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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Identity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Identity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chronology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chronology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Chronology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Chronology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Chronology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Chronology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Relative_chronology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relative_chronology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Relative chronology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relative_chronology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reign_Duration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reign_Duration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Reign Duration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reign_Duration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Reign</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reign-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reign subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Events</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_reign_and_succession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_reign_and_succession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>End of reign and succession</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_reign_and_succession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tomb" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tomb"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Tomb</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tomb-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Tomb subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tomb-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Location" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Location"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Location</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Location-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Superstructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Superstructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Superstructure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Superstructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Substructures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Substructures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Substructures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Substructures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_usages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_usages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Later usages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_usages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Nynetjer</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 48 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-48" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">48 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%92%E1%8A%90%E1%8C%A8%E1%88%AD" title="ኒነጨር – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኒነጨር" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A_%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%B1" title="ني نتجر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ني نتجر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninetyer" title="Ninetyer – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ninetyer" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Нинечер – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Нинечер" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninetjer" title="Ninetjer – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ninetjer" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninecer" title="Ninecer – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ninecer" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninetjer" title="Ninetjer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ninetjer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%AF%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%B8%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%82" title="Βίνωθρις – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βίνωθρις" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nynecher" title="Nynecher – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nynecher" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine%C4%89er" title="Nineĉer – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nineĉer" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nynecher" title="Nynecher – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nynecher" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AA_%D8%AC%D8%B1" title="نینت جر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نینت جر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nynetjer" title="Nynetjer – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nynetjer" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninetjer" title="Ninetjer – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ninetjer" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%88%EB%84%A4%EC%B2%B4%EB%A5%B4" title="니네체르 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="니네체르" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine%C4%8Der" title="Ninečer – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ninečer" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nynetjer" title="Nynetjer – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nynetjer" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninetjer" title="Ninetjer – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ninetjer" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A9%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ნინეჩერი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნინეჩერი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninetd%C5%BEeras" title="Ninetdžeras – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ninetdžeras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninetjer" title="Ninetjer – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ninetjer" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Нинечер – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Нинечер" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%89_%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%B1" title="نى نتجر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نى نتجر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nynetjer" title="Nynetjer – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Nynetjer" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nynetjer" title="Nynetjer – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nynetjer" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8B%E3%83%8D%E3%83%81%E3%82%A7%E3%83%AB" title="ニネチェル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ニネチェル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nynetjer" title="Nynetjer – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nynetjer" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nineter" title="Nineter – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Nineter" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nineczer" title="Nineczer – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nineczer" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bin%C3%B3tris" title="Binótris – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Binótris" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninetjer" title="Ninetjer – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Ninetjer" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Нинечер – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нинечер" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A" title="නිනෙට්ජෙර් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="නිනෙට්ජෙර්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine%C4%8Der" title="Ninečer – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ninečer" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Нинечер – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Нинечер" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninetjer" title="Ninetjer – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ninetjer" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nynetjer" title="Nynetjer – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nynetjer" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninetjer" title="Ninetjer – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ninetjer" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nynetjer" title="Nynetjer – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Nynetjer" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="நய்நெத்செர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நய்நெத்செர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="ฟาโรห์นิเนทเจอร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฟาโรห์นิเนทเจอร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nynetjer" title="Nynetjer – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Nynetjer" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Egyptian pharaoh</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="background:#decd87;font-size:125%;">Nynetjer</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader nickname">Ninetjer, Ninuter, Nyneter, Neteren, Banetjer, Banetjeren, Banetjeru, Binothris, Biophis, <small>[Netjermu deprecated]</small></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_of_Ninetjer_Rijksmuseum_van_Oudheden_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Quartzite[note 1] statue of Nynetjer wearing ceremonial clothes of the sed festival,[3][4] Rijksmuseum van Oudheden."><img alt="Quartzite[note 1] statue of Nynetjer wearing ceremonial clothes of the sed festival,[3][4] Rijksmuseum van Oudheden." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Statue_of_Ninetjer_Rijksmuseum_van_Oudheden_03.jpg/220px-Statue_of_Ninetjer_Rijksmuseum_van_Oudheden_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Statue_of_Ninetjer_Rijksmuseum_van_Oudheden_03.jpg/330px-Statue_of_Ninetjer_Rijksmuseum_van_Oudheden_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Statue_of_Ninetjer_Rijksmuseum_van_Oudheden_03.jpg/440px-Statue_of_Ninetjer_Rijksmuseum_van_Oudheden_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1501" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Quartzite<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> statue of Nynetjer wearing ceremonial clothes of the <a href="/wiki/Sed_festival" title="Sed festival">sed festival</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimpson195646_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimpson195646-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmery196195_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmery196195-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rijksmuseum_van_Oudheden" title="Rijksmuseum van Oudheden">Rijksmuseum van Oudheden</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="background:#decd87; line-height:normal; padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_chronology" title="Egyptian chronology">Reign</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Duration: 38–49 years, most probably 40, sometime in the <span class="nowrap">29th century BC</span> to early <span class="nowrap">27th century BC</span><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nebra_(Pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebra (Pharaoh)">Nebra</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data">uncertain: <a href="/wiki/Nubnefer" title="Nubnefer">Nubnefer</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahl200716_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahl200716-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Weneg_(pharaoh)" title="Weneg (pharaoh)">Weneg</a> (only if distinct from Raneb, may also be identified with <a href="/wiki/Wadjenes" title="Wadjenes">Wadjenes</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards197131_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards197131-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) or <a href="/wiki/Seth-Peribsen" title="Seth-Peribsen">Seth-Peribsen</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBierbrier1999175_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBierbrier1999175-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsible-leftside-toggle mw-collapsed" style="width:100%;margin:0;border:0;padding:0;"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; background:#decd87; line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; display:block;margin-bottom:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_royal_titulary" title="Ancient Egyptian royal titulary">Royal titulary</a></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:2px solid #decd87;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="background:#e9deaf;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_royal_titulary#Horus_name" title="Ancient Egyptian royal titulary">Horus name</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><table width="100%"> <tbody><tr><td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Nynetjer<br /><i>Nj-nṯr</i> <br /><i>Godlike</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClayton199426_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClayton199426-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><i>He who belongs to the god <small>[i.e. to Ra]</small></i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimal199254_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimal199254-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><td class="center"> <table> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;padding:10px;"> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding-right:4px;"> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G5.png?bcb90" height="38" title="G5" alt="G5" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> <td height="48px" width="2px" style="background-color:black; color:inherit;"></td> <td> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td height="2px" style="background-color:black; color:inherit;"></td> </tr><tr> <td height="46" style="padding:0 5px;"> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_R8.png?c3d74" height="38" title="R8" alt="R8" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N35.png?fcc27" height="5" title="N35 [n]" alt="n" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr> <td height="2px" style="background-color:black; color:inherit;"></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;"> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Srxtail2.svg/50px-Srxtail2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Srxtail2.svg/75px-Srxtail2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Srxtail2.svg/100px-Srxtail2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></span></span></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="background:#e9deaf;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_royal_titulary#Nebty_("two_ladies")_name" title="Ancient Egyptian royal titulary">Nebty name</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><table width="100%"> <tbody><tr><td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Nynetjer-Nebty<br /><i>Nj-nṯr-nbt.j</i> <br /><i>Godlike one of the Two Ladies</i></div></td></tr><tr><td class="center"> <table> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;padding:4px 10px;"> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding-right:6px;"> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G16.png?dbf15" height="38" title="G16" alt="G16" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> <td> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td height="2px" style="background-color:black; color:inherit;"></td> <td height="45" style="padding:0;"> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_R8.png?c3d74" height="38" title="R8" alt="R8" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N35.png?fcc27" height="5" title="N35 [n]" alt="n" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> <td height="2px" style="background-color:black; color:inherit;"></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;"></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="background:#e9deaf;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_royal_titulary" title="Ancient Egyptian royal titulary">Nomen</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><table width="100%"> <tbody><tr><td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b><a href="/wiki/Abydos_King_List" title="Abydos King List">Abydos King List</a></b><br />Banetjer<br /><i>B3-nṯr</i> <br /><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_V10A.png?3f6f9" height="40" title="V10A" alt="V10A" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_W10A.png?ab6c3" height="15" title="W10A" alt="W10A" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_E11.png?224d9" height="27" title="E11" alt="E11" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_R8.png?c3d74" height="38" title="R8" alt="R8" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N35.png?fcc27" height="5" title="N35" alt="N35" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_V11A.png?c754a" height="40" title="V11A" alt="V11A" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><br /><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Saqqara_King_List" class="mw-redirect" title="Saqqara King List">Saqqara King List</a></b><br /><b>Banetjeru</b><br /> <i>B3-nṯr.w</i><br /><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_V10A.png?3f6f9" height="40" title="V10A" alt="V10A" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_W10A.png?ab6c3" height="15" title="W10A" alt="W10A" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G29.png?76902" height="38" title="G29" alt="G29" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_R8.png?c3d74" height="38" title="R8" alt="R8" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_X1.png?f2a8c" height="11" title="X1" alt="X1" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D21.png?9bfb9" height="11" title="D21" alt="D21" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G43.png?6eb40" height="38" title="G43" alt="G43" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_V11A.png?c754a" height="40" title="V11A" alt="V11A" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><br /><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Turin_King_List" title="Turin King List">Turin Canon</a></b><br />...Netjer-ren<br /><i>...nṯr-rn</i><br /><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_HASH.png?5ba11" height="38" title="HASH" alt="HASH" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_HASH.png?5ba11" height="38" title="HASH" alt="HASH" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_R8.png?c3d74" height="38" title="R8" alt="R8" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D21.png?9bfb9" height="11" title="D21 [r]" alt="r" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N35.png?fcc27" height="5" title="N35" alt="N35" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_V11A.png?c754a" height="40" title="V11A" alt="V11A" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G7.png?aff71" height="38" title="G7" alt="G7" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><br /><br /><b>Gold name (Palermo stone)</b><br />Ren-nebu<br /><i>Rn-nb.w</i><br /><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_M22.png?375a3" height="38" title="M22" alt="M22" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D21.png?9bfb9" height="11" title="D21" alt="D21" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N35.png?fcc27" height="5" title="N35" alt="N35" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_S12.png?46f50" height="19" title="S12" alt="S12" /></td> </tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr> </tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Consort</th><td class="infobox-data">uncertain</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">uncertain,<a href="/wiki/Wadjenes" title="Wadjenes">Wadjenes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Weneg_(pharaoh)" title="Weneg (pharaoh)">Weneg</a> ?</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nebra_(Pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebra (Pharaoh)">Nebra</a> ?</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data">Gallery Tomb B, Saqqara</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Dynasty</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Second_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Second Dynasty of Egypt">2nd Dynasty</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Nynetjer</b> (also known as <b>Ninetjer</b> and <b>Banetjer</b>) is the <a href="/wiki/Horus_name" title="Horus name">Horus name</a> of the third pharaoh of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Second Dynasty of Egypt">Second Dynasty of Egypt</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Egypt)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Egypt)">Early Dynastic Period</a>. Archaeologically, Nynetjer is the best attested king of the entire dynasty. Direct evidence shows that he succeeded <a href="/wiki/Raneb" class="mw-redirect" title="Raneb">Raneb</a> on the throne. What happened after him is much less clear as historical sources and archaeological evidences point to some breakdown or partition of the state. </p><p>Nynetjer's reign is difficult to date precisely, with most experts proposing that he flourished some time during the late <span class="nowrap">29th century BC</span> to the early <span class="nowrap">27th century BC</span>. Estimating the duration of his rule is equally difficult and Egyptologists have proposed from 43 to 50 years of reign for him. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Attestations">Attestations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nynetjer&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Attestations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abydos_KL_02-03_n11.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Abydos_KL_02-03_n11.jpg/100px-Abydos_KL_02-03_n11.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Abydos_KL_02-03_n11.jpg/150px-Abydos_KL_02-03_n11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Abydos_KL_02-03_n11.jpg/200px-Abydos_KL_02-03_n11.jpg 2x" data-file-width="348" data-file-height="522" /></a><figcaption>Banetjer, cartouche of Nynetjer in the Abydos King List (no. 11).</figcaption></figure> <p>Archaeologically, Nynetjer is the best attested of the kings of the early second dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson200571_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson200571-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His name appears in <a href="/wiki/Inscription" class="mw-redirect" title="Inscription">inscriptions</a> on stone vessels and clay sealings in large numbers from his <a href="/wiki/Tomb" title="Tomb">tomb</a> at <a href="/wiki/Sakkara" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakkara">Sakkara</a>. A large number of artifacts bearing his name were also found in the tomb of king <a href="/wiki/Peribsen" class="mw-redirect" title="Peribsen">Peribsen</a> at <a href="/wiki/Abydos,_Egypt" title="Abydos, Egypt">Abydos</a> and in the galleries beneath the <a href="/wiki/Step_pyramid" title="Step pyramid">step pyramid</a> of king <a href="/wiki/Djoser" title="Djoser">Djoser</a>. However, the datings of some inscriptions, especially those made of black <a href="/wiki/Ink" title="Ink">ink</a>, caused some problems. Writing experts and archaeologists such as Ilona Regulski point out that the ink inscriptions are of a somewhat later date than the stone and seal inscriptions. She dates the ink markings to the reigns of kings such as <a href="/wiki/Khasekhemwy" title="Khasekhemwy">Khasekhemwy</a> and Djoser and assumes that the artifacts originated from Abydos. In fact, <a href="/wiki/Alabaster" title="Alabaster">alabaster</a> vessels and earthen jars with black ink inscriptions with very similar font design showing Nynetjer's name were found in Peribsen's tomb.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetrieGriffith19015obj._6_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetrieGriffith19015obj._6-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nynetjer's name also appears on a rock inscription near Abu Handal in <a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Lower Nubia</a>. The inscription only presents a "N" sign inside a <a href="/wiki/Serekh" title="Serekh">serekh</a> of the king but with the sign "Netjer" for "God" placed above the serekh, in the position normally occupied by the Horus falcon. Consequently Nynetjer's name is rendered as "The God N". The absence of Horus may hint at religious disturbances as suggested by the later choices of king Peribsen to have <a href="/wiki/Set_(deity)" title="Set (deity)">Set</a> instead of Horus above his serekhs and of pharaoh Khasekhemwy, final ruler of the dynasty, to have both gods facing each other above his.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEŽába197430–31_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŽába197430–31-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The inscription itself might represent a clue that Nynetjer sent a military <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/expedition" class="extiw" title="wikt:expedition">expedition</a> into this region, likely after his 20 years of reign since such an expedition is not mention in the surviving royal annals covering Nynetjer's first two decades of rule.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEŽába197430–31_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŽába197430–31-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Identity">Identity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nynetjer&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Identity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nynetjer is commonly identified with the <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_II" title="Ramesses II">Ramesside</a> <a href="/wiki/Cartouche" title="Cartouche">cartouche</a> names <i>Banetjer</i> from the <a href="/wiki/Abydos_King_List" title="Abydos King List">Abydos King List</a>, <i>Banetjeru</i> from the <a href="/wiki/Saqqara_King_List" class="mw-redirect" title="Saqqara King List">Sakkara table</a> and <i>Netjer-ren</i> from the <a href="/wiki/Turin_King_List" title="Turin King List">Royal Canon of Turin</a>. The Palermo Stone inscription presents an unusual goldname of Nynetjer: <i>Ren-nebu</i>, meaning "golden offspring" or "golden calf". This name appears already on artefacts surviving from Nynetjer's lifetime and Egyptologists such as <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Helck" title="Wolfgang Helck">Wolfgang Helck</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toby_Wilkinson" title="Toby Wilkinson">Toby Wilkinson</a> think that it could be some kind of forerunner of the <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">golden-Horus-name</a> that was established in the royal titulature at the beginning of <a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Third Dynasty of Egypt">3rd dynasty</a> under king <a href="/wiki/Djoser" title="Djoser">Djoser</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHelck1987116–117_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHelck1987116–117-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chronology">Chronology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nynetjer&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Chronology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2nd_Dynasty.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Close-up of the back of the head and shoulder of a granite statue showing white inscribed hieroglyphs on a reddiwh-brown background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/2nd_Dynasty.jpg/220px-2nd_Dynasty.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/2nd_Dynasty.jpg/330px-2nd_Dynasty.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/2nd_Dynasty.jpg/440px-2nd_Dynasty.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1176" data-file-height="1612" /></a><figcaption>Shoulder of Hetepedief's statue with the serekhs of Hotepsekhemwy, Raneb and Nynetjer (right to left)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relative_chronology">Relative chronology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nynetjer&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Relative chronology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The relative chronological position of Nynetjer as the third ruler of the early Second Dynasty and successor of Raneb makes consensus among Egyptologists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReader201775_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReader201775-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson200522_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson200522-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson201050_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson201050-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson20142_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson20142-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahl200717_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahl200717-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVercoutter1992222_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVercoutter1992222-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards197130_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards197130-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is directly attested by the contemporary statue of Hetepedief. The statue, uncovered in <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Egypt" title="Memphis, Egypt">Memphis</a> and made of speckled red granite, is one of the earliest example of private Egyptian sculpture. Hetepedief was priest of the mortuary cults of the first three kings of the dynasty, whose serekhs are inscribed in seemingly chronological order on Hetepedief's right shoulder: Hotepsekhemwy, Raneb then Nynetjer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196145–46_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196145–46-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmery196135_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmery196135-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards197130_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards197130-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further archaeological evidences support this theory, notably stone bowls of Hotepsekhemwy and Raneb reinscribed during Nynetjer's rule.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetrieGriffith190126_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetrieGriffith190126-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahl200721_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahl200721-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two historical sources also point to the same conclusion: the Old Kingdom royal annals, which while not preserving the identity of Nynetjer's predecessor is consistent with him not being the first king of the Second Dynasty; and the <a href="/wiki/Turin_King_List" title="Turin King List">Turin canon</a>, a list of kings written under <a href="/wiki/Ramses_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramses II">Ramses II</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1303 BC – 1213 BC</span>) which explicitly ranks Nynetjer as the third king of his dynasty after Hotepsekhemwy and Raneb.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196146_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196146-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reign_Duration">Reign Duration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nynetjer&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Reign Duration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_of_Ninetjer_Rijksmuseum_van_Oudheden_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Light brown statuette of a man seated on a throne with high rounded crown, hieroglyphs inscribe on his right on side." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Statue_of_Ninetjer_Rijksmuseum_van_Oudheden_04.jpg/220px-Statue_of_Ninetjer_Rijksmuseum_van_Oudheden_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Statue_of_Ninetjer_Rijksmuseum_van_Oudheden_04.jpg/330px-Statue_of_Ninetjer_Rijksmuseum_van_Oudheden_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Statue_of_Ninetjer_Rijksmuseum_van_Oudheden_04.jpg/440px-Statue_of_Ninetjer_Rijksmuseum_van_Oudheden_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1501" /></a><figcaption>Seated statue of Nynetjer wearing the sed-festival robe</figcaption></figure> <p>The duration of Nynetjer's rule may be appraised from several historical sources. The oldest of these is the Old Kingdom royal annals now known after the name of its main fragment, the <a href="/wiki/Palermo_Stone" title="Palermo Stone">Palermo Stone</a>. These annals were likely first compiled during the early <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fifth Dynasty of Egypt">Fifth Dynasty</a>, possibly under <a href="/wiki/Neferirkare_Kakai" title="Neferirkare Kakai">Neferirkare Kakai</a> (mid-25th century BC) around whose reign the record stops.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBárta20172_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBárta20172-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimal199277_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimal199277-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These annals are considered to be a reliable witness to Nynetjer's rule notably because they correctly give his name "in contrast to the corrupt, garbled variants found in later king lists" (Wilkinson).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson200024_&_119_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson200024_&_119-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The surviving fragments of the annals record the main events and Nile flood levels from what is likely the seventh year of Nynetjer's reign until the 21st. The remainder of the records concerning his rule are lost. Nonetheless given the space afforded for each year on the annals and the position of subsequent reigns, reconstructions have been attempted from the surviving fragments to estimate the total of Nynetjer's years on the throne. With a single exception,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> all the Egyptologists who studied this problem have proposed long reigns<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> lasting between 38 years<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards197131_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards197131-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> up to 49 years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2000256_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2000256-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most recent reconstruction of the royal annals by Wilkinson in 2000 concludes that Nynetjer's reign as recorded on the Palermo stone was most probably of 40 complete or partial years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson200079–80_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson200079–80-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Turin_King_List" title="Turin King List">Turin Canon</a> suggests an improbable reign of 96 years<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGardiner195915Table_I_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardiner195915Table_I-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Historian" title="Historian">historian</a> <a href="/wiki/Manetho" title="Manetho">Manetho</a> suggested that Nynetjer's reign lasted 47 years.<sup id="cite_ref-WGW_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WGW-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Egyptologists question both statements as <a href="/wiki/Misinterpretation" class="mw-redirect" title="Misinterpretation">misinterpretations</a> or <a href="/wiki/Exaggeration" title="Exaggeration">exaggerations</a>. They generally credit Nynetjer with a reign of either 43 years or 45 years. </p><p>Archaeological evidence in favor of a long reign includes the seated statuette of Nynetjer showing him wearing the ceremonial tight-fitting vestment of the <a href="/wiki/Sed_festival" title="Sed festival">sed festival</a>, a feast for the rejuvenation of the king that came to be celebrated for the first time only after the king had reigned for 30 years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHornungLorton199911_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHornungLorton199911-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reign">Reign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nynetjer&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Reign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Events">Events</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nynetjer&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ninetjer-Palermo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Ninetjer-Palermo.png/780px-Ninetjer-Palermo.png" decoding="async" width="780" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Ninetjer-Palermo.png/1170px-Ninetjer-Palermo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Ninetjer-Palermo.png/1560px-Ninetjer-Palermo.png 2x" data-file-width="2335" data-file-height="481" /></a><figcaption>Year events 7–21 from the reign of Nynetjer (Palermo Stone, recto. To read from right to left)</figcaption></figure> <p><br /> Most of the information known about Nynetjer's reign are found on the main fragments of the Annal Stone of the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fifth Dynasty of Egypt">5th dynasty</a>. The Palermo Stone lists<sup id="cite_ref-SiSo_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SiSo-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the following events: </p> <ul><li><b>7th year:</b> Following of <a href="/wiki/Horus" title="Horus">Horus</a>...(rest is missing)</li> <li><b>8th year:</b> Appearance of the king; "stretching the cords" (a ceremony for a foundation<sup id="cite_ref-SiSo_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SiSo-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) for "Hor-Ren". Flood level: 1.57 metres.</li> <li><b>9th year:</b> Following of Horus. Flood level: 1.09 metres</li> <li><b>10th year:</b> Appearance of the king of Lower- and Upper Egypt; "<a href="/wiki/Running" title="Running">Race</a> of the Apis bull" (<i>pḥrr Ḥp</i>). Flood level: 1.09 metres.</li> <li><b>11th year:</b> Following of Horus. Flood level: 1.98 metres.</li> <li><b>12th year:</b> Appearance of the king of Lower Egypt; second celebration of the <a href="/wiki/Seker" title="Seker">Sokar</a> feast. Flood level: 1.92 metres.</li> <li><b>13th year:</b> Following of Horus. Flood level: 0.52 metres.</li> <li><b>14th year:</b> First celebration of "Hor-seba-pet" (<i>Horus the star in heaven</i>); Destruction / Foundation of "Shem-Re" and "Ha" (<i>The northern city</i><sup id="cite_ref-SiSo_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SiSo-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). The reading of this text passage is the subject of much discussion, since the hieroglyphic sign of a hoe as used here can mean either 'Destruction' or 'Foundation'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahl200756_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahl200756-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SiSo_46-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SiSo-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Flood level: 2.15 metres.</li> <li><b>15th year:</b> Following of Horus. Flood level: 2.15 metres.</li> <li><b>16th year:</b> Appearance of the king of Lower Egypt; second "Race of the Apis bull" (<i>pḥrr Ḥp</i>). Flood level: 1.92 metres.</li> <li><b>17th year:</b> Following of Horus. Flood level: 2.40 metres.</li> <li><b>18th year:</b> Appearance of the king of Lower Egypt; third celebration of the Sokar feast. Flood level: 2.21 metres.</li> <li><b>19th year:</b> Following of Horus. Flood level: 2.25 metres.</li> <li><b>20th year:</b> Appearance of the king of Lower Egypt; offering for the king's mother; celebrating of the "Feast of eternity" (a burial ceremony<sup id="cite_ref-SiSo_46-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SiSo-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) Flood level 1.92 metres.</li> <li><b>21st year:</b> Following of Horus...(rest is missing).</li></ul> <p>The Cairo Stone gives the years 36–44. The surface of the stone slab is damaged. Therefore, most of the events are illegible, except for the "birth" (creation) of an Anubis fetish and parts of a "Appearance of the king of Lower- and Upper Egypt".<sup id="cite_ref-SiSo_46-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SiSo-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ancient Egyptian historian Manetho, over 2000 years later, called Nynetjer <i>Binôthrís</i> and said that during this ruler's reign <i>"women received the right to gain royal dignity"</i>, meaning that women were allowed to reign like a king. Egyptologists such as <a href="/wiki/Walter_Bryan_Emery" title="Walter Bryan Emery">Walter Bryan Emery</a> assume that this reference was an obituary to the queens <a href="/wiki/Meritneith" class="mw-redirect" title="Meritneith">Meritneith</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neithhotep" title="Neithhotep">Neithhotep</a> from the early <a href="/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="First Dynasty of Egypt">1st dynasty</a>, both of whom are believed to have held the Egyptian throne for several years because their sons were too young to rule.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nynetjer&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The reigns of Raneb and Nynetjer saw the development of sun worship and the cult of Ra.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReader2014428_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReader2014428-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahl200744–46_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahl200744–46-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 14th year record on the Palermo stone might refer to the foundation (rather than the destruction) on Nynetjer's behalf of the "Shem-Ra" an institution or building whose name has been variously translated as "The going of Ra",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahl200757_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahl200757-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "The sun proceeds",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahl200757_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahl200757-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or "The sun has come".<sup id="cite_ref-SiSo_46-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SiSo-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administration">Administration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nynetjer&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The biennial event "Following of Horus" referred to on the Palermo stone most probably involved a journey of the king and the royal court throughout Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaring2010229_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaring2010229-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From at least the reign of Nynetjer onwards the purpose of this journey was to undertake a census for taxation purposes, collect and distribute various commodities. An historical source dated to the Third Dynasty details that this census involved an "enumeration of gold and land".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaring2010229_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaring2010229-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The responsibility for the supervision of state revenues was under the authority of the chancellor of the treasury of the king,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatary2001352_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatary2001352-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who directed three administrative institutions introduced by Nynetjer in replacement of an older one.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahl2013311_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahl2013311-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nynetjer might also have introduced an office for food management related to the census.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrassy200875_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrassy200875-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the beginning of Third Dynasty the "Following of Horus" disappears from the records replaced by a more thorough census, which may have originated during Nynetjer's reign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrassy200816_&_113_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrassy200816_&_113-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From at least the reign of <a href="/wiki/Sneferu" title="Sneferu">Sneferu</a> onwards this extended census included <a href="/wiki/Cattle_count" title="Cattle count">cattle counts</a>—under which name it became known—while oxen and small livestock were recorded from the Fifth Dynasty onwards.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatary2001352_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatary2001352-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These innovations represent a qualitatively new stage in resource collection and management on behalf of the nascent Egyptian state after the creation in the mid First Dynasty of the institutions responsible for the preparation of the royal tomb and the upkeep of subsequent funerary cults, as well as the state treasury.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrassy200816_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrassy200816-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nynetjer's novelties were certainly paralleled with an increase in the size of the civil service. Its main task was to ensure the continuing existence and effectiveness of kingship, which included providing for the king's life after death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrassy200816_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrassy200816-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This, in turn, required increasing quantities of commodities to be regularly collected as the Second Dynasty royal tombs were modelled after the king's palace, incorporating a large number of storage rooms for wine and food.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrassy200813_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrassy200813-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="End_of_reign_and_succession">End of reign and succession</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nynetjer&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: End of reign and succession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nynetjer_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Nynetjer_2.jpg/170px-Nynetjer_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Nynetjer_2.jpg/255px-Nynetjer_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Nynetjer_2.jpg/340px-Nynetjer_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1464" data-file-height="1938" /></a><figcaption>Fragment of a vase of Nynetjer discovered in the tomb of <a href="/wiki/Seth-Peribsen" title="Seth-Peribsen">Seth-Peribsen</a> which may have been part of the equipment of a boat of the king, depicted below his name.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetrieGriffith190126–27see_also_Pl_VIII.13._61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetrieGriffith190126–27see_also_Pl_VIII.13.-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>What happened towards the end of Nynetjer's rule and shortly thereafter is very uncertain. It is possible, though not certain,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson201051_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson201051-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that Egypt saw civil unrest<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERegulski2004962_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERegulski2004962-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the rise of competing claimants to the throne reigning concurrently over two realms in Upper and Lower Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson200073_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson200073-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson20142_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson20142-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historical records preserve conflicting lists of kings between the end of Nynetjer's reign and that of Khasekhemwy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBainesMálek200032_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBainesMálek200032-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three hypotheses have been put forth to explain these observations: first there could have been a political breakdown and a religious conflict; second this could result from a deliberate choice on Nynetjer's behalf following administrative considerations; or third an economic collapse might have led to Egyptian disunity. </p><p>For Erik Hornung, the troubles originate from an Upper Egyptian reaction to the migration of power and royal interest towards Memphis and Lower Egypt, leading to a breakdown of the unity of the state.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlögl201927_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlögl201927-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is manifested through he abandonment of the First Dynasty necropolis of Abydos in favor of Saqqara, which saw the construction of the tombs of the first three kings of the Second Dynasty. This political conflict might also have taken on a religious aspect under Nynetjer's successors: Hornung and Schlögl point to Peribsen's choice of the god Set rather than Horus as a divine patron for his name, Set being an Upper Egyptian god from <a href="/wiki/Naqada" title="Naqada">Ombos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlögl201927_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlögl201927-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peribsen further chose to have his tomb built in old royal burial grounds of Abydos, where he also erected a funerary enclosure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlögl201927_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlögl201927-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Lower Egyptian response to these developments also took place, with kings who associated themselves to Horus reigning concurrently over the North of Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHornungLorton199911_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHornungLorton199911-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlögl201927_66-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlögl201927-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Egyptologists such as Wolfgang Helck, <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Grimal" title="Nicolas Grimal">Nicolas Grimal</a>, <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_A._Schl%C3%B6gl" class="extiw" title="de:Hermann A. Schlögl">Hermann Alexander Schlögl</a> and Francesco Tiradritti believe instead that Nynetjer left a realm that was suffering from an overly complex state administration. Consequently, Nynetjer could have decided to split Egypt between his two successors, possibly his sons, who would rule two separate kingdoms in the hope that the two rulers could better administer the states.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimal199255_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimal199255-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETiradrittiDonadoni_Roveri199880–85_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETiradrittiDonadoni_Roveri199880–85-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nynetjer_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Nynetjer_1.jpg/220px-Nynetjer_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Nynetjer_1.jpg/330px-Nynetjer_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Nynetjer_1.jpg/440px-Nynetjer_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1432" data-file-height="967" /></a><figcaption>Diorite vase of Nynetjer bearing the king's name and mentioning a ″palace of the White Crown". Discovered in the gallery B beneath the <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Djoser" title="Pyramid of Djoser">Pyramid of Djoser</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In contrast, Egyptologists such as <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Bell_(astronomer)" title="Barbara Bell (astronomer)">Barbara Bell</a> believe that an economic catastrophe such as a <a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famine</a> or a long lasting drought affected Egypt around this time. Therefore, to address the problem of feeding the Egyptian population, Nynetjer split the realm into two and his successors ruled two independent states until the famine came to an end. Bell points to the inscriptions of the <a href="/wiki/Palermo_stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Palermo stone">Palermo stone</a>, where, in her opinion, the records of the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">annual Nile floods</a> show constantly low levels during this period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBell1970571–572_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell1970571–572-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bell's theory is now refuted by Egyptologists such as <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephan_Seidlmayer" class="extiw" title="de:Stephan Seidlmayer">Stephan Seidlmayer</a>, who corrected Bell's calculations. Seidlmayer has shown that the annual Nile floods were at their usual levels at Nynetjer's time up to the period of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a>. Bell had overlooked that the heights of the Nile floods in the Palermo Stone inscriptions only takes into account the measurements of the <a href="/wiki/Nilometer" title="Nilometer">nilometers</a> around <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Egypt" title="Memphis, Egypt">Memphis</a>, but not elsewhere along the river. Any long-lasting drought is therefore less likely to be an explanation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeidlmayer200187–89_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeidlmayer200187–89-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is also unclear if Nynetjer's successor already shared his throne with another ruler, or if the Egyptian state was split at the time of his death. All known king lists such as the <a href="/wiki/Saqqara_King_List" class="mw-redirect" title="Saqqara King List">Sakkara list</a>, the Turin Canon and the <a href="/wiki/Abydos_King_List" title="Abydos King List">Abydos table</a> list a king <a href="/wiki/Wadjenes" title="Wadjenes">Wadjenes</a> as Nynetjer's immediate successor and as the predecessor of a king called <a href="/wiki/Senedj" title="Senedj">Senedj</a>. After Senedj, the kinglists differ from each other regarding successors. While the Sakkara list and the Turin canon mention the kings <a href="/wiki/Neferkara_I" title="Neferkara I">Neferka(ra) I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neferkasokar" title="Neferkasokar">Neferkasokar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hudjefa_I" title="Hudjefa I">Hudjefa I</a> as immediate successors, the Abydos list skips them and lists a king <i>Djadjay</i> (identical with king <a href="/wiki/Khasekhemwy" title="Khasekhemwy">Khasekhemwy</a>). If Egypt was already divided when Senedj gained the throne, kings like Sekhemib and Peribsen would have ruled Upper Egypt, whilst Senedj and his successors, Neferka(ra) and Hudjefa I, would have ruled Lower Egypt. The division of Egypt was brought to an end by Khasekhemwy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlögl201928_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlögl201928-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tomb">Tomb</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nynetjer&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Tomb"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nynetjer_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Nynetjer_3.jpg/220px-Nynetjer_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Nynetjer_3.jpg/330px-Nynetjer_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Nynetjer_3.jpg/440px-Nynetjer_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2045" data-file-height="1458" /></a><figcaption>Fragment of a diorite vase mentioning Nynetjer and the goddess of the Delta, <a href="/wiki/Bastet" title="Bastet">Bastet</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The tomb of Nynetjer was discovered by <a href="/wiki/Selim_Hassan" title="Selim Hassan">Selim Hassan</a> in 1938 while he was excavating <a href="/wiki/Mastaba" title="Mastaba">mastabas</a> under the aegis of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Council_of_Antiquities" title="Supreme Council of Antiquities">Service des Antiquités de l'Egypte</a> in the vicinity of the <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Unas" title="Pyramid of Unas">Pyramid of Unas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETristant2018140_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETristant2018140-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hassan proposed that Nynetjer was the owner of the tomb thanks to numerous seal impressions bearing his serekh found onsite.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHassan1938503–521_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHassan1938503–521-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tomb was partially excavated in the 1970s to 1980s under the direction of Peter Munro,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMunro1983277–295_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMunro1983277–295-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> then Günther Dreyer,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDreyer2007130–138_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDreyer2007130–138-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who both confirmed Hassan's proposition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson20144_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson20144-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thorough excavations continued during seven campaigns until the 2010s under the supervision of archaeologist Claudia Lacher-Raschdorff of the <a href="/wiki/Deutsches_Arch%C3%A4ologisches_Institut" class="mw-redirect" title="Deutsches Archäologisches Institut">Deutsches Archäologisches Institut</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELacher-Raschdorff201547_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELacher-Raschdorff201547-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Location">Location</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nynetjer&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nynetjer's tomb lies in North Saqqara. Now known as Gallery Tomb B, the ancient name of the tomb might originally have been "Nurse of Horus" or "Nurse of the God".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStadelmann1981163_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStadelmann1981163-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tomb is located out of sight of Memphis,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan201683_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan201683-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELacher-Raschdorff2014251_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELacher-Raschdorff2014251-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> next to a natural wadi running west to east<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELacher-Raschdorff2014251_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELacher-Raschdorff2014251-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which may have functioned as a causeway from the valley up to the local plateau. This location was not only convenient—the wadi serving as an accessway for bringing construction materials to the tomb—but also ensured that the tomb remained hidden from the Nile valley<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReader200466_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReader200466-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and set within a desert backdrop symbolizing death which the king would finally overcome.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan201685_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan201685-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nynetjer's tomb, in the immediate vicinity of Hotepsekhemwy's and Raneb's,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMálek200079_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMálek200079-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> now lies beneath the causeway of <a href="/wiki/Unas" title="Unas">Unas</a> built at the end of the Fifth Dynasty. By that time, the original entrance of the tomb had already been blocked by a ditch, which Djoser had dug around <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Djoser" title="Pyramid of Djoser">his own pyramid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson201067_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson201067-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All above-ground structures which may have been associated to Nynetjer's tomb have been largely destroyed,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMálek200079_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMálek200079-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBainesMálek2000142_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBainesMálek2000142-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> either during Unas' rule<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan201678_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan201678-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or earlier under Djoser's.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoth199348footnote_49_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoth199348footnote_49-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To the south and east of the tomb, archaeological evidences suggest the presence of a wider necropolis of the Second Dynasty hosting the gallery tombs of several high ranking officials of the time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReader201776–77_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReader201776–77-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Erik Hornung, the choice of Saqqara over the <a href="/wiki/Umm_El_Qa%27ab" title="Umm El Qa'ab">Abydos burial grounds</a> of the First Dynasty points to some neglect of the older Upper Egyptian center of power in favour of Memphis, which might have contributed to an Upper Egyptian reaction in the troubled times following Nynetjer's rule.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHornungLorton199911_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHornungLorton199911-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Superstructure">Superstructure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nynetjer&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Superstructure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Archaeological excavations suggest the existence of above-ground structures originally associated with Nynetjer's tomb, none of which have survived.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELacher-Raschdorff2014251_81-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELacher-Raschdorff2014251-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archaeological remains are not sufficient to determine the layout of the structures nor if they were made of mud-brick or limestone.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELacher-Raschdorff2014251_81-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELacher-Raschdorff2014251-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They most likely incorporated an offering place with <a href="/wiki/False_door" title="False door">false door</a> and niche stele, a mortuary temple and a <a href="/wiki/Serdab" title="Serdab">serdab</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWegner2018622_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWegner2018622-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The heights of these superstructures may have reached 8 m (26 ft) to 10 m (33 ft) and may have resembled a mastaba.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan201680see_also_Fig._2_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan201680see_also_Fig._2-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A separate enclosure wall built of stone was in all probability built as well,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWengrow2009250_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWengrow2009250-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such structures accompanying royal tombs since the First Dynasty, albeit here likely on a much grander scale. The nearby <a href="/wiki/Gisr_el-Mudir" title="Gisr el-Mudir">Gisr el-Mudir</a> and L-shape enclosures may belong to Hotepsekhemwy and Nynetjer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodson2010807_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodson2010807-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReader200466_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReader200466-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Substructures">Substructures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nynetjer&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Substructures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The tomb comprises two vast subterranean ensembles hewn into the local rock. The main one, dug some 5 m (16 ft) to 6 m (20 ft) below ground level,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReader201775_&_84_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReader201775_&_84-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has 157 rooms of 2.1 m (6.9 ft) height over an area of 77 m × 50.5 m (253 ft × 166 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELacher-Raschdorff2014251_81-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELacher-Raschdorff2014251-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second ensemble is made of 34 rooms. The tomb was originally entered via a 25 m (82 ft)-long ramp blocked by two portcullises and leading to three galleries on a rough east-west axis. These extend into a maze-like system of doorways, vestibules and corridors built during two distinct construction phases.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELacher-Raschdorff2014251_81-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELacher-Raschdorff2014251-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lacher-Raschdorff estimates that the tomb rooms and galleries could have been dug by a team of 90 people working over a duration of two years. Copper tools marks show that the workers were organised in several groups hewing the rock from different directions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELacher-Raschdorff201548_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELacher-Raschdorff201548-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The tomb marks an important development in monumental royal mortuary architecture with its extended layout incorporating many storage rooms, while the tomb itself became the locus of renewal funerary rituals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWegner2018622_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWegner2018622-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the southern end of the tomb, a group of chambers seems to be model of the royal palace.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReader201776_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReader201776-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELacher-Raschdorff201459_&_251_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELacher-Raschdorff201459_&_251-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some chambers of the tomb were found almost undisturbed,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETristant2018141_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETristant2018141-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> still holding some of Nynetjer's original burial goods. One such room included 560 jars of wine, some of which were still sealed by sealings bearing the king's name and covered by a thick net made of plant fibres. Another room produced the fragments of a further 420 unfinished and unsealed wine jars which seem to have been deliberately broken in a ceremony at the time of burial.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELacher-Raschdorff2014251_81-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELacher-Raschdorff2014251-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELacher-Raschdorff201548–49_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELacher-Raschdorff201548–49-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further vessels include a group decorated with red stripes that held <a href="/wiki/Ziziphus_spina-christi" title="Ziziphus spina-christi">jujube fruits</a> and less than ten jars of beer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELacher-Raschdorff2014251_81-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELacher-Raschdorff2014251-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Excavations of the tomb also yielded 144 to 151 stone tools comprising knives with and without handles, stone sickles, blades, scrapers, hatchets and many further fragments of stone tools. There were also numerous stone vessels and unworked pieces of stones left for producing further vessels in the afterlife.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELacher-Raschdorff2014251_81-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELacher-Raschdorff2014251-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELacher-Raschdorff201548–49_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELacher-Raschdorff201548–49-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Detailed examination of the stone tools revealed minor traces of use and residues of a reddish-brown liquid, but no identifiable wear from intensive use nor resharpening of the tools seems to have taken place; Lacher-Raschdorff therefore hypotheses that the tools were made for the burial of the king and used during a ceremony for slaughtering animals and preparing food.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELacher-Raschdorff201549_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELacher-Raschdorff201549-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, some pieces of carved wood suggest the presence of a tent or canopy in the mortuary equipment of the king, similar to that found in the later <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Hetepheres_I" title="Tomb of Hetepheres I">tomb of queen Hetepheres I</a> (fl. c. 2600 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELacher-Raschdorff2014251_81-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELacher-Raschdorff2014251-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nynetjer's tomb shows great architectural similarities to the <i>Gallery Tomb A</i>, which is thought to be either <a href="/wiki/Raneb" class="mw-redirect" title="Raneb">Raneb</a>'s or <a href="/wiki/Hotepsekhemwy" title="Hotepsekhemwy">Hotepsekhemwy</a>'s burial site. This led the DAI to the conclusion that Nynetjer was inspired by his predecessor's tombs. Some of the wine jars originated from the tombs of the late <a href="/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="First Dynasty of Egypt">First Dynasty</a>. </p><p>The main burial chamber was located at the southwestern end of the tomb, but the whole burial site is highly unstable and is in danger of collapsing.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_usages">Later usages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nynetjer&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Later usages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The northern part of Nynetjer's gallery tomb area was covered by the necropolis associated with the pyramid of Unas at the end of the Fifth Dynasty. A <a href="/wiki/Mummy" title="Mummy">mummy mask</a> and a woman's coffin of the <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_II" title="Ramesses II">Ramesside era</a> found in the tomb indicate that it was partially re-used during the New Kingdom. At this time an extensive private necropolis extended over the entire area of the tomb. This necropolis continued to be used until the Late Period and, more sporadically, until the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">early Christian period</a> when the nearby monastery of Jeremiah was built.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELacher-Raschdorff2014251_81-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELacher-Raschdorff2014251-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nynetjer&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 45em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to publications<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson200572_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson200572-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as the purchase description of the <a href="/wiki/Rijksmuseum_van_Oudheden" title="Rijksmuseum van Oudheden">Rijksmuseum van Oudheden</a> in Leiden, the statue of Pharaoh Ninetjer was made of alabaster, but doubts soon arose about this after purchase. In 2017, the statue was therefore examined by geologist Dr. Hanco Zwaan of the <a href="/wiki/Naturalis_Biodiversity_Center" title="Naturalis Biodiversity Center">Naturalis Biodiversity Center</a> in Leiden. It turned out that the statue was indeed made of a different rock, namely quartzite. The hard quartzite is difficult to work, especially with the bronze and flint tools available to the Egyptians at the time. It is therefore special that they could already handle this hard rock so well.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Proposed dates for Nynetjer's reign: c. 2810 BC,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBierbrier1999xviii_&_263_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBierbrier1999xviii_&_263-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2810–2760 BC,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1997187_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1997187-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2790–2754 BC,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChauvet2001176_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChauvet2001176-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2785–2742 BC,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1999283_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1999283-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELacher-Raschdorff201547_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELacher-Raschdorff201547-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2767–2717 BC,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1997187_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1997187-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2760–2715 BC,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHornungLorton199911_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHornungLorton199911-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> c. 2700–2660 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHornung2012490_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHornung2012490-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">With the exception of Ricci who proposed only 15 years of reign for Nynetjer in his 1917 appraisal of the Palermo stone.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2000256_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2000256-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Following Helck who points to Nynetjer's celebrating a sed-festival to support a reign of at least 30 years,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHelck1979128_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHelck1979128-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wilkinson sees 35 years as the minimum possible duration for Nynetjer's reign given the space devoted to it on the royal annals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson200571_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson200571-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the early dynastic period, this treasury did not function as envisaged by a modern reader,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFritschy2018169_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFritschy2018169-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> rather it was an institution responsible for administering agricultural produces and/or stone ware, the latter being an important component of the funerary furniture. Tombs of kings of the First to Third Dynasties included thousands to tens of thousands of stone bowls, jars and cups. The ritualised supply of these to the royal tomb played a major role in the grand spectacle of the preparation of the king's tomb and so were a crucial element in the early ideology of kingship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFritschy2018169_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFritschy2018169-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The large mastaba of the high official <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruaben" class="extiw" title="de:Ruaben">Ruaben</a> (or <i>Ni-Ruab</i>) who held his office during the reign of Nynetjer, now known as mastaba S2302, had been proposed to be Nynetjer's tomb until Hassan's proposal regarding gallery tomb B as the burial site of the king was confirmed. The earlier misinterpretations were caused by the large amount of clay seals with Nynetjer's serekh name that were found in Ruaben's mastaba.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmery196194_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmery196194-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nynetjer&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson200572-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson200572_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilkinson2005">Wilkinson 2005</a>, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230117190850/https://www.rmo.nl/collectie/aanwinsten/twee-faraobeeldjes/">"Twee faraobeeltjes"</a> [Two pharaoh statues]. <i>Rijksmuseum van Oudheden</i> (in Dutch). Leiden. 2013-10-17. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rmo.nl/collectie/aanwinsten/twee-faraobeeldjes/">the original</a> on 2023-01-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rijksmuseum+van+Oudheden&rft.atitle=Twee+faraobeeltjes&rft.date=2013-10-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rmo.nl%2Fcollectie%2Faanwinsten%2Ftwee-faraobeeldjes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANynetjer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimpson195646-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimpson195646_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimpson1956">Simpson 1956</a>, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmery196195-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmery196195_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEmery1961">Emery 1961</a>, p. 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBierbrier1999xviii_&_263-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBierbrier1999xviii_&_263_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBierbrier1999">Bierbrier 1999</a>, pp. xviii & 263.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1997187-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1997187_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1997187_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvon_Beckerath1997">von Beckerath 1997</a>, p. 187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChauvet2001176-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChauvet2001176_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChauvet2001">Chauvet 2001</a>, p. 176.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1999283-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1999283_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvon_Beckerath1999">von Beckerath 1999</a>, p. 283.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELacher-Raschdorff201547-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELacher-Raschdorff201547_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELacher-Raschdorff201547_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLacher-Raschdorff2015">Lacher-Raschdorff 2015</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHornungLorton199911-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHornungLorton199911_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHornungLorton199911_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHornungLorton199911_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHornungLorton199911_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHornungLorton1999">Hornung & Lorton 1999</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHornung2012490-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHornung2012490_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHornung2012">Hornung 2012</a>, p. 490.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahl200716-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahl200716_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKahl2007">Kahl 2007</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards197131-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards197131_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards197131_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdwards1971">Edwards 1971</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBierbrier1999175-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBierbrier1999175_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBierbrier1999">Bierbrier 1999</a>, p. 175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClayton199426-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClayton199426_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClayton1994">Clayton 1994</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimal199254-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimal199254_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrimal1992">Grimal 1992</a>, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson200571-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson200571_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson200571_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilkinson2005">Wilkinson 2005</a>, p. 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetrieGriffith19015obj._6-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetrieGriffith19015obj._6_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPetrieGriffith1901">Petrie & Griffith 1901</a>, p. 5, obj. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ilona Regulski: <i>Second Dynasty Ink Inscriptions from Saqqara</i>, in: Stan Hendrickx & Barbara Adams: <i>Egypt at its Origins</i>; Peeters Publishers, Lieuven 2004; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-429-1469-6" title="Special:BookSources/90-429-1469-6">90-429-1469-6</a>, Seite 949 - 970.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEŽába197430–31-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEŽába197430–31_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEŽába197430–31_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFŽába1974">Žába 1974</a>, pp. 30–31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHelck1987116–117-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHelck1987116–117_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHelck1987">Helck 1987</a>, pp. 116–117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReader201775-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReader201775_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReader2017">Reader 2017</a>, p. 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson200522-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson200522_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilkinson2005">Wilkinson 2005</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson201050-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson201050_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilkinson2010">Wilkinson 2010</a>, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson20142-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson20142_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson20142_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilkinson2014">Wilkinson 2014</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahl200717-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahl200717_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKahl2007">Kahl 2007</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVercoutter1992222-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVercoutter1992222_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVercoutter1992">Vercoutter 1992</a>, p. 222.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards197130-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards197130_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards197130_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdwards1971">Edwards 1971</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196145–46-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196145–46_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFischer1961">Fischer 1961</a>, pp. 45–46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmery196135-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmery196135_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEmery1961">Emery 1961</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetrieGriffith190126-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetrieGriffith190126_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPetrieGriffith1901">Petrie & Griffith 1901</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahl200721-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahl200721_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKahl2007">Kahl 2007</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196146-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer196146_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFischer1961">Fischer 1961</a>, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBárta20172-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBárta20172_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBárta2017">Bárta 2017</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimal199277-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimal199277_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrimal1992">Grimal 1992</a>, p. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson200024_&_119-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson200024_&_119_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilkinson2000">Wilkinson 2000</a>, p. 24 & 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2000256-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2000256_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2000256_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilkinson2000">Wilkinson 2000</a>, p. 256.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHelck1979128-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHelck1979128_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHelck1979">Helck 1979</a>, p. 128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson200079–80-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson200079–80_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilkinson2000">Wilkinson 2000</a>, pp. 79–80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardiner195915Table_I-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGardiner195915Table_I_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGardiner1959">Gardiner 1959</a>, p. 15, Table I.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WGW-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WGW_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Gillian Waddell: <i>Manetho (The Loeb Classical Library, Volume 350)</i>. Harvard University Press, Cambridge (Mass.) 2004 (Reprint), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-99385-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-99385-3">0-674-99385-3</a>, page 37–41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SiSo-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SiSo_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SiSo_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SiSo_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SiSo_46-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SiSo_46-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SiSo_46-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SiSo_46-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">after Siegfried Schott: <i>Altägyptische Festdaten</i>, Verlag der Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur, Mainz/Wiesbaden 1950, page 59–67. See also: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://xoomer.virgilio.it/francescoraf/hesyra/ninetjer.htm">Francesco Raffaele: Ninetjer (nswt-bity Nynetjer)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahl200756-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahl200756_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKahl2007">Kahl 2007</a>, p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walter Bryan Emery: Ägypten - Geschichte und Kultur der Frühzeit. Fourier-Verlag Wiesbaden 1964, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-921695-39-2" title="Special:BookSources/3-921695-39-2">3-921695-39-2</a>, page 104 & 175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReader2014428-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReader2014428_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReader2014">Reader 2014</a>, p. 428.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahl200744–46-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahl200744–46_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKahl2007">Kahl 2007</a>, pp. 44–46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahl200757-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahl200757_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahl200757_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKahl2007">Kahl 2007</a>, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaring2010229-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaring2010229_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaring2010229_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaring2010">Haring 2010</a>, p. 229.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatary2001352-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatary2001352_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatary2001352_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKatary2001">Katary 2001</a>, p. 352.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahl2013311-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahl2013311_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKahl2013">Kahl 2013</a>, p. 311.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrassy200875-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrassy200875_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndrassy2008">Andrassy 2008</a>, p. 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrassy200816_&_113-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrassy200816_&_113_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndrassy2008">Andrassy 2008</a>, pp. 16 & 113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFritschy2018169-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFritschy2018169_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFritschy2018169_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFritschy2018">Fritschy 2018</a>, p. 169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrassy200816-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrassy200816_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrassy200816_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndrassy2008">Andrassy 2008</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrassy200813-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrassy200813_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndrassy2008">Andrassy 2008</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetrieGriffith190126–27see_also_Pl_VIII.13.-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetrieGriffith190126–27see_also_Pl_VIII.13._61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPetrieGriffith1901">Petrie & Griffith 1901</a>, pp. 26–27, see also Pl VIII.13..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson201051-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson201051_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilkinson2010">Wilkinson 2010</a>, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERegulski2004962-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERegulski2004962_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRegulski2004">Regulski 2004</a>, p. 962.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson200073-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson200073_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilkinson2000">Wilkinson 2000</a>, p. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBainesMálek200032-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBainesMálek200032_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBainesMálek2000">Baines & Málek 2000</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlögl201927-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlögl201927_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlögl201927_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlögl201927_66-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlögl201927_66-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchlögl2019">Schlögl 2019</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimal199255-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimal199255_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrimal1992">Grimal 1992</a>, p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETiradrittiDonadoni_Roveri199880–85-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETiradrittiDonadoni_Roveri199880–85_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTiradrittiDonadoni_Roveri1998">Tiradritti & Donadoni Roveri 1998</a>, pp. 80–85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell1970571–572-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBell1970571–572_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBell1970">Bell 1970</a>, pp. 571–572.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeidlmayer200187–89-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeidlmayer200187–89_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSeidlmayer2001">Seidlmayer 2001</a>, pp. 87–89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlögl201928-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlögl201928_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchlögl2019">Schlögl 2019</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETristant2018140-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETristant2018140_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTristant2018">Tristant 2018</a>, p. 140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmery196194-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmery196194_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEmery1961">Emery 1961</a>, p. 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHassan1938503–521-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHassan1938503–521_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHassan1938">Hassan 1938</a>, p. 503–521.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMunro1983277–295-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMunro1983277–295_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMunro1983">Munro 1983</a>, pp. 277–295.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDreyer2007130–138-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDreyer2007130–138_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDreyer2007">Dreyer 2007</a>, pp. 130–138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson20144-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson20144_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilkinson2014">Wilkinson 2014</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStadelmann1981163-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStadelmann1981163_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStadelmann1981">Stadelmann 1981</a>, p. 163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan201683-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan201683_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSullivan2016">Sullivan 2016</a>, p. 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELacher-Raschdorff2014251-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELacher-Raschdorff2014251_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELacher-Raschdorff2014251_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELacher-Raschdorff2014251_81-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELacher-Raschdorff2014251_81-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELacher-Raschdorff2014251_81-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELacher-Raschdorff2014251_81-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELacher-Raschdorff2014251_81-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELacher-Raschdorff2014251_81-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELacher-Raschdorff2014251_81-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELacher-Raschdorff2014251_81-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELacher-Raschdorff2014251_81-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLacher-Raschdorff2014">Lacher-Raschdorff 2014</a>, p. 251.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReader200466-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReader200466_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReader200466_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReader2004">Reader 2004</a>, p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan201685-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan201685_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSullivan2016">Sullivan 2016</a>, p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMálek200079-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMálek200079_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMálek200079_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMálek2000">Málek 2000</a>, p. 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson201067-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson201067_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilkinson2010">Wilkinson 2010</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBainesMálek2000142-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBainesMálek2000142_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBainesMálek2000">Baines & Málek 2000</a>, p. 142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan201678-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan201678_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSullivan2016">Sullivan 2016</a>, p. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoth199348footnote_49-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoth199348footnote_49_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoth1993">Roth 1993</a>, p. 48, footnote 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReader201776–77-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReader201776–77_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReader2017">Reader 2017</a>, pp. 76–77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWegner2018622-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWegner2018622_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWegner2018622_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWegner2018">Wegner 2018</a>, p. 622.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan201680see_also_Fig._2-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan201680see_also_Fig._2_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSullivan2016">Sullivan 2016</a>, p. 80, see also Fig. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWengrow2009250-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWengrow2009250_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWengrow2009">Wengrow 2009</a>, p. 250.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodson2010807-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodson2010807_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDodson2010">Dodson 2010</a>, p. 807.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReader201775_&_84-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReader201775_&_84_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReader2017">Reader 2017</a>, pp. 75 & 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELacher-Raschdorff201548-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELacher-Raschdorff201548_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLacher-Raschdorff2015">Lacher-Raschdorff 2015</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReader201776-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReader201776_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReader2017">Reader 2017</a>, p. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELacher-Raschdorff201459_&_251-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELacher-Raschdorff201459_&_251_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLacher-Raschdorff2014">Lacher-Raschdorff 2014</a>, pp. 59 & 251.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETristant2018141-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETristant2018141_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTristant2018">Tristant 2018</a>, p. 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELacher-Raschdorff201548–49-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELacher-Raschdorff201548–49_99-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELacher-Raschdorff201548–49_99-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLacher-Raschdorff2015">Lacher-Raschdorff 2015</a>, pp. 48–49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELacher-Raschdorff201549-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELacher-Raschdorff201549_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLacher-Raschdorff2015">Lacher-Raschdorff 2015</a>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walter Bryan Emery: <i>Ägypten - Geschichte und Kultur der Frühzeit</i>. Fourier-Verlag, Wiesbaden 1964, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-921695-39-2" title="Special:BookSources/3-921695-39-2">3-921695-39-2</a>, page 104-105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Toby A. H. Wilkinson: <i>Early Dynastic Egypt: Strategies, Society and Security</i>. Routledge, London/New York 2001, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-26011-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-26011-6">0-415-26011-6</a>, page 85–87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Van Wetering: <i>The royal cemetery of Early Dynasty Period at Saqqara and the Second Dynasty Royal Tombs</i>; in: Stan Hendrickx: <i>Egypt at its Origins</i>. Peeters Publishers, Leuven 2004; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-429-1469-6" title="Special:BookSources/90-429-1469-6">90-429-1469-6</a>, page 1065–1066.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nynetjer&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrassy2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Andrassy, Petra (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180326080014/http://www2.hu-berlin.de/nilus/net-publications/ibaes11/index.html"><i>Untersuchungen zum ägyptischen Staat des Alten Reiches und seinen Institutionen</i></a>. Internet-Beiträge zur Ägyptologie und Sudanarchäologie (in German). Vol. XI. Berlin/London: Golden House Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-906137-08-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-906137-08-3"><bdi>978-1-906137-08-3</bdi></a>. 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Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-54374-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-54374-3"><bdi>978-0-521-54374-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+archaeology+of+early+Egypt+%3A+social+transformations+in+North-East+Africa+%3B+10.000+to+2.650+BC&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=Cambridge+world+archaeology&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-521-54374-3&rft.aulast=Wengrow&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANynetjer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Toby_Wilkinson" title="Toby Wilkinson">Wilkinson, Toby A. H.</a> (2000). <i>Royal Annals of Ancient Egypt. The Palermo Stone and its Associated Fragments</i>. London/New York: Kegan&Paul International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7103-0667-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7103-0667-8"><bdi>978-0-7103-0667-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Royal+Annals+of+Ancient+Egypt.+The+Palermo+Stone+and+its+Associated+Fragments&rft.place=London%2FNew+York&rft.pub=Kegan%26Paul+International&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7103-0667-8&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Toby+A.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANynetjer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson2005" class="citation book cs1">Wilkinson, Toby A. H. (2005). <i>Early dynastic Egypt</i>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-02438-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-02438-6"><bdi>978-0-203-02438-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+dynastic+Egypt&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-203-02438-6&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Toby+A.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANynetjer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson2010" class="citation book cs1">Wilkinson, Toby A. H. (2010). "The Early Dynastic Period". In Lloyd, Alan B. (ed.). <i>A Companion to Ancient Egypt, Volume I</i>. Blackwell Companions to the Ancient World. Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 48–62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-5598-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-5598-4"><bdi>978-1-4051-5598-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Early+Dynastic+Period&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Ancient+Egypt%2C+Volume+I&rft.place=Chichester%2C+UK&rft.series=Blackwell+Companions+to+the+Ancient+World&rft.pages=48-62&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-5598-4&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Toby+A.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANynetjer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson2014" class="citation journal cs1">Wilkinson, Toby A. H. (2014). Grajetzki, Wolfram; Wendrich, Willeke (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1hb1s3pn">"Dynasties 2 and 3"</a>. <i>UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology</i>. <b>1</b> (1). Los Angeles: University of California Los Angeles.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=UCLA+Encyclopedia+of+Egyptology&rft.atitle=Dynasties+2+and+3&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Toby+A.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fescholarship.org%2Fuc%2Fitem%2F1hb1s3pn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANynetjer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŽába1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Zbyn%C4%9Bk_%C5%BD%C3%A1ba" title="Zbyněk Žába">Žába, Zbyněk</a> (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/the-rock-inscriptions-of-lower-nubia-czechoslovak-concession/page/30/mode/2up"><i>The rock inscriptions of Lower Nubia (Czechoslovak concession)</i></a>. Publications (Československý egyptologický ústav). Vol. 1. Prague: Charles University. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/6047001">6047001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+rock+inscriptions+of+Lower+Nubia+%28Czechoslovak+concession%29&rft.place=Prague&rft.series=Publications+%28%C4%8Ceskoslovensk%C3%BD+egyptologick%C3%BD+%C3%BAstav%29&rft.pub=Charles+University&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F6047001&rft.aulast=%C5%BD%C3%A1ba&rft.aufirst=Zbyn%C4%9Bk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthe-rock-inscriptions-of-lower-nubia-czechoslovak-concession%2Fpage%2F30%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANynetjer" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Second_Dynasty_of_Ancient_Egypt" title="Template:Second Dynasty of Ancient Egypt"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Second_Dynasty_of_Ancient_Egypt" title="Template talk:Second Dynasty of Ancient Egypt"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Second_Dynasty_of_Ancient_Egypt" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Second Dynasty of Ancient Egypt"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Second_Dynasty_of_Ancient_Egypt" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Second_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Second Dynasty of Egypt">Second Dynasty of Ancient Egypt</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Attested pharaohs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hotepsekhemwy" title="Hotepsekhemwy">Hotepsekhemwy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebra_(Pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebra (Pharaoh)">Nebra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weneg_(pharaoh)" title="Weneg (pharaoh)">Weneg</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nynetjer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth-Peribsen" title="Seth-Peribsen">Seth-Peribsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemib-Perenmaat" title="Sekhemib-Perenmaat">Sekhemib-Perenmaat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasekhemwy" title="Khasekhemwy">Khasekhemwy</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:G5_R12_G5rev.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/G5_R12_G5rev.svg/150px-G5_R12_G5rev.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/G5_R12_G5rev.svg/225px-G5_R12_G5rev.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/G5_R12_G5rev.svg/300px-G5_R12_G5rev.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2240" data-file-height="2030" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Obscure pharaoh<br />names</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horus_Bird_(Pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Horus Bird (Pharaoh)">Horus Ba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba_(pharaoh)" title="Ba (pharaoh)">Ba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horus_Sa" title="Horus Sa">Horus Sa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudjefa_I" title="Hudjefa I">Hudjefa I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkara_I" title="Neferkara I">Neferkara I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkasokar" title="Neferkasokar">Neferkasokar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubnefer" title="Nubnefer">Nubnefer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senedj" title="Senedj">Senedj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sneferka" title="Sneferka">Sneferka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadjenes" title="Wadjenes">Wadjenes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Queens consort</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menka_(queen)" title="Menka (queen)">Menka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimaathap" title="Nimaathap">Nimaathap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Other royals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khenmetptah" title="Khenmetptah">Khenmetptah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satkhnum" title="Satkhnum">Satkhnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sehener" title="Sehener">Sehener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepset-ipet" title="Shepset-ipet">Shepset-ipet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadjitefni" title="Wadjitefni">Wadjitefni</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Mesen-ka" title="Mesen-ka">Mesen-ka</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisuheqet" title="Nisuheqet">Nisuheqet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perneb" title="Perneb">Perneb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Other people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inykhnum" title="Inykhnum">Inykhnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefer-Setekh" title="Nefer-Setekh">Nefer-Setekh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pehen-Ptah" title="Pehen-Ptah">Pehen-Ptah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Monument</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gisr_el-Mudir" title="Gisr el-Mudir">Gisr el-Mudir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunet_El_Zebib" title="Shunet El Zebib">Shunet El Zebib</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Capital</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thinis" title="Thinis">Thinis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pharaohs" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pharaohs" title="Template:Pharaohs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pharaohs" title="Template talk:Pharaohs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pharaohs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pharaohs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pharaohs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaohs</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Protodynastic_to_First_Intermediate_Period_(" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Naqada_III" title="Naqada III">Protodynastic</a> to <a href="/wiki/First_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="First Intermediate Period of Egypt">First Intermediate Period</a> <span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<3150–2040 BC)</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Period</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dynasty" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Dynasty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Pharaohs <ul><li>male</li> <li>female<sup>♀</sup></li></ul></li> <li><i>uncertain</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Naqada_III" title="Naqada III">Protodynastic</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;">(pre-3150 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Lower_Egypt" title="Lower Egypt">Lower</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hedju_Hor" title="Hedju Hor">Hedju Hor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ny-Hor" title="Ny-Hor">Ny-Hor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ni-Neith" title="Ni-Neith">Ni-Neith</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hat-Hor" class="mw-redirect" title="Hat-Hor">Hat-Hor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pu_(pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pu (pharaoh)">Pu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hsekiu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hsekiu">Hsekiu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khayu" class="mw-redirect" title="Khayu">Khayu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tiu_(pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiu (pharaoh)">Tiu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Thesh">Thesh</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neheb" class="mw-redirect" title="Neheb">Neheb</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wazner" class="mw-redirect" title="Wazner">Wazner</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mekh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mekh">Mekh</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Falcon" title="Double Falcon">Double Falcon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wash_(pharaoh)" title="Wash (pharaoh)">Wash</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_(pharaoh)" title="A (pharaoh)">A</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Finger_Snail" title="Finger Snail">Finger Snail</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fish_(pharaoh)" title="Fish (pharaoh)">Fish</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elephant_(pharaoh)" title="Elephant (pharaoh)">Elephant</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stork_(pharaoh)" title="Stork (pharaoh)">Stork</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bull_(pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bull (pharaoh)">Bull</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scorpion_I" title="Scorpion I">Scorpion I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Crocodile_(pharaoh)" title="Crocodile (pharaoh)">Crocodile</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iry-Hor" title="Iry-Hor">Iry-Hor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka_(pharaoh)" title="Ka (pharaoh)">Ka</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scorpion_II" title="Scorpion II">Scorpion II</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer">Narmer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Menes" title="Menes">Menes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Egypt)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Egypt)">Early Dynastic</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;">(3150–2686 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="First Dynasty of Egypt">I</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer">Narmer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Menes" title="Menes">Menes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hor-Aha" title="Hor-Aha">Hor-Aha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djer" title="Djer">Djer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djet" title="Djet">Djet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Den_(pharaoh)" title="Den (pharaoh)">Den</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anedjib" title="Anedjib">Anedjib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semerkhet" title="Semerkhet">Semerkhet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qa%27a" title="Qa'a">Qa'a</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sneferka" title="Sneferka">Sneferka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Horus_Bird_(Pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Horus Bird (Pharaoh)">Horus Bird</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Second Dynasty of Egypt">II</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hotepsekhemwy" title="Hotepsekhemwy">Hotepsekhemwy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebra_(Pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebra (Pharaoh)">Nebra</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nynetjer</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ba_(pharaoh)" title="Ba (pharaoh)">Ba</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nubnefer" title="Nubnefer">Nubnefer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Horus_Sa" title="Horus Sa">Horus Sa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Weneg_(pharaoh)" title="Weneg (pharaoh)">Weneg-Nebty</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wadjenes" title="Wadjenes">Wadjenes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Senedj" title="Senedj">Senedj</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth-Peribsen" title="Seth-Peribsen">Seth-Peribsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemib-Perenmaat" title="Sekhemib-Perenmaat">Sekhemib-Perenmaat</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neferkara_I" title="Neferkara I">Neferkara I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neferkasokar" title="Neferkasokar">Neferkasokar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hudjefa_I" title="Hudjefa I">Hudjefa I</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasekhemwy" title="Khasekhemwy">Khasekhemwy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;">(2686–2181 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Third Dynasty of Egypt">III</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Djoser" title="Djoser">Djoser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemkhet" title="Sekhemkhet">Sekhemkhet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanakht" title="Sanakht">Sanakht</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nebka" title="Nebka">Nebka</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaba" title="Khaba">Khaba</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sedjes" title="Sedjes">Sedjes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qahedjet" title="Qahedjet">Qahedjet</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huni" title="Huni">Huni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fourth Dynasty of Egypt">IV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sneferu" title="Sneferu">Snefru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khufu" title="Khufu">Khufu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedefre" title="Djedefre">Djedefre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khafre" title="Khafre">Khafre</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bikheris" title="Bikheris">Bikheris</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menkaure" title="Menkaure">Menkaure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepseskaf" title="Shepseskaf">Shepseskaf</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thamphthis" title="Thamphthis">Thamphthis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fifth Dynasty of Egypt">V</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Userkaf" title="Userkaf">Userkaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahure" title="Sahure">Sahure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferirkare_Kakai" title="Neferirkare Kakai">Neferirkare Kakai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferefre" title="Neferefre">Neferefre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepseskare" title="Shepseskare">Shepseskare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyuserre_Ini" title="Nyuserre Ini">Nyuserre Ini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menkauhor_Kaiu" title="Menkauhor Kaiu">Menkauhor Kaiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedkare_Isesi" title="Djedkare Isesi">Djedkare Isesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unas" title="Unas">Unas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Sixth Dynasty of Egypt">VI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teti" title="Teti">Teti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Userkare" title="Userkare">Userkare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepi_I_Meryre" title="Pepi I Meryre">Pepi I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merenre_Nemtyemsaf_I" title="Merenre Nemtyemsaf I">Merenre Nemtyemsaf I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepi_II_Neferkare" title="Pepi II Neferkare">Pepi II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merenre_Nemtyemsaf_II" title="Merenre Nemtyemsaf II">Merenre Nemtyemsaf II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netjerkare_Siptah" title="Netjerkare Siptah">Netjerkare Siptah</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neferka" title="Neferka">Neferka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nefer#Pharaoh" title="Nefer">Nefer</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/First_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="First Intermediate Period of Egypt">1<sup>st</sup> Intermediate</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;">(2181–2040 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Seventh Dynasty of Egypt">VII</a>/<a href="/wiki/Eighth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighth Dynasty of Egypt">VIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menkare" title="Menkare">Menkare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_II" title="Neferkare II">Neferkare II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Neby" title="Neferkare Neby">Neferkare III Neby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedkare_Shemai" title="Djedkare Shemai">Djedkare Shemai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Khendu" title="Neferkare Khendu">Neferkare IV Khendu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merenhor" title="Merenhor">Merenhor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkamin" title="Neferkamin">Neferkamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikare" title="Nikare">Nikare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Tereru" title="Neferkare Tereru">Neferkare V Tereru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkahor" title="Neferkahor">Neferkahor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Pepiseneb" title="Neferkare Pepiseneb">Neferkare VI Pepiseneb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkamin_Anu" title="Neferkamin Anu">Neferkamin Anu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qakare_Ibi" title="Qakare Ibi">Qakare Iby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkaure" title="Neferkaure">Neferkaure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkauhor" title="Neferkauhor">Neferkauhor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferirkare" title="Neferirkare">Neferirkare</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wadjkare" title="Wadjkare">Wadjkare</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khuiqer" title="Khuiqer">Khuiqer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khui" title="Khui">Khui</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iytjenu" title="Iytjenu">Iytjenu</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Ninth Dynasty of Egypt">IX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meryibre_Khety" title="Meryibre Khety">Meryibre Khety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare,_ninth_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Neferkare, ninth dynasty">Neferkare VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebkaure_Khety" title="Nebkaure Khety">Nebkaure Khety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setut" title="Setut">Setut</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Imhotep_(pharaoh)" title="Imhotep (pharaoh)">Imhotep</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Tenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Tenth Dynasty of Egypt">X</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meryhathor" title="Meryhathor">Meryhathor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_VIII" title="Neferkare VIII">Neferkare VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahkare_Khety" title="Wahkare Khety">Wahkare Khety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merikare" title="Merikare">Merykare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Middle_Kingdom_and_Second_Intermediate_Period_(2040–1550_BC)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Second Intermediate Period of Egypt">Second Intermediate Period</a> <span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;"> (2040–1550 BC)</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Period</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dynasty" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Dynasty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Pharaohs <ul><li>male</li> <li>female<sup>♀</sup></li></ul></li> <li><i>uncertain</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;">(2040–1802 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt">XI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_I" title="Mentuhotep I">Mentuhotep I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intef_I" title="Intef I">Intef I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intef_II" title="Intef II">Intef II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intef_III" title="Intef III">Intef III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_II" title="Mentuhotep II">Mentuhotep II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_III" title="Mentuhotep III">Mentuhotep III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_IV" title="Mentuhotep IV">Mentuhotep IV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em">Nubia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Segerseni" title="Segerseni">Segerseni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qakare_Ini" title="Qakare Ini">Qakare Ini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iyibkhentre" title="Iyibkhentre">Iyibkhentre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt">XII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_I" title="Amenemhat I">Amenemhat I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senusret_I" title="Senusret I">Senusret I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_II" title="Amenemhat II">Amenemhat II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senusret_II" title="Senusret II">Senusret II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senusret_III" title="Senusret III">Senusret III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_III" title="Amenemhat III">Amenemhat III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_IV" title="Amenemhat IV">Amenemhat IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekneferu" title="Sobekneferu">Sobekneferu</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seankhibtawy_Seankhibra" title="Seankhibtawy Seankhibra">Seankhibtawy Seankhibra</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Second_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Second Intermediate Period of Egypt">2<sup>nd</sup> Intermediate</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1802–1550 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sekhemre_Khutawy_Sobekhotep" title="Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep">Sekhemrekhutawy Sobekhotep</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonbef" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonbef">Sonbef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerikare" title="Nerikare">Nerikare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemkare" title="Sekhemkare">Sekhemkare Amenemhat V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ameny_Qemau" title="Ameny Qemau">Ameny Qemau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotepibre" title="Hotepibre">Hotepibre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iufni" title="Iufni">Iufni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemhet_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Amenemhet VI">Ameny Antef Amenemhet VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semenkare_Nebnuni" title="Semenkare Nebnuni">Semenkare Nebnuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sehetepibre" title="Sehetepibre">Sehetepibre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewadjkare" title="Sewadjkare">Sewadjkare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nedjemibre" title="Nedjemibre">Nedjemibre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaankhre_Sobekhotep" title="Khaankhre Sobekhotep">Khaankhre Sobekhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renseneb" title="Renseneb">Renseneb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hor" title="Hor">Hor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemrekhutawy_Khabaw" title="Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw">Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedkheperew" title="Djedkheperew">Djedkheperew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebkay" title="Sebkay">Sebkay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedjefakare" class="mw-redirect" title="Sedjefakare">Sedjefakare</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wegaf" title="Wegaf">Wegaf</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khendjer" title="Khendjer">Khendjer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imyremeshaw" title="Imyremeshaw">Imyremeshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sehetepkare_Intef" title="Sehetepkare Intef">Sehetepkare Intef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth_Meribre" title="Seth Meribre">Seth Meribre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekhotep_III" title="Sobekhotep III">Sobekhotep III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferhotep_I" title="Neferhotep I">Neferhotep I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sihathor" title="Sihathor">Sihathor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekhotep_IV" title="Sobekhotep IV">Sobekhotep IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merhotepre_Sobekhotep" title="Merhotepre Sobekhotep">Merhotepre Sobekhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekhotep_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Sobekhotep VI">Khahotepre Sobekhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahibre_Ibiau" title="Wahibre Ibiau">Wahibre Ibiau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merneferre_Ay" title="Merneferre Ay">Merneferre Ay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merhotepre_Ini" title="Merhotepre Ini">Merhotepre Ini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankhenre_Sewadjtu" title="Sankhenre Sewadjtu">Sankhenre Sewadjtu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mersekhemre_Ined" title="Mersekhemre Ined">Mersekhemre Ined</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewadjkare_Hori" title="Sewadjkare Hori">Sewadjkare Hori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkawre_Sobekhotep" title="Merkawre Sobekhotep">Merkawre Sobekhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mershepsesre_Ini_II" title="Mershepsesre Ini II">Mershepsesre Ini II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewahenre_Senebmiu" title="Sewahenre Senebmiu">Sewahenre Senebmiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkheperre" title="Merkheperre">Merkheperre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkare" title="Merkare">Merkare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewadjare_Mentuhotep" title="Sewadjare Mentuhotep">Sewadjare Mentuhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seheqenre_Sankhptahi" title="Seheqenre Sankhptahi">Seheqenre Sankhptahi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XIV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Yakbim_Sekhaenre" title="Yakbim Sekhaenre">Yakbim Sekhaenre</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ya%27ammu_Nubwoserre" title="Ya'ammu Nubwoserre">Ya'ammu Nubwoserre</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qareh" class="mw-redirect" title="Qareh">Qareh Khawoserre</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aahotepre" class="mw-redirect" title="Aahotepre">'Ammu Ahotepre</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sheshi" title="Sheshi">Maaibre Sheshi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehesy" title="Nehesy">Nehesy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khakherewre" class="mw-redirect" title="Khakherewre">Khakherewre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebefawre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebefawre">Nebefawre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sehebre" title="Sehebre">Sehebre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merdjefare" title="Merdjefare">Merdjefare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewadjkare_III" title="Sewadjkare III">Sewadjkare III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebdjefare" title="Nebdjefare">Nebdjefare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebsenre" title="Nebsenre">Nebsenre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekheperenre" title="Sekheperenre">Sekheperenre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bebnum" title="Bebnum">Bebnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Apepi" title="'Apepi">'Apepi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nuya" title="Nuya">Nuya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wazad" title="Wazad">Wazad</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sheneh_(pharaoh)" title="Sheneh (pharaoh)">Sheneh</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shenshek" title="Shenshek">Shenshek</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khamure" title="Khamure">Khamure</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yakareb" title="Yakareb">Yakareb</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yaqub-Har" title="Yaqub-Har">Yaqub-Har</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sharek" title="Sharek">Sharek</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Semqen" title="Semqen">Semqen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aperanat" title="Aperanat">'Aper-'Anati</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salitis" title="Salitis">Salitis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakir-Har" title="Sakir-Har">Sakir-Har</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khyan" title="Khyan">Khyan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yanassi" title="Yanassi">Yanassi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apepi" title="Apepi">Apepi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamudi" title="Khamudi">Khamudi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Sixteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Sixteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XVI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Djehuti" class="mw-redirect" title="Djehuti">Djehuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekhotep_VIII" title="Sobekhotep VIII">Sobekhotep VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferhotep_III" title="Neferhotep III">Neferhotep III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seankhenre_Mentuhotepi" title="Seankhenre Mentuhotepi">Mentuhotepi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebiryraw_I" title="Nebiryraw I">Nebiryraw I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebiriau_II" title="Nebiriau II">Nebiriau II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semenre" title="Semenre">Semenre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bebiankh" title="Bebiankh">Bebiankh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemre_Shedwast" class="mw-redirect" title="Sekhemre Shedwast">Sekhemre Shedwast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dedumose_I" title="Dedumose I">Dedumose I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dedumose_II" title="Dedumose II">Dedumose II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedankhre_Montemsaf" title="Djedankhre Montemsaf">Montuemsaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merankhre_Mentuhotep" title="Merankhre Mentuhotep">Merankhre Mentuhotep</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Senusret_IV" title="Senusret IV">Senusret IV</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pepi_III" title="Pepi III">Pepi III</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Abydos_Dynasty" title="Abydos Dynasty">Abydos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Senebkay" title="Senebkay">Senebkay</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wepwawetemsaf" title="Wepwawetemsaf">Wepwawetemsaf</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pantjeny" title="Pantjeny">Pantjeny</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Snaaib" title="Snaaib">Snaaib</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Seventeenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt">XVII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rahotep" class="mw-redirect" title="Rahotep">Rahotep</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nebmaatre" title="Nebmaatre">Nebmaatre</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekemsaf_I" title="Sobekemsaf I">Sobekemsaf I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekemsaf_II" title="Sobekemsaf II">Sobekemsaf II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemre-Wepmaat_Intef" title="Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef">Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubkheperre_Intef" title="Nubkheperre Intef">Nubkheperre Intef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat_Intef" title="Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef">Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senakhtenre_Ahmose" title="Senakhtenre Ahmose">Senakhtenre Ahmose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seqenenre_Tao" title="Seqenenre Tao">Seqenenre Tao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamose" title="Kamose">Kamose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="New_Kingdom_and_Third_Intermediate_Period_(1550–664_BC)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Third_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Third Intermediate Period of Egypt">Third Intermediate Period</a> <span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;"> (1550–664 BC)</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Period</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dynasty" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Dynasty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Pharaohs  <span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(male</span></li><li><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">female<sup>♀</sup>)</span></li><li><i>uncertain</i></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1550–1070 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XVIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmose_I" title="Ahmose I">Ahmose I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_I" title="Amenhotep I">Amenhotep I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thutmose_I" title="Thutmose I">Thutmose I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thutmose_II" title="Thutmose II">Thutmose II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatshepsut" title="Hatshepsut">Hatshepsut</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thutmose_III" title="Thutmose III">Thutmose III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_II" title="Amenhotep II">Amenhotep II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thutmose_IV" title="Thutmose IV">Thutmose IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_III" title="Amenhotep III">Amenhotep III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhenaten" title="Akhenaten">Akhenaten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smenkhkare" title="Smenkhkare">Smenkhkare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferneferuaten" title="Neferneferuaten">Neferneferuaten</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutankhamun" title="Tutankhamun">Tutankhamun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ay_(pharaoh)" title="Ay (pharaoh)">Ay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horemheb" title="Horemheb">Horemheb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XIX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_I" title="Ramesses I">Ramesses I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seti_I" title="Seti I">Seti I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_II" title="Ramesses II">Ramesses II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merneptah" title="Merneptah">Merneptah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenmesse" title="Amenmesse">Amenmesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seti_II" title="Seti II">Seti II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siptah" title="Siptah">Siptah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twosret" class="mw-redirect" title="Twosret">Twosret</a><sup>♀</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twentieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt">XX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Setnakhte" title="Setnakhte">Setnakhte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_III" title="Ramesses III">Ramesses III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_IV" title="Ramesses IV">Ramesses IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_V" title="Ramesses V">Ramesses V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_VI" title="Ramesses VI">Ramesses VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_VII" title="Ramesses VII">Ramesses VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_VIII" title="Ramesses VIII">Ramesses VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_IX" title="Ramesses IX">Ramesses IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_X" title="Ramesses X">Ramesses X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_XI" title="Ramesses XI">Ramesses XI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Third_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Third Intermediate Period of Egypt">3<sup>rd</sup> Intermediate</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1069–664 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-first_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt">XXI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smendes" title="Smendes">Smendes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemnisu" title="Amenemnisu">Amenemnisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psusennes_I" title="Psusennes I">Psusennes I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemope_(pharaoh)" title="Amenemope (pharaoh)">Amenemope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osorkon_the_Elder" title="Osorkon the Elder">Osorkon the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamun" title="Siamun">Siamun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psusennes_II" title="Psusennes II">Psusennes II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/High_Priest_of_Amun" title="High Priest of Amun">High Priests of Amun</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herihor" title="Herihor">Herihor</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Piankh" title="Piankh">Piankh</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinedjem_I" title="Pinedjem I">Pinedjem I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masaharta" title="Masaharta">Masaharta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedkhonsuefankh" title="Djedkhonsuefankh">Djedkhonsuefankh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menkheperre" title="Menkheperre">Menkheperre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smendes_II" title="Smendes II">Smendes II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinedjem_II" title="Pinedjem II">Pinedjem II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Psusennes_III" title="Psusennes III">Psusennes III</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-second_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt">XXII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_I" title="Shoshenq I">Shoshenq I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osorkon_I" title="Osorkon I">Osorkon I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_II" title="Shoshenq II">Shoshenq II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tutkheperre_Shoshenq" title="Tutkheperre Shoshenq">Tutkheperre Shoshenq</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takelot_I" title="Takelot I">Takelot I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osorkon_II" title="Osorkon II">Osorkon II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_III" title="Shoshenq III">Shoshenq III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_IV" title="Shoshenq IV">Shoshenq IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pami" title="Pami">Pami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_V" title="Shoshenq V">Shoshenq V</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pedubast_II" title="Pedubast II">Pedubast II</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osorkon_IV" title="Osorkon IV">Osorkon IV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-third_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt">XXIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harsiese_A" title="Harsiese A">Harsiese A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takelot_II" title="Takelot II">Takelot II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedubast_I" title="Pedubast I">Pedubast I</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iuput_I" title="Iuput I">Iuput I</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_VI" title="Shoshenq VI">Shoshenq VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osorkon_III" title="Osorkon III">Osorkon III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takelot_III" title="Takelot III">Takelot III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudamun" title="Rudamun">Rudamun</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_VII" title="Shoshenq VII">Shoshenq VII</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ini_(pharaoh)" title="Ini (pharaoh)">Menkheperre Ini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt">XXIV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tefnakht" title="Tefnakht">Tefnakht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakenranef" title="Bakenranef">Bakenranef</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt">XXV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piye" title="Piye">Piye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shebitku" title="Shebitku">Shebitku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabaka" title="Shabaka">Shabaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taharqa" title="Taharqa">Taharqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantamani" title="Tantamani">Tanutamun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Late_to_Roman_Period_(664_BC–313_AD)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Late_Period_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Late Period of ancient Egypt">Late</a> to <a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Roman Period</a> <span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;">(664 BC–313 AD)</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Period</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dynasty" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Dynasty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Pharaohs <ul><li>male</li> <li>female<sup>♀</sup></li></ul></li> <li><i>uncertain</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Late_Period_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Late Period of ancient Egypt">Late</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;">(664–332 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt">XXVI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ammeris" title="Ammeris">Ammeris</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tefnakht_II" title="Tefnakht II">Tefnakht II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nekauba" title="Nekauba">Nekauba</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necho_I" title="Necho I">Necho I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psamtik_I" title="Psamtik I">Psamtik I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necho_II" title="Necho II">Necho II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psamtik_II" title="Psamtik II">Psamtik II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apries" title="Apries">Wahibre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amasis_II" title="Amasis II">Ahmose II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psamtik_III" title="Psamtik III">Psamtik III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-seventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt">XXVII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambyses_II" title="Cambyses II">Cambyses II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petubastis_III" title="Petubastis III">Petubastis III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius I</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Psammetichus_IV" title="Psammetichus IV">Psammetichus IV</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_I" title="Artaxerxes I">Artaxerxes I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_II" title="Darius II">Darius II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-eighth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt">XXVIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amyrtaeus" title="Amyrtaeus">Amyrtaeus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-ninth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt">XXIX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nepherites_I" title="Nepherites I">Nepherites I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakor" title="Hakor">Hakor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psammuthes" title="Psammuthes">Psammuthes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepherites_II" title="Nepherites II">Nepherites II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Muthis" title="Muthis">Muthis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Thirtieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt">XXX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nectanebo_I" title="Nectanebo I">Nectanebo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teos_of_Egypt" title="Teos of Egypt">Teos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nectanebo_II" title="Nectanebo II">Nectanebo II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Thirty-first_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt">XXXI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_III" title="Artaxerxes III">Artaxerxes III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khabash" title="Khabash">Khabash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arses_of_Persia" title="Arses of Persia">Arses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_III" title="Darius III">Darius III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;">(332–30 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty" title="Argead dynasty">Argead</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Macedon" title="Philip III of Macedon">Philip III Arrhidaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_IV_of_Macedon" title="Alexander IV of Macedon">Alexander IV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty" title="Ptolemaic dynasty">Ptolemaic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_I_Soter" title="Ptolemy I Soter">Ptolemy I Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_II_Philadelphus" title="Ptolemy II Philadelphus">Ptolemy II Philadelphus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_II" title="Arsinoe II">Arsinoe II</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_III_Euergetes" title="Ptolemy III Euergetes">Ptolemy III Euergetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Berenice II">Berenice II Euergetes</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_IV_Philopator" title="Ptolemy IV Philopator">Ptolemy IV Philopator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_III_Philopator" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsinoe III Philopator">Arsinoe III Philopator</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_V_Epiphanes" title="Ptolemy V Epiphanes">Ptolemy V Epiphanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_I_Syra" title="Cleopatra I Syra">Cleopatra I Syra</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VI_Philometor" title="Ptolemy VI Philometor">Ptolemy VI Philometor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_II" title="Cleopatra II">Cleopatra II</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VII_Neos_Philopator" title="Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator">Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VIII_Physcon" title="Ptolemy VIII Physcon">Ptolemy VIII Euergetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_III" title="Cleopatra III">Cleopatra III</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_IX_Lathyros" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy IX Lathyros">Ptolemy IX Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_IV" title="Cleopatra IV">Cleopatra IV</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_X_Alexander_I" title="Ptolemy X Alexander I">Ptolemy X Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_III" title="Berenice III">Berenice III</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XI_Alexander_II" title="Ptolemy XI Alexander II">Ptolemy XI Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XII_Auletes" title="Ptolemy XII Auletes">Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_V" title="Cleopatra V">Cleopatra V</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_IV_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Berenice IV of Egypt">Berenice IV Epiphaneia</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_VI_Tryphaena" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleopatra VI Tryphaena">Cleopatra VI Tryphaena</a></i><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra" title="Cleopatra">Cleopatra VII Philopator</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XIII_Theos_Philopator" title="Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator">Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_IV" title="Arsinoe IV">Arsinoe IV</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XIV_Philopator" title="Ptolemy XIV Philopator">Ptolemy XIV Philopator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarion" title="Caesarion">Ptolemy XV Caesarion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Roman</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;">(30 BC–313 AD)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="XXXIV" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_pharaoh" title="Roman pharaoh">XXXIV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galba" title="Galba">Galba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otho" title="Otho">Otho</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vitellius" title="Vitellius">Vitellius</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerva" title="Nerva">Nerva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Verus" title="Lucius Verus">Lucius Verus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pertinax" title="Pertinax">Pertinax</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pescennius_Niger" title="Pescennius Niger">Pescennius Niger</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geta_(emperor)" title="Geta (emperor)">Geta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrinus" title="Macrinus">Macrinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diadumenian" title="Diadumenian">Diadumenian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus">Elagabalus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Severus_Alexander" title="Severus Alexander">Severus Alexander</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax" title="Maximinus Thrax">Maximinus Thrax</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gordian_I" title="Gordian I">Gordian I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gordian_II" title="Gordian II">Gordian II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pupienus" title="Pupienus">Pupienus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Balbinus" title="Balbinus">Balbinus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gordian_III" title="Gordian III">Gordian III</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Arab" title="Philip the Arab">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decius" title="Decius">Decius</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trebonianus_Gallus" title="Trebonianus Gallus">Trebonianus Gallus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aemilianus" title="Aemilianus">Aemilianus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_(emperor)" title="Valerian (emperor)">Valerian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Macrianus_Minor" title="Macrianus Minor">Macrianus Minor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quietus" title="Quietus">Quietus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Mussius_Aemilianus" title="Lucius Mussius Aemilianus">Lucius Mussius Aemilianus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gallienus" title="Gallienus">Gallienus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Gothicus" title="Claudius Gothicus">Claudius Gothicus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quintillus" title="Quintillus">Quintillus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tacitus_(emperor)" title="Tacitus (emperor)">Tacitus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probus_(emperor)" title="Probus (emperor)">Probus</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carus" title="Carus">Carus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carinus" title="Carinus">Carinus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Numerian" title="Numerian">Numerian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximian" title="Maximian">Maximian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galerius" title="Galerius">Galerius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Daza" title="Maximinus Daza">Maximinus Daza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Dynastic_genealogies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Dynastic genealogies</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="First Dynasty of Egypt family tree">1<sup>st</sup></a></li> <li>2<sup>nd</sup></li> <li>3<sup>rd</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Fourth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">4<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt family tree">11<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">12<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">18<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">19<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twentieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">20<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st,_22nd_%26_23rd_dynasties_of_Egypt_family_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="21st, 22nd & 23rd dynasties of Egypt family tree">21<sup>st</sup> to 23<sup>rd</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt#Family_tree" title="Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt">24<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">25<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">26<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_family_tree" title="Achaemenid family tree">27<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirtieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt#Family_tree" title="Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt">30<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_family_tree" title="Achaemenid family tree">31<sup>st</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty#Family_tree" title="Argead dynasty">Argead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_family_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaic family tree">Ptolemaic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_pharaohs" title="List of pharaohs">List of pharaohs</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q151824#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q151824#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q151824#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/315982427">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1072323788">Germany</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nynetjer&oldid=1255794050">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nynetjer&oldid=1255794050</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:29th-century_BC_pharaohs" title="Category:29th-century BC pharaohs">29th-century BC pharaohs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:28th-century_BC_pharaohs" title="Category:28th-century BC pharaohs">28th-century BC pharaohs</a></li><li><a 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