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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subject" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subject"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Subject</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subject-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Functions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Functions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Functions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Functions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aspects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aspects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Aspects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aspects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Aspects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Aspects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Differences_between_men_and_women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Differences_between_men_and_women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Differences between men and women</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Differences_between_men_and_women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Between_strangers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Between_strangers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Between strangers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Between_strangers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Narcissism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Narcissism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Narcissism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Narcissism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Artificial_intelligence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artificial_intelligence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Artificial intelligence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artificial_intelligence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-One's_self" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#One's_self"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>One's self</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-One's_self-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Literature-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Literature subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>In fiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Conversation</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 62 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-62" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">62 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%AB%D8%A9" title="محادثة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="محادثة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B6hb%C9%99t" title="Söhbət – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Söhbət" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C5%8De-%C5%8De" title="Hōe-ōe – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hōe-ōe" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Разговор – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Разговор" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversa" title="Conversa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Conversa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konverzace" title="Konverzace – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Konverzace" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurukuro" title="Hurukuro – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Hurukuro" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samtale" title="Samtale – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Samtale" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konversation_(Gespr%C3%A4ch)" title="Konversation (Gespräch) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Konversation (Gespräch)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversaci%C3%B3n" title="Conversación – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Conversación" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konversacio" title="Konversacio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Konversacio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solasaldi_(hizketaldi_informala)" title="Solasaldi (hizketaldi informala) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Solasaldi (hizketaldi informala)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%81%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%88" title="گفت‌وگو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گفت‌وگو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversation" title="Conversation – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Conversation" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petear" title="Petear – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Petear" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comhr%C3%A1" title="Comhrá – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Comhrá" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AB%87%E8%A9%91" title="談詑 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="談詑" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%A9ng%27ung%27uana" title="Kũng'ung'uana – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Kũng'ung'uana" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1-choi-k%C3%BA" title="Tá-choi-kú – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Tá-choi-kú" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9A%8C%ED%99%94_(%EC%9D%B4%EC%95%BC%EA%B8%B0)" title="회화 (이야기) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="회화 (이야기)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA" title="वार्तालाप – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वार्तालाप" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razgovor" title="Razgovor – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Razgovor" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percakapan" title="Percakapan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Percakapan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incoko" title="Incoko – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Incoko" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversazione" title="Conversazione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Conversazione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%97%D7%94" title="שיחה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שיחה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%86" title="ಮಾತುಕತೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮಾತುಕತೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazungumzo" title="Mazungumzo – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mazungumzo" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konv%C3%A8sasyon" title="Konvèsasyon – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Konvèsasyon" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagin" title="Pagin – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Pagin" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Разговор – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Разговор" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konversazzjoni" title="Konversazzjoni – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Konversazzjoni" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%83ng-g%C5%8Dng" title="Păng-gōng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Păng-gōng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%86%D2%AF%D2%AF%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%B3" title="Хэлэлцүүлэг – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хэлэлцүүлэг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%86%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="စကားပြောဆိုခြင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="စကားပြောဆိုခြင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesprek" title="Gesprek – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gesprek" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE" title="खँल्हाबल्हा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="खँल्हाबल्हा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%9A%E8%A9%B1" title="会話 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="会話" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samtale" title="Samtale – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Samtale" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samtale" title="Samtale – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Samtale" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%9A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BE" title="ଆଲୋଚନା – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଆଲୋଚନା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaaf" title="Klaaf – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Klaaf" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Конверзація – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Конверзація" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Разговор – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Разговор" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biseda" title="Biseda – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Biseda" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversation" title="Conversation – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Conversation" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%88%DB%8E%DA%98" title="وتووێژ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="وتووێژ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Разговор – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Разговор" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razgovor" title="Razgovor – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Razgovor" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keskustelu" title="Keskustelu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Keskustelu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samtal" title="Samtal – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Samtal" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="உரையாடல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உரையாடல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9A" title="చర్చ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="చర్చ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sohbet" title="Sohbet – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sohbet" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Розмова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Розмова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%99i_tho%E1%BA%A1i" title="Hội thoại – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hội thoại" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himangr%C3%A1w" title="Himangráw – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Himangráw" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8C%84%E5%B1%B1%E6%B2%B3" title="茄山河 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="茄山河" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%A1" title="שמועס – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="שמועס" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%82%BE%E5%81%88" title="傾偈 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="傾偈" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacenay%C4%B1%C5%9F" title="Vacenayış – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Vacenayış" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%83%E8%A9%B1" title="會話 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="會話" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q52943#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Interactive communication between two or more people</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about human communication. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Conversation_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Conversation (disambiguation)">Conversation (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Convo" redirects here. For the mobile app, see <a href="/wiki/Convoz" title="Convoz">Convoz</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arnold_Lakhovsky_Conversation.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Arnold_Lakhovsky_Conversation.png/220px-Arnold_Lakhovsky_Conversation.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Arnold_Lakhovsky_Conversation.png/330px-Arnold_Lakhovsky_Conversation.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Arnold_Lakhovsky_Conversation.png/440px-Arnold_Lakhovsky_Conversation.png 2x" data-file-width="1999" data-file-height="1671" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Lakhovsky" title="Arnold Lakhovsky">Arnold Lakhovsky</a>, <i>The Conversation</i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1935</span>)</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Conversation</b> is interactive <a href="/wiki/Communication" title="Communication">communication</a> between two or more people. The development of conversational skills and <a href="/wiki/Etiquette" title="Etiquette">etiquette</a> is an important part of socialization. The development of conversational skills in a new language is a frequent focus of <a href="/wiki/Language_teaching" class="mw-redirect" title="Language teaching">language teaching</a> and <a href="/wiki/Language_learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Language learning">learning</a>. <a href="/wiki/Conversation_analysis" title="Conversation analysis">Conversation analysis</a> is a branch of sociology which studies the structure and organization of human interaction, with a more specific focus on conversational interaction. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition_and_characterization">Definition and characterization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conversation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition and characterization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Friends_chatting_outside_the_Mercado_in_Ponce,_Puerto_Rico.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Friends_chatting_outside_the_Mercado_in_Ponce%2C_Puerto_Rico.jpg/300px-Friends_chatting_outside_the_Mercado_in_Ponce%2C_Puerto_Rico.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Friends_chatting_outside_the_Mercado_in_Ponce%2C_Puerto_Rico.jpg/450px-Friends_chatting_outside_the_Mercado_in_Ponce%2C_Puerto_Rico.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Friends_chatting_outside_the_Mercado_in_Ponce%2C_Puerto_Rico.jpg/600px-Friends_chatting_outside_the_Mercado_in_Ponce%2C_Puerto_Rico.jpg 2x" data-file-width="918" data-file-height="544" /></a><figcaption>A group of men chatting in <a href="/wiki/Ponce,_Puerto_Rico" title="Ponce, Puerto Rico">Ponce, Puerto Rico</a></figcaption></figure> <p>No generally accepted definition of conversation exists, beyond the fact that a conversation involves at least two people talking together.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarren20068_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarren20068-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, the term is often defined by what it is not. A ritualized exchange such as a mutual <a href="/wiki/Greeting" title="Greeting">greeting</a> is not a conversation, and an interaction that includes a marked status differential (such as a boss giving orders) is also not a conversation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarren20068–9_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarren20068–9-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An interaction with a tightly focused topic or purpose is also generally not considered a conversation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarren20069_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarren20069-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Summarizing these properties, one authority writes that "Conversation is the kind of speech that happens informally, symmetrically, and for the purposes of establishing and maintaining social ties."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThornburySlade200625_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThornburySlade200625-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From a less technical perspective, a writer on etiquette in the early 20th century defined conversation as the polite give and take of subjects thought of by people talking with each other for company.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Conversations follow rules of etiquette because conversations are social interactions, and therefore depend on <a href="/wiki/Social_convention" class="mw-redirect" title="Social convention">social convention</a>. Specific rules for conversation arise from the <a href="/wiki/Cooperative_principle" title="Cooperative principle">cooperative principle</a>. Failure to adhere to these rules causes the conversation to deteriorate or eventually to end. Contributions to a conversation are responses to what has previously been said. </p><p>Conversations may be the optimal form of <a href="/wiki/Communication" title="Communication">communication</a>, depending on the participants' intended ends. Conversations may be ideal when, for example, each party desires a relatively equal exchange of information, or when the parties desire to build social ties. On the other hand, if permanency or the ability to review such information is important, written communication may be ideal. Or if time-efficient communication is most important, a speech may be preferable. </p><p>Conversation involves a lot more nuanced and implied context, that lies beneath just the words.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Conversation is generally face-to-face person-to-person at the same time (synchronous) – possibly online with video applications such as Skype, but might also include audio-only phone calls. It would not generally include internet written communication which tends to be asynchronous (not same time – can read and respond later if at all) and does not fit the 'con'='with' in 'conversation'. In face to face conversation it has been suggested that 85% of the communication is non-verbal/body language – a smile, a frown, a shrug, tone of voice conveying much added meaning to the mere words. Short forms of written communication such as <a href="/wiki/SMS" title="SMS">sms</a> are thus frequently misunderstood. </p><p>In English slang, a conversation that is generally found to be uninteresting is referred to as 'boring' and the person at the center of that conversation a 'bore' </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conversation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Banter">Banter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conversation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Banter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Banter" redirects here. For the radio show, see <a href="/wiki/Banter_(radio_show)" title="Banter (radio show)"><i>Banter</i> (radio show)</a>.</div> <p><b>Banter</b> is short witty sentences that bounce back and forth between individuals. Often banter uses clever put-downs and witty insults similar to <a href="/wiki/Flyting" title="Flyting">flyting</a>, misunderstandings (often intentional), zippy wisecracks, zingers, flirtation, and puns. The idea is that each line of banter should "top" the one before it and be, in short, a verbal war of wit. </p><p>Films that have used banter as a way of structure in conversations are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bringing_Up_Baby" title="Bringing Up Baby"><i>Bringing Up Baby</i> (1938)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/His_Girl_Friday" title="His Girl Friday"><i>His Girl Friday</i> (1940)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Big_Sleep_(1946_film)" title="The Big Sleep (1946 film)"><i>The Big Sleep</i> (1946)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Much_Ado_About_Nothing_(1993_film)" title="Much Ado About Nothing (1993 film)"><i>Much Ado About Nothing</i> (1993)</a></li></ul> <p>Important factors in delivering a banter is the subtext, situation and the rapport with the person. Every line in a banter should be able to evoke both an emotional response and ownership without hurting one's feelings. Following a structure that the involved parties understand is important, even if the subject and structure is absurd, a certain level of progression should be kept in a manner that it connects with the involved parties. </p><p>Different methods of story telling could be used in delivering banter, like making an unexpected turn in the flow of structure (interrupting a comfortable structure), taking the conversation towards an expected crude form with evoking questions, doubts, self-conscientiousness (creating intentional misunderstandings), or layering the existing pattern with multiple anchors. It is important to quit the bantering with the sensibility of playground rules, both parties should not obsess on topping each other, continuously after a certain point of interest. It is as Shakespeare said "Brevity is the soul of wit."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discussion">Discussion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conversation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Discussion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA.jpg/220px-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA.jpg/330px-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA.jpg/440px-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1646" data-file-height="861" /></a><figcaption>Discussion between two old friends</figcaption></figure> <p>One element of conversation is <b>discussion</b>: sharing opinions on subjects that are thought of during the conversation. In polite society the subject changes before discussion becomes dispute or <a href="/wiki/Controversy" title="Controversy">controversial</a>. For example, if theology is being <i>discussed</i>, maybe no one is insisting a particular view be accepted.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subject">Subject</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conversation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Subject"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many conversations can be divided into four categories according to their major subject content: </p> <ul><li><i>Subjective ideas</i>, which often serve to extend understanding and awareness.</li> <li><i>Objective facts</i>, which may serve to consolidate a widely held view.</li> <li><i>Other people</i> (usually absent), which may be either <a href="/wiki/Criticism" title="Criticism">critical</a>, competitive, or supportive. This includes <a href="/wiki/Gossip" title="Gossip">gossip</a>.</li> <li><i>Oneself</i>, which sometimes indicate <a href="/wiki/Attention-seeking" class="mw-redirect" title="Attention-seeking">attention-seeking</a> behavior or can provide relevant information about oneself to participants in the conversation.</li></ul> <p>The proportional distribution of any given conversation between the categories can offer useful psychological insights into the mind set of the participants. Practically, however, few conversations fall exclusively into one category. This is the reason that the majority of conversations are difficult to categorize. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Functions">Functions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conversation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Functions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most conversations may be classified by their goal. Conversational ends may shift over the life of the conversation. </p> <ul><li><b>Functional conversation</b> is designed to convey information in order to help achieve an individual or group goal.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_talk" title="Small talk">Small talk</a> is a type of conversation where the topic is less important than the social purpose of achieving <a href="/wiki/Human_bonding" title="Human bonding">bonding</a> between people or managing <a href="/wiki/Personal_distance" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal distance">personal distance</a>, such as 'how is the weather' might be portrayed as an example, which conveys no practicality whatsoever.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aspects">Aspects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conversation&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Aspects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Differences_between_men_and_women">Differences between men and women</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conversation&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Differences between men and women"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A study completed in July 2007 by Matthias Mehl of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Arizona" title="University of Arizona">University of Arizona</a> shows that contrary to popular belief, there is little difference in the number of words used by men and women in conversation.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The study showed that on average each gender uses about 16,000 words per day. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Between_strangers">Between strangers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conversation&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Between strangers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are certain situations, typically encountered while traveling, which result in strangers sharing what would ordinarily be an intimate social space such as sitting together on a bus or airplane. In such situations strangers are likely to share intimate personal information they would not ordinarily share with strangers. A special case emerges when one of the travelers is a mental health professional and the other party shares details of their personal life in the apparent hope of receiving help or advice.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Narcissism">Narcissism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conversation&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Narcissism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Importance_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section may contain information <b>not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Encyclopedic_content" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">important or relevant</a> to the article's subject.</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conversation&action=edit">improve this section</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Conversational_narcissism" title="Conversational narcissism">Conversational narcissism</a> is a term used by the <a href="/wiki/Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist">Marxist</a> sociologist <a href="/wiki/Charles_Derber" title="Charles Derber">Charles Derber</a> in his book <i>The Pursuit of Attention: Power and Ego in Everyday Life</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-derber-2000a_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-derber-2000a-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Encyclopedic_content" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not"><span title="The material preceding this tag may lack sufficient importance. (November 2024)">importance?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Derber argued that the social support system in America is relatively weak, which leads people to compete for attention. In social situations, he believes that people tend to steer the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">conversation</a> away from others and toward themselves. "Conversational narcissism is the key manifestation of the dominant attention-getting psychology in America," he wrote. "It occurs in informal conversations among friends, family and coworkers. The profusion of popular literature about listening and the etiquette of managing those who talk constantly about themselves suggests its pervasiveness in everyday life."<sup id="cite_ref-derber-2000a_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-derber-2000a-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Derber asserts that this "conversational narcissism" often occurs subtly rather than overtly because it is socially prudent to avoid being judged an egotist. </p><p>Derber distinguishes the "shift-response" from the "support-response". A "shift-response" takes the focus of attention away from the last speaker and refocuses on the new speaker, as in: "John: I'm feeling really starved. Mary: Oh, I just ate." Whereas, a "support-response" maintains the focus on the last speaker, as in: "John: I'm feeling really starved. Mary: When was the last time you ate?" </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Artificial_intelligence">Artificial intelligence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conversation&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Artificial intelligence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ability to generate conversation that cannot be distinguished from a human participant has been one test of a successful artificial intelligence (the <a href="/wiki/Turing_test" title="Turing test">Turing test</a>). A human judge engages in a natural-language conversation with one human and one machine, during which the machine tries to appear human (and the human does not try to appear other than human). If the judge cannot tell the machine from the human, the machine is said to have passed the test. One limitation of this test is that the conversation is by text as opposed to speech, not allowing tone to be shown. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="One's_self"><span id="One.27s_self"></span>One's self</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conversation&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: One's self"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Also called <a href="/wiki/Intrapersonal_communication" title="Intrapersonal communication">intrapersonal communication</a>, the act of conversing with oneself can help solve problems or serve therapeutic purposes like avoiding silence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conversation&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Authors who have written extensively on conversation and attempted to analyze its nature include: </p> <ul><li>Milton Wright wrote <i>The Art of Conversation</i>, a comprehensive treatment of the subject, in 1936. The book deals with conversation both for its own sake, and for political, sales, or religious ends. Milton portrays conversation as an art or creation that people can play with and give life to.</li> <li>Kerry Patterson, Joseph Grenny, Al Switzler, and Ron McMillan have written two <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Best_Seller_list" title="The New York Times Best Seller list"><i>New York Times</i> bestselling</a> books on conversation. The first one, <i>Crucial Conversations: Tools for Talking When Stakes are High</i>, McGraw-Hill, 2002, teaches skills for handling disagreement and high-stakes issues at work and at home. The second book, <i>Crucial Accountability: Tools for Resolving Violated Expectations, Broken Commitments, and Bad Behavior</i>, McGraw-Hill, 2013, teaches important skills for dealing with accountability issues.</li> <li><i>Difficult Conversations: How to Discuss What Matters Most</i> (Viking Penguin, 1999), a book by Bruce Patton, Douglas Patterson and <a href="/wiki/Sheila_Heen" title="Sheila Heen">Sheila Heen</a> was one of the work products from the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Negotiation_Project" title="Harvard Negotiation Project">Harvard Negotiation Project</a>. This book built on, and extended the approach developed by <a href="/wiki/Roger_Fisher_(academic)" title="Roger Fisher (academic)">Roger Fisher</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Ury" title="William Ury">William Ury</a> in <i>Getting To Yes: Negotiating Agreement Without Giving In</i> (Houghton Mifflin, 1981). The book introduced useful concepts such as the Three Conversations (The 'What Happened' Conversation, The Feelings Conversation, and The Identity Conversation), Creating a Learning Conversation, and Collaborative Problem Solving.</li> <li>Charles Blattberg has written two books defending an approach to politics that emphasizes conversation, in contrast to negotiation, as the preferred means of resolving conflict. His <i>From Pluralist to Patriotic Politics: Putting Practice First</i>, Oxford and New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, 2000, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-829688-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-829688-6">0-19-829688-6</a>, is a work of political philosophy; and his <i>Shall We Dance? A Patriotic Politics for Canada</i>, Montreal and Kingston: <a href="/wiki/McGill-Queen%27s_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="McGill-Queen's University Press">McGill-Queen's University Press</a>, 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7735-2596-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7735-2596-3">0-7735-2596-3</a>, applies that philosophy to the Canadian case.</li> <li>Paul Drew & <a href="/wiki/John_Heritage" title="John Heritage">John Heritage</a> – <i>Talk at Work</i>, a study of how conversation changes in social and workplace situations.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Postman" title="Neil Postman">Neil Postman</a> – <i><a href="/wiki/Amusing_Ourselves_to_Death" title="Amusing Ourselves to Death">Amusing Ourselves to Death</a></i> (Conversation is not the book's specific focus, but discourse in general gets good treatment here)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Tannen" title="Deborah Tannen">Deborah Tannen</a> <ul><li><i>The Argument Culture: Stopping America's War of Words</i></li> <li><i>Conversational Style: Analyzing Talk Among Friends</i></li> <li><i>Gender and Discourse</i></li> <li><i>I Only Say This Because I Love You</i></li> <li><i>Talking from 9 to 5: Women and Men at Work</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/That%27s_Not_What_I_Meant!" title="That's Not What I Meant!">That's Not What I Meant!</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/You_Just_Don%27t_Understand" title="You Just Don't Understand">You Just Don't Understand</a>: Women and Men in Conversation</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Menaker" title="Daniel Menaker">Daniel Menaker</a> – <i>A Good Talk: The Story and Skill of Conversation</i> (published 2010)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_fiction">In fiction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conversation&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: In fiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Conversation_in_The_Cathedral" title="Conversation in The Cathedral">Conversation in The Cathedral</a></i> (1969) is one of the main novels by the Peruvian writer <a href="/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa">Mario Vargas Llosa</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conversation&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Complete_Collection_of_Genteel_and_Ingenious_Conversation" title="A Complete Collection of Genteel and Ingenious Conversation">A Complete Collection of Genteel and Ingenious Conversation</a></i> (book)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aizuchi" title="Aizuchi">Aizuchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awkward_silence" title="Awkward silence">Awkward silence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohm_Dialogue" title="Bohm Dialogue">Bohm Dialogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsive_talking" title="Compulsive talking">Compulsive talking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialectic" title="Dialectic">Dialectic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversation_theory" title="Conversation theory">Conversation theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversational_narcissism" title="Conversational narcissism">Conversational narcissism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversational_scoreboard" title="Conversational scoreboard">Conversational scoreboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Sharp_(politician)" title="Richard Sharp (politician)">"Conversation" Sharp MP</a> – doyen of the Georgian period conversationalists</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversazione" title="Conversazione">Conversazione</a> – a social gathering for conversation and discussion, especially about the arts, literature and science.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debate" title="Debate">Debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialogue" title="Dialogue">Dialogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourse" title="Discourse">Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Clubs_(Whig_club)" title="King of Clubs (Whig club)">King of Clubs</a> – famous Whig conversation club</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_chat" title="Online chat">Online chat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_(public_address)" class="mw-redirect" title="Speech (public address)">Speech (public address)</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conversation&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarren20068-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarren20068_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWarren2006">Warren 2006</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarren20068–9-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarren20068–9_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWarren2006">Warren 2006</a>, pp. 8–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarren20069-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarren20069_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWarren2006">Warren 2006</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThornburySlade200625-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThornburySlade200625_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThornburySlade2006">Thornbury & Slade 2006</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConklin2011" class="citation book cs1">Conklin, Mary Greer (2011). <i>Conversation: What to Say and How to Say It</i>. New York City: <a href="/wiki/Funk_%26_Wagnalls_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Funk & Wagnalls Company">Funk & Wagnalls Company</a>. pp. 21–32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1172838936" title="Special:BookSources/978-1172838936"><bdi>978-1172838936</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conversation%3A+What+to+Say+and+How+to+Say+It&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=21-32&rft.pub=Funk+%26+Wagnalls+Company&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1172838936&rft.aulast=Conklin&rft.aufirst=Mary+Greer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConversation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinograd1972" class="citation journal cs1">Winograd, Terry (1972). "Understanding natural language". <i><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_Psychology" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognitive Psychology">Cognitive Psychology</a></i>. <b>3</b> (1). Amsterdam, Netherlands: <a href="/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier">Elsevier</a>: 1–191. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0010-0285%2872%2990002-3">10.1016/0010-0285(72)90002-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cognitive+Psychology&rft.atitle=Understanding+natural+language&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-191&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0010-0285%2872%2990002-3&rft.aulast=Winograd&rft.aufirst=Terry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConversation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William C. Martell, 2011<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (August 2018)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Conklin, pp. 35–60</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMehlVazireRamirez-EsparzaSlatcher2007" class="citation journal cs1">Mehl, M. R.; Vazire, S.; Ramirez-Esparza, N.; Slatcher, R. B.; Pennebaker, J. W. (2007). "Are Women Really More Talkative Than Men?". <i>Science</i>. <b>317</b> (5834): 82. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Sci...317...82M">2007Sci...317...82M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1139940">10.1126/science.1139940</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17615349">17615349</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:41476180">41476180</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Are+Women+Really+More+Talkative+Than+Men%3F&rft.volume=317&rft.issue=5834&rft.pages=82&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1139940&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A41476180%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17615349&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007Sci...317...82M&rft.aulast=Mehl&rft.aufirst=M.+R.&rft.au=Vazire%2C+S.&rft.au=Ramirez-Esparza%2C+N.&rft.au=Slatcher%2C+R.+B.&rft.au=Pennebaker%2C+J.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConversation" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoxanne_Khamsi2007" class="citation magazine cs1">Roxanne Khamsi (6 July 2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn12203-men--the-other-talkative-sex.html">"Men – the other talkative sex"</a></span>. <i>New Scientist</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=Men+%E2%80%93+the+other+talkative+sex&rft.date=2007-07-06&rft.au=Roxanne+Khamsi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fdn12203-men--the-other-talkative-sex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConversation" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/28/business/28psych.html">"Cornered: Therapists on Planes"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160814174117/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/28/business/28psych.html">Archived</a> 14 August 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Liz Galst. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> 27 September 2010, accessed 28 September 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-derber-2000a-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-derber-2000a_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-derber-2000a_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDerber2000" class="citation book cs1">Derber, Charles (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/42780332"><i>The pursuit of attention : power and ego in everyday life</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-513550-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-513550-4"><bdi>0-19-513550-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/42780332">42780332</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+pursuit+of+attention+%3A+power+and+ego+in+everyday+life&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F42780332&rft.isbn=0-19-513550-4&rft.aulast=Derber&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F42780332&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConversation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conversation&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThornburySlade2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Scott_Thornbury" title="Scott Thornbury">Thornbury, Scott</a>; Slade, Diana (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V_Q9JnIqqVcC"><i>Conversation: From Description to Pedagogy</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521814263" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521814263"><bdi>978-0521814263</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conversation%3A+From+Description+to+Pedagogy&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0521814263&rft.aulast=Thornbury&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft.au=Slade%2C+Diana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV_Q9JnIqqVcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConversation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarren2006" class="citation book cs1">Warren, Martin (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oCRi-KQN37AC&pg=PT17"><i>Features of Naturalness in Conversation</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9027253958" title="Special:BookSources/978-9027253958"><bdi>978-9027253958</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Features+of+Naturalness+in+Conversation&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-9027253958&rft.aulast=Warren&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoCRi-KQN37AC%26pg%3DPT17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConversation" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conversation&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output 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plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Conversation" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Conversation">Conversation</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Conversation" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Conversation">Conversation</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnr.berkeley.edu/ucce50/ag-labor/7article/article40.htm">Empathic listening skills</a> How to listen so others will feel heard, or listening first aid (<a href="/wiki/University_of_California" title="University of California">University of California</a>). Download a one-hour seminar on empathic listening and attending skills.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://economist.com/printedition/displayStory.cfm?story_id=8345491">"The art of conversation", <i>Economist</i>, 19 December 2006</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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title="Special:EditPage/Template:Communication studies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Communication_studies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Communication_studies" title="Communication studies">Communication studies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_communication_studies" title="History of communication studies">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_communication" title="Outline of communication">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Topics and<br /> terminology</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biocommunication_(science)" title="Biocommunication (science)">Biocommunication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcasting" title="Broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communication" title="Communication">Communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer-mediated_communication" title="Computer-mediated communication">Computer-mediated communication</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Conversation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_communication" title="History of communication">History of communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information" title="Information">Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercultural_communication" title="Intercultural communication">Intercultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_communication" title="Interpersonal communication">Interpersonal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrapersonal_communication" title="Intrapersonal communication">Intrapersonal </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalism" title="Journalism">Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meaning_(philosophy_of_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Meaning (philosophy of language)">Meaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_(communication)" title="Media (communication)">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_ecology" title="Media ecology">Media ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-communication" title="Meta-communication">Meta-communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Models_of_communication" title="Models of communication">Models of communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_media" title="New media">New media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonverbal_communication" title="Nonverbal communication">Nonverbal communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolent_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonviolent communication">Nonviolent communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">Public relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reading" title="Reading">Reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech" title="Speech">Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol">Symbol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_symbols" title="List of symbols">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text_and_conversation_theory" title="Text and conversation theory">Text and conversation theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writing" title="Writing">Writing</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Encoding_communication.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Encoding communication"><img alt="Encoding communication" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Encoding_communication.jpg/120px-Encoding_communication.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Encoding_communication.jpg/180px-Encoding_communication.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Encoding_communication.jpg/240px-Encoding_communication.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="345" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subfields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Closed-loop_communication" title="Closed-loop communication">Closed-loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communication_design" title="Communication design">Communication design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communication_theory" title="Communication theory">Communication theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communicology" title="Communicology">Communicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_communication" title="Crisis communication">Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_communication" title="Climate communication">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_communication" title="Cross-cultural communication">Cross-cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_communication" title="Development communication">Developmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourse_analysis" title="Discourse analysis">Discourse analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_communication" title="Environmental communication">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Study_of_global_communication" title="Study of global communication">Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_communication" title="Health communication">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_communication" title="International communication">International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_communication" title="Mass communication">Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_studies" title="Media studies">Media studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediated_cross-border_communication" title="Mediated cross-border communication">Mediated cross-border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_communication" title="Organizational communication">Organizational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_communication" title="Political communication">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_communication" title="Risk communication">Risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_communication" title="Science communication">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_communication" title="Technical communication">Technical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_communication" title="Visual communication">Visual</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Barthes" title="Roland Barthes">Barthes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Bateson" title="Gregory Bateson">Bateson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Burke" title="Kenneth Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Castells" title="Manuel Castells">Castells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_T._Craig" title="Robert T. Craig">Craig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ellul" title="Jacques Ellul">Ellul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Fisher_(professor)" title="Walter Fisher (professor)">Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vil%C3%A9m_Flusser" title="Vilém Flusser">Flusser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Gasset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Gerbner" title="George Gerbner">Gerbner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erving_Goffman" title="Erving Goffman">Goffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Horkheimer" title="Max Horkheimer">Horkheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldous_Huxley" title="Aldous Huxley">Huxley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Innis" title="Harold Innis">Innis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Jakobson" title="Roman Jakobson">Jakobson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Janis" title="Irving Janis">Janis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendell_Johnson" title="Wendell Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._Lawrence_Kincaid" title="D. Lawrence Kincaid">Kincaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Lippmann" title="Walter Lippmann">Lippman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niklas_Luhmann" title="Niklas Luhmann">Luhmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_McLuhan" title="Marshall McLuhan">McLuhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Herbert_Mead" title="George Herbert Mead">Mead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Morgan" title="Nick Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_J._Ong" title="Walter J. Ong">Ong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vance_Packard" title="Vance Packard">Packard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sanders_Peirce" title="Charles Sanders Peirce">Peirce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Postman" title="Neil Postman">Postman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nora_C._Quebral" title="Nora C. Quebral">Quebral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I._A._Richards" title="I. A. Richards">Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Rogers" title="Everett Rogers">Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilbur_Schramm" title="Wilbur Schramm">Schramm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_W._Tankard_Jr." title="James W. 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