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<li id="toc-17th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#17th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>17th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-17th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-18th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#18th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>18th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-18th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slavery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slavery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Slavery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slavery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sanctuary_and_Upper_Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item 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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-American_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Post-American Revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-American_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1912_Restoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1912_Restoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>1912 Restoration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1912_Restoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Church_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Church_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Church structure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Church_structure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Church structure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Church_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Steeples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Steeples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>The Steeples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Steeples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bells" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bells"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Bells</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bells-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Crypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Crypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>The Crypt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Crypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clough_House" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clough_House"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Clough House</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clough_House-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Old_North_Church_gift_shop" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old_North_Church_gift_shop"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Old North Church gift shop</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Old_North_Church_gift_shop-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_Century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_Century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>19th Century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_Century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-U.S._Bicentennial_celebration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._Bicentennial_celebration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>U.S. Bicentennial celebration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S._Bicentennial_celebration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rectors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rectors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Rectors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rectors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_Worshippers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_Worshippers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Other Worshippers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_Worshippers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_other_"Old_North"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_other_"Old_North""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>The other "Old North"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_other_"Old_North"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Present-day" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Present-day"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Present-day</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Present-day-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Archives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>In Popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">20</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Old North Church</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 13 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-13" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">13 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6hn%C9%99_%C5%9Eimal_kils%C9%99si" title="Köhnə Şimal kilsəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Köhnə Şimal kilsəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_North_Church" title="Old North Church – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Old North Church" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_North_Church" title="Old North Church – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Old North Church" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_North_Church" title="Old North Church – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Old North Church" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%AC%EB%93%9C_%EB%85%B8%EC%8A%A4_%EA%B5%90%ED%9A%8C" title="올드 노스 교회 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="올드 노스 교회" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_North_Church" title="Old North Church – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Old North Church" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%87" title="الكنيسه الشماليه القديمه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الكنيسه الشماليه القديمه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_North_Church" title="Old North Church – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Old North Church" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%89%E3%83%8E%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%81" title="オールドノースチャーチ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オールドノースチャーチ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C" title="Старая Северная церковь – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Старая Северная церковь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_North_Church" title="Old North Church – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Old North Church" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Стара Північна церква – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Стара Північна церква" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%80%81%E5%8C%97%E6%95%99%E5%A0%82" title="老北教堂 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="老北教堂" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1321240#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> 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.latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Old_North_Church&params=42_21_59_N_71_3_16_W_region:US-MA_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">42°21′59″N</span> <span class="longitude">71°3′16″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">42.36639°N 71.05444°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">42.36639; -71.05444</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Historic church in Massachusetts, United States</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Christ Church in the City of Boston. For other places, see <a href="/wiki/Old_North_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Old North (disambiguation)">Old North</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"One if by land, two if by sea" redirects here. For the restaurant, see <a href="/wiki/One_If_By_Land,_Two_If_By_Sea_(restaurant)" title="One If By Land, Two If By Sea (restaurant)">One If By Land, Two If By Sea (restaurant)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the season 3 Family Guy Episode titled "One If by Clam, Two If by Sea" (S3E4), see <a href="/wiki/Family_Guy_season_3#Episodes" title="Family Guy season 3">Family Guy season 3 § Episodes</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Church in U.S., United States</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="color:white; background-color:#BC50A5">Old North Church</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight:bold">Christ Church in the City of Boston</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom:1px #aaa solid"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Boston_-_Old_North_Church_(48718566608).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Boston_-_Old_North_Church_%2848718566608%29.jpg/220px-Boston_-_Old_North_Church_%2848718566608%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Boston_-_Old_North_Church_%2848718566608%29.jpg/330px-Boston_-_Old_North_Church_%2848718566608%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Boston_-_Old_North_Church_%2848718566608%29.jpg/440px-Boston_-_Old_North_Church_%2848718566608%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="4608" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Old North Church in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> in August 2019</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom:1px #aaa solid"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 250px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="250" data-height="200" data-zoom="13" data-overlays="["_91977a0c7f9a3a54123e51f58cc206dbdef8070c"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,13,a,a,250x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Old_North_Church&revid=1253646222&groups=_91977a0c7f9a3a54123e51f58cc206dbdef8070c" width="250" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,13,a,a,250x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Old_North_Church&revid=1253646222&groups=_91977a0c7f9a3a54123e51f58cc206dbdef8070c 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Old_North_Church&params=42_21_59_N_71_3_16_W_region:US-MA_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">42°21′59″N</span> <span class="longitude">71°3′16″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">42.36639°N 71.05444°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">42.36639; -71.05444</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Address</th><td class="infobox-data street-address">193 Salem Street</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Denomination</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oldnorth.com/">Old North Church</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:white; background-color:#BC50A5">Architecture</th></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Architect" title="Architect">Architect(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">William Price</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Architectural type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Georgian_architecture" title="Georgian architecture">Georgian</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:white; background-color:#BC50A5">Administration</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">Diocese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Diocese_of_Massachusetts" title="Episcopal Diocese of Massachusetts">Diocese of Massachusetts</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="padding:0; border:none;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="width:100%; font-size:110%; font-weight:bold;color: #202122; background: #A8EDEF; line-height:1.5">Old North Church</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="width:100%; text-align:center; line-height:1.5;color: #202122; background: #A8EDEF;"><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">U.S. National Register of Historic Places</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="width:100%; text-align:center; line-height:1.4; color: #202122; background: #87CEEB"><a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark" title="National Historic Landmark">U.S. National Historic Landmark</a></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Built</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;">1723</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">NRHP reference <abbr title="number">No.</abbr></th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/66000776">66000776</a><sup id="cite_ref-nris_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nris-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background: #A8EDEF">Significant dates</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Added to NRHP</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;">October 15, 1966</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Designated NHL</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;">January 20, 1961</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Revere_church_interior,_Boston,_Mass._2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Paul_Revere_church_interior%2C_Boston%2C_Mass._2.jpg/220px-Paul_Revere_church_interior%2C_Boston%2C_Mass._2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Paul_Revere_church_interior%2C_Boston%2C_Mass._2.jpg/330px-Paul_Revere_church_interior%2C_Boston%2C_Mass._2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Paul_Revere_church_interior%2C_Boston%2C_Mass._2.jpg/440px-Paul_Revere_church_interior%2C_Boston%2C_Mass._2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5395" data-file-height="3597" /></a><figcaption>Interior of the Old North Church</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Old North Church</b> (officially, <b>Christ Church in the City of Boston</b>), is an <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopal</a> mission church located in the <a href="/wiki/North_End,_Boston" title="North End, Boston">North End</a> neighborhood of <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>. The church, which was built in 1723, is the oldest standing church building in Boston and a <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark" title="National Historic Landmark">National Historic Landmark</a>. </p><p>Old North Church is famous for its role in <a href="/wiki/Paul_Revere" title="Paul Revere">Paul Revere</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Paul_Revere%27s_Midnight_Ride" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Revere's Midnight Ride">midnight ride</a> on April 18, 1775. On that night, the church's sexton, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Newman_(sexton)" title="Robert Newman (sexton)">Robert Newman</a> hung two lanterns in the church's steeple, which alerted Revere and the other riders to British military movements prior to the <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Lexington_and_Concord" title="Battles of Lexington and Concord">Battles of Lexington and Concord</a>, the first engagements of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_North_Church&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Construction of the Old North Church began in April 1723, continuing throughout the year. Nine months later, the church was completed sufficiently enough for the congregation to hold and celebrate its first worship service on December 29, with only some interior finishing left to be completed. The architectural design was inspired by the works of English architect <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Wren" title="Christopher Wren">Christopher Wren</a>, who was responsible for rebuilding London after the <a href="/wiki/Great_Fire_of_London" title="Great Fire of London">Great Fire</a>. <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Cutler" title="Timothy Cutler">Timothy Cutler</a> was the founding <a href="/wiki/Rector_(ecclesiastical)" title="Rector (ecclesiastical)">rector</a> after serving as third rector of <a href="/wiki/Yale_College" title="Yale College">Yale College</a> from 1719 to 1722. <a href="/wiki/Jason_Haven" title="Jason Haven">Jason Haven</a> was called to minister, but his parishioners at the <a href="/wiki/First_Church_and_Parish_in_Dedham" title="First Church and Parish in Dedham">First Church and Parish in Dedham</a> convinced him to stay.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="17th_century">17th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_North_Church&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 17th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a port town in the 17th century, <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> played an important role in the world of Atlantic trade. Old North Church was established in 1723 and initially named <b>Christ Church in the City of Boston</b>. It was Boston's second Anglican Church and a social nexus for Boston's younger merchants and privateers.<sup id="cite_ref-Bittersweet_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bittersweet-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The older Anglican Church, King's Chapel, was a long-time favorite of Boston's wealthy elite. The esteemed status of the King's Chapel and its rapidly increasing membership, made it difficult for the younger, less wealthy merchants of Boston to participate in the congregation and signal their status in order to create these necessary social networks of exchange. Therefore, the Old North fulfilled that social function, supplying merchants and ship captains with a religious common ground to build their inter-Atlantic trust upon. </p><p>Evidence from the trial of a 1743 mutiny aboard the <i>Rising Sun</i>, a merchant ship, revealed some of Boston's merchants to be involved in the operations of a smuggling ring organized by Old North donor Gedney Clark, who resided in Barbados though he was a MA-born merchant.<sup id="cite_ref-Bittersweet_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bittersweet-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Merchants of Boston would trade goods and traffic enslaved African peoples throughout the Caribbean in exchange for <a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">cacao</a> from the Dutch colony, <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From Suriname, the cacao would be transferred to the British colony of <a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a>. Laundering the cacao through Barbados was a means to make it a "British" product, since <a href="/wiki/British_subject" title="British subject">British subjects</a> were <a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">not permitted</a> to trade outside the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, which allowed merchants to re-export the cacao to London, with a fraction being smuggled back to Boston.<sup id="cite_ref-Bittersweet_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bittersweet-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="18th_century">18th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_North_Church&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 18th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Clark and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Faneuil" title="Peter Faneuil">Peter Faneuil</a> each donated 100 pounds for the creation of Old North Church, representing the two largest contributions for the purchase of the church's bells.<sup id="cite_ref-Bittersweet_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bittersweet-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two Old North members aboard the Rising Sun, Captain Newark Jackson and the merchant George Ledain, did not survive the mutiny. They were pew owners who made donations to fund the first steeple at Old North. </p><p>Historian Jared Ross Hardesty characterized the Church's role within the greater Atlantic world and in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>: "Much like they laundered cacao through Barbados to make it a 'legal' commodity, the men laundered their reputations through Old North, signaling that they were upstanding men of commerce who gave back to the community that supported their activities."<sup id="cite_ref-Bittersweet_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bittersweet-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Logwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Logwood">Logwood</a> was another product that played a significant role in the church's history. Logwood was sought after for its purple-red hue, becoming popular as a base for stable black and deep purple dyes for fabric, leather, etc. It can only be grown in the <a href="/wiki/Yucatan_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Yucatan Peninsula">Yucatan Peninsula</a>, and was exported out of present-day <a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a>, from what was then known as the "Bay of Honduras." Before the 1720s, logwood was exported to England through <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a>, but after 1720 it was exported to New England in order to be re-exported once again out of Boston and Newport, RI to England. Logwood quickly became one of the primary trade goods of the Americas at the time, second only to <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Logwood_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Logwood-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like cacao, logwood was a product of the enslaved Black and Indigenous people whose labor made it an accessible commodity. With many Boston merchants profiting off of their participation in the logwood trade, a group of traders called the "Gentlemen of the Bay of Honduras" donated several loads of logwood to the Old North Church in 1727.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Their donation would largely fund the construction of the church's first steeple. "The Bay Pew," stylized in honor of the Gentlemen of the Bay of Honduras, stands at the front of the Old North Church today as the only remaining decorated pew in the church.<sup id="cite_ref-Logwood_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Logwood-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though the "Bay Pew" decor visitors see when they come to Old North today is not the original, the furnishing and fabric that adorn the pew demonstrate how some pew owners may have decorated their box pews. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Slavery">Slavery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_North_Church&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Slavery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">Slavery</a> existed in the New England colonies as early as the 1630s. Indian wars of the 17th century, including the <a href="/wiki/Pequot_War" title="Pequot War">Pequot War</a> and <a href="/wiki/King_Philip%27s_War" title="King Philip's War">King Philip's War</a>, resulted in the capture of indigenous prisoners of war, who were sold to the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a> or other parts of the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> in exchange for enslaved Africans. As one arm of the Atlantic Triangle Exchange, enslaved Africans were transported from the West Indies and Caribbean to the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a> on the <a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">Atlantic Coast</a>. Most ended up in plantation economies of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">South</a>, but some were taken to northern hubs of commerce, such as <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, which was then under European colonial rule and had a long historical association with African slavery. In the 18th century, slaves in Boston were the descendants of this small population of enslaved Africans that ended up in the <a href="/wiki/New_England_Colonies" title="New England Colonies">New England Colonies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern estimates suggest that enslaved Black African people made up 10-15% of Boston's 18th century population. Additionally, there were many forms of "unfreedom" that confined Black and Indigenous peoples and poor white Europeans.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until slavery was abolished in Massachusetts in 1783, it was commonplace for wealthy families in and around Boston to enslave Black and Indigenous peoples as supplemental to household labor. Many of Old North's members enslaved people, or profited off of their involvement in enterprises dependent on enslaved labor. Church records document the baptisms, marriages, and funerals of free and enslaved Black and Indigenous people.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Old North Church's first rector, Timothy Cutler, was among those counted as enslavers. He enslaved a woman named Ann in his home. Cutler was a missionary of the <a href="/wiki/Society_for_the_Propagation_of_the_Gospel_in_Foreign_Parts" class="mw-redirect" title="Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts">Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts</a> (SPG), tasked with converting enslaved Black and Indigenous peoples in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The SPG was a pro-slavery organization that owned the Codrington Plantation in Barbados.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sanctuary_and_Upper_Gallery">Sanctuary and Upper Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_North_Church&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sanctuary and Upper Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Old North Church's sanctuary was opened to the public in December 1723, with minimal work and plastering left to be completed. The box pews in the sanctuary would have cost an initial 30 pounds, but owners were also expected to pay an annual tax and make weekly contributions. If owners fell behind on their weekly contributions, the church reserved the right to sell their pew. Owning a pew made those owner's church proprietors and gave them a vote in all church matters. The church also had two pews in the back of the center aisle designated for "Wardens and Strangers" possibly to entice non-members to join the congregation.<sup id="cite_ref-Pew_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pew-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The brass chandeliers were obtained in 1723. The current organ was installed in 1759 and built by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Johnston_(engraver)" title="Thomas Johnston (engraver)">Thomas Johnston</a> of Boston. It took the place of a previous organ obtained in 1736. The four angels surrounding the organ were donated by Captain Thomas Gruchy, owner of pew #25, in 1746 after he captured them from a French ship during King George's War.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1726, the vestry voted to pay Thomas Bennet 70 pounds for building 24 pews in the North and South Galleries upstairs, in addition to 86 benches along the back walls. This seating would have been for people of lesser means, children under the age of 12, and Black and Indigenous church members.<sup id="cite_ref-Pew_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pew-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Upper Gallery housed the only discounted box pews in Old North. They cost about 20 pounds each, with families sometimes sharing a pew in order to make the cost more affordable. Congregants seated in the gallery could have been free, enslaved, or indentured Black people, Indigenous peoples, or those who couldn't afford to purchase a pew below. Enslaved people were expected to be baptized and were required to attend church with their enslavers. They could not sit amongst their enslavers and sat in the gallery instead. Sermons were often difficult to hear from up there, and its position made it the coldest area of the church in the winter and the hottest in the summer. There are several reasons Black and Indigenous people may have worshiped at Old North Church; they may have been forced to attend by an enslaver or employer, they may have sought the social currency an Anglican church membership accorded, or they may have chosen to attend for their own spiritual purposes. They endured uncomfortable and inequitable conditions for a multitude of reasons, most of which were necessary to their survival in colonial-era Boston.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_Revolution">American Revolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_North_Church&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: American Revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Revere" title="Paul Revere">Paul Revere</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BostonOldChurch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of inscription on the side of the church which reads "The signal lanterns of Paul Revere displayed in the steeple of this church, April 18, 1775, warned the country of the march of the British Troops to Lexington and Concord."" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/BostonOldChurch.jpg/220px-BostonOldChurch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/BostonOldChurch.jpg/330px-BostonOldChurch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/BostonOldChurch.jpg/440px-BostonOldChurch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>A plaque on the side of Old North Church describing actions of <a href="/wiki/Paul_Revere" title="Paul Revere">Paul Revere</a> in 1775</figcaption></figure> <p>In April 1775, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Revere" title="Paul Revere">Paul Revere</a> told three <a href="/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)" title="Patriot (American Revolution)">patriots</a> in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> to hang two lanterns in the steeple. These men were the church sexton <a href="/wiki/Robert_Newman_(sexton)" title="Robert Newman (sexton)">Robert Newman</a> and Captain <a href="/wiki/John_Pulling_(captain)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Pulling (captain)">John Pulling</a> Jr., who historian <a href="/wiki/David_Hackett_Fischer" title="David Hackett Fischer">David Hackett Fischer</a> suggests each carried one lantern up to the steeple along with Thomas Bernard, who stood watch for <a href="/wiki/British_Army_during_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="British Army during the American Revolutionary War">British troops</a> outside the church. The lanterns were displayed to send a warning to <a href="/wiki/Charlestown,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Charlestown, Massachusetts">Charlestown</a> patriots across the <a href="/wiki/Charles_River" title="Charles River">Charles River</a> about the movements of the British Army. Revere and <a href="/wiki/William_Dawes" title="William Dawes">William Dawes</a> later delivered the same message in person to <a href="/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)" title="Patriot (American Revolution)">patriots</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lexington,_Massachusetts" title="Lexington, Massachusetts">Lexington</a>, but there was a quicker way to inform the backup riders in Charlestown about the movements of the British; these backup riders, in turn, delivered the warning message to Lexington and Concord in case Revere and Dawes were arrested on the way. </p><p>The lanterns were hung for just under a minute to avoid catching the eyes of the British troops occupying Boston, but this was long enough for the message to be received in Charlestown. The militia waiting across the river had been told to look for the signal lanterns, and were prepared to act as soon as they saw them. </p><p>The meaning of two lanterns has been memorized by countless American schoolchildren. "One if by land, and two if by sea" is from <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow" title="Henry Wadsworth Longfellow">Henry Wadsworth Longfellow</a>'s 1860 poem "<a href="/wiki/Paul_Revere%27s_Ride_(poem)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Revere's Ride (poem)">Paul Revere's Ride</a>". One lantern was to notify Charlestown that the British Army would march over <a href="/wiki/Boston_Neck" title="Boston Neck">Boston Neck</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Great_Bridge_(Cambridge)" title="Great Bridge (Cambridge)">Great Bridge</a>, and two were to notify them that the troops were taking boats across the Charles River to land near the Phips farm on <a href="/wiki/Lechmere_Square" title="Lechmere Square">Lechmere Point</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge</a> (the British Army would take the "sea" route; thus, two lanterns were hung). After receiving the signal, the Charlestown Patriots sent out a rider to Lexington, but this rider did not reach his destination and his identity has disappeared from history, having possibly been captured by a British patrol.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>But the warning was delivered miles away to dozens of towns, first by Revere and Dawes on horses, and then by other men on horses and men who rang church bells and town bells, beat drums, and shot off warning guns. The current status of the lanterns is not entirely clear; one is said to be in the hands of a private collector, another was broken during a tour, and yet another is on display at the <a href="/wiki/Concord_Museum" title="Concord Museum">Concord Museum</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-American_Revolution">Post-American Revolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_North_Church&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Post-American Revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Between 1806 and 1912, the box pews were replaced with slip pews to accommodate the growing congregation, passing through the center aisle seen today. The pews in the sanctuary were restored in 1912, with some of the original doors, hinges, and paneling from 1723. They are reported to be numbered the same way they were in 1731.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1831 to 1912, a third level to the gallery was added to the West wall of the church on each side of the organ. This gallery was built by Thomas Clark for the children attending the 19th century Sunday School.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1806, the box pews were deconstructed and replaced with slip pews, commonly seen in churches today, to allow for more congregants to attend services. Slip pews were still purchased up until the restoration of 1912. The slip pews were replaced with box pews, and those families who wished to remain pew owners were grandfathered in to do so. After 1912, the Old North Church became an open congregation and seating was open to the public on a first-come, first-served basis.<sup id="cite_ref-Pew_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pew-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1912_Restoration">1912 Restoration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_North_Church&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1912 Restoration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Spring of 1912, the Old North Church underwent a reconstruction to align more with the simple Puritan style of other churches in early MA history. The intent was to restore the church to how the Founding Fathers would have seen it, mistakenly assuming it adhered to the plain Puritan style popular in the era. </p><p>Under the direction of architects R. Clipson Sturgis and Henry C. Ross, the original floor timbers and gallery stairs were replaced. The box pews, which had been deconstructed to make room for slip pews in 1806, were reconstructed along with the raised pulpit. The interior woodwork was "incorrectly painted white, rather than in the rich variety of colors that have been described in early texts of the church."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The church re-opened December 29, 1912 (the 189th anniversary of its first service) to showcase its restoration. <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> was in attendance, sitting in pew #25.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Church_structure">Church structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_North_Church&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Church structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Steeples">The Steeples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_North_Church&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: The Steeples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_North_Church_Boston_1882.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Old_North_Church_Boston_1882.jpg/220px-Old_North_Church_Boston_1882.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Old_North_Church_Boston_1882.jpg/330px-Old_North_Church_Boston_1882.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Old_North_Church_Boston_1882.jpg/440px-Old_North_Church_Boston_1882.jpg 2x" data-file-width="559" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>A <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1882</span> illustration of Old North Church showing the 1807 steeple that was destroyed in 1954</figcaption></figure> <p>Old North Church's steeple is famous for the role it played in Paul Revere's April 18, 1775, lantern signal to warn militias in Charlestown that the British were coming, launching the American Revolution. For this, Old North's steeple has become an iconic symbol of liberty in the U.S. </p><p>While the 1727 load of logwood donated by the "Gentlemen of the Bay of Honduras" was a substantial contribution to the funds needed for the first steeple, in 1737 Old North Church leaders began a subscription campaign to collect the remaining funds needed to construct the first <a href="/wiki/Spire" title="Spire">spire</a>. In 1740, the spire, the design for which was attributed to William Price, was finished and hoisted atop Old North's tower.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The golden weathervane crafted by <a href="/wiki/Shem_Drowne" title="Shem Drowne">Shem Drowne</a> was fixed to the top, making Old North Church the tallest structure in Boston. A young Paul Revere served as a bell-ringer at Old North. It would be this steeple that he would incorporate into his 1775 plan to signal that the British were marching "by sea" across the Charles River.<sup id="cite_ref-Steeples_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steeples-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The original steeple of the Old North Church was destroyed by the <a href="/wiki/1804_New_England_hurricane" title="1804 New England hurricane">1804 New England hurricane</a>. In October 1804, a "very violent gale" blew the wooden spire from Old North's tower, destroying a house below it. Two years later, enough funds had been raised and a newly constructed spire was hoisted to the top once again in 1806.<sup id="cite_ref-Steeples_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steeples-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This replacement steeple's design was based on drawings from <a href="/wiki/Charles_Bulfinch" title="Charles Bulfinch">Charles Bulfinch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The replacement steeple was toppled by <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Carol" title="Hurricane Carol">Hurricane Carol</a> on August 31, 1954. Hurricane Carol tore down the second spire, sending it crashing onto Salem Street and Hull Street, with minimal damage done to a building across the street. This time, the congregation launched a national fundraising campaign. In October 1955, the third spire was completed, it replicated the first original steeple and was fixed with steel reinforcements to prevent another disaster. Drowne's original weathervane, which was curiously "borrowed" by someone in the North End after the steeple came down the previous year, was restored atop the steeple. This is the steeple visitors to the Old North Church will see today.<sup id="cite_ref-Steeples_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steeples-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The church is now 174 feet (53 m) tall.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bells">Bells</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_North_Church&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Bells"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boston_Torre_Old_North_Church_06.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Boston_Torre_Old_North_Church_06.jpg/220px-Boston_Torre_Old_North_Church_06.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Boston_Torre_Old_North_Church_06.jpg/330px-Boston_Torre_Old_North_Church_06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Boston_Torre_Old_North_Church_06.jpg/440px-Boston_Torre_Old_North_Church_06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a><figcaption>The Old North Church steeple</figcaption></figure> <p>Eight <a href="/wiki/Change_ringing" title="Change ringing">change ringing</a> bells (tenor: 13 long cwt 3 qr 5 lb (1,545 lb or 701 kg) in F) at Old North Church were cast by Abel Rudhall (<a href="/wiki/Rudhall_of_Gloucester" title="Rudhall of Gloucester">Rudhall of Gloucester</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Gloucester" title="Gloucester">Gloucester, England</a>, in 1744 and hung in 1745.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One bell has the inscription: "We are the first ring of bells cast for the British Empire in North America, A.R. 1744." The bells were restored in 1894 and in 1975. They are maintained and rung regularly by the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> Guild of Bellringers.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Crypt">The Crypt</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_North_Church&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: The Crypt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2009, an archeologist began examining the estimated 1,100 bodies buried in 37 tombs in the basement.<sup id="cite_ref-abcnews2009_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abcnews2009-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The crypt was in use between 1732 and 1860, and each tomb is sealed with a wooden or slate door, with many doors covered over by plaster as ordered by the city of Boston in the 1850s. </p><p>Notable burials include founding rector the Rev. Timothy Cutler and his wife, who are buried under the altar together. Other notable figures buried under the church include British Marine Major <a href="/wiki/John_Pitcairn" title="John Pitcairn">John Pitcairn</a>, who died due to injuries received at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bunker_Hill" title="Battle of Bunker Hill">Battle of Bunker Hill</a> and was entombed along with many other soldiers killed in this battle. Captain <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Nicholson" title="Samuel Nicholson">Samuel Nicholson</a> of the <a href="/wiki/USS_Constitution" title="USS Constitution">USS <i>Constitution</i></a> is also buried in the crypt. A behind the scenes tour run by the church takes tourists down into the crypt, as well as up to the bell-ringing chamber. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clough_House">Clough House</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_North_Church&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Clough House"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sitting behind the Old North Church on Unity Street, the Clough House is a historic building, serving multiple purposes for the Old North Historic Site. Ebenezer Clough, a master brick mason, built this house on pastureland around 1715. He went on to contribute his masonry skills to the construction of the Old North Church in 1723. </p><p>The Clough House is one of three remaining brick structures that date to the first decades of the 1700s in Boston. Today, the Clough House functions as an exhibit, gallery, and office space; housing the Printing Office of Edes and Gill and the Heritage Goods and Gifts shop.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Old_North_Church_gift_shop">Old North Church gift shop</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_North_Church&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Old North Church gift shop"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Built in 1918, this building originally functioned as a <a href="/wiki/Waldensian" class="mw-redirect" title="Waldensian">Waldensian</a> chapel for Italian immigrants in the North End. In 1914, Old North's rector, William Dewart, realized he had the opportunity, as a fellow Protestant, to support these newcomers to Boston. Dewart made the Old North Church available for their worship on Sunday afternoons, arranging for the minister, Henry Sartorio, to give services in their native language, Italian. Cecelia Frances Lincoln of Brookline offered to help pay for a chapel if Old North would provide the land upon which to build it. On Thanksgiving Day, 1918, the chapel of St. Francis Assisi was dedicated. However, restrictions on immigration from Italy, coupled with the shifting of people living in the city to the suburbs, resulted in a rapidly eroding congregation by 1929. By the 1950s the chapel was no longer in use. </p><p>Around this time, interest in the Old North Church as a historic site was taking off, (aligning with national calls to restore the steeple in 1954) leading Old North to purchase the building and convert it to a museum and retail space. The museum aspect of the building was phased out, but the building remains Old North Church's gift shop today. </p><p>Multiple architectural details remain intact; the cross adorning the roof, the haloed figures carved into the pillars, and the stone lions that sit on either side of the steps are all a part of the original architecture, observable to visitors today. For this history, the gift shop is on the National Register of Historic Places.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="19th_Century">19th Century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_North_Church&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 19th Century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Where the Parish House stands, there once was the Salem Street Academy, a Sunday school for children. Old North Church was part-owner of this school that opened on June 4, 1815.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Excerpts from an 1830 report on the progress of the Sunday school reveals that it served a vital purpose to the community. Some who attended realized the opportunity for child-care, providing parents with the time to attend Old North Church's services themselves. The Sunday school also presented an alternative opportunity for those with lesser means to attend a kind of church service when they did not have the "suitable" clothing required for a regular service.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the resignation of Rev. Asa Eaton, Reverend William Croswell became rector of Old North in 1829. In 1833, Croswell and three other Anglican ministers hosted Reverend William Levington, the third Black man to be ordained to the Episcopal Church in America, to come speak at Old North Church to raise money to fund his own church and school for free Black children in Baltimore. In 1845, Rev. Croswell became the founding minister of the Church of the Advent, the first Anglican church in Boston that did not require the purchase of pews. Croswell fulfilled this dream of his, ministering to the less fortunate, serving as rector to the Church of the Advent until his death in 1851.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="U.S._Bicentennial_celebration">U.S. Bicentennial celebration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_North_Church&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: U.S. Bicentennial celebration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Revere_bronze_by_Cyrus_Edwin_Dallin,_Boston.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Paul_Revere_bronze_by_Cyrus_Edwin_Dallin%2C_Boston.jpg/220px-Paul_Revere_bronze_by_Cyrus_Edwin_Dallin%2C_Boston.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Paul_Revere_bronze_by_Cyrus_Edwin_Dallin%2C_Boston.jpg/330px-Paul_Revere_bronze_by_Cyrus_Edwin_Dallin%2C_Boston.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Paul_Revere_bronze_by_Cyrus_Edwin_Dallin%2C_Boston.jpg/440px-Paul_Revere_bronze_by_Cyrus_Edwin_Dallin%2C_Boston.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_E._Dallin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrus E. Dallin">Cyrus E. Dallin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Equestrian_statue_of_Paul_Revere" title="Equestrian statue of Paul Revere">equestrian statue of Paul Revere</a> near the Old North Church commemorates Revere's memorable ride.</figcaption></figure> <p>On April 18, 1975, <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">U.S. President</a> <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> visited Old North Church. In his nationally televised speech, Ford said: </p> <blockquote><p>Let us pray here in the Old North Church tonight that those who follow 100 years or 200 years from now may look back at us and say: We were a society which combined reason with liberty and hope with freedom. May it be said above all: We kept the faith, freedom flourished, liberty lived. These are the abiding principles of our past and the greatest promise of our future.</p></blockquote> <p>Following Ford's remarks, two lanterns were lit by Robert Newman Ruggles and Robert Newman Sheet, descendants of Robert Newman, who, as sexton of the Old North Church in 1775, lit the two lanterns which signaled the movement of British troops. The President then lit a third lantern, which hangs in a window of the church today. </p><p>On July 11, 1976, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom">Queen Elizabeth II</a> visited Boston as part of celebrations honoring the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Bicentennial" title="United States Bicentennial">United States Bicentennial</a>, and made reference to the aforementioned celebration events in April 1975 that followed President Ford's speech. She said: "At the Old North Church last year, your President lit a third lantern dedicated to America's third century of freedom and to renewed faith in the American ideals. May its light never be dimmed." </p><p>The Queen and <a href="/wiki/Prince_Philip,_Duke_of_Edinburgh" title="Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh">Prince Philip</a> attended a Sunday morning service at the Old North Church, sitting in front of the chancel. The Rev. Robert W. Golledge led the service and later presented the Queen with a replica of a silver chalice made by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Revere" title="Paul Revere">Paul Revere</a>. The Queen was shown the iconic <a href="/wiki/Equestrian_statue_of_Paul_Revere" title="Equestrian statue of Paul Revere">statue of <i>Paul Revere</i></a> by <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Edwin_Dallin" title="Cyrus Edwin Dallin">Cyrus E. Dallin</a> near the church before departing in a motorcade to attend a function at the <a href="/wiki/Old_State_House_(Boston)" title="Old State House (Boston)">Old State House</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rectors">Rectors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_North_Church&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Rectors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Old North Church's first rector was <b>Reverend Dr. Timothy Cutler</b>. Cutler was born in Charlestown, MA in 1684 and attended Harvard College. He served as president and rector of Yale College until 1722. In 1722, Cutler notified Yale's board of trustees that he, along with others, intended to seek ordination from the Church of England, admitting their doubt about their current ordination status as they had not been ordained by a bishop- which they felt the Scriptures mandated. This controversy came to be known by Congregationalists as the Yale Apostasy. After being released from his position by Yale, Cutler was invited to Boston by the committee building the Christ Church (Old North). Cutler journeyed to England for his ordination, returning to Boston one year later with a Doctorate in Divinity from both Oxford and Cambridge Universities. Cutler was ordained as a priest and a missionary for the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts. Cutler celebrated his first service at the Christ Church (Old North) on December 29, 1723. Cutler served at Old North until his death in 1765. As first rector, he is honored at Old North- entombed in the crypt, directly below the altar.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like Timothy Cutler, <b>Reverend Mather Byles Jr.</b> left the Congregational ministry to be ordained as an Anglican priest. Like Cutler, Byles was an enslaver. Old North Church's records document the baptism of Byles’ enslaved servant, a man named Cato in early April 1775. Byles served the Christ Church in the City of Boston (Old North) from 1768- April 1775. </p><p>In 1774, the British Parliament closed the port of Boston, in a series of punishments under the Intolerable Acts, for the Boston Tea Party the year prior in 1773. With trade stalled, the congregation could not source the funds needed to pay Byles. However, contributing factors were complex as Byles was also a loyalist, and there were rumors circulating that he was considering serving another church. We do not know what factors ultimately motivated the congregation or Byles’ decisions, but it is documented that on April 18, 1775, Byles met with the church proprietor's and turned his keys in. Later that evening, two men, who were likely vestryman Captain John Pulling Jr. and sexton Robert Newman, climbed the steeple and held high two lanterns to signal that the British were marching to Charlestown "by sea” across the Charles River. In March 1776, Byles, his family, and likely their enslaved people, sailed to New Brunswick accompanied by fellow loyalists. The Banishment Act of 1778 named Byles as a person who was forbidden from returning to Massachusetts, “to suffer death without benefit of clergy if he should return.”<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Christ Church (Old North Church) was closed, like many other Church of England congregations, until August 1778.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the summer of 1776, <b>Stephen Lewis</b> sailed from England with General Burgoyne's 16th Regiment of Light Dragoons, as chaplain to the troops. The ship, troops, and Lewis were captured as prisoners of war; Lewis was held captive in the town of Boxford until 1778. In January 1778, Lewis was exchanged for a Continental Army prisoner of war and sent to New York. Before going to New York, he performed a private baptism at Christ Church (Old North), which had been closed since 1775. In July 1778, Lewis appealed to his captors saying he wished to sever his connection to the British government and wished to become, instead, a subject of Massachusetts. Records document that Lewis became the rector of Christ Church in August 1778, immediately resuming services thereafter. Lewis traveled to churches lacking a permanent clergy, to minister to the needs of their congregants, as most Anglican priests left Boston in 1776. During this time, prayers offered during service reflected the political temperaments of the era, no longer offering prayers for the King and royal family, as American Anglican churches moved away from loyalty to the King as head of the Church of England. Lewis served as rector of Christ Church (Old North) until 1784, when he moved to South Carolina. He died in 1790.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_Worshippers">Other Worshippers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_North_Church&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Other Worshippers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Recent research bridges the historical gap between the surplus of knowledge we have about wealthy and white Old North Church members, and the understudied experiences of Black and Indigenous congregants. Research on the Humphries family not only shines a light on their specific experiences within the congregation, but also serves as a representative archival presence that can inform us about the lives of other Black congregants. </p><p>John and Elizabeth Humphries were a free Black couple who first appeared in Old North's records in March 1748 with the baptism of their daughter, Deborah. Over the course of the next four years, John and Elizabeth baptized seven more children: Robert, Richard, James, Catherine, Elizabeth, Thomas, and Ruth. Five of the Humphries children were baptized on the same day. There was a funeral service for one of their daughters a few days after she had been baptized, and John died shortly after the baptism of their last child in 1751. Their family name was occasionally present on Old North Church's alms list: a list of families that received small donations from the church. After the death of John, three of their children were indentured out to Alexander Chamberlain, a sailmaker and prominent Old North member, in 1756 and 1757.Their youngest child, Ruth, who was just six at the time, was contracted to serve an indenture for twelve years.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A notice of death for an Indigenous woman named Jerusha Will, revealed that she had been taken in by the Humphries in 1743. She was baptized at Old North Church on May 9, 1743, passing away only a few days later, with orders being given to bury her on May 21 by Captain Steel to the "Overseers of the Poor."<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 1765, an "Elizabeth Humphries" appears in Old North Church's marriage records, marrying an enslaved man named Robert Hunter. It cannot be known if Elizabeth was the mother or daughter. Their marriage is noteworthy because Elizabeth was a free woman marrying Robert, an enslaved man. Unlike in England, in the colonies, a child's status was dependent on that of their mother. In this unfree society, Elizabeth and Robert were ensuring their children would be born as legally free people.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_other_"Old_North""><span id="The_other_.22Old_North.22"></span>The other "Old North"</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_North_Church&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: The other "Old North""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Second_Church,_Boston" title="Second Church, Boston">Second Church, Boston</a></div> <p>Before the construction of the "Old North Church" (Christ Church, Boston), there was another church in Boston called the "Old North" (Meetinghouse). This <a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregationalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Meeting_house" title="Meeting house">meeting house</a> was founded in <a href="/wiki/North_Square_(Boston)" title="North Square (Boston)">North Square</a>, across the street from what is now called "Paul Revere's house". This church was once pastored by the Rev. <a href="/wiki/Cotton_Mather" title="Cotton Mather">Cotton Mather</a>, the minister now known largely for his involvement in the <a href="/wiki/Salem_witch_trials" title="Salem witch trials">Salem witch trials</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Present-day">Present-day</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_North_Church&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Present-day"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Old North Church is today one of four church sites among the 16 stops on the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Trail" title="Freedom Trail">Freedom Trail</a>. It is an active congregation of the <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Diocese_of_Massachusetts" title="Episcopal Diocese of Massachusetts">Episcopal Diocese of Massachusetts</a> with a Sunday morning service at 11 a.m. The current vicar is the Rev. Dr. Matthew Cadwell, who has served since November 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_North_Church&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From June 2022-2023, <i>Old North Illuminated</i>, the nonprofit that runs the historic site, hired Dr. Jaimie D. Crumley, as a Research Fellow to research the experiences of Black and Indigenous peoples associated with the Old North Church in the 18th and 19th centuries. Dr. Jaimie D. Crumley is an intellectual historian of race, gender, and religion in 18th and 19th century New England. Dr. Crumley's research has enriched interpretation across the historic site, creating a video series filmed within the church, and generating new historical content that has been included on the new audio guides now available onsite. </p><p>Crumley's online video series is entitled <i>Illuminating the Unseen.</i> In the series, Crumley walks you through her sources and methods as she shines a light on the stories of some of the Black and Indigenous Bostonians who have affiliated with Old North and the North End neighborhood throughout its storied history. Dr. Crumley analyzes church records and other archival sources that are as varied as pew deeds, wills, letters, Books of Common Prayer, and newspaper articles with an eye toward the people who might be overlooked in the dominant story the source tells. </p><p><i>Illuminating the Unseen</i> consists of eight episodes: </p><p>"Race and Evangelism in the Church of England" </p><p>"Indigenous Women at Old North Church in the British Colonial Period" </p><p>"Old North and Enslaved People in the British Colonial Period" </p><p>"The Social Construction of Race in Early Massachusetts History" </p><p>"Old North and Black Freedom" </p><p>"John Eliot and the Conversion of Native Peoples in Boston's North End" </p><p>"Paul Revere's Ride and the Mark of Urban Slavery" </p><p>"People of Color as Children and Elders in 18th and 19th Century Boston" </p><p>See the link at the bottom of the page for more information. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archives">Archives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_North_Church&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Archives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Old North's church records are held by the Massachusetts Historical Society. They are available for researchers to view by appointment.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Popular_culture">In Popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_North_Church&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: In Popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Old North Church makes an appearance in the post-apocalyptic video game <i><a href="/wiki/Fallout_4" title="Fallout 4">Fallout 4</a></i>, serving as the headquarters for one of the game's main four factions, the Railroad. It became their headquarters after their old base of operations, a pre-war bunker used by the government called the Switchboard, was raided by the Institute. The player is able to explore the crypts beneath the church and access the hidden door that leads to the Railroad's headquarters by imputing a password using the correct letters on a spinning wheel. </p><p>It was also featured at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney_Pictures" title="Walt Disney Pictures">Disney</a> film <i><a href="/wiki/National_Treasure_(film)" title="National Treasure (film)">National Treasure</a></i> when <a href="/wiki/Sean_Bean" title="Sean Bean">Sean Bean</a>’s character and his men try to break in and the police and FBI promptly arrive and arrest him and his goons. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_North_Church&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/31px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/47px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/62px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_North_Church,_Hollywood" title="Old North Church, Hollywood">Old North Church, Hollywood</a>, a replica of the Boston church</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_Boston" title="List of National Historic Landmarks in Boston">List of National Historic Landmarks in Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_northern_Boston" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in northern Boston">National Register of Historic Places listings in northern Boston</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_North_Church&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-nris-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nris_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/66000776">"National Register Information System – (#66000776)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>. January 23, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Register+of+Historic+Places&rft.atitle=National+Register+Information+System+%E2%80%93+%28%26%23035%3B66000776%29&rft.date=2007-01-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnpgallery.nps.gov%2FAssetDetail%2FNRIS%2F66000776&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+North+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanson1976" class="citation book cs1">Hanson, Robert Brand (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4oslAQAAMAAJ"><i>Dedham, Massachusetts, 1635-1890</i></a>. Dedham Historical Society. p. 164.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dedham%2C+Massachusetts%2C+1635-1890&rft.pages=164&rft.pub=Dedham+Historical+Society&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Hanson&rft.aufirst=Robert+Brand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4oslAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+North+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bittersweet-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bittersweet_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bittersweet_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bittersweet_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bittersweet_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bittersweet_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jared Ross Hardesty, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oldnorth.com/blog/the-messenger-bittersweet-associations-old-north-cacao-smuggling-and-slave-trading-in-18th-c-america/">"Bittersweet Associations: Old North, Cacao Smuggling, and Slave Trading in 18th c. America"</a>, <i>The Messenger</i>, Old North Illuminated Blogs, (Boston, MA: July 9, 2020).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This summarization centers Boston's role within the Atlantic Triangle Exchange. Enslaved Africans would largely end up in plantation economies throughout the Atlantic World, not in Boston. The Indian Wars in New England in the 17th century resulted in Indigenous POWs being enslaved and trafficked to the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a> in exchange for the first enslaved Africans that were brought to the region.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Logwood-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Logwood_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logwood_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oldnorth.com/blog/99-sure-ep-7-the-atlantic-logwood-trade-season-finale/">"99% Sure- Ep. 7: The Atlantic Logwood Trade"</a> Old North Illuminated Blogs, (Boston, MA: July 28, 2020).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gregory M. Fleming, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oldnorth.com/blog/the-bay-pew/">"This Old Pew: The Bay Pew"</a>, Old North Illuminated Blogs, (Boston, MA: October 21, 2020).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jared Ross Hardesty, Unfreedom: Slavery and Dependence in 18th Century Boston, (NYU Press: 2016). p.13-15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jared Ross Hardesty, Unfreedom: Slavery and Dependence in 18th c. Boston, (New York: NYU Press, 2016). p.5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ross Newton. "Persons of worthy Character": Slaves, Servants, and Masters at Boston's Old North Church. Journal of Journal of the North End Historical Society.1:1 (March 2012).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oldnorth.com/blog/this-old-pew-27-rev-timothy-cutler/">"This Old Pew: #27- Reverend Dr. Timothy Cutler"</a>, This Old Pew, Old North Church Blogs, (Boston, MA: May 23, 2022). Old North's Research Fellow Dr. Jaimie Crumley, is unearthing the understudied experiences of Black and Indigenous Old Norther's in the video-series Illuminating the Unseen.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Glasson, Travis, <i>Mastering Christianity: Missionary Anglicanism and Slavery in the Atlantic World</i> (2011; online edn, Oxford Academic, January 19, 2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199773961.001.0001">https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199773961.001.0001</a>, accessed November 13, 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pew-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pew_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pew_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pew_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">T.J. Todd, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oldnorth.com/blog/how-much-did-a-pew-cost/">"99% Sure: How Much Did a Pew Cost"</a>, <i>99% Sure</i>, Old North Illuminated Blogs, (Boston, MA: April 20, 2022).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles Knowles Bolton, "Christ Church, Salem Street, Boston, MA, 1723," (Boston, MA: Christ Church, 1923) p. 11. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oldnorth.com/blog/this-old-pew-25-thomas-gruchy/">"This Old Pew: #25- Captain Thomas Gruchy"</a>, <i>This Old Pew</i>, Old North Illuminated Blogs, (Boston, MA: May 21, 2022).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Amy Budge, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oldnorth.com/blog/upper-level-gallery/">"This Old Pew: Upper Level Gallery"</a>, This Old Pew, Old North Illuminated Blogs, (Boston, MA: October 18, 2020).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFischer1994" class="citation book cs1">Fischer, David Hackett (1994). <i>Paul Revere's ride</i>. New York. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195098315" title="Special:BookSources/0195098315"><bdi>0195098315</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paul+Revere%27s+ride&rft.place=New+York&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0195098315&rft.aulast=Fischer&rft.aufirst=David+Hackett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+North+Church" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles Knowles Bolton, "Christ Church, Salem Street, Boston, MA, 1723," (Boston, MA: Christ Church, 1923) p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles Knowles Bolton, "Christ Church, Salem Street, Boston, MA, 1723," (Boston, MA: Christ Church, 1923) p.13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">National Register of Historic Places Inventory- <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://npshistory.com/publications/bost/nr-old-n-church.pdf">Nomination Form- Old North Church: Christ Church in the City of Boston</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tom Dietzel, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oldnorth.com/blog/theodore-roosevelt/">"This Old Pew: #25- Theodore Roosevelt"</a>, <i>This Old Pew</i>, Old North Illuminated Blogs, (Boston, MA: December 10, 2015).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles Knowles Bolton, Christ Church, Salem Street, Boston, 1723, (Christ Church: Boston, MA), 1912. p.6-8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Steeples-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Steeples_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Steeples_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Steeples_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oldnorth.com/story-of-the-steeples/">"Story of the Steeples"</a>, Old North Illuminated.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles Knowles Bolton, Christ Church, Salem Street, Boston, 1723, (Christ Church: Boston, MA), 1912. p.22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=22260">"Old North Church, Boston - SkyscraperPage.com"</a>. <i>skyscraperpage.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=skyscraperpage.com&rft.atitle=Old+North+Church%2C+Boston+-+SkyscraperPage.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fskyscraperpage.com%2Fcities%2F%3FbuildingID%3D22260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+North+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dove.cccbr.org.uk/detail.php?searchString=Boston,+Old+North&Submit=+Go+&DoveID=BOSTON+MCH">"Tower details"</a>. <i>dove.cccbr.org.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dove.cccbr.org.uk&rft.atitle=Tower+details&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdove.cccbr.org.uk%2Fdetail.php%3FsearchString%3DBoston%2C%2BOld%2BNorth%26Submit%3D%2BGo%2B%26DoveID%3DBOSTON%2BMCH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+North+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oldnorth.com/bellringing/">"Our Change Ringing Bells"</a>. <i>Old North Church</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 3,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Old+North+Church&rft.atitle=Our+Change+Ringing+Bells&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foldnorth.com%2Fbellringing%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+North+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-abcnews2009-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-abcnews2009_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/video">"Video"</a>. <i>ABC News</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Video&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2Fvideo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+North+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oldnorth.com/still-standing/">"Still Standing: 300 Years of the Clough House at Old North"</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oldnorth.com/blog/surprising-origins-of-old-north-gift-shop/">"99% Sure: Ep.11- The Surprising Origins of Old North's Gift Shop"</a> <i>99% Sure</i>, Old North Illuminated Blogs, (Boston, MA: May 12, 2022).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christ Church Salem Street, Boston 1723, 200th Anniversary Edition Pamphlet, (Boston, MA: Christ Church, 1923).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Extracts: From Report of Christ Church Sunday School, Old North Church (Christ Church in the City of Boston) records, Massachusetts Historical Society.(Boston, MA: 1830).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oldnorth.com/blog/the-pulpit/">"This Old Pew: The Pulpit- Rev. William Croswell"</a>, <i>This Old Pew</i>, Old North Illuminated Blogs, (Boston, MA: October 15, 2022).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">“This Old Pew: #27- Reverend Dr. Timothy Cutler,” This Old Pew, Old North Illuminated Blogs, (Boston, MA: May 23, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.oldnorth.com/blog/this-old-pew-27-rev-timothy-cutler/">https://www.oldnorth.com/blog/this-old-pew-27-rev-timothy-cutler/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">“This Old Pew: #6- Rev. Mather Byles Jr.,” This Old Pew, Old North Illuminated Blogs, (Boston, MA: May 21, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.oldnorth.com/blog/this-old-pew-6-rev-mather-byles-jr/">https://www.oldnorth.com/blog/this-old-pew-6-rev-mather-byles-jr/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jaimie Crumley, “Indigenous Women at Old North During the British Colonial Period,” Illuminating the Unseen, Old North Illuminated Blogs, (Boston, MA: September 12, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.oldnorth.com/blog/indigenous-women/">https://www.oldnorth.com/blog/indigenous-women/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">“This Old Pew: Rev. Stephen Cutler,” This Old Pew, Old North Illuminated Blogs, (Boston, MA: March 21, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.oldnorth.com/blog/this-old-pew-rev-stephen-lewis/">https://www.oldnorth.com/blog/this-old-pew-rev-stephen-lewis/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"99% Sure- Ep.9: The Humphries," 99% Sure, Old North Illuminated Blogs, (Boston, MA: March 24, 2022). 99% Sure | Ep 9: The Humphries Family (oldnorth.com)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanancestors.org/databases/boston-ma-inhabitants-and-estates-of-the-town-of-boston-1630-1822-thwing-collection/image?volumeId=14226&pageName=18767&rId=260143748">"Boston, MA: Inhabitants and Estates of the Town of Boston, 1630-1822 (Thwing Collection)"</a>. Inhabitants and Estates of the Town of Boston, 1630–1800 and The Crooked and Narrow Streets of Boston, 1630–1822. CD-ROM. Boston, MA: New England Historic Genealogical Society, 2001. (Online database. AmericanAncestors.org. New England Historic Genealogical Society, 2014.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Old North Church (Christ Church in the City of Boston) Records, including the "Poor accounts" and the "Clark's register, 1723-1851," Stored at the Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston MA. "99% Sure- Ep.9: The Humphries," 99% Sure, Old North Illuminated Blogs, (Boston, MA: March 24, 2022). 99% Sure | Ep 9: The Humphries Family (oldnorth.com)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oldnorth.com/congregation/clergy-and-leadership">"Clergy and Leadership | the Old North Church"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Clergy+and+Leadership+%26%23124%3B+the+Old+North+Church&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oldnorth.com%2Fcongregation%2Fclergy-and-leadership&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+North+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.masshist.org/collection-guides/view/fa0290#did">Old North Church (Christ Church in the City of Boston) Records</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_North_Church&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Asa Eaton. Historical account of Christ church, Boston: A discourse in said church, on Sunday, December 28, 1823. Boston: Printed by J.W. Ingraham, 1824. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nHsUAAAAYAAJ">Google books</a></li> <li>Henry Burroughs. A historical account of Christ Church, Boston: an address, delivered on the one hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the opening of the church, December 29, 1873. Boston: A. Williams & Co., 1874. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6QkXAAAAYAAJ">Google books</a></li> <li>Christ Church, Salem Street, Boston, 1723. Boston: 1912. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bFgsAAAAYAAJ">Google books</a></li> <li>Percival Merritt. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zDYXAAAAYAAJ">The parochial library of the eighteenth century in Christ Church, Boston</a>. Boston: Merrymount Press, 1917</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_North_Church&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Old_North_Church" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Old North Church">Old North Church</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oldnorth.com/">Old North Church</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oldnorth.com/itu/">Illuminating the Unseen</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060322142927/http://www.murrah.com/gen/mayo.htm">Mayo family history</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/bost/">Boston National Historical Park Official Website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/MA0912">Listing and photographs</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Historic_American_Buildings_Survey" class="mw-redirect" title="Historic American Buildings Survey">Historic American Buildings Survey</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=cr&CRid=640794&">Old North Church (Christ Church)</a> at <a href="/wiki/Find_a_Grave" title="Find a Grave">Find a Grave</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-span.org/video/?310706-1/old-north-church-part-1/">C-SPAN American History TV Tour of Old North Church - Part 1</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-span.org/video/?310882-1/old-north-church-part-2/">C-SPAN American History TV Tour of Old North Church - Part 2</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Old_State_House,_Boston" class="mw-redirect" title="Old State House, Boston">Old State House, Boston</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Boston" title="List of tallest buildings in Boston">Tallest Building in Boston</a> </b><br />1745–1810<br /><small>53 m</small> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Park_Street_Church" title="Park Street Church">Park Street Church</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Revere_House" title="Paul Revere House">Paul Revere House</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Locations along Boston's <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Trail" title="Freedom Trail">Freedom Trail</a> </b><br /><b>Old North Church</b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Copp%27s_Hill" title="Copp's Hill">Copp's Hill</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Boston,_Massachusetts" title="Template:Boston, Massachusetts"><abbr title="View this template" style="color: #367BCA">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Boston,_Massachusetts" title="Template talk:Boston, Massachusetts"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color: #367BCA">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Boston,_Massachusetts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Boston, Massachusetts"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color: #367BCA">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Boston" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: #367BCA; text-decoration: inherit;">Boston</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#DFBC1E; color: #367BCA;;width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston_accent" title="Boston accent">Accent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_annual_events_in_Boston" title="List of annual events in Boston">Annual events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Boston" title="Architecture of Boston">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_arts_organizations_in_Boston" title="List of arts organizations in Boston">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Boston" title="Bibliography of Boston">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_in_Boston" title="Culture in Boston">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Boston" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Boston">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Boston" title="List of diplomatic missions in Boston">Diplomatic missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Boston" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Boston">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Boston" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Boston">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_metropolitan_Boston" title="List of colleges and universities in metropolitan Boston">Colleges and universities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Boston" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Boston">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Boston" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Boston">Historic places</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_northern_Boston" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in northern Boston">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_southern_Boston" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in southern Boston">Southern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Boston" title="History of Boston">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Boston" title="Timeline of Boston">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Boston" title="Media in Boston">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_nicknames" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston nicknames">Nicknames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Boston" title="List of people from Boston">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Boston" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Boston">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Boston" title="Port of Boston">Port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Public_Library" title="Boston Public Library">Public library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Public_Schools" title="Boston Public Schools">Public schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sister_cities_of_Boston" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sister cities of Boston">Sister cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Boston" title="List of tallest buildings in Boston">Skyscrapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_songs_about_Boston" title="List of songs about Boston">Songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Boston" title="Transportation in Boston">Transportation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#DFBC1E; color: #367BCA;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sites_of_interest_in_Boston" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sites of interest in Boston">Attractions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Common" title="Boston Common">Boston Common</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Convention_and_Exhibition_Center" title="Boston Convention and Exhibition Center">Boston Convention and Exhibition Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Irish_Famine_Memorial" title="Boston Irish Famine Memorial">Irish Famine Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party#Boston_Tea_Party_Ships_and_Museum" title="Boston Tea Party">Boston Tea Party Ships and Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunker_Hill_Monument" title="Bunker Hill Monument">Bunker Hill Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorchester_Heights_Monument" title="Dorchester Heights Monument">Dorchester Heights Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faneuil_Hall" title="Faneuil Hall">Faneuil Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenway_Park" title="Fenway Park">Fenway Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Park_Zoo" title="Franklin Park Zoo">Franklin Park Zoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Trail" title="Freedom Trail">Freedom Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hynes_Convention_Center" title="Hynes Convention Center">Hynes Convention Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Contemporary_Art,_Boston" title="Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston">Institute of Contemporary Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_Stewart_Gardner_Museum" title="Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum">Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum">John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_State_House" title="Massachusetts State House">Massachusetts State House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Fine_Arts,_Boston" title="Museum of Fine Arts, Boston">Museum of Fine Arts</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_the_Great_Spirit" title="Appeal to the Great Spirit">Appeal to the Great Spirit</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Science_(Boston)" title="Museum of Science (Boston)">Museum of Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_Aquarium" title="New England Aquarium">New England Aquarium</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Old North Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Revere_House" title="Paul Revere House">Paul Revere House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_Hall,_Boston" title="Symphony Hall, Boston">Boston Symphony Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TD_Garden" title="TD Garden">TD Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Constitution" title="USS Constitution">USS <i>Constitution</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Constitution_Museum" title="USS Constitution Museum">Museum</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#DFBC1E; color: #367BCA;;width:1%">Business<br />districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Back_Bay,_Boston" title="Back Bay, Boston">Back Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downtown_Boston" title="Downtown Boston">Downtown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenway%E2%80%93Kenmore" title="Fenway–Kenmore">Fenway–Kenmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_District,_Boston" title="Financial District, Boston">Financial District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Center,_Boston" title="Government Center, Boston">Government Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innovation_district" title="Innovation district">Innovation district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_End,_Boston" title="North End, Boston">North End</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Route_128" title="Massachusetts Route 128">Route 128 corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_End,_Boston" title="South End, Boston">South End</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_in_Boston" class="mw-redirect" title="List of companies in Boston">List of companies in Boston</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#DFBC1E; color: #367BCA;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Boston#Government_and_politics" title="Boston">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston_City_Charter" title="Boston City Charter">City charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_City_Council" title="Boston City Council">City council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_City_Hall" title="Boston City Hall">City Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Boston_mayoral_election" title="2021 Boston mayoral election">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Emergency_Medical_Services" title="Boston Emergency Medical Services">Emergency Medical Services (EMS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Finance_Commission" title="Boston Finance Commission">FinComm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Fire_Department" title="Boston Fire Department">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Housing_Authority" title="Boston Housing Authority">Housing (BHA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Boston" title="Mayor of Boston">Mayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Planning_%26_Development_Agency" title="Boston Planning & Development Agency">Planning & Development Agency (BPDA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Police_Department" title="Boston Police Department">Police</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#DFBC1E; color: #367BCA;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neighborhoods_in_Boston" title="Neighborhoods in Boston">Neighborhoods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allston%E2%80%93Brighton" title="Allston–Brighton">Allston–Brighton</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allston" title="Allston">Allston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brighton,_Boston" title="Brighton, Boston">Brighton</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back_Bay,_Boston" title="Back Bay, Boston">Back Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Village,_Boston" title="Bay Village, Boston">Bay Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beacon_Hill,_Boston" title="Beacon Hill, Boston">Beacon Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downtown_Crossing" title="Downtown Crossing">Downtown Boston</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Financial_District,_Boston" title="Financial District, Boston">Financial District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Center,_Boston" title="Government Center, Boston">Government Center</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlestown,_Boston" title="Charlestown, Boston">Charlestown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chestnut_Hill,_Massachusetts" title="Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts">Chestnut Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Boston" title="Chinatown, Boston">Chinatown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorchester,_Boston" title="Dorchester, Boston">Dorchester</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Point,_Boston" title="Columbia Point, Boston">Columbia Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upham%27s_Corner" class="mw-redirect" title="Upham's Corner">Upham's Corner</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Boston" title="East Boston">East Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenway%E2%80%93Kenmore" title="Fenway–Kenmore">Fenway–Kenmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Harbor_Islands_National_Recreation_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area">Harbor Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyde_Park,_Boston" title="Hyde Park, Boston">Hyde Park</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Readville,_Boston" title="Readville, Boston">Readville</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica_Plain" title="Jamaica Plain">Jamaica Plain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forest_Hills,_Boston" title="Forest Hills, Boston">Forest Hills</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leather_District" title="Leather District">Leather District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattapan" title="Mattapan">Mattapan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Hill,_Boston" title="Mission Hill, Boston">Mission Hill</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Longwood_Medical_and_Academic_Area" title="Longwood Medical and Academic Area">Longwood</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_End,_Boston" title="North End, Boston">North End</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roslindale" title="Roslindale">Roslindale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roxbury,_Boston" title="Roxbury, Boston">Roxbury</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Hill,_Boston" title="Fort Hill, Boston">Fort Hill</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Boston" title="South Boston">South Boston</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Point,_Boston" title="Fort Point, Boston">Fort Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaport_District" title="Seaport District">Seaport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_End,_Boston" title="South End, Boston">South End</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_End,_Boston" title="West End, Boston">West End</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Roxbury" title="West Roxbury">West Roxbury</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#DFBC1E; color: #367BCA;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Boston" title="Sports in Boston">Sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Bruins" title="Boston Bruins">Boston Bruins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Celtics" title="Boston Celtics">Boston Celtics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Marathon" title="Boston Marathon">Boston Marathon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox" title="Boston Red Sox">Boston Red Sox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_Free_Jacks" title="New England Free Jacks">New England Free Jacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_Patriots" title="New England Patriots">New England Patriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_Revolution" title="New England Revolution">New England Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#DFBC1E; color: #367BCA;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suffolk_County,_Massachusetts" title="Suffolk County, Massachusetts">Suffolk County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Boston" title="Greater Boston">Greater Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Boston_landmarks" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Boston_landmarks" title="Template:Boston landmarks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Boston_landmarks" title="Template talk:Boston landmarks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Boston_landmarks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Boston landmarks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Boston_landmarks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sites_of_interest_in_Boston" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sites of interest in Boston">Boston landmarks</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Meeting_House" title="African Meeting House">African Meeting House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Athen%C3%A6um" title="Boston Athenæum">Boston Athenæum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Children%27s_Museum" title="Boston Children's Museum">Boston Children's Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Common" title="Boston Common">Boston Common</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Convention_and_Exhibition_Center" title="Boston Convention and Exhibition Center">Boston Convention and Exhibition Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Navy_Yard" title="Boston Navy Yard">Boston Navy Yard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Public_Garden" title="Boston Public Garden">Boston Public Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Public_Library" title="Boston Public Library">Boston Public Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party#Boston_Tea_Party_Ships_and_Museum" title="Boston Tea Party">Boston Tea Party Ships and Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boch_Center" title="Boch Center">Citi Performing Arts Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downtown_Crossing" title="Downtown Crossing">Downtown Crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_M._Kennedy_Institute_for_the_United_States_Senate" title="Edward M. Kennedy Institute for the United States Senate">Edward M. Kennedy Institute for the United States Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faneuil_Hall" title="Faneuil Hall">Faneuil Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenway_Park" title="Fenway Park">Fenway Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Park_Zoo" title="Franklin Park Zoo">Franklin Park Zoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Trail" title="Freedom Trail">Freedom Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Contemporary_Art,_Boston" title="Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston">Institute of Contemporary Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_Stewart_Gardner_Museum" title="Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum">Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum">John F. 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