CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Telephone - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"c49f5fcc-f657-437b-ad27-8fcb301ff255","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Telephone","wgTitle":"Telephone","wgCurRevisionId":1258986168,"wgRevisionId":1258986168,"wgArticleId":30003,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference","Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages","Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages","Articles needing additional references from July 2019","All articles needing additional references","Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text", "Articles containing Greek-language text","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from May 2024","Commons link from Wikidata","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia","Articles containing video clips","1876 introductions","American inventions","Canadian inventions","Discovery and invention controversies","German inventions","Scottish inventions","Office equipment","Telecommunications equipment","Telephony","Home appliances","19th-century inventions"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Telephone","wgRelevantArticleId":30003,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["autoconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":["sysop"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true, "wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q11035","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready", "ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.tmh.player","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth", "ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Telefon_BW_2012-02-18_13-44-32.JPG/1200px-Telefon_BW_2012-02-18_13-44-32.JPG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="946"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Telefon_BW_2012-02-18_13-44-32.JPG/800px-Telefon_BW_2012-02-18_13-44-32.JPG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="631"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Telefon_BW_2012-02-18_13-44-32.JPG/640px-Telefon_BW_2012-02-18_13-44-32.JPG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="505"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Telephone - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Telephone rootpage-Telephone skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Telephone" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Telephone" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Telephone" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Telephone" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Early history</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Early history subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Timeline_of_early_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timeline_of_early_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Timeline of early development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timeline_of_early_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_commercial_instruments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_commercial_instruments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Early commercial instruments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_commercial_instruments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digital_telephones_and_voice_over_IP" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_telephones_and_voice_over_IP"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Digital telephones and voice over IP</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_telephones_and_voice_over_IP-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cordless_telephones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cordless_telephones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Cordless telephones</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cordless_telephones-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cordless telephones subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cordless_telephones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Base_station" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Base_station"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Base station</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Base_station-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mobile_phones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mobile_phones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Mobile phones</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mobile_phones-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Mobile phones subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mobile_phones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Smartphones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Smartphones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Smartphones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Smartphones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mobile_phone_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mobile_phone_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Mobile phone usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mobile_phone_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Satellite_phones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Satellite_phones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Satellite phones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Satellite_phones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Telephone</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 180 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-180" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">180 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telefoon" title="Telefoon – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Telefoon" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telefon" title="Telefon – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Telefon" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B5%E1%88%8D%E1%8A%AD" title="ስልክ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ስልክ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8" title="टेलिफ़ोन – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="टेलिफ़ोन" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feorrspreca" title="Feorrspreca – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Feorrspreca" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%81" title="هاتف – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هاتف" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telef%C3%B3n" title="Telefón – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Telefón" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%99%DC%A5%DC%98%DC%A9%DC%90" title="ܙܥܘܩܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܙܥܘܩܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telefonu" title="Telefonu – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Telefonu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel%C3%A9fonu" title="Teléfonu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Teléfonu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takapikenikan" title="Takapikenikan – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Takapikenikan" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumbyry" title="Pumbyry – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Pumbyry" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telefon" title="Telefon – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Telefon" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86" title="تلفون – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تلفون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8" title="টেলিফোন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="টেলিফোন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%C4%81n-%C5%8De" title="Tiān-ōe – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tiān-ōe" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Телефон – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Телефон" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Тэлефон – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тэлефон" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Тэлефон – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Тэлефон" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8" title="टेलीफोन – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="टेलीफोन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telepono" title="Telepono – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Telepono" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Телефон – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Телефон" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telefon" title="Telefon – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Telefon" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pellgomz" title="Pellgomz – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Pellgomz" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel%C3%A8fon" title="Telèfon – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Telèfon" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Телефон – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Телефон" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telefon" title="Telefon – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Telefon" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runhare" title="Runhare – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Runhare" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ff%C3%B4n" title="Ffôn – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ffôn" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarifom" title="Tarifom – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Tarifom" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telefon" title="Telefon – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Telefon" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86" title="تيليفون – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="تيليفون" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foohn" title="Foohn – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Foohn" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telefon" title="Telefon – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Telefon" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telefon" title="Telefon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Telefon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B7%CE%BB%CE%AD%CF%86%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%BF" title="Τηλέφωνο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τηλέφωνο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel%C3%A9fono" title="Teléfono – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Teléfono" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telefono" title="Telefono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Telefono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telefono" title="Telefono – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Telefono" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%81%D9%86" title="تلفن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تلفن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone" title="Telephone – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Telephone" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9phone" title="Téléphone – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Téléphone" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telefoan" title="Telefoan – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Telefoan" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teileaf%C3%B3n" title="Teileafón – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Teileafón" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87hellvane" title="Çhellvane – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Çhellvane" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B2n" title="Fòn – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Fòn" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel%C3%A9fono" title="Teléfono – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Teléfono" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%A9%B1" title="電話 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="電話" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thien-fa" title="Thien-fa – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Thien-fa" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%84%ED%99%94" title="전화 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="전화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waya" title="Waya – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Waya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A5%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%AD%D5%B8%D5%BD" title="Հեռախոս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հեռախոս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7" title="दूरभाष – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="दूरभाष" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telefon" title="Telefon – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Telefon" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telefonilo" title="Telefonilo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Telefonilo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekwent%E1%BB%8B" title="Ekwentị – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ekwentị" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telepon" title="Telepon – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Telepon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephono" title="Telephono – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Telephono" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telefon" title="Telefon – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Telefon" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uqautitaun" title="Uqautitaun – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Uqautitaun" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazwi_alula_omculo_wefowuni" title="Amazwi alula omculo wefowuni – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Amazwi alula omculo wefowuni" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%ADmi" title="Sími – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sími" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telefono" title="Telefono – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Telefono" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9F" title="טלפון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טלפון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilpun" title="Tilpun – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Tilpun" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%C5%8Bgalaafu" title="Kaŋgalaafu – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Kaŋgalaafu" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%BF" title="ದೂರವಾಣಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ದೂರವಾಣಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Телефон – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Телефон" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ტელეფონი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტელეფონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%90%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86" title="ٹیلِفون – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="ٹیلِفون" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Телефон – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Телефон" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simu" title="Simu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Simu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telef%C3%B2n" title="Telefòn – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Telefòn" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9fonn" title="Téléfonn – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Téléfonn" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telefon" title="Telefon – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Telefon" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Телефон – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Телефон" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telefon" title="Telefon – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Telefon" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%9A" title="ໂທລະສັບ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ໂທລະສັບ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephonum" title="Telephonum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Telephonum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telefons" title="Telefons – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Telefons" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telefon" title="Telefon – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Telefon" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telefonas" title="Telefonas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Telefonas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tillefoean" title="Tillefoean – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Tillefoean" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebengeli" title="Ebengeli – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Ebengeli" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telefon" title="Telefon – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Telefon" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/fonxa" title="fonxa – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="fonxa" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telefon" title="Telefon – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Telefon" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telefonk%C3%A9sz%C3%BCl%C3%A9k" title="Telefonkészülék – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Telefonkészülék" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Телефон – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Телефон" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telefaonina" title="Telefaonina – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Telefaonina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BA" title="ടെലിഫോൺ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ടെലിഫോൺ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="दूरध्वनी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="दूरध्वनी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ტელეფონი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ტელეფონი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86" title="تليفون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تليفون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86" title="تیلفون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="تیلفون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telefon" title="Telefon – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Telefon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talepon" title="Talepon – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Talepon" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%AAng-u%C3%A2" title="Diêng-uâ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Diêng-uâ" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%86%D1%83%D1%83%D1%80_%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Харилцуур утас – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Харилцуур утас" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AE%E1%80%96%E1%80%AF%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="တယ်လီဖုန်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တယ်လီဖုန်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telefoontoestel" title="Telefoontoestel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Telefoontoestel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tillefoon" title="Tillefoon – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Tillefoon" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8" title="टेलिफोन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="टेलिफोन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%A9%B1%E6%A9%9F" title="電話機 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="電話機" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel%C3%A8fene" title="Telèfene – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Telèfene" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%9C%DF%8B%DF%9F%DF%8B%DF%B2%DF%9C%DF%8B%DF%9F%DF%8B%DF%B2" title="ߜߋߟߋ߲ߜߋߟߋ߲ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߜߋߟߋ߲ߜߋߟߋ߲" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ߒߞߏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Телефон – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Телефон" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilefoon" title="Tilefoon – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Tilefoon" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telefon" title="Telefon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Telefon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telefon" title="Telefon – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Telefon" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9phone" title="Téléphone – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Téléphone" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telef%C3%B2n" title="Telefòn – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Telefòn" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Телефон – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Телефон" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telefon" title="Telefon – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Telefon" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A8" title="ਟੈਲੀਫ਼ੋਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਟੈਲੀਫ਼ੋਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telefon" title="Telefon – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Telefon" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C_%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86" title="ٹیلی فون – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ٹیلی فون" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%DA%96%D9%84%DB%90%DA%96%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="غږلېږدی – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="غږلېږدی" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telifuon" title="Telifuon – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Telifuon" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%90%E1%9E%96%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%91" title="ទូរស័ព្ទ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ទូរស័ព្ទ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel%C3%A9fon" title="Teléfon – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Teléfon" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telefoon" title="Telefoon – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Telefoon" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telefon" title="Telefon – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Telefon" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telefone" title="Telefone – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Telefone" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telefon" title="Telefon – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Telefon" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tellefoon" title="Tellefoon – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Tellefoon" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telefon" title="Telefon – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Telefon" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telefon" title="Telefon – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Telefon" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karurimana" title="Karurimana – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Karurimana" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Телефон – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Телефон" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Телефон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Телефон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D0%BB%D3%A9%D0%BF%D0%BF%D2%AF%D3%A9%D0%BD" title="Төлөппүөн – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Төлөппүөн" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/telay" title="telay – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="telay" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telefoni" title="Telefoni – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Telefoni" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80" title="दूरवाणी – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="दूरवाणी" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone" title="Telephone – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Telephone" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qnawan_Ddilun" title="Qnawan Ddilun – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Qnawan Ddilun" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seediq</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telefoni" title="Telefoni – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Telefoni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel%C3%A8funu" title="Telèfunu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Telèfunu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%AE%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="දුරකථනය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="දුරකථනය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone" title="Telephone – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Telephone" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BD%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86" title="ٽيليفون – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ٽيليفون" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telef%C3%B3n" title="Telefón – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Telefón" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telefon" title="Telefon – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Telefon" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taleefoon" title="Taleefoon – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Taleefoon" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%95%D9%84%DB%95%D9%81%DB%86%D9%86" title="تەلەفۆن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تەلەفۆن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Телефон – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Телефон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telefon" title="Telefon – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Telefon" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telepon" title="Telepon – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Telepon" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puhelin" title="Puhelin – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Puhelin" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telefon" title="Telefon – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Telefon" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telepono" title="Telepono – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Telepono" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF" title="தொலைபேசி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தொலைபேசி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atilifun" title="Atilifun – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Atilifun" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Телефон – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Телефон" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%81" title="టెలీఫోను – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="టెలీఫోను" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%8C" title="เครื่องโทรศัพท์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เครื่องโทรศัพท์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C9%94%CC%88tmec" title="Cɔ̈tmec – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Cɔ̈tmec" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Thuɔŋjäŋ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Телефон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Телефон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ase%C3%A9estsest%C3%B4tse" title="Aseéestsestôtse – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Aseéestsestôtse" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telefon" title="Telefon – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Telefon" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahomatrofo%C9%94" title="Ahomatrofoɔ – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Ahomatrofoɔ" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Телефон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Телефон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86" title="فون – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فون" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denva" title="Denva – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Denva" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telefon" title="Telefon – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Telefon" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90i%E1%BB%87n_tho%E1%BA%A1i" title="Điện thoại – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Điện thoại" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telefon%C3%B6m" title="Telefonöm – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Telefonöm" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telehvon" title="Telehvon – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Telehvon" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telefone" title="Telefone – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Telefone" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%A9%B1" title="電話 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="電話" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telepono" title="Telepono – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Telepono" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E8%AF%9D" title="电话 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="电话" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%9F" title="טעלעפאן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="טעלעפאן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BA%B9lif%C3%B3%C3%B2n%C3%B9" title="Tẹlifóònù – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Tẹlifóònù" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%A9%B1" title="電話 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="電話" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%AAlefon" title="Têlefon – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Têlefon" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilipuons" title="Tilipuons – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Tilipuons" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E8%AF%9D" title="电话 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="电话" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bdr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bdr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telepon" title="Telepon – West Coast Bajau" lang="bdr" hreflang="bdr" data-title="Telepon" data-language-autonym="Bajau Sama" data-language-local-name="West Coast Bajau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bajau Sama</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11035#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Telephone" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Telephone" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Telephone"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telephone&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telephone&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Telephone"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telephone&action=edit"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telephone&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Telephone" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Telephone" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telephone&oldid=1258986168" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telephone&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Telephone&id=1258986168&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTelephone"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTelephone"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Telephone&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telephone&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Telephone" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Phone_service" hreflang="en"><span>Wikivoyage</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11035" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Telecommunications device</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Phone" redirects here. For the handheld personal computer, see <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphone</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Phone_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Phone (disambiguation)">Phone (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telephone_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Telephone (disambiguation)">Telephone (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Telephone" title="Special:EditPage/Telephone">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Telephone%22">"Telephone"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Telephone%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Telephone%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Telephone%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Telephone%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Telephone%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Telefon_BW_2012-02-18_13-44-32.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Telefon_BW_2012-02-18_13-44-32.JPG/220px-Telefon_BW_2012-02-18_13-44-32.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Telefon_BW_2012-02-18_13-44-32.JPG/330px-Telefon_BW_2012-02-18_13-44-32.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Telefon_BW_2012-02-18_13-44-32.JPG/440px-Telefon_BW_2012-02-18_13-44-32.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3087" data-file-height="2434" /></a><figcaption>An old <a href="/wiki/Rotary_dial" title="Rotary dial">rotary dial</a> telephone</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AT%26T_push_button_telephone_western_electric_model_2500_dmg_black.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/AT%26T_push_button_telephone_western_electric_model_2500_dmg_black.jpg/220px-AT%26T_push_button_telephone_western_electric_model_2500_dmg_black.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/AT%26T_push_button_telephone_western_electric_model_2500_dmg_black.jpg/330px-AT%26T_push_button_telephone_western_electric_model_2500_dmg_black.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/AT%26T_push_button_telephone_western_electric_model_2500_dmg_black.jpg/440px-AT%26T_push_button_telephone_western_electric_model_2500_dmg_black.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="741" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/AT%26T" title="AT&T">AT&T</a> <a href="/wiki/Push-button_telephone" title="Push-button telephone">push button</a> telephone made by <a href="/wiki/Western_Electric" title="Western Electric">Western Electric</a>, model 2500 DMG black, 1980</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>telephone</b>, colloquially referred to as a <b>phone</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">telecommunications</a> device that permits two or more users to conduct a <a href="/wiki/Conversation" title="Conversation">conversation</a> when they are too far apart to be easily heard directly. A telephone converts <a href="/wiki/Sound" title="Sound">sound</a>, typically and most efficiently the <a href="/wiki/Human_voice" title="Human voice">human voice</a>, into electronic <a href="/wiki/Signal" title="Signal">signals</a> that are transmitted via <a href="/wiki/Electrical_cable" title="Electrical cable">cables</a> and other communication channels to another telephone which reproduces the sound to the receiving user. The term is derived from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">τῆλε</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">tēle</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'far' and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">φωνή</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><i>phōnē</i></i></span>, <i>voice</i>), together meaning <i>distant voice</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1876, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a> was the first to be granted a United States <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patent</a> for a device that produced clearly intelligible replication of the human voice at a second device.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This instrument was further developed by many others, and became rapidly indispensable in <a href="/wiki/Business" title="Business">business</a>, <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Household" title="Household">households</a>. </p><p>The essential elements of a telephone are a <a href="/wiki/Microphone" title="Microphone">microphone</a> (<i>transmitter</i>) to speak into and an <a href="/wiki/Earphone" class="mw-redirect" title="Earphone">earphone</a> (<i>receiver</i>) which reproduces the voice at a distant location.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The receiver and transmitter are usually built into a <a href="/wiki/Handset" title="Handset">handset</a> which is held up to the ear and mouth during conversation. The transmitter converts the <a href="/wiki/Sound_wave" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound wave">sound waves</a> to <a href="/wiki/Signal_(information_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Signal (information theory)">electrical signals</a> which are sent through the telecommunications system to the receiving telephone, which converts the signals into audible sound in the receiver or sometimes a <a href="/wiki/Loudspeaker" title="Loudspeaker">loudspeaker</a>. Telephones permit transmission in both directions simultaneously. </p><p>Most telephones also contain an alerting feature, such as a <i>ringer</i> or a visual indicator, to announce an incoming telephone call. Telephone calls are initiated most commonly with a keypad or dial, affixed to the telephone, to enter a <a href="/wiki/Telephone_number" title="Telephone number">telephone number</a>, which is the address of the call recipient's telephone in the telecommunications system, but other methods existed in the early history of the telephone. </p><p>The first telephones were directly connected to each other from one customer's office or residence to another customer's location. Being impractical beyond just a few customers, these systems were quickly replaced by manually operated centrally located <a href="/wiki/Telephone_switchboard" title="Telephone switchboard">switchboards</a>. These exchanges were soon connected together, eventually forming an automated, worldwide <a href="/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">public switched telephone network</a>. For greater mobility, various radio systems were developed in the mid-20th century for transmission between mobile stations on ships and in automobiles. Hand-held <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">mobile phones</a> were introduced for personal service starting in 1973. In later decades, the analog cellular system evolved into digital networks with greater capability and lower cost. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Technological_convergence#Cell_phone_convergence" title="Technological convergence">Convergence in communication services</a> has provided a broad spectrum of capabilities in cell phones, including mobile computing, giving rise to the <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphone</a>, the dominant type of telephone in the world today. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_history">Early history</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_telephone" title="History of the telephone">History of the telephone</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Invention_of_the_telephone" title="Invention of the telephone">Invention of the telephone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elisha_Gray_and_Alexander_Bell_telephone_controversy" title="Elisha Gray and Alexander Bell telephone controversy">Elisha Gray and Alexander Bell telephone controversy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_Graham_Bell%27s_Telephone_Patent_Drawing_and_Oath_-_NARA_-_302052_(page_2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Alexander_Graham_Bell%27s_Telephone_Patent_Drawing_and_Oath_-_NARA_-_302052_%28page_2%29.jpg/220px-Alexander_Graham_Bell%27s_Telephone_Patent_Drawing_and_Oath_-_NARA_-_302052_%28page_2%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Alexander_Graham_Bell%27s_Telephone_Patent_Drawing_and_Oath_-_NARA_-_302052_%28page_2%29.jpg/330px-Alexander_Graham_Bell%27s_Telephone_Patent_Drawing_and_Oath_-_NARA_-_302052_%28page_2%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Alexander_Graham_Bell%27s_Telephone_Patent_Drawing_and_Oath_-_NARA_-_302052_%28page_2%29.jpg/440px-Alexander_Graham_Bell%27s_Telephone_Patent_Drawing_and_Oath_-_NARA_-_302052_%28page_2%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Alexander Graham Bell's Telephone Patent Drawing</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Telefono_di_Meucci_-_Museo_scienza_tecnologia_Milano_02148-02147_dia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Telefono_di_Meucci_-_Museo_scienza_tecnologia_Milano_02148-02147_dia.jpg/220px-Telefono_di_Meucci_-_Museo_scienza_tecnologia_Milano_02148-02147_dia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Telefono_di_Meucci_-_Museo_scienza_tecnologia_Milano_02148-02147_dia.jpg/330px-Telefono_di_Meucci_-_Museo_scienza_tecnologia_Milano_02148-02147_dia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Telefono_di_Meucci_-_Museo_scienza_tecnologia_Milano_02148-02147_dia.jpg/440px-Telefono_di_Meucci_-_Museo_scienza_tecnologia_Milano_02148-02147_dia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="764" data-file-height="488" /></a><figcaption>Replica of the <i>telettrofono</i>, invented by <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Meucci" title="Antonio Meucci">Antonio Meucci</a> and credited by several sources as the first telephone.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_Graham_Telephone_in_Newyork.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Alexander_Graham_Telephone_in_Newyork.jpg/220px-Alexander_Graham_Telephone_in_Newyork.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Alexander_Graham_Telephone_in_Newyork.jpg/330px-Alexander_Graham_Telephone_in_Newyork.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Alexander_Graham_Telephone_in_Newyork.jpg/440px-Alexander_Graham_Telephone_in_Newyork.jpg 2x" data-file-width="445" data-file-height="580" /></a><figcaption>Bell placing the first New York to Chicago telephone call in 1892</figcaption></figure> <p>Before the development of the electric telephone, the term <i>telephone</i> was applied to other inventions, and not all early researchers of the electrical device used the term. Perhaps the earliest use of the word for a communications system was the <i>telephon</i> created by Gottfried Huth in 1796. Huth proposed an alternative to the <a href="/wiki/Optical_telegraph" title="Optical telegraph">optical telegraph</a> of <a href="/wiki/Claude_Chappe" title="Claude Chappe">Claude Chappe</a> in which the operators in the signaling towers would shout to each other by means of what he called "speaking tubes", but would now be called giant <a href="/wiki/Megaphone" title="Megaphone">megaphones</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A communication device for sailing vessels, called <i>telephone</i>, was invented by Captain John Taylor in 1844. This instrument used four <a href="/wiki/Air_horn" title="Air horn">air horns</a> to communicate with vessels in foggy weather.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Johann_Philipp_Reis" title="Johann Philipp Reis">Johann Philipp Reis</a> used the term in reference to his invention, commonly known as the <a href="/wiki/Reis_telephone" title="Reis telephone">Reis telephone</a>, in c. 1860. His device appears to be the first device based on the conversion of sound into electrical impulses. </p><p>The term <i>telephone</i> was adopted into the vocabulary of many languages. It is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">τῆλε</span>, <i>tēle</i>, "far" and φωνή, <i>phōnē</i>, "voice", together meaning "distant voice". </p><p>Credit for the invention of the electric telephone is frequently disputed. As with other influential <a href="/wiki/Invention" title="Invention">inventions</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Invention_of_radio" title="Invention of radio">radio</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_television" title="History of television">television</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Incandescent_light_bulb#History" title="Incandescent light bulb">light bulb</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware" title="History of computing hardware">computer</a>, several inventors pioneered experimental work on <i>voice transmission over a wire</i> and improved on each other's ideas. New controversies over the issue still arise from time to time. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Bourseul" title="Charles Bourseul">Charles Bourseul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Meucci" title="Antonio Meucci">Antonio Meucci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Philipp_Reis" title="Johann Philipp Reis">Johann Philipp Reis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray">Elisha Gray</a>, amongst others, have all been credited with the invention of the telephone.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alexander Graham Bell was the first to be awarded a patent for the electric telephone by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office" title="United States Patent and Trademark Office">United States Patent and Trademark Office</a> (USPTO) in March 1876.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before Bell's patent, the telephone transmitted sound in a way that was similar to the telegraph. This method used vibrations and circuits to send electrical pulses, but was missing key features. Bell found that this method produced a sound through intermittent currents, but in order for the telephone to work a fluctuating current reproduced sounds the best. The fluctuating currents became the basis for the working telephone, creating Bell's patent.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That first patent by Bell was the <i>master patent</i> of the telephone, from which other patents for electric telephone devices and features flowed.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1876, shortly after Bell's patent application, Hungarian engineer <a href="/wiki/Tivadar_Pusk%C3%A1s" title="Tivadar Puskás">Tivadar Puskás</a> proposed the telephone switch, which allowed for the formation of <a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">telephone exchanges</a>, and eventually networks.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United Kingdom, <i>the blower</i> is used as a slang term for a telephone. The term came from navy slang for a <a href="/wiki/Speaking_tube" title="Speaking tube">speaking tube</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the U.S., a somewhat dated slang term refers to the telephone as "the horn," as in "I couldn't get him on the horn," or "I'll be off the horn in a moment."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Timeline_of_early_development">Timeline of early development</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_telephone" title="Timeline of the telephone">Timeline of the telephone</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Johann_Philipp_Reis_telephone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Johann_Philipp_Reis_telephone.jpg/220px-Johann_Philipp_Reis_telephone.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Johann_Philipp_Reis_telephone.jpg/330px-Johann_Philipp_Reis_telephone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Johann_Philipp_Reis_telephone.jpg/440px-Johann_Philipp_Reis_telephone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2477" data-file-height="1548" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Reis_telephone" title="Reis telephone">Reis's telephone</a> around 1861, first device called telephone<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Actor_portraying_Alexander_Graham_Bell_in_an_AT%26T_promotional_film_(1926).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Actor_portraying_Alexander_Graham_Bell_in_an_AT%26T_promotional_film_%281926%29.jpg/220px-Actor_portraying_Alexander_Graham_Bell_in_an_AT%26T_promotional_film_%281926%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Actor_portraying_Alexander_Graham_Bell_in_an_AT%26T_promotional_film_%281926%29.jpg/330px-Actor_portraying_Alexander_Graham_Bell_in_an_AT%26T_promotional_film_%281926%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Actor_portraying_Alexander_Graham_Bell_in_an_AT%26T_promotional_film_%281926%29.jpg/440px-Actor_portraying_Alexander_Graham_Bell_in_an_AT%26T_promotional_film_%281926%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="614" data-file-height="504" /></a><figcaption>Bell's first telephone transmitter, ca. 1876, reenacted 50 years later</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Consolidated_Telephone_Co._ad_1886.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Consolidated_Telephone_Co._ad_1886.jpg/220px-Consolidated_Telephone_Co._ad_1886.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Consolidated_Telephone_Co._ad_1886.jpg/330px-Consolidated_Telephone_Co._ad_1886.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Consolidated_Telephone_Co._ad_1886.jpg/440px-Consolidated_Telephone_Co._ad_1886.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2253" data-file-height="3074" /></a><figcaption>Acoustic telephone ad, The Consolidated Telephone Co., Jersey City, New Jersey, 1886</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1896_telephone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/1896_telephone.jpg/170px-1896_telephone.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/1896_telephone.jpg/255px-1896_telephone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/1896_telephone.jpg/340px-1896_telephone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="584" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>1896 telephone from Sweden</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wall_Hanging_Telephone_with_Detachable_Earpiece_-_Communication_Gallery_-_BITM_-_Calcutta_2000_211.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Wall_Hanging_Telephone_with_Detachable_Earpiece_-_Communication_Gallery_-_BITM_-_Calcutta_2000_211.JPG/170px-Wall_Hanging_Telephone_with_Detachable_Earpiece_-_Communication_Gallery_-_BITM_-_Calcutta_2000_211.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Wall_Hanging_Telephone_with_Detachable_Earpiece_-_Communication_Gallery_-_BITM_-_Calcutta_2000_211.JPG/255px-Wall_Hanging_Telephone_with_Detachable_Earpiece_-_Communication_Gallery_-_BITM_-_Calcutta_2000_211.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Wall_Hanging_Telephone_with_Detachable_Earpiece_-_Communication_Gallery_-_BITM_-_Calcutta_2000_211.JPG/340px-Wall_Hanging_Telephone_with_Detachable_Earpiece_-_Communication_Gallery_-_BITM_-_Calcutta_2000_211.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3650" data-file-height="5664" /></a><figcaption>Wooden wall telephone with a hand-cranked <a href="/wiki/Telephone_magneto" title="Telephone magneto">magneto</a> generator</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>1844: <a href="/wiki/Innocenzo_Manzetti" title="Innocenzo Manzetti">Innocenzo Manzetti</a> first mooted the idea of a "speaking telegraph" or telephone. Use of the "speaking telegraph" and "sound telegraph" monikers would eventually be replaced by the newer, distinct name, "telephone".</li> <li>26 August 1854: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Bourseul" title="Charles Bourseul">Charles Bourseul</a> published an article in the magazine <i><a href="/wiki/L%27Illustration" title="L'Illustration">L'Illustration</a></i> (Paris): "Transmission électrique de la parole" (electric transmission of speech), describing a "make-and-break" type telephone transmitter later created by Johann Reis.</li> <li>26 October 1861: <a href="/wiki/Johann_Philipp_Reis" title="Johann Philipp Reis">Johann Philipp Reis</a> (1834–1874) publicly demonstrated the <a href="/wiki/Reis_telephone" title="Reis telephone">Reis telephone</a> before the Physical Society of Frankfurt.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the first device to transmit a voice via electronic signals and for that the first modern telephone.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reis also coined the term.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He used his telephone to transmit the phrase "Das Pferd frisst keinen Gurkensalat" ("The horse does not eat cucumber salad").</li> <li>22 August 1865, <i>La Feuille d'Aoste</i> reported "It is rumored that English technicians to whom Manzetti illustrated his method for transmitting spoken words on the telegraph wire intend to apply said invention in England on several private telegraph lines".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> However, telephones would not be demonstrated there until 1876, with a set of telephones from Bell.</li> <li>28 December 1871: <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Meucci" title="Antonio Meucci">Antonio Meucci</a> files <a href="/wiki/Patent_caveat" title="Patent caveat">patent caveat</a> <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Meucci#Patent_caveat" title="Antonio Meucci">No. 3335</a> in the U.S. Patent Office, titled "Sound Telegraph", describing communication of voice between two people by wire. A patent caveat was not an invention <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patent</a> award, but only an unverified notice filed by an individual that he or she intends to file a patent application in the future.</li> <li>1874: Meucci, after having renewed the caveat for two years does not renew it again, and the caveat lapses.</li> <li>6 April 1875: Bell's U.S. Patent 161,739 "Transmitters and Receivers for Electric Telegraphs" is granted. This uses multiple vibrating steel reeds in make-break circuits.</li> <li>11 February 1876: Elisha Gray invents a liquid transmitter for use with the telephone but does not build one.</li> <li>14 February 1876: Gray files a <a href="/wiki/Patent_caveat" title="Patent caveat">patent caveat</a> for transmitting the human voice through a telegraphic circuit.</li> <li>14 February 1876: <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a> applies for the patent "Improvements in Telegraphy", for electromagnetic telephones using what is now called amplitude modulation (oscillating current and voltage) but which he referred to as "undulating current".</li> <li>19 February 1876: Gray is notified by the U.S. Patent Office of an interference between his caveat and Bell's patent application. Gray decides to abandon his caveat.</li> <li>7 March 1876: Bell's U.S. patent 174,465 "Improvement in Telegraphy" is granted, covering "the method of, and apparatus for, transmitting vocal or other sounds telegraphically…by causing electrical undulations, similar in form to the vibrations of the air accompanying the said vocal or other sound."</li> <li>10 March 1876: The first successful telephone transmission of clear speech using a liquid transmitter when Bell spoke into his device, "Mr. Watson, come here, I want to see you." and Watson heard each word distinctly.</li> <li>30 January 1877: Bell's U.S. patent 186,787 is granted for an electromagnetic telephone using permanent magnets, iron diaphragms, and a call bell.</li> <li>27 April 1877: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a> files a patent application for a carbon (graphite) transmitter. It was published as No. 474,230 on 3 May 1892, after a 15-year delay because of litigation. Edison was granted patent 222,390 for a carbon granules transmitter in 1879.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_commercial_instruments">Early commercial instruments</h2></div> <p>Early telephones were technically diverse. Some used a <a href="/wiki/Water_microphone" title="Water microphone">water microphone</a>, some had a metal diaphragm that induced current in an electromagnet wound around a permanent magnet, and some were <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_microphone" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic microphone">dynamic</a> – their diaphragm vibrated a coil of wire in the field of a permanent magnet or the coil vibrated the diaphragm. The sound-powered dynamic variants survived in small numbers through the 20th century in military and maritime applications, where its ability to create its own electrical power was crucial. Most, however, used the Edison/Berliner <a href="/wiki/Carbon_transmitter" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon transmitter">carbon transmitter</a>, which was much louder than the other kinds, even though it required an <a href="/wiki/Induction_coil" title="Induction coil">induction coil</a> which was an <a href="/wiki/Impedance_matching" title="Impedance matching">impedance matching</a> transformer to make it compatible with the impedance of the line. The Edison patents kept the Bell monopoly viable into the 20th century, by which time the network was more important than the instrument. </p><p>Early telephones were locally powered, using either a dynamic transmitter or by the powering of a transmitter with a local battery. One of the jobs of <a href="/wiki/Outside_plant" title="Outside plant">outside plant</a> personnel was to visit each telephone periodically to inspect the battery. During the 20th century, telephones powered from the telephone exchange over the same wires that carried the voice signals became common. </p><p>Early telephones used a single wire for the subscriber's line, with <a href="/wiki/Single_wire_earth_return" class="mw-redirect" title="Single wire earth return">ground return</a> used to complete the circuit (as used in <a href="/wiki/Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Telegraph">telegraphs</a>). The earliest dynamic telephones also had only one port opening for sound, with the user alternately listening and speaking (or rather, shouting) into the same hole. Sometimes the instruments were operated in pairs at each end, making conversation more convenient but also more expensive. </p><p>At first, the benefits of a telephone exchange were not exploited. Instead, telephones were leased in pairs to a <a href="/wiki/Subscriber" class="mw-redirect" title="Subscriber">subscriber</a>, who had to arrange for a telegraph contractor to construct a line between them, for example, between a home and a shop. Users who wanted the ability to speak to several different locations would need to obtain and set up three or four pairs of telephones. <a href="/wiki/Western_Union" title="Western Union">Western Union</a>, already using telegraph exchanges, quickly extended the principle to its telephones in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> and <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>, and Bell was not slow in appreciating the potential. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Signaling_(telecommunications)" title="Signaling (telecommunications)">Signalling</a> began in an appropriately primitive manner. The user alerted the other end, or the exchange <a href="/wiki/Switchboard_operator" title="Switchboard operator">operator</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Whistling" title="Whistling">whistling</a> into the transmitter. Exchange operation soon resulted in telephones being equipped with a bell in a <a href="/wiki/Ringer_box" title="Ringer box">ringer box</a>, first operated over a second wire, and later over the same wire, but with a condenser (<a href="/wiki/Capacitor" title="Capacitor">capacitor</a>) in series with the bell coil to allow the <a href="/wiki/Alternating_current" title="Alternating current">AC</a> ringer signal through while still blocking <a href="/wiki/Direct_current" title="Direct current">DC</a> (keeping the phone "<a href="/wiki/On_hook" class="mw-redirect" title="On hook">on hook</a>"). Telephones connected to the earliest <a href="/wiki/Strowger_switch" title="Strowger switch">Strowger switch</a> automatic exchanges had seven wires, one for the <a href="/wiki/Changeover_switch" class="mw-redirect" title="Changeover switch">knife switch</a>, one for each <a href="/wiki/Telegraph_key" title="Telegraph key">telegraph key</a>, one for the bell, one for the <a href="/wiki/Push-button" title="Push-button">push-button</a> and two for speaking. Large wall telephones in the early 20th century usually incorporated the bell, and separate <a href="/wiki/Bell_box" title="Bell box">bell boxes</a> for desk phones dwindled away in the middle of the century. </p><p>Rural and other telephones that were not on a common battery exchange had a <a href="/wiki/Telephone_magneto" title="Telephone magneto">magneto</a> hand-cranked generator to produce a high voltage alternating signal to ring the bells of other telephones on the line and to alert the operator. Some local farming communities that were not connected to the main networks set up <a href="/wiki/Barbed_wire_telephone_lines" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbed wire telephone lines">barbed wire telephone lines</a> that exploited the existing system of field fences to transmit the signal. </p><p>In the 1890s a new smaller style of telephone was introduced, packaged in three parts. The transmitter stood on a stand, known as a "<a href="/wiki/Candlestick_telephone" title="Candlestick telephone">candlestick</a>" for its shape. When not in use, the receiver hung on a hook with a switch in it, known as a "switchhook". Previous telephones required the user to operate a separate switch to connect either the voice or the bell. With the new kind, the user was less likely to leave the phone "off the hook". In phones connected to magneto exchanges, the bell, induction coil, battery and magneto were in a separate bell box or "<a href="/wiki/Ringer_box" title="Ringer box">ringer box</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In phones connected to common battery exchanges, the ringer box was installed under a desk, or other out-of-the-way place, since it did not need a battery or magneto. </p><p>Cradle designs were also used at this time, having a handle with the receiver and transmitter attached, now called a <a href="/wiki/Handset" title="Handset">handset</a>, separate from the cradle base that housed the magneto crank and other parts. They were larger than the "candlestick" and more popular. </p><p>Disadvantages of single-wire operation such as crosstalk and <a href="/wiki/Mains_hum" title="Mains hum">hum from nearby AC power wires</a> had already led to the use of twisted pairs and, for long-distance telephones, <a href="/wiki/Four-wire_circuit" title="Four-wire circuit">four-wire circuits</a>. Users at the beginning of the 20th century did not place <a href="/wiki/Long-distance_call" class="mw-redirect" title="Long-distance call">long-distance calls</a> from their own telephones but made an appointment and were connected with the assistance of a telephone operator.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>What turned out to be the most popular and longest-lasting physical style of telephone was introduced in the early 20th century, including Bell's <a href="/wiki/Model_202_telephone" class="mw-redirect" title="Model 202 telephone">202-type</a> desk set. A carbon granule transmitter and electromagnetic receiver were united in a single molded plastic handle, which when not in use was secured in a cradle in the base unit. The circuit diagram of the model 202 shows the direct connection of the transmitter to the line, while the receiver was inductively coupled. In local battery configurations, when the local loop was too long to provide sufficient current from the exchange, the transmitter was powered by a local battery and inductively coupled, while the receiver was included in the local loop.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The coupling transformer and the ringer were mounted in a separate enclosure, called the subscriber set. The dial switch in the base interrupted the line current by repeatedly but very briefly disconnecting the line one to ten times for each digit, and the hook switch (in the center of the circuit diagram) disconnected the line and the transmitter battery while the handset was on the cradle. </p><p>In the 1930s, telephone sets were developed that combined the bell and induction coil with the desk set, obviating a separate ringer box. The <a href="/wiki/Rotary_dial" title="Rotary dial">rotary dial</a> becoming commonplace in the 1930s in many areas enabled customer-dialed service, but some magneto systems remained even into the 1960s. After World War II, the telephone networks saw rapid expansion and more efficient telephone sets, such as the <a href="/wiki/Model_500_telephone" title="Model 500 telephone">model 500 telephone</a> in the United States, were developed that permitted larger local networks centered around central offices. A breakthrough new technology was the introduction of Touch-Tone signaling using <a href="/wiki/Push-button_telephone" title="Push-button telephone">push-button telephones</a> by <a href="/wiki/American_Telephone_%26_Telegraph_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="American Telephone & Telegraph Company">American Telephone & Telegraph Company</a> (AT&T) in 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ericsson_bakelittelefon_1931_sv.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ericsson DBH 1001 (ca. 1931), the first combined telephone made with a Bakelite housing and handset."><img alt="Ericsson DBH 1001 (ca. 1931), the first combined telephone made with a Bakelite housing and handset." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Ericsson_bakelittelefon_1931_sv.jpg/200px-Ericsson_bakelittelefon_1931_sv.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Ericsson_bakelittelefon_1931_sv.jpg/300px-Ericsson_bakelittelefon_1931_sv.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Ericsson_bakelittelefon_1931_sv.jpg/400px-Ericsson_bakelittelefon_1931_sv.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1238" data-file-height="984" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ericsson_DBH_1001_telephone" title="Ericsson DBH 1001 telephone">Ericsson DBH 1001</a> (ca. 1931), the first combined telephone made with a Bakelite housing and handset.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Minalinpampangajf2520_02.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Telephone used by American soldiers (WWII, Minalin, Pampanga, Philippines)"><img alt="Telephone used by American soldiers (WWII, Minalin, Pampanga, Philippines)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Minalinpampangajf2520_02.JPG/200px-Minalinpampangajf2520_02.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Minalinpampangajf2520_02.JPG/300px-Minalinpampangajf2520_02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Minalinpampangajf2520_02.JPG/400px-Minalinpampangajf2520_02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Telephone used by American soldiers (WWII, <a href="/wiki/Minalin,_Pampanga" class="mw-redirect" title="Minalin, Pampanga">Minalin, Pampanga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Oldphone.ogv/200px--Oldphone.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="200" height="150" data-durationhint="12" data-mwtitle="Oldphone.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ea/Oldphone.ogv/Oldphone.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Oldphone.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="768" data-height="576" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ea/Oldphone.ogv/Oldphone.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ea/Oldphone.ogv/Oldphone.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ea/Oldphone.ogv/Oldphone.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ea/Oldphone.ogv/Oldphone.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Video shows the operation of an <a href="/wiki/Ericofon" title="Ericofon">Ericofon</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HMNZS_Te_Kaha_sound-powered_telephone_20080702.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Modern sound-powered emergency telephone"><img alt="Modern sound-powered emergency telephone" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/HMNZS_Te_Kaha_sound-powered_telephone_20080702.jpg/150px-HMNZS_Te_Kaha_sound-powered_telephone_20080702.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/HMNZS_Te_Kaha_sound-powered_telephone_20080702.jpg/225px-HMNZS_Te_Kaha_sound-powered_telephone_20080702.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/HMNZS_Te_Kaha_sound-powered_telephone_20080702.jpg/300px-HMNZS_Te_Kaha_sound-powered_telephone_20080702.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1599" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Modern <a href="/wiki/Sound-powered_telephone" title="Sound-powered telephone">sound-powered emergency telephone</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Motorola_L71_on_the_China_Mobile_network_20100521.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="One type of mobile phone, called a cell phone"><img alt="One type of mobile phone, called a cell phone" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Motorola_L71_on_the_China_Mobile_network_20100521.jpg/157px-Motorola_L71_on_the_China_Mobile_network_20100521.jpg" decoding="async" width="157" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Motorola_L71_on_the_China_Mobile_network_20100521.jpg/235px-Motorola_L71_on_the_China_Mobile_network_20100521.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Motorola_L71_on_the_China_Mobile_network_20100521.jpg/314px-Motorola_L71_on_the_China_Mobile_network_20100521.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2432" data-file-height="3099" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">One type of <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">mobile phone</a>, called a cell phone</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Digital_telephones_and_voice_over_IP">Digital telephones and voice over IP</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Digital_telephony" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital telephony">Digital telephony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Voice_over_IP" title="Voice over IP">Voice over IP</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CiscoIPPhone7941Series.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/CiscoIPPhone7941Series.jpg/220px-CiscoIPPhone7941Series.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/CiscoIPPhone7941Series.jpg/330px-CiscoIPPhone7941Series.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/CiscoIPPhone7941Series.jpg/440px-CiscoIPPhone7941Series.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>An IP desktop telephone attached to a computer network</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fixed_telephone_lines_per_100_inhabitants_1997-2007_ITU.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Fixed_telephone_lines_per_100_inhabitants_1997-2007_ITU.png/300px-Fixed_telephone_lines_per_100_inhabitants_1997-2007_ITU.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Fixed_telephone_lines_per_100_inhabitants_1997-2007_ITU.png/450px-Fixed_telephone_lines_per_100_inhabitants_1997-2007_ITU.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Fixed_telephone_lines_per_100_inhabitants_1997-2007_ITU.png/600px-Fixed_telephone_lines_per_100_inhabitants_1997-2007_ITU.png 2x" data-file-width="956" data-file-height="810" /></a><figcaption>Fixed telephone lines per 100 inhabitants 1997–2007</figcaption></figure> <p>The invention of the <a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">transistor</a> in 1947 dramatically changed the technology used in telephone systems and in the long-distance transmission networks, over the next several decades. With the development of <a href="/wiki/Stored_program_control" title="Stored program control">stored program control</a> and <a href="/wiki/MOS_integrated_circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS integrated circuit">MOS integrated circuits</a> for <a href="/wiki/Electronic_switching_system" title="Electronic switching system">electronic switching systems</a>, and new transmission technologies such as <a href="/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation" title="Pulse-code modulation">pulse-code modulation</a> (PCM), <a href="/wiki/Telephony" title="Telephony">telephony</a> gradually evolved towards <a href="/wiki/Digital_telephony" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital telephony">digital telephony</a>, which improved the capacity, quality, and cost of the network.<sup id="cite_ref-Allstot_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allstot-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Services Digital Network">Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)</a> was launched in the 1980's, providing businesses and consumers with access to digital telephony services such as data, voice, <a href="/wiki/Videotelephony" title="Videotelephony">video</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fax" title="Fax">fax</a> services. <sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The development of digital data communications methods made it possible to digitize voice and transmit it as real-time data across <a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">computer networks</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>, giving rise to the field of Internet Protocol (IP) telephony, also known as <a href="/wiki/Voice_over_Internet_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Voice over Internet Protocol">voice over Internet Protocol</a> (VoIP). VoIP has proven to be a <a href="/wiki/Disruptive_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Disruptive technology">disruptive technology</a> that is rapidly replacing traditional telephone network infrastructure.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By January 2005, up to 10% of telephone subscribers in Japan and <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> had switched to this digital telephone service. A January 2005 <a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a> article suggested that Internet telephony may be "the next big thing."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The technology has spawned a new industry comprising many VoIP companies that offer services to <a href="/wiki/Consumer" title="Consumer">consumers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Business" title="Business">businesses</a>. The reported global VoIP market in October 2021 was $85.2 billion with a projection of $102.5 billion by 2026.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>IP telephony uses high-bandwidth Internet connections and specialized customer premises equipment to transmit telephone calls via the Internet, or any modern private data network. The customer equipment may be an <a href="/wiki/Analog_telephone_adapter" title="Analog telephone adapter">analog telephone adapter</a> (ATA) which translates the signals of a conventional analog telephone; an <a href="/wiki/IP_Phone" class="mw-redirect" title="IP Phone">IP Phone</a>, a dedicated standalone device; or a computer <a href="/wiki/Softphone" title="Softphone">softphone</a> application, utilizing the microphone and headset devices of a personal computer or smartphone.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While traditional analog telephones are typically powered from the central office through the telephone line, digital telephones require a local power supply.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Internet-based digital service also requires special provisions to provide the service location to the emergency services when an <a href="/wiki/Emergency_telephone_number" title="Emergency telephone number">emergency telephone number</a> is called.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cordless_telephones">Cordless telephones</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cordless_telephone" title="Cordless telephone">Cordless telephone</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Motorola_4050a-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Motorola_4050a-2.jpg/220px-Motorola_4050a-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Motorola_4050a-2.jpg/330px-Motorola_4050a-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Motorola_4050a-2.jpg/440px-Motorola_4050a-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="533" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>A cordless telephone system consisting of a handset resting on a base station (left) and a second handset resting on a battery charger unit (right)</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b><a href="/wiki/Cordless_telephone" title="Cordless telephone">cordless telephone</a></b> or <b>portable telephone</b> consists of a <a href="/wiki/Base_station" title="Base station">base station</a> unit and one or more portable cordless <a href="/wiki/Handset" title="Handset">handsets</a>. The base station connects to a telephone line, or provides service by voice over IP (VOIP). The handset communicates with the base station via <a href="/wiki/Radio_frequency" title="Radio frequency">radio frequency</a> signals. A handset's operational range is limited, usually to within the same building or within a short distance from the base station. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Base_station">Base station</h3></div> <p>Base stations include a radio transceiver which enables full-duplex, outgoing and incoming signals and speech with the handsets. The base station often includes a microphone, <a href="/wiki/Audio_amplifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio amplifier">audio amplifier</a>, and a loudspeaker to enable hands-free <a href="/wiki/Speakerphone" title="Speakerphone">speakerphone</a> conversations, without needing to use a handset. The base station may also have a numeric keypad for dialing, and a display for <a href="/wiki/Caller_ID" title="Caller ID">caller ID</a>. In addition, answering machine function may be built in.<sup id="cite_ref-Freudenrich4_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freudenrich4-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cordless handset contains a <a href="/wiki/Rechargeable_battery" title="Rechargeable battery">rechargeable battery</a>, which the base station recharges when the handset rests in its cradle. Muilt-handset systems generally also have additional charging stands. A cordless telephone typically requires a constant <a href="/wiki/Mains_electricity" title="Mains electricity">electricity supply</a> to power the base station and charger units by means of a DC transformer which plugs into a wall AC power outlet.<sup id="cite_ref-Freudenrich4_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freudenrich4-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mobile_phones">Mobile phones</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">Mobile phone</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mobile_Phone_Evolution_1992_-_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Mobile_Phone_Evolution_1992_-_2014.jpg/290px-Mobile_Phone_Evolution_1992_-_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Mobile_Phone_Evolution_1992_-_2014.jpg/435px-Mobile_Phone_Evolution_1992_-_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Mobile_Phone_Evolution_1992_-_2014.jpg/580px-Mobile_Phone_Evolution_1992_-_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3977" data-file-height="4323" /></a><figcaption>Two decades of evolution of mobile phones, from a 1992 <a href="/wiki/Motorola_MicroTAC#International_GSM" title="Motorola MicroTAC">Motorola 8900X-2</a> to the 2014 <a href="/wiki/IPhone_6_Plus" class="mw-redirect" title="IPhone 6 Plus">iPhone 6 Plus</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SIM-Karte_von_Telef%C3%B3nica_O2_Europe_-_Standard_und_Micro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/SIM-Karte_von_Telef%C3%B3nica_O2_Europe_-_Standard_und_Micro.jpg/220px-SIM-Karte_von_Telef%C3%B3nica_O2_Europe_-_Standard_und_Micro.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/SIM-Karte_von_Telef%C3%B3nica_O2_Europe_-_Standard_und_Micro.jpg/330px-SIM-Karte_von_Telef%C3%B3nica_O2_Europe_-_Standard_und_Micro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/SIM-Karte_von_Telef%C3%B3nica_O2_Europe_-_Standard_und_Micro.jpg/440px-SIM-Karte_von_Telef%C3%B3nica_O2_Europe_-_Standard_und_Micro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1808" data-file-height="1104" /></a><figcaption>A typical SIM card (mini-SIM with a cutout to convert the card to micro-SIM size)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SMS_test.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/SMS_test.jpg/220px-SMS_test.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/SMS_test.jpg/330px-SMS_test.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/SMS_test.jpg/440px-SMS_test.jpg 2x" data-file-width="922" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>An SMS message written on a <a href="/wiki/Motorola_RAZR_V3" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorola RAZR V3">Motorola RAZR V3</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">mobile phone</a> or cellphone or hand phone is a handheld telephone which connects via radio transmissions to a <a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">cellular telephone network</a>. The cellular network consists of a network of ground based transmitter/receiver stations with antennas – which are usually located on towers or on buildings – and infrastructure connecting to land-based telephone lines.<sup id="cite_ref-Walters_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walters-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Analog cellular networks first appeared in 1979, with the first digital cellular networks appearing in the early 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-Galazzo_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Galazzo-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mobile phones require a <a href="/wiki/SIM_card" title="SIM card">SIM card</a> to be inserted into the phone. The SIM card is a small PVC card containing a small <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">integrated circuit</a> which stores the user's <a href="/wiki/International_mobile_subscriber_identity" title="International mobile subscriber identity">international mobile subscriber identity</a> (IMSI) number and its related key, which are used to identify and authenticate subscribers to the cellular network. </p><p>Mobile phones generally incorporate an <a href="/wiki/Liquid-crystal_display" title="Liquid-crystal display">LCD</a> or <a href="/wiki/OLED" title="OLED">OLED</a> display, with some types, such as smartphones, having touch screens. Since the 1990s, mobile phones have gained other features which are not directly related to their primary function as telephones. These include text messaging, calendars, alarm clocks, personal schedulers, cameras, music players, games and later, internet access and <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphone</a> functionality. Nearly all mobile phones have the ability to send text messages to other users via the <a href="/wiki/SMS" title="SMS">SMS</a> (Short Message Service) protocol. The <a href="/wiki/Multimedia_messaging_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Multimedia messaging service">multimedia messaging service</a> (MMS) protocol enables users to send and receive multimedia content, such as photos, audio files and video files. As their functionality has increased over the years, many types of mobile phone, notably smartphones, require an <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> to run. Popular mobile phone operating systems in the past have included <a href="/wiki/Symbian" title="Symbian">Symbian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palm_OS" title="Palm OS">Palm OS</a>, <a href="/wiki/BlackBerry_OS" title="BlackBerry OS">BlackBerry OS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Windows_Mobile" title="Windows Mobile"> mobile phone versions of Windows</a>. As of 2022, the most used operating systems are Google's <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a> and Apple's <a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MordorIntelligence_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MordorIntelligence-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Android_Authority_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Android_Authority-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before the era of smartphones, mobile phones were generally manufactured by companies specializing in telecommunications equipment, such as <a href="/wiki/Nokia" title="Nokia">Nokia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motorola" title="Motorola">Motorola</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ericsson" title="Ericsson">Ericsson</a>. Since the advent of smartphones, mobile phone manufacturers have also included consumer electronics companies, such as <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samsung" title="Samsung">Samsung</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xiaomi" title="Xiaomi">Xiaomi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Android_Authority_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Android_Authority-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Smartphones">Smartphones</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphone</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Livraria_do_Senado_(22622160063).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Livraria_do_Senado_%2822622160063%29.jpg/220px-Livraria_do_Senado_%2822622160063%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Livraria_do_Senado_%2822622160063%29.jpg/330px-Livraria_do_Senado_%2822622160063%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Livraria_do_Senado_%2822622160063%29.jpg/440px-Livraria_do_Senado_%2822622160063%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a><figcaption>A smartphone with a touchscreen user interface, held in <a href="/wiki/Landscape_orientation" class="mw-redirect" title="Landscape orientation">landscape orientation</a></figcaption></figure> <p>As of 2022, most mobile phones are smartphones, being a combination of a mobile phone and a personal computing device in the same unit. Most smartphones are primarily operated using a <a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">graphical user interface</a> and a touch screen. Many phones have a secondary voice user interface, such as <a href="/wiki/Siri" title="Siri">Siri</a> on Apple <a href="/wiki/IPhones" class="mw-redirect" title="IPhones">iPhones</a>, which can operate many of the device's functions, as well as enabling users to use spoken commands to interact with the internet. Typically alphanumeric text input is accomplished via an on-screen virtual keyboard, although some smartphones have a small physical keyboard. Smartphones offer the ability to access internet data through the cellular network and via wi-fi, and usually allow direct connectivity to other devices via <a href="/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a> or a wired interface, such as <a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a> or <a href="/wiki/Lightning_(connector)" title="Lightning (connector)">Lightning</a> connectors. </p><p>Smartphones, being able to run <a href="/wiki/Mobile_app" title="Mobile app">apps</a>, have vastly expanded functionality compared to previous mobile phones. Having internet access and built in cameras, smartphones have made <a href="/wiki/Video_calling" class="mw-redirect" title="Video calling">video calling</a> readily accessible via IP connections. Smartphones also have access to a large number of web services and web apps, giving them functionality similar to traditional computers, although smartphones are often limited by their relatively small screen size and the size of their keyboards. Typically, smartphones feature such tools as cameras, media players, web browsers, email clients, interactive maps, satellite navigation and a variety of sensors, such as a <a href="/wiki/Compass" title="Compass">compass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Accelerometers" class="mw-redirect" title="Accelerometers">accelerometers</a> and <a href="/wiki/GPS_receivers" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS receivers">GPS receivers</a>. In addition to voice calls, smartphone users commonly communicate using a wide variety of messaging formats, including SMS, MMS, email, and various proprietary messaging services, such as <a href="/wiki/IMessage" title="IMessage">iMessage</a> and various social media platforms. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mobile_phone_usage">Mobile phone usage</h3></div> <p>In 2002, only 10% of the world's population used <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">mobile phones</a> and by 2005 that percentage had risen to 46%.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of 2009, there were a total of nearly 6 billion mobile and fixed-line telephone subscribers worldwide. This included 1.26 billion fixed-line subscribers and 4.6 billion mobile subscribers.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Satellite_phones">Satellite phones</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Satellite_phone" title="Satellite phone">Satellite phone</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iridium_Satellite_Phone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Iridium_Satellite_Phone.jpg/170px-Iridium_Satellite_Phone.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Iridium_Satellite_Phone.jpg/255px-Iridium_Satellite_Phone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Iridium_Satellite_Phone.jpg/340px-Iridium_Satellite_Phone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="5472" /></a><figcaption>First generation late 1990s Iridium satellite phone</figcaption></figure> <p>A satellite telephone, or satphone, is a type of mobile phone that connects to other phones or the <a href="/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">telephone network</a> by radio link through <a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">satellites</a> orbiting the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> instead of terrestrial <a href="/wiki/Cell_site" title="Cell site">cell sites</a>, as <a href="/wiki/Cellphone" class="mw-redirect" title="Cellphone">cellphones</a> do. Therefore, they can work in most geographic locations on the Earth's surface, as long as open sky and the line-of-sight between the phone and the satellite is provided. Depending on the architecture of a particular system, coverage may include the entire Earth or only specific regions. Satellite phones provide similar functionality to terrestrial mobile telephones; <a href="/wiki/Telephone_call" title="Telephone call">voice calling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Text_messaging" title="Text messaging">text messaging</a>, and low-bandwidth <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> access are supported through most systems. The advantage of a satellite phone is that it can be used in such regions where local terrestrial communication infrastructures, such as <a href="/wiki/Landline" title="Landline">landline</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">cellular</a> networks, are not available. </p><p>Satellite phones are popular on expeditions into remote locations, hunting, fishing, maritime sector, humanitarian missions, business trips, and mining in hard-to-reach areas, where there is no reliable cellular service.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Satellite telephones rarely get disrupted by natural disasters on Earth or human actions such as war, so they have proven to be <a href="/wiki/Dependability" title="Dependability">dependable</a> communication tools in emergency situations, when the local communications system can be compromised.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="telephone icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg/28px-Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg/42px-Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg/56px-Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="722" data-file-height="722" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Telephones" title="Portal:Telephones">Telephones portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell_System" title="Bell System">Bell System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Telephone_Memorial" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell Telephone Memorial">Bell Telephone Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Cellular network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordless_telephone" title="Cordless telephone">Cordless telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_sentences" title="Harvard sentences">Harvard sentences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_telephone-related_articles" title="Index of telephone-related articles">Index of telephone-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jipp_curve" title="Jipp curve">Jipp curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_telephone_operating_companies" class="mw-redirect" title="List of telephone operating companies">List of telephone operating companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_operating_system" title="Mobile operating system">Mobile operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimedia_messaging_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Multimedia messaging service">Multimedia messaging service</a> (MMS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_line_(telephony)" title="Party line (telephony)">Party line (telephony)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phone_hacking" title="Phone hacking">Phone hacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiotelephone" title="Radiotelephone">Radiotelephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_phone" title="Satellite phone">Satellite phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIM_card" title="SIM card">SIM card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spamming" title="Spamming">Spamming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_keypad" title="Telephone keypad">Telephone keypad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_jack_and_plug" title="Telephone jack and plug">Telephone jack and plug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_tapping" class="mw-redirect" title="Telephone tapping">Telephone tapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tip_and_ring" title="Tip and ring">Tip and ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Videophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Videophone">Videophone</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/phone#etymonline_v_46245">"Etymology of the word "phone"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201027065132/https://www.etymonline.com/word/phone#etymonline_v_46245">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-10-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Etymology+of+the+word+%22phone%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2Fphone%23etymonline_v_46245&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelephone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/everyday-mysteries/technology/item/who-is-credited-with-inventing-the-telephone">"Who Is Credited With Inventing the Telephone"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201018233922/https://www.loc.gov/everyday-mysteries/technology/item/who-is-credited-with-inventing-the-telephone">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-10-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress&rft.atitle=Who+Is+Credited+With+Inventing+the+Telephone&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Feveryday-mysteries%2Ftechnology%2Fitem%2Fwho-is-credited-with-inventing-the-telephone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelephone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180514065758/https://media.defense.gov/2017/Mar/16/2001717399/-1/-1/0/CIM_9430_1.PDF">"United States Coast Guard <i>Sound-Powered Telephone Talkers Manual</i>, 1979, p. 1"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://media.defense.gov/2017/Mar/16/2001717399/-1/-1/0/CIM_9430_1.PDF">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2018-05-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-05-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+States+Coast+Guard+Sound-Powered+Telephone+Talkers+Manual%2C+1979%2C+p.+1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedia.defense.gov%2F2017%2FMar%2F16%2F2001717399%2F-1%2F-1%2F0%2FCIM_9430_1.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelephone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarroll2002" class="citation news cs1">Carroll, Rory (June 17, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/jun/17/humanities.internationaleducationnews">"Bell did not invent telephone, US rules"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180731091627/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/jun/17/humanities.internationaleducationnews">Archived</a> from the original on July 31, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 24,</span> 2018</span> – via www.theguardian.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Bell+did+not+invent+telephone%2C+US+rules&rft.date=2002-06-17&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=Rory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2002%2Fjun%2F17%2Fhumanities.internationaleducationnews&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelephone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holzmann, Gerard J.; Pehrson, Björn, <i>The Early History of Data Networks</i>, pp. 90-91, Wiley, 1995 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0818667826" title="Special:BookSources/0818667826">0818667826</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/yearbookfactsin27timbgoog"><i>The Year-book of Facts in Science and Art</i></a>. Simpkin, Marshall, and Company. July 6, 1845. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/yearbookfactsin27timbgoog/page/n63">55</a> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Year-book+of+Facts+in+Science+and+Art&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Simpkin%2C+Marshall%2C+and+Company&rft.date=1845-07-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fyearbookfactsin27timbgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelephone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/telephoneandtel00kinggoog/#page/n8/mode/2up">"The Telephone and Telephone Exchanges"</a> by J. E. Kingsbury published in 1915.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoe1995" class="citation book cs1">Coe, Lewis (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/telephoneitsseve0000coel_y7q3/page/5"><i>The Telephone and Its Several Inventors: A History</i></a>. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, Inc. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/telephoneitsseve0000coel_y7q3/page/5">5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-2609-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-2609-6"><bdi>978-0-7864-2609-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Telephone+and+Its+Several+Inventors%3A+A+History&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+NC&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-2609-6&rft.aulast=Coe&rft.aufirst=Lewis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftelephoneitsseve0000coel_y7q3%2Fpage%2F5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelephone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKempeGarcke1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Kempe, Harry Robert; Garcke, Emile (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Telephone"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Telephone">"Telephone" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 547–57.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Telephone&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=547-57&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Kempe&rft.aufirst=Harry+Robert&rft.au=Garcke%2C+Emile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelephone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brown-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brown_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1994" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Travis (1994). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historicalfirstp0000brow"><i>Historical first patents: the first United States patent for many everyday things</i></a></span> (illustrated ed.). University of Michigan: Scarecrow Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historicalfirstp0000brow/page/179">179</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-2898-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-2898-8"><bdi>978-0-8108-2898-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+first+patents%3A+the+first+United+States+patent+for+many+everyday+things&rft.place=University+of+Michigan&rft.pages=179&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-2898-8&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Travis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoricalfirstp0000brow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelephone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeauchamp2010" class="citation journal cs1">Beauchamp, Christopher (2010). "Who Invented the Telephone?: Lawyers, Patents, and the Judgments of History". <i>Technology and Culture</i>. <b>39</b>: 858–859 – via Project MUSE.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Technology+and+Culture&rft.atitle=Who+Invented+the+Telephone%3F%3A+Lawyers%2C+Patents%2C+and+the+Judgments+of+History&rft.volume=39&rft.pages=858-859&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Beauchamp&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelephone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation patent"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US174465">US 174465</a></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=174465&rft.cc=US&rft.title="><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> Alexander Graham Bell: "Improvement in Telegraphy" filed on February 14, 1876, granted on March 7, 1876.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omikk.bme.hu/archivum/angol/htm/puskas_t.htm">"Puskás, Tivadar"</a>. Omikk.bme.hu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171018160522/http://www.omikk.bme.hu/archivum/angol/htm/puskas_t.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-10-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-05-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pusk%C3%A1s%2C+Tivadar&rft.pub=Omikk.bme.hu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.omikk.bme.hu%2Farchivum%2Fangol%2Fhtm%2Fpuskas_t.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelephone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRick_Jolly2018" class="citation book cs1">Rick Jolly (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V4xaDwAAQBAJ"><i>Jackspeak: A guide to British Naval slang & usage</i></a>. Bloomsbury. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781472834140" title="Special:BookSources/9781472834140"><bdi>9781472834140</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jackspeak%3A+A+guide+to+British+Naval+slang+%26+usage&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781472834140&rft.au=Rick+Jolly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV4xaDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelephone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/on%20the%20horn">"on the horn"</a>. <i>Merriam-Webster</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=on+the+horn&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fon%2520the%2520horn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelephone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.milestone-books.de/pages/books/003517/johann-philipp-reis/ueber-telephonie-durch-den-galvanischen-strom-in-jahres-bericht-des-physikalischen-vereins-zu">"Ueber Telephonie durch den galvanischen Strom. In: Jahres-Bericht des physikalischen Vereins zu Frankfurt am Main für das Rechnungsjahr 1860-1861, pp. 57-64 by Johann Philipp REIS on Milestones of Science Books"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240114204700/https://www.milestone-books.de/pages/books/003517/johann-philipp-reis/ueber-telephonie-durch-den-galvanischen-strom-in-jahres-bericht-des-physikalischen-vereins-zu">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-01-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ueber+Telephonie+durch+den+galvanischen+Strom.+In%3A+Jahres-Bericht+des+physikalischen+Vereins+zu+Frankfurt+am+Main+f%C3%BCr+das+Rechnungsjahr+1860-1861%2C+pp.+57-64+by+Johann+Philipp+REIS+on+Milestones+of+Science+Books&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.milestone-books.de%2Fpages%2Fbooks%2F003517%2Fjohann-philipp-reis%2Fueber-telephonie-durch-den-galvanischen-strom-in-jahres-bericht-des-physikalischen-vereins-zu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelephone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoe2006" class="citation book cs1">Coe, Lewis (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/telephoneitsseve0000coel_y7q3/page/16"><i>The Telephone and Its Several Inventors: A History</i></a>. McFarland. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/telephoneitsseve0000coel_y7q3/page/16">16–24</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786426096" title="Special:BookSources/9780786426096"><bdi>9780786426096</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Telephone+and+Its+Several+Inventors%3A+A+History&rft.pages=16-24&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780786426096&rft.aulast=Coe&rft.aufirst=Lewis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftelephoneitsseve0000coel_y7q3%2Fpage%2F16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelephone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:8_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurnerWeston1983" class="citation book cs1">Turner, Gerard L'Estrange; Weston, Margaret (1983). <i>Nineteenth-century Scientific Instruments</i>. University of California Press. p. 140. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520051607" title="Special:BookSources/9780520051607"><bdi>9780520051607</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nineteenth-century+Scientific+Instruments&rft.pages=140&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=9780520051607&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Gerard+L%27Estrange&rft.au=Weston%2C+Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelephone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.milestone-books.de/pages/books/003517/johann-philipp-reis/ueber-telephonie-durch-den-galvanischen-strom-in-jahres-bericht-des-physikalischen-vereins-zu">"Ueber Telephonie durch den galvanischen Strom. In: Jahres-Bericht des physikalischen Vereins zu Frankfurt am Main für das Rechnungsjahr 1860-1861, pp. 57-64 by Johann Philipp REIS on Milestones of Science Books"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240114204700/https://www.milestone-books.de/pages/books/003517/johann-philipp-reis/ueber-telephonie-durch-den-galvanischen-strom-in-jahres-bericht-des-physikalischen-vereins-zu">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-01-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ueber+Telephonie+durch+den+galvanischen+Strom.+In%3A+Jahres-Bericht+des+physikalischen+Vereins+zu+Frankfurt+am+Main+f%C3%BCr+das+Rechnungsjahr+1860-1861%2C+pp.+57-64+by+Johann+Philipp+REIS+on+Milestones+of+Science+Books&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.milestone-books.de%2Fpages%2Fbooks%2F003517%2Fjohann-philipp-reis%2Fueber-telephonie-durch-den-galvanischen-strom-in-jahres-bericht-des-physikalischen-vereins-zu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelephone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011012231415/http://www.telephonymuseum.com/ringer_boxes.htm">"Ringer Boxes"</a>. Telephonymuseum.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telephonymuseum.com/ringer_boxes.htm">the original</a> on 2001-10-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-05-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ringer+Boxes&rft.pub=Telephonymuseum.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telephonymuseum.com%2Fringer_boxes.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelephone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiPirro" class="citation web cs1">DiPirro, Peggy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.palmbeachpost.com/story/news/2018/03/12/the-beginning-long-distance-telephone/7121125007/">"The beginning of long distance telephone service"</a>. <i>The Palm Beach Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306065058/https://www.palmbeachpost.com/story/news/2018/03/12/the-beginning-long-distance-telephone/7121125007/">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-03-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-08-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Palm+Beach+Post&rft.atitle=The+beginning+of+long+distance+telephone+service&rft.aulast=DiPirro&rft.aufirst=Peggy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.palmbeachpost.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2F2018%2F03%2F12%2Fthe-beginning-long-distance-telephone%2F7121125007%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelephone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070616083345/http://www.porticus.org/bell/images/we-102.jpg">Circuit Diagram, Model 102</a>, Porticus Telephone website.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.edn.com/tone-dialing-telephones-are-introduced-november-18-1963/">"Tone dialing telephones are introduced, November 18, 1963"</a>. <i>EDN</i>. 18 November 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221107053607/https://www.edn.com/tone-dialing-telephones-are-introduced-november-18-1963/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EDN&rft.atitle=Tone+dialing+telephones+are+introduced%2C+November+18%2C+1963&rft.date=2019-11-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.edn.com%2Ftone-dialing-telephones-are-introduced-november-18-1963%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelephone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Allstot-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Allstot_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllstot2016" class="citation book cs1">Allstot, David J. (2016). "Switched Capacitor Filters". In Maloberti, Franco; Davies, Anthony C. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210930151716/https://ieee-cas.org/sites/default/files/a_short_history_of_circuits_and_systems-_ebook-_web.pdf"><i>A Short History of Circuits and Systems: From Green, Mobile, Pervasive Networking to Big Data Computing</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/IEEE_Circuits_and_Systems_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Circuits and Systems Society">IEEE Circuits and Systems Society</a>. pp. 105–110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788793609860" title="Special:BookSources/9788793609860"><bdi>9788793609860</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ieee-cas.org/sites/default/files/a_short_history_of_circuits_and_systems-_ebook-_web.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2021-09-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-11-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Switched+Capacitor+Filters&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+Circuits+and+Systems%3A+From+Green%2C+Mobile%2C+Pervasive+Networking+to+Big+Data+Computing&rft.pages=105-110&rft.pub=IEEE+Circuits+and+Systems+Society&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9788793609860&rft.aulast=Allstot&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fieee-cas.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fa_short_history_of_circuits_and_systems-_ebook-_web.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelephone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.electronics-notes.com/articles/connectivity/isdn/what-is-isdn.php">"What is ISDN - Essentials Guide » Electronics Notes"</a>. <i>www.electronics-notes.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220828000053/https://www.electronics-notes.com/articles/connectivity/isdn/what-is-isdn.php">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-08-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-08-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.electronics-notes.com&rft.atitle=What+is+ISDN+-+Essentials+Guide+%C2%BB+Electronics+Notes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.electronics-notes.com%2Farticles%2Fconnectivity%2Fisdn%2Fwhat-is-isdn.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelephone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/os-xpm-2006-09-18-cover18-story.html">"VoIP is winning over a variety of phone users"</a>. <i>Orlando Sentinel</i>. 18 September 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220830210203/https://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/os-xpm-2006-09-18-cover18-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-08-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-08-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Orlando+Sentinel&rft.atitle=VoIP+is+winning+over+a+variety+of+phone+users&rft.date=2006-09-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.orlandosentinel.com%2Fnews%2Fos-xpm-2006-09-18-cover18-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelephone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheridan" class="citation web cs1">Sheridan, Barrett. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050118033848/http://msnbc.msn.com/id/6831938/site/newsweek/">"Newsweek – National News, World News, Health, Technology, Entertainment and more..."</a> MSNBC. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://msnbc.msn.com/id/6831938/site/newsweek/">the original</a> on January 18, 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-05-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Newsweek+%E2%80%93+National+News%2C+World+News%2C+Health%2C+Technology%2C+Entertainment+and+more...&rft.pub=MSNBC&rft.aulast=Sheridan&rft.aufirst=Barrett&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmsnbc.msn.com%2Fid%2F6831938%2Fsite%2Fnewsweek%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelephone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/5457497/global-voip-services-market-2021-2026">"Global VoIP Services Market 2021-2026"</a>. <i>Research and Markets</i>. October 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211204200158/https://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/5457497/global-voip-services-market-2021-2026">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-12-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-12-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Research+and+Markets&rft.atitle=Global+VoIP+Services+Market+2021-2026&rft.date=2021-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchandmarkets.com%2Freports%2F5457497%2Fglobal-voip-services-market-2021-2026&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelephone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://getvoip.com/blog/2020/10/27/voip-equipment/">"VoIP Equipment Guide 2022: Types of Hardware + Top Manufacturers"</a>. <i>getvoip.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-08-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=getvoip.com&rft.atitle=VoIP+Equipment+Guide+2022%3A+Types+of+Hardware+%2B+Top+Manufacturers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgetvoip.com%2Fblog%2F2020%2F10%2F27%2Fvoip-equipment%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelephone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voipreview.org/blog/voip-phone-system-battery-backups">"VoIP Phone System Battery Backups | voipreview.org"</a>. <i>VoipReview</i>. 2011-09-15. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220808093927/https://www.voipreview.org/blog/voip-phone-system-battery-backups">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-08-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-08-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=VoipReview&rft.atitle=VoIP+Phone+System+Battery+Backups+%7C+voipreview.org&rft.date=2011-09-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voipreview.org%2Fblog%2Fvoip-phone-system-battery-backups&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelephone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fcc.gov/consumers/guides/voip-and-911-service">"VoIP and 911 Service"</a>. <i>Federal Communications Commission</i>. 2011-05-26. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220811094019/https://www.fcc.gov/consumers/guides/voip-and-911-service">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-08-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-08-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Federal+Communications+Commission&rft.atitle=VoIP+and+911+Service&rft.date=2011-05-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fcc.gov%2Fconsumers%2Fguides%2Fvoip-and-911-service&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelephone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Freudenrich4-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Freudenrich4_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Freudenrich4_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreudenrich2000" class="citation web cs1">Freudenrich, Craig (2000-12-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/cordless-telephone3.htm">"How Cordless Telephones Work"</a>. <i>HowStuffWorks</i>. InfoSpace Holdings. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220808123301/https://electronics.howstuffworks.com/cordless-telephone3.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-08-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-08-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HowStuffWorks&rft.atitle=How+Cordless+Telephones+Work&rft.date=2000-12-11&rft.aulast=Freudenrich&rft.aufirst=Craig&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felectronics.howstuffworks.com%2Fcordless-telephone3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelephone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walters-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Walters_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaltersKritzinger2000" class="citation journal cs1">Walters, Lourens O; Kritzinger, PS (December 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/355146.355149">"Cellular Networks: Past, Present, and Future"</a>. <i>XRDS: Crossroads, the ACM Magazine for Students</i>. <b>7</b> (2). Association for Computing Machinery: 4–ff35. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F355146.355149">10.1145/355146.355149</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221105223501/https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/355146.355149">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-11-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=XRDS%3A+Crossroads%2C+the+ACM+Magazine+for+Students&rft.atitle=Cellular+Networks%3A+Past%2C+Present%2C+and+Future&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=4-ff35&rft.date=2000-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F355146.355149&rft.aulast=Walters&rft.aufirst=Lourens+O&rft.au=Kritzinger%2C+PS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdl.acm.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1145%2F355146.355149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelephone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Galazzo-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Galazzo_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalazzo2022" class="citation web cs1">Galazzo, Richard (2022-01-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cengn.ca/information-centre/innovation/timeline-from-1g-to-5g-a-brief-history-on-cell-phones/">"From 1G to 5G: The History of Cell Phones and their Cellular Generations"</a>. <i>CENGN</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221005154815/https://www.cengn.ca/information-centre/innovation/timeline-from-1g-to-5g-a-brief-history-on-cell-phones/">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-10-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CENGN&rft.atitle=From+1G+to+5G%3A+The+History+of+Cell+Phones+and+their+Cellular+Generations&rft.date=2022-01-24&rft.aulast=Galazzo&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cengn.ca%2Finformation-centre%2Finnovation%2Ftimeline-from-1g-to-5g-a-brief-history-on-cell-phones%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelephone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MordorIntelligence-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MordorIntelligence_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mordorintelligence.com/industry-reports/smartphones-market">"Smartphones Market - Growth, Trends, COVID-19 Impact, and Forecasts (2022 - 2027)"</a>. <i>Mordor Intelligence</i>. 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220808130043/https://www.mordorintelligence.com/industry-reports/smartphones-market">Archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mordor+Intelligence&rft.atitle=Smartphones+Market+-+Growth%2C+Trends%2C+COVID-19+Impact%2C+and+Forecasts+%282022+-+2027%29&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mordorintelligence.com%2Findustry-reports%2Fsmartphones-market&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelephone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Android_Authority-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Android_Authority_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Android_Authority_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWankhede" class="citation web cs1">Wankhede, Calvin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.androidauthority.com/history-of-cell-phones-timeline-3264425/">"The history of cell phones: A decade-by-decade timeline"</a>. <i>Android Authority</i>. Authority Media. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240916010641/https://www.androidauthority.com/history-of-cell-phones-timeline-3264425/">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-09-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Android+Authority&rft.atitle=The+history+of+cell+phones%3A+A+decade-by-decade+timeline&rft.aulast=Wankhede&rft.aufirst=Calvin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.androidauthority.com%2Fhistory-of-cell-phones-timeline-3264425%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelephone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sites.psu.edu/siowfa15/2015/09/16/are-cell-phones-ruining-our-social-skills">"Are Cell Phones Ruining Our Social Skills? – SiOWfa15: Science in Our World: Certainty and Controversy"</a>. <i>sites.psu.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171120115256/https://sites.psu.edu/siowfa15/2015/09/16/are-cell-phones-ruining-our-social-skills/">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-11-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-11-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sites.psu.edu&rft.atitle=Are+Cell+Phones+Ruining+Our+Social+Skills%3F+%E2%80%93+SiOWfa15%3A+Science+in+Our+World%3A+Certainty+and+Controversy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsites.psu.edu%2Fsiowfa15%2F2015%2F09%2F16%2Fare-cell-phones-ruining-our-social-skills&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelephone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itu.int/newsroom/press_releases/2007/20.html">Next-Generation Networks Set to Transform Communications</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303214415/http://www.itu.int/newsroom/press_releases/2007/20.html">Archived</a> 2016-03-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> International Telecommunication Union website, 4 September 2007. Retrieved 5 July 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFruge.axessnet2018" class="citation web cs1">ruge.axessnet (2018-08-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://axessnet.com/en/satellite-phone-know-the-5-sectors-that-use-them-the-most/">"Satellite phone: know the 5 sectors that use them the most"</a>. <i>axessnet</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230113024754/https://axessnet.com/en/satellite-phone-know-the-5-sectors-that-use-them-the-most/">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=axessnet&rft.atitle=Satellite+phone%3A+know+the+5+sectors+that+use+them+the+most&rft.date=2018-08-28&rft.au=ruge.axessnet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faxessnet.com%2Fen%2Fsatellite-phone-know-the-5-sectors-that-use-them-the-most%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelephone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.satellitephonereview.com/everything-to-know-satellite-phone/">"Everything That You Need to Know About a Satellite Phone"</a>. <i>Satellite Phone Review</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230112034942/https://www.satellitephonereview.com/everything-to-know-satellite-phone/">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Satellite+Phone+Review&rft.atitle=Everything+That+You+Need+to+Know+About+a+Satellite+Phone&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.satellitephonereview.com%2Feverything-to-know-satellite-phone%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelephone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li>Brooks, John (1976). <i>Telephone: The first hundred years</i>. HarperCollins.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruce,_Robert_V.1990" class="citation book cs1">Bruce, Robert V. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZmR0MOQAu0UC"><i>Bell: Alexander Graham Bell and the Conquest of Solitude</i></a>. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-9691-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-9691-2"><bdi>978-0-8014-9691-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bell%3A+Alexander+Graham+Bell+and+the+Conquest+of+Solitude&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-9691-2&rft.au=Bruce%2C+Robert+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZmR0MOQAu0UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelephone" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Casson, Herbert Newton. (1910) <i>The history of the telephone</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historytelephon00goog/page/n29">online</a>.</li> <li>Coe, Lewis (1995). <i>The Telephone and Its Several Inventors: A History.</i> Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co.</li> <li>Evenson, A. Edward (2000). <i>The Telephone Patent Conspiracy of 1876: The Elisha Gray – Alexander Bell Controversy.</i> Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co.</li> <li>Fischer, Claude S. (1994) <i>America calling: A social history of the telephone to 1940</i> (Univ of California Press, 1994)</li> <li>Huurdeman, Anton A. (2003). <i>The Worldwide History of Telecommunications</i> Hoboken: NJ: Wiley-IEEE Press.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_R._John" title="Richard R. John">John, Richard R.</a> (2010). <i>Network Nation: Inventing American Telecommunications.</i> Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.</li> <li>MacDougall, Robert. <i>The People's Network: The Political Economy of the Telephone in the Gilded Age.</i> Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.</li> <li>Mueller, Milton. (1993) "Universal service in telephone history: A reconstruction." <i>Telecommunications Policy</i> 17.5 (1993): 352–69.</li> <li>Todd, Kenneth P. (1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080711065530/http://www.porticus.org/bell/capsule_bell_system.html"><i>A Capsule History of the Bell System</i></a>. American Telephone & Telegraph Company (AT&T).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Telephone" class="extiw" title="commons:Telephone"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Telephone</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Telephone_service_for_travel#Q11035" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Telephone service for travel">Telephone service for travel</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/telephone" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:telephone">telephone</a></b></i> or <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cordless_telephone" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:cordless telephone">cordless telephone</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://galbithink.org/telcos/early-telephone-data.htm">Early U.S. Telephone Industry Data</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Telephone"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Telephone">"Telephone" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1905.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Telephone&rft.btitle=New+International+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelephone" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKempeGarcke1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Kempe, Harry Robert; Garcke, Emile (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Telephone"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Telephone">"Telephone" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). pp. 547–557.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Telephone&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=547-557&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Kempe&rft.aufirst=Harry+Robert&rft.au=Garcke%2C+Emile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelephone" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sparkmuseum.com/TELEPHONE.HTM">Virtual museum of early telephones</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080828132509/http://www.theengineer.co.uk/Articles/294346/July+1877+The+Telephone.htm">The Telephone, 1877</a></li> <li>The short film <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/now_youre_talking_1927"><i>"Now You're Talking (1927)"</i></a> is available for free viewing and download at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</li> <li>The short film <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/history_of_communication"><i>"Communication (1928)"</i></a> is available for free viewing and download at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</li> <li>The short film <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gov.archives.arc.89089.r1"><i>"Telephone Memories (Reel 1 of 2) (1931)"</i></a> is available for free viewing and download at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</li> <li>The short film <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gov.archives.arc.89089.r2"><i>"Telephone Memories (Reel 2 of 2) (1931)"</i></a> is available for free viewing and download at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</li> <li>The short film <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/FarSpeak1935"><i>"Far Speaking (ca. 1935)"</i></a> is available for free viewing and download at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdfpiw.uspto.gov/.piw?Docid=00174465&homeurl=http%3A%2F%2Fpatft1.uspto.gov%2Fnetacgi%2Fnph-Parser%3FSect1%3DPTO1%2526Sect2%3DHITOFF%2526d%3DPALL%2526p%3D1%2526u%3D%25252Fnetahtml%25252FPTO%25252Fsrchnum.htm%2526r%3D1%2526f%3DG%2526l%3D50%2526s1%3D0174,465.PN.%2526OS%3DPN%2F0174,465%2526RS%3DPN%2F0174,465&PageNum=&Rtype=&SectionNum=&idkey=NONE&Input=View+first+page">"US 174,465"</a>. <i>pdfpiw.uspto.gov</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pdfpiw.uspto.gov&rft.atitle=US+174%2C465&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpdfpiw.uspto.gov%2F.piw%3FDocid%3D00174465%26homeurl%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fpatft1.uspto.gov%252Fnetacgi%252Fnph-Parser%253FSect1%253DPTO1%252526Sect2%253DHITOFF%252526d%253DPALL%252526p%253D1%252526u%253D%2525252Fnetahtml%2525252FPTO%2525252Fsrchnum.htm%252526r%253D1%252526f%253DG%252526l%253D50%252526s1%253D0174%2C465.PN.%252526OS%253DPN%252F0174%2C465%252526RS%253DPN%252F0174%2C465%26PageNum%3D%26Rtype%3D%26SectionNum%3D%26idkey%3DNONE%26Input%3DView%2Bfirst%2Bpage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelephone" class="Z3988"></span>—<i>Telegraphy</i> (Bell's first telephone patent)—Alexander Graham Bell</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131207123744/http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=0186787">US 186,787</a>—<i>Electric Telegraphy</i> (permanent magnet receiver)—Alexander Graham Bell</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131207125332/http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=0474230">US 474,230</a>—<i>Speaking Telegraph</i> (graphite transmitter)—Thomas Edison</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131207123141/http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=0203016">US 203,016</a>—<i>Speaking Telephone</i> (carbon button transmitter)—Thomas Edison</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131207131626/http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=0222390">US 222,390</a>—<i>Carbon Telephone</i> (carbon granules transmitter)—Thomas Edison</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131207130558/http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=0485311">US 485,311</a>—<i>Telephone</i> (solid back carbon transmitter)—Anthony C. White (Bell engineer) This design was used until 1925 and installed phones were used until the 1940s.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131207121651/http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=3449750">US 3,449,750</a>—<i>Duplex Radio Communication and Signalling Apparatus</i>—G. H. Sweigert</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131207124409/http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=3663762">US 3,663,762</a>—<i>Cellular Mobile Communication System</i>—Amos Edward Joel (Bell Labs)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131207130341/http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=3906166">US 3,906,166</a>—<i>Radio Telephone System</i> (DynaTAC <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">cell phone</a>)—Martin Cooper et al. (Motorola)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Telecommunications" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Telecommunications" title="Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Telecommunications" title="Template talk:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Telecommunications" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">Telecommunications</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beacon#For_defensive_communications" title="Beacon">Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_broadcasting" title="History of broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_protection_system" title="Cable protection system">Cable protection system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">Cable TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite#History" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network#History" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">Data compression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_coding_format" title="Audio coding format">audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_coding_format" title="Video coding format">video</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">Digital media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_video" title="Internet video">Internet video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_video_platform" title="Online video platform">online video platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drums_in_communication" title="Drums in communication">Drums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edholm%27s_law" title="Edholm's law">Edholm's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_telegraph#History" title="Electrical telegraph">Electrical telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fax#History" title="Fax">Fax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliograph#History" title="Heliograph">Heliographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_telegraph#Greek_hydraulic_semaphore_system" title="Hydraulic telegraph">Hydraulic telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Information revolution">Information revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media#History" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones" title="History of mobile phones">Mobile phone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_communication" title="Optical communication">Optical telecommunication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_telegraph" title="Optical telegraph">Optical telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pager" title="Pager">Pager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photophone" title="Photophone">Photophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_prepaid_mobile_phones" title="History of prepaid mobile phones">Prepaid mobile phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_radio" title="History of radio">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiotelephone" title="Radiotelephone">Radiotelephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Satellite communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semaphore" title="Semaphore">Semaphore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phryctoria" title="Phryctoria">Phryctoria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">Semiconductor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_transistor" title="History of the transistor">transistor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_signal" title="Smoke signal">Smoke signals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">Telecommunications history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telautograph" title="Telautograph">Telautograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">Telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">Teleprinter</a> (teletype)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_telephone" title="History of the telephone">Telephone</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Telephone_Cases" title="The Telephone Cases">The Telephone Cases</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_television" title="History of television">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_television" title="Streaming television">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable#Early_history:_telegraph_and_coaxial_cables" title="Submarine communications cable">Undersea telegraph line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_videotelephony" title="History of videotelephony">Videotelephony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistled_language" title="Whistled language">Whistled language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless revolution">Wireless revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Ahmed_(engineer)" title="Nasir Ahmed (engineer)">Nasir Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong">Edwin Howard Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_M._Atalla" title="Mohamed M. Atalla">Mohamed M. Atalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran">Paul Baran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner">Emile Berliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Blake_(inventor)" title="Francis Blake (inventor)">Francis Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bourseul" title="Charles Bourseul">Charles Bourseul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Walter Houser Brattain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Chappe" title="Claude Chappe">Claude Chappe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogen_Dalal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogen Dalal">Yogen Dalal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Davis_Jr." title="Daniel Davis Jr.">Daniel Davis Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davies" title="Donald Davies">Donald Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Dolbear" title="Amos Dolbear">Amos Dolbear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_de_Forest" title="Lee de Forest">Lee de Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo_Farnsworth" title="Philo Farnsworth">Philo Farnsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden">Reginald Fessenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray">Elisha Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside">Oliver Heaviside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erna_Schneider_Hoover" title="Erna Schneider Hoover">Erna Schneider Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Hopkins_(physicist)" title="Harold Hopkins (physicist)">Harold Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardiner_Greene_Hubbard" title="Gardiner Greene Hubbard">Gardiner Greene Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_pioneers" title="List of Internet pioneers">Internet pioneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Kahn">Bob Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawon_Kahng" title="Dawon Kahng">Dawon Kahng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narinder_Singh_Kapany" title="Narinder Singh Kapany">Narinder Singh Kapany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr">Hedy Lamarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Landell_de_Moura" title="Roberto Landell de Moura">Roberto Landell de Moura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innocenzo_Manzetti" title="Innocenzo Manzetti">Innocenzo Manzetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Metcalfe" title="Robert Metcalfe">Robert Metcalfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Meucci" title="Antonio Meucci">Antonio Meucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun-ichi_Nishizawa" title="Jun-ichi Nishizawa">Jun-ichi Nishizawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grafton_Page" title="Charles Grafton Page">Charles Grafton Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radia_Perlman" title="Radia Perlman">Radia Perlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Stepanovich Popov">Alexander Stepanovich Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivadar_Pusk%C3%A1s" title="Tivadar Puskás">Tivadar Puskás</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Philipp_Reis" title="Johann Philipp Reis">Johann Philipp Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almon_Brown_Strowger" title="Almon Brown Strowger">Almon Brown Strowger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sutton_(inventor)" title="Henry Sutton (inventor)">Henry Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner_Tainter" title="Charles Sumner Tainter">Charles Sumner Tainter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Tissot" title="Camille Tissot">Camille Tissot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Vail" title="Alfred Vail">Alfred Vail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Watson" title="Thomas A. Watson">Thomas A. Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_K._Zworykin" title="Vladimir K. Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transmission_medium" title="Transmission medium">Transmission<br />media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">Coaxial cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">Fiber-optic communication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-space_optical_communication" title="Free-space optical communication">Free-space optical communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_communication" title="Molecular communication">Molecular communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">Radio waves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_line" title="Transmission line">Transmission line</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunication_circuit" title="Telecommunication circuit">telecommunication circuit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Network_topology" title="Network topology">Network topology</a><br />and switching</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">Bandwidth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_link" title="Telecommunications link">Links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">Nodes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_(telecommunication)" title="Terminal (telecommunication)">terminal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">Network switching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">Telephone exchange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">Multiplexing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space-division_multiple_access" title="Space-division multiple access">Space-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Frequency-division multiplexing">Frequency-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing" title="Time-division multiplexing">Time-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarization-division_multiplexing" title="Polarization-division multiplexing">Polarization-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing" title="Orbital angular momentum multiplexing">Orbital angular-momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-division_multiple_access" title="Code-division multiple access">Code-division</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">Communication protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_communication" title="Data communication">Data transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_and_forward" title="Store and forward">Store and forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_equipment" title="Telecommunications equipment">Telecommunications equipment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Types of network</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Cellular network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Services Digital Network">ISDN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">LAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next-generation_network" title="Next-generation network">NGN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">Public Switched Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_network" title="Radio network">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Television broadcasting">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telex" title="Telex">Telex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP">UUCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_area_network" title="Wide area network">WAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">Wireless network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Notable networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BITNET" title="BITNET">BITNET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYCLADES" title="CYCLADES">CYCLADES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FidoNet" title="FidoNet">FidoNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet2" title="Internet2">Internet2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JANET" title="JANET">JANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPL_network" title="NPL network">NPL network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toasternet" title="Toasternet">Toasternet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Africa" title="Category:Telecommunications in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li>Americas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_North_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in North America">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_South_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in South America">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Communications_in_Antarctica" title="Category:Communications in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Asia" title="Category:Telecommunications in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Europe" title="Category:Telecommunications in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Oceania" title="Category:Telecommunications in Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_telecommunications_regulatory_bodies" title="List of telecommunications regulatory bodies">Global telecommunications regulation bodies</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/16px-Telecom-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/24px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/32px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Telecommunication" title="Portal:Telecommunication">Telecommunication portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications" title="Category:Telecommunications">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_telecommunication" title="Outline of telecommunication">Outline</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Telecommunications" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Telecommunications">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11035#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11035#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11035#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1146231/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4016854-2">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85133365">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11944593v">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11944593v">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00561474">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007565809205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/027832">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10643595">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telephone&oldid=1258986168">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telephone&oldid=1258986168</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1876_introductions" title="Category:1876 introductions">1876 introductions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_inventions" title="Category:American inventions">American inventions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Canadian_inventions" title="Category:Canadian inventions">Canadian inventions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Discovery_and_invention_controversies" title="Category:Discovery and invention controversies">Discovery and invention controversies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:German_inventions" title="Category:German inventions">German inventions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scottish_inventions" title="Category:Scottish inventions">Scottish inventions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Office_equipment" title="Category:Office equipment">Office equipment</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_equipment" title="Category:Telecommunications equipment">Telecommunications equipment</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telephony" title="Category:Telephony">Telephony</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Home_appliances" title="Category:Home appliances">Home appliances</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_inventions" title="Category:19th-century inventions">19th-century inventions</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_semi-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_move-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_July_2019" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from July 2019">Articles needing additional references from July 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text">Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Greek-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Greek-language text">Articles containing Greek-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from May 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons link from Wikidata">Commons link from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_New_International_Encyclopedia" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_video_clips" title="Category:Articles containing video clips">Articles containing video clips</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 22 November 2024, at 19:10<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telephone&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-57488d5c7d-snx44","wgBackendResponseTime":203,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.100","walltime":"1.384","ppvisitednodes":{"value":4233,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":137339,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":3418,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":25,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":171271,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1167.083 1 -total"," 36.25% 423.078 1 Template:Reflist"," 20.50% 239.274 23 Template:Cite_web"," 11.76% 137.219 2 Template:Langx"," 8.51% 99.375 1 Template:Telecommunications"," 8.32% 97.087 1 Template:Navbox"," 7.24% 84.554 1 Template:Short_description"," 6.17% 72.050 3 Template:Sister_project"," 6.01% 70.140 3 Template:Side_box"," 5.77% 67.392 1 Template:More_citations_needed"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.692","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":22215208,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-57488d5c7d-l8v4j","timestamp":"20241128015429","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Telephone","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Telephone","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q11035","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q11035","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-09-30T13:27:05Z","dateModified":"2024-11-22T19:10:52Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/a\/a6\/Telefon_BW_2012-02-18_13-44-32.JPG","headline":"telecommunications device that permits two or more users to conduct a conversation"}</script> </body> </html>