE","purple-800":"#6B21A8","purple-900":"#581C87","purple-950":"#3B0764","red":"#AA0703","red-100":"#FEE2E2","red-200":"#FECACA","red-300":"#FCA5A5","red-400":"#F87171","red-50":"#FEF2F2","red-500":"#EF4444","red-600":"#DC2626","red-700":"#B91C1C","red-800":"#991B1B","red-900":"#7F1D1D","red-950":"#450A0A","redLight":"#F0908E","rose-100":"#FFE4E6","rose-200":"#FECDD3","rose-300":"#FDA4AF","rose-400":"#FB7185","rose-50":"#FFF1F2","rose-500":"#F43F5E","rose-600":"#E11D48","rose-700":"#BE123C","rose-800":"#9F1239","rose-900":"#881337","rose-950":"#4C0519","saved-menu-panel-focus-link-bg":"greyXlight","side-panel-menu-bg":"white","side-panel-sub-menu-bg":"greyXlight","side-panel-sub-menu-focus":"black","side-panel-sub-menu-hover":"greyDark","sidePanelLinkColor":"white","sidePanelLinkColor-hover":"grey","sidePanelLinkColorWithSponsorHover":"greyXXdark","sidePanelLinkWithSponsorColor":"black","sidepanel-bg":"greyXlight","sidepanel-text":"black","sky-100":"#E0F2FE","sky-200":"#BAE6FD","sky-300":"#7DD3FC","sky-400":"#38BDF8","sky-50":"#F0F9FF","sky-500":"#0EA5E9","sky-600":"#0284C7","sky-700":"#0369A1","sky-800":"#075985","sky-900":"#0C4A6E","sky-950":"#082F49","slate-100":"#F1F5F9","slate-200":"#E2E8F0","slate-300":"#CBD5E1","slate-400":"#94A3B8","slate-50":"#F8FAFC","slate-500":"#64748B","slate-600":"#475569","slate-700":"#334155","slate-800":"#1E293B","slate-900":"#0F172A","slate-950":"#020617","sponsor-bar-bg":"white","stone-100":"#F5F5F4","stone-200":"#E7E5E4","stone-300":"#D6D3D1","stone-400":"#A8A29E","stone-50":"#FAFAF9","stone-500":"#78716C","stone-600":"#57534E","stone-700":"#44403C","stone-800":"#292524","stone-900":"#1C1917","stone-950":"#0C0A09","teal-100":"#CCFBF1","teal-200":"#99F6E4","teal-300":"#5EEAD4","teal-400":"#2DD4BF","teal-50":"#F0FDFA","teal-500":"#14B8A6","teal-600":"#0D9488","teal-700":"#0F766E","teal-800":"#115E59","teal-900":"#134E4A","teal-950":"#042F2E","text-avatar":"black","text-avatar-hover":"white","text-chip-label":"black","text-chip-label-disabled":"greyDark","text-discount":"globalColorDiscount","text-discount-onDark":"globalColorDiscount-OnDark","text-droppdown-list":"black","text-droppdown-list-first":"black","text-droppdown-list-hover":"black","text-error":"globalColorError","text-error-onDark":"globalColorError-OnDark","text-form-disabled":"greyDark","text-form-error":"globalColorError","text-form-helper":"greyXdark","text-form-label":"greyXXXdark","text-form-placeholder":"greyXXXdark","text-informative":"greyXXXdark","text-informative-onDark":"white","text-legal":"greyXXXdark","text-legal-onDark":"white","text-rating":"greyXXXdark","text-rating-onDark":"greyLight","textFillColor":"black","violet-100":"#EDE9FE","violet-200":"#DDD6FE","violet-300":"#C4B5FD","violet-400":"#A78BFA","violet-50":"#F5F3FF","violet-500":"#8B5CF6","violet-600":"#7C3AED","violet-700":"#6D28D9","violet-800":"#5B21B6","violet-900":"#4C1D95","violet-950":"#2E1065","white":"#ffffff","yellow":"#F3B032","yellow-100":"#FEF9C3","yellow-200":"#FEF08A","yellow-300":"#FDE047","yellow-400":"#FACC15","yellow-50":"#FEFCE8","yellow-500":"#EAB308","yellow-600":"#CA8A04","yellow-700":"#A16207","yellow-800":"#854D0E","yellow-900":"#713F12","yellow-950":"#422006","yellowLight":"#F9D187","zinc-100":"#F4F4F5","zinc-200":"#E4E4E7","zinc-300":"#D4D4D8","zinc-400":"#A1A1AA","zinc-50":"#FAFAFA","zinc-500":"#71717A","zinc-600":"#52525B","zinc-700":"#3F3F46","zinc-800":"#27272A","zinc-900":"#18181B","zinc-950":"#09090B"},"elevation":{"base":"0","drawer":"8000000","floating":"12000000","gate":"14000000","nav":"6000000","overlay":"10000000","raised":"2000000","subnav":"4000000","sunken":"-2000000"},"fontFamilies":{"Charter":{"src":["static/fonts/e38fddd1-89a4-4995-9f7f-3c701b2e62f1.woff2",{"defaults":false}],"variants":{"style:italic":{"src":"static/fonts/e4fc2e26-0ce1-4e6c-bb35-330c133f041c.woff2"},"weight:bold":{"src":"static/fonts/74c2aebb-af4a-4c7d-a7f5-2db2c73334eb.woff2"}}},"CharterBold":{"src":["static/fonts/74c2aebb-af4a-4c7d-a7f5-2db2c73334eb.woff2",{"defaults":false}],"variants":{"style:italic":{"src":"static/fonts/8d8c24cd-7112-47d5-9f8d-a9063ad51341.woff2"}}},"Gilroy":{"src":["static/fonts/GilroyBold_normal_normal.woff2",{"defaults":false}],"variants":{"weight:300":{"src":"static/fonts/GilroyLight_normal_normal.woff2"},"weight:800":{"src":"static/fonts/GilroyExtraBold_normal_normal.woff2"}}},"Inter":{"src":["static/fonts/inter-v3-latin-regular.woff2",{"defaults":false}],"variants":{"weight:700":{"src":"static/fonts/inter-v3-latin-700.woff2"}}},"Ramillas":{"src":["static/fonts/TTRamillasRegular_normal_normal.woff2",{"defaults":false}],"variants":{"weight:bold":{"src":"static/fonts/TTRamillasBlack_normal_normal.woff2"}}}},"fontSettings":{"base":"0.7"},"fontSizes":{"font-size-11":"0.001","font-size-112":"5.67887","font-size-12":"0.170157","font-size-13":"0.36758","font-size-14":"0.55034","font-size-15":"0.72049","font-size-16":"0.879669","font-size-17":"1.02919","font-size-18":"1.17016","font-size-19":"1.3035","font-size-20":"1.43","font-size-21":"1.55034","font-size-22":"1.66507","font-size-23":"1.7747","font-size-24":"1.87967","font-size-25":"1.98035","font-size-26":"2.07708","font-size-27":"2.17016","font-size-28":"2.25985","font-size-29":"2.3464","font-size-30":"2.43001","font-size-31":"2.51088","font-size-32":"2.58918","font-size-33":"2.66507","font-size-34":"2.7387","font-size-35":"2.81019","font-size-36":"2.87967","font-size-37":"2.94724","font-size-38":"3.01301","font-size-39":"3.07708","font-size-40":"3.13952","font-size-41":"3.20042","font-size-42":"3.25985","font-size-43":"3.31788","font-size-44":"3.37458","font-size-45":"3.43001","font-size-46":"3.48422","font-size-47":"3.53726","font-size-48":"3.58918","font-size-49":"3.64003","font-size-50":"3.68986","font-size-52":"3.78659","font-size-54":"3.87967","font-size-56":"3.96936","font-size-58":"4.05591","font-size-60":"4.13952","font-size-62":"4.22039","font-size-64":"4.29869","font-size-70":"4.5197","font-size-80":"4.84903","font-size-96":"5.29869"},"fontWeights":{"font-weight-bold":"bold","font-weight-normal":"normal","font-weight-regular":"normal"},"fonts":{"AdTextPrimary":"Inter, Helvetica, Arial, Sans-serif","AdTextSecondary":"BylinePrimary","BodyPrimary":"Charter, Georgia, Times, Serif","BodySanSerif":"Inter, Helvetica, Arial, Sans-serif","BodySecondary":"CharterBold, Georgia, Times, Serif","BodyTertiary":"CharterItalic, Georgia, Times, Serif","BylinePrimary":"primary","BylineSecondary":"primary","DekPrimary":"primary","DekSecondary":"primary","HeadlinePrimary":"primary","HeadlineSecondary":"primary","LabelPrimary":"primary","LabelSecondary":"primary","MenuPrimary":"primary","MenuSecondary":"primary","SubheadlinePrimary":"secondary","SubheadlineSecondary":"primary","TitlePrimary":"primary","TitleSecondary":"secondary","primary":"Gilroy, Helvetica, Arial, Sans-serif","secondary":"Ramillas, Georgia, Times, Serif","tertiary":"CharterBold, Georgia, Times, Serif"},"letterSpacings":{"letter-spacing-1":"0.0075rem","letter-spacing-10":"0.075rem","letter-spacing-2":"0.015rem","letter-spacing-20":"0.15rem","letter-spacing-3":"0.0225rem","letter-spacing-30":"0.3rem","letter-spacing-4":"0.03rem","letter-spacing-40":"0.4rem","letter-spacing-5":"0.0375rem","letter-spacing-6":"0.045rem","letter-spacing-8":"0.06rem","letter-spacing-base":"0","letter-spacing-n1":"-0.0075rem","letter-spacing-n10":"-0.075rem","letter-spacing-n2":"-0.015rem","letter-spacing-n3":"-0.0225rem","letter-spacing-n4":"-0.03rem","letter-spacing-n48":"-0.15rem","letter-spacing-n5":"-0.0375rem","letter-spacing-n6":"-0.045rem","letter-spacing-n60":"-0.188rem","letter-spacing-n8":"-0.06rem","letter-spacing-n80":"-0.25rem"},"lineHeights":{"large":"1.5","lg":"1.4","lineheight-base":"1","lineheight-lg":"1.4","lineheight-max":"2","lineheight-md":"1.3","lineheight-sm":"1.2","lineheight-xlg":"1.5","lineheight-xs":"1.1","lineheight-xsmall":"0.9","lineheight-xxlg":"1.6","lineheight-xxsmall":"0.8","lineheight-xxxlg":"1.8","md":"1.3","medium":"1.3","normal":{"minLinePadding":"5","roundToNearestHalfLine":"false","size":"10"},"sm":"1.2","small":"1.2","xlg":"1.5","xs":"1.1","xxs":"1"},"outlines":{"outline-focus-black":"{*sizes.outlineWidths.outline-xs} dotted {*colors.black}","outline-focus-transparent":"{*sizes.outlineWidths.outline-xs} dotted transparent","outline-focus-white":"{*sizes.outlineWidths.outline-xs} dotted {*colors.white}"},"radii":{"l":"1.875rem","m":"1.25rem","s":"0.9375rem","xl":"4.375rem","xs":"0.625rem","xxs":"0.3125rem","xxxs":"0.25rem"},"scaleRatio":1.5,"shadows":{"shadow-grey":"0 0.188rem 0.188rem rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2)","shadow-greyXdark":"0 0.063rem 0.063rem rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.25)","shadow-modal":"0 0.2rem 0.6rem rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1)"},"sizes":{"footer-network-logo":{"height":"41","width":"192"},"iconSize":{"l":"1.875rem","m":"1.5rem","s":"1.25rem","xl":"2.5rem","xs":"1.063rem","xxl":"3.125rem","xxs":"1rem","xxxl":"3.75rem","xxxs":"0.5rem","xxxxl":"4.6rem","xxxxxl":"5rem"},"maxContentWidth":"75rem","navHeight":"3.375rem","outlineOffset":{"outline-offset-lg":"0.5rem","outline-offset-m":"0.375rem","outline-offset-none":"0","outline-offset-s":"0.25rem","outline-offset-xs":"0.125rem","outline-offset-xxs":"0.0625rem"},"outlineWidths":{"outline-lg":"0.625rem","outline-m":"0.3125rem","outline-none":"0","outline-s":"0.19rem","outline-xs":"0.125rem","outline-xxs":"0.0625rem"},"primitive-0":"0rem","primitive-1":"0.0625rem","primitive-10":"0.625rem","primitive-1024":"64rem","primitive-11":"0.6875rem","primitive-112":"7rem","primitive-12":"0.75rem","primitive-128":"8rem","primitive-1280":"80rem","primitive-13":"0.8125rem","primitive-14":"0.875rem","primitive-15":"0.9375rem","primitive-16":"1rem","primitive-160":"10rem","primitive-1600":"100rem","primitive-17":"1.0625rem","primitive-18":"1.125rem","primitive-19":"1.188rem","primitive-192":"12rem","primitive-1920":"120rem","primitive-2":"0.125rem","primitive-20":"1.25rem","primitive-22":"1.375rem","primitive-224":"14rem","primitive-24":"1.5rem","primitive-256":"16rem","primitive-28":"1.75rem","primitive-32":"2rem","primitive-320":"20rem","primitive-36":"2.25rem","primitive-384":"24rem","primitive-4":"0.25rem","primitive-40":"2.5rem","primitive-44":"2.75rem","primitive-448":"28rem","primitive-48":"3rem","primitive-512":"32rem","primitive-52":"3.25rem","primitive-56":"3.5rem","primitive-6":"0.375rem","primitive-60":"3.75rem","primitive-64":"4rem","primitive-640":"40rem","primitive-72":"4.5rem","primitive-768":"48rem","primitive-8":"0.5rem","primitive-80":"5rem","primitive-96":"6rem"},"space":{"center":"0 auto","contentWidth":"75rem","l":"1.875rem","m":"1.25rem","maxContentWidth":"75rem","maxContentWidthAd":"25rem","mobile-gutter":"0.938rem","mobileOuterGutter":"0.938rem","s":"0.9375rem","tablet-gutter":"2.5rem","tabletOuterGutter":"2.5rem","xl":"4.375rem","xs":"0.625rem","xxs":"0.3125rem","xxxs":"0.25rem"},"styles":{"404-error-link":{"variant":"body-primary"},"404-error-title":{"variant":"headline-primary"},"accordion-wrapper":{"borderBottom":"border-thin-grey"},"account-dropdown-container":{"pr":{"_":"0","sm:xxlg":"2.5rem","xxxlg\u003e":"0"}},"account-dropdown-links":{"\u0026:hover":{"textDecoration":"underline","textDecorationThickness":"0.0625rem","textUnderlineOffset":"0.25rem"},"bg":"white","transition":"outline 0.3s ease-in-out, outline-offset 0.3s ease-in-out","variant":"button-secondary"},"account-dropdown-menu":{"border":"border-thin-greyXXXdark","boxShadow":"0 10px 16px -4px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.24)"},"affiliate-bar":{"variant":"ad-text-primary"},"author-bio-bio":{"\u0026 p":{"margin":"0"},"variant":"body-secondary"},"author-bio-bio-job-title-wrapper":{},"author-bio-job-title":{"marginTop":"xs","mb":"xxs","opacity":"0.7","variant":"byline-secondary"},"author-bio-label":{"color":"black","marginRight":"xxs","variant":"byline-secondary"},"author-bio-letter-mark-icon":{},"author-bio-name":{"variant":"byline-secondary"},"author-bio-name-job-title-container":{"alignItems":"baseline"},"author-bio-read-more":{"\u0026:hover":{"backgroundSize":"0","color":"brandColorPrimary"},"backgroundImage":"linear-gradient( to bottom, #F5F5F5, #F5F5F5)","backgroundPosition":"0 100%","backgroundRepeat":"repeat-x","backgroundSize":"0 0","color":"black","fontSize":"font-size-16","pb":"0.05rem","pt":"0.05rem","variant":"body-secondary"},"authors-bio-wrapper":{"borderTop":"border-thin-greyXXdark","marginTop":"l"},"big-story-block":{"a":{"mb":"m"},"bg":"greyXlight","div":{"mb":"0","video":{"background":"none"}},"h2":{"pb":"xxs","pt":"xxs"},"pb":{"lg":"2.5rem","md":"1.5625rem"},"pt":{"\u003csm":"0","lg":"m","md":"1.5625rem","sm":"xs"},"span div":{"pb":"xxs","pt":{"\u003cxs":"xxxs","_":"xs"}}},"big-story-feed-block":{"a":{"\u003e div":{"mb":"0"},"mb":"m"},"bg":"greyXlight","div":{"mb":"0"},"h2":{"pb":"0","pt":"xxs"},"pb":{"lg":"2.5rem","md":"1.5625rem"},"pt":{"\u003csm":"0","lg":"m","md":"1.5625rem","sm":"xs"}},"block-heading":{"mt":"m","variant":"headline-primary"},"block-subheading":{"color":"greyXXXdark","pb":{"\u003csm":"xs","_":"xxs"},"pt":{"\u003csm":"xs","_":"xxs"},"variant":"subheadline-primary"},"body-h2":{"\u0026 b, strong":{"fontFamily":"inherit","fontWeight":"bold"},"\u0026 em, i":{"fontFamily":"inherit","fontStyle":"italic"},"color":"greyXXXdark","fontFamily":"TitlePrimary","fontSize":{"\u003csm":"font-size-30","lg":"font-size-32","md":"font-size-32"},"fontWeight":"800","letterSpacing":"letter-spacing-3","lineHeight":{"\u003csm":"lineheight-xs","lg":"lineheight-xs","md":"lineheight-xs"},"outline":"none"},"body-h3":{"\u0026 b, strong":{"fontFamily":"inherit","fontWeight":"bold"},"\u0026 em, i":{"fontFamily":"inherit","fontStyle":"italic"},"color":"greyXXXdark","fontFamily":"TitlePrimary","fontSize":{"\u003csm":"font-size-24","lg":"font-size-24","md":"font-size-24"},"fontWeight":"800","letterSpacing":"letter-spacing-3","lineHeight":{"\u003csm":"lineheight-sm","lg":"lineheight-sm","md":"lineheight-sm"}},"body-h4":{"\u0026 b, strong":{"fontFamily":"inherit","fontWeight":"bold"},"\u0026 em, i":{"fontFamily":"inherit","fontStyle":"italic"},"color":"greyXXXdark","fontFamily":"TitlePrimary","fontSize":{"\u003csm":"font-size-20","lg":"font-size-20","md":"font-size-20"},"fontWeight":"800","letterSpacing":"letter-spacing-3","lineHeight":{"\u003csm":"lineheight-xs","lg":"lineheight-xs","md":"lineheight-xs"}},"body-image-caption":{"\u0026 em, i":{"fontFamily":"inherit","fontStyle":"italic"},"color":"greyXXXdark","fontWeight":"bold","mb":"xxs","variant":"body-secondary"},"body-loop-caption":{"\u0026 em, i":{"fontFamily":"inherit","fontStyle":"italic"},"color":"greyXXXdark","fontWeight":"bold","variant":"body-secondary"},"body-ol":{"\u0026 b, strong":{"fontFamily":"inherit","fontWeight":"bold"},"\u0026 em, i":{"fontFamily":"inherit","fontStyle":"italic"},"margin":{"_":"{s} 0 0 {xs}","md":"{s} 0"},"variant":"body-primary"},"body-text":{"variant":"body-primary"},"body-ul":{"\u0026 b, strong":{"fontFamily":"inherit","fontWeight":"bold"},"\u0026 em, i":{"fontFamily":"inherit","fontStyle":"italic"},"margin":{"_":"{s} 0 0 {xs}","md":"{s} 0"},"variant":"body-primary"},"breadcrumbs-link":{"variant":"breadcrumbs-link-primary"},"breadcrumbs-link-section":{"variant":"breadcrumbs-link-primary"},"breadcrumbs-list":{"variant":"breadcrumbs-primary"},"breadcrumbs-list-section":{"marginBottom":"m","marginTop":"-{m}","textAlign":"center","variant":"breadcrumbs-primary"},"breaker-ad-text":{"lineHeight":"lineheight-base","textTransform":"uppercase","variant":"ad-text-primary"},"by-line":{"pr":"xxs","variant":"byline-primary"},"by-line-name":{"pr":"xxs","variant":"byline-primary"},"byline-enhanced-author-job-title":{"marginLeft":{"\u003csm":"xxs","sm":"xs"},"opacity":"0.7","paddingLeft":{"\u003csm":"xxs","sm":"xxs"},"variant":"byline-secondary"},"byline-enhanced-author-name":{"variant":"byline-secondary"},"byline-enhanced-container":{},"byline-enhanced-icon":{"primary":"greyXXdark"},"byline-enhanced-label":{"variant":"byline-secondary"},"byline-enhanced-wrapper":{"alignItems":"center","display":"flex","flexWrap":"wrap","justifyContent":"center","marginTop":"0","span":{"display":"inherit"}},"checkbox-error-text":{"variant":"small-specs-error-text-primary"},"checkbox-label-text":{"variant":"overlay-item-text"},"collapsible-header":{"\u0026 strong":{"fontFamily":"inherit"},"variant":"label-header-primary"},"collapsible-header-button":{"bg":"white","border":"0","borderBottom":"none","borderTop":"border-thin-grey","paddingBottom":"xxs","paddingTop":"xxs","textAlign":"left","width":"100%"},"collapsible-icon-wrapper":{"border":"border-thin-greyXdark","borderRadius":"50%","height":"iconSize.l","marginRight":"xs","padding":"0.4rem","width":"iconSize.l"},"collapsible-section":{"marginBottom":"0"},"collapsible-section-text":{"\u003e p":{"marginTop":"0"},"variant":"body-primary","width":"100%"},"content-header-by-line-container":{"color":"greyXXXdark","mb":"xs","pr":"xxs","span":{"display":"inline-block","fontFamily":"primary","lineHeight":"lineheight-xxlg"},"variant":"byline-secondary"},"content-header-dek":{"color":"greyXXdark","fontFamily":"DekPrimary","fontSize":{"\u003csm":"font-size-14","md":"font-size-20"},"fontWeight":"600","lineHeight":{"\u003csm":"lineheight-sm","md":"lineheight-sm"},"mb":"xs"},"content-header-left-right-byline-enhanced-container":{"m":"0","maxWidth":"none"},"content-header-publish-date":{"ml":"xs","variant":"byline-secondary"},"content-header-text-left-right-container":{"textAlign":{"md":"center"}},"content-header-title":{"color":"greyXXXdark","marginY":"s","variant":"headline-tertiary"},"content-header-title-left-right":{"color":"greyXXXdark","fontFamily":"TitlePrimary","fontSize":{"\u003csm":"font-size-40","lg":"font-size-48","md":"font-size-29","xlg":"font-size-52"},"lineHeight":{"\u003csm":"lineheight-xs","lg":"lineheight-xs","md":"lineheight-xs","xlg":"lineheight-xs"},"variant":"headline-tertiary"},"custom-item-dek":{"my":"s","pt":"0","variant":"dek-primary"},"custom-item-image":{"mb":"xs","text-overflow":"ellipsis"},"custom-item-label":{"display":"inline-block","pb":"s","variant":"label-tag-primary"},"custom-item-label-big-story-feed":{"display":"inline-block","variant":"label-tag-primary"},"custom-item-meta":{"pr":"xxs"},"custom-item-publish-date":{"mt":"xs","pr":"xxs","variant":"byline-primary"},"custom-item-title":{"my":"0","variant":"title-primary"},"custom-item-title-text":{"my":"0","variant":"title-primary"},"dim-overlay":{"elevation":"sunken"},"do-not-sell":{"border":"border-thin-white","fontSize":"font-size-11","lineHeight":"lineheight-lg","padding":"xs","textAlign":{"\u003csm":"left","md":"center"},"textTransform":"capitalize","variant":"button-secondary"},"dropdown-contentdropdown-content":{"border":"border-dropdown"},"dropdown-label-headline":{"variant":"dropdown-text-primary"},"dropdown-link-list-collapsed":{"variant":"specs-item-primary"},"dropdown-menu-item":{"\u0026:hover":{"bg":"bg-droppdown-list-hover"},"background":"bg-droppdown-list","border":"border-dropdown","variant":"dropdown-text-primary"},"dropdown-menu-item-arrow-button":{"transition":"all 0.3s ease-in-out"},"dropdown-menu-item-link":{"textTransform":"capitalize"},"dropdown-menu-label-item":{"fontWeight":"normal"},"dropdown-menu-label-item-username":{"fontWeight":"bold"},"embedded-product-price-text":{"fontFamily":"MenuPrimary"},"error-text":{"variant":"small-specs-error-text-primary"},"feed-body-label":{"variant":"label-tag-primary"},"feed-product-button":{"mb":"xs","variant":"button-primary"},"feed-product-button-container":{"marginY":"xs"},"feed-product-custom-tag":{"variant":"label-tag-primary"},"feed-product-description":{"variant":"dek-primary"},"feed-product-info-details":{"margin":{"_":"xs","xlg":"m"},"textAlign":"center"},"feed-product-title":{"variant":"title-primary"},"field-message-container":{"variant":"overlay-item-text"},"footer":{"variant":"menu-primary"},"footer-affiliate-disclosure":{"lineHeight":"lineheight-lg"},"footer-fixed":{"bg":"greyXlight","boxShadow":"0 0 40px rgb(0 0 0, 0.2)"},"footer-fixed-button":{"variant":"button-text"},"footer-fixed-button-collapsed":{"color":"black"},"footer-fixed-button-open":{"color":"black"},"footer-fixed-content":{"variant":"body-primary"},"footer-legal-menu":{"lineHeight":"lineheight-max"},"footer-legal-menu-item-link":{"paddingRight":"m"},"footer-logo":{"maxHeight":"1.4375rem","width":"7.5rem"},"footer-social-button":{"height":"iconSize.xs","primary":"white","width":"iconSize.xs"},"form-input-field":{"\u0026::placeholder":{"color":"greyXXXdark"},"variant":"overlay-item-text"},"form-input-label":{"variant":"overlay-item-text"},"form-input-required":{"color":"globalColorError","variant":"overlay-item-text"},"form-select":{"variant":"overlay-item-text"},"form-select-label":{"variant":"overlay-item-text"},"form-select-multi-value":{"bg":"greyLight","marginY":"0","p":"0.2rem","variant":"specs-item-primary"},"form-select-option":{"variant":"overlay-item-text"},"form-select-placeholder":{"lineHeight":"lineheight-max","p":"0","variant":"overlay-item-text"},"form-select-required":{"variant":"overlay-item-text"},"form-select-single-value":{"variant":"overlay-item-text"},"form-text-area-field":{"variant":"overlay-item-text"},"four-across-block":{"bg":"greyXlight"},"item-author-container-carousel-block":{"[data-theme-key='card-body']":{"paddingTop":{"md":"{*sizes.primitive-12}"}}},"item-author-image-carousel-block":{"img":{"borderRadius":"50%"}},"item-author-wrapper-grouped-carousel-block":{"[data-theme-key='carousel-inner-wrapper']":{"gap":{"md":"0"}}},"item-button-carousel-block":{"variant":"button-contained"},"item-button-statement-block":{"variant":"button-contained"},"item-button-text-statement-block":{"variant":"button-text"},"item-container-grouped-carousel-block":{"border":"border-none-transparent"},"item-container-grouped-statement-block":{"border":"border-none-transparent"},"item-dek-statement-block":{"\u0026 ul,li":{"textAlign":"left"},"fontFamily":"DekPrimary","fontSize":"font-size-14","letterSpacing":"letter-spacing-4","lineHeight":"lineheight-lg"},"item-image-grouped-statement-block":{"maxWidth":"25rem"},"item-title-statement-block":{"fontFamily":"HeadlinePrimary","fontSize":"font-size-20","lineHeight":"lineheight-sm"},"legal-menu-link":{"variant":"menu-secondary"},"link-body-primary":{"\u0026:hover":{"color":"greyXXdark"},"color":"brandColorPrimary","fontWeight":"bold"},"list-item-link":{"fontFamily":"MenuPrimary"},"load-more-button":{"variant":"button-load-more-primary"},"load-more-button-author":{"variant":"button-load-more-primary"},"load-more-button-listicle":{"variant":"button-load-more-primary"},"load-more-button-overlay":{"variant":"button-load-more-primary"},"load-more-button-product-summary-view":{"variant":"button-load-more-primary"},"load-more-button-saved":{"variant":"button-load-more-primary"},"location-choice-menu-item-link":{"variant":"menu-primary"},"location-choice-sub-menu-item-link":{"variant":"menu-primary"},"marquee-body-text":{"\u0026 p":{"margin":{"_":"0 auto {s}","xlg":"0 auto"}},"margin":"0 auto","padding":{"_":"0 {mobileOuterGutter}","md":"0 {tabletOuterGutter} {s}","xlg":"0 0 {l}"},"variant":"body-primary"},"marquee-content":{"textAlign":"center","width":{"smd":"34rem","xlg":"40rem"}},"marquee-logo":{"img":{"height":{"lg":"auto"},"maxHeight":{"_":"5.625rem","lg":"8rem","md":"6.25rem","sm":"5.625rem","xlg":"9rem"},"transform":"translate3d(0,0,0)","width":"auto"},"textAlign":"center","width":{"\u003csm":"3.463rem","md":"1.5rem","xlg":"1rem"}},"media-poster-play-button":{"primary":"white"},"nav":{"bg":"black","height":{"\u003clg":"96px","lg":"48px"}},"nav-bar":{"alignItems":"center","display":"flex","height":"100%","m":"0 auto","maxWidth":"75rem","px":"0","width":"100%"},"nav-bar-link":{"variant":"button-secondary"},"nav-bar-login-text":{"variant":"button-secondary"},"nav-bar-top-list-container":{"borderBottom":{"_":"border-thin-greyXlight","smd\u003e":"0"},"borderTop":{"_":"border-thin-greyXlight","smd\u003e":"0"}},"nav-bar-top-list-item":{"padding":{"_":"0 {l} 0 {m}","lg\u003e":"0 {m} 0 {m}"},"variant":"button-secondary"},"nav-bar-top-list-link":{"\u0026:hover":{"textDecoration":"underline","textDecorationThickness":"0.0625rem","textUnderlineOffset":"0.25rem"},"color":{"_":"inherit","smd\u003e":"inherit"},"lineHeight":"2.58918","transition":"outline 0.3s ease-in-out, outline-offset 0.3s ease-in-out"},"nav-bar-top-list-link-highlight":{"textDecoration":"underline","textDecorationThickness":"0.0625rem","textUnderlineOffset":"0.25rem"},"nav-header-title":{"variant":"ad-text-primary"},"nav-logo":{"height":{"\u003csm":"1.2rem","md":"1.5rem"},"marginRight":{"_":"auto","lg\u003e":"xxs"},"width":{"\u003csm":"10rem","md":"13rem"}},"nav-search-button":{"margin":"xxs","padding":{"\u003csm":"0","sm":"xxs"}},"nav-side-panel-button":{"\u0026 img":{"height":"iconSize.l","width":"iconSize.l"},"\u0026 svg":{"height":"iconSize.l","width":"iconSize.l"},"padding":{"\u003cmd":"0.5rem {xxxs} 0.5rem {xs}","md":"0.5rem {xs} 0.5rem {xs}","xxs":"0.5rem {xxxs} 0.5rem 0"}},"nav-subscribe-link":{"\u0026:focus-visible":{"outlineColor":"nav-subscribe-link-focus"},"color":"white","variant":"button-primary"},"newsletter-content-back-button":{"p":"0.75rem {xl}","variant":"button-contained"},"newsletter-content-button":{"flexShrink":"0","p":"0.75rem {xl}","variant":"button-contained"},"newsletter-content-email-icon":{"primary":"greyXXXdark"},"newsletter-content-footer-terms-of-use":{"margin":"{xs} {m} {m} 0","textAlign":"left","variant":"ad-text-primary"},"newsletter-content-headline":{"fontFamily":"TitlePrimary","fontSize":{"\u003csm":"font-size-30","lg":"font-size-40","md":"font-size-38"},"lineHeight":{"\u003csm":"lineheight-xs","lg":"lineheight-xs","md":"lineheight-xs"}},"newsletter-content-sub-headline":{"fontFamily":"DekPrimary","fontSize":{"\u003csm":"font-size-18","lg":"font-size-20"},"lineHeight":{"\u003csm":"lineheight-md","lg":"lineheight-sm"}},"newsletter-content-wrapper":{"background":"white","padding":{"\u003cmd":"l","md\u003e":"3rem {l}"}},"newsletter-feedpage-container":{"margin":"center","maxWidth":"75rem","padding":{"lg":"0","md":"tablet-gutter","xxs":"mobile-gutter"}},"newsletter-feedpage-email-wrapper":{"alignItems":{"\u003csm":"center","sm\u003e":"flex-end"},"columnGap":"1rem","flexDirection":{"_":"column","sm":"row"}},"newsletter-feedpage-wrapper":{"form":{"\u003e div":{"alignItems":{"\u003csm":"center","sm":"flex-start"}},"alignItems":"flex-start"},"py":"2.5rem","width":"100%"},"newsletter-wrapper":{"backgroundImage":"url('/_assets/design-tokens/PR-143/1a74f8d/fre/static/images/marketing/bg-newsletter.jpg')"},"photo-credit-copyright":{"color":"greyXXdark","pr":"xxs","variant":"byline-secondary"},"photo-credit-creditor":{"color":"greyXXdark","pr":"xxs","variant":"byline-secondary"},"photo-credit-divider":{"color":"greyXXdark","pl":"0","pr":"xxs","variant":"byline-secondary"},"photo-credit-figcaption-lead-image":{"mt":"xxs","paddingLeft":{"\u003clg":"s","lg":"0"}},"popover-avatar-button":{"bg":"bg-avatar","border":"border-avatar","color":"text-avatar","variant":"dropdown-text-primary"},"popover-label-headline":{"variant":"dropdown-text-primary"},"popover-trigger":{"background":"white","border":"border-dropdown","variant":"dropdown-text-primary"},"privacy-disclosure-content-wrapper":{"[data-theme-key='button-primary']":{"\u0026:hover":{"bg":"transparent"}},"bg":"neutral-800"},"save-button":{"alignItems":"center","variant":"button-primary"},"search-input-button":{"marginLeft":"xxs","marginTop":"0","variant":"button-contained"},"search-input-button-icon":{"primary":"white"},"search-input-container":{},"search-input-field":{"bg":"greyXlight","border":"none","borderBottom":"border-thin-greyDark","height":"2.6rem","variant":"overlay-item-text"},"search-nav-button-icon":{"\u0026:focus-visible":{"outlineColor":"white"},"\u0026:hover":{"border":"0"},"border":"0"},"search-nav-close-icon":{"\u0026:focus-visible":{"outlineColor":"white"},"primary":"white"},"search-nav-container":{"borderBottom":"border-xs-white","div":{"\u0026:focus-within":{"outline":"0"},"bg":"black","border":"0","borderBottom":"border-none-transparent"},"top":{"lg":"3rem","xxs:md":"3.5rem"}},"search-nav-input-field":{"color":"white","variant":"button-secondary"},"search-nav-input-field-placeholder":{"color":"white"},"search-nav-input-icon":{"\u0026:focus-visible":{"outlineColor":"white"},"primary":"white"},"search-overlay-list-container":{"boxShadow":"shadow-modal"},"search-overlay-list-item":{"variant":"overlay-item-text"},"search-overlay-list-item-selected":{"paddingX":"xxxs","variant":"overlay-item-text"},"search-results-count":{"variant":"body-primary"},"share-social-button":{"\u0026img":{"primary":"white"}},"side-panel-menu":{"variant":"menu-primary"},"side-panel-search-button":{"height":"iconSize.xxs","width":"iconSize.xxs"},"side-panel-search-text":{"color":"sidepanel-text","variant":"menu-primary"},"side-panel-sub-menu":{"variant":"menu-primary"},"sidepanel-close-btn":{"border":"0"},"skip-to-content-link":{"border":"border-medium-white","boxShadow":"0 0 0 3px #55adff","variant":"button-quaternary"},"skip-to-section-link-anchor":{"a":{"transition":"color 0.3s ease-in-out"},"a:hover":{"color":"greyXdark"},"variant":"button-secondary"},"skip-to-section-link-nav-container":{"borderBottom":"border-thin-grey","borderTop":"border-thin-grey"},"sponsor-bar":{"variant":"ad-text-primary"},"sponsor-label":{"mb":"xxs","textTransform":"none","variant":"ad-text-primary"},"sponsor-logo-separator":{"color":"greyXXXdark","p":"0 {xs} 0 {s}","variant":"ad-text-primary"},"spotlight-details":{"alignSelf":"flex-end","background":"transparent","m":{"_":"0 auto {s}","md":"0 auto {m}"},"px":{"_":"s","md":"xl"},"textAlign":"center"},"spotlight-hed":{"\u0026:hover":{"color":"brandColorPrimary","transition":"color 0.3s ease-in-out"},"border":"border-xxs-brand-primary","color":"greyXXXdark","p":"0.6rem {m}","variant":"headline-secondary"},"spotlight-label":{"display":{"\u003csm":"block","sm":"inline-block"},"m":"{s} auto","variant":"label-tag-primary"},"spotlight-logo":{"\u0026 img":{"height":"1.6rem"},"img":{"width":{"\u003csm":"5rem","md":"6.5rem"}}},"spotlight-logo-link":{"alignItems":"center","display":"flex","height":"3rem"},"statement-block":{"paddingY":{"\u003csm":"{*sizes.primitive-32}","md":"{*sizes.primitive-32}"}},"syndicated-link-link":{"variant":"body-primary"},"syndicated-link-text":{"variant":"body-primary"},"table-of-contents-title-place-holder":{"height":"{*space.m}","outline":"none"},"text-block-container":{"bg":"bg-block-content-text","p":"0 {s}"},"three-column":{"a h2 span":{"\u0026:hover":{"color":"grey"}},"bg":"black","div":{"color":"white"}},"title-design-element-watch-next-header-after":{"\u0026:after":{"bg":"greyXXXdark","content":"''","display":"flex","height":"0.063rem","ml":"1.8rem","mt":"m","width":"1.5rem"}},"vertical-playlist-item-title":{"fontFamily":"BylinePrimary","fontSize":"font-size-18","lineHeight":"lineheight-sm"},"vertical-playlist-title":{"display":"block","fontFamily":"LabelPrimary","fontSize":"font-size-15","letterSpacing":"letter-spacing-6","lineHeight":"lineheight-base","textTransform":"uppercase"},"video-hub-byline":{"variant":"byline-primary"},"video-hub-title":{"variant":"item-title-stacked-feature-big-story-feed"},"watch-next-player-title":{"display":"block","m":"{m} auto","variant":"label-tag-primary"},"watch-next-player-video-title":{"color":"greyXXXdark","variant":"title-tertiary"},"watch-next-player-wrapper":{"my":"l"},"wide-marquee-content":{"bottom":"0","display":"flex","justifyContent":"center","m":"0 auto","textAlign":"center"},"wide-marquee-header":{"mb":"0"},"wide-marquee-label":{"margin":"{xs} auto","variant":"label-tag-primary"},"wide-marquee-label-container":{},"wide-marquee-title":{"bg":"white","border":"border-xxs-brand-primary","color":"greyXXXdark","display":{"_":"block","sm":"unset"},"p":{"\u003csm":"0.75rem 1rem","_":"{xs}","sm":"0.75rem {m}"},"variant":"headline-secondary"},"wide-marquee-title-only":{"variant":"headline-secondary"}},"variants":{"ad-leaderboard-wrapper":{"minHeight":{"md":"121px"}},"ad-text-primary":{"a":{"\u0026:hover":{"color":"color-link-body-hover","textDecorationColor":"border-link-body-hover"},"color":"inherit","textDecoration":"underline","textDecorationColor":"inherit","textDecorationThickness":"0.0625rem","textUnderlineOffset":"0.25rem","transition":"color 0.3s ease-in-out"},"color":"greyXXXdark","fontFamily":"primary","fontSize":"font-size-11","lineHeight":"lineheight-md","textTransform":"none"},"ad-wrapper":{"minHeight":{"_":"523px","md":"138px"}},"block-heading-4-across":{"mb":{"\u003csmd":"1rem"}},"body-2xl":{"fontSize":{"\u003csm":"font-size-60","lg":"font-size-80","md":"font-size-60"},"lineHeight":{"\u003csm":"lineheight-base","lg":"lineheight-base","md":"lineheight-base"}},"body-2xs":{"fontFamily":"primary","fontSize":"font-size-14","fontWeight":"normal","lineHeight":"lineheight-sm"},"body-3xl":{"fontSize":{"\u003csm":"font-size-60","lg":"font-size-96","md":"font-size-60"},"lineHeight":{"\u003csm":"lineheight-base","lg":"lineheight-base","md":"lineheight-base"}},"body-3xs":{"fontSize":"font-size-12","lineHeight":"lineheight-sm"},"body-4xs":{"fontSize":"font-size-11","lineHeight":"lineheight-sm"},"body-l":{"fontSize":{"\u003csm":"font-size-22","lg":"font-size-24","md":"font-size-22"},"lineHeight":{"\u003csm":"lineheight-xs","lg":"lineheight-sm","md":"lineheight-xs"}},"body-m":{"fontSize":"font-size-19","lineHeight":"lineheight-xxlg"},"body-primary":{"\u0026 em":{"fontFamily":"BodyPrimary","fontStyle":"italic"},"\u0026 strong":{"fontFamily":"BodyPrimary","fontWeight":"bold"},"fontFamily":"BodyPrimary","fontSize":"font-size-19","lineHeight":"lineheight-xxlg"},"body-s":{"fontFamily":"primary","fontSize":"font-size-18","fontWeight":"normal","lineHeight":"lineheight-sm"},"body-secondary":{"\u0026 em":{"fontFamily":"BodyTertiary","fontStyle":"italic"},"fontFamily":"BodyPrimary","fontSize":"font-size-16","lineHeight":"lineheight-lg"},"body-xl":{"fontSize":{"\u003csm":"font-size-28","lg":"font-size-36","md":"font-size-28"},"lineHeight":{"\u003csm":"lineheight-xs","lg":"lineheight-xs","md":"lineheight-xs"}},"body-xs":{"fontSize":"font-size-16","lineHeight":"lineheight-sm"},"breadcrumbs-link-primary":{"\u0026:hover":{"color":"black","textDecoration":"underline","textDecorationThickness":"0.0625rem","textUnderlineOffset":"0.25rem"},"textDecoration":"underline","textDecorationThickness":"0.0625rem","textUnderlineOffset":"0.25rem","transition":"all 0.3s ease-in-out"},"breadcrumbs-primary":{"color":"greyXXdark","fontFamily":"primary","fontSize":"font-size-11","lineHeight":"lineheight-md"},"button-contained":{"\u0026:focus":{"outline":"outline-focus-black","outlineOffset":"{*sizes.outlineOffset.outline-offset-s}"},"\u0026:hover":{"bg":"greyXXdark","border":"border-thin-transparent"},"bg":"brandColorPrimary","border":"border-thin-transparent","borderRadius":"0","color":"white","fontFamily":"LabelPrimary","fontSize":"font-size-12","fontWeight":"800","lineHeight":"lineheight-sm","p":"{xs} {m}","textDecoration":"none","textTransform":"uppercase","transition":"all 0.3s ease-in-out","width":"auto"},"button-discount-contained":{"\u0026:hover":{"bg":"bg-discount","border":"unset"},"bg":"bg-discount","border":"unset","fontFamily":"LabelPrimary","outline":"0.125rem dotted {*colors.greenDark}","textTransform":"uppercase"},"button-discount-contained-OnDark":{"\u0026:hover":{"bg":"bg-discount-onDark","border":"unset"},"bg":"bg-discount-onDark","border":"unset","fontFamily":"LabelPrimary","outline":"0.125rem dotted {*colors.greenLight}","textTransform":"uppercase"},"button-discount-outline":{"\u0026:hover":{"bg":"bg-discount","border":"unset"},"bg":"unset","border":"unset","color":"text-discount","fontFamily":"LabelPrimary","outline":"0.125rem dotted {*colors.greenDark}","textTransform":"uppercase"},"button-discount-outline-OnDark":{"\u0026:hover":{"bg":"bg-discount-onDark","border":"unset"},"bg":"unset","border":"unset","color":"text-discount-onDark","fontFamily":"LabelPrimary","outline":"0.125rem dotted {*colors.greenLight}","textTransform":"uppercase"},"button-load-more-primary":{"\u0026:hover":{"bg":"brandColorPrimary","border":"border-xxs-brand-primary"},"bg":"white","border":"border-thin-black","borderRadius":"0","color":"black","fontFamily":"LabelPrimary","fontSize":"font-size-12","fontWeight":"800","lineHeight":"lineheight-sm","padding":"{*sizes.primitive-12} 0 {*sizes.primitive-11}","textTransform":"uppercase","transition":"all 0.3s ease-in-out","width":"100%"},"button-outline":{"\u0026:focus":{"outline":"outline-focus-black","outlineOffset":"{*sizes.outlineOffset.outline-offset-s}"},"\u0026:hover":{"bg":"greyLight","border":"border-thin-black"},"bg":"white","border":"border-thin-black","borderRadius":"0","color":"black","fontFamily":"LabelPrimary","fontSize":"font-size-12","fontWeight":"800","lineHeight":"lineheight-sm","svg \u003e path":{"fill":"black"},"textDecoration":"none","textTransform":"uppercase","transition":"all 0.3s ease-in-out","width":"auto"},"button-primary":{"\u0026:hover":{"bg":"greyXXdark"},"bg":"brandColorPrimary","color":"white","fontFamily":"LabelPrimary","fontSize":"font-size-12","fontWeight":"800","lineHeight":"lineheight-sm","p":"{xs} {m}","padding":"0.75rem","textTransform":"uppercase","transition":"all 0.3s ease-in-out","width":"auto"},"button-quaternary":{"bg":"black","borderRadius":"l","fontFamily":"AdTextPrimary","fontSize":"font-size-14","fontWeight":"bold","lineHeight":"lineheight-base","p":"{xs} {m}","width":"auto"},"button-secondary":{"fontFamily":"LabelPrimary","fontSize":"font-size-12","fontWeight":"800","letterSpacing":"letter-spacing-10","lineHeight":"lineheight-md","textTransform":"uppercase"},"button-text":{"\u0026:focus":{"outline":"outline-focus-black","outlineOffset":"{*sizes.outlineOffset.outline-offset-s}"},"\u0026:hover":{"background":"none","color":"greyXXdark","textDecorationColor":"greyXXdark"},"bg":"transparent","color":"black","fontFamily":"LabelPrimary","fontSize":"font-size-12","fontWeight":"800","lineHeight":"lineheight-sm","textDecoration":"underline","textDecorationThickness":"0.0625rem","textTransform":"uppercase","textUnderlineOffset":"0.25rem","transition":"all 0.3s ease-in-out","width":"auto"},"button-text-onDark":{"\u0026:focus":{"outline":"outline-focus-white"},"\u0026:hover":{"color":"neutral-300","textDecorationColor":"neutral-300"},"color":"white","fontSize":"font-size-11","lineHeight":"lineheight-sm","variant":"button-text"},"byline-capitalize-primary":{"fontFamily":"BylinePrimary","fontSize":"font-size-12","lineHeight":"lineheight-md","textTransform":"capitalize"},"byline-link-primary":{"\u0026:hover":{"color":"black","textDecoration":"underline","textDecorationThickness":"0.0625rem","textUnderlineOffset":"0.25rem"},"textDecoration":"underline","textDecorationThickness":"0.0625rem","textUnderlineOffset":"0.25rem","transition":"all 0.3s ease-in-out"},"byline-lowercase-primary":{"fontFamily":"BylinePrimary","fontSize":"font-size-12","lineHeight":"lineheight-md","textTransform":"lowercase"},"byline-primary":{"color":"greyXXXdark","fontFamily":"secondary","fontSize":"font-size-12","fontWeight":"bold","lineHeight":"lineheight-md","textTransform":"capitalize"},"byline-secondary":{"fontFamily":"primary","fontSize":"font-size-12","fontWeight":"800","lineHeight":"lineheight-base"},"byline-transform-none-primary":{"fontFamily":"BylinePrimary","fontSize":"font-size-12","lineHeight":"lineheight-md","textTransform":"none"},"byline-uppercase-primary":{"fontFamily":"BylinePrimary","fontSize":"font-size-12","lineHeight":"lineheight-md","textTransform":"uppercase"},"chip-label":{"fontFamily":"","fontSize":"font-size-11","lineHeight":"lineheight-base"},"dek-primary":{"fontFamily":"primary","fontWeight":"600"},"dropdown-text-primary":{"fontFamily":"MenuPrimary","fontSize":"font-size-14","lineHeight":"lineheight-xxlg","textTransform":"capitalize"},"headline-2xl":{"fontSize":{"\u003csm":"font-size-36","lg":"font-size-48","md":"font-size-36"},"lineHeight":{"\u003csm":"lineheight-xs","lg":"lineheight-sm","md":"lineheight-xs"}},"headline-2xs":{"fontSize":"font-size-16","lineHeight":"lineheight-sm"},"headline-3xl":{"fontSize":{"\u003csm":"font-size-48","lg":"font-size-60","md":"font-size-48"},"lineHeight":{"\u003csm":"lineheight-sm","lg":"lineheight-sm","md":"lineheight-sm"}},"headline-3xs":{"fontSize":"font-size-14","lineHeight":"lineheight-sm"},"headline-l":{"fontFamily":"TitlePrimary","fontSize":{"\u003csm":"font-size-24","lg":"font-size-28","md":"font-size-24"},"fontWeight":"bold","lineHeight":{"\u003csm":"lineheight-xs","lg":"lineheight-xs","md":"lineheight-xs"}},"headline-m":{"fontSize":{"\u003csm":"font-size-22","lg":"font-size-24","md":"font-size-22"},"lineHeight":{"\u003csm":"lineheight-xs","lg":"lineheight-sm","md":"lineheight-xs"}},"headline-primary":{"fontFamily":"HeadlinePrimary","fontSize":{"\u003csm":"font-size-48","lg":"font-size-70","md":"font-size-52"},"fontWeight":"600","lineHeight":{"\u003csm":"lineheight-base","lg":"lineheight-md","md":"lineheight-xs"},"textAlign":"center","textTransform":"uppercase"},"headline-s":{"fontSize":{"\u003csm":"font-size-20","lg":"font-size-22","md":"font-size-20"},"lineHeight":{"\u003csm":"lineheight-sm","lg":"lineheight-sm","md":"lineheight-sm"}},"headline-secondary":{"fontFamily":"TitleSecondary","fontSize":{"\u003csm":"font-size-24","_":"font-size-32"},"fontWeight":"900","letterSpacing":{"\u003csm":"letter-spacing-n2","_":"letter-spacing-2"},"lineHeight":{"\u003csm":"lineheight-sm","_":"lineheight-sm"},"textTransform":"capitalize"},"headline-tertiary":{"fontFamily":"TitleSecondary","fontSize":{"\u003csm":"font-size-24","lg":"font-size-44","md":"font-size-35","xlg":"font-size-44"},"fontWeight":"900","lineHeight":{"\u003csm":"lineheight-xs","lg":"lineheight-xs","md":"lineheight-xs","xlg":"lineheight-xs"}},"headline-xl":{"fontSize":{"\u003csm":"font-size-28","lg":"font-size-36","md":"font-size-28"},"lineHeight":{"\u003csm":"lineheight-xs","lg":"lineheight-xs","md":"lineheight-xs"}},"headline-xs":{"fontFamily":"TitlePrimary","fontSize":{"\u003csm":"font-size-18","lg":"font-size-20","md":"font-size-18"},"fontWeight":"800","letterSpacing":"letter-spacing-3","lineHeight":{"\u003csm":"lineheight-sm","lg":"lineheight-sm","md":"lineheight-sm"}},"item-big-story":{"bg":"white","border":{"\u003csm":"border-none-transparent","sm":"border-xxs-brand-primary"},"borderBottom":{"\u003csm":"border-xxs-brand-primary"},"borderX":{"\u003csm":"border-xxs-brand-primary"}},"item-big-story-feed":{"bg":"white","border":{"\u003csm":"border-none-transparent","sm":"border-xxs-brand-primary"},"p":"0","textAlign":"center"},"item-byline-ad-three-column":{"color":"white"},"item-byline-big-story-feed":{"pt":"xs"},"item-byline-column-big-story-feed":{"pt":"xxs"},"item-byline-imageright-ad-big-story":{"pt":"xs"},"item-byline-imageright-big-story":{"pt":"xs"},"item-byline-noimage-ad-big-story":{"pt":"xs"},"item-byline-noimage-big-story":{"pt":"xs"},"item-byline-noimage-feature-big-story-feed":{"pt":"xs"},"item-byline-stacked-basefeed-big-story-feed":{"pt":"xxs"},"item-byline-stacked-feature-big-story-feed":{"pt":"xs"},"item-byline-three-column":{"color":"white"},"item-byline-under-ad-big-story":{"pt":"xs"},"item-byline-under-big-story":{"pt":"xs"},"item-column-right-basefeed-ad-big-story-feed":{"bg":"white","border":"border-xxs-brand-primary","div":{"p":"s"},"mt":{"\u003csm":"0","sm":"s"},"span div":{"p":"0"}},"item-column-right-basefeed-big-story-feed":{"bg":"white","border":"border-xxs-brand-primary"},"item-content-big-story-feed":{"bg":"white","borderBottom":{"\u003cxs":"border-xxs-brand-primary"},"borderX":{"\u003cxs":"border-xxs-brand-primary"},"h2":{"pb":{"\u003csm":"xxxs","lg":"s","md":"xs"},"pt":{"\u003csm":"xs","sm":"xs"}},"padding":{"\u003csm":"1.5rem 2rem","lg":"{m} 7rem {l}","md":"{l} 2.5rem"}},"item-content-column-right-basefeed-big-story-feed":{"bg":"bg-block-content-big-story-feed-colright-basefeed","p":{"\u003cxs":"xs","lg":"0 {xs} 0 0","md":"s","sm":"s"}},"item-content-four-across":{"bg":"bg-block-content-four-across"},"item-content-imageright-ad-big-story":{"bg":"white","border":{"lg":"border-xxs-brand-primary"},"borderBottom":{"\u003cxs":"border-xxs-brand-primary"},"borderX":{"\u003cxs":"border-xxs-brand-primary"},"padding":{"\u003csm":"1.5rem 2rem","lg":"{m} 7rem","sm":"0 2rem","smd":"{m} 7rem"},"textAlign":"center"},"item-content-imageright-big-story":{"bg":"white","borderBottom":{"\u003cxs":"border-xxs-brand-primary"},"borderX":{"\u003cxs":"border-xxs-brand-primary"},"padding":{"\u003csm":"l","lg":"0 4rem","sm":"{l} 2.5rem"},"textAlign":"center"},"item-content-noimage-ad-big-story":{"bg":"bg-block-content-big-story-noimage-ad","padding":{"\u003csm":"1.5rem 2rem","lg":"{m} 7rem","sm":"{l} 2.5rem"},"textAlign":"center"},"item-content-noimage-basefeed-big-story-feed":{"bg":"bg-block-content-big-story-feed-noimage-basefeed","borderBottom":"border-xxs-grey","h2":{"display":{"sm":"inline-block"},"pb":{"\u003csm":"xs"},"pr":"xs","verticalAlign":"baseline"},"p":{"\u003csm":"{s} 0 {xs}","lg":"{s} 0 {s}","sm":"{s} 0 {xs}"},"textAlign":{"\u003csm":"center","sm":"left"}},"item-content-noimage-big-story":{"bg":"bg-block-content-big-story-noimage","padding":{"\u003csm":"1.5rem 2rem","lg":"{m} 7rem","sm":"{l} 2.5rem"},"textAlign":"center"},"item-content-noimage-feature-big-story-feed":{"bg":"bg-block-content-big-story-feed-noimage-feature","h2":{"pb":{"\u003csm":"xxxs","lg":"s","md":"xs"},"pt":{"\u003csm":"xs","sm":"xs"}},"padding":{"\u003csm":"1.5rem 2rem","lg":"{m} 7rem","sm":"{l} 2.5rem"},"textAlign":{"\u003csm":"center","sm":"center"}},"item-content-stacked-basefeed-big-story-feed":{"bg":"bg-block-content-big-story-feed-stacked-basefeed","p":"s"},"item-content-stacked-feature-big-story-feed":{"bg":"white","borderBottom":"border-xxs-brand-primary","borderX":"border-xxs-brand-primary","h2":{"pb":{"\u003csm":"xxxs","lg":"xs","md":"xs"},"pt":{"\u003csm":"xs","lg":"xs","sm":"xs"}},"padding":{"\u003csm":"1.5rem 2rem","lg":"{m} 7rem {l}","sm":"{l} 2.5rem"}},"item-content-three-column":{"bg":"bg-block-content-three-col"},"item-content-under-ad-big-story":{"bg":"white","padding":{"\u003csm":"1.5rem 2rem","lg":"{m} 7rem","sm":"{l} 2.5rem"},"textAlign":"center"},"item-content-under-big-story":{"bg":"white","padding":{"\u003csm":"1.5rem 2rem","lg":"3.5rem 7rem","sm":"{l} 2.5rem"},"textAlign":"center"},"item-dek-column-right-feature-ad-big-story-feed":{"paddingTop":{"_":"0","md":"0"}},"item-dek-column-right-feature-big-story-feed":{"paddingTop":{"_":"0","md":"0"}},"item-dek-noimage-feature-ad-big-story-feed":{"paddingTop":{"_":"0","md":"0"}},"item-dek-noimage-feature-big-story-feed":{"paddingTop":{"_":"0","md":"0"}},"item-dek-stacked-feature-ad-big-story-feed":{"paddingTop":{"_":"0","md":"0"}},"item-dek-stacked-feature-big-story-feed":{"paddingTop":{"_":"0","md":"0"}},"item-header-three-column":{"mb":{"\u003csm":"1.563rem","sm":"1.563rem"}},"item-heading-three-column":{"fontSize":{"\u003csm":"font-size-30","lg":"font-size-32","md":"font-size-28"},"fontWeight":"300","letterSpacing":"letter-spacing-4","lineHeight":{"\u003csm":"lineheight-sm","lg":"lineheight-sm","md":"lineheight-sm"},"textAlign":{"\u003csm":"center","_":"left"}},"item-image-link-big-story":{"mb":"0"},"item-image-link-big-story-feed":{"marginBottom":"0"},"item-imagelink-imageright-ad-big-story":{"mb":"0"},"item-imagelink-imageright-big-story":{"mb":"0"},"item-imageright-ad-big-story":{"bg":"white","border":{"\u003csm":"border-none-transparent","lg":"border-none-transparent","sm":"border-xxs-brand-primary"}},"item-imageright-big-story":{"bg":"white","border":{"\u003csm":"border-none-transparent","sm":"border-xxs-brand-primary"},"div img":{"minHeight":"auto"},"pl":"0"},"item-label-column-right-basefeed-big-story-feed":{"display":"block","margin":"auto auto {xs}","pt":"0"},"item-label-noimage-basefeed-big-story-feed":{"display":"block","m":{"\u003csm":"{xs} auto 0","sm":"{xs} 0 0"}},"item-label-stacked-basefeed-big-story-feed":{"display":"block","margin":"auto auto {xs}","pt":"0"},"item-noimage-ad-big-story":{"bg":"white","border":"border-xxs-brand-primary"},"item-noimage-big-story":{"bg":"white","border":"border-xxs-brand-primary"},"item-noimage-feature-big-story-feed":{"bg":"white","border":"border-xxs-brand-primary"},"item-publish-date-ad-three-column":{"color":"white","display":"flex"},"item-publish-date-noimage-feature-big-story-feed":{"pt":"xs"},"item-publish-date-three-column":{"color":"white","display":"flex"},"item-stacked-basefeed-big-story-feed":{"bg":"white","border":"border-xxs-brand-primary","mt":"s"},"item-stacked-feature-big-story-feed":{"textAlign":"center"},"item-title-ad-three-column":{"color":"white","fontFamily":"TitlePrimary","fontSize":"font-size-18","fontWeight":"bold","lineHeight":"lineheight-sm","textTransform":"capitalize"},"item-title-big-story-feed":{"fontFamily":"secondary","fontWeight":"bold"},"item-title-column-right-basefeed-ad-big-story-feed":{"color":"greyXXXdark","fontFamily":"TitlePrimary","fontSize":"font-size-18","fontWeight":"bold","lineHeight":"lineheight-sm","textTransform":"capitalize"},"item-title-column-right-basefeed-big-story-feed":{"color":"greyXXXdark","fontFamily":"TitlePrimary","fontSize":"font-size-18","fontWeight":"bold","lineHeight":"lineheight-sm","textTransform":"capitalize"},"item-title-four-across":{"color":"greyXXXdark","fontFamily":"TitlePrimary","fontSize":"font-size-18","fontWeight":"bold","lineHeight":"lineheight-sm","textTransform":"capitalize"},"item-title-noimage-basefeed-big-story-feed":{"fontFamily":"TitlePrimary","fontSize":"font-size-18","fontWeight":"bold","lineHeight":"lineheight-sm","textTransform":"capitalize"},"item-title-noimage-feature-big-story-feed":{"fontFamily":"secondary","fontWeight":"bold"},"item-title-stacked-basefeed-big-story-feed":{"color":"greyXXXdark","fontFamily":"TitlePrimary","fontSize":"font-size-18","fontWeight":"bold","lineHeight":"lineheight-sm","textTransform":"capitalize"},"item-title-stacked-feature-big-story-feed":{"fontFamily":"secondary","fontWeight":"bold"},"item-title-three-column":{"color":"white","fontFamily":"TitlePrimary","fontSize":"font-size-18","fontWeight":"bold","lineHeight":"lineheight-sm","textTransform":"capitalize"},"label-2xs":{"fontSize":"font-size-13","lineHeight":"lineheight-sm"},"label-3xs":{"fontSize":"font-size-12","lineHeight":"lineheight-sm"},"label-4xs":{"fontSize":"font-size-11","lineHeight":"lineheight-sm"},"label-header-primary":{"fontFamily":"primary","fontSize":{"\u003csm":"font-size-22","lg":"font-size-18","md":"font-size-18"},"lineHeight":{"\u003csm":"lineheight-md","lg":"lineheight-md","md":"lineheight-md"}},"label-primary":{"fontFamily":"LabelPrimary","textTransform":"uppercase"},"label-tag-primary":{"bg":"none","color":"brandColorPrimary","fontFamily":"LabelPrimary","fontSize":"font-size-13","fontWeight":"bold","letterSpacing":"letter-spacing-4","lineHeight":"lineheight-xlg","padding":"{xxxs} {xs}","px":"0","textTransform":"uppercase","width":"fit-content"},"label-tag-primary-darkbg":{"bg":"greyXXXdark","color":"white","fontFamily":"LabelPrimary","fontSize":"font-size-13","fontWeight":"bold","lineHeight":"lineheight-max","padding":"{xxxs} {xs}","textAlign":"center","textTransform":"uppercase","width":"fit-content"},"label-tertiary":{"fontFamily":"primary","fontSize":"font-size-16","fontWeight":"800","letterSpacing":"letter-spacing-3","lineHeight":"lineheight-md","textTransform":"uppercase"},"label-xs":{"fontSize":"font-size-14","lineHeight":"lineheight-sm"},"menu-primary":{"fontFamily":"MenuPrimary"},"menu-secondary":{"fontFamily":"MenuPrimary"},"nav-with-sponsor":{"bg":"white","borderBottom":"border-thin-grey"},"overlay-item-text":{"fontFamily":"primary","fontSize":"font-size-14","lineHeight":"lineheight-md"},"saved-headline-dek":{"fontFamily":"TitlePrimary","fontSize":"font-size-19","lineHeight":"lineheight-sm"},"saved-headline-primary":{"fontFamily":"TitlePrimary","fontSize":{"\u003csm":"font-size-24","lg":"font-size-28"},"lineHeight":{"\u003csm":"lineheight-sm","lg":"lineheight-sm","md":"lineheight-sm"}},"saved-headline-title":{"fontFamily":"TitlePrimary","fontSize":{"\u003csm":"font-size-24","lg":"font-size-28"},"lineHeight":{"\u003csm":"lineheight-sm","lg":"lineheight-sm","md":"lineheight-sm"}},"small-specs-error-text-primary":{"color":"globalColorError","fontFamily":"Inter, Helvetica, Arial, Sans-serif","fontSize":"font-size-11","fontWeight":"normal","letterSpacing":"letter-spacing-6","lineHeight":"lineheight-xs"},"small-specs-label-text-primary":{"color":"greyXXdark","fontFamily":"primary","fontSize":"font-size-11","fontWeight":"normal","letterSpacing":"letter-spacing-6","lineHeight":"lineheight-xs","textTransform":"none"},"small-specs-label-text-secondary":{"color":"greyXXdark","fontFamily":"Inter, Helvetica, Arial, Sans-serif","fontSize":"font-size-11","fontWeight":"normal","letterSpacing":"letter-spacing-6","lineHeight":"lineheight-xs","textTransform":"none"},"specs-item-primary":{"fontFamily":"primary","fontSize":{"\u003csm":"font-size-16","lg":"font-size-14","md":"font-size-16"},"lineHeight":{"\u003csm":"lineheight-lg","lg":"lineheight-lg","md":"lineheight-lg"}},"spotlight-hed-dark":{"bg":"white"},"spotlight-hed-light":{"\u0026:hover":{"color":"brandColorPrimary","transition":"color 0.3s ease-in-out"},"bg":"white"},"spotlight-label-dark":{"bg":"brandColorPrimary","color":"white","padding":{"\u003csm":"{xxs} {s}","sm":"{xxs} {s}"}},"spotlight-label-light":{"bg":"brandColorPrimary","color":"white","padding":{"\u003csm":"{xxs} {s}","sm":"{xxs} {s}"}},"subheadline-primary":{"fontFamily":"SubheadlinePrimary","fontSize":{"\u003csm":"font-size-16","_":"font-size-20"},"lineHeight":{"\u003csm":"lineheight-md","_":"lineheight-lg"},"textAlign":"center"},"three-column-block-column":{"a":{"\u003e div":{"mb":"0"},"border":"border-xxs-brand-primary","mb":"m"},"h2 a":{"\u0026:hover":{"color":"grey"},"border":"border-none-transparent"}},"title-primary":{"fontFamily":"secondary","fontSize":{"\u003csm":"font-size-24","_":"font-size-32"},"fontWeight":"800","lineHeight":{"\u003csm":"lineheight-xs","_":"lineheight-sm"}},"title-quaternary":{"fontFamily":"TitlePrimary","fontSize":{"\u003csm":"font-size-18","lg":"font-size-18","md":"font-size-18"},"fontWeight":"800","lineHeight":{"\u003csm":"lineheight-md","lg":"lineheight-md","md":"lineheight-md"}},"title-secondary":{"fontFamily":"TitlePrimary"},"title-tertiary":{"fontFamily":"TitleSecondary","fontSize":{"\u003csm":"font-size-26","lg":"font-size-30","md":"font-size-28"},"fontWeight":"900","lineHeight":{"\u003csm":"lineheight-md","lg":"lineheight-md","md":"lineheight-md"}}}}}]},"isHomePage":false,"layoutContextProps":{"siteData":{"metadata":{"adConfig":{"bu":"HDM","site":"biography","zone":"/36117602/hdm-biography/","bidders":{"IX":{"d":{"ga":"670278","gb":"670282","la":"670277","lb":"670283","brk":"670280","garb":"670279","brkrr":"670281"},"m":{"ga":"670284","gb":"670285","lb":"670287","adh":"670288","brk":"670286"},"v":"942443"},"APN":{"d":{"ga":"28335653","gb":"28335699","la":"28335652","lb":"28335701","brk":"28335694","garb":"28335656","brkrr":"28335695"},"m":{"ga":"28335663","gb":"28335702","lb":"28335703","adh":"28335673","brk":"28335674"},"v":"28336229"},"KAR":{"m":{"gb":"_huOqULAdyc","lb":"_vlJObQkrHZ","adh":"_mV3wfVHC2F","gabrk":"_t5dIWrCwC8"},"v":"_roqCuZZ19L"},"MAG":{"d":{"ga":"2669930","gb":"2669944","la":"2669926","lb":"2669948","brk":"2669936","garb":"2669934","brkrr":"2669940"},"m":{"ga":"2669952","gb":"2669976","lb":"2669980","adh":"2669982","brk":"2669978"},"v":"2731528","siteId":"455226","accountId":"11636"},"TDS":{"d":{"tdsArt":"174937","tdsBrk":"174936"},"m":{"tdsArt":"174936"},"pageId":"160343","pageIdDesktop300":"160344"},"TPL":{"d":{"ga":"biography_300x600_flex_atf_desktop_PB","gb":"biography_300x250_flex_btf_desktop_PB","lb":"biography_970x250_flex_atf_desktop_PB","brkrr":"biography_300x600_flex_brk_desktop_PB","la728":"biography_728x90_btf_desktop_PB","la970":"biography_970x250_flex_atf_desktop_PB"},"m":{"ga":"biography_300x250_flex_atf_mobile_PB","lb":"biography_300x250_flex_btf_mobile_PB","adh":"biography_320x50_atf_mobile_PB","brk":"biography_300x250_flex_brk_mobile_PB"}},"TTD":{"d":{"ttd":"desktop"},"m":{"ttd":"mobile"},"v":"video","siteId":"hdm-biography","supplySourceId":"hearstmagazines"},"AMZN":"3049"},"modules":{"ias":{"pubId":"931694"},"meta":{"id":"1818263528206619","cur":"USD"},"parsely":{"siteId":"biography.com"},"comscore":{"c2":6035258},"oneTrust":{"doNotSellUrlOverride":"/about/a42621427/do-not-sell-my-personal-information"},"sailthru":{"ids":{"production":"35bb1c0998d8c6fd4f6ee5f6b8462a30"}},"trueAnthem":"hearst","googleAnalytics":{"measurementId":"G-Z0D64Z6MCG"}},"adBundle":[],"settings":{"mobileStickyAds":true,"enableVerityTags":true},"siteList":["www.biography.com"]},"commerce":{"cons":"Cons","pros":"Pros","affiliate":{"url":"https://assets.hearstapps.com/commerce/release/affiliate-bundle.master.js","amazon":{"market":"HMG-US","default":{"tag":"bio-auto-20"}},"skimlinks":{"market":"HMG-US","default":{"url":"//s.skimresources.com/js/74968X1712615.skimlinks.js"}},"trackonomics":[]}},"ciam":{},"copyright":"Hearst Magazine Media, Inc. Site contains certain content that is owned A\u0026E Television Networks, LLC. All Rights Reserved. Biography and associated logos are trademarks of A+E Networks®protected in the US and other countries around the globe.","defaults":{"siteAddress":{"postalCode":"10019","addressRegion":"NY","streetAddress":"300 W 57th Street","addressCountry":"US","addressLocality":"New York"},"parentOrganization":{"url":"https://www.hearst.com/magazines","sameAs":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearst_Magazines","https://www.instagram.com/hearstmagazines/","https://www.linkedin.com/company/hearst-magazines/posts/"],"parentOrgAddress":{"postalCode":"10019","addressRegion":"NY","streetAddress":"300 W 57th Street","addressCountry":"US","addressLocality":"New York"}}},"icxSiteId":"2171","networkTagLine":"A Part of Hearst Digital Media","oneTrustDomainId":"651a82cd-9caa-41a8-bb3c-c2a80ef76a30","social":{"networks":{"x":{"socialUrl":"https://twitter.com/biography"},"line":[],"qzone":[],"weibo":[],"douyin":[],"tumblr":[],"twitter":{"handle":"@biography","socialUrl":"https://twitter.com/biography"},"youtube":[],"facebook":{"socialUrl":"https://www.facebook.com/Biography"},"instagram":{"socialUrl":"https://www.instagram.com/biography/"},"pinterest":[],"googleplus":[]}}},"brand":{"name":"Biography","slug":"biography"},"bookmarksConfig":{},"locale":{"country":"US","name":"United States","language":"en"}},"canonicalUrl":"https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators","dataSlug":"biography","isAdsFree":false,"isCDN":true,"isGDPR":false,"isHomePage":false,"isLoggedIn":false,"isUSUserLocation":false,"megaMenuLayout":{},"menuItems":[{"title":"Footer","children":[{"id":"f3418aee-e3ce-4967-9372-40d56fa55899","title":"About Biography.com","url":"/about/a43602329/about-us","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false},{"id":"4837ce50-842b-408b-8c02-cba6a4afcf39","title":"Newsletter","url":"/email/biography-newsletter","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false},{"id":"ed123825-3d0c-490f-afd7-ab3897310639","title":"Contact Us","url":"/about/a42731733/contact-us","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false},{"id":"f587c07b-3380-4f29-9a2f-8bdd13a36fe6","title":"Other Hearst Subscriptions","url":"http://subscribe.hearstmags.com/circulation/shared/index.html","new_tab":true,"nofollow":true}]},{"title":"Footer-Legal","children":[{"id":"c70c8bd8-5564-48d5-b714-0e66f649895c","title":"Privacy Notice","url":"https://www.hearst.com/-/us-magazines-privacy-notice","new_tab":true,"nofollow":false},{"id":"9ce73a9a-1fb9-4d54-9912-bef8e9d095f0","title":"Terms of Use","url":"https://www.hearst.com/-/us-magazines-terms-of-use","new_tab":true,"nofollow":false},{"id":"d574b255-6f98-4fe7-ab47-93358be05b5f","title":"CA Notice at Collection","url":"https://www.hearst.com/-/us-magazines-privacy-notice#_ADDITIONAL_INFO","new_tab":true,"nofollow":false},{"id":"726af1cd-9752-4301-ac9a-96456c0b02fa","title":"DAA Industry Opt Out","url":"https://www.hearst.com/-/us-magazines-privacy-notice#_OPT_OUTS","new_tab":true,"nofollow":false},{"id":"920603c5-62cf-48dd-bab5-9ce4e36cdcc2","title":"Your CA Privacy Rights/Shine the Light","url":"https://www.hearst.com/-/us-magazines-privacy-notice#_ADDITIONAL_INFO","new_tab":true,"nofollow":false}]},{"title":"Panel","children":[{"id":"e35fc8fe-4f42-4143-8a84-bd04943c7f6c","title":"Black History Month","url":"/black-history-month","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false,"children":[{"id":"de981ed3-94e0-4dc7-bb06-8558301f6845","title":"Abolitionists","url":"/abolitionists","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false},{"id":"becece4c-4518-4c83-903b-68e6d9edf5db","title":"Civil Rights Activists","url":"/civil-right-activists","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false},{"id":"bf93c9e6-27a4-4e07-bbf8-422463e603d1","title":"Black Inventors","url":"/black-inventors","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false},{"id":"bbcad689-74e7-42d7-8655-868866ef8b1b","title":"Black Artists","url":"/black-artists","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false}]},{"id":"3c0c1eeb-cd3f-460a-81f1-826c270ad619","title":"History \u0026 Culture","url":"/history-culture","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false,"children":[{"id":"2265e077-fb67-481f-9540-67aca5bb5f53","title":"Explorers","url":"/explorers","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false},{"id":"cbdd8922-5023-40b3-aa43-5925ff4bb424","title":"Women’s History","url":"/womens-history","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false},{"id":"531a0c27-d1d2-41fe-abd7-5832fdf5f912","title":"American Revolutionaries","url":"/american-revolution-figures","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false},{"id":"b7448402-23c3-4bfc-98a7-0c0963370934","title":"Founding Fathers","url":"/founding-fathers","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false},{"id":"d6f384d7-3307-42be-880c-ed3735d6e665","title":"Native Americans","url":"/native-americans","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false},{"id":"4a133902-9fa7-4c31-a31f-cdec82f803eb","title":"Civil War Figures","url":"/civil-war-figures","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false},{"id":"d5cd0252-f4f4-4ed1-8e59-75d6b38e71da","title":"Celebrities","url":"/celebrities","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false},{"id":"2636750e-d138-4c74-947e-e068aa4989cf","title":"Religious Figures","url":"/religious-figures","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false},{"id":"41de05e6-9c89-441f-b9e9-bad1075e6335","title":"European Explorers","url":"/european-explorers","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false}]},{"id":"341b1225-f0ab-4da2-a508-31a15f8ea398","title":"Movies \u0026 TV","url":"/movies-tv","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false,"children":[{"id":"a3527796-9e65-449c-b66e-10010fc7f54e","title":"Actors","url":"/actors","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false},{"id":"c1eeb3dc-9011-4679-a3b1-0e2b51e305c2","title":"Filmmakers","url":"/filmmakers","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false},{"id":"8d08f797-2bf6-4a7a-9125-0f339d7dc17d","title":"Comedians","url":"/comedians","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false},{"id":"9955b3a7-db15-4b8f-8644-3a52ea581dbf","title":"Emmy Awards","url":"/emmy-awards","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false},{"id":"9c6c62cd-b537-498b-a276-34e63ae5d240","title":"Academy Awards","url":"/academy-awards","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false},{"id":"5fbb16c1-a4af-438c-ae98-b6252a5ca87c","title":"News Anchors","url":"/news-anchors","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false}]},{"id":"90568062-3621-4410-ae39-774578efc193","title":"Musicians","url":"/musicians","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false,"children":[{"id":"1afd415e-24e1-425e-a1eb-3e186ed7ffab","title":"Country Singers","url":"/country-singers","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false},{"id":"656ea719-f2c1-4791-ac41-745eb74e83e9","title":"Rock Stars","url":"/rock-musicians","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false},{"id":"302c02ad-673e-458c-b624-a69f154b8abb","title":"Classical Musicians","url":"/classical-musicians","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false},{"id":"fa4c0b7e-67ad-404d-9ba4-c7d6c5f92c67","title":"Grammy Awards","url":"/grammy-awards","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false},{"id":"d5274ab5-b8d3-40a0-ab03-04a9c1a3a2f8","title":"Folk Musicians","url":"/folk-musicians","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false}]},{"id":"19f75a12-4cb8-42ea-aa11-f1536ac1c92b","title":"Athletes","url":"/athletes","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false,"children":[{"id":"1429a93a-2a91-41f1-a3b9-2d7f29e6df7b","title":"Baseball Players","url":"/baseball-players","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false},{"id":"b3fe9eba-bb0a-4dfa-8d8c-180543294ca3","title":"Football Players","url":"/football-players","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false},{"id":"6bdd7b7c-85bd-4b5a-a954-a2a84b6b4569","title":"Basketball Players","url":"/basketball-players","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false},{"id":"8a362747-25cb-47f8-b226-7e027d8dd980","title":"Gymnasts","url":"/gymnasts","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false},{"id":"b50663e0-2dec-4e18-888d-e6446c132d50","title":"Wrestlers","url":"/wwe-legends","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false},{"id":"31ae6f71-e490-4a85-a6d0-c4b56c2e1307","title":"Olympians","url":"/olympic-athletes","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false}]},{"id":"2c3a73d7-41cb-49e0-b8c5-eb61bde5115a","title":"Artists","url":"/artists","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false,"children":[{"id":"0346b244-22ee-443d-b308-8b56d04614fd","title":"Painters","url":"/famous-painters","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false},{"id":"0cb3d6dd-48b2-41de-bf22-1993209ce964","title":"Playwrights","url":"/playwrights","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false},{"id":"113ecff6-db3f-4341-b0cb-dc6e7856a344","title":"Dancers","url":"/dancers","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false},{"id":"1494240f-576a-4cf8-bbe3-583ea2b260ce","title":"Poets","url":"/poets","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false},{"id":"499145dd-4382-43f5-95b4-ea9ecaa8a053","title":"Fashion Designers \u0026 Models","url":"/fashion","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false}]},{"id":"037bd007-78d1-4011-8622-4086c7378d0c","title":"Power \u0026 Politics","url":"/political-figures","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false,"children":[{"id":"1692860d-5869-4e91-a231-a9dd058c1d67","title":"U.S. Presidents","url":"/us-presidents","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false},{"id":"9f091cf0-ea3b-4880-ac1f-32d67a6c4a40","title":"Supreme Court Justices","url":"/supreme-court-justices","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false},{"id":"90ea99b4-ae22-4bba-abc1-a1506d05ae11","title":"Royalty","url":"/royalty","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false},{"id":"de41483f-0476-485e-8834-5dba14c6f0c9","title":"Dictators","url":"/dictators","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false},{"id":"c9ade8c6-47db-4dc1-9f32-d60bca02fca0","title":"Emperors","url":"/emperors","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false},{"id":"2b72c04f-bcdd-4892-98d7-315b2d4c9767","title":"U.S. First Ladies","url":"/us-first-ladies","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false}]},{"id":"40735b0e-93ed-49a7-81bc-a7969510c993","title":"Business","url":"/business-leaders","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false,"children":[{"id":"77884c57-9d41-424d-a270-54e18b7e5386","title":"Entrepreneurs","url":"/entrepreneurs","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false},{"id":"20dadab1-de37-415b-8280-a98b0fdcb8d4","title":"Chefs","url":"/famous-chefs","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false},{"id":"df92555d-9b9f-4dc0-9c30-859f34963d91","title":"Philanthropists","url":"/philanthropists","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false}]},{"id":"fd172605-e6e1-4b3f-acbf-d1099591efd5","title":"Scholars \u0026 Educators","url":"/scholars-educators","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false,"children":[{"id":"157924b4-c203-46c5-b6d6-e3d9d5ee6f7a","title":"Mathematicians","url":"/famous-mathematicians","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false},{"id":"65e703fd-11a2-4b17-8b91-75fbe4fee0d7","title":"Inventors","url":"/inventors","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false},{"id":"af803a51-2ffc-4e5e-b951-885a2d6b36e0","title":"Philosophers","url":"/philosophers","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false},{"id":"f2cb3012-67da-4d0a-a027-e0c3f07abf3d","title":"Nobel Prize Winners","url":"/nobel-prize-winners","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false}]},{"id":"c3bb37f9-41f2-4f87-a747-4c0cfda40fcb","title":"Scientists","url":"/scientists","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false,"children":[{"id":"887dcc78-20c0-4c57-8a56-16605b08fafa","title":"Astronauts","url":"/astronauts","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false}]},{"id":"f7a131fa-7c3d-4316-86a7-90e555c7e9b5","title":"Activists","url":"/activists","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false,"children":[{"id":"02b59830-3974-4e41-ba4f-5b01d79020d1","title":"Women’s Rights Activists","url":"/womens-rights-activists","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false},{"id":"394211e5-e727-49fe-b288-d8ffb3d4eddc","title":"Civil Rights Activists","url":"/civil-right-activists","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false},{"id":"437678f6-8f79-4323-9ed0-4985349267bb","title":"LGBTQ Pride","url":"/pride","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false},{"id":"5c1e9c58-43d8-4ce7-8d6d-cc8224d39f4c","title":"Environmentalists","url":"/environmentalists","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false},{"id":"9dfba381-027b-44d3-9c76-833d493a359c","title":"Suffragettes","url":"/suffragettes","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false},{"id":"d036f493-a007-4c0c-878f-273e60db9fc1","title":"Abolitionists","url":"/abolitionists","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false}]},{"id":"180955fd-74da-4f24-a5c5-551451a5ee24","title":"Notorious Figures","url":"/crime","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false},{"id":"a45b76f8-bfde-445f-8652-42908785b2e4","title":"BIO Buys","url":"/bio-buys","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false},{"id":"90f3e8e8-9238-4c00-a8f5-e71f8f405932","title":"Newsletter","url":"/email/biography-newsletter","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false}]},{"title":"Top"}],"menuLinks":{"Top":[{"id":"c79a9890-3834-4f95-9391-cf767ca8b324","title":"Black History Month","url":"/black-history-month","new_tab":false,"aria-current":false},{"id":"69fc3ffc-150d-41e9-a98c-7b30a9011647","title":"Musicians","url":"/musicians","new_tab":false,"aria-current":false},{"id":"310b3ec5-a577-4bf6-98bf-eb8601893da1","title":"Movies \u0026 TV","url":"/movies-tv","new_tab":false,"aria-current":false},{"id":"f2cf55a3-87fe-4407-b2b6-493a04bda284","title":"History \u0026 Culture","url":"/history-culture","new_tab":false,"aria-current":false},{"id":"5ff98f73-fbf2-45d0-b82b-902eaa832d2f","title":"Newsletter","url":"/email/biography-newsletter","new_tab":false,"aria-current":false}]},"pageId":"0b814fef-2f9b-4f04-ab7b-40b722f90880","pageType":"section","selfHostedAffiliateEnabled":true,"siteId":"73ce8f33-abd8-4d76-b5c7-1c72caf717ce","tagManager":{"dev":"mag-dev","default":"mag"},"tagOptions":{},"video":{"gaVideoDiagTracking":"false","gaVideoBrandName":"Biography","icxVideoDomainId":"7648"}},"template":{"overrideVideoClickToPlay":true,"display":"section"}},"__N_SSP":true,"appProps":{"providerData":{"scopeManager":{"scopes":{"@site":"biography_en-us","@locale":"en-us","@brand":"biography","@client":"hdm","@app":"fre"},"asset":"/_assets/design-tokens","media":"/design-tokens","selected":{"865286506898551173":{"scope":"biography","hash":"3635572","metadata":{}},"1079308378848759106":{"scope":"(NOT_SET)"},"294021650101657":{"scope":"fre","hash":"433da0a","metadata":{}},"794597151848759106":{"scope":"(NOT_SET)"},"1621037567848759106":{"scope":"(NOT_SET)"},"948601947898551173":{"scope":"fre","hash":"f1c199c","metadata":{}},"622986035898551173":{"scope":"fre","hash":"1ceaaeb","metadata":{}},"544524768848759106":{"scope":"biography","hash":"02461fe","metadata":{"fallbacks":{"mobile":{"fallbackFont":"Roboto","sizeAdjust":["105.76%","100.23%"],"ascentOverride":["89.45%","94.38%"],"descentOverride":["24.87%","26.24%"]},"sansSerif":{"fallbackFont":"Arial","sizeAdjust":["106.07%","92.87%"],"ascentOverride":["89.18%","101.86%"],"descentOverride":["24.79%","28.32%"]},"serif":{"fallbackFont":"Georgia","sizeAdjust":["106.77%","93.40%"],"ascentOverride":["88.60%","101.29%"],"descentOverride":["24.63%","28.16%"]}}}},"2141149703898551173":{"scope":"fre","hash":"38e3324","metadata":{}},"350512797848759106":{"scope":"fre","hash":"c8ad008","metadata":{"fallbacks":{"mobile":{"fallbackFont":"Roboto","sizeAdjust":["107.32%","106.36%"],"ascentOverride":["90.27%","91.08%"],"descentOverride":["22.50%","22.70%"]},"sansSerif":{"fallbackFont":"Arial","sizeAdjust":["107.64%","98.55%"],"ascentOverride":["90.00%","98.30%"],"descentOverride":["22.43%","24.50%"]},"serif":{"fallbackFont":"Georgia","sizeAdjust":["108.35%","99.11%"],"ascentOverride":["89.41%","97.75%"],"descentOverride":["22.29%","24.37%"]}}}},"588148124898551173":{"scope":"fre","hash":"cf1782e","metadata":{}},"14425694531966502534":{"scope":"biography","hash":"5ec9b18","metadata":{}},"154714574898551173":{"scope":"biography","hash":"375b5d3","metadata":{"fallbacks":{"mobile":{"fallbackFont":"Roboto","sizeAdjust":["106.28%","100.55%"],"ascentOverride":["89.85%","94.98%"],"descentOverride":["25.40%","26.85%"]},"sansSerif":{"fallbackFont":"Arial","sizeAdjust":["106.60%","93.17%"],"ascentOverride":["89.58%","102.50%"],"descentOverride":["25.33%","28.98%"]},"serif":{"fallbackFont":"Georgia","sizeAdjust":["107.31%","93.69%"],"ascentOverride":["89.00%","101.93%"],"descentOverride":["25.16%","28.82%"]}}}},"111209233898551173":{"scope":"biography","hash":"63c7dd0","metadata":{"fallbacks":{"mobile":{"fallbackFont":"Roboto","sizeAdjust":["109.54%","112.70%"],"ascentOverride":["94.94%","92.28%"],"descentOverride":["31.95%","31.06%"]},"sansSerif":{"fallbackFont":"Arial","sizeAdjust":["109.87%","104.42%"],"ascentOverride":["94.66%","99.60%"],"descentOverride":["31.86%","33.52%"]},"serif":{"fallbackFont":"Georgia","sizeAdjust":["110.60%","105.01%"],"ascentOverride":["94.04%","99.04%"],"descentOverride":["31.65%","33.33%"]}}}},"1191363023101657":{"scope":"fre","hash":"046027b","metadata":{}},"1224281871898551173":{"scope":"fre","hash":"db7c035","metadata":{}},"317594957898551173":{"scope":"biography","hash":"17b1bd5","metadata":{"fallbacks":{"mobile":{"fallbackFont":"Roboto","sizeAdjust":["105.32%","99.85%"],"ascentOverride":["86.69%","91.44%"],"descentOverride":["22.79%","24.04%"]},"sansSerif":{"fallbackFont":"Arial","sizeAdjust":["105.64%","92.51%"],"ascentOverride":["86.43%","98.69%"],"descentOverride":["22.72%","25.94%"]},"serif":{"fallbackFont":"Georgia","sizeAdjust":["106.33%","93.04%"],"ascentOverride":["85.86%","98.13%"],"descentOverride":["22.57%","25.80%"]}}}},"202596398360358643":{"scope":"biography","hash":"736cd17","metadata":{}},"738037164848759106":{"scope":"biography","hash":"04aa008","metadata":{}},"1221623699101657":{"scope":"fre","hash":"3361b6d","metadata":{}},"914434039101657":{"scope":"fre","hash":"a5a3a69","metadata":{}},"628614349101657":{"scope":"fre","hash":"f282b14","metadata":{}}},"manifestUrl":"https://static-assets.hearstapps.com/design-tokens/manifest.json"},"flags":{"fre.seogra.breadcrumbs":1,"fre.content.enable-privacy-disclaimer":"(NOT_SET)","cover-stories":1,"ecommerce.enable-embedded-experience":"(NOT_SET)","seo.syndicated-content.no-noindex":1,"seo.block-meta-ai-crawler":1,"ecommerce.load-pulse-script":"(NOT_SET)","fre.piano.int":"(NOT_SET)","content-pass.enable":0,"enable-sso":1,"enable-google-one-tap":"(NOT_SET)","enable-microsoft-quick-auth":"(NOT_SET)","fre.notifications.batch":0,"fre.notifications.appier":"(NOT_SET)","display-search":1,"fre.show-magnifying-glass-icon-only":"(NOT_SET)","location-choice":0,"fre.location-choice.display-generic-title":1,"fre.do-not-sell-link":1,"search.fre.display-top-navigation":0,"fre.top-navigation.gift-lab":"(NOT_SET)","fre.piano.login":"(NOT_SET)","fre.enable-jam-journey":1,"fre.jam-journey.enable-top-slim-banner":1,"fre.commerce.use-affiliate_url":1,"seo.feed-page-pagination":0,"custom-feeds.short-heds":0,"video.priority-to-use-preview-image":"(NOT_SET)","fre.enable-fastly-image":0,"content-editor.disable-author-photo":"(NOT_SET)","fre.enable-author-flyout":1,"fre.enable-home-page-newsletter":0,"custom-feeds.block-head-image":0,"fre.piano.hosted-content-module":"(NOT_SET)","new-nav":1,"fre.cds.enable-paywall":0,"fre.piano.enable-paywall":0,"fre.jam-journey.enable-modals":0,"fre.jam-journey.enable-meters":1,"fre.jam-journey.enable-post-registration-modals":0,"mobile-adhesion-unit":1,"content-editor.content-body.preview-blocker":0},"lazy":{"P0-1":[[14210]],"P0-2":[[60999]],"P0-4":[[92848,15265,64512]],"P0-5":[[16382,98628,15265,6979]],"P0-6":[[92848,5599,38768,40588,56131,95445,64512],1],"P0-7":[[22367,15265]],"P0-8":[[92848,6979,15265,64512]],"P0-9":[[22367,15265]],"P0-10":[[22367,15265]],"P0-11":[[33532]]},"translations":{"app":{"ad-breaker-text-main":"Advertisement - Continue Reading Below"},"common":{"and":"and","close":"Close","cookie_choices":"Cookies Choices","do_not_sell_info_footer":"Your Privacy Choices: Opt Out of Sale/Targeted Ads","do_not_sell_info_sidepanel":"Your Privacy Choices","login":"sign in","myAccountSlug":"my-account","other_editions":"Other Editions","privacyNotice":"Privacy Notice","sidepanel":"Side Panel","search":"Search","skipToContent":"Skip to Content","termsOfUse":"Terms Of Use"},"content":{"affiliate-disclosure-footer":"We may earn commission from links on this page, but we only recommend products we back.","image":{"fallback-alt":"This is an image","no-longer-available":"Image no longer available"},"why-trust-us":"Why Trust Us?"},"date":{"format":""}}}}},"page":"/_templates/feed","query":{},"buildId":"0298c4ad98","assetPrefix":"/_assets/fre/scopes/hdm","runtimeConfig":{"APP_ENVIRONMENT":"production","APP_VERSION":"0.12.232","DEFAULT_FETCH_TIMEOUT":"2000","RUNTIME_INSURANCE_PUBLISHER_KEY":"dGVk90VVSURz","RUNTIME_INSURANCE_ADUNIT_KEY":"jAgnNJlb","RUNTIME_TRADE_TOOL_APP_URL":"https://app.blackbookinformation.com","RUNTIME_USE_SENTRY":"1","RUNTIME_RESIN_ASSETS_URL":"https://cdsshopprod-assets.resin.com","RUNTIME_ENABLE_RECAPTCHA":"true","RUNTIME_OPEN_WEB_ENABLED":"1","RUNTIME_PUBLIC_IMAGE_HOSTNAME":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod","RUNTIME_MICROSOFT_AUTH_CLIENT_ID":"952b8b0a-eccb-4fa4-90ca-13796e19166f","RUNTIME_GLIMMER_BUNDLE_FILE":"player.js","RUNTIME_GRAPHQL_TIMEOUT":"12000","RUNTIME_SPEEDCURVE_URL":"https://cdn.speedcurve.com/js/lux.js?id=231332287","RUNTIME_PAYMENT_CAPTURE_SCRIPT_URL":"https://paymentcapture.resin.com/v1/payment-capture.js","RUNTIME_RECAPTCHA_KEY":"6LcygTohAAAAALJc9PUf8gwQA5bdSdXK34HDB_5l","RUNTIME_SLIDES_PER_PAGE_OVERLAY":"10","RUNTIME_NITEHAWK_URL":"https://nitehawk.hearst.io","RUNTIME_INSURANCE_API_URL":"https://api.trvmarketplace.com/click/v1/auto","RUNTIME_TRADE_TOOL_SCRIPT_URL":"https://app.blackbookinformation.com/app/shopping-tools-js/v1.js","RUNTIME_GRAPHQL_URL":"https://heimdall.hearstapps.com","RUNTIME_SLIDES_PER_PAGE_LIST":"30","RUNTIME_ORDER_INTAKE_URL":"https://api.resin.com/orders","RUNTIME_TCF_API_TIMEOUT":"2000","RUNTIME_BUY_SUB_URL":"https://optout.hearstmags.com/servlet/OrdersGateway?cds_mag_code=A99\u0026amp;cds_page_id=246801","RUNTIME_PUBLIC_FILE_HOSTNAME":"https://hmg-h-cdn.hearstapps.com","RUNTIME_CIAM_AUTH_URLS":"https://auth.mylo.id","RUNTIME_GLIMMER_BUNDLE_PATH":"8.91.0","RUNTIME_RUFUS_HOSTNAME":"https://preferencecenter.hearstmags.com","RUNTIME_JOKER_URL":"https://joker.hearstgames.com","RUNTIME_INSURANCE_LICENSE_KEY":"afb7f38f-6470-445f-b583-28ae8e1ed325","RUNTIME_TRADE_TOOL_DEALER_ID":"0441002","RUNTIME_CIAM_UI_URLS":"https://www.mylo.id","RUNTIME_GLIMMER_BUNDLE_PREFIX":"/_assets/glimmer","RUNTIME_VIDEO_PLAYER_URL":"https://glimmer.hearstapps.com","RUNTIME_CIAM_DATA_URL":"https://ciam-data.kubeprod.hearstapps.com/graphql","RUNTIME_GRAPHQL_TIMEOUT_FEED":"20000","RUNTIME_TRUECAR_SHOPPING_URL":"https://shopping.caranddriver.com","RUNTIME_RIDDLER_GAME_URL":"https://riddler.hearstgames.com","RUNTIME_GOOGLE_AUTH_CLIENT_ID":"966691262229-s6tftim27cpahri78teloejj82ms26hh.apps.googleusercontent.com","RUNTIME_SLIDES_PER_PAGE_GRID":"5","RUNTIME_JAM_SCRIPT_URL":"https://jam.hearstapps.com","RUNTIME_PRODUCTS_TIMEOUT":"30000","RUNTIME_CUSTOM_EVENT_DISPATCHER_URL":"https://oply.hearstapps.com/v1/events","RUNTIME_PUBLIC_IMAGE_DOMAIN":"https://hips.hearstapps.com","RUNTIME_MEDIA_GATEWAY_URL":"https://media.hearstapps.com","RUNTIME_INSURANCE_PANEL_ADUNIT_KEY":"DuS9oM6s","RUNTIME_PRODUCTS_URL":"https://products.hearstapps.com","RUNTIME_CONCORDE_URL":"https://search.hearstapps.com","RUNTIME_GRAPHQL_TOKEN":"eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCIsImtpZCI6Imp3dF9zZWNyZXRfZnJlIn0.e30.wlF-prqbR7gQ28qeFJrGOTKcct5p5jzNfrO6NBcc7C8","RUNTIME_AFFILIATE_BUNDLE_VERSION":"8.4.4","RUNTIME_CARS_FOR_SALE_MODULE_URL":"/inventory","RUNTIME_LIVE_STREAM_URL":"https://player.vimeo.com/video/","RUNTIME_LIVE_STREAM_CHAT":"https://vimeo.com/live-chat/","RUNTIME_VIMEO_STREAM_URL":"https://vimeo.com/event/","RUNTIME_THEME_SLUG":"","RUNTIME_NEXT_LAZY":""},"isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[35261,92688,10020],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}</script><script id="build-manifest">window.__BUILD_MANIFEST_CB=function(){return new Promise(((e,n)=>{document.body.appendChild(Object.assign(document.createElement("script"),{src:"/_assets/fre/scopes/hdm/_next/static/0298c4ad98/_buildManifest.js",onload:e,onerror:n}))}))};</script><script type="text/javascript" id="font-loader">(()=>{const e=navigator?.connection?.effectiveType;if(e&&"4g"!==e)return;const{search:n}=window.location;if(n.includes("disableFonts"))return;const t=document,o=()=>{const e=t.getElementById("deferred-fonts");e&&(e.media="all")};"interactive"===document.readyState?o():window.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",o)})();</script></body></html>