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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indigenous_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Indigenous era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indigenous_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_settlement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_settlement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 European settlement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_settlement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revolution_and_the_siege_of_Boston" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revolution_and_the_siege_of_Boston"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Revolution and the siege of Boston </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revolution_and_the_siege_of_Boston-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-revolution_and_the_War_of_1812" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-revolution_and_the_War_of_1812"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Post-revolution and the War of 1812 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-revolution_and_the_War_of_1812-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 19th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 20th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 21st century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Neighborhoods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neighborhoods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Neighborhoods </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neighborhoods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Environment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethnicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Ethnicity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Income" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Income"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Income </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Income-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Education </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Education subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_and_secondary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_and_secondary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Primary and secondary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_and_secondary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colleges_and_universities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colleges_and_universities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Colleges and universities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colleges_and_universities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Public safety </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arts_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arts_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Arts and culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arts_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parks_and_recreation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parks_and_recreation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Parks and recreation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parks_and_recreation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Media </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Media-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Media subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Newspapers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Newspapers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Newspapers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Newspapers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radio_and_television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radio_and_television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 Radio and television </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radio_and_television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Infrastructure </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Infrastructure subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Healthcare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Healthcare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Healthcare </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Healthcare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2 Transportation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 International relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17.2 Works cited </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Boston</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 172 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-172" aria-hidden="true" > 172 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" title="Boston – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Boston" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A6%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B6%E1%8A%95" title="ቦስቶን – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቦስቶን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" title="Boston – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Boston" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botwulfst%C5%ABn" title="Botwulfstūn – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Botwulfstūn" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%86" title="بوسطن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بوسطن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" title="Boston – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Boston" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%92%DC%98%DC%A3%DC%9B%DC%98%DC%A2" title="ܒܘܣܛܘܢ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܒܘܣܛܘܢ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%A9%D5%A8%D5%B6" title="Պոսթըն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Պոսթըն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" title="Boston – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Boston" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" title="Boston – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Boston" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" title="Boston – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Boston" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" title="Boston – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Boston" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="بوستون – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بوستون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" title="Boston – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Boston" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" title="Boston – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Boston" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%A8" title="বস্টন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বস্টন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" title="Boston – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Boston" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Бостон – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Бостон" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Бостан – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бостан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Бостан – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Бостан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts" title="Boston, Massachusetts – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Boston, Massachusetts" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8A%D0%BD" title="Бостън – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бостън" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8A%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D" title="བོ་སེ་ཊོན། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="བོ་སེ་ཊོན།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" title="Boston – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Boston" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" title="Boston – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Boston" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" title="Boston – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Boston" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Бостон – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Бостон" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_(kapital_sa_estado)" title="Boston (kapital sa estado) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Boston (kapital sa estado)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" title="Boston – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Boston" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" title="Boston – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Boston" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chamoru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" title="Boston – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Boston" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" title="Boston – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Boston" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" title="Boston – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Boston" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" title="Boston – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Boston" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" title="Boston – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Boston" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" title="Boston – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Boston" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8" title="बोस्टन – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="बोस्टन" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" title="Boston – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Boston" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%BF%CF%83%CF%84%CF%8E%CE%BD%CE%B7" title="Βοστώνη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βοστώνη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" title="Boston – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Boston" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" title="Boston – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Boston" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bostono" title="Bostono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bostono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" title="Boston – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Boston" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="بوستون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بوستون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" title="Boston – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Boston" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" title="Boston – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Boston" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" title="Boston – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Boston" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bost%C3%BAn,_Massachusetts" title="Bostún, Massachusetts – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Bostún, Massachusetts" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" title="Boston – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Boston" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts" title="Boston, Massachusetts – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Boston, Massachusetts" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" title="Boston – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Boston" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%A3%AB%E9%A0%93" title="波士頓 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="波士頓" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" title="Boston – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Boston" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A4%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A4%D9%86" title="بؤستؤن – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="بؤستؤن" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B1%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%BD" title="𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌽 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌽" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" title="Boston – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Boston" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B3%B4%EC%8A%A4%ED%84%B4" title="보스턴 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="보스턴" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" title="Boston – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Boston" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pokekona" title="Pokekona – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Pokekona" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Բոստոն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բոստոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8" title="बोस्टन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बोस्टन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" title="Boston – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Boston" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts" title="Boston, Massachusetts – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Boston, Massachusetts" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" title="Boston – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Boston" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" title="Boston – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Boston" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" title="Boston – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Boston" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" title="Boston – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Boston" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" title="Boston – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Boston" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Бостон – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Бостон" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" title="Boston – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Boston" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" title="Boston – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Boston" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9F" title="בוסטון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בוסטון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" title="Boston – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Boston" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಬಾಸ್ಟನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬಾಸ್ಟನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts" title="Boston, Massachusetts – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Boston, Massachusetts" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ბოსტონი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბოსტონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Бостон – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бостон" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" title="Boston – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Boston" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts" title="Boston, Massachusetts – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Boston, Massachusetts" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts" title="Boston, Massachusetts – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Boston, Massachusetts" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts" title="Boston, Massachusetts – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Boston, Massachusetts" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81)" title="Бостон (Массачусетс) – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Бостон (Массачусетс)" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Бостон – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Бостон" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" title="Boston – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Boston" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" title="Boston – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Boston" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bostonia" title="Bostonia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Bostonia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bostona" title="Bostona – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bostona" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" title="Boston – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Boston" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bostonas" title="Bostonas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bostonas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" title="Boston – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Boston" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" title="Boston – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Boston" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" title="Boston – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Boston" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" title="Boston – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Boston" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_(Massachusetts)" title="Boston (Massachusetts) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Boston (Massachusetts)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Бостон – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бостон" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts" title="Boston, Massachusetts – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Boston, Massachusetts" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%BA_(%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D)" title="ബോസ്റ്റൺ (മാസച്ച്യൂസെറ്റ്സ്) – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബോസ്റ്റൺ (മാസച്ച്യൂസെറ്റ്സ്)" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" title="Boston – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Boston" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pohotone" title="Pohotone – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Pohotone" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8" title="बॉस्टन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बॉस्टन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ბოსტონი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბოსტონი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%86" title="بوسطون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بوسطون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" title="Boston – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Boston" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" title="Boston – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Boston" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" title="Boston – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Boston" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Бостон – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Бостон" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%98%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B7%E1%80%85%E1%80%90%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="ဘော့စတွန်မြို့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဘော့စတွန်မြို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" title="Boston – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Boston" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" title="Boston – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Boston" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8" title="बस्तन – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="बस्तन" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9C%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%B3" title="ボストン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ボストン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Бостон – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Бостон" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" title="Boston – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Boston" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" title="Boston – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Boston" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" title="Boston – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Boston" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" title="Boston – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Boston" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Бостон – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Бостон" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" title="Boston – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Boston" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%A8" title="ਬੌਸਟਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬੌਸਟਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8" title="बोस्टन – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="बोस्टन" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%B9%D9%86" title="بوسٹن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بوسٹن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" title="Boston – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Boston" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" title="Boston – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Boston" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" title="Boston – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Boston" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%BF%CF%83%CF%84%CF%8E%CE%BD%CE%B7" title="Βοστώνη – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Βοστώνη" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ποντιακά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" title="Boston – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Boston" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" title="Boston – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Boston" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" title="Boston – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Boston" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_(Massachusetts)" title="Boston (Massachusetts) – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Boston (Massachusetts)" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Бостон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бостон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Бостон – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Бостон" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D" title="बास्टन् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="बास्टन्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" title="Boston – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Boston" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" title="Boston – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Boston" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" title="Boston – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Boston" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" title="Boston – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Boston" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" title="Boston – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Boston" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_(Massachusetts)" title="Boston (Massachusetts) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Boston (Massachusetts)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts" title="Boston, Massachusetts – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Boston, Massachusetts" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" title="Boston – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Boston" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" title="Boston – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Boston" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86" title="بۆستن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بۆستن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Бостон – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бостон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" title="Boston – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Boston" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" title="Boston – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Boston" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" title="Boston – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Boston" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" title="Boston – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Boston" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="பாஸ்டன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பாஸ்டன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" title="Boston – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Boston" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Бостон – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Бостон" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="బోస్టన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బోస్టన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="บอสตัน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="บอสตัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Бустун – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Бустун" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" title="Boston – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Boston" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" title="Boston – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Boston" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Бостон – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Бостон" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Бостон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бостон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%B9%D9%86" title="بوسٹن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بوسٹن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" title="Boston – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="Boston" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" title="Boston – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Boston" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" title="Boston – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Boston" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" title="Boston – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Boston" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" title="Boston – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Boston" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" title="Boston – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Boston" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%A3%AB%E9%A1%BF" title="波士顿 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="波士顿" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%90%D7%9F" title="באסטאן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="באסטאן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" title="Boston – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Boston" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%A3%AB%E9%A0%93" title="波士頓 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="波士頓" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" title="Boston – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Boston" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bostons" title="Bostons – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Bostons" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%A3%AB%E9%A1%BF" title="波士顿 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="波士顿" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" title="Boston – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Boston" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q100#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> 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.geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Boston&params=42_21_37_N_71_3_28_W_region:US-MA_type:city(654,000)">42°21′37″N 71°3′28″W / 42.36028°N 71.05778°W / 42.36028; -71.05778</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-featured-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles*" title="This is a featured article. Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Capital of Massachusetts, United States</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the American city. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Boston_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Boston (disambiguation)">Boston (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">State capital in New England, United States</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Boston</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/List_of_capitals_in_the_United_States" title="List of capitals in the United States">State capital</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div style="height:83px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Boston_-_panoramio_(23).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Downtown Boston from the Boston Harbor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Boston_-_panoramio_%2823%29.jpg/288px-Boston_-_panoramio_%2823%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Boston_-_panoramio_%2823%29.jpg/432px-Boston_-_panoramio_%2823%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Boston_-_panoramio_%2823%29.jpg/576px-Boston_-_panoramio_%2823%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5559" data-file-height="1616" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Downtown_Boston" title="Downtown Boston">Downtown</a> from <a href="/wiki/Boston_Harbor" title="Boston Harbor">Boston Harbor</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:174px;max-width:174px"><div style="height:112px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:ISH_WC_Boston4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Brick rowhouses along Acorn Street" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/ISH_WC_Boston4.jpg/172px-ISH_WC_Boston4.jpg" decoding="async" width="172" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/ISH_WC_Boston4.jpg/258px-ISH_WC_Boston4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/ISH_WC_Boston4.jpg/344px-ISH_WC_Boston4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="1960" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center">Acorn Street on <a href="/wiki/Beacon_Hill,_Boston" title="Beacon Hill, Boston">Beacon Hill</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:114px;max-width:114px"><div style="height:112px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Boston_-_Old_State_House_(48718568688).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Old State House" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Boston_-_Old_State_House_%2848718568688%29.jpg/112px-Boston_-_Old_State_House_%2848718568688%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Boston_-_Old_State_House_%2848718568688%29.jpg/168px-Boston_-_Old_State_House_%2848718568688%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Boston_-_Old_State_House_%2848718568688%29.jpg/224px-Boston_-_Old_State_House_%2848718568688%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3284" data-file-height="3284" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Old_State_House_(Boston)" title="Old State House (Boston)">Old State House</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:149px;max-width:149px"><div style="height:91px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Boston_-Massachusetts_State_House_(48718911666).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Massachusetts State House" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Boston_-Massachusetts_State_House_%2848718911666%29.jpg/147px-Boston_-Massachusetts_State_House_%2848718911666%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="147" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Boston_-Massachusetts_State_House_%2848718911666%29.jpg/221px-Boston_-Massachusetts_State_House_%2848718911666%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Boston_-Massachusetts_State_House_%2848718911666%29.jpg/294px-Boston_-Massachusetts_State_House_%2848718911666%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4078" data-file-height="2549" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_State_House" title="Massachusetts State House">Massachusetts State House</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:139px;max-width:139px"><div style="height:91px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Fenway_Park_night_game.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Fenway Park ballgame at night" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Fenway_Park_night_game.JPG/137px-Fenway_Park_night_game.JPG" decoding="async" width="137" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Fenway_Park_night_game.JPG/206px-Fenway_Park_night_game.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Fenway_Park_night_game.JPG/274px-Fenway_Park_night_game.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5296" data-file-height="3531" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Fenway_Park" title="Fenway Park">Fenway Park</a> during a <a href="/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox" title="Boston Red Sox">Boston Red Sox</a> game</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div style="height:115px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Boston_skyline_from_Longfellow_Bridge_September_2017_panorama_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Boston skyline from Charles River" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Boston_skyline_from_Longfellow_Bridge_September_2017_panorama_2.jpg/288px-Boston_skyline_from_Longfellow_Bridge_September_2017_panorama_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Boston_skyline_from_Longfellow_Bridge_September_2017_panorama_2.jpg/432px-Boston_skyline_from_Longfellow_Bridge_September_2017_panorama_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Boston_skyline_from_Longfellow_Bridge_September_2017_panorama_2.jpg/576px-Boston_skyline_from_Longfellow_Bridge_September_2017_panorama_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9250" data-file-height="3700" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Back_Bay,_Boston" title="Back Bay, Boston">Back Bay</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Charles_River" title="Charles River">Charles River</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Boston.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Boston"><img alt="Flag of Boston" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Boston.svg/100px-Flag_of_Boston.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Boston.svg/150px-Flag_of_Boston.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Boston.svg/200px-Flag_of_Boston.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="350" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Boston" title="Flag of Boston">Flag</a></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Boston,_Massachusetts.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official seal of Boston"><img alt="Official seal of Boston" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Seal_of_Boston%2C_Massachusetts.svg/100px-Seal_of_Boston%2C_Massachusetts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Seal_of_Boston%2C_Massachusetts.svg/150px-Seal_of_Boston%2C_Massachusetts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Seal_of_Boston%2C_Massachusetts.svg/200px-Seal_of_Boston%2C_Massachusetts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="390" data-file-height="390" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Seal</div></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Wordmark_of_Boston,_Massachusetts.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official logo of Boston"><img alt="Official logo of Boston" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Wordmark_of_Boston%2C_Massachusetts.svg/100px-Wordmark_of_Boston%2C_Massachusetts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Wordmark_of_Boston%2C_Massachusetts.svg/150px-Wordmark_of_Boston%2C_Massachusetts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Wordmark_of_Boston%2C_Massachusetts.svg/200px-Wordmark_of_Boston%2C_Massachusetts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="69" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Wordmark</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nickname(s): <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">Bean Town, Title Town, <a href="/wiki/Nicknames_of_Boston" title="Nicknames of Boston">others</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto(s): <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">Sicut patribus sit Deus nobis (<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>) 'As God was with our fathers, so may He be with us'</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1222442370">.mw-parser-output .mapframe-multi-container>label:first-of-type{clear:both}.mw-parser-output .mapframe-multi-container a.mw-kartographer-container.floatright,.mw-parser-output .mapframe-multi-container a.mw-kartographer-container.floatleft,.mw-parser-output .mapframe-multi-container div.mw-kartographer-container.tright,.mw-parser-output .mapframe-multi-container div.mw-kartographer-container.tleft{padding:0 0 0 0;margin:0 0 0 0}</style><div class="switcher-container mapframe-multi-container center"><div><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 280px; height: 280px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="280" data-height="280" data-zoom="9" data-lat="42.318611111111" data-lon="-70.991111111111" data-overlays="["_4c814857deb1200e9adff429e34789114cf4a2d4"]" href="/wiki/Special:Map/9/42.318611111111/-70.991111111111/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,9,42.318611111111,-70.991111111111,280x280.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Boston&revid=1259746495&groups=_4c814857deb1200e9adff429e34789114cf4a2d4" width="280" height="280" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,9,42.318611111111,-70.991111111111,280x280@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Boston&revid=1259746495&groups=_4c814857deb1200e9adff429e34789114cf4a2d4 2x" alt="Map" /></a>Show Boston</div><div><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 280px; height: 280px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="280" data-height="280" data-zoom="9" data-lat="42.318611111111" data-lon="-70.991111111111" data-overlays="["_189808b4c2d4f0f200348a88c1fefc37b2f52932"]" href="/wiki/Special:Map/9/42.318611111111/-70.991111111111/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,9,42.318611111111,-70.991111111111,280x280.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Boston&revid=1259746495&groups=_189808b4c2d4f0f200348a88c1fefc37b2f52932" width="280" height="280" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,9,42.318611111111,-70.991111111111,280x280@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Boston&revid=1259746495&groups=_189808b4c2d4f0f200348a88c1fefc37b2f52932 2x" alt="Map" /></a>Show Suffolk County</div><div><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 280px; height: 280px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="280" data-height="280" data-zoom="6" data-lat="42.3" data-lon="-71.8" data-overlays="["_b36f81a62f3563799b974317a0ebd903ec1b6b48"]" href="/wiki/Special:Map/6/42.3/-71.8/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,6,42.3,-71.8,280x280.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Boston&revid=1259746495&groups=_b36f81a62f3563799b974317a0ebd903ec1b6b48" width="280" height="280" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,6,42.3,-71.8,280x280@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Boston&revid=1259746495&groups=_b36f81a62f3563799b974317a0ebd903ec1b6b48 2x" alt="Map" /></a>Show Massachusetts</div><div><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 280px; height: 280px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="280" data-height="280" data-zoom="3" data-lat="39.828055555556" data-lon="-90.579444444444" data-overlays="["_d065fb7707629c5d5e177c8c75add6ec909838d5"]" href="/wiki/Special:Map/3/39.828055555556/-90.579444444444/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,3,39.828055555556,-90.579444444444,280x280.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Boston&revid=1259746495&groups=_d065fb7707629c5d5e177c8c75add6ec909838d5" width="280" height="280" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,3,39.828055555556,-90.579444444444,280x280@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Boston&revid=1259746495&groups=_d065fb7707629c5d5e177c8c75add6ec909838d5 2x" alt="Map" /></a>Show the United States</div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Location_map_Boston_Metropolitan_Area.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Boston is located in Greater Boston area"><img alt="Boston is located in Greater Boston area" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Location_map_Boston_Metropolitan_Area.png/250px-Location_map_Boston_Metropolitan_Area.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Location_map_Boston_Metropolitan_Area.png/375px-Location_map_Boston_Metropolitan_Area.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Location_map_Boston_Metropolitan_Area.png/500px-Location_map_Boston_Metropolitan_Area.png 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="679" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:45.583%;left:61.829%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Boston" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Boston</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div>Show map of Greater Boston area</div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_map_of_USA_Massachusetts.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Boston is located in Massachusetts"><img alt="Boston is located in Massachusetts" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Relief_map_of_USA_Massachusetts.png/250px-Relief_map_of_USA_Massachusetts.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Relief_map_of_USA_Massachusetts.png/375px-Relief_map_of_USA_Massachusetts.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Relief_map_of_USA_Massachusetts.png/500px-Relief_map_of_USA_Massachusetts.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="478" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:35.225%;left:66.056%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Boston" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Boston</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div>Show map of Massachusetts</div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Boston is located in the United States"><img alt="Boston is located in the United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png/250px-Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png/375px-Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png/500px-Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="731" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:28.1%;left:89.467%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Boston" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Boston</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div>Show map of the United States</div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:World_location_map_(equirectangular_180).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Boston is located in Earth"><img alt="Boston is located in Earth" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/World_location_map_%28equirectangular_180%29.svg/250px-World_location_map_%28equirectangular_180%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/World_location_map_%28equirectangular_180%29.svg/375px-World_location_map_%28equirectangular_180%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/World_location_map_%28equirectangular_180%29.svg/500px-World_location_map_%28equirectangular_180%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2521" data-file-height="1260" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:26.467%;left:30.262%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Boston" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Boston</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div>Show map of Earth</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Boston&params=42_21_37_N_71_3_28_W_region:US-MA_type:city(654,000)">42°21′37″N 71°3′28″W / 42.36028°N 71.05778°W / 42.36028; -71.05778</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States" title="List of regions of the United States">Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">State</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Massachusetts" title="List of counties in Massachusetts">County</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Suffolk_County,_Massachusetts" title="Suffolk County, Massachusetts">Suffolk</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> <hr /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historic countries</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a> <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England" title="Commonwealth of England">Commonwealth of England</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Colony" title="Colony">Historic colonies</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Massachusetts Bay Colony">Massachusetts Bay Colony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_England" title="Dominion of New England">Dominion of New England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay" title="Province of Massachusetts Bay">Province of Massachusetts Bay</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Settled</th><td class="infobox-data">1625</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Incorporated (town)</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">September 7, 1630 (date of naming, <a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">Old Style</a>)</div> September 17, 1630 (date of naming, <a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">New Style</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Incorporated (city)</th><td class="infobox-data">March 19, 1822</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Namesake" title="Namesake">Named for</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Boston,_Lincolnshire" title="Boston, Lincolnshire">Boston, Lincolnshire</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mayor%E2%80%93council_government" title="Mayor–council government">Strong mayor / Council</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Boston" title="Mayor of Boston">Mayor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Wu" title="Michelle Wu">Michelle Wu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">D</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/City_council" class="mw-redirect" title="City council">Council</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Boston_City_Council" title="Boston City Council">Boston City Council</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Boston_City_Council" title="Boston City Council">Council President</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ruthzee_Louijeune" title="Ruthzee Louijeune">Ruthzee Louijeune</a> (D)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-CenPopGazetteer2020-2">[2]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_capitals_in_the_United_States" title="List of capitals in the United States">State capital</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">89.61 sq mi (232.10 km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Land</th><td class="infobox-data">48.34 sq mi (125.20 km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Water</th><td class="infobox-data">41.27 sq mi (106.90 km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Urban<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,655.9 sq mi (4,288.7 km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">4,500 sq mi (11,700 km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Combined_statistical_area" title="Combined statistical area">CSA</a></th><td class="infobox-data">10,600 sq mi (27,600 km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">46 ft (14 m)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (<a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020</a>)<a href="#cite_note-QuickFacts-4">[4]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_capitals_in_the_United_States" title="List of capitals in the United States">State capital</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">675,647</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Estimate <div class="ib-settlement-fn">(2021)<a href="#cite_note-QuickFacts-4">[4]</a></div></div></th><td class="infobox-data">654,776</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_North_American_cities_by_population" title="List of North American cities by population">66th</a> in North America <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_cities_by_population" title="List of United States cities by population">25th</a> in the United States <a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Massachusetts" title="List of municipalities in Massachusetts">1st</a> in Massachusetts</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">13,976.98/sq mi (5,396.51/km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">Urban</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-urban_area-5">[5]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">4,382,009 (US: <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_urban_areas" title="List of United States urban areas">10th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Urban density</th><td class="infobox-data">2,646.3/sq mi (1,021.8/km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-2020Pop-6">[6]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">4,941,632 (US: <a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_statistical_areas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of metropolitan statistical areas">10th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Bostonian</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">GDP<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro</th><td class="infobox-data">$571.6 billion (2022)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%925" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC−5">UTC−5</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Time_Zone" title="Eastern Time Zone">EST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%924" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC−4">UTC−4</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Daylight_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Daylight Time">EDT</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ZIP_Code" title="ZIP Code">ZIP Codes</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>53 ZIP Codes<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">02108–02137, 02163, 02196, 02199, 02201, 02203–02206, 02210–02212, 02215, 02217, 02222, 02126, 02228, 02241, 02266, 02283–02284, 02293, 02295, 02297–02298, 02467 (also includes parts of Newton and Brookline)</li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Area codes</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Area_codes_617_and_857" title="Area codes 617 and 857">617 and 857</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Information_Processing_Standards" title="Federal Information Processing Standards">FIPS code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">25-07000</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System" title="Geographic Names Information System">GNIS</a> feature ID</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geonames.usgs.gov/pls/gnispublic/f?p=gnispq:3:::NO::P3_FID:617565">617565</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://boston.gov">boston.gov</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Boston<a href="#cite_note-9">[a]</a> is the capital and most populous city in the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_(U.S._state)" title="Commonwealth (U.S. state)">Commonwealth</a> of <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. The city serves as the cultural and <a href="/wiki/Financial_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial center">financial center</a> of the <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> region of the <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern United States</a>. It has an area of 48.4 sq mi (125 km2)<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a> and a population of 675,647 as of the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020 census</a>, making it the third-largest city in the Northeast after <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-QuickFacts-4">[4]</a> The larger <a href="/wiki/Greater_Boston" title="Greater Boston">Greater Boston</a> <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_statistical_area" title="Metropolitan statistical area">metropolitan statistical area</a> has a population of 4.9 million as of 2023, making it the largest in New England and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_cities_by_population" title="List of United States cities by population">eleventh-largest in the country</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BostonMetroPopulation-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> Boston was founded on the <a href="/wiki/Shawmut_Peninsula" title="Shawmut Peninsula">Shawmut Peninsula</a> in 1630 by <a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritan</a> settlers. The city was named after <a href="/wiki/Boston,_Lincolnshire" title="Boston, Lincolnshire">Boston, Lincolnshire</a>, England.<a href="#cite_note-history-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy199411–12-15">[14]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>, Boston was home to several events that proved central to the revolution and subsequent <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">Revolutionary War</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Massacre" title="Boston Massacre">Boston Massacre</a> (1770), the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party" title="Boston Tea Party">Boston Tea Party</a> (1773), <a href="/wiki/Paul_Revere%27s_Midnight_Ride" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Revere's Midnight Ride">Paul Revere's Midnight Ride</a> (1775), the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bunker_Hill" title="Battle of Bunker Hill">Battle of Bunker Hill</a> (1775), and the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Boston" title="Siege of Boston">Siege of Boston</a> (1775–1776). Following American independence from <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a>, the city continued to play an important role as a port, manufacturing hub, and center for education and culture.<a href="#cite_note-AboutBoston-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris20058-17">[16]</a> The city also expanded significantly beyond the original <a href="/wiki/Boston_Neck" title="Boston Neck">peninsula</a> by filling in land and annexing neighboring towns. Boston's many firsts include the United States' first public park (<a href="/wiki/Boston_Common" title="Boston Common">Boston Common</a>, 1634),<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> the first <a href="/wiki/State_school" title="State school">public school</a> (<a href="/wiki/Boston_Latin_School" title="Boston Latin School">Boston Latin School</a>, 1635),<a href="#cite_note-BPS-19">[18]</a> and the first subway system (<a href="/wiki/Tremont_Street_subway" title="Tremont Street subway">Tremont Street subway</a>, 1897).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHull201142-20">[19]</a> Boston has emerged as a global leader in higher education and research<a href="#cite_note-AcademicRanking2-21">[20]</a> and the largest <a href="/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">biotechnology</a> hub in the world.<a href="#cite_note-BostonLargestBiotechHubWorld-22">[21]</a> The city is also a national leader in scientific research, law, medicine, engineering, and business. With nearly 5,000 startup companies, the city is considered a global pioneer in <a href="/wiki/Innovation" title="Innovation">innovation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Entrepreneurship" title="Entrepreneurship">entrepreneurship</a>,<a href="#cite_note-VentureCapitalBoston1-23">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kirsner-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> and more recently in <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BostonAIHub-26">[25]</a> Boston's economy also includes <a href="/wiki/Financial_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial center">finance</a>,<a href="#cite_note-BostonFinance-27">[26]</a> professional and business services, <a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">information technology</a>, and government activities.<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> Boston households provide the highest average rate of <a href="/wiki/Philanthropy" title="Philanthropy">philanthropy</a> in the nation,<a href="#cite_note-transfer_of_wealth-29">[28]</a> and the city's businesses and institutions rank among the top in the nation for environmental <a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">sustainability</a> and new investment.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boston&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Johnson_(colonist)" title="Isaac Johnson (colonist)">Isaac Johnson</a>, in one of his last official acts as the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Charlestown,_Boston" title="Charlestown, Boston">Charlestown</a> community before he died on September 30, 1630, named the then-new settlement across the <a href="/wiki/Charles_River" title="Charles River">river</a> "Boston". The settlement's name came from Johnson's hometown of <a href="/wiki/Boston,_Lincolnshire" title="Boston, Lincolnshire">Boston, Lincolnshire</a>, from which he, his wife (namesake of the <a href="/wiki/Arbella" title="Arbella">Arbella</a>) and <a href="/wiki/John_Cotton_(minister)" title="John Cotton (minister)">John Cotton</a> (grandfather of <a href="/wiki/Cotton_Mather" title="Cotton Mather">Cotton Mather</a>) had <a href="/wiki/Puritan_migration_to_New_England_(1620%E2%80%931640)" title="Puritan migration to New England (1620–1640)">emigrated</a> to <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>. The name of the English town ultimately derives from its patron saint, <a href="/wiki/Botolph_of_Thorney" title="Botolph of Thorney">St. Botolph</a>, in <a href="/wiki/St_Botolph%27s_Church,_Boston" title="St Botolph's Church, Boston">whose church</a> John Cotton served as the rector until his emigration with Johnson. In early sources, Lincolnshire's Boston was known as "St. Botolph's town", later contracted to "Boston". Before this renaming, the settlement on the peninsula had been known as "Shawmut" by <a href="/wiki/William_Blaxton" title="William Blaxton">William Blaxton</a> and "Tremontaine"<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> by the Puritan settlers he had invited.<a href="#cite_note-DNB1-32">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-Weston-33">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-KAY-35">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-CATHOLICENCYCLOPEDIA-36">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boston&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Boston" title="History of Boston">History of Boston</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Boston" title="Timeline of Boston">Timeline of Boston</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indigenous_era">Indigenous era</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boston&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Indigenous era">edit</a>]</div> Prior to <a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">European colonization</a>, the region surrounding present-day Boston was inhabited by the <a href="/wiki/Massachusett_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Massachusett people">Massachusett people</a> who had small, seasonal communities.<a href="#cite_note-jplains-37">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-nariver-38">[37]</a> When a group of settlers led by <a href="/wiki/John_Winthrop" title="John Winthrop">John Winthrop</a> arrived in 1630, the <a href="/wiki/Shawmut_Peninsula" title="Shawmut Peninsula">Shawmut Peninsula</a> was nearly empty of the Native people, as many had died of European diseases brought by early settlers and traders.<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> Archaeological excavations unearthed one of the oldest <a href="/wiki/Fishing_weir" title="Fishing weir">fishweirs</a> in New England on <a href="/wiki/Boylston_Street" title="Boylston Street">Boylston Street</a>, which Native people constructed as early as 7,000 years before European arrival in the Western Hemisphere.<a href="#cite_note-nariver-38">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-jplains-37">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_settlement">European settlement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boston&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: European settlement">edit</a>]</div> The first European to live in what would become Boston was a <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>-educated <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a> cleric named <a href="/wiki/William_Blaxton" title="William Blaxton">William Blaxton</a>. He was the person most directly responsible for the foundation of Boston by Puritan colonists in 1630. This occurred after Blaxton invited one of their leaders, <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Johnson_(colonist)" title="Isaac Johnson (colonist)">Isaac Johnson</a>, to cross <a href="/wiki/Back_Bay,_Boston" title="Back Bay, Boston">Back Bay</a> from the failing colony of <a href="/wiki/Charlestown,_Boston" title="Charlestown, Boston">Charlestown</a> and share the peninsula. The Puritans made the crossing in September 1630.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> Puritan influence on Boston began even before the settlement was founded with the 1629 <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Agreement" title="Cambridge Agreement">Cambridge Agreement</a>. This document created the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Massachusetts Bay Colony">Massachusetts Bay Colony</a> and was signed by its first governor <a href="/wiki/John_Winthrop" title="John Winthrop">John Winthrop</a>. Puritan ethics and their focus on education also influenced the early history of the city. America's first public school, <a href="/wiki/Boston_Latin_School" title="Boston Latin School">Boston Latin School</a>, was founded in Boston in 1635.<a href="#cite_note-BPS-19">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristopher200646-45">[44]</a> Boston was the largest town in the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a> until <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> outgrew it in the mid-18th century.<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> Boston's <a href="/wiki/Shore" class="mw-redirect" title="Shore">oceanfront location</a> made it a lively <a href="/wiki/Port" title="Port">port</a>, and the then-town primarily engaged in <a href="/wiki/Shipping" class="mw-redirect" title="Shipping">shipping</a> and fishing during its colonial days. Boston was a primary stop on a <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> <a href="/wiki/Trade_route" title="Trade route">trade route</a> and imported large amounts of molasses, which led to the creation of <a href="/wiki/Boston_baked_beans" title="Boston baked beans">Boston baked beans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> Boston's economy stagnated in the decades prior to the Revolution. By the mid-18th century, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> had surpassed Boston in wealth. During this period, Boston encountered financial difficulties even as other cities in New England grew rapidly.<a href="#cite_note-newamernation-48">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-empireontheedge-49">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revolution_and_the_siege_of_Boston">Revolution and the siege of Boston</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boston&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Revolution and the siege of Boston">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Boston_campaign" title="Boston campaign">Boston campaign</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Boston" title="Siege of Boston">Siege of Boston</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boston_Tea_Party_w.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Boston_Tea_Party_w.jpg/220px-Boston_Tea_Party_w.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Boston_Tea_Party_w.jpg/330px-Boston_Tea_Party_w.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Boston_Tea_Party_w.jpg/440px-Boston_Tea_Party_w.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6477" data-file-height="3712" /></a><figcaption>In 1773, a group of angered Bostonian citizens threw a shipment of tea by the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> into <a href="/wiki/Boston_Harbor" title="Boston Harbor">Boston Harbor</a> in protest of the <a href="/wiki/Tea_Act" title="Tea Act">Tea Act</a>, an event known as the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party" title="Boston Tea Party">Boston Tea Party</a> that escalated the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boston,_1775bsmall1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of Boston in 1775" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Boston%2C_1775bsmall1.png/220px-Boston%2C_1775bsmall1.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Boston%2C_1775bsmall1.png/330px-Boston%2C_1775bsmall1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Boston%2C_1775bsmall1.png/440px-Boston%2C_1775bsmall1.png 2x" data-file-width="2480" data-file-height="3500" /></a><figcaption>Map showing a <a href="/wiki/British_Army_during_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="British Army during the American Revolutionary War">British</a> tactical evaluation of Boston in 1775</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:30%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> The weather continuing boisterous the next day and night, giving the enemy time to improve their works, to bring up their cannon, and to put themselves in such a state of defence, that I could promise myself little success in attacking them under all the disadvantages I had to encounter. </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style=""><a href="/wiki/William_Howe,_5th_Viscount_Howe" title="William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe">William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe</a>, in a letter to <a href="/wiki/William_Legge,_2nd_Earl_of_Dartmouth" title="William Legge, 2nd Earl of Dartmouth">William Legge, 2nd Earl of Dartmouth</a>, about the British army's decision to leave Boston, dated March 21, 1776.<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a></cite> </div> Many crucial events of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris20057-51">[50]</a> occurred in or near Boston. The then-town's mob presence, along with the colonists' growing lack of faith in either <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Britain</a> or <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">its Parliament</a>, fostered a revolutionary spirit there.<a href="#cite_note-newamernation-48">[47]</a> When the British parliament passed the <a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_1765" title="Stamp Act 1765">Stamp Act</a> in 1765, a Boston mob ravaged the homes of <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Oliver" title="Andrew Oliver">Andrew Oliver</a>, the official tasked with enforcing the Act, and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hutchinson_(governor)" title="Thomas Hutchinson (governor)">Thomas Hutchinson</a>, then the Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts.<a href="#cite_note-newamernation-48">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> The British sent two regiments to Boston in 1768 in an attempt to quell the angry colonists. This did not sit well with the colonists, however. In 1770, during the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Massacre" title="Boston Massacre">Boston Massacre</a>, British troops shot into a crowd that had started to violently harass them. The colonists compelled the British to withdraw their troops. The event was widely publicized and fueled a revolutionary movement in America.<a href="#cite_note-empireontheedge-49">[48]</a> In 1773, Parliament passed the <a href="/wiki/Tea_Act" title="Tea Act">Tea Act</a>. Many of the colonists saw the act as an attempt to force them to accept the taxes established by the <a href="/wiki/Townshend_Acts" title="Townshend Acts">Townshend Acts</a>. The act prompted the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party" title="Boston Tea Party">Boston Tea Party</a>, where a group of angered Bostonians threw an entire shipment of tea sent by the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> into <a href="/wiki/Boston_Harbor" title="Boston Harbor">Boston Harbor</a>. The Boston Tea Party was a key event leading up to the revolution, as the British government responded furiously with the <a href="/wiki/Intolerable_Acts" title="Intolerable Acts">Coercive Acts</a>, demanding compensation for the destroyed tea from the Bostonians.<a href="#cite_note-newamernation-48">[47]</a> This angered the colonists further and led to the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>. The war began in the area surrounding Boston with the <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Lexington_and_Concord" title="Battles of Lexington and Concord">Battles of Lexington and Concord</a>.<a href="#cite_note-newamernation-48">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-frothingham-53">[52]</a> Boston itself was besieged for almost a year during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Boston" title="Siege of Boston">siege of Boston</a>, which began on April 19, 1775. The New England militia impeded the movement of the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a>. <a href="/wiki/William_Howe,_5th_Viscount_Howe" title="William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe">Sir William Howe</a>, then the commander-in-chief of the British forces in North America, led the British army in the siege. On June 17, the British captured Charlestown (now part of Boston) during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bunker_Hill" title="Battle of Bunker Hill">Battle of Bunker Hill</a>. The British army outnumbered the militia stationed there, but it was a <a href="/wiki/Pyrrhic_victory" title="Pyrrhic victory">pyrrhic victory</a> for the British because their army suffered irreplaceable casualties. It was also a testament to the skill and training of the militia, as their stubborn defense made it difficult for the British to capture Charlestown without suffering further irreplaceable casualties.<a href="#cite_note-allemn-54">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-1776book-55">[54]</a> Several weeks later, <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> took over the militia after the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a> established the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a> to unify the revolutionary effort. Both sides faced difficulties and supply shortages in the siege, and the fighting was limited to small-scale raids and skirmishes. The narrow Boston Neck, which at that time was only about a hundred feet wide, impeded Washington's ability to invade Boston, and a long stalemate ensued. A young officer, <a href="/wiki/Rufus_Putnam" title="Rufus Putnam">Rufus Putnam</a>, came up with a plan to make portable fortifications out of wood that could be erected on the frozen ground under cover of darkness. Putnam supervised this effort, which successfully installed both the fortifications and dozens of cannons on <a href="/wiki/Dorchester_Heights" title="Dorchester Heights">Dorchester Heights</a> that <a href="/wiki/Henry_Knox" title="Henry Knox">Henry Knox</a> had laboriously brought through the snow from <a href="/wiki/Fort_Ticonderoga" title="Fort Ticonderoga">Fort Ticonderoga</a>. The astonished British awoke the next morning to see a large array of cannons bearing down on them. General Howe is believed to have said that the Americans had done more in one night than his army could have done in six months. The British Army attempted a cannon barrage for two hours, but their shot could not reach the colonists' cannons at such a height. The British gave up, boarded their ships, and sailed away. This has become known as "<a href="/wiki/Evacuation_Day_(Massachusetts)" title="Evacuation Day (Massachusetts)">Evacuation Day</a>", which Boston still celebrates each year on March 17. After this, Washington was so impressed that he made Rufus Putnam his chief engineer.<a href="#cite_note-frothingham-53">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-allemn-54">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-revolution_and_the_War_of_1812">Post-revolution and the War of 1812</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boston&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Post-revolution and the War of 1812">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_State_House_and_State_Street,_Boston_1801.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Old_State_House_and_State_Street%2C_Boston_1801.jpg/220px-Old_State_House_and_State_Street%2C_Boston_1801.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Old_State_House_and_State_Street%2C_Boston_1801.jpg/330px-Old_State_House_and_State_Street%2C_Boston_1801.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Old_State_House_and_State_Street%2C_Boston_1801.jpg/440px-Old_State_House_and_State_Street%2C_Boston_1801.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1945" data-file-height="1460" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/State_Street_(Boston)" title="State Street (Boston)">State Street</a> in 1801</figcaption></figure> After the Revolution, Boston's long <a href="/wiki/Seafaring" class="mw-redirect" title="Seafaring">seafaring</a> tradition helped make it one of the nation's busiest ports for both domestic and international trade. Boston's harbor activity was significantly curtailed by the <a href="/wiki/Embargo_Act_of_1807" title="Embargo Act of 1807">Embargo Act of 1807</a> (adopted during the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>. Foreign trade returned after these hostilities, but Boston's merchants had found alternatives for their capital investments in the meantime. Manufacturing became an important component of the city's economy, and the city's industrial manufacturing overtook international trade in economic importance by the mid-19th century. The small rivers bordering the city and connecting it to the surrounding region facilitated shipment of goods and led to a proliferation of mills and factories. Later, a dense network of railroads furthered the region's industry and commerce.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy199446-57">[56]</a> During this period, Boston flourished culturally as well. It was admired for its <a href="/wiki/Classic_book" title="Classic book">rarefied literary life</a> and generous <a href="/wiki/The_arts" title="The arts">artistic patronage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BosLitHist-58">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-BosLitHistMap-59">[58]</a> Members of old Boston families—eventually dubbed the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Brahmin" title="Boston Brahmin">Boston Brahmins</a>—came to be regarded as the nation's social and cultural elites.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy199444-60">[59]</a> They are often associated with the <a href="/wiki/American_upper_class" title="American upper class">American upper class</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>,<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopal Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> Boston was a prominent port of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a> in the <a href="/wiki/New_England_Colonies" title="New England Colonies">New England Colonies</a>, but was soon overtaken by <a href="/wiki/Salem,_Massachusetts" title="Salem, Massachusetts">Salem, Massachusetts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Newport,_Rhode_Island" title="Newport, Rhode Island">Newport, Rhode Island</a>.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> Boston eventually became a center of the <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">American abolitionist movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> The city reacted largely negatively to the <a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Act_of_1850" title="Fugitive Slave Act of 1850">Fugitive Slave Act of 1850</a>,<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> contributing to President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Franklin Pierce</a>'s attempt to make an example of Boston after <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Burns" title="Anthony Burns">Anthony Burns</a>'s attempt to escape to freedom.<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> In 1822,<a href="#cite_note-AboutBoston-16">[15]</a> the citizens of Boston voted to change the official name from the "Town of Boston" to the "City of Boston", and on March 19, 1822, the people of Boston accepted the <a href="/wiki/Boston_City_Charter" title="Boston City Charter">charter incorporating the city.</a><a href="#cite_note-city_charter-69">[68]</a> At the time Boston was chartered as a city, the population was about 46,226, while the area of the city was only 4.8 sq mi (12 km2).<a href="#cite_note-city_charter-69">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boston&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 19th century">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boston,_as_the_Eagle_and_the_Wild_Goose_See_It.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Boston%2C_as_the_Eagle_and_the_Wild_Goose_See_It.jpg/220px-Boston%2C_as_the_Eagle_and_the_Wild_Goose_See_It.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Boston%2C_as_the_Eagle_and_the_Wild_Goose_See_It.jpg/330px-Boston%2C_as_the_Eagle_and_the_Wild_Goose_See_It.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Boston%2C_as_the_Eagle_and_the_Wild_Goose_See_It.jpg/440px-Boston%2C_as_the_Eagle_and_the_Wild_Goose_See_It.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2845" data-file-height="3354" /></a><figcaption>Boston, as the Eagle and the Wild Goose See It, an 1860 photograph by <a href="/wiki/James_Wallace_Black" title="James Wallace Black">James Wallace Black</a>, was the first recorded aerial photograph.</figcaption></figure> In the 1820s, Boston's population grew rapidly, and the city's ethnic composition changed dramatically with the first wave of European <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Immigration to the United States">immigrants</a>. Irish immigrants dominated the first wave of newcomers during this period, especially following the <a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">Great Famine</a>; by 1850, about 35,000 <a href="/wiki/History_of_Irish_Americans_in_Boston" title="History of Irish Americans in Boston">Irish lived in Boston</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> In the latter half of the 19th century, the city saw increasing numbers of Irish, <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_people" title="Lebanese people">Lebanese</a>, Syrians,<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> <a href="/wiki/French_Canadians" title="French Canadians">French Canadians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia" title="History of the Jews in Russia">Russian</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland" title="History of the Jews in Poland">Polish Jews</a> settling there. By the end of the 19th century, Boston's core neighborhoods had become enclaves of ethnically distinct immigrants with their residence yielding lasting cultural change. <a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italians</a> became the largest inhabitants of the <a href="/wiki/North_End,_Boston" title="North End, Boston">North End</a>,<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> <a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans" title="Irish Americans">Irish</a> dominated <a href="/wiki/South_Boston" title="South Boston">South Boston</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charlestown,_Boston" title="Charlestown, Boston">Charlestown</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russian</a> <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> lived in the <a href="/wiki/West_End,_Boston" title="West End, Boston">West End</a>. <a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans" title="Irish Americans">Irish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Americans" title="Italian Americans">Italian</a> immigrants brought with them Roman Catholicism. Currently, Catholics make up Boston's largest religious community,<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> and the Irish have played a major role in Boston politics since the early 20th century; prominent figures include the <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_family" title="Kennedy family">Kennedys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tip_O%27Neill" title="Tip O'Neill">Tip O'Neill</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_F._Fitzgerald" title="John F. Fitzgerald">John F. Fitzgerald</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBolino2012285–286-74">[73]</a> Between 1631 and 1890, the city tripled its area through <a href="/wiki/Land_reclamation" title="Land reclamation">land reclamation</a> by filling in marshes, mud flats, and gaps between wharves along the waterfront. Reclamation projects in the middle of the century created significant parts of the <a href="/wiki/South_End,_Boston" title="South End, Boston">South End</a>, the <a href="/wiki/West_End,_Boston" title="West End, Boston">West End</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Financial_District,_Boston" title="Financial District, Boston">Financial District</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Boston" title="Chinatown, Boston">Chinatown</a>.<a href="#cite_note-landfills-75">[74]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Great_Boston_fire_of_1872" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Boston fire of 1872">Great Boston fire of 1872</a>, workers used building rubble as landfill along the downtown waterfront. During the mid-to-late 19th century, workers filled almost 600 acres (240 ha) of brackish Charles River marshlands west of <a href="/wiki/Boston_Common" title="Boston Common">Boston Common</a> with gravel brought by rail from the hills of Needham Heights. The city annexed the adjacent towns of <a href="/wiki/South_Boston" title="South Boston">South Boston</a> (1804), <a href="/wiki/East_Boston" title="East Boston">East Boston</a> (1836), <a href="/wiki/Roxbury,_Boston" title="Roxbury, Boston">Roxbury</a> (1868), <a href="/wiki/Dorchester,_Boston" title="Dorchester, Boston">Dorchester</a> (including present-day <a href="/wiki/Mattapan" title="Mattapan">Mattapan</a> and a portion of <a href="/wiki/South_Boston" title="South Boston">South Boston</a>) (1870), <a href="/wiki/Brighton,_Boston" title="Brighton, Boston">Brighton</a> (including present-day <a href="/wiki/Allston" title="Allston">Allston</a>) (1874), <a href="/wiki/West_Roxbury" title="West Roxbury">West Roxbury</a> (including present-day <a href="/wiki/Jamaica_Plain" title="Jamaica Plain">Jamaica Plain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roslindale" title="Roslindale">Roslindale</a>) (1874), <a href="/wiki/Charlestown,_Boston" title="Charlestown, Boston">Charlestown</a> (1874), and <a href="/wiki/Hyde_Park,_Boston" title="Hyde Park, Boston">Hyde Park</a> (1912).<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> Other proposals were unsuccessful for the annexation of <a href="/wiki/Boston%E2%80%93Brookline_annexation_debate_of_1873" title="Boston–Brookline annexation debate of 1873">Brookline</a>, Cambridge,<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chelsea,_Massachusetts" title="Chelsea, Massachusetts">Chelsea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boston&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 20th century">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haymarket_Square.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Colored print image of a city square in the 1900s" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Haymarket_Square.JPG/220px-Haymarket_Square.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Haymarket_Square.JPG/330px-Haymarket_Square.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Haymarket_Square.JPG/440px-Haymarket_Square.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3270" data-file-height="2091" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Haymarket_Square_(Boston)" title="Haymarket Square (Boston)">Haymarket Square</a> in 1909</figcaption></figure> Many architecturally significant buildings were built during these early years of the 20th century: <a href="/wiki/Horticultural_Hall,_Boston,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Horticultural Hall, Boston, Massachusetts">Horticultural Hall</a>,<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Tennis_and_Racquet_Club" title="Tennis and Racquet Club">Tennis and Racquet Club</a>,<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> <a href="/wiki/Isabella_Stewart_Gardner_Museum" title="Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum">Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum</a>,<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fenway_Studios" title="Fenway Studios">Fenway Studios</a>,<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Hall_(Boston)" title="Jordan Hall (Boston)">Jordan Hall</a>,<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Opera_House_(1909)" title="Boston Opera House (1909)">Boston Opera House</a>.  The <a href="/wiki/Longfellow_Bridge" title="Longfellow Bridge">Longfellow Bridge</a>,<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> built in 1906, was mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Robert_McCloskey" title="Robert McCloskey">Robert McCloskey</a> in <a href="/wiki/Make_Way_for_Ducklings" title="Make Way for Ducklings">Make Way for Ducklings</a>, describing its "salt and pepper shakers" feature.<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fenway_Park" title="Fenway Park">Fenway Park</a>, home of the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox" title="Boston Red Sox">Boston Red Sox</a>, opened in 1912,<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Garden" title="Boston Garden">Boston Garden</a> opening in 1928.<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> <a href="/wiki/Logan_International_Airport" title="Logan International Airport">Logan International Airport</a> opened on September 8, 1923.<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> Boston went into decline by the early to mid-20th century, as factories became old and obsolete and businesses moved out of the region for cheaper labor elsewhere.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBluestoneStevenson200213-92">[91]</a> Boston responded by initiating various <a href="/wiki/Urban_renewal" title="Urban renewal">urban renewal</a> projects, under the direction of the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Planning_and_Development_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston Planning and Development Agency">Boston Redevelopment Authority</a> (BRA) established in 1957. In 1958, BRA initiated a project to improve the historic West End neighborhood. Extensive demolition was met with strong public opposition, and thousands of families were displaced.<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> The BRA continued implementing <a href="/wiki/Eminent_domain" title="Eminent domain">eminent domain</a> projects, including the clearance of the vibrant <a href="/wiki/Scollay_Square" title="Scollay Square">Scollay Square</a> area for construction of the modernist style <a href="/wiki/Government_Center,_Boston" title="Government Center, Boston">Government Center</a>. In 1965, the Columbia Point Health Center opened in the <a href="/wiki/Dorchester,_Boston" title="Dorchester, Boston">Dorchester</a> neighborhood, the first <a href="/wiki/Community_health_centers_in_the_United_States" title="Community health centers in the United States">Community Health Center</a> in the United States. It mostly served the massive <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Point_(Boston)" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia Point (Boston)">Columbia Point</a> public housing complex adjoining it, which was built in 1953. The health center is still in operation and was rededicated in 1990 as the Geiger-Gibson Community Health Center.<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> The Columbia Point complex itself was redeveloped and revitalized from 1984 to 1990 into a mixed-income residential development called Harbor Point Apartments.<a href="#cite_note-Roessner-95">[94]</a> By the 1970s, the city's economy had begun to recover after 30 years of economic downturn. A large number of high-rises were constructed in the <a href="/wiki/Financial_District,_Boston" title="Financial District, Boston">Financial District</a> and in Boston's <a href="/wiki/Back_Bay,_Boston" title="Back Bay, Boston">Back Bay</a> during this period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1994195-96">[95]</a> This boom continued into the mid-1980s and resumed after a few pauses. Hospitals such as <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_General_Hospital" title="Massachusetts General Hospital">Massachusetts General Hospital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beth_Israel_Deaconess_Medical_Center" title="Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center">Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Brigham_and_Women%27s_Hospital" title="Brigham and Women's Hospital">Brigham and Women's Hospital</a> lead the nation in medical innovation and patient care. Schools such as the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Architectural_College" title="Boston Architectural College">Boston Architectural College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boston_College" title="Boston College">Boston College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boston_University" title="Boston University">Boston University</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School" title="Harvard Medical School">Harvard Medical School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tufts_University_School_of_Medicine" title="Tufts University School of Medicine">Tufts University School of Medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_University" title="Northeastern University">Northeastern University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_College_of_Art_and_Design" title="Massachusetts College of Art and Design">Massachusetts College of Art and Design</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wentworth_Institute_of_Technology" title="Wentworth Institute of Technology">Wentworth Institute of Technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berklee_College_of_Music" title="Berklee College of Music">Berklee College of Music</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Conservatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston Conservatory">Boston Conservatory</a>, and many others attract students to the area. Nevertheless, the city experienced conflict starting in 1974 over <a href="/wiki/Desegregation_busing" title="Desegregation busing">desegregation busing</a>, which resulted in unrest and violence around public schools throughout the mid-1970s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1994194–195-97">[96]</a> Boston has also experienced <a href="/wiki/Gentrification" title="Gentrification">gentrification</a> in the latter half of the 20th century,<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> with housing prices increasing sharply since the 1990s when the city's <a href="/wiki/Rent_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Rent control">rent control</a> regime was struck down by statewide <a href="/wiki/Ballot_proposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballot proposition">ballot proposition</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Heudorfer-99">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boston&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 21st century">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boston_Back_Bay_reflection.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Boston_Back_Bay_reflection.jpg/220px-Boston_Back_Bay_reflection.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Boston_Back_Bay_reflection.jpg/330px-Boston_Back_Bay_reflection.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Boston_Back_Bay_reflection.jpg/440px-Boston_Back_Bay_reflection.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4706" data-file-height="3123" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Charles_River" title="Charles River">Charles River</a> in front of Boston's <a href="/wiki/Back_Bay,_Boston" title="Back Bay, Boston">Back Bay</a> neighborhood, in 2013</figcaption></figure> Boston is an intellectual, technological, and political center. However, it has lost some important regional institutions,<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> including the loss to mergers and acquisitions of local financial institutions such as <a href="/wiki/FleetBoston_Financial" title="FleetBoston Financial">FleetBoston Financial</a>, which was acquired by <a href="/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina" title="Charlotte, North Carolina">Charlotte</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_America" title="Bank of America">Bank of America</a> in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> Boston-based department stores <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Marsh" title="Jordan Marsh">Jordan Marsh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Filene%27s" title="Filene's">Filene's</a> have both merged into the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>–based <a href="/wiki/Macy%27s,_Inc." title="Macy's, Inc.">Macy's</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> The 1993 acquisition of <a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a> by <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> was reversed in 2013 when it was resold to Boston businessman <a href="/wiki/John_W._Henry" title="John W. Henry">John W. Henry</a>. In 2016, it was announced <a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a> would be moving its corporate headquarters from Connecticut to the <a href="/wiki/Seaport_District" title="Seaport District">Seaport District</a> in Boston, joining many other companies in this rapidly developing neighborhood.<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> The city also saw the completion of the Central Artery/Tunnel Project, known as the <a href="/wiki/Big_Dig" title="Big Dig">Big Dig</a>, in 2007 after many delays and cost overruns.<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> On April 15, 2013, two Chechen Islamist brothers <a href="/wiki/Boston_Marathon_bombing" title="Boston Marathon bombing">detonated a pair of bombs</a> near the finish line of the <a href="/wiki/2013_Boston_Marathon" title="2013 Boston Marathon">Boston Marathon</a>, killing three people and injuring roughly 264.<a href="#cite_note-260herald-106">[105]</a> The subsequent search for the bombers led to a lock-down of Boston and surrounding municipalities. The region showed solidarity during this time as symbolized by the slogan <a href="/wiki/Boston_Strong" title="Boston Strong">Boston Strong</a>.<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> In 2016, Boston briefly <a href="/wiki/Boston_bid_for_the_2024_Summer_Olympics" title="Boston bid for the 2024 Summer Olympics">shouldered a bid</a> as the U.S. applicant for the <a href="/wiki/2024_Summer_Olympics" title="2024 Summer Olympics">2024 Summer Olympics</a>. The bid was supported by the mayor and a coalition of business leaders and local philanthropists, but was eventually dropped due to public opposition.<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Olympic_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Olympic Committee">USOC</a> then selected <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> to be the American candidate with Los Angeles ultimately securing the right to host the <a href="/wiki/2028_Summer_Olympics" title="2028 Summer Olympics">2028 Summer Olympics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> Nevertheless, Boston is one of eleven U.S. cities which will host matches during the <a href="/wiki/2026_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2026 FIFA World Cup">2026 FIFA World Cup</a>, with games taking place at <a href="/wiki/Gillette_Stadium" title="Gillette Stadium">Gillette Stadium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boston&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Boston_by_Sentinel-2,_2019-09-27.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Boston_by_Sentinel-2%2C_2019-09-27.jpg/200px-Boston_by_Sentinel-2%2C_2019-09-27.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Boston_by_Sentinel-2%2C_2019-09-27.jpg/300px-Boston_by_Sentinel-2%2C_2019-09-27.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Boston_by_Sentinel-2%2C_2019-09-27.jpg/400px-Boston_by_Sentinel-2%2C_2019-09-27.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3369" data-file-height="3285" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Boston and its neighbors as seen from <a href="/wiki/Sentinel-2" title="Sentinel-2">Sentinel-2</a> with <a href="/wiki/Boston_Harbor" title="Boston Harbor">Boston Harbor</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:The_city_of_Boston_1879._LOC_75694555.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/The_city_of_Boston_1879._LOC_75694555.jpg/200px-The_city_of_Boston_1879._LOC_75694555.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/The_city_of_Boston_1879._LOC_75694555.jpg/300px-The_city_of_Boston_1879._LOC_75694555.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/The_city_of_Boston_1879._LOC_75694555.jpg/400px-The_city_of_Boston_1879._LOC_75694555.jpg 2x" data-file-width="13600" data-file-height="8791" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">An 1877 panoramic map of Boston</div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:30%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> The geographical center of Boston is in <a href="/wiki/Roxbury,_Boston" title="Roxbury, Boston">Roxbury</a>. Due north of the center we find the South End. This is not to be confused with South Boston which lies directly east from the South End. North of South Boston is East Boston and southwest of East Boston is the North End </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">Unknown, A local colloquialism<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a></cite> </div> Boston has an area of 89.63 sq mi (232.1 km2). Of this area, 48.4 sq mi (125.4 km2), or 54%, of it is land and 41.2 sq mi (106.7 km2), or 46%, of it is water. The city's elevation, as measured at <a href="/wiki/Logan_International_Airport" title="Logan International Airport">Logan International Airport</a>, is 19 ft (5.8 m) <a href="/wiki/Above_mean_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Above mean sea level">above sea level</a>.<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> The highest point in Boston is <a href="/wiki/Bellevue_Hill,_Boston" title="Bellevue Hill, Boston">Bellevue Hill</a> at 330 ft (100 m) above sea level, and the lowest point is at sea level.<a href="#cite_note-Bellevue_Hill,_Massachusetts-113">[112]</a> The city is adjacent to <a href="/wiki/Boston_Harbor" title="Boston Harbor">Boston Harbor</a>, an arm of <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay" title="Massachusetts Bay">Massachusetts Bay</a>, and by extension, the Atlantic Ocean. Boston is surrounded by the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Boston" title="Greater Boston">Greater Boston</a> metropolitan region. It is bordered to the east by the town of <a href="/wiki/Winthrop,_Massachusetts" title="Winthrop, Massachusetts">Winthrop</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Harbor_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston Harbor Islands">Boston Harbor Islands</a>, to the northeast by the cities of <a href="/wiki/Revere,_Massachusetts" title="Revere, Massachusetts">Revere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chelsea,_Massachusetts" title="Chelsea, Massachusetts">Chelsea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Everett,_Massachusetts" title="Everett, Massachusetts">Everett</a>, to the north by the cities of <a href="/wiki/Somerville,_Massachusetts" title="Somerville, Massachusetts">Somerville</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge</a>, to the northwest by <a href="/wiki/Watertown,_Massachusetts" title="Watertown, Massachusetts">Watertown</a>, to the west by the city of <a href="/wiki/Newton,_Massachusetts" title="Newton, Massachusetts">Newton</a> and town of <a href="/wiki/Brookline,_Massachusetts" title="Brookline, Massachusetts">Brookline</a>, to the southwest by the town of <a href="/wiki/Dedham,_Massachusetts" title="Dedham, Massachusetts">Dedham</a> and small portions of <a href="/wiki/Needham,_Massachusetts" title="Needham, Massachusetts">Needham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canton,_Massachusetts" title="Canton, Massachusetts">Canton</a>, and to the southeast by the town of <a href="/wiki/Milton,_Massachusetts" title="Milton, Massachusetts">Milton</a>, and the city of <a href="/wiki/Quincy,_Massachusetts" title="Quincy, Massachusetts">Quincy</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Charles_River" title="Charles River">Charles River</a> separates Boston's <a href="/wiki/Allston-Brighton" class="mw-redirect" title="Allston-Brighton">Allston-Brighton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fenway-Kenmore" class="mw-redirect" title="Fenway-Kenmore">Fenway-Kenmore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Back_Bay" class="mw-redirect" title="Back Bay">Back Bay</a> neighborhoods from <a href="/wiki/Watertown,_Massachusetts" title="Watertown, Massachusetts">Watertown</a> and Cambridge, and most of Boston from its own <a href="/wiki/Charlestown,_Boston" title="Charlestown, Boston">Charlestown</a> neighborhood. The <a href="/wiki/Neponset_River" title="Neponset River">Neponset River</a> forms the boundary between Boston's southern neighborhoods and <a href="/wiki/Quincy,_Massachusetts" title="Quincy, Massachusetts">Quincy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Milton,_Massachusetts" title="Milton, Massachusetts">Milton</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Mystic_River" title="Mystic River">Mystic River</a> separates Charlestown from Chelsea and Everett, and <a href="/wiki/Chelsea_Creek" title="Chelsea Creek">Chelsea Creek</a> and Boston Harbor separate <a href="/wiki/East_Boston" title="East Boston">East Boston</a> from <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Boston" title="Downtown Boston">Downtown</a>, the <a href="/wiki/North_End,_Boston" title="North End, Boston">North End</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Seaport_District" title="Seaport District">Seaport</a>.<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neighborhoods">Neighborhoods</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boston&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Neighborhoods">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Neighborhoods_in_Boston" title="Neighborhoods in Boston">Neighborhoods in Boston</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Hancock_Tower.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/John_Hancock_Tower.jpg/170px-John_Hancock_Tower.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/John_Hancock_Tower.jpg/255px-John_Hancock_Tower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/John_Hancock_Tower.jpg/340px-John_Hancock_Tower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2045" data-file-height="3506" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Hancock_Tower" title="John Hancock Tower">John Hancock Tower</a> at 200 Clarendon Street is the tallest building in Boston, with a <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_by_height_to_roof" class="mw-redirect" title="List of tallest buildings by height to roof">roof height</a> of 790 ft (240 m).</figcaption></figure> Boston is sometimes called a "city of neighborhoods" because of the profusion of diverse subsections.<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> The city government's Office of Neighborhood Services has officially designated 23 neighborhoods:<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 10em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allston" title="Allston">Allston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back_Bay,_Boston" title="Back Bay, Boston">Back Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Village,_Boston" title="Bay Village, Boston">Bay Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beacon_Hill,_Boston" title="Beacon Hill, Boston">Beacon Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brighton,_Boston" title="Brighton, Boston">Brighton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlestown,_Boston" title="Charlestown, Boston">Charlestown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Boston" title="Chinatown, Boston">Chinatown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorchester,_Boston" title="Dorchester, Boston">Dorchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downtown_Boston" title="Downtown Boston">Downtown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Boston" title="East Boston">East Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenway%E2%80%93Kenmore" title="Fenway–Kenmore">Fenway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyde_Park,_Boston" title="Hyde Park, Boston">Hyde Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica_Plain" title="Jamaica Plain">Jamaica Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattapan" title="Mattapan">Mattapan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Hill,_Boston" title="Mission Hill, Boston">Mission Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_End,_Boston" title="North End, Boston">North End</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roslindale" title="Roslindale">Roslindale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roxbury,_Boston" title="Roxbury, Boston">Roxbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaport_District" title="Seaport District">Seaport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Boston" title="South Boston">South Boston</a></li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/South_End,_Boston" title="South End, Boston">South End</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_End,_Boston" title="West End, Boston">the West End</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Roxbury" title="West Roxbury">West Roxbury</a></li></ul> </div> More than two-thirds of inner Boston's modern land area did not exist when the city was founded. Instead, it was created via the gradual filling in of the surrounding tidal areas over the centuries.<a href="#cite_note-landfills-75">[74]</a> This was accomplished using earth from the leveling or lowering of Boston's three original hills (the "Trimountain", after which Tremont Street is named), as well as with gravel brought by train from Needham to fill the <a href="/wiki/Back_Bay" class="mw-redirect" title="Back Bay">Back Bay</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris20058-17">[16]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_First_Church_of_Christ,_Scientist" title="The First Church of Christ, Scientist">Christian Science Center</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copley_Square" title="Copley Square">Copley Square</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newbury_Street" title="Newbury Street">Newbury Street</a>, and New England's two tallest buildings: the <a href="/wiki/John_Hancock_Tower" title="John Hancock Tower">John Hancock Tower</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Prudential_Tower" title="Prudential Tower">Prudential Center</a>.<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> Near the John Hancock Tower is the <a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Building" title="Berkeley Building">old John Hancock Building</a> with its prominent <a href="/wiki/Weather_beacon" title="Weather beacon">illuminated beacon</a>, the color of which forecasts the weather.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHull201191-120">[119]</a> <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Boston" title="Downtown Boston">Downtown</a> and its immediate surroundings (including the Financial District, Government Center, and <a href="/wiki/South_Boston" title="South Boston">South Boston</a>) consist largely of low-rise masonry buildings – often <a href="/wiki/Federal_architecture" title="Federal architecture">federal style</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek revival">Greek revival</a> – interspersed with modern high-rises.<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> Back Bay includes many prominent landmarks, such as the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Public_Library" title="Boston Public Library">Boston Public Library</a>,<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> Trinity Church, single-family homes and wooden/brick multi-family row houses. The South End Historic District is the largest surviving contiguous Victorian-era neighborhood in the US.<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> The geography of downtown and South Boston was particularly affected by the Central Artery/Tunnel Project (which ran from 1991 to 2007, and was known unofficially as the "<a href="/wiki/Big_Dig" title="Big Dig">Big Dig</a>"). That project removed the elevated <a href="/wiki/Central_Artery" title="Central Artery">Central Artery</a> and incorporated new green spaces and open areas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris200554,_102-124">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environment">Environment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boston&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Environment">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Urban-Rural_Population_and_Land_Area_Estimates,_v2,_2010_Greater_Boston,_U.S._(13873746295).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Urban-Rural_Population_and_Land_Area_Estimates%2C_v2%2C_2010_Greater_Boston%2C_U.S._%2813873746295%29.jpg/220px-Urban-Rural_Population_and_Land_Area_Estimates%2C_v2%2C_2010_Greater_Boston%2C_U.S._%2813873746295%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Urban-Rural_Population_and_Land_Area_Estimates%2C_v2%2C_2010_Greater_Boston%2C_U.S._%2813873746295%29.jpg/330px-Urban-Rural_Population_and_Land_Area_Estimates%2C_v2%2C_2010_Greater_Boston%2C_U.S._%2813873746295%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Urban-Rural_Population_and_Land_Area_Estimates%2C_v2%2C_2010_Greater_Boston%2C_U.S._%2813873746295%29.jpg/440px-Urban-Rural_Population_and_Land_Area_Estimates%2C_v2%2C_2010_Greater_Boston%2C_U.S._%2813873746295%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3158" data-file-height="2415" /></a><figcaption>Population density and elevation above sea level in Greater Boston as of 2010</figcaption></figure> Boston is located within the Boston Basin <a href="/wiki/Ecoregion" title="Ecoregion">ecoregion</a>, which is characterized by low and rolling hills with a number of ponds, lakes, and reservoirs. Forests are mainly transition hardwoods such as <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oak</a>-<a href="/wiki/Hickory" title="Hickory">hickory</a> mixed with <a href="/wiki/White_pine" class="mw-redirect" title="White pine">white pine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> As a coastal city built largely on <a href="/wiki/Land_reclamation" title="Land reclamation">fill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">sea-level rise</a> is of major concern to the city government. A climate action plan from 2019 anticipates 2 ft (1 m) to more than 7 ft (2 m) of sea-level rise in Boston by the end of the 21st century.<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> Many older buildings in certain areas of Boston are supported by <a href="/wiki/Timber_pilings" title="Timber pilings">wooden piles</a> driven into the area's fill; these piles remain sound if submerged in water, but are subject to <a href="/wiki/Dry_rot" title="Dry rot">dry rot</a> if exposed to air for long periods.<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">Groundwater</a> levels have been dropping in many areas of the city, due in part to an increase in the amount of rainwater discharged directly into sewers rather than absorbed by the ground. The Boston Groundwater Trust coordinates monitoring groundwater levels throughout the city via a network of public and private monitoring wells.<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> The city developed a climate action plan covering <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">carbon reduction</a> in buildings, transportation, and energy use. The first such plan was commissioned in 2007, with updates released in 2011, 2014, and 2019.<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a> This plan includes the Building Energy Reporting and Disclosure Ordinance, which requires the city's larger buildings to disclose their yearly energy and water use statistics and to partake in an <a href="/wiki/Building_performance" title="Building performance">energy assessment</a> every five years.<a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a> A separate initiative, Resilient Boston Harbor, lays out neighborhood-specific recommendations for <a href="/wiki/Climate_resilience" title="Climate resilience">coastal resilience</a>.<a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a> In 2013, Mayor Thomas Menino introduced the Renew Boston Whole Building Incentive which reduces the cost of living in buildings that are deemed energy efficient.<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boston&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Climate">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_Massachusetts_Boston_Foliage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/USA_Massachusetts_Boston_Foliage.jpg/200px-USA_Massachusetts_Boston_Foliage.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/USA_Massachusetts_Boston_Foliage.jpg/300px-USA_Massachusetts_Boston_Foliage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/USA_Massachusetts_Boston_Foliage.jpg/400px-USA_Massachusetts_Boston_Foliage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="696" data-file-height="407" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Boston's skyline in the background with <a href="/wiki/Autumn_leaf_color" title="Autumn leaf color">fall foliage</a> in the foreground</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Snowfall-Boston-NWS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Snowfall-Boston-NWS.jpg/200px-Snowfall-Boston-NWS.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Snowfall-Boston-NWS.jpg/300px-Snowfall-Boston-NWS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Snowfall-Boston-NWS.jpg/400px-Snowfall-Boston-NWS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1258" data-file-height="772" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Graph of cumulative winter snowfall at <a href="/wiki/Logan_International_Airport" title="Logan International Airport">Logan International Airport</a> from 1938 to 2015, highlighting the four winters with the most snowfall</div></div></div></div></div> Under the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a>, Boston has either a hot-summer <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">humid continental climate</a> (Köppen Dfa) under the 0 °C (32.0 °F) isotherm or a <a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">humid subtropical climate</a> (Köppen Cfa) under the −3 °C (26.6 °F) isotherm.<a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> Summers are warm to hot and humid, while winters are cold and stormy, with occasional periods of heavy snow. Spring and fall are usually cool and mild, with varying conditions dependent on wind direction and the position of the <a href="/wiki/Jet_stream" title="Jet stream">jet stream</a>. Prevailing wind patterns that blow offshore minimize the influence of the Atlantic Ocean. However, in winter, areas near the immediate coast often see more rain than snow, as warm air is sometimes drawn off the Atlantic.<a href="#cite_note-BostonWeather-134">[133]</a> The city lies at the border between <a href="/wiki/USDA" class="mw-redirect" title="USDA">USDA</a> plant <a href="/wiki/Hardiness_zone" title="Hardiness zone">hardiness zones</a> 6b (away from the coastline) and 7a (close to the coastline).<a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a> The hottest month is July, with a mean temperature of 74.1 °F (23.4 °C). The coldest month is January, with a mean temperature of 29.9 °F (−1.2 °C). Periods exceeding 90 °F (32 °C) in summer and below freezing in winter are not uncommon but tend to be fairly short, with about 13 and 25 days per year seeing each, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-NWS_Boston,_MA_(BOX)-136">[135]</a> Sub- 0 °F (−18 °C) readings usually occur every 3 to 5 years.<a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a> The most recent sub- 0 °F (−18 °C) reading occurred on February 4, 2023, when the temperature dipped down to −10 °F (−23 °C); this was the lowest temperature reading in the city since 1957.<a href="#cite_note-NWS_Boston,_MA_(BOX)-136">[135]</a> In addition, several decades may pass between 100 °F (38 °C) readings; the last such reading occurred on July 24, 2022.<a href="#cite_note-NWS_Boston,_MA_(BOX)-136">[135]</a> The city's average window for freezing temperatures is November 9 through April 5.<a href="#cite_note-NWS_Boston,_MA_(BOX)-136">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[b]</a> Official temperature records have ranged from −18 °F (−28 °C) on February 9, 1934, up to 104 °F (40 °C) on July 4, 1911. The record cold daily maximum is 2 °F (−17 °C) on December 30, 1917, while the record warm daily minimum is 83 °F (28 °C) on both August 2, 1975 and July 21, 2019.<a href="#cite_note-139">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-NWS_Boston,_MA_(BOX)-136">[135]</a> Boston averages 43.6 in (1,110 mm) of <a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Precipitation (meteorology)">precipitation</a> a year, with 49.2 in (125 cm) of snowfall per season.<a href="#cite_note-NWS_Boston,_MA_(BOX)-136">[135]</a> Most snowfall occurs from mid-November through early April, and snow is rare in May and October.<a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[139]</a> There is also high year-to-year variability in snowfall; for instance, the winter of 2011–12 saw only 9.3 in (23.6 cm) of accumulating snow, but the previous winter, the corresponding figure was 81.0 in (2.06 m).<a href="#cite_note-NWS_Boston,_MA_(BOX)-136">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[c]</a> The city's coastal location on the <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic" class="mw-redirect" title="North Atlantic">North Atlantic</a> makes the city very prone to <a href="/wiki/Nor%27easter" title="Nor'easter">nor'easters</a>, which can produce large amounts of snow and rain.<a href="#cite_note-BostonWeather-134">[133]</a> Fog is fairly common, particularly in spring and early summer. Due to its coastal location, the city often receives <a href="/wiki/Sea_breezes" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea breezes">sea breezes</a>, especially in the late spring, when water temperatures are still quite cold and temperatures at the coast can be more than 20 °F (11 °C) colder than a few miles inland, sometimes dropping by that amount near midday.<a href="#cite_note-143">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[141]</a> Thunderstorms typically occur from May to September; occasionally, they can become severe, with large <a href="/wiki/Hail" title="Hail">hail</a>, damaging winds, and heavy downpours.<a href="#cite_note-BostonWeather-134">[133]</a> Although downtown Boston has never been struck by a violent <a href="/wiki/Tornado" title="Tornado">tornado</a>, the city itself has experienced many <a href="/wiki/Tornado_warning" title="Tornado warning">tornado warnings</a>. Damaging storms are more common to areas north, west, and northwest of the city.<a href="#cite_note-145">[142]</a> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-collapse navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Boston,_MA_weatherbox" title="Template:Boston, MA weatherbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Boston,_MA_weatherbox" title="Template talk:Boston, MA weatherbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Boston,_MA_weatherbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Boston, MA weatherbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div class="navbar-ct-mini">Climate data for Boston, Massachusetts (<a href="/wiki/Logan_International_Airport" title="Logan International Airport">Logan Airport</a>), 1991−2020 normals,<a href="#cite_note-146">[d]</a> extremes 1872−present<a href="#cite_note-148">[e]</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #FF7F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">74 (23) </td> <td style="background: #FF7F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">73 (23) </td> <td style="background: #FF4100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">89 (32) </td> <td style="background: #FF3300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">94 (34) </td> <td style="background: #FF2500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">97 (36) </td> <td style="background: #FF1800; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">100 (38) </td> <td style="background: #FF0A00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">104 (40) </td> <td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">102 (39) </td> <td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">102 (39) </td> <td style="background: #FF4100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">90 (32) </td> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">83 (28) </td> <td style="background: #FF7800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">76 (24) </td> <td style="background: #FF0A00; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">104 (40) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean maximum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #FFB973; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58.3 (14.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA76; color:#000000;" class="notheme">57.9 (14.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9831; color:#000000;" class="notheme">67.0 (19.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">79.9 (26.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF4600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">88.1 (31.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF3700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">92.2 (33.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF2C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">95.0 (35.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF3100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">93.7 (34.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF4400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">88.9 (31.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF6800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">79.6 (26.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF8B18; color:#000000;" class="notheme">70.2 (21.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFAE5D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">61.2 (16.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF2700; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">96.4 (35.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.8 (2.7) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">39.0 (3.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFEAD5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">45.5 (7.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFC081; color:#000000;" class="notheme">56.4 (13.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF9934; color:#000000;" class="notheme">66.5 (19.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF7400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">76.2 (24.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF5E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">82.1 (27.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF6400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80.4 (26.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF8002; color:#000000;" class="notheme">73.1 (22.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA56; color:#000000;" class="notheme">62.1 (16.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51.6 (10.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFF6EE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">42.2 (5.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFB56B; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">59.3 (15.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #E0E0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.9 (−1.2) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.8 (−0.1) </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">38.3 (3.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFDEBE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">48.6 (9.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFB872; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58.4 (14.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9429; color:#000000;" class="notheme">68.0 (20.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">74.1 (23.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF8205; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72.7 (22.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF9D3B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">65.6 (18.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFC68D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54.8 (12.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">44.7 (7.1) </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.7 (2.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFD1A4; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">51.9 (11.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #CCCCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.1 (−4.9) </td> <td style="background: #D0D0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.6 (−4.1) </td> <td style="background: #E4E4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.1 (−0.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFFCF9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">40.8 (4.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFD7B0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">50.3 (10.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFB368; color:#000000;" class="notheme">59.7 (15.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B38; color:#000000;" class="notheme">66.0 (18.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F3F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">65.1 (18.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFB973; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58.2 (14.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFE2C6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">47.5 (8.6) </td> <td style="background: #F8F8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.9 (3.3) </td> <td style="background: #DEDEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.2 (−1.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFEEDD; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">44.5 (6.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean minimum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #9595FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.8 (−15.1) </td> <td style="background: #9F9FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.3 (−13.2) </td> <td style="background: #B5B5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.6 (−9.1) </td> <td style="background: #E3E3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.0 (−0.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFFAF6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">41.2 (5.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFDAB5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49.7 (9.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFB871; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58.6 (14.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFBB77; color:#000000;" class="notheme">57.7 (14.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFE5CC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">46.7 (8.2) </td> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.1 (1.7) </td> <td style="background: #D0D0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.4 (−4.2) </td> <td style="background: #AEAEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.1 (−10.5) </td> <td style="background: #8E8EFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2.6 (−16.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #5F5FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−13 (−25) </td> <td style="background: #4F4FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−18 (−28) </td> <td style="background: #6F6FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8 (−22) </td> <td style="background: #A5A5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11 (−12) </td> <td style="background: #E1E1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31 (−1) </td> <td style="background: #FFFBF8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">41 (5) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">50 (10) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">46 (8) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34 (1) </td> <td style="background: #D1D1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25 (−4) </td> <td style="background: #8080FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2 (−19) </td> <td style="background: #5555FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−17 (−27) </td> <td style="background: #4F4FFF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−18 (−28) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> inches (mm) </th> <td style="background: #7EFF7E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.39 (86) </td> <td style="background: #78FF78; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.21 (82) </td> <td style="background: #61FF61; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.17 (106) </td> <td style="background: #71FF71; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.63 (92) </td> <td style="background: #83FF83; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.25 (83) </td> <td style="background: #66FF66; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.89 (99) </td> <td style="background: #83FF83; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.27 (83) </td> <td style="background: #84FF84; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.23 (82) </td> <td style="background: #74FF74; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.56 (90) </td> <td style="background: #67FF67; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.03 (102) </td> <td style="background: #6FFF6F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.66 (93) </td> <td style="background: #5CFF5C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.30 (109) </td> <td style="background: #72FF72; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">43.59 (1,107) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowfall inches (cm) </th> <td style="background: #000030; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.3 (36) </td> <td style="background: #000030; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.4 (37) </td> <td style="background: #0000A7; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">9.0 (23) </td> <td style="background: #BFBFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.6 (4.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2 (0.51) </td> <td style="background: #E3E3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.7 (1.8) </td> <td style="background: #0000A7; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">9.0 (23) </td> <td style="background: #6060FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">49.2 (125) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) </th> <td style="background: #6D6DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.8 </td> <td style="background: #6F6FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.6 </td> <td style="background: #6F6FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.6 </td> <td style="background: #6B6BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.6 </td> <td style="background: #6D6DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.8 </td> <td style="background: #7474FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.9 </td> <td style="background: #8B8BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.4 </td> <td style="background: #8F8FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.0 </td> <td style="background: #8C8CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.0 </td> <td style="background: #7D7DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.5 </td> <td style="background: #7B7BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.3 </td> <td style="background: #6C6CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.9 </td> <td style="background: #7878FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">128.4 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) </th> <td style="background: #ADADFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.6 </td> <td style="background: #ABABFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.2 </td> <td style="background: #C8C8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.4 </td> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.8 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2 </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.6 </td> <td style="background: #CBCBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.2 </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">23.0 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #1010FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">62.3 </td> <td style="background: #1111FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">62.0 </td> <td style="background: #0D0DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">63.1 </td> <td style="background: #0E0EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">63.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000FE; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">66.7 </td> <td style="background: #0000F7; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">68.5 </td> <td style="background: #0000F8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">68.4 </td> <td style="background: #0000EF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">70.8 </td> <td style="background: #0000EB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">71.8 </td> <td style="background: #0000F7; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">68.5 </td> <td style="background: #0000FB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">67.5 </td> <td style="background: #0404FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">65.4 </td> <td style="background: #0000FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">66.5 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Dew_point" title="Dew point">dew point</a> °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #B8B8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.5 (−8.6) </td> <td style="background: #BBBBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.6 (−8.0) </td> <td style="background: #D2D2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.2 (−3.8) </td> <td style="background: #EBEBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.6 (0.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFECD9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">45.0 (7.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFC58B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55.2 (12.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF5F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">61.0 (16.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFB163; color:#000000;" class="notheme">60.4 (15.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFCA96; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53.8 (12.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFF4EA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">42.8 (6.0) </td> <td style="background: #EBEBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.4 (0.8) </td> <td style="background: #C9C9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.1 (−5.5) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">38.9 (3.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #CACA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">163.4 </td> <td style="background: #D3D300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">168.4 </td> <td style="background: #DADA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">213.7 </td> <td style="background: #DFDF00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">227.2 </td> <td style="background: #E7E700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">267.3 </td> <td style="background: #EDED09; color:#000000;" class="notheme">286.5 </td> <td style="background: #EEEE0C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">300.9 </td> <td style="background: #E9E900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">277.3 </td> <td style="background: #E1E100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">237.1 </td> <td style="background: #D9D900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">206.3 </td> <td style="background: #C3C313; color:#000000;" class="notheme">143.2 </td> <td style="background: #C0C022; color:#000000;" class="notheme">142.3 </td> <td style="background: #DDDD00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,633.6 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Percent <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">possible sunshine</a> </th> <td style="background: #FFFF4B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">56 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF4F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">57 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF53; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF4F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">57 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF57; color:#000000;" class="notheme">59 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF68; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF70; color:#000000;" class="notheme">65 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF6C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">64 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF68; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF5B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">60 </td> <td style="background: #FDFD2E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF33; color:#000000;" class="notheme">50 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF57; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">59 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_index" title="Ultraviolet index">ultraviolet index</a> </th> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">5 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: NOAA (relative humidity, dew point and sun 1961−1990)<a href="#cite_note-Boston_Weatherbox_NOAA_txt-149">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-NWS_Boston,_MA_(BOX)-136">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-WMO_1961–90_KBOS-150">[145]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: Weather Atlas (UV)<a href="#cite_note-Weather_Atlas_-_Boston-151">[146]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <table style="width:100%;text-align:center;line-height:1.2em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Boston, Massachusetts </th></tr> <tr> <th>Month </th> <th>Jan </th> <th>Feb </th> <th>Mar </th> <th>Apr </th> <th>May </th> <th>Jun </th> <th>Jul </th> <th>Aug </th> <th>Sep </th> <th>Oct </th> <th>Nov </th> <th>Dec </th> <th style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr> <th>Average sea temperature °F (°C) </th> <td style="background:#4E4EFF;color:#FFFFFF;">41.3 (5.2) </td> <td style="background:#3232FF;color:#FFFFFF;">38.1 (3.4) </td> <td style="background:#3434FF;color:#FFFFFF;">38.4 (3.5) </td> <td style="background:#5D5DFF;color:#FFFFFF;">43.1 (6.2) </td> <td style="background:#8E8EFF;color:#000000;">49.2 (9.5) </td> <td style="background:#DCDCFF;color:#000000;">58.4 (14.7) </td> <td style="background:#FFDD6E;color:#000000;">65.7 (18.7) </td> <td style="background:#FFC400;color:#000000;">67.9 (20.0) </td> <td style="background:#FFE799;color:#000000;">64.8 (18.2) </td> <td style="background:#E5E5FF;color:#000000;">59.4 (15.3) </td> <td style="background:#A9A9FF;color:#000000;">52.3 (11.3) </td> <td style="background:#7A7AFF;color:#000000;">46.6 (8.2) </td> <td style="background:#A7A7FF;color:#000000;border-left-width:medium">52.1 (11.2) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="14" style="background:#f8f9fa;font-weight:normal;font-size:95%;">Source: Weather Atlas<a href="#cite_note-Weather_Atlas_-_Boston-151">[146]</a> </th></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Notice plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width:100%;margin:0;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/60px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/80px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text" style="text-align: left;"><div class="mbox-text-span">Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on <a href="https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940" class="extiw" title="phab:T334940">Phabricator</a> and on <a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Graph/Plans" class="extiw" title="mw:Extension:Graph/Plans">MediaWiki.org</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table> See or edit <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/data:ncei.noaa.gov/weather/Boston.tab" class="extiw" title="commons:data:ncei.noaa.gov/weather/Boston.tab">raw graph data</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boston&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Irish_in_Boston" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Irish in Boston">History of the Irish in Boston</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_Americans_in_Boston" title="History of Italian Americans in Boston">History of Italian Americans in Boston</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Boston" title="History of African Americans in Boston">History of African Americans in Boston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Americans_in_Boston" title="Chinese Americans in Boston">Chinese Americans in Boston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dominican-Americans_in_Boston" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominican-Americans in Boston">Dominican-Americans in Boston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_in_Boston" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnamese in Boston">Vietnamese in Boston</a>, and <a href="/wiki/LGBT_culture_in_Boston" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT culture in Boston">LGBT culture in Boston</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1680</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">4,500</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1690</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">7,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+55.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1700</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">6,700</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−4.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1710</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">9,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+34.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1722</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">10,567</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+17.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1742</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">16,382</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+55.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1765</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">15,520</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−5.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1790_United_States_census" title="1790 United States census">1790</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">18,320</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+18.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1800_United_States_census" title="1800 United States census">1800</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">24,937</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+36.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"><a href="/wiki/1810_United_States_census" title="1810 United States census">1810</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">33,787</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+35.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1820_United_States_census" title="1820 United States census">1820</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">43,298</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+28.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1830_United_States_census" title="1830 United States census">1830</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">61,392</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+41.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1840_United_States_census" title="1840 United States census">1840</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">93,383</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+52.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1850_United_States_census" title="1850 United States census">1850</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">136,881</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+46.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"><a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_census" title="1860 United States census">1860</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">177,840</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+29.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1870_United_States_census" title="1870 United States census">1870</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">250,526</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+40.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_census" title="1880 United States census">1880</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">362,839</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+44.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1890_United_States_census" title="1890 United States census">1890</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">448,477</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+23.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1900_United_States_census" title="1900 United States census">1900</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">560,892</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+25.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"><a href="/wiki/1910_United_States_census" title="1910 United States census">1910</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">670,585</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+19.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_census" title="1920 United States census">1920</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">748,060</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+11.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1930_United_States_census" title="1930 United States census">1930</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">781,188</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+4.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_census" title="1940 United States census">1940</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">770,816</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−1.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1950_United_States_census" title="1950 United States census">1950</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">801,444</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+4.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_census" title="1960 United States census">1960</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">697,197</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">−13.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1970_United_States_census" title="1970 United States census">1970</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">641,071</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−8.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_census" title="1980 United States census">1980</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">562,994</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−12.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1990_United_States_census" title="1990 United States census">1990</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">574,283</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_census" title="2000 United States census">2000</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">589,141</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"><a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_census" title="2010 United States census">2010</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">617,594</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+4.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">675,647</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+9.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2022*</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">650,706</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−3.7%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">*=population estimate. Source: <a href="/wiki/United_States_census" title="United States census">United States census</a> records and <a href="/wiki/Population_Estimates_Program" title="Population Estimates Program">Population Estimates Program</a> data.<a href="#cite_note-2010_Census-152">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-2000-2009_PopulationEstimates-153">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-1990_Census-154">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-1980_Census-155">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-1950_Census-156">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-1920_Census-157">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-1890_Census-158">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-1870_Census-159">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-1860_Census-160">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-1850_Census-161">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-1950_Census_Urban_populations_since_1790-162">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-ColonialPop-163">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[159]</a> 2010–2020<a href="#cite_note-QuickFacts-4">[4]</a> Source: U.S. Decennial Census<a href="#cite_note-DecennialCensus-165">[160]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Historical racial/ethnic composition </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Race/ethnicity </th> <th>2020<a href="#cite_note-166">[161]</a> </th> <th>2010<a href="#cite_note-167">[162]</a> </th> <th>1990<a href="#cite_note-census4-168">[163]</a> </th> <th>1970<a href="#cite_note-census4-168">[163]</a> </th> <th>1940<a href="#cite_note-census4-168">[163]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_White" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Hispanic White">Non-Hispanic White</a></td> <td>44.7%</td> <td>47.0%</td> <td>59.0%</td> <td>79.5%<a href="#cite_note-fifteen-169">[f]</a></td> <td>96.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">Black</a></td> <td>22.0%</td> <td>24.4%</td> <td>23.8%</td> <td>16.3%</td> <td>3.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic or Latino</a> (of any race)</td> <td>19.5%</td> <td>17.5%</td> <td>10.8%</td> <td>2.8%<a href="#cite_note-fifteen-169">[f]</a></td> <td>0.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian</a></td> <td>9.7%</td> <td>8.9%</td> <td>5.3%</td> <td>1.3%</td> <td>0.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_Americans" title="Multiracial Americans">Two or more races</a></td> <td>3.2%</td> <td>3.9%</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a></td> <td>0.2%</td> <td>0.4%</td> <td>0.3%</td> <td>0.2%</td> <td>– </td></tr></tbody></table> In 2020, Boston was estimated to have 691,531 residents living in 266,724 households<a href="#cite_note-QuickFacts-4">[4]</a>—a 12% population increase over 2010. The city is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_cities_by_population_density" title="List of United States cities by population density">third-most densely populated large U.S. city</a> of over half a million residents, and the most densely populated state capital. Some 1.2 million persons may be within Boston's boundaries during work hours, and as many as 2 million during special events. This fluctuation of people is caused by hundreds of thousands of suburban residents who travel to the city for work, education, health care, and special events.<a href="#cite_note-170">[164]</a> In the city, 21.9% of the population was aged 19 and under, 14.3% was from 20 to 24, 33.2% from 25 to 44, 20.4% from 45 to 64, and 10.1% was 65 years of age or older. The median age was 30.8 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.9 males.<a href="#cite_note-census1-171">[165]</a> There were 252,699 households, of which 20.4% had children under the age of 18 living in them, 25.5% were married couples living together, 16.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 54.0% were non-families. 37.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.26 and the average family size was 3.08.<a href="#cite_note-census1-171">[165]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Median_income" title="Median income">median household income</a> in Boston was $51,739, while the median income for a family was $61,035. Full-time year-round male workers had a median income of $52,544 versus $46,540 for full-time year-round female workers. The per capita income for the city was $33,158. 21.4% of the population and 16.0% of families were below the poverty line. Of the total population, 28.8% of those under the age of 18 and 20.4% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.<a href="#cite_note-census3-172">[166]</a> Boston has a significant <a href="/wiki/Racial_wealth_gap_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Racial wealth gap in the United States">racial wealth gap</a> with White Bostonians having a median net worth of $247,500 compared to an $8 median net worth for non-immigrant Black residents and $0 for Dominican immigrant residents.<a href="#cite_note-173">[167]</a> From the 1950s to the end of the 20th century, the proportion of <a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_Whites" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Hispanic Whites">non-Hispanic Whites</a> in the city declined. In 2000, non-Hispanic Whites made up 49.5% of the city's population, making the city <a href="/wiki/Majority_minority" title="Majority minority">majority minority</a> for the first time. However, in the 21st century, the city has experienced significant <a href="/wiki/Gentrification" title="Gentrification">gentrification</a>, during which affluent Whites have moved into formerly non-White areas. In 2006, the U.S. Census Bureau estimated non-Hispanic Whites again formed a slight majority but as of 2010<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boston&action=edit">[update]</a>, in part due to the housing crash, as well as increased efforts to make more affordable housing more available, the non-White population has rebounded. This may also have to do with increased <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin American</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian</a> populations and more clarity surrounding U.S. Census statistics, which indicate a non-Hispanic White population of 47% (some reports give slightly lower figures).<a href="#cite_note-174">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[170]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnicity">Ethnicity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boston&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Ethnicity">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_090315-N-8110K-011_A_crowd_along_a_parade_route_in_South_Boston_cheers_Sailors_from_the_guided-missile_frigate_USS_Taylor_(FFG_50)_as_they_march_in_the_108th_Annual_St._Patrick%27s_Day_Parade.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/US_Navy_090315-N-8110K-011_A_crowd_along_a_parade_route_in_South_Boston_cheers_Sailors_from_the_guided-missile_frigate_USS_Taylor_%28FFG_50%29_as_they_march_in_the_108th_Annual_St._Patrick%27s_Day_Parade.jpg/200px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/US_Navy_090315-N-8110K-011_A_crowd_along_a_parade_route_in_South_Boston_cheers_Sailors_from_the_guided-missile_frigate_USS_Taylor_%28FFG_50%29_as_they_march_in_the_108th_Annual_St._Patrick%27s_Day_Parade.jpg/300px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/US_Navy_090315-N-8110K-011_A_crowd_along_a_parade_route_in_South_Boston_cheers_Sailors_from_the_guided-missile_frigate_USS_Taylor_%28FFG_50%29_as_they_march_in_the_108th_Annual_St._Patrick%27s_Day_Parade.jpg/400px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">U.S. Navy</a> sailors march in Boston's annual <a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day" title="Saint Patrick's Day">Saint Patrick's Day</a> parade. <a href="/wiki/History_of_Irish_Americans_in_Boston" title="History of Irish Americans in Boston">Irish Americans</a> constitute the largest ethnicity in Boston.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Armenian-Americans-Boston-1908.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Armenian-Americans-Boston-1908.jpg/200px-Armenian-Americans-Boston-1908.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Armenian-Americans-Boston-1908.jpg/300px-Armenian-Americans-Boston-1908.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Armenian-Americans-Boston-1908.jpg/400px-Armenian-Americans-Boston-1908.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="602" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Americans" title="Armenian Americans">Armenian American</a> family in Boston, 1908</div></div></div></div></div> <a href="/wiki/African-American" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American">African-Americans</a> comprise 22% of the city's population. People of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Irish_Americans_in_Boston" title="History of Irish Americans in Boston">Irish</a> descent form the second-largest single <a href="/wiki/American_ancestry" title="American ancestry">ethnic group</a> in the city, making up 15.8% of the population, followed by <a href="/wiki/Italian_Americans" title="Italian Americans">Italians</a>, accounting for 8.3% of the population. People of <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> ancestry are another sizable group, collectively at over 15%.<a href="#cite_note-census2-177">[171]</a> In Greater Boston, these numbers grew significantly, with 150,000 Dominicans according to 2018 estimates, 134,000 Puerto Ricans, 57,500 Salvadorans, 39,000 Guatemalans, 36,000 Mexicans, and over 35,000 Colombians.<a href="#cite_note-census-178">[172]</a> East Boston has a diverse Hispanic/Latino population of Salvadorans, Colombians, Guatemalans, Mexicans, Dominicans and Puerto Ricans. Hispanic populations in southwest Boston neighborhoods are mainly made up of Dominicans and Puerto Ricans, usually sharing neighborhoods in this section with African Americans and Blacks with origins from the Caribbean and Africa especially Cape Verdeans and Haitians. Neighborhoods such as <a href="/wiki/Jamaica_Plain,_Boston" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamaica Plain, Boston">Jamaica Plain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roslindale,_Boston" class="mw-redirect" title="Roslindale, Boston">Roslindale</a> have experienced a growing number of <a href="/wiki/Dominican-Americans_in_Boston" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominican-Americans in Boston">Dominican Americans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-179">[173]</a> There is a large and historical <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Americans" title="Armenian Americans">Armenian</a> community in Boston,<a href="#cite_note-180">[174]</a> and the city is home to the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Heritage_Park" title="Armenian Heritage Park">Armenian Heritage Park</a>.<a href="#cite_note-181">[175]</a> Additionally, over 27,000 <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Americans_in_Boston" title="Chinese Americans in Boston">Chinese Americans</a> made their home in Boston city proper in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-182">[176]</a> Overall, according to the 2012–2016 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates, the largest ancestry groups in Boston are:<a href="#cite_note-183">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[178]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr valign="bottom"> <th>Ancestry </th> <th>Percentage of Boston population </th> <th>Percentage of Massachusetts population </th> <th>Percentage of United States population </th> <th>City-to-state difference </th> <th>City-to-USA difference </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">Black</a> </td> <td>22% </td> <td>8.2% </td> <td>14–15% </td> <td>13.8% </td> <td>7% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans" title="Irish Americans">Irish</a> </td> <td>14.06% </td> <td>21.16% </td> <td>10.39% </td> <td>−7.10% </td> <td>3.67% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Italian_Americans" title="Italian Americans">Italian</a> </td> <td>8.13% </td> <td>13.19% </td> <td>5.39% </td> <td>−5.05% </td> <td>2.74% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/West_Indian_Americans" title="West Indian Americans">other West Indian</a> </td> <td>6.92% </td> <td>1.96% </td> <td>0.90% </td> <td>4.97% </td> <td>6.02% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Americans" title="Dominican Americans">Dominican</a> </td> <td>5.45% </td> <td>2.60% </td> <td>0.68% </td> <td>2.65% </td> <td>4.57% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Ricans in the United States">Puerto Rican</a> </td> <td>5.27% </td> <td>4.52% </td> <td>1.66% </td> <td>0.75% </td> <td>3.61% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Americans" title="Chinese Americans">Chinese</a> </td> <td>4.57% </td> <td>2.28% </td> <td>1.24% </td> <td>2.29% </td> <td>3.33% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/German_Americans" title="German Americans">German</a> </td> <td>4.57% </td> <td>6.00% </td> <td>14.40% </td> <td>−1.43% </td> <td>−9.83% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/English_Americans" title="English Americans">English</a> </td> <td>4.54% </td> <td>9.77% </td> <td>7.67% </td> <td>−5.23% </td> <td>−3.13% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/American_ancestry" title="American ancestry">American</a> </td> <td>4.13% </td> <td>4.26% </td> <td>6.89% </td> <td>−0.13% </td> <td>−2.76% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="African immigration to the United States">Sub-Saharan African</a> </td> <td>4.09% </td> <td>2.00% </td> <td>1.01% </td> <td>2.09% </td> <td>3.08% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Americans" title="Haitian Americans">Haitian</a> </td> <td>3.58% </td> <td>1.15% </td> <td>0.31% </td> <td>2.43% </td> <td>3.27% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Polish_Americans" title="Polish Americans">Polish</a> </td> <td>2.48% </td> <td>4.67% </td> <td>2.93% </td> <td>−2.19% </td> <td>−0.45% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verdean_Americans" title="Cape Verdean Americans">Cape Verdean</a> </td> <td>2.21% </td> <td>0.97% </td> <td>0.03% </td> <td>1.24% </td> <td>2.18% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/French_Americans" title="French Americans">French</a> </td> <td>1.93% </td> <td>6.82% </td> <td>2.56% </td> <td>−4.89% </td> <td>−0.63% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Americans" title="Vietnamese Americans">Vietnamese</a> </td> <td>1.76% </td> <td>0.69% </td> <td>0.54% </td> <td>1.07% </td> <td>1.22% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Americans" title="Jamaican Americans">Jamaican</a> </td> <td>1.70% </td> <td>0.44% </td> <td>0.34% </td> <td>1.26% </td> <td>1.36% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Russian_Americans" title="Russian Americans">Russian</a> </td> <td>1.62% </td> <td>1.65% </td> <td>0.88% </td> <td>−0.03% </td> <td>0.74% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Indian_Americans" title="Indian Americans">Asian Indian</a> </td> <td>1.31% </td> <td>1.39% </td> <td>1.09% </td> <td>−0.08% </td> <td>0.22% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Americans" title="Scottish Americans">Scottish</a> </td> <td>1.30% </td> <td>2.28% </td> <td>1.71% </td> <td>−0.98% </td> <td>−0.41% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/French_Canadian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="French Canadian Americans">French Canadian</a> </td> <td>1.19% </td> <td>3.91% </td> <td>0.65% </td> <td>−2.71% </td> <td>0.54% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Americans" title="Mexican Americans">Mexican</a> </td> <td>1.12% </td> <td>0.67% </td> <td>11.96% </td> <td>0.45% </td> <td>−10.84% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arab_Americans" title="Arab Americans">Arab</a> </td> <td>1.10% </td> <td>1.10% </td> <td>0.59% </td> <td>0.00% </td> <td>0.50% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Income">Income</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boston&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Income">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Massachusetts_locations_by_per_capita_income" title="List of Massachusetts locations by per capita income">List of Massachusetts locations by per capita income</a></div> Data is from the 2008–2012 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates.<a href="#cite_note-185">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[181]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr valign="bottom"> <th>Rank </th> <th>ZIP Code (ZCTA) </th> <th>Per capita income </th> <th>Median household income </th> <th>Median family income </th> <th>Population </th> <th>Number of households </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td>02110 (<a href="/wiki/Financial_District,_Boston" title="Financial District, Boston">Financial District</a>) </td> <td>$152,007 </td> <td>$123,795 </td> <td>$196,518 </td> <td>1,486 </td> <td>981 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td>02199 (<a href="/wiki/Prudential_Tower" title="Prudential Tower">Prudential Center</a>) </td> <td>$151,060 </td> <td>$107,159 </td> <td>$146,786 </td> <td>1,290 </td> <td>823 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td>02210 (<a href="/wiki/Fort_Point,_Boston" title="Fort Point, Boston">Fort Point</a>) </td> <td>$93,078 </td> <td>$111,061 </td> <td>$223,411 </td> <td>1,905 </td> <td>1,088 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td>02109 (<a href="/wiki/North_End,_Boston" title="North End, Boston">North End</a>) </td> <td>$88,921 </td> <td>$128,022 </td> <td>$162,045 </td> <td>4,277 </td> <td>2,190 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td>02116 (<a href="/wiki/Back_Bay,_Boston" title="Back Bay, Boston">Back Bay</a>/<a href="/wiki/Bay_Village,_Boston" title="Bay Village, Boston">Bay Village</a>) </td> <td>$81,458 </td> <td>$87,630 </td> <td>$134,875 </td> <td>21,318 </td> <td>10,938 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td>02108 (<a href="/wiki/Beacon_Hill,_Boston" title="Beacon Hill, Boston">Beacon Hill</a>/Financial District) </td> <td>$78,569 </td> <td>$95,753 </td> <td>$153,618 </td> <td>4,155 </td> <td>2,337 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td>02114 (Beacon Hill/<a href="/wiki/West_End,_Boston" title="West End, Boston">West End</a>) </td> <td>$65,865 </td> <td>$79,734 </td> <td>$169,107 </td> <td>11,933 </td> <td>6,752 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td>02111 (<a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Boston" title="Chinatown, Boston">Chinatown</a>/Financial District/<a href="/wiki/Leather_District" title="Leather District">Leather District</a>) </td> <td>$56,716 </td> <td>$44,758 </td> <td>$88,333 </td> <td>7,616 </td> <td>3,390 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td>02129 (<a href="/wiki/Charlestown,_Boston" title="Charlestown, Boston">Charlestown</a>) </td> <td>$56,267 </td> <td>$89,105 </td> <td>$98,445 </td> <td>17,052 </td> <td>8,083 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td>02467 (<a href="/wiki/Chestnut_Hill,_Massachusetts" title="Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts">Chestnut Hill</a>) </td> <td>$53,382 </td> <td>$113,952 </td> <td>$148,396 </td> <td>22,796 </td> <td>6,351 </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 </td> <td>02113 (North End) </td> <td>$52,905 </td> <td>$64,413 </td> <td>$112,589 </td> <td>7,276 </td> <td>4,329 </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 </td> <td>02132 (<a href="/wiki/West_Roxbury" title="West Roxbury">West Roxbury</a>) </td> <td>$44,306 </td> <td>$82,421 </td> <td>$110,219 </td> <td>27,163 </td> <td>11,013 </td></tr> <tr> <td>13 </td> <td>02118 (<a href="/wiki/South_End,_Boston" title="South End, Boston">South End</a>) </td> <td>$43,887 </td> <td>$50,000 </td> <td>$49,090 </td> <td>26,779 </td> <td>12,512 </td></tr> <tr> <td>14 </td> <td>02130 (<a href="/wiki/Jamaica_Plain" title="Jamaica Plain">Jamaica Plain</a>) </td> <td>$42,916 </td> <td>$74,198 </td> <td>$95,426 </td> <td>36,866 </td> <td>15,306 </td></tr> <tr> <td>15 </td> <td>02127 (<a href="/wiki/South_Boston" title="South Boston">South Boston</a>) </td> <td>$42,854 </td> <td>$67,012 </td> <td>$68,110 </td> <td>32,547 </td> <td>14,994 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> </td> <td>$35,485 </td> <td>$66,658 </td> <td>$84,380 </td> <td>6,560,595 </td> <td>2,525,694 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Boston </td> <td>$33,589 </td> <td>$53,136 </td> <td>$63,230 </td> <td>619,662 </td> <td>248,704 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Suffolk_County,_Massachusetts" title="Suffolk County, Massachusetts">Suffolk County</a> </td> <td>$32,429 </td> <td>$52,700 </td> <td>$61,796 </td> <td>724,502 </td> <td>287,442 </td></tr> <tr> <td>16 </td> <td>02135 (<a href="/wiki/Brighton,_Boston" title="Brighton, Boston">Brighton</a>) </td> <td>$31,773 </td> <td>$50,291 </td> <td>$62,602 </td> <td>38,839 </td> <td>18,336 </td></tr> <tr> <td>17 </td> <td>02131 (<a href="/wiki/Roslindale" title="Roslindale">Roslindale</a>) </td> <td>$29,486 </td> <td>$61,099 </td> <td>$70,598 </td> <td>30,370 </td> <td>11,282 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>United States </td> <td>$28,051 </td> <td>$53,046 </td> <td>$64,585 </td> <td>309,138,711 </td> <td>115,226,802 </td></tr> <tr> <td>18 </td> <td>02136 (<a href="/wiki/Hyde_Park,_Boston" title="Hyde Park, Boston">Hyde Park</a>) </td> <td>$28,009 </td> <td>$57,080 </td> <td>$74,734 </td> <td>29,219 </td> <td>10,650 </td></tr> <tr> <td>19 </td> <td>02134 (<a href="/wiki/Allston" title="Allston">Allston</a>) </td> <td>$25,319 </td> <td>$37,638 </td> <td>$49,355 </td> <td>20,478 </td> <td>8,916 </td></tr> <tr> <td>20 </td> <td>02128 (<a href="/wiki/East_Boston" title="East Boston">East Boston</a>) </td> <td>$23,450 </td> <td>$49,549 </td> <td>$49,470 </td> <td>41,680 </td> <td>14,965 </td></tr> <tr> <td>21 </td> <td>02122 (<a href="/wiki/Dorchester,_Boston" title="Dorchester, Boston">Dorchester</a>-<a href="/wiki/Fields_Corner" title="Fields Corner">Fields Corner</a>) </td> <td>$23,432 </td> <td>$51,798 </td> <td>$50,246 </td> <td>25,437 </td> <td>8,216 </td></tr> <tr> <td>22 </td> <td>02124 (Dorchester-<a href="/wiki/Codman_Square_District" title="Codman Square District">Codman Square</a>-<a href="/wiki/Ashmont,_Boston" title="Ashmont, Boston">Ashmont</a>) </td> <td>$23,115 </td> <td>$48,329 </td> <td>$55,031 </td> <td>49,867 </td> <td>17,275 </td></tr> <tr> <td>23 </td> <td>02125 (Dorchester-<a href="/wiki/Uphams_Corner" title="Uphams Corner">Uphams Corner</a>-<a href="/wiki/Savin_Hill" title="Savin Hill">Savin Hill</a>) </td> <td>$22,158 </td> <td>$42,298 </td> <td>$44,397 </td> <td>31,996 </td> <td>11,481 </td></tr> <tr> <td>24 </td> <td>02163 (Allston-<a href="/wiki/Harvard_Business_School" title="Harvard Business School">Harvard Business School</a>) </td> <td>$21,915 </td> <td>$43,889 </td> <td>$91,190 </td> <td>1,842 </td> <td>562 </td></tr> <tr> <td>25 </td> <td>02115 (Back Bay, <a href="/wiki/Longwood,_Boston" class="mw-redirect" title="Longwood, Boston">Longwood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Fine_Arts,_Boston" title="Museum of Fine Arts, Boston">Museum of Fine Arts</a>/<a href="/wiki/Symphony_Hall,_Boston" title="Symphony Hall, Boston">Symphony Hall</a> area) </td> <td>$21,654 </td> <td>$23,677 </td> <td>$50,303 </td> <td>29,178 </td> <td>9,958 </td></tr> <tr> <td>26 </td> <td>02126 (<a href="/wiki/Mattapan" title="Mattapan">Mattapan</a>) </td> <td>$20,649 </td> <td>$43,532 </td> <td>$52,774 </td> <td>27,335 </td> <td>9,510 </td></tr> <tr> <td>27 </td> <td>02215 (Fenway-Kenmore) </td> <td>$19,082 </td> <td>$30,823 </td> <td>$72,583 </td> <td>23,719 </td> <td>7,995 </td></tr> <tr> <td>28 </td> <td>02119 (<a href="/wiki/Roxbury,_Boston" title="Roxbury, Boston">Roxbury</a>) </td> <td>$18,998 </td> <td>$27,051 </td> <td>$35,311 </td> <td>24,237 </td> <td>9,769 </td></tr> <tr> <td>29 </td> <td>02121 (Dorchester-Mount Bowdoin) </td> <td>$18,226 </td> <td>$30,419 </td> <td>$35,439 </td> <td>26,801 </td> <td>9,739 </td></tr> <tr> <td>30 </td> <td>02120 (<a href="/wiki/Mission_Hill,_Boston" title="Mission Hill, Boston">Mission Hill</a>) </td> <td>$17,390 </td> <td>$32,367 </td> <td>$29,583 </td> <td>13,217 </td> <td>4,509 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boston&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sunset_in_Copley_Square_(25887).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Sunset_in_Copley_Square_%2825887%29.jpg/220px-Sunset_in_Copley_Square_%2825887%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Sunset_in_Copley_Square_%2825887%29.jpg/330px-Sunset_in_Copley_Square_%2825887%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Sunset_in_Copley_Square_%2825887%29.jpg/440px-Sunset_in_Copley_Square_%2825887%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4195" data-file-height="2827" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Old_South_Church" title="Old South Church">Old South Church</a> at <a href="/wiki/Copley_Square" title="Copley Square">Copley Square</a> at sunset. This <a href="/wiki/United_Church_of_Christ" title="United Church of Christ">United Church of Christ</a> congregation was first organized in 1669.</figcaption></figure> According to a 2014 study by the <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a>, 57% of the population of the city identified themselves as <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a>, with 25% attending a variety of <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> churches and 29% professing <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a> beliefs; 33% claim <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">no religious affiliation</a>, while the remaining 10% are composed of adherents of <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, and other faiths.<a href="#cite_note-188">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[183]</a> As of 2010<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boston&action=edit">[update]</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> had the highest number of adherents as a single denomination in the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Boston" title="Greater Boston">Greater Boston</a> area, with more than two million members and 339 churches, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopal Church</a> with 58,000 adherents in 160 churches. The <a href="/wiki/United_Church_of_Christ" title="United Church of Christ">United Church of Christ</a> had 55,000 members and 213 churches.<a href="#cite_note-190">[184]</a> The Boston metro area contained a <a href="/wiki/American_Jews" title="American Jews">Jewish population</a> of approximately 248,000 as of 2015.<a href="#cite_note-2015bjcs-191">[185]</a> More than half the Jewish households in the Greater Boston area reside in the city itself, <a href="/wiki/Brookline,_Massachusetts" title="Brookline, Massachusetts">Brookline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newton,_Massachusetts" title="Newton, Massachusetts">Newton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somerville,_Massachusetts" title="Somerville, Massachusetts">Somerville</a>, or adjacent towns.<a href="#cite_note-2015bjcs-191">[185]</a> A small minority practices <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a>, and some practice <a href="/wiki/Boston_Confucians" title="Boston Confucians">Boston Confucianism</a>, an American evolution of Confucianism adapted for Boston intellectuals.<a href="#cite_note-192">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boston&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Greater_Boston#Major_companies" title="Greater Boston">Major companies in Greater Boston</a></div> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="float: left; font-size: 90%; text-align: center; margin: 1em;"> <caption>Top publicly traded Boston companies for 2018 (ranked by revenues) with City and U.S. ranks<a href="#cite_note-Fortune_500-193">[187]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Bos. </th> <th scope="col">Corporation </th> <th scope="col">US </th> <th scope="col">Revenue (in millions) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a></td> <td>18</td> <td>$122,274 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Mutual" title="Liberty Mutual">Liberty Mutual</a></td> <td>68</td> <td>$42,687 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">3 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/State_Street_Corporation" title="State Street Corporation">State Street</a></td> <td>259</td> <td>$11,774 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">4 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/American_Tower" title="American Tower">American Tower</a></td> <td>419</td> <td>$6,663.9 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="float: left; font-size: 90%; text-align: center; margin: 1em;"> <caption>Top city employers<a href="#cite_note-cmwlthemploy-194">[188]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Rank </th> <th scope="col">Company/Organization </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Brigham_and_Women%27s_Hospital" title="Brigham and Women's Hospital">Brigham and Women's Hospital</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Dana_Farber_Cancer_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Dana Farber Cancer Institute">Dana Farber Cancer Institute</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">3 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_General_Hospital" title="Massachusetts General Hospital">Massachusetts General Hospital</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">4 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Beth_Israel_Deaconess_Medical_Center" title="Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center">Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">5 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Boston_Children%27s_Hospital" title="Boston Children's Hospital">Boston Children's Hospital</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">6 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Boston_Medical_Center" title="Boston Medical Center">Boston Medical Center</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">7 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Boston_University_School_of_Medicine" title="Boston University School of Medicine">Boston University School of Medicine</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">8 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Transportation_Authority" title="Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority">Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">9 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Teachers_Insurance_and_Annuity_Association_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Teachers Insurance and Annuity Association of America">TIAA</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">10 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Tufts_Children%27s_Hospital" title="Tufts Children's Hospital">Tufts Children's Hospital</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> A <a href="/wiki/Global_city" title="Global city">global city</a>, Boston is placed among the top 30 most economically powerful cities in the world.<a href="#cite_note-195">[189]</a> Encompassing $363 billion, the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Boston" title="Greater Boston">Greater Boston</a> metropolitan area has the <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_by_GDP" title="List of cities by GDP">sixth-largest economy in the country and 12th-largest in the world</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pricewater-196">[190]</a> Boston's colleges and universities exert a significant impact on the regional economy. Boston attracts more than 350,000 college students from around the world, who contribute more than US$4.8 billion annually to the city's economy.<a href="#cite_note-197">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[192]</a> The area's schools are major employers and attract industries to the city and surrounding region. The city is home to a number of technology companies and is a hub for <a href="/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">biotechnology</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Milken_Institute" title="Milken Institute">Milken Institute</a> rating Boston as the top <a href="/wiki/List_of_life_sciences" title="List of life sciences">life sciences</a> cluster in the country.<a href="#cite_note-199">[193]</a> Boston receives the highest absolute amount of annual funding from the <a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health">National Institutes of Health</a> of all cities in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-200">[194]</a> The city is considered highly innovative for a variety of reasons, including the presence of <a href="/wiki/Academia" class="mw-redirect" title="Academia">academia</a>, access to <a href="/wiki/Venture_capital" title="Venture capital">venture capital</a>, and the presence of many <a href="/wiki/High-tech" class="mw-redirect" title="High-tech">high-tech</a> companies.<a href="#cite_note-Kirsner-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[195]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Route_128" title="Massachusetts Route 128">Route 128 corridor</a> and Greater Boston continue to be a major center for venture capital investment,<a href="#cite_note-202">[196]</a> and high technology remains an important sector.<a href="#cite_note-203">[197]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">Tourism</a> also composes a large part of Boston's economy, with 21.2 million domestic and international visitors spending $8.3 billion in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-204">[198]</a> Excluding visitors from Canada and Mexico, over 1.4 million international tourists visited Boston in 2014, with those from China and the United Kingdom leading the list.<a href="#cite_note-205">[199]</a> Boston's status as a state capital as well as the regional home of federal agencies has rendered law and government to be another major component of the city's economy.<a href="#cite_note-206">[200]</a> The city is a major <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Boston" title="Port of Boston">seaport</a> along the East Coast of the United States and the oldest continuously operated industrial and fishing port in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere" title="Western Hemisphere">Western Hemisphere</a>.<a href="#cite_note-207">[201]</a> In the 2018 <a href="/wiki/Global_Financial_Centres_Index" title="Global Financial Centres Index">Global Financial Centres Index</a>, Boston was ranked as having the thirteenth most competitive <a href="/wiki/Financial_services" title="Financial services">financial services</a> center in the world and the second most competitive in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-208">[202]</a> Boston-based <a href="/wiki/Fidelity_Investments" title="Fidelity Investments">Fidelity Investments</a> helped popularize the <a href="/wiki/Mutual_fund" title="Mutual fund">mutual fund</a> in the 1980s and has made Boston one of the top financial centers in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-209">[203]</a> The city is home to the headquarters of <a href="/wiki/Santander_Bank" title="Santander Bank">Santander Bank</a>, and Boston is a center for <a href="/wiki/Venture_capital" title="Venture capital">venture capital</a> firms. <a href="/wiki/State_Street_Corporation" title="State Street Corporation">State Street Corporation</a>, which specializes in asset management and custody services, is based in the city. Boston is a printing and <a href="/wiki/Publishing" title="Publishing">publishing</a> center<a href="#cite_note-210">[204]</a>—<a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt" title="Houghton Mifflin Harcourt">Houghton Mifflin Harcourt</a> is headquartered within the city, along with <a href="/wiki/Bedford-St._Martin%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="Bedford-St. Martin's">Bedford-St. Martin's Press</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beacon_Press" title="Beacon Press">Beacon Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pearson_PLC" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearson PLC">Pearson PLC</a> publishing units also employ several hundred people in Boston. The city is home to two <a href="/wiki/Convention_center" title="Convention center">convention centers</a>—the <a href="/wiki/Hynes_Convention_Center" title="Hynes Convention Center">Hynes Convention Center</a> in the Back Bay and the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Convention_and_Exhibition_Center" title="Boston Convention and Exhibition Center">Boston Convention and Exhibition Center</a> on the <a href="/wiki/South_Boston_waterfront" class="mw-redirect" title="South Boston waterfront">South Boston waterfront</a>.<a href="#cite_note-211">[205]</a> Boston is home to the headquarters of several major athletic and footwear companies including <a href="/wiki/Converse_(shoe_company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Converse (shoe company)">Converse</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Balance" title="New Balance">New Balance</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Reebok" title="Reebok">Reebok</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rockport_(company)" title="Rockport (company)">Rockport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puma_(brand)" title="Puma (brand)">Puma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wolverine_World_Wide" title="Wolverine World Wide">Wolverine World Wide, Inc.</a> headquarters or regional offices<a href="#cite_note-212">[206]</a> are just outside the city.<a href="#cite_note-213">[207]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boston&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_and_secondary">Primary and secondary</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boston&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Primary and secondary">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boston_Latin_School_-_0403002015a_-_City_of_Boston_Archives.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Boston_Latin_School_-_0403002015a_-_City_of_Boston_Archives.jpg/220px-Boston_Latin_School_-_0403002015a_-_City_of_Boston_Archives.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Boston_Latin_School_-_0403002015a_-_City_of_Boston_Archives.jpg/330px-Boston_Latin_School_-_0403002015a_-_City_of_Boston_Archives.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Boston_Latin_School_-_0403002015a_-_City_of_Boston_Archives.jpg/440px-Boston_Latin_School_-_0403002015a_-_City_of_Boston_Archives.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1458" data-file-height="999" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Boston_Latin_School" title="Boston Latin School">Boston Latin School</a> was established in 1635 and is the oldest public high school in the U.S.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Boston_Public_Schools" title="Boston Public Schools">Boston Public Schools</a> enroll 57,000 students attending 145 schools, including <a href="/wiki/Boston_Latin_Academy" title="Boston Latin Academy">Boston Latin Academy</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_D._O%27Bryant_School_of_Mathematics_%26_Science" title="John D. O'Bryant School of Mathematics & Science">John D. O'Bryant School of Math & Science</a>, and the renowned <a href="/wiki/Boston_Latin_School" title="Boston Latin School">Boston Latin School</a>. The Boston Latin School was established in 1635 and is the oldest public high school in the US. Boston also operates the United States' second-oldest public high school and its oldest public elementary school.<a href="#cite_note-BPS-19">[18]</a> The system's students are 40% Hispanic or Latino, 35% Black or African American, 13% White, and 9% Asian.<a href="#cite_note-214">[208]</a> There are private, parochial, and <a href="/wiki/Charter_school" title="Charter school">charter schools</a> as well, and approximately 3,300 minority students attend participating suburban schools through the <a href="/wiki/METCO" title="METCO">Metropolitan Educational Opportunity Council</a>.<a href="#cite_note-215">[209]</a> In September 2019, the city formally inaugurated Boston Saves, a program that provides every child enrolled in the city's <a href="/wiki/Kindergarten" title="Kindergarten">kindergarten</a> system a <a href="/wiki/Savings_account" title="Savings account">savings account</a> containing $50 to be used toward college or career training.<a href="#cite_note-216">[210]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colleges_and_universities">Colleges and universities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boston&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Colleges and universities">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_metropolitan_Boston" title="List of colleges and universities in metropolitan Boston">List of colleges and universities in metropolitan Boston</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Boston_college_town_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Boston_college_town_map.png/200px-Boston_college_town_map.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Boston_college_town_map.png/300px-Boston_college_town_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Boston_college_town_map.png/400px-Boston_college_town_map.png 2x" data-file-width="2213" data-file-height="2010" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Map of Boston-area universities</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerial_of_the_Harvard_Business_School_campus.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Aerial_of_the_Harvard_Business_School_campus.jpeg/200px-Aerial_of_the_Harvard_Business_School_campus.jpeg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Aerial_of_the_Harvard_Business_School_campus.jpeg/300px-Aerial_of_the_Harvard_Business_School_campus.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Aerial_of_the_Harvard_Business_School_campus.jpeg/400px-Aerial_of_the_Harvard_Business_School_campus.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1196" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Business_School" title="Harvard Business School">Harvard Business School</a>, one of the nation's top <a href="/wiki/Business_school" title="Business school">business schools</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[211]</a></div></div></div></div></div> Several of the most renowned and highly ranked universities in the world are near Boston.<a href="#cite_note-218">[212]</a> Three universities with a major presence in the city, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tufts_University" title="Tufts University">Tufts</a>, are just outside of Boston in the cities of <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Somerville,_Massachusetts" title="Somerville, Massachusetts">Somerville</a>, known as the Brainpower Triangle.<a href="#cite_note-219">[213]</a> For those visiting <a href="/wiki/Tufts_University" title="Tufts University">Tufts University</a>, there are many activities and things to do nearby.<a href="#cite_note-220">[214]</a> Harvard is the nation's oldest institute of higher education and is centered across the Charles River in Cambridge, though the majority of its land holdings and a substantial amount of its educational activities are in Boston. Its <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Business_School" title="Harvard Business School">business</a> school and athletics facilities are in Boston's <a href="/wiki/Allston" title="Allston">Allston</a> neighborhood, and its <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School" title="Harvard Medical School">medical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_School_of_Dental_Medicine" title="Harvard School of Dental Medicine">dental</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Harvard_School_of_Public_Health" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvard School of Public Health">public health</a> schools are located in the <a href="/wiki/Longwood_Medical_and_Academic_Area" title="Longwood Medical and Academic Area">Longwood</a> area.<a href="#cite_note-221">[215]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> (MIT) originated in Boston and was long known as "<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#Boston_Tech_(1865–1916)" title="History of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Boston Tech</a>"; it moved across the river to Cambridge in 1916.<a href="#cite_note-222">[216]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tufts_University" title="Tufts University">Tufts University</a>'s main campus is north of the city in <a href="/wiki/Somerville,_Massachusetts" title="Somerville, Massachusetts">Somerville</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medford,_Massachusetts" title="Medford, Massachusetts">Medford</a>, though it locates its medical and dental schools in Boston's Chinatown at <a href="/wiki/Tufts_Medical_Center" title="Tufts Medical Center">Tufts Medical Center</a>.<a href="#cite_note-223">[217]</a> Greater Boston has more than 50 colleges and universities, with 250,000 students enrolled in Boston and Cambridge alone.<a href="#cite_note-224">[218]</a> The city's largest private universities include <a href="/wiki/Boston_University" title="Boston University">Boston University</a> (also the city's fourth-largest employer),<a href="#cite_note-225">[219]</a> with its main campus along <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Avenue_(Boston)" title="Commonwealth Avenue (Boston)">Commonwealth Avenue</a> and a medical campus in the <a href="/wiki/South_End,_Boston" title="South End, Boston">South End</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_University" title="Northeastern University">Northeastern University</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Fenway%E2%80%93Kenmore" title="Fenway–Kenmore">Fenway</a> area,<a href="#cite_note-226">[220]</a> <a href="/wiki/Suffolk_University" title="Suffolk University">Suffolk University</a> near <a href="/wiki/Beacon_Hill,_Boston" title="Beacon Hill, Boston">Beacon Hill</a>, which includes <a href="/wiki/Suffolk_University_Law_School" title="Suffolk University Law School">law school</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sawyer_Business_School" title="Sawyer Business School">business school</a>,<a href="#cite_note-227">[221]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boston_College" title="Boston College">Boston College</a>, which straddles the Boston (Brighton)–Newton border.<a href="#cite_note-228">[222]</a> Boston's only public university is the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Boston" title="University of Massachusetts Boston">University of Massachusetts Boston</a> on Columbia Point in <a href="/wiki/Dorchester,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorchester, Massachusetts">Dorchester</a>. <a href="/wiki/Roxbury_Community_College" title="Roxbury Community College">Roxbury Community College</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bunker_Hill_Community_College" title="Bunker Hill Community College">Bunker Hill Community College</a> are the city's two public community colleges. Altogether, Boston's colleges and universities employ more than 42,600 people, accounting for nearly seven percent of the city's workforce.<a href="#cite_note-229">[223]</a> Five members of the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_American_Universities" title="Association of American Universities">Association of American Universities</a> are in Greater Boston (more than any other metropolitan area): Harvard University, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Tufts University, Boston University, and <a href="/wiki/Brandeis_University" title="Brandeis University">Brandeis University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-230">[224]</a> Furthermore, Greater Boston contains seven <a href="/wiki/List_of_research_universities_in_the_United_States#Universities_classified_as_"R1:_Doctoral_Universities_–_Highest_Research_Activity"" title="List of research universities in the United States">Highest Research Activity (R1) Universities</a> as per the <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Classification_of_Institutions_of_Higher_Education" title="Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education">Carnegie Classification</a>. This includes, in addition to the aforementioned five, Boston College, and Northeastern University. This is, by a large margin, the highest concentration of such institutions in a single metropolitan area. Hospitals, universities, and research institutions in Greater Boston received more than $1.77 billion in <a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health">National Institutes of Health</a> grants in 2013, more money than any other American metropolitan area.<a href="#cite_note-231">[225]</a> This high density of research institutes also contributes to Boston's high density of early career researchers, which, due to high housing costs in the region, have been shown to face housing stress.<a href="#cite_note-232">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-233">[227]</a> Smaller private colleges include <a href="/wiki/Babson_College" title="Babson College">Babson College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bentley_University" title="Bentley University">Bentley University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boston_Architectural_College" title="Boston Architectural College">Boston Architectural College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_College_(Massachusetts)" title="Emmanuel College (Massachusetts)">Emmanuel College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fisher_College" title="Fisher College">Fisher College</a>, <a href="/wiki/MGH_Institute_of_Health_Professions" title="MGH Institute of Health Professions">MGH Institute of Health Professions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_College_of_Pharmacy_and_Health_Sciences" title="Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences">Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simmons_University" title="Simmons University">Simmons University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wellesley_College" title="Wellesley College">Wellesley College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wheelock_College" title="Wheelock College">Wheelock College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wentworth_Institute_of_Technology" title="Wentworth Institute of Technology">Wentworth Institute of Technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_England_School_of_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="New England School of Law">New England School of Law</a> (originally established as America's first all female law school),<a href="#cite_note-234">[228]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emerson_College" title="Emerson College">Emerson College</a>.<a href="#cite_note-235">[229]</a> The region is also home to several <a href="/wiki/Music_school" title="Music school">conservatories</a> and art schools, including the <a href="/wiki/New_England_Conservatory_of_Music" title="New England Conservatory of Music">New England Conservatory</a> (the oldest independent conservatory in the United States),<a href="#cite_note-236">[230]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Conservatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston Conservatory">Boston Conservatory</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Berklee_College_of_Music" title="Berklee College of Music">Berklee College of Music</a>, which has made Boston an important city for jazz music.<a href="#cite_note-237">[231]</a> Many <a href="/wiki/Vocational_school" title="Vocational school">trade schools</a> also exist in the city such as the Boston Career Institute, the <a href="/wiki/North_Bennet_Street_School" title="North Bennet Street School">North Bennet Street School</a>, and Greater Boston Joint Apprentice Training Center.<a href="#cite_note-238">[232]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boston&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Government">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Boston" title="Mayor of Boston">Mayor of Boston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boston_City_Council" title="Boston City Council">Boston City Council</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_Boston_City_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="List of members of Boston City Council">List of members of Boston City Council</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Boston_Finance_Commission" title="Boston Finance Commission">Boston Finance Commission</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boston_city_hall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Boston_city_hall.jpg/220px-Boston_city_hall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Boston_city_hall.jpg/330px-Boston_city_hall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Boston_city_hall.jpg/440px-Boston_city_hall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5431" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Boston_City_Hall" title="Boston City Hall">Boston City Hall</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Brutalist_architecture" title="Brutalist architecture">Brutalist-style</a> landmark in the city.</figcaption></figure>Boston has a <a href="/wiki/Mayor%E2%80%93council_government" title="Mayor–council government">strong mayor–council government</a> system in which the mayor (elected every fourth year) has extensive executive power. <a href="/wiki/Michelle_Wu" title="Michelle Wu">Michelle Wu</a> became mayor in November 2021, succeeding <a href="/wiki/Kim_Janey" title="Kim Janey">Kim Janey</a> who became the Acting Mayor in March 2021 following <a href="/wiki/Marty_Walsh" title="Marty Walsh">Marty Walsh</a>'s confirmation to the position of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Labor" title="United States Secretary of Labor">Secretary of Labor</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Joe_Biden" title="Presidency of Joe Biden">Biden/Harris Administration</a>. Walsh's predecessor <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Menino" title="Thomas Menino">Thomas Menino</a>'s twenty-year tenure was the longest in the city's history.<a href="#cite_note-239">[233]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Boston_City_Council" title="Boston City Council">Boston City Council</a> is elected every two years; there are nine district seats, and four citywide "at-large" seats.<a href="#cite_note-240">[234]</a> The School Committee, which oversees the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Public_Schools" title="Boston Public Schools">Boston Public Schools</a>, is appointed by the mayor.<a href="#cite_note-241">[235]</a> The city uses an algorithm called CityScore to measure the effectiveness of various city services. This score is available on a public online dashboard and allows city managers in police, fire, schools, emergency management services, and <a href="/wiki/3-1-1" class="mw-redirect" title="3-1-1">3-1-1</a> to take action and make adjustments in areas of concern.<a href="#cite_note-242">[236]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives_01.jpg/220px-Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives_01.jpg/330px-Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives_01.jpg/440px-Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Chamber of the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives" title="Massachusetts House of Representatives">Massachusetts House of Representatives</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_State_House" title="Massachusetts State House">Massachusetts State House</a></figcaption></figure> In addition to city government, numerous commissions and state authorities, including the Massachusetts <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Conservation_and_Recreation" title="Department of Conservation and Recreation">Department of Conservation and Recreation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Public_Health_Commission" title="Boston Public Health Commission">Boston Public Health Commission</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Water_Resources_Authority" title="Massachusetts Water Resources Authority">Massachusetts Water Resources Authority (MWRA)</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Port_Authority" title="Massachusetts Port Authority">Massachusetts Port Authority (Massport)</a>, play a role in the life of Bostonians. As the capital of Massachusetts, Boston plays a major role in <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts#Politics" title="Massachusetts">state politics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-245">[g]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Federal_Reserve_from_South_Boston.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Federal_Reserve_from_South_Boston.jpg/220px-Federal_Reserve_from_South_Boston.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Federal_Reserve_from_South_Boston.jpg/330px-Federal_Reserve_from_South_Boston.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Federal_Reserve_from_South_Boston.jpg/440px-Federal_Reserve_from_South_Boston.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2032" data-file-height="1524" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Boston" title="Federal Reserve Bank of Boston">Federal Reserve Bank of Boston</a> at 600 <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Avenue_(Boston)" title="Atlantic Avenue (Boston)">Atlantic Avenue</a></figcaption></figure> The city has several federal facilities, including the <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Federal_Office_Building" class="mw-redirect" title="John F. Kennedy Federal Office Building">John F. Kennedy Federal Office Building</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Thomas_P._O%27Neill_Jr._Federal_Building_(Boston)" title="Thomas P. O'Neill Jr. Federal Building (Boston)">Thomas P. O'Neill Jr. Federal Building</a>, the <a href="/wiki/John_W._McCormack_Post_Office_and_Courthouse" title="John W. McCormack Post Office and Courthouse">John W. McCormack Post Office and Courthouse</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Boston" title="Federal Reserve Bank of Boston">Federal Reserve Bank of Boston</a>.<a href="#cite_note-246">[239]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_First_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Massachusetts" title="United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts">United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts</a> are housed in The <a href="/wiki/John_Joseph_Moakley_United_States_Courthouse" title="John Joseph Moakley United States Courthouse">John Joseph Moakley United States Courthouse</a>.<a href="#cite_note-247">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-248">[241]</a> Federally, Boston is split between two congressional districts. Three-fourths of the city is in the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_7th_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 7th congressional district">7th district</a> and is represented by <a href="/wiki/Ayanna_Pressley" title="Ayanna Pressley">Ayanna Pressley</a> while the remaining southern fourth is in the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_8th_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 8th congressional district">8th district</a> and is represented by <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Lynch_(politician)" title="Stephen Lynch (politician)">Stephen Lynch</a>,<a href="#cite_note-249">[242]</a> both of whom are Democrats; a Republican has not represented a significant portion of Boston in over a century. The state's senior member of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> is Democrat <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Warren" title="Elizabeth Warren">Elizabeth Warren</a>, first elected in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-250">[243]</a> The state's junior member of the United States Senate is Democrat <a href="/wiki/Ed_Markey" title="Ed Markey">Ed Markey</a>, who was elected in 2013 to succeed <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a> after Kerry's appointment and confirmation as the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">United States Secretary of State</a>.<a href="#cite_note-251">[244]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="6">Voter registration and party enrollment as of October 26, 2024 – Boston<a href="#cite_note-252">[245]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Party </th> <th>Number of voters </th> <th>Percentage </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#3333FF; color:inherit; width:0.3em;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">174,046 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">39.69% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#E81B23; color:inherit; width:0.3em;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">18,673 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">4.26% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#DDDDBB; color:inherit; width:0.3em;"> </td> <td>Unenrolled </td> <td style="text-align:center;">241,970 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">55.18% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FED105; color:inherit; width:0.3em;"> </td> <td>Political Designations </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1,140 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">0.26% </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Total </th> <th style="text-align:center;">438,498 </th> <th style="text-align:center;">100% </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_safety">Public safety</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boston&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Public safety">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Boston_Police_Department" title="Boston Police Department">Boston Police Department</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boston_Fire_Department" title="Boston Fire Department">Boston Fire Department</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Boston_Emergency_Medical_Services" title="Boston Emergency Medical Services">Boston Emergency Medical Services</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boston_Police_cruiser_on_Beacon_Street.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="White Boston Police car with blue and gray stripes down the middle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Boston_Police_cruiser_on_Beacon_Street.jpg/220px-Boston_Police_cruiser_on_Beacon_Street.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Boston_Police_cruiser_on_Beacon_Street.jpg/330px-Boston_Police_cruiser_on_Beacon_Street.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Boston_Police_cruiser_on_Beacon_Street.jpg/440px-Boston_Police_cruiser_on_Beacon_Street.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2052" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Boston_Police_Department" title="Boston Police Department">Boston Police</a> cruiser on <a href="/wiki/Beacon_Street" title="Beacon Street">Beacon Street</a></figcaption></figure> Boston included $414 million in spending on the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Police_Department" title="Boston Police Department">Boston Police Department</a> in the fiscal 2021 budget. This is the second largest allocation of funding by the city after the allocation to Boston Public Schools.<a href="#cite_note-Despite_Strong_Criticism_Of_Police_Spending,_Boston_City_Council_Passes_Budget-253">[246]</a> Like many major American cities, Boston has experienced a great reduction in violent crime since the early 1990s. Boston's low crime rate since the 1990s has been credited to the Boston Police Department's collaboration with neighborhood groups and church parishes to prevent youths from joining gangs, as well as involvement from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney" title="United States Attorney">United States Attorney and District Attorney</a>'s offices. This helped lead in part to what has been touted as the "Boston Miracle". Murders in the city dropped from 152 in 1990 (for a murder rate of 26.5 per 100,000 people) to just 31—not one of them a juvenile—in 1999 (for a murder rate of 5.26 per 100,000).<a href="#cite_note-End_of_a_Miracle-254">[247]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Crime_Reports" title="Uniform Crime Reports">Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) program</a> in 2022, Boston had 3,955 reported <a href="/wiki/Violent_crime" title="Violent crime">violent crimes</a> (which include homicide, rape, robbery, and aggravated assault) and 11,514 reported <a href="/wiki/Property_crime" title="Property crime">property crimes</a> (which include arson, burglary, larceny-theft, and motor vehicle theft). With a violent crime rate of 608.7 per 100,000 people, the city's violent crime rate is higher than Massachusetts' rate of 322 per 100,000 people and the national rate of 380.7 per 100,000 people. While Boston's property crime rate, at 1772.0 per 100,000 people, is higher than Massachusetts' property crime rate of 1070.1 per 100,000 people, it is lower than the national property crime rate of 1954.4 per 100,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-255">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-257">[h]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arts_and_culture">Arts and culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boston&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Arts and culture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_in_Boston" title="Culture in Boston">Culture in Boston</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_annual_events_in_Boston" title="List of annual events in Boston">List of annual events in Boston</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_arts_organizations_in_Boston" title="List of arts organizations in Boston">List of arts organizations in Boston</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sites_of_interest_in_Boston" class="mw-redirect" title="Sites of interest in Boston">Sites of interest in Boston</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_State_House_(49280448012).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Old_State_House_%2849280448012%29.jpg/220px-Old_State_House_%2849280448012%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Old_State_House_%2849280448012%29.jpg/330px-Old_State_House_%2849280448012%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Old_State_House_%2849280448012%29.jpg/440px-Old_State_House_%2849280448012%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7952" data-file-height="4473" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Old_State_House_(Boston)" title="Old State House (Boston)">Old State House</a>, a museum on the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Trail" title="Freedom Trail">Freedom Trail</a> near the site of the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Massacre" title="Boston Massacre">Boston Massacre</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Corner_Bookstore_-_Boston.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Old_Corner_Bookstore_-_Boston.jpg/220px-Old_Corner_Bookstore_-_Boston.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Old_Corner_Bookstore_-_Boston.jpg/330px-Old_Corner_Bookstore_-_Boston.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Old_Corner_Bookstore_-_Boston.jpg/440px-Old_Corner_Bookstore_-_Boston.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4218" data-file-height="2547" /></a><figcaption>In the 19th century, the <a href="/wiki/Old_Corner_Bookstore" title="Old Corner Bookstore">Old Corner Bookstore</a> became a gathering place for writers, including <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Fuller" title="Margaret Fuller">Margaret Fuller</a>. <a href="/wiki/James_Russell_Lowell" title="James Russell Lowell">James Russell Lowell</a> printed the first editions of <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic_Monthly" class="mw-redirect" title="The Atlantic Monthly">The Atlantic Monthly</a> at the store.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Symphony_Hall_front_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Symphony_Hall_front_view.jpg/220px-Symphony_Hall_front_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Symphony_Hall_front_view.jpg/330px-Symphony_Hall_front_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Symphony_Hall_front_view.jpg/440px-Symphony_Hall_front_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Symphony_Hall,_Boston" title="Symphony Hall, Boston">Symphony Hall</a> at 301 Massachusetts Avenue, home of the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Boston Symphony Orchestra">Boston Symphony Orchestra</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Museum_of_Fine_Arts_Boston,_Huntington_Ave_entrance_at_night.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Museum_of_Fine_Arts_Boston%2C_Huntington_Ave_entrance_at_night.jpg/220px-Museum_of_Fine_Arts_Boston%2C_Huntington_Ave_entrance_at_night.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Museum_of_Fine_Arts_Boston%2C_Huntington_Ave_entrance_at_night.jpg/330px-Museum_of_Fine_Arts_Boston%2C_Huntington_Ave_entrance_at_night.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Museum_of_Fine_Arts_Boston%2C_Huntington_Ave_entrance_at_night.jpg/440px-Museum_of_Fine_Arts_Boston%2C_Huntington_Ave_entrance_at_night.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2250" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Fine_Arts,_Boston" title="Museum of Fine Arts, Boston">Museum of Fine Arts</a> at 465 <a href="/wiki/Huntington_Avenue" title="Huntington Avenue">Huntington Avenue</a></figcaption></figure> Boston shares many <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_New_England" title="Culture of New England">cultural roots with greater New England</a>, including a dialect of the non-<a href="/wiki/Rhoticity_in_English" title="Rhoticity in English">rhotic</a> Eastern <a href="/wiki/New_England_English" title="New England English">New England accent</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Boston_accent" title="Boston accent">Boston accent</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVorhees200952-258">[250]</a> and a <a href="/wiki/New_England_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="New England cuisine">regional cuisine</a> with a large emphasis on seafood, salt, and dairy products.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVorhees2009148–151-259">[251]</a> Boston also has its own collection of <a href="/wiki/Neologism" title="Neologism">neologisms</a> known as Boston slang and <a href="/wiki/Sardonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sardonic">sardonic</a> humor.<a href="#cite_note-260">[252]</a> In the early 1800s, <a href="/wiki/William_Tudor_(1779%E2%80%931830)" title="William Tudor (1779–1830)">William Tudor</a> wrote that Boston was "'perhaps the most perfect and certainly the best-regulated democracy that ever existed. There is something so impossible in the immortal fame of Athens, that the very name makes everything modern shrink from comparison; but since the days of that glorious city I know of none that has approached so near in some points, distant as it may still be from that illustrious model.'<a href="#cite_note-Vennochi-261">[253]</a> From this, Boston has been called the "<a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> of America" (also a nickname of <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>)<a href="#cite_note-262">[254]</a> for its <a href="/wiki/Literary_genre" title="Literary genre">literary culture</a>, earning a reputation as "the intellectual capital of the United States".<a href="#cite_note-auto-263">[255]</a> In the nineteenth century, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Hawthorne" title="Nathaniel Hawthorne">Nathaniel Hawthorne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Fuller" title="Margaret Fuller">Margaret Fuller</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Russell_Lowell" title="James Russell Lowell">James Russell Lowell</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow" title="Henry Wadsworth Longfellow">Henry Wadsworth Longfellow</a> wrote in Boston. Some consider the <a href="/wiki/Old_Corner_Bookstore" title="Old Corner Bookstore">Old Corner Bookstore</a> to be the "cradle of American literature", the place where these writers met and where <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic_Monthly" class="mw-redirect" title="The Atlantic Monthly">The Atlantic Monthly</a> was first published.<a href="#cite_note-264">[256]</a> In 1852, the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Public_Library" title="Boston Public Library">Boston Public Library</a> was founded as the first free library in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-auto-263">[255]</a> Boston's literary culture continues today thanks to the city's many universities and the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Book_Festival" title="Boston Book Festival">Boston Book Festival</a>.<a href="#cite_note-265">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-266">[258]</a> Music is afforded a high degree of <a href="/wiki/Civic_engagement" title="Civic engagement">civic support</a> in Boston. The <a href="/wiki/Boston_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Boston Symphony Orchestra">Boston Symphony Orchestra</a> is one of the "<a href="/wiki/Big_Five_(orchestras)" title="Big Five (orchestras)">Big Five</a>", a group of the greatest American orchestras, and the classical music magazine <a href="/wiki/Gramophone_(magazine)" title="Gramophone (magazine)">Gramophone</a> called it one of the "world's best" orchestras.<a href="#cite_note-267">[259]</a> <a href="/wiki/Symphony_Hall,_Boston" title="Symphony Hall, Boston">Symphony Hall</a> (west of Back Bay) is home to the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Boston Symphony Orchestra">Boston Symphony Orchestra</a> and the related <a href="/wiki/Boston_Youth_Symphony_Orchestras" title="Boston Youth Symphony Orchestras">Boston Youth Symphony Orchestra</a>, which is the largest youth orchestra in the nation,<a href="#cite_note-268">[260]</a> and to the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Pops_Orchestra" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston Pops Orchestra">Boston Pops Orchestra</a>. The British newspaper <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> called Boston Symphony Hall "one of the top venues for classical music in the world", adding "Symphony Hall in Boston was where science became an essential part of concert hall design".<a href="#cite_note-269">[261]</a> Other concerts are held at the <a href="/wiki/New_England_Conservatory_of_Music" title="New England Conservatory of Music">New England Conservatory</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Hall_(Boston)" title="Jordan Hall (Boston)">Jordan Hall</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Boston_Ballet" title="Boston Ballet">Boston Ballet</a> performs at the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Opera_House_(1980)" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston Opera House (1980)">Boston Opera House</a>. Other performing-arts organizations in the city include the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Lyric_Opera" title="Boston Lyric Opera">Boston Lyric Opera Company</a>, <a href="/wiki/Opera_Boston" title="Opera Boston">Opera Boston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boston_Baroque" title="Boston Baroque">Boston Baroque</a> (the first permanent Baroque orchestra in the US),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHull2011175-270">[262]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Handel_and_Haydn_Society" title="Handel and Haydn Society">Handel and Haydn Society</a> (one of the oldest choral companies in the United States).<a href="#cite_note-271">[263]</a> The city is a center for contemporary classical music with a number of performing groups, several of which are associated with the city's conservatories and universities. These include the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Modern_Orchestra_Project" title="Boston Modern Orchestra Project">Boston Modern Orchestra Project</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boston_Musica_Viva" title="Boston Musica Viva">Boston Musica Viva</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHull2011175-270">[262]</a> Several theaters are in or near the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Street_Theatre_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Street Theatre District">Theater District</a> south of Boston Common, including the <a href="/wiki/Cutler_Majestic_Theatre" title="Cutler Majestic Theatre">Cutler Majestic Theatre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Citi_Performing_Arts_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Citi Performing Arts Center">Citi Performing Arts Center</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Theatre_(Boston)" title="Colonial Theatre (Boston)">Colonial Theater</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Orpheum_Theatre_(Boston)" title="Orpheum Theatre (Boston)">Orpheum Theatre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHull201153–55-272">[264]</a> There are several major annual events, such as <a href="/wiki/First_Night" title="First Night">First Night</a> which occurs on New Year's Eve, the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Early_Music_Festival" title="Boston Early Music Festival">Boston Early Music Festival</a>, the annual <a href="/wiki/Boston_Arts_Festival" title="Boston Arts Festival">Boston Arts Festival</a> at Christopher Columbus Waterfront Park, the annual Boston <a href="/wiki/Gay_pride" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay pride">gay pride</a> parade and festival held in June, and Italian summer feasts in the North End honoring Catholic saints.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHull2011207-273">[265]</a> The city is the site of several events during the <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(United_States)" title="Independence Day (United States)">Fourth of July</a> period. They include the week-long Harborfest festivities<a href="#cite_note-274">[266]</a> and a Boston Pops concert accompanied by fireworks on the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Charles_River" title="Charles River">Charles River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-275">[267]</a> Several historic sites relating to the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> period are preserved as part of the <a href="/wiki/Boston_National_Historical_Park" title="Boston National Historical Park">Boston National Historical Park</a> because of the city's prominent role. Many are found along the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Trail" title="Freedom Trail">Freedom Trail</a>,<a href="#cite_note-276">[268]</a> which is marked by a red line of bricks embedded in the ground.<a href="#cite_note-277">[269]</a> The city is also home to several art museums and galleries, including the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Fine_Arts,_Boston" title="Museum of Fine Arts, Boston">Museum of Fine Arts</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Isabella_Stewart_Gardner_Museum" title="Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum">Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHull2011104–108-278">[270]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Contemporary_Art,_Boston" title="Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston">Institute of Contemporary Art</a> is housed in a contemporary building designed by <a href="/wiki/Diller_Scofidio_%2B_Renfro" title="Diller Scofidio + Renfro">Diller Scofidio + Renfro</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Seaport_District" title="Seaport District">Seaport District</a>.<a href="#cite_note-279">[271]</a> Boston's South End Art and Design District (<a href="/wiki/SoWa" title="SoWa">SoWa</a>) and Newbury St. are both art gallery destinations.<a href="#cite_note-280">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-281">[273]</a> Columbia Point is the location of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Boston" title="University of Massachusetts Boston">University of Massachusetts Boston</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Edward_M._Kennedy_Institute_for_the_United_States_Senate" title="Edward M. Kennedy Institute for the United States Senate">Edward M. Kennedy Institute for the United States Senate</a>, the <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum">John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Archives" title="Massachusetts Archives">Massachusetts Archives and Commonwealth Museum</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Boston_Athen%C3%A6um" title="Boston Athenæum">Boston Athenæum</a> (one of the oldest independent libraries in the United States),<a href="#cite_note-282">[274]</a> <a href="/wiki/Boston_Children%27s_Museum" title="Boston Children's Museum">Boston Children's Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bull_%26_Finch_Pub" class="mw-redirect" title="Bull & Finch Pub">Bull & Finch Pub</a> (whose building is known from the television show <a href="/wiki/Cheers" title="Cheers">Cheers</a>),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHull2011164-283">[275]</a> <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Science_(Boston)" title="Museum of Science (Boston)">Museum of Science</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/New_England_Aquarium" title="New England Aquarium">New England Aquarium</a> are within the city.<a href="#cite_note-284">[276]</a> Boston has been a noted religious center from its earliest days. The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Boston" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Boston">Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Boston</a> serves nearly 300 parishes and is based in the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_the_Holy_Cross_(Boston)" title="Cathedral of the Holy Cross (Boston)">Cathedral of the Holy Cross</a> (1875) in the South End, while the <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Diocese_of_Massachusetts" title="Episcopal Diocese of Massachusetts">Episcopal Diocese of Massachusetts</a> serves just under 200 congregations, with the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_Church_of_St._Paul,_Boston" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral Church of St. Paul, Boston">Cathedral Church of St. Paul</a> (1819) as its episcopal seat. <a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalist_Association" title="Unitarian Universalist Association">Unitarian Universalism</a> has its headquarters in the Fort Point neighborhood. The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Christ,_Scientist" title="Church of Christ, Scientist">Christian Scientists</a> are headquartered in Back Bay at the <a href="/wiki/The_First_Church_of_Christ,_Scientist" title="The First Church of Christ, Scientist">Mother Church</a> (1894). The oldest church in Boston is <a href="/wiki/First_Church_in_Boston" title="First Church in Boston">First Church in Boston</a>, founded in 1630.<a href="#cite_note-285">[277]</a> <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Chapel" title="King's Chapel">King's Chapel</a> was the city's first Anglican church, founded in 1686 and converted to <a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarianism</a> in 1785. Other churches include <a href="/wiki/Old_South_Church" title="Old South Church">Old South Church</a> (1669), Christ Church (better known as <a href="/wiki/Old_North_Church" title="Old North Church">Old North Church</a>, 1723), the oldest church building in the city, <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Church,_Boston" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinity Church, Boston">Trinity Church</a> (1733), <a href="/wiki/Park_Street_Church" title="Park Street Church">Park Street Church</a> (1809), and <a href="/wiki/Basilica_and_Shrine_of_Our_Lady_of_Perpetual_Help" title="Basilica and Shrine of Our Lady of Perpetual Help">Basilica and Shrine of Our Lady of Perpetual Help</a> on <a href="/wiki/Mission_Hill,_Boston" title="Mission Hill, Boston">Mission Hill</a> (1878).<a href="#cite_note-286">[278]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boston&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Sports">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Boston" title="Sports in Boston">Sports in Boston</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:131023-F-PR861-033_Hanscom_participates_in_World_Series_pregame_events.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/131023-F-PR861-033_Hanscom_participates_in_World_Series_pregame_events.jpg/220px-131023-F-PR861-033_Hanscom_participates_in_World_Series_pregame_events.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/131023-F-PR861-033_Hanscom_participates_in_World_Series_pregame_events.jpg/330px-131023-F-PR861-033_Hanscom_participates_in_World_Series_pregame_events.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/131023-F-PR861-033_Hanscom_participates_in_World_Series_pregame_events.jpg/440px-131023-F-PR861-033_Hanscom_participates_in_World_Series_pregame_events.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3807" data-file-height="2529" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fenway_Park" title="Fenway Park">Fenway Park</a>, the home stadium of the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox" title="Boston Red Sox">Boston Red Sox</a>. Opened in 1912, Fenway Park is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_stadiums" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Major League Baseball stadiums">oldest</a> professional baseball stadium still in use.</figcaption></figure> Boston has teams in <a href="/wiki/Major_professional_sports_leagues_in_the_United_States_and_Canada" title="Major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada">the four major North American men's professional sports leagues</a> plus <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Soccer" title="Major League Soccer">Major League Soccer</a>. As of <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._cities_by_number_of_professional_sports_championships" title="List of U.S. cities by number of professional sports championships">2024</a>, the city has won 40 championships in these leagues. During a 23-year stretch from 2001 to 2024, the city's professional sports teams have won thirteen championships: Patriots (2001, 2003, 2004, 2014, 2016 and 2018), Red Sox (2004, 2007, 2013, and 2018), Celtics (2008, 2024), and Bruins (2011).<a href="#cite_note-287">[279]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox" title="Boston Red Sox">Boston Red Sox</a>, a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/American_League" title="American League">American League</a> of <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball" title="Major League Baseball">Major League Baseball</a> in 1901, play their home games at <a href="/wiki/Fenway_Park" title="Fenway Park">Fenway Park</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Kenmore_Square" title="Kenmore Square">Kenmore Square</a>, in the city's <a href="/wiki/Fenway-Kenmore" class="mw-redirect" title="Fenway-Kenmore">Fenway</a> section. Built in 1912, it is the oldest sports arena or stadium in active use in the United States among the four major professional American sports leagues, <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball" title="Major League Baseball">Major League Baseball</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">National Football League</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Basketball_Association" title="National Basketball Association">National Basketball Association</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/National_Hockey_League" title="National Hockey League">National Hockey League</a>.<a href="#cite_note-288">[280]</a> Boston was the site of the first game of the first modern <a href="/wiki/World_Series" title="World Series">World Series</a>, in 1903. The series was played between the AL Champion <a href="/wiki/Boston_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston Americans">Boston Americans</a> and the NL champion <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Pirates" title="Pittsburgh Pirates">Pittsburgh Pirates</a>.<a href="#cite_note-289">[281]</a><a href="#cite_note-290">[282]</a> Persistent reports that the team was known in 1903 as the "Boston Pilgrims" appear to be unfounded.<a href="#cite_note-291">[283]</a> Boston's first professional baseball team was the Red Stockings, one of the charter members of the <a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Professional_Base_Ball_Players" title="National Association of Professional Base Ball Players">National Association</a> in 1871, and of the <a href="/wiki/National_League_(baseball)" title="National League (baseball)">National League</a> in 1876. The team played under that name until 1883, under the name Beaneaters until 1911, and under the name Braves from 1912 until they moved to <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee" title="Milwaukee">Milwaukee</a> after the 1952 season. Since 1966 they have played in <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Braves" title="Atlanta Braves">Atlanta Braves</a>.<a href="#cite_note-292">[284]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Celtics_game_versus_the_Timberwolves,_February,_1_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Professional basketball game between the Celtics and Timberwolves in a crowded arena" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Celtics_game_versus_the_Timberwolves%2C_February%2C_1_2009.jpg/220px-Celtics_game_versus_the_Timberwolves%2C_February%2C_1_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Celtics_game_versus_the_Timberwolves%2C_February%2C_1_2009.jpg/330px-Celtics_game_versus_the_Timberwolves%2C_February%2C_1_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Celtics_game_versus_the_Timberwolves%2C_February%2C_1_2009.jpg/440px-Celtics_game_versus_the_Timberwolves%2C_February%2C_1_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Boston_Celtics" title="Boston Celtics">Boston Celtics</a> of the <a href="/wiki/National_Basketball_Association" title="National Basketball Association">National Basketball Association</a> play at <a href="/wiki/TD_Garden" title="TD Garden">TD Garden</a>.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/TD_Garden" title="TD Garden">TD Garden</a>, formerly called the FleetCenter and built to replace the since-demolished <a href="/wiki/Boston_Garden" title="Boston Garden">Boston Garden</a>, is above <a href="/wiki/North_Station" title="North Station">North Station</a> and is the home of two major league teams: the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Bruins" title="Boston Bruins">Boston Bruins</a> of the <a href="/wiki/National_Hockey_League" title="National Hockey League">National Hockey League</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Celtics" title="Boston Celtics">Boston Celtics</a> of the <a href="/wiki/National_Basketball_Association" title="National Basketball Association">National Basketball Association</a>. The Bruins were the first American member of the <a href="/wiki/National_Hockey_League" title="National Hockey League">National Hockey League</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Original_Six" title="Original Six">Original Six</a> franchise.<a href="#cite_note-293">[285]</a> The Boston Celtics were founding members of the <a href="/wiki/Basketball_Association_of_America" title="Basketball Association of America">Basketball Association of America</a>, one of the two leagues that merged to form the NBA.<a href="#cite_note-294">[286]</a> The Celtics have <a href="/wiki/List_of_NBA_champions" title="List of NBA champions">won eighteen championships</a>, the most of any NBA team.<a href="#cite_note-295">[287]</a> While they have played in suburban <a href="/wiki/Foxborough,_Massachusetts" title="Foxborough, Massachusetts">Foxborough</a> since 1971, the <a href="/wiki/New_England_Patriots" title="New England Patriots">New England Patriots</a> of the <a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">National Football League</a> were founded in 1960 as the Boston Patriots, changing their name after relocating. The team won the <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl" title="Super Bowl">Super Bowl</a> after the 2001, 2003, 2004, 2014, 2016 and 2018 seasons.<a href="#cite_note-296">[288]</a> They share <a href="/wiki/Gillette_Stadium" title="Gillette Stadium">Gillette Stadium</a> with the <a href="/wiki/New_England_Revolution" title="New England Revolution">New England Revolution</a> of <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Soccer" title="Major League Soccer">Major League Soccer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-297">[289]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harvard_Stadium_aerial_axonometric.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Harvard_Stadium_aerial_axonometric.JPG/220px-Harvard_Stadium_aerial_axonometric.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Harvard_Stadium_aerial_axonometric.JPG/330px-Harvard_Stadium_aerial_axonometric.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Harvard_Stadium_aerial_axonometric.JPG/440px-Harvard_Stadium_aerial_axonometric.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5526" data-file-height="3679" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Stadium" title="Harvard Stadium">Harvard Stadium</a>, the first collegiate athletic stadium built in the U.S.</figcaption></figure> The area's many colleges and universities are active in college athletics. Four <a href="/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association" title="National Collegiate Athletic Association">NCAA</a> Division I members play in the area—<a href="/wiki/Boston_College" title="Boston College">Boston College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boston_University" title="Boston University">Boston University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_University" title="Northeastern University">Northeastern University</a>. Of the four, only Boston College participates in college football at the highest level, the <a href="/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_Football_Bowl_Subdivision" title="NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision">Football Bowl Subdivision</a>. Harvard participates in the second-highest level, the <a href="/wiki/Football_Championship_Subdivision" class="mw-redirect" title="Football Championship Subdivision">Football Championship Subdivision</a>. These four universities participate in the <a href="/wiki/Beanpot_(ice_hockey)" title="Beanpot (ice hockey)">Beanpot</a>, an annual men's and women's <a href="/wiki/College_ice_hockey" title="College ice hockey">ice hockey</a> tournament. The men's Beanpot is hosted at the TD Garden,<a href="#cite_note-298">[290]</a> while the women's Beanpot is held at each member school's home arena on a rotating basis.<a href="#cite_note-299">[291]</a> Boston has <a href="/wiki/Esports" title="Esports">Esports</a> teams as well, such as the <a href="/wiki/Overwatch_League" title="Overwatch League">Overwatch League</a> (OWL)'s <a href="/wiki/Boston_Uprising" title="Boston Uprising">Boston Uprising</a>. Established in 2017,<a href="#cite_note-300">[292]</a> they were the first team to complete a perfect stage with 0 losses.<a href="#cite_note-301">[293]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Boston_Breach" title="Boston Breach">Boston Breach</a> is another esports team in the <a href="/wiki/Call_of_Duty_League" title="Call of Duty League">Call of Duty League</a> (CDL).<a href="#cite_note-302">[294]</a> One of the best-known sporting events in the city is the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Marathon" title="Boston Marathon">Boston Marathon</a>, the 26.2 mi (42.2 km) race which is the world's oldest annual <a href="/wiki/Marathon" title="Marathon">marathon</a>,<a href="#cite_note-303">[295]</a> run on <a href="/wiki/Patriots%27_Day" title="Patriots' Day">Patriots' Day</a> in April. The <a href="/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox" title="Boston Red Sox">Red Sox</a> traditionally play a home game starting around 11 a.m. on the same day, with the early start time allowing fans to watch runners finish the race nearby after the conclusion of the ballgame.<a href="#cite_note-304">[296]</a> Another major annual event is the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_the_Charles_Regatta" title="Head of the Charles Regatta">Head of the Charles Regatta</a>, held in October.<a href="#cite_note-hocr-harvard-305">[297]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Major sports teams </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Team </th> <th scope="col">League </th> <th scope="col">Sport </th> <th scope="col">Venue </th> <th scope="col">Capacity </th> <th scope="col">Founded </th> <th scope="col">Championships </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox" title="Boston Red Sox">Boston Red Sox</a> </th> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball" title="Major League Baseball">MLB</a> </td> <td>Baseball </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fenway_Park" title="Fenway Park">Fenway Park</a> </td> <td align="center">37,755 </td> <td align="center">1903 </td> <td>1903, 1912, 1915, 1916, 1918, 2004, 2007, 2013, 2018 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Boston_Bruins" title="Boston Bruins">Boston Bruins</a> </th> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/National_Hockey_League" title="National Hockey League">NHL</a> </td> <td>Ice hockey </td> <td><a href="/wiki/TD_Garden" title="TD Garden">TD Garden</a> </td> <td align="center">17,850 </td> <td align="center">1924 </td> <td>1928–29, 1938–39, 1940–41, 1969–70, 1971–72, 2010–11 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Boston_Celtics" title="Boston Celtics">Boston Celtics</a> </th> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/National_Basketball_Association" title="National Basketball Association">NBA</a> </td> <td>Basketball </td> <td><a href="/wiki/TD_Garden" title="TD Garden">TD Garden</a> </td> <td align="center">19,156 </td> <td align="center">1946 </td> <td>1956–57, 1958–59, 1959–60, 1960–61, 1961–62, 1962–63, 1963–64, 1964–65, 1965–66, 1967–68, 1968–69, 1973–74, 1975–76, 1980–81, 1983–84, 1985–86, 2007–08, 2023–24 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/New_England_Patriots" title="New England Patriots">New England Patriots</a> </th> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">NFL</a> </td> <td>American football </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gillette_Stadium" title="Gillette Stadium">Gillette Stadium</a> </td> <td align="center">65,878 </td> <td align="center">1960 </td> <td>2001, 2003, 2004, 2014, 2016, 2018 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/New_England_Revolution" title="New England Revolution">New England Revolution</a> </th> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Major_League_Soccer" title="Major League Soccer">MLS</a> </td> <td>Soccer </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gillette_Stadium" title="Gillette Stadium">Gillette Stadium</a> </td> <td align="center">20,000 </td> <td align="center">1996 </td> <td>None </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Parks_and_recreation">Parks and recreation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boston&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Parks and recreation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boston_common_aerial_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Boston_common_aerial_view.jpg/220px-Boston_common_aerial_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Boston_common_aerial_view.jpg/330px-Boston_common_aerial_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Boston_common_aerial_view.jpg/440px-Boston_common_aerial_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view of <a href="/wiki/Boston_Common" title="Boston Common">Boston Common</a> in <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Boston" title="Downtown Boston">Downtown Boston</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Boston_Common" title="Boston Common">Boston Common</a>, near the Financial District and Beacon Hill, is the oldest public park in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris200561-306">[298]</a> Along with the adjacent <a href="/wiki/Public_Garden_(Boston)" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Garden (Boston)">Boston Public Garden</a>, it is part of the <a href="/wiki/Emerald_Necklace" title="Emerald Necklace">Emerald Necklace</a>, a string of parks designed by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Law_Olmsted" title="Frederick Law Olmsted">Frederick Law Olmsted</a> to run through the city. The Emerald Necklace includes the <a href="/wiki/Back_Bay_Fens" title="Back Bay Fens">Back Bay Fens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Arboretum" title="Arnold Arboretum">Arnold Arboretum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jamaica_Pond" title="Jamaica Pond">Jamaica Pond</a>, Boston's largest body of freshwater, and <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Park_(Boston)" title="Franklin Park (Boston)">Franklin Park</a>, the city's largest park and home of the <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Park_Zoo" title="Franklin Park Zoo">Franklin Park Zoo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-307">[299]</a> Another major park is the <a href="/wiki/Charles_River_Esplanade" title="Charles River Esplanade">Esplanade</a>, along the banks of the Charles River. The <a href="/wiki/Hatch_Shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatch Shell">Hatch Shell</a>, an outdoor concert venue, is adjacent to the Charles River Esplanade. Other parks are scattered throughout the city, with major parks and beaches near <a href="/wiki/Castle_Island_(Massachusetts)" title="Castle Island (Massachusetts)">Castle Island</a> and the south end, in Charlestown and along the Dorchester, South Boston, and East Boston shorelines.<a href="#cite_note-308">[300]</a> Boston's park system is well-reputed nationally. In its 2013 ParkScore ranking, <a href="/wiki/Trust_for_Public_Land" title="Trust for Public Land">The Trust for Public Land</a> reported Boston was tied with <a href="/wiki/Sacramento,_California" title="Sacramento, California">Sacramento</a> and <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> for having the third-best park system among the 50 most populous U.S. cities. ParkScore ranks city park systems by a formula that analyzes the city's median park size, park acres as percent of city area, the percent of residents within a half-mile of a park, spending of park services per resident, and the number of playgrounds per 10,000 residents.<a href="#cite_note-309">[301]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boston&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Media">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Media_in_Boston" title="Media in Boston">Media in Boston</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Boston_in_fiction#Film" title="Boston in fiction">Boston in fiction § Film</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Boston_in_fiction#Video_games" title="Boston in fiction">Boston in fiction § Video games</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Newspapers">Newspapers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boston&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Newspapers">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/Media_in_Boston#Newspapers" title="Media in Boston">Media in Boston § Newspapers</a>.</div> <a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a> is the oldest and largest daily newspaper in the city<a href="#cite_note-encyclo_globe-310">[302]</a> and is generally acknowledged as its <a href="/wiki/Paper_of_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Paper of record">paper of record</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Boston_Globe_history-311">[303]</a> The city is also served by other publications such as the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Herald" title="Boston Herald">Boston Herald</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boston_(magazine)" title="Boston (magazine)">Boston</a> magazine, <a href="/wiki/DigBoston" title="DigBoston">DigBoston</a>, and the Boston edition of <a href="/wiki/Metro_International" title="Metro International">Metro</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Science_Monitor" title="The Christian Science Monitor">The Christian Science Monitor</a>, headquartered in Boston, was formerly a worldwide daily newspaper but ended publication of daily print editions in 2009, switching to continuous online and weekly magazine format publications.<a href="#cite_note-csm-media-312">[304]</a> The Boston Globe also releases a teen publication to the city's public high schools, called Teens in Print or T.i.P., which is written by the city's teens and delivered quarterly within the school year.<a href="#cite_note-313">[305]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Improper_Bostonian" title="The Improper Bostonian">The Improper Bostonian</a>, a glossy lifestyle magazine, was published from 1991 through April 2019. The city's growing <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Latino</a> population has given rise to a number of local and regional <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish-language</a> newspapers. These include <a href="/wiki/El_Planeta" title="El Planeta">El Planeta</a> (owned by the former publisher of the <a href="/wiki/The_Phoenix_(newspaper)" title="The Phoenix (newspaper)">Boston Phoenix</a>), El Mundo, and La Semana. Siglo21, with its main offices in nearby <a href="/wiki/Lawrence,_Massachusetts" title="Lawrence, Massachusetts">Lawrence</a>, is also widely distributed.<a href="#cite_note-314">[306]</a> Various LGBT publications serve the city's large LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender) population such as The Rainbow Times, the only minority and lesbian-owned LGBT news magazine. Founded in 2006, The Rainbow Times is now based out of Boston, but serves all of New England.<a href="#cite_note-315">[307]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radio_and_television">Radio and television</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boston&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Radio and television">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/Media_in_Boston#Radio" title="Media in Boston">Media in Boston § Radio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boston_in_fiction#Television" title="Boston in fiction">Boston in fiction § Television</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Media_in_Boston#TV_stations" title="Media in Boston">Media in Boston § TV stations</a>.</div> Boston is the largest broadcasting market in New England, with the radio market being the ninth largest in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-316">[308]</a> Several major <a href="/wiki/AM_broadcasting" title="AM broadcasting">AM</a> stations include <a href="/wiki/Talk_radio" title="Talk radio">talk radio</a> <a href="/wiki/WRKO" title="WRKO">WRKO</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sports_radio" title="Sports radio">sports</a>/talk station <a href="/wiki/WEEI_(AM)" title="WEEI (AM)">WEEI</a>, and <a href="/wiki/All-news_radio" title="All-news radio">news radio</a> <a href="/wiki/WBZ_(AM)" title="WBZ (AM)">WBZ (AM)</a>. WBZ is a 50,000 watt "<a href="/wiki/Clear-channel_station" title="Clear-channel station">clear channel</a>" station whose nighttime broadcasts are heard hundreds of miles from Boston.<a href="#cite_note-317">[309]</a> A variety of commercial <a href="/wiki/FM_broadcasting" title="FM broadcasting">FM</a> <a href="/wiki/Radio_format" title="Radio format">radio formats</a> serve the area, as do <a href="/wiki/National_Public_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="National Public Radio">NPR</a> stations <a href="/wiki/WBUR" class="mw-redirect" title="WBUR">WBUR</a> and <a href="/wiki/WGBH_(FM)" title="WGBH (FM)">WGBH</a>. College and university radio stations include <a href="/wiki/WERS" title="WERS">WERS</a> (Emerson), <a href="/wiki/WHRB" title="WHRB">WHRB</a> (Harvard), <a href="/wiki/WUMB" class="mw-redirect" title="WUMB">WUMB</a> (UMass Boston), <a href="/wiki/WMBR" title="WMBR">WMBR</a> (MIT), <a href="/wiki/WZBC" title="WZBC">WZBC</a> (Boston College), <a href="/wiki/WMFO" title="WMFO">WMFO</a> (Tufts University), <a href="/wiki/WBRS" title="WBRS">WBRS</a> (Brandeis University), <a href="/wiki/WRBB" title="WRBB">WRBB</a> (Northeastern University) and <a href="/wiki/WMLN-FM" title="WMLN-FM">WMLN-FM</a> (Curry College).<a href="#cite_note-318">[310]</a> The Boston television <a href="/wiki/Designated_market_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Designated market area">DMA</a>, which also includes <a href="/wiki/Manchester,_New_Hampshire" title="Manchester, New Hampshire">Manchester</a>, New Hampshire, is the eighth largest in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-319">[311]</a> The city is served by stations representing every major <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_broadcast_television_networks" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States broadcast television networks">American network</a>, including <a href="/wiki/WBZ-TV" title="WBZ-TV">WBZ-TV</a> 4 and its sister station <a href="/wiki/WSBK-TV" title="WSBK-TV">WSBK-TV</a> 38 (the former a <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a> <a href="/wiki/Owned-and-operated_station" title="Owned-and-operated station">O&O</a>, the latter an <a href="/wiki/Independent_station_(North_America)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent station (North America)">independent station</a>), <a href="/wiki/WCVB-TV" title="WCVB-TV">WCVB-TV</a> 5 and its sister station <a href="/wiki/WMUR-TV" title="WMUR-TV">WMUR-TV</a> 9 (both <a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">ABC</a>), <a href="/wiki/WHDH_(TV)" title="WHDH (TV)">WHDH</a> 7 and its sister station <a href="/wiki/WLVI" title="WLVI">WLVI</a> 56 (the former an independent station, the latter a <a href="/wiki/The_CW" title="The CW">CW</a> affiliate), <a href="/wiki/WBTS-CD" title="WBTS-CD">WBTS-CD</a> 15 (an <a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a> O&O), and <a href="/wiki/WFXT-TV" class="mw-redirect" title="WFXT-TV">WFXT</a> 25 (<a href="/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company" title="Fox Broadcasting Company">Fox</a>). The city is also home to <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a> member station <a href="/wiki/WGBH-TV" title="WGBH-TV">WGBH-TV</a> 2, a major producer of PBS programs,<a href="#cite_note-320">[312]</a> which also operates <a href="/wiki/WGBX" class="mw-redirect" title="WGBX">WGBX</a> 44. Spanish-language television networks, including <a href="/wiki/UniM%C3%A1s" title="UniMás">UniMás</a> (<a href="/wiki/WUTF-TV" title="WUTF-TV">WUTF-TV</a> 27), <a href="/wiki/Telemundo" title="Telemundo">Telemundo</a> (<a href="/wiki/WNEU" title="WNEU">WNEU</a> 60, a sister station to WBTS-CD), and <a href="/wiki/Univisi%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Univisión">Univisión</a> (<a href="/wiki/WUNI" title="WUNI">WUNI</a> 66), have a presence in the region, with WNEU serving as network <a href="/wiki/Owned-and-operated_station" title="Owned-and-operated station">owned-and-operated station</a>. Most of the area's television stations have their transmitters in nearby <a href="/wiki/Needham,_Massachusetts" title="Needham, Massachusetts">Needham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Newton,_Massachusetts" title="Newton, Massachusetts">Newton</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Route_128" title="Massachusetts Route 128">Route 128 corridor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-321">[313]</a> Seven Boston television stations are carried by satellite television and cable television providers in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-322">[314]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boston&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Infrastructure">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_in_Boston" title="Infrastructure in Boston">Infrastructure in Boston</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Healthcare">Healthcare</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boston&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Healthcare">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_Massachusetts#Boston" title="List of hospitals in Massachusetts">List of hospitals in Massachusetts § Boston</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Boston_Public_Health_Commission" title="Boston Public Health Commission">Boston Public Health Commission</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harvard_Medical_School_HDR.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Harvard_Medical_School_HDR.jpg/220px-Harvard_Medical_School_HDR.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Harvard_Medical_School_HDR.jpg/330px-Harvard_Medical_School_HDR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Harvard_Medical_School_HDR.jpg/440px-Harvard_Medical_School_HDR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3869" data-file-height="2569" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School" title="Harvard Medical School">Harvard Medical School</a>, one of the world's most prestigious medical schools</figcaption></figure> Many of Boston's medical facilities are associated with universities. The <a href="/wiki/Longwood_Medical_and_Academic_Area" title="Longwood Medical and Academic Area">Longwood Medical and Academic Area</a>, adjacent to the Fenway, district, is home to a large number of medical and research facilities, including <a href="/wiki/Beth_Israel_Deaconess_Medical_Center" title="Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center">Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brigham_and_Women%27s_Hospital" title="Brigham and Women's Hospital">Brigham and Women's Hospital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boston_Children%27s_Hospital" title="Boston Children's Hospital">Boston Children's Hospital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dana%E2%80%93Farber_Cancer_Institute" title="Dana–Farber Cancer Institute">Dana–Farber Cancer Institute</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Joslin_Diabetes_Center" title="Joslin Diabetes Center">Joslin Diabetes Center</a>.<a href="#cite_note-323">[315]</a> Prominent medical facilities, including <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_General_Hospital" title="Massachusetts General Hospital">Massachusetts General Hospital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Eye_and_Ear_Infirmary" class="mw-redirect" title="Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary">Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spaulding_Rehabilitation_Hospital" title="Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital">Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital</a> are in the <a href="/wiki/Beacon_Hill,_Boston" title="Beacon Hill, Boston">Beacon Hill</a> area. Many of the facilities in Longwood and near Massachusetts General Hospital are affiliated with <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School" title="Harvard Medical School">Harvard Medical School</a>.<a href="#cite_note-324">[316]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tufts_Medical_Center" title="Tufts Medical Center">Tufts Medical Center</a> (formerly Tufts-New England Medical Center), in the southern portion of the <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Boston" title="Chinatown, Boston">Chinatown</a> neighborhood, is affiliated with <a href="/wiki/Tufts_University_School_of_Medicine" title="Tufts University School of Medicine">Tufts University School of Medicine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Boston_Medical_Center" title="Boston Medical Center">Boston Medical Center</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/South_End,_Boston" title="South End, Boston">South End</a> neighborhood, is the region's largest safety-net hospital and trauma center. Formed by the merger of Boston City Hospital, the first municipal hospital in the United States, and Boston University Hospital, Boston Medical Center now serves as the primary teaching facility for the <a href="/wiki/Boston_University_School_of_Medicine" title="Boston University School of Medicine">Boston University School of Medicine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-325">[317]</a><a href="#cite_note-326">[318]</a> <a href="/wiki/St._Elizabeth%27s_Medical_Center_(Boston)" title="St. Elizabeth's Medical Center (Boston)">St. Elizabeth's Medical Center</a> is in Brighton Center of the city's <a href="/wiki/Brighton,_Boston" title="Brighton, Boston">Brighton</a> neighborhood. <a href="/wiki/New_England_Baptist_Hospital" title="New England Baptist Hospital">New England Baptist Hospital</a> is in Mission Hill. <a href="/wiki/VA_Boston_Healthcare_System" title="VA Boston Healthcare System">The city has Veterans Affairs medical centers</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Jamaica_Plain,_Boston" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamaica Plain, Boston">Jamaica Plain</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Roxbury,_Boston" class="mw-redirect" title="West Roxbury, Boston">West Roxbury</a> neighborhoods.<a href="#cite_note-327">[319]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transportation">Transportation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boston&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Transportation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Boston" title="Transportation in Boston">Transportation in Boston</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Outbound_train_at_Charles_MGH_station,_July_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A silver and red rapid transit train departing an above-ground station" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Outbound_train_at_Charles_MGH_station%2C_July_2007.jpg/220px-Outbound_train_at_Charles_MGH_station%2C_July_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Outbound_train_at_Charles_MGH_station%2C_July_2007.jpg/330px-Outbound_train_at_Charles_MGH_station%2C_July_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Outbound_train_at_Charles_MGH_station%2C_July_2007.jpg/440px-Outbound_train_at_Charles_MGH_station%2C_July_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Red_Line_(MBTA)" title="Red Line (MBTA)">MBTA Red Line</a> train departing Boston for <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge</a>. Over 1.3 million Bostonians utilize the city's buses and trains daily as of 2013.<a href="#cite_note-328">[320]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Logan_International_Airport" title="Logan International Airport">Logan International Airport</a>, in <a href="/wiki/East_Boston" title="East Boston">East Boston</a> and operated by the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Port_Authority" title="Massachusetts Port Authority">Massachusetts Port Authority</a> (Massport), is Boston's principal airport.<a href="#cite_note-329">[321]</a> Nearby <a href="/wiki/General_aviation" title="General aviation">general aviation</a> airports are <a href="/wiki/Beverly_Regional_Airport" title="Beverly Regional Airport">Beverly Regional Airport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Municipal_Airport_(Massachusetts)" title="Lawrence Municipal Airport (Massachusetts)">Lawrence Municipal Airport</a> to the north, <a href="/wiki/Hanscom_Field" title="Hanscom Field">Hanscom Field</a> to the west, and <a href="/wiki/Norwood_Memorial_Airport" title="Norwood Memorial Airport">Norwood Memorial Airport</a> to the south.<a href="#cite_note-330">[322]</a> Massport also operates several major facilities within the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Boston" title="Port of Boston">Port of Boston</a>, including a cruise ship terminal and facilities to handle bulk and container cargo in <a href="/wiki/South_Boston" title="South Boston">South Boston</a>, and other facilities in <a href="/wiki/Charlestown,_Boston" title="Charlestown, Boston">Charlestown</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Boston" title="East Boston">East Boston</a>.<a href="#cite_note-331">[323]</a> Downtown Boston's streets grew organically, so they do not form a <a href="/wiki/Grid_plan" title="Grid plan">planned grid</a>,<a href="#cite_note-332">[324]</a> unlike those in later-developed <a href="/wiki/Back_Bay,_Boston" title="Back Bay, Boston">Back Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Boston" title="East Boston">East Boston</a>, the <a href="/wiki/South_End,_Boston" title="South End, Boston">South End</a>, and <a href="/wiki/South_Boston,_Boston" class="mw-redirect" title="South Boston, Boston">South Boston</a>. Boston is the eastern terminus of <a href="/wiki/Interstate_90" title="Interstate 90">I-90</a>, which in Massachusetts runs along the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Turnpike" title="Massachusetts Turnpike">Massachusetts Turnpike</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Central_Artery" title="Central Artery">Central Artery</a> follows <a href="/wiki/Interstate_93" title="Interstate 93">I-93</a> as the primary north–south artery that carries most of the through traffic in downtown Boston. Other major highways include <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_1_in_Massachusetts" title="U.S. Route 1 in Massachusetts">US 1</a>, which carries traffic to the <a href="/wiki/North_Shore_(Massachusetts)" title="North Shore (Massachusetts)">North Shore</a> and areas south of Boston, <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_3" title="U.S. Route 3">US 3</a>, which connects to the northwestern suburbs, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Route_3" title="Massachusetts Route 3">Massachusetts Route 3</a>, which connects to the <a href="/wiki/South_Shore_(Massachusetts)" title="South Shore (Massachusetts)">South Shore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cape_Cod" title="Cape Cod">Cape Cod</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Route_2" title="Massachusetts Route 2">Massachusetts Route 2</a> which connects to the western suburbs. Surrounding the city is <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Route_128" title="Massachusetts Route 128">Massachusetts Route 128</a>, a partial beltway which has been largely subsumed by other routes (mostly <a href="/wiki/Interstate_95_in_Massachusetts" title="Interstate 95 in Massachusetts">I-95</a> and I-93).<a href="#cite_note-333">[325]</a> With nearly a third of Bostonians using public transit for their commute to work, Boston has the <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._cities_with_high_transit_ridership" title="List of U.S. cities with high transit ridership">fourth-highest rate of public transit usage in the country</a>.<a href="#cite_note-334">[326]</a> The city of Boston has a higher than average percentage of households without a car. In 2016, 33.8 percent of Boston households lacked a car, compared with the national average of 8.7 percent. The city averaged 0.94 cars per household in 2016, compared to a national average of 1.8.<a href="#cite_note-335">[327]</a> Boston's public transportation agency, the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Transportation_Authority" title="Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority">Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority</a> (MBTA), operates the oldest underground rapid transit system in the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a> and is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_rapid_transit_systems_by_ridership" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States rapid transit systems by ridership">fourth-busiest rapid transit system in the country</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHull201142-20">[19]</a> with 65.5 mi (105 km) of track on four lines.<a href="#cite_note-light_rail-336">[328]</a> The MBTA also operates busy bus and commuter rail networks as well as water shuttles.<a href="#cite_note-light_rail-336">[328]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boston_South_Station_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Boston_South_Station_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Boston_South_Station_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Boston_South_Station_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Boston_South_Station_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Boston_South_Station_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Boston_South_Station_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2664" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/South_Station" title="South Station">South Station</a>, the busiest rail hub in <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>, is a terminus of <a href="/wiki/Amtrak" title="Amtrak">Amtrak</a> and numerous <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Transportation_Authority" title="Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority">MBTA</a> rail lines.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Amtrak" title="Amtrak">Amtrak</a> intercity rail to Boston is provided through four stations: <a href="/wiki/South_Station" title="South Station">South Station</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Station" title="North Station">North Station</a>, <a href="/wiki/Back_Bay_station" title="Back Bay station">Back Bay</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Route_128_station" title="Route 128 station">Route 128</a>. South Station is a major <a href="/wiki/Intermodal_passenger_transport" title="Intermodal passenger transport">intermodal transportation</a> hub and is the terminus of Amtrak's <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Regional" title="Northeast Regional">Northeast Regional</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acela_Express" class="mw-redirect" title="Acela Express">Acela Express</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Shore_Limited" title="Lake Shore Limited">Lake Shore Limited</a> routes, in addition to multiple MBTA services. Back Bay is also served by MBTA and those three Amtrak routes, while Route 128, in the southwestern suburbs of Boston, is only served by the Acela Express and Northeast Regional.<a href="#cite_note-337">[329]</a> Meanwhile, Amtrak's <a href="/wiki/Downeaster_(train)" title="Downeaster (train)">Downeaster</a> to <a href="/wiki/Brunswick,_Maine" title="Brunswick, Maine">Brunswick</a>, Maine terminates in North Station, and is the only Amtrak route to do so.<a href="#cite_note-338">[330]</a> Nicknamed "The Walking City", Boston hosts more pedestrian commuters than do other comparably populated cities. Owing to factors such as necessity, the compactness of the city and large student population, 13 percent of the population commutes by foot, making it the <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._cities_with_most_pedestrian_commuters" title="List of U.S. cities with most pedestrian commuters">highest percentage of pedestrian commuters in the country</a> out of the major American cities.<a href="#cite_note-339">[331]</a> As of 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boston&action=edit">[update]</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walk_Score" title="Walk Score">Walk Score</a> ranks Boston as the third most walkable U.S. city, with a Walk Score of 83, a Transit Score of 72, and a Bike Score of 69.<a href="#cite_note-WalkScore-340">[332]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruggles_Bluebikes_station_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Ruggles_Bluebikes_station_04.jpg/220px-Ruggles_Bluebikes_station_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Ruggles_Bluebikes_station_04.jpg/330px-Ruggles_Bluebikes_station_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Ruggles_Bluebikes_station_04.jpg/440px-Ruggles_Bluebikes_station_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bluebikes" title="Bluebikes">Bluebikes</a> in Boston</figcaption></figure> Between 1999 and 2006, <a href="/wiki/Bicycling_(magazine)" title="Bicycling (magazine)">Bicycling</a> magazine named Boston three times as one of the worst cities in the U.S. for cycling;<a href="#cite_note-341">[333]</a> regardless, it has one of the highest rates of <a href="/wiki/Bicycle_commuting" title="Bicycle commuting">bicycle commuting</a>.<a href="#cite_note-342">[334]</a> In 2008, as a consequence of improvements made to bicycling conditions within the city, the same magazine put Boston on its "Five for the Future" list as a "Future Best City" for biking,<a href="#cite_note-343">[335]</a><a href="#cite_note-344">[336]</a> and Boston's bicycle commuting percentage increased from 1% in 2000 to 2.1% in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-345">[337]</a> The bikeshare program <a href="/wiki/Bluebikes" title="Bluebikes">Bluebikes</a>, originally called Hubway, launched in late July 2011.<a href="#cite_note-346">[338]</a> The system has 480 stations with a total of 4,500 bikes.<a href="#cite_note-347">[339]</a> <a href="/wiki/PBSC_Urban_Solutions" title="PBSC Urban Solutions">PBSC Urban Solutions</a> provides bicycles and technology for this <a href="/wiki/Bicycle-sharing_system" title="Bicycle-sharing system">bike-sharing system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-348">[340]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_relations">International relations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boston&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: International relations">edit</a>]</div> The City of Boston has eleven official <a href="/wiki/Twin_towns_and_sister_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Twin towns and sister cities">sister cities</a>:<a href="#cite_note-349">[341]</a> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a>, Japan (1959)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a>, France (1960)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>, Spain (1980)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a>, China (1982)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Padua" title="Padua">Padua</a>, Italy (1983)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/City_of_Melbourne" title="City of Melbourne">City of Melbourne</a>, Australia (1985)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Beira,_Mozambique" title="Beira, Mozambique">Beira</a>, Mozambique (1990)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a>, Taiwan (1996)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Sekondi-Takoradi" title="Sekondi-Takoradi">Sekondi-Takoradi</a>, Ghana (2001)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a>, Northern Ireland (2014)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Praia" title="Praia">Praia</a>, Cape Verde (2015)</li></ul> Boston has formal partnership relationships through a Memorandum Of Understanding (MOU) with five additional cities or regions: <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a>, China (2014)<a href="#cite_note-350">[342]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a>, France (2016)<a href="#cite_note-351">[343]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /> <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a>, Denmark (2017)<a href="#cite_note-352">[344]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /> <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>, Mexico (2017)<a href="#cite_note-353">[345]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> North West of Ireland, Ireland (2017)<a href="#cite_note-354">[346]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boston&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Boston" title="Outline of Boston">Outline of Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_City_League" title="Boston City League">Boston City League</a> (high-school athletic conference)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Citgo_Sign" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston Citgo Sign">Boston Citgo Sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_nicknames" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston nicknames">Boston nicknames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston%E2%80%93Halifax_relations" title="Boston–Halifax relations">Boston–Halifax relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Boston" title="List of diplomatic missions in Boston">List of diplomatic missions in Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Boston" title="List of people from Boston">List of people from Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Boston" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Boston">National Register of Historic Places listings in Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Boston" title="USS Boston">USS Boston</a>, seven ships</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boston&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈbɔːstən/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/24\/En-us-Boston.ogg\/En-us-Boston.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Boston.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/24/En-us-Boston.ogg/En-us-Boston.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Boston.ogg" title="File:En-us-Boston.ogg">ⓘ</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈbɒstən/</a> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWells2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_C._Wells" title="John C. Wells">Wells, John C.</a> (2008). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.). Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0"><bdi>978-1-4058-8118-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Longman+Pronunciation+Dictionary&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4058-8118-0&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoston" class="Z3988">) </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> The average number of days with a low at or below freezing is 94. </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> Seasonal snowfall accumulation has ranged from 9.0 in (22.9 cm) in 1936–37 to 110.6 in (2.81 m) in 2014–15. </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> Official records for Boston were kept at downtown from January 1872 to December 1935, and at Logan Airport (KBOS) since January 1936.<a href="#cite_note-ThreadEx-147">[143]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-fifteen-169">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fifteen_169-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fifteen_169-1">b</a> From 15% sample </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> Since the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_State_House" title="Massachusetts State House">Massachusetts State House</a> is located in the city's <a href="/wiki/Beacon_Hill,_Boston" title="Beacon Hill, Boston">Beacon Hill</a> neighborhood, the term "Beacon Hill" is used as a <a href="/wiki/Metonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Metonym">metonym</a> for the Massachusetts state government.<a href="#cite_note-243">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-244">[238]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> The crime rate per 100,000 is based on the 2022 population of 649,768 in relation to the number of reported crimes in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-Boston2022Demographics-256">[249]</a> </li> </ol></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boston&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boston&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sec.state.ma.us/cis/cisctlist/ctlistcounin.htm">"List of intact or abandoned Massachusetts county governments"</a>. sec.state.ma.us. <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Massachusetts" title="Secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts">Secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210406103933/https://www.sec.state.ma.us/cis/cisctlist/ctlistcounin.htm">Archived</a> from the original on April 6, 2021. Retrieved October 31, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sec.state.ma.us&rft.atitle=List+of+intact+or+abandoned+Massachusetts+county+governments&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sec.state.ma.us%2Fcis%2Fcisctlist%2Fctlistcounin.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CenPopGazetteer2020-2"><a href="#cite_ref-CenPopGazetteer2020_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_25.txt">"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files"</a>. United States Census Bureau. 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Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674314504" title="Special:BookSources/9780674314504"><bdi>9780674314504</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Founding+of+Harvard+College&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1963&rft.isbn=9780674314504&rft.aulast=Morison&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Eliot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanks1937" class="citation book cs1">Banks, Charles Edward (1937). Topographical dictionary of 2885 English emigrants to New England, 1620–1650. The Bertram press. p. 96.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Topographical+dictionary+of+2885+English+emigrants+to+New+England%2C+1620%E2%80%931650&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=The+Bertram+press&rft.date=1937&rft.aulast=Banks&rft.aufirst=Charles+Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristopher200646-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristopher200646_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChristopher2006">Christopher 2006</a>, p. 46. </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130723034439/http://bostonhistorycollaborative.com/pdf/Era2.pdf">""Growth" to Boston in its Heyday, 1640s to 1730s"</a> (PDF). Boston History & Innovation Collaborative. 2006. p. 2. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bostonhistorycollaborative.com/pdf/Era2.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on July 23, 2013. Retrieved March 5, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Growth%22+to+Boston+in+its+Heyday%2C+1640s+to+1730s&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Boston+History+%26+Innovation+Collaborative&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbostonhistorycollaborative.com%2Fpdf%2FEra2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Boston">"Boston"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia Britannica">Encyclopedia Britannica</a>. April 21, 2023. Retrieved April 23, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Boston&rft.pub=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.date=2023-04-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FBoston&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-newamernation-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-newamernation_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-newamernation_48-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-newamernation_48-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-newamernation_48-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-newamernation_48-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2005" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Robert W. (2005). Encyclopedia of the New American Nation (1st ed.). Detroit, MI: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scribner%27s_Sons" title="Charles Scribner's Sons">Charles Scribner's Sons</a>. pp. 214–219. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0684313467" title="Special:BookSources/978-0684313467"><bdi>978-0684313467</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+New+American+Nation&rft.place=Detroit%2C+MI&rft.pages=214-219&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0684313467&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-empireontheedge-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-empireontheedge_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-empireontheedge_49-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBunker2014" class="citation book cs1">Bunker, Nick (2014). An Empire on the Edge: How Britain Came to Fight America. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0307594846" title="Special:BookSources/978-0307594846"><bdi>978-0307594846</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Empire+on+the+Edge%3A+How+Britain+Came+to+Fight+America&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0307594846&rft.aulast=Bunker&rft.aufirst=Nick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawson1858" class="citation book cs1">Dawson, Henry B. (1858). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/battlesofuniteds01daws_0">Battles of the United States, by sea and land: embracing those of the Revolutionary and Indian Wars, the War of 1812, and the Mexican War; with important official documents</a>. New York, NY: Johnson, Fry & Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battles+of+the+United+States%2C+by+sea+and+land%3A+embracing+those+of+the+Revolutionary+and+Indian+Wars%2C+the+War+of+1812%2C+and+the+Mexican+War%3B+with+important+official+documents&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Johnson%2C+Fry+%26+Company&rft.date=1858&rft.aulast=Dawson&rft.aufirst=Henry+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbattlesofuniteds01daws_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris20057-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris20057_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorris2005">Morris 2005</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan1946" class="citation journal cs1">Morgan, Edmund S. (1946). "Thomas Hutchinson and the Stamp Act". The New England Quarterly. 21 (4): 459–492. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F361566">10.2307/361566</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-4866">0028-4866</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/361566">361566</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+England+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Thomas+Hutchinson+and+the+Stamp+Act&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=459-492&rft.date=1946&rft.issn=0028-4866&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F361566%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F361566&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Edmund+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-frothingham-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-frothingham_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-frothingham_53-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrothingham1851" class="citation book cs1">Frothingham, Richard Jr. (1851). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Cu9BAAAAIAAJ">History of the Siege of Boston and of the Battles of Lexington, Concord, and Bunker Hill</a>. Little and Brown. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160623231826/https://books.google.com/books?id=Cu9BAAAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on June 23, 2016. Retrieved May 21, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Siege+of+Boston+and+of+the+Battles+of+Lexington%2C+Concord%2C+and+Bunker+Hill&rft.pub=Little+and+Brown&rft.date=1851&rft.aulast=Frothingham&rft.aufirst=Richard+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCu9BAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-allemn-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-allemn_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-allemn_54-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="French" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Allen_French" title="Allen French">French, Allen</a> (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_PqZcY9z3Vn4C">The Siege of Boston</a>. Macmillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Siege+of+Boston&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=French&rft.aufirst=Allen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_PqZcY9z3Vn4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-1776book-55"><a href="#cite_ref-1776book_55-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCullough2005" class="citation book cs1">McCullough, David (2005). <a href="/wiki/1776_(book)" title="1776 (book)">1776</a>. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-2671-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-2671-4"><bdi>978-0-7432-2671-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1776&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-2671-4&rft.aulast=McCullough&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Hubbard, Robert Ernest. Rufus Putnam: George Washington's Chief Military Engineer and the "Father of Ohio," pp. 45–8, McFarland & Company, Inc., Jefferson, North Carolina, 2020. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-7862-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-7862-7">978-1-4766-7862-7</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy199446-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy199446_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKennedy1994">Kennedy 1994</a>, p. 46. </li> <li id="cite_note-BosLitHist-58"><a href="#cite_ref-BosLitHist_58-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bostonliteraryhistory.com">"Home page"</a> (Exhibition at Boston Public Library and Massachusetts Historical Society). Forgotten Chapters of Boston's Literary History. The Trustees of Boston College. July 30, 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225045450/http://www.bostonliteraryhistory.com/">Archived</a> from the original on February 25, 2021. Retrieved May 22, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forgotten+Chapters+of+Boston%27s+Literary+History&rft.atitle=Home+page&rft.date=2012-07-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bostonliteraryhistory.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BosLitHistMap-59"><a href="#cite_ref-BosLitHistMap_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bostonliteraryhistory.com/sites/default/files/bostonliteraryhistorymap.pdf">"An Interactive Map of Literary Boston: 1794–1862"</a> (Exhibition). Forgotten Chapters of Boston's Literary History. The Trustees of Boston College. July 30, 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120516025723/http://bostonliteraryhistory.com/sites/default/files/bostonliteraryhistorymap.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on May 16, 2012. Retrieved May 22, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forgotten+Chapters+of+Boston%27s+Literary+History&rft.atitle=An+Interactive+Map+of+Literary+Boston%3A+1794%E2%80%931862&rft.date=2012-07-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbostonliteraryhistory.com%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fbostonliteraryhistorymap.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy199444-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy199444_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKennedy1994">Kennedy 1994</a>, p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFB._Rosenbaum2006" class="citation book cs1">B. Rosenbaum, Julia (2006). Visions of Belonging: New England Art and the Making of American Identity. Cornell University Press. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801444708" title="Special:BookSources/9780801444708"><bdi>9780801444708</bdi></a>. <q>By the late nineteenth century, one of the strongest bulwarks of Brahmin power was Harvard University. Statistics underscore the close relationship between Harvard and Boston's upper strata.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Visions+of+Belonging%3A+New+England+Art+and+the+Making+of+American+Identity&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780801444708&rft.aulast=B.+Rosenbaum&rft.aufirst=Julia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFC._Holloran1989" class="citation book cs1">C. Holloran, Peter (1989). Boston's Wayward Children: Social Services for Homeless Children, 1830-1930. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. p. 73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780838632970" title="Special:BookSources/9780838632970"><bdi>9780838632970</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boston%27s+Wayward+Children%3A+Social+Services+for+Homeless+Children%2C+1830-1930&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=Fairleigh+Dickinson+Univ+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9780838632970&rft.aulast=C.+Holloran&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Harp2003" class="citation book cs1">J. Harp, Gillis (2003). Brahmin Prophet: Phillips Brooks and the Path of Liberal Protestantism. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780742571983" title="Special:BookSources/9780742571983"><bdi>9780742571983</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brahmin+Prophet%3A+Phillips+Brooks+and+the+Path+of+Liberal+Protestantism&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780742571983&rft.aulast=J.+Harp&rft.aufirst=Gillis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDilworth2011" class="citation book cs1">Dilworth, Richardson (September 13, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0dL7vPC8G7YC&pg=PA28">Cities in American Political History</a>. <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publications">SAGE Publications</a>. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780872899117" title="Special:BookSources/9780872899117"><bdi>9780872899117</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220418010051/https://books.google.com/books?id=0dL7vPC8G7YC&pg=PA28">Archived</a> from the original on April 18, 2022. Retrieved December 26, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cities+in+American+Political+History&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2011-09-13&rft.isbn=9780872899117&rft.aulast=Dilworth&rft.aufirst=Richardson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0dL7vPC8G7YC%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/boaf/">"Boston African American National Historic Site"</a>. National Park Service. April 28, 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101106003641/http://www.nps.gov/boaf/">Archived</a> from the original on November 6, 2010. Retrieved May 8, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Boston+African+American+National+Historic+Site&rft.pub=National+Park+Service&rft.date=2007-04-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fboaf%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.masshist.org/longroad/01slavery/fsl.htm">"Fugitive Slave Law"</a>. The Massachusetts Historical Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171027215133/http://www.masshist.org/longroad/01slavery/fsl.htm">Archived</a> from the original on October 27, 2017. Retrieved May 2, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fugitive+Slave+Law&rft.pub=The+Massachusetts+Historical+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.masshist.org%2Flongroad%2F01slavery%2Ffsl.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.masshist.org/longroad/01slavery/burns.htm">"The "Trial" of Anthony Burns"</a>. The Massachusetts Historical Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170922215411/http://www.masshist.org/longroad/01slavery/burns.htm">Archived</a> from the original on September 22, 2017. Retrieved May 2, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+%22Trial%22+of+Anthony+Burns&rft.pub=The+Massachusetts+Historical+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.masshist.org%2Flongroad%2F01slavery%2Fburns.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080520121923/http://www.suffolk.edu/16075.html">"150th Anniversary of Anthony Burns Fugitive Slave Case"</a>. Suffolk University. April 24, 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.suffolk.edu/16075.html">the original</a> on May 20, 2008. Retrieved May 2, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=150th+Anniversary+of+Anthony+Burns+Fugitive+Slave+Case&rft.pub=Suffolk+University&rft.date=2004-04-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.suffolk.edu%2F16075.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-city_charter-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-city_charter_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-city_charter_69-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFState_Street_Trust_CompanyWalton_AdvertisingPrinting_Company1922" class="citation book cs1">State Street Trust Company; Walton Advertising & Printing Company (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/bostononehundred02stat/bostononehundred02stat_djvu.txt">Boston: one hundred years a city</a> (TXT). Vol. 2. Boston: State Street Trust Company. Retrieved April 20, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boston%3A+one+hundred+years+a+city&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=State+Street+Trust+Company&rft.date=1922&rft.au=State+Street+Trust+Company&rft.au=Walton+Advertising&rft.au=Printing+Company&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fbostononehundred02stat%2Fbostononehundred02stat_djvu.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071011184015/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/murder/peopleevents/p_immigrants.html">"People & Events: Boston's Immigrant Population"</a>. WGBH/PBS Online (American Experience). 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/murder/peopleevents/p_immigrants.html">the original</a> on October 11, 2007. Retrieved May 4, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=People+%26+Events%3A+Boston%27s+Immigrant+Population&rft.pub=WGBH%2FPBS+Online+%28American+Experience%29&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Famex%2Fmurder%2Fpeopleevents%2Fp_immigrants.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090114032711/http://www.archives.gov/genealogy/immigration/passenger-arrival.html">"Immigration Records"</a>. The National Archives. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/genealogy/immigration/passenger-arrival.html">the original</a> on January 14, 2009. Retrieved January 7, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Immigration+Records&rft.pub=The+National+Archives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Fgenealogy%2Fimmigration%2Fpassenger-arrival.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPuleo2007" class="citation book cs1">Puleo, Stephen (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jET-HIcybREC">"Epilogue: Today"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jET-HIcybREC">The Boston Italians</a> (illustrated ed.). Beacon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-5036-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-5036-1"><bdi>978-0-8070-5036-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210203234949/https://books.google.com/books?id=jET-HIcybREC">Archived</a> from the original on February 3, 2021. Retrieved May 16, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Epilogue%3A+Today&rft.btitle=The+Boston+Italians&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Beacon+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8070-5036-1&rft.aulast=Puleo&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjET-HIcybREC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://convention.myacpa.org/boston2019/inclusion/faith-spirituality-religion/">"Faith, Spirituality, and Religion"</a>. American College Personnel Association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225152524/http://convention.myacpa.org/boston2019/inclusion/faith-spirituality-religion/">Archived</a> from the original on February 25, 2021. Retrieved February 29, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Faith%2C+Spirituality%2C+and+Religion&rft.pub=American+College+Personnel+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fconvention.myacpa.org%2Fboston2019%2Finclusion%2Ffaith-spirituality-religion%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBolino2012285–286-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBolino2012285–286_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBolino2012">Bolino 2012</a>, pp. 285–286. </li> <li id="cite_note-landfills-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-landfills_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-landfills_75-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iboston.org/rg/backbayImap.htm">"The History of Land Fill in Boston"</a>. iBoston.org. 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221030505/http://www.iboston.org/rg/backbayImap.htm">Archived</a> from the original on December 21, 2020. Retrieved January 9, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Land+Fill+in+Boston&rft.pub=iBoston.org&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iboston.org%2Frg%2FbackbayImap.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoston" class="Z3988">. Also see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowe,_Jeffery1996" class="citation web cs1">Howe, Jeffery (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070410073014/http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/fnart/fa267/bos_fill2.html">"Boston: History of the Landfills"</a>. Boston College. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/fnart/fa267/bos_fill2.html">the original</a> on April 10, 2007. Retrieved April 30, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Boston%3A+History+of+the+Landfills&rft.pub=Boston+College&rft.date=1996&rft.au=Howe%2C+Jeffery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bc.edu%2Fbc_org%2Favp%2Fcas%2Ffnart%2Ffa267%2Fbos_fill2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Historical Atlas of Massachusetts. University of Massachusetts. 1991. p. 37.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Atlas+of+Massachusetts&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=University+of+Massachusetts&rft.date=1991&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolleran2001" class="citation book cs1">Holleran, Michael (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j_L08ikdUrkC&pg=PA39">"Problems with Change"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j_L08ikdUrkC">Boston's Changeful Times: Origins of Preservation and Planning in America</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="The Johns Hopkins University Press">The Johns Hopkins University Press</a>. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6644-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6644-9"><bdi>978-0-8018-6644-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210204135541/https://books.google.com/books?id=j_L08ikdUrkC">Archived</a> from the original on February 4, 2021. Retrieved August 22, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Problems+with+Change&rft.btitle=Boston%27s+Changeful+Times%3A+Origins+of+Preservation+and+Planning+in+America&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=The+Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-6644-9&rft.aulast=Holleran&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj_L08ikdUrkC%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1892/03/27/archives/bostons-annexation-schemes-proposal-to-absorb-cambridge-and-other.html">"Boston's Annexation Schemes.; Proposal To Absorb Cambridge And Other Near-By Towns"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. March 26, 1892. p. 11. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180614045216/https://www.nytimes.com/1892/03/27/archives/bostons-annexation-schemes-proposal-to-absorb-cambridge-and-other.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 14, 2018. Retrieved August 21, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Boston%27s+Annexation+Schemes.%3B+Proposal+To+Absorb+Cambridge+And+Other+Near-By+Towns&rft.pages=11&rft.date=1892-03-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1892%2F03%2F27%2Farchives%2Fbostons-annexation-schemes-proposal-to-absorb-cambridge-and-other.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRezendes1991" class="citation news cs1">Rezendes, Michael (October 13, 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130723035734/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/59275776.html?FMT=ABS&date=Oct%2013,%201991">"Has the time for Chelsea's annexation to Boston come? The Hub hasn't grown since 1912, and something has to follow that beleaguered community's receivership"</a>. The Boston Globe. p. 80. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/59275776.html?FMT=ABS&date=Oct%2013,%201991">the original</a> on July 23, 2013. Retrieved August 22, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Has+the+time+for+Chelsea%27s+annexation+to+Boston+come%3F+The+Hub+hasn%27t+grown+since+1912%2C+and+something+has+to+follow+that+beleaguered+community%27s+receivership&rft.pages=80&rft.date=1991-10-13&rft.aulast=Rezendes&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpqasb.pqarchiver.com%2Fboston%2Faccess%2F59275776.html%3FFMT%3DABS%26date%3DOct%252013%2C%25201991&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEstesCafasso1991" class="citation news cs1">Estes, Andrea; Cafasso, Ed (September 9, 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130723035906/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/bostonherald/access/69025902.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Sep+9,+1991&author=ANDREA+ESTES+and+ED+CAFASSO&pub=Boston+Herald&edition=&startpage=001&desc=Flynn+offers+to+annex+Chelsea">"Flynn offers to annex Chelsea"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Boston_Herald" title="Boston Herald">Boston Herald</a>. p. 1. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/bostonherald/access/69025902.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Sep+9%2C+1991&author=ANDREA+ESTES+and+ED+CAFASSO&pub=Boston+Herald&edition=&startpage=001&desc=Flynn+offers+to+annex+Chelsea">the original</a> on July 23, 2013. Retrieved August 22, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Boston+Herald&rft.atitle=Flynn+offers+to+annex+Chelsea&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1991-09-09&rft.aulast=Estes&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft.au=Cafasso%2C+Ed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpqasb.pqarchiver.com%2Fbostonherald%2Faccess%2F69025902.html%3FFMT%3DABS%26FMTS%3DABS%3AFT%26date%3DSep%2B9%252C%2B1991%26author%3DANDREA%2BESTES%2Band%2BED%2BCAFASSO%26pub%3DBoston%2BHerald%26edition%3D%26startpage%3D001%26desc%3DFlynn%2Boffers%2Bto%2Bannex%2BChelsea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lostnewengland.com/2016/01/horticultural-hall-boston/">"Horticultural Hall, Boston - Lost New England"</a>. Lost New England. 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NBC Sports Boston. Retrieved August 17, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Which+city+has+the+most+championships+across+the+Big+Four+pro+sports+leagues%3F&rft.pub=NBC+Sports+Boston&rft.date=2024-06-17&rft.aulast=Molski&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcsportsboston.com%2Fnews%2Fcity-most-championships-nba-nfl-mlb-nhl%2F621597%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.espn.com/mlb/team/_/name/bos">"Fenway Park"</a>. ESPN. 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150810232123/http://espn.go.com/travel/stadium/_/s/mlb/id/2/fenway-park">Archived</a> from the original on August 10, 2015. Retrieved February 5, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fenway+Park&rft.pub=ESPN&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.espn.com%2Fmlb%2Fteam%2F_%2Fname%2Fbos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbrams2007" class="citation web cs1">Abrams, Roger I. (February 19, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070902113322/http://www.baseballhalloffame.org/news/article.jsp?ymd=20070219&content_id=780&vkey=hof_news">"Hall of Fame third baseman led Boston to first AL pennant"</a>. National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.baseballhalloffame.org/news/article.jsp?ymd=20070219&content_id=780&vkey=hof_news">the original</a> on September 2, 2007. Retrieved April 1, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hall+of+Fame+third+baseman+led+Boston+to+first+AL+pennant&rft.pub=National+Baseball+Hall+of+Fame+and+Museum&rft.date=2007-02-19&rft.aulast=Abrams&rft.aufirst=Roger+I.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.baseballhalloffame.org%2Fnews%2Farticle.jsp%3Fymd%3D20070219%26content_id%3D780%26vkey%3Dhof_news&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060827080714/http://mlb.mlb.com/NASApp/mlb/mlb/history/postseason/mlb_ws_recaps.jsp?feature=1903">"1903 World Series – Major League Baseball: World Series History"</a>. Major League Baseball at MLB.com. 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mlb.mlb.com/NASApp/mlb/mlb/history/postseason/mlb_ws_recaps.jsp?feature=1903">the original</a> on August 27, 2006. Retrieved February 18, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1903+World+Series+%E2%80%93+Major+League+Baseball%3A+World+Series+History&rft.pub=Major+League+Baseball+at+MLB.com&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmlb.mlb.com%2FNASApp%2Fmlb%2Fmlb%2Fhistory%2Fpostseason%2Fmlb_ws_recaps.jsp%3Ffeature%3D1903&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoston" class="Z3988"> This source, like many others, uses the erroneous "Pilgrims" name that is debunked by the Nowlin reference following. </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBill_Nowlin2008" class="citation web cs1">Bill Nowlin (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.baseball-almanac.com/articles/boston_pilgrims_story.shtml">"The Boston Pilgrims Never Existed"</a>. Baseball Almanac. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080511203400/http://www.baseball-almanac.com/articles/boston_pilgrims_story.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on May 11, 2008. Retrieved April 3, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Boston+Pilgrims+Never+Existed&rft.pub=Baseball+Almanac&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Bill+Nowlin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.baseball-almanac.com%2Farticles%2Fboston_pilgrims_story.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130221162839/http://atlanta.braves.mlb.com/atl/history/">"Braves History"</a>. Atlanta Brave (MLB). 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://atlanta.braves.mlb.com/atl/history/">the original</a> on February 21, 2013. Retrieved February 5, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Braves+History&rft.pub=Atlanta+Brave+%28MLB%29&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fatlanta.braves.mlb.com%2Fatl%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rauzulusstreet.com/hockey/nhlhistory/nhlhistory.html">"National Hockey League (NHL) Expansion History"</a>. Rauzulu's Street. 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201111210104/http://www.rauzulusstreet.com/hockey/nhlhistory/nhlhistory.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 11, 2020. Retrieved April 1, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Hockey+League+%28NHL%29+Expansion+History&rft.pub=Rauzulu%27s+Street&rft.date=2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rauzulusstreet.com%2Fhockey%2Fnhlhistory%2Fnhlhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090331225200/http://www.basketball.com/nba/history.shtml">"NBA History – NBA Growth Timetable"</a>. Basketball.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.basketball.com/nba/history.shtml">the original</a> on March 31, 2009. Retrieved April 1, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NBA+History+%E2%80%93+NBA+Growth+Timetable&rft.pub=Basketball.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.basketball.com%2Fnba%2Fhistory.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbssports.com/nba/news/most-nba-championships-by-team-boston-celtics-break-tie-with-los-angeles-lakers-by-winning-18th-title/">"Most NBA championships by team: Boston Celtics break tie with Los Angeles Lakers by winning 18th title"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBS_Sports" title="CBS Sports">CBS Sports</a>. June 18, 2024. Retrieved June 18, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBS+Sports&rft.atitle=Most+NBA+championships+by+team%3A+Boston+Celtics+break+tie+with+Los+Angeles+Lakers+by+winning+18th+title&rft.date=2024-06-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbssports.com%2Fnba%2Fnews%2Fmost-nba-championships-by-team-boston-celtics-break-tie-with-los-angeles-lakers-by-winning-18th-title%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240801050840/https://www.patriots.com/press-room/history">"The History of the New England Patriots"</a>. New England Patriots. 2024. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.patriots.com/press-room/history">the original</a> on August 1, 2024. Retrieved August 21, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+New+England+Patriots&rft.pub=New+England+Patriots&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.patriots.com%2Fpress-room%2Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240224125545/https://soccerstadiumdigest.com/gillette-stadium-new-england-revolution/">"Gillette Stadium/New England Revolution"</a>. Soccer Stadium Digest. 2024. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://soccerstadiumdigest.com/gillette-stadium-new-england-revolution/">the original</a> on February 24, 2024. Retrieved August 17, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Soccer+Stadium+Digest&rft.atitle=Gillette+Stadium%2FNew+England+Revolution&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsoccerstadiumdigest.com%2Fgillette-stadium-new-england-revolution%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-298"><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tdgarden.com/events/beanpot">"The Dunkin' Beanpot"</a>. TD Garden. 2024. Retrieved August 17, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Dunkin%27+Beanpot&rft.pub=TD+Garden&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tdgarden.com%2Fevents%2Fbeanpot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://womensbeanpot.com/results.php">"Women's Beanpot All-Time Results"</a>. Women's Beanpot. 2024. Retrieved August 17, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Women%27s+Beanpot&rft.atitle=Women%27s+Beanpot+All-Time+Results&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwomensbeanpot.com%2Fresults.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-300"><a href="#cite_ref-300">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.masslive.com/news/boston/2017/10/boston_uprising_is_new_name_fo.html">"Krafts unveil new e-sports franchise team 'Boston Uprising'"</a>. masslive. October 25, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210423041617/https://www.masslive.com/news/boston/2017/10/boston_uprising_is_new_name_fo.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 23, 2021. Retrieved April 23, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=masslive&rft.atitle=Krafts+unveil+new+e-sports+franchise+team+%27Boston+Uprising%27&rft.date=2017-10-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.masslive.com%2Fnews%2Fboston%2F2017%2F10%2Fboston_uprising_is_new_name_fo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://compete.kotaku.com/boston-uprising-closes-out-perfect-stage-in-overwatch-l-1825801296">"Boston Uprising Closes Out Perfect Stage In Overwatch League"</a>. Compete. May 5, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210511041010/https://compete.kotaku.com/boston-uprising-closes-out-perfect-stage-in-overwatch-l-1825801296">Archived</a> from the original on May 11, 2021. Retrieved April 23, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Compete&rft.atitle=Boston+Uprising+Closes+Out+Perfect+Stage+In+Overwatch+League&rft.date=2018-05-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcompete.kotaku.com%2Fboston-uprising-closes-out-perfect-stage-in-overwatch-l-1825801296&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-302"><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWooten2022" class="citation web cs1">Wooten, Tanner (January 13, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dotesports.com/call-of-duty/news/boston-breach-brand-roster-officially-revealed-ahead-of-2022-cdl">"Boston Breach brand, roster officially revealed ahead of 2022 Call of Duty League season"</a>. Dot Esports. Retrieved May 20, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dot+Esports&rft.atitle=Boston+Breach+brand%2C+roster+officially+revealed+ahead+of+2022+Call+of+Duty+League+season&rft.date=2022-01-13&rft.aulast=Wooten&rft.aufirst=Tanner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdotesports.com%2Fcall-of-duty%2Fnews%2Fboston-breach-brand-roster-officially-revealed-ahead-of-2022-cdl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070418015010/http://www.bostonmarathon.org/BostonMarathon/RaceFacts.asp">"B.A.A. Boston Marathon Race Facts"</a>. Boston Athletic Association. 2007. 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Retrieved December 28, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Is+Bicycle+Commuting+Really+Catching+On%3F+And+if+So%2C+Where%3F&rft.pub=The+Atlantic+Media+Company&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlanticcities.com%2Fcommute%2F2011%2F09%2Fsubstantial-increases-bike-ridership-across-nation%2F161%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-346"><a href="#cite_ref-346">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoskowitz,_Eric2011" class="citation news cs1">Moskowitz, Eric (April 21, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2011/04/21/boston_set_to_launch_bike_share_program/">"Hub set to launch bike-share program"</a>. The Boston Globe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121106194948/http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2011/04/21/boston_set_to_launch_bike_share_program/">Archived</a> from the original on November 6, 2012. Retrieved February 5, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Hub+set+to+launch+bike-share+program&rft.date=2011-04-21&rft.au=Moskowitz%2C+Eric&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fmassachusetts%2Farticles%2F2011%2F04%2F21%2Fboston_set_to_launch_bike_share_program%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-347"><a href="#cite_ref-347">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bluebikes.com/">"Bluesbikes Boston – Explore the city"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240905175327/https://bluebikes.com/">Archived</a> from the original on September 5, 2024. Retrieved September 11, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bluesbikes+Boston+%E2%80%93+Explore+the+city&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbluebikes.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-348"><a href="#cite_ref-348">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRedEye2015" class="citation web cs1">RedEye (May 8, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.redeyechicago.com/news/redeye-divvy-bikes-helmets-vending-machine-20150507-story.html">"Divvy may test-drive helmet vending machines at stations"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160815075453/http://www.redeyechicago.com/news/redeye-divvy-bikes-helmets-vending-machine-20150507-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 15, 2016. Retrieved August 3, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Divvy+may+test-drive+helmet+vending+machines+at+stations&rft.date=2015-05-08&rft.au=RedEye&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.redeyechicago.com%2Fnews%2Fredeye-divvy-bikes-helmets-vending-machine-20150507-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-349"><a href="#cite_ref-349">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boston.gov/economic-development/sister-cities">"Sister Cities"</a>. City of Boston. July 18, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180720195041/https://www.boston.gov/economic-development/sister-cities">Archived</a> from the original on July 20, 2018. Retrieved July 20, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sister+Cities&rft.pub=City+of+Boston&rft.date=2017-07-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.gov%2Feconomic-development%2Fsister-cities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-350"><a href="#cite_ref-350">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eguangzhou.gov.cn/2018-06/05/c_231707.htm">"Friendly Cities"</a>. Guangzhou People's Government. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224213249/http://www.eguangzhou.gov.cn/2018-06/05/c_231707.htm">Archived</a> from the original on February 24, 2021. Retrieved July 20, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Friendly+Cities&rft.pub=Guangzhou+People%27s+Government&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eguangzhou.gov.cn%2F2018-06%2F05%2Fc_231707.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-351"><a href="#cite_ref-351">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCity_of_Boston2016" class="citation web cs1">City of Boston (February 10, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boston.gov/news/mayor-walsh-signs-memorandum-understanding-lyon-france-vice-mayor-karin-dognin-sauze">"MAYOR WALSH SIGNS MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING WITH LYON, FRANCE VICE-MAYOR KARIN DOGNIN-SAUZE"</a>. City of Boston. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308031456/https://www.boston.gov/news/mayor-walsh-signs-memorandum-understanding-lyon-france-vice-mayor-karin-dognin-sauze">Archived</a> from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved July 20, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MAYOR+WALSH+SIGNS+MEMORANDUM+OF+UNDERSTANDING+WITH+LYON%2C+FRANCE+VICE-MAYOR+KARIN+DOGNIN-SAUZE&rft.pub=City+of+Boston&rft.date=2016-02-10&rft.au=City+of+Boston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.gov%2Fnews%2Fmayor-walsh-signs-memorandum-understanding-lyon-france-vice-mayor-karin-dognin-sauze&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-352"><a href="#cite_ref-352">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridgema.gov/news/detail.aspx?path=%2Fsitecore%2Fcontent%2Fhome%2FCDD%2FNews%2F2017%2F9%2Fclimatememorandumofcollaboration">"CITY OF CAMBRIDGE JOINS BOSTON, COPENHAGEN IN CLIMATE MEMORANDUM OF COLLABORATION"</a>. City of Cambridge. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180720195049/https://www.cambridgema.gov/news/detail.aspx?path=%2Fsitecore%2Fcontent%2Fhome%2FCDD%2FNews%2F2017%2F9%2Fclimatememorandumofcollaboration">Archived</a> from the original on July 20, 2018. Retrieved July 20, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CITY+OF+CAMBRIDGE+JOINS+BOSTON%2C+COPENHAGEN+IN+CLIMATE+MEMORANDUM+OF+COLLABORATION&rft.pub=City+of+Cambridge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridgema.gov%2Fnews%2Fdetail.aspx%3Fpath%3D%252Fsitecore%252Fcontent%252Fhome%252FCDD%252FNews%252F2017%252F9%252Fclimatememorandumofcollaboration&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-353"><a href="#cite_ref-353">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoston_City_TV2017" class="citation web cs1">Boston City TV (April 4, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F8ug7joD9aw">"Memorandum of Understanding with Mexico City's Mayor Mancera – Promo"</a>. City of Boston. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211114/F8ug7joD9aw">Archived</a> from the original on November 14, 2021. Retrieved July 20, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Memorandum+of+Understanding+with+Mexico+City%27s+Mayor+Mancera+%E2%80%93+Promo&rft.pub=City+of+Boston&rft.date=2017-04-04&rft.au=Boston+City+TV&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DF8ug7joD9aw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-354"><a href="#cite_ref-354">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDerry_City_&_Strabane_District_Council2017" class="citation web cs1">Derry City & Strabane District Council (November 17, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.derrystrabane.com/Your-Council/News/Ireland-North-West-In-Boston">"Ireland North West and City of Boston sign MOU"</a>. Derry City & Strabane District Council. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210305082231/https://www.derrystrabane.com/Your-Council/News/Ireland-North-West-In-Boston">Archived</a> from the original on March 5, 2021. Retrieved July 20, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ireland+North+West+and+City+of+Boston+sign+MOU&rft.pub=Derry+City+%26+Strabane+District+Council&rft.date=2017-11-17&rft.au=Derry+City+%26+Strabane+District+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.derrystrabane.com%2FYour-Council%2FNews%2FIreland-North-West-In-Boston&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoston" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boston&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Works cited">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBluestoneStevenson2002" class="citation book cs1">Bluestone, Barry; Stevenson, Mary Huff (2002). The Boston Renaissance: Race, Space, and Economic Change in an American Metropolis. Russell Sage Foundation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61044-072-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61044-072-1"><bdi>978-1-61044-072-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Boston+Renaissance%3A+Race%2C+Space%2C+and+Economic+Change+in+an+American+Metropolis&rft.pub=Russell+Sage+Foundation&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-61044-072-1&rft.aulast=Bluestone&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft.au=Stevenson%2C+Mary+Huff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoston" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBolino2012" class="citation book cs1">Bolino, August C. (2012). Men of Massachusetts: Bay State Contributors to American Society. iUniverse. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4759-3376-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4759-3376-5"><bdi>978-1-4759-3376-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Men+of+Massachusetts%3A+Bay+State+Contributors+to+American+Society&rft.pub=iUniverse&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4759-3376-5&rft.aulast=Bolino&rft.aufirst=August+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoston" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristopher2006" class="citation book cs1">Christopher, Paul J. (2006). 50 Plus One Greatest Cities in the World You Should Visit. Encouragement Press, LLC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-933766-01-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-933766-01-0"><bdi>978-1-933766-01-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=50+Plus+One+Greatest+Cities+in+the+World+You+Should+Visit&rft.pub=Encouragement+Press%2C+LLC.&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-933766-01-0&rft.aulast=Christopher&rft.aufirst=Paul+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoston" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHull2011" class="citation book cs1">Hull, Sarah (2011). The Rough Guide to Boston (6 ed.). Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4053-8247-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4053-8247-2"><bdi>978-1-4053-8247-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rough+Guide+to+Boston&rft.edition=6&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4053-8247-2&rft.aulast=Hull&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoston" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy1994" class="citation book cs1">Kennedy, Lawrence W. (1994). Planning the City Upon a Hill: Boston Since 1630. University of Massachusetts Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87023-923-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87023-923-6"><bdi>978-0-87023-923-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Planning+the+City+Upon+a+Hill%3A+Boston+Since+1630&rft.pub=University+of+Massachusetts+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-87023-923-6&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoston" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris2005" class="citation book cs1">Morris, Jerry (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bostonglobeguide00jerr">The Boston Globe Guide to Boston</a>. Globe Pequot. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7627-3430-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7627-3430-6"><bdi>978-0-7627-3430-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Boston+Globe+Guide+to+Boston&rft.pub=Globe+Pequot&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7627-3430-6&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Jerry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbostonglobeguide00jerr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoston" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVorhees2009" class="citation book cs1">Vorhees, Mara (2009). Lonely Planet Boston City Guide (4th ed.). Lonely Planet. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74179-178-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74179-178-5"><bdi>978-1-74179-178-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lonely+Planet+Boston+City+Guide&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-74179-178-5&rft.aulast=Vorhees&rft.aufirst=Mara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoston" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boston&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Boston" title="Bibliography of Boston">Bibliography of Boston</a>.</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeaglePenn2006" class="citation book cs1">Beagle, Jonathan M.; Penn, Elan (2006). Boston: A Pictorial Celebration. Sterling Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4027-1977-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4027-1977-6"><bdi>978-1-4027-1977-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boston%3A+A+Pictorial+Celebration&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4027-1977-6&rft.aulast=Beagle&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+M.&rft.au=Penn%2C+Elan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoston" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownThe_Boston_Globe2009" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Robin; The Boston Globe (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bostonssecretspa0000unse">Boston's Secret Spaces: 50 Hidden Corners In and Around the Hub</a> (1st ed.). Globe Pequot. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7627-5062-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7627-5062-7"><bdi>978-0-7627-5062-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boston%27s+Secret+Spaces%3A+50+Hidden+Corners+In+and+Around+the+Hub&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Globe+Pequot&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7627-5062-7&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft.au=The+Boston+Globe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbostonssecretspa0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoston" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHantoverKing200" class="citation book cs1">Hantover, Jeffrey; King, Gilbert (200). City in Time: Boston. Sterling Publishing Company8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4027-3300-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4027-3300-0"><bdi>978-1-4027-3300-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=City+in+Time%3A+Boston&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishing+Company8&rft.date=200&rft.isbn=978-1-4027-3300-0&rft.aulast=Hantover&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft.au=King%2C+Gilbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoston" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolliJones1981" class="citation book cs1">Holli, Melvin G.; Jones, Peter d'A., eds. (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/biographicaldict0000unse_r8s1">Biographical Dictionary of American Mayors, 1820–1980</a>. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-21134-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-21134-8"><bdi>978-0-313-21134-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biographical+Dictionary+of+American+Mayors%2C+1820%E2%80%931980&rft.place=Westport%2C+Conn.&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-313-21134-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbiographicaldict0000unse_r8s1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoston" class="Z3988"> Short scholarly biographies each of the city's mayors 1820 to 1980—see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/biographicaldict0000unse_r8s1/page/406/mode/2up">index at pp. 406–411</a> for list.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Connell2013" class="citation book cs1">O'Connell, James C. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UY5SjKPbaGoC">The Hub's Metropolis: Greater Boston's Development from Railroad Suburbs to Smart Growth</a>. MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-01875-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-01875-3"><bdi>978-0-262-01875-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hub%27s+Metropolis%3A+Greater+Boston%27s+Development+from+Railroad+Suburbs+to+Smart+Growth&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-262-01875-3&rft.aulast=O%27Connell&rft.aufirst=James+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUY5SjKPbaGoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoston" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Connor2000" class="citation book cs1">O'Connor, Thomas H. (2000). Boston: A to Z. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00310-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00310-1"><bdi>978-0-674-00310-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boston%3A+A+to+Z&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-674-00310-1&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=Thomas+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoston" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPriceSammarco2000" class="citation book cs1">Price, Michael; Sammarco, Anthony Mitchell (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RbMBOZux_Js">Boston's Immigrants, 1840–1925</a>. Arcadia Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-0921-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-0921-4"><bdi>978-0-7524-0921-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boston%27s+Immigrants%2C+1840%E2%80%931925&rft.pub=Arcadia+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7524-0921-4&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Sammarco%2C+Anthony+Mitchell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRbMBOZux_Js&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoston" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKriegerCobbTurner2001" class="citation book cs1">Krieger, Alex; Cobb, David; Turner, Amy, eds. (2001). Mapping Boston. MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-61173-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-61173-2"><bdi>978-0-262-61173-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mapping+Boston&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-262-61173-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoston" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeasholes2003" class="citation book cs1">Seasholes, Nancy S. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gaininggroundhis0000seas">Gaining Ground: A History of Landmaking in Boston</a>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-19494-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-19494-5"><bdi>978-0-262-19494-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gaining+Ground%3A+A+History+of+Landmaking+in+Boston&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-262-19494-5&rft.aulast=Seasholes&rft.aufirst=Nancy+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgaininggroundhis0000seas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoston" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShand-Tucci1999" class="citation book cs1">Shand-Tucci, Douglass (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/builtinbostoncit00shan_0">Built in Boston: City & Suburb, 1800–2000</a> (2nd ed.). University of Massachusetts Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55849-201-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55849-201-1"><bdi>978-1-55849-201-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Built+in+Boston%3A+City+%26+Suburb%2C+1800%E2%80%932000&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=University+of+Massachusetts+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-55849-201-1&rft.aulast=Shand-Tucci&rft.aufirst=Douglass&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbuiltinbostoncit00shan_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoston" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSouthworthSouthworth2008" class="citation book cs1">Southworth, Michael; Southworth, Susan (2008). AIA Guide to Boston, Third Edition: Contemporary Landmarks, Urban Design, Parks, Historic Buildings and Neighborhoods (3rd ed.). Globe Pequot. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7627-4337-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7627-4337-7"><bdi>978-0-7627-4337-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=AIA+Guide+to+Boston%2C+Third+Edition%3A+Contemporary+Landmarks%2C+Urban+Design%2C+Parks%2C+Historic+Buildings+and+Neighborhoods&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Globe+Pequot&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7627-4337-7&rft.aulast=Southworth&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Southworth%2C+Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoston" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVrabelBostonian_Society2004" class="citation book cs1">Vrabel, Jim; Bostonian Society (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wheninbostontime00jimv_0">When in Boston: A Time Line & Almanac</a>. Northeastern University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55553-620-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55553-620-6"><bdi>978-1-55553-620-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+in+Boston%3A+A+Time+Line+%26+Almanac&rft.pub=Northeastern+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-55553-620-6&rft.aulast=Vrabel&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft.au=Bostonian+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwheninbostontime00jimv_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoston" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitehillKennedy2000" class="citation book cs1">Whitehill, Walter Muir; Kennedy, Lawrence W. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bostontopographi00whit_1">Boston: A Topographical History</a> (3rd ed.). Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00268-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00268-5"><bdi>978-0-674-00268-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boston%3A+A+Topographical+History&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Belknap+Press+of+Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-674-00268-5&rft.aulast=Whitehill&rft.aufirst=Walter+Muir&rft.au=Kennedy%2C+Lawrence+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbostontopographi00whit_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoston" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boston&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right mw-collapsible mw-collapsed sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow" style="clear: both"> Boston at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex mw-collapsible-content"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Boston" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Boston">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Boston" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Boston">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Boston,_Massachusetts" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Boston, Massachusetts">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Boston" class="extiw" title="q:Boston">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Boston" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Boston">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Boston" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Boston">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Boston" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Boston">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Boston" class="extiw" title="voy:Boston">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://boston.gov">Official website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bostonusa.com/">Visit Boston</a>, official tourism website</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/2315704">Boston</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work/Boston">"Boston" </a>. <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work">The New Student's Reference Work </a>. 1914.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Boston&rft.btitle=The+New+Student%27s+Reference+Work&rft.date=1914&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoston" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Boston_(Massachusetts)">"Boston" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 290–296.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Boston&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=290-296&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoston" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.leventhalmap.org/search?utf8=%E2%9C%93&q=%22Boston+%28Mass.%29--Maps%22&search_field=subject">Historical Maps of Boston</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Norman_B._Leventhal_Map_Center" title="Norman B. Leventhal Map Center">Norman B. Leventhal Map Center</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Public_Library" title="Boston Public Library">Boston Public Library</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Boston" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#DFBC1E; color: #367BCA;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Boston,_Massachusetts" title="Template:Boston, Massachusetts"><abbr title="View this template" style="color: #367BCA">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Boston,_Massachusetts" title="Template talk:Boston, Massachusetts"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color: #367BCA">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Boston,_Massachusetts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Boston, Massachusetts"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color: #367BCA">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Boston" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Boston</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#DFBC1E; color: #367BCA;;width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston_accent" title="Boston accent">Accent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_annual_events_in_Boston" title="List of annual events in Boston">Annual events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Boston" title="Architecture of Boston">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_arts_organizations_in_Boston" title="List of arts organizations in Boston">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Boston" title="Bibliography of Boston">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_in_Boston" title="Culture in Boston">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Boston" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Boston">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Boston" title="List of diplomatic missions in Boston">Diplomatic missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Boston" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Boston">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Boston" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Boston">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_metropolitan_Boston" title="List of colleges and universities in metropolitan Boston">Colleges and universities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Boston" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Boston">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Boston" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Boston">Historic places</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_northern_Boston" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in northern Boston">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_southern_Boston" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in southern Boston">Southern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Boston" title="History of Boston">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Boston" title="Timeline of Boston">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Boston" title="Media in Boston">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_nicknames" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston nicknames">Nicknames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Boston" title="List of people from Boston">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Boston" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Boston">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Boston" title="Port of Boston">Port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Public_Library" title="Boston Public Library">Public library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Public_Schools" title="Boston Public Schools">Public schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sister_cities_of_Boston" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sister cities of Boston">Sister cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Boston" title="List of tallest buildings in Boston">Skyscrapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_songs_about_Boston" title="List of songs about Boston">Songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Boston" title="Transportation in Boston">Transportation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#DFBC1E; color: #367BCA;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sites_of_interest_in_Boston" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sites of interest in Boston">Attractions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Common" title="Boston Common">Boston Common</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Convention_and_Exhibition_Center" title="Boston Convention and Exhibition Center">Boston Convention and Exhibition Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Irish_Famine_Memorial" title="Boston Irish Famine Memorial">Irish Famine Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party#Boston_Tea_Party_Ships_and_Museum" title="Boston Tea Party">Boston Tea Party Ships and Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunker_Hill_Monument" title="Bunker Hill Monument">Bunker Hill Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorchester_Heights_Monument" title="Dorchester Heights Monument">Dorchester Heights Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faneuil_Hall" title="Faneuil Hall">Faneuil Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenway_Park" title="Fenway Park">Fenway Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Park_Zoo" title="Franklin Park Zoo">Franklin Park Zoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Trail" title="Freedom Trail">Freedom Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hynes_Convention_Center" title="Hynes Convention Center">Hynes Convention Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Contemporary_Art,_Boston" title="Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston">Institute of Contemporary Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_Stewart_Gardner_Museum" title="Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum">Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum">John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_State_House" title="Massachusetts State House">Massachusetts State House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Fine_Arts,_Boston" title="Museum of Fine Arts, Boston">Museum of Fine Arts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_the_Great_Spirit" title="Appeal to the Great Spirit">Appeal to the Great Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Science_(Boston)" title="Museum of Science (Boston)">Museum of Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_Aquarium" title="New England Aquarium">New England Aquarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_North_Church" title="Old North Church">Old North Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Revere_House" title="Paul Revere House">Paul Revere House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_Hall,_Boston" title="Symphony Hall, Boston">Boston Symphony Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TD_Garden" title="TD Garden">TD Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Constitution" title="USS Constitution">USS Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Constitution_Museum" title="USS Constitution Museum">Museum</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#DFBC1E; color: #367BCA;;width:1%">Business districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Back_Bay,_Boston" title="Back Bay, Boston">Back Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downtown_Boston" title="Downtown Boston">Downtown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenway%E2%80%93Kenmore" title="Fenway–Kenmore">Fenway–Kenmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_District,_Boston" title="Financial District, Boston">Financial District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Center,_Boston" title="Government Center, Boston">Government Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innovation_district" title="Innovation district">Innovation district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_End,_Boston" title="North End, Boston">North End</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Route_128" title="Massachusetts Route 128">Route 128 corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_End,_Boston" title="South End, Boston">South End</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_in_Boston" class="mw-redirect" title="List of companies in Boston">List of companies in Boston</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#DFBC1E; color: #367BCA;;width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Government_and_politics">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston_City_Charter" title="Boston City Charter">City charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_City_Council" title="Boston City Council">City council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_City_Hall" title="Boston City Hall">City Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Boston_mayoral_election" title="2021 Boston mayoral election">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Emergency_Medical_Services" title="Boston Emergency Medical Services">Emergency Medical Services (EMS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Finance_Commission" title="Boston Finance Commission">FinComm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Fire_Department" title="Boston Fire Department">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Housing_Authority" title="Boston Housing Authority">Housing (BHA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Boston" title="Mayor of Boston">Mayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Planning_%26_Development_Agency" title="Boston Planning & Development Agency">Planning & Development Agency (BPDA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Police_Department" title="Boston Police Department">Police</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#DFBC1E; color: #367BCA;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neighborhoods_in_Boston" title="Neighborhoods in Boston">Neighborhoods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allston%E2%80%93Brighton" title="Allston–Brighton">Allston–Brighton</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allston" title="Allston">Allston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brighton,_Boston" title="Brighton, Boston">Brighton</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back_Bay,_Boston" title="Back Bay, Boston">Back Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Village,_Boston" title="Bay Village, Boston">Bay Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beacon_Hill,_Boston" title="Beacon Hill, Boston">Beacon Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downtown_Crossing" title="Downtown Crossing">Downtown Boston</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Financial_District,_Boston" title="Financial District, Boston">Financial District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Center,_Boston" title="Government Center, Boston">Government Center</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlestown,_Boston" title="Charlestown, Boston">Charlestown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chestnut_Hill,_Massachusetts" title="Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts">Chestnut Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Boston" title="Chinatown, Boston">Chinatown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorchester,_Boston" title="Dorchester, Boston">Dorchester</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Point,_Boston" title="Columbia Point, Boston">Columbia Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upham%27s_Corner" class="mw-redirect" title="Upham's Corner">Upham's Corner</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Boston" title="East Boston">East Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenway%E2%80%93Kenmore" title="Fenway–Kenmore">Fenway–Kenmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Harbor_Islands_National_Recreation_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area">Harbor Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyde_Park,_Boston" title="Hyde Park, Boston">Hyde Park</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Readville,_Boston" title="Readville, Boston">Readville</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica_Plain" title="Jamaica Plain">Jamaica Plain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forest_Hills,_Boston" title="Forest Hills, Boston">Forest Hills</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leather_District" title="Leather District">Leather District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattapan" title="Mattapan">Mattapan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Hill,_Boston" title="Mission Hill, Boston">Mission Hill</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Longwood_Medical_and_Academic_Area" title="Longwood Medical and Academic Area">Longwood</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_End,_Boston" title="North End, Boston">North End</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roslindale" title="Roslindale">Roslindale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roxbury,_Boston" title="Roxbury, Boston">Roxbury</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Hill,_Boston" title="Fort Hill, Boston">Fort Hill</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Boston" title="South Boston">South Boston</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Point,_Boston" title="Fort Point, Boston">Fort Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaport_District" title="Seaport District">Seaport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_End,_Boston" title="South End, Boston">South End</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_End,_Boston" title="West End, Boston">West End</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Roxbury" title="West Roxbury">West Roxbury</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#DFBC1E; color: #367BCA;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Boston" title="Sports in Boston">Sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Bruins" title="Boston Bruins">Boston Bruins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Celtics" title="Boston Celtics">Boston Celtics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Marathon" title="Boston Marathon">Boston Marathon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox" title="Boston Red Sox">Boston Red Sox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_Free_Jacks" title="New England Free Jacks">New England Free Jacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_Patriots" title="New England Patriots">New England Patriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_Revolution" title="New England Revolution">New England Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#DFBC1E; color: #367BCA;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suffolk_County,_Massachusetts" title="Suffolk County, Massachusetts">Suffolk County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Boston" title="Greater Boston">Greater Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Other_articles_relating_to_Boston" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Other_articles_relating_to_Boston" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other articles relating to Boston</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Boston_landmarks" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Boston_landmarks" title="Template:Boston landmarks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Boston_landmarks" title="Template talk:Boston landmarks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Boston_landmarks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Boston landmarks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Boston_landmarks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sites_of_interest_in_Boston" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sites of interest in Boston">Boston landmarks</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Meeting_House" title="African Meeting House">African Meeting House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Athen%C3%A6um" title="Boston Athenæum">Boston Athenæum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Children%27s_Museum" title="Boston Children's Museum">Boston Children's Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Common" title="Boston Common">Boston Common</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Convention_and_Exhibition_Center" title="Boston Convention and Exhibition Center">Boston Convention and Exhibition Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Navy_Yard" title="Boston Navy Yard">Boston Navy Yard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Public_Garden" title="Boston Public Garden">Boston Public Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Public_Library" title="Boston Public Library">Boston Public Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party#Boston_Tea_Party_Ships_and_Museum" title="Boston Tea Party">Boston Tea Party Ships and Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boch_Center" title="Boch Center">Citi Performing Arts Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downtown_Crossing" title="Downtown Crossing">Downtown Crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_M._Kennedy_Institute_for_the_United_States_Senate" title="Edward M. Kennedy Institute for the United States Senate">Edward M. Kennedy Institute for the United States Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faneuil_Hall" title="Faneuil Hall">Faneuil Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenway_Park" title="Fenway Park">Fenway Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Park_Zoo" title="Franklin Park Zoo">Franklin Park Zoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Trail" title="Freedom Trail">Freedom Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Contemporary_Art,_Boston" title="Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston">Institute of Contemporary Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_Stewart_Gardner_Museum" title="Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum">Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum">John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_State_House" title="Massachusetts State House">Massachusetts State House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Fine_Arts,_Boston" title="Museum of Fine Arts, Boston">Museum of Fine Arts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_the_Great_Spirit" title="Appeal to the Great Spirit">Appeal to the Great Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Science_(Boston)" title="Museum of Science (Boston)">Museum of Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_Aquarium" title="New England Aquarium">New England Aquarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_Holocaust_Memorial" title="New England Holocaust Memorial">New England Holocaust Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newbury_Street" title="Newbury Street">Newbury Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_North_Church" title="Old North Church">Old North Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Revere_House" title="Paul Revere House">Paul Revere House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prudential_Tower" title="Prudential Tower">Prudential Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Samuel_Adams" title="Statue of Samuel Adams">Samuel Adams (Whitney)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Station" title="South Station">South Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_Hall,_Boston" title="Symphony Hall, Boston">Symphony Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TD_Garden" title="TD Garden">TD Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_Church_(Boston)" title="Trinity Church (Boston)">Trinity Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Cassin_Young" title="USS Cassin Young">USS Cassin Young (DD-793)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Constitution" title="USS Constitution">USS Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Constitution_Museum" title="USS Constitution Museum">Museum</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Public_art_in_Boston" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Public_art_in_Boston" title="Template:Public art in Boston"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Public_art_in_Boston" title="Template talk:Public art in Boston"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Public_art_in_Boston" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Public art in Boston"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Public_art_in_Boston" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_art_in_Boston" title="List of public art in Boston">Public art in Boston</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_the_Great_Spirit" title="Appeal to the Great Spirit">Appeal to the Great Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_Nurses_Memorial" title="Army Nurses Memorial">Army Nurses Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Fiedler_Memorial" title="Arthur Fiedler Memorial">Arthur Fiedler Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagheera_Fountain" title="Bagheera Fountain">Bagheera Fountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beacon_Hill_Monument" title="Beacon Hill Monument">Beacon Hill Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Common_Tablet" title="Boston Common Tablet">Boston Common Tablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Irish_Famine_Memorial" title="Boston Irish Famine Memorial">Boston Irish Famine Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Massacre_Monument" title="Boston Massacre Monument">Boston Massacre Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Public_Garden_Flagpole_Base" title="Boston Public Garden Flagpole Base">Boston Public Garden Flagpole Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Women%27s_Memorial" title="Boston Women's Memorial">Boston Women's Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boy_and_Bird_Fountain" title="Boy and Bird Fountain">Boy and Bird Fountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brewer_Fountain" title="Brewer Fountain">Brewer Fountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bust_of_Patrick_Collins" title="Bust of Patrick Collins">Bust of Patrick Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bust_of_Richard_Cushing" title="Bust of Richard Cushing">Bust of Richard Cushing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Eliot_Memorial" title="Charles Eliot Memorial">Charles Eliot Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlestown_Civil_War_Memorial" title="Charlestown Civil War Memorial">Charlestown Civil War Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlestown_Vietnam_Veterans_Memorial" title="Charlestown Vietnam Veterans Memorial">Charlestown Vietnam Veterans Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Trade_Gate" title="China Trade Gate">China Trade Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_Carpet" title="City Carpet">City Carpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_the_Sculptor" title="Death and the Sculptor">Death and the Sculptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Independence_Tablet" title="Declaration of Independence Tablet">Declaration of Independence Tablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Donkey_(statue)" title="Democratic Donkey (statue)">Democratic Donkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolphins_of_the_Sea" title="Dolphins of the Sea">Dolphins of the Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorchester_Heights_Monument" title="Dorchester Heights Monument">Dorchester Heights Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echo_of_the_Waves" title="Echo of the Waves">Echo of the Waves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Upton_Curtis_Memorial" title="Edwin Upton Curtis Memorial">Edwin Upton Curtis Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_(sculpture)" title="Emancipation (sculpture)">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Memorial_(Boston)" title="Emancipation Memorial (Boston)">Emancipation Memorial</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Embrace" title="The Embrace">The Embrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ether_Monument" title="Ether Monument">Ether Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firemen%27s_Memorial_(Boston)" title="Firemen's Memorial (Boston)">Firemen's Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Founders_Memorial" title="The Founders Memorial">The Founders Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Robert_White_Memorial" title="George Robert White Memorial">George Robert White Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Thorndike_Angell_Memorial" title="George Thorndike Angell Memorial">George Thorndike Angell Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbor_Fog" title="Harbor Fog">Harbor Fog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotel_Vendome_Fire_Memorial" title="Hotel Vendome Fire Memorial">Hotel Vendome Fire Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_Memorial" title="Hungarian Revolution Memorial">Hungarian Revolution Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Hunter_(Manship)" title="Indian Hunter (Manship)">Indian Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_J._and_Helen_Storrow_Memorial" title="James J. and Helen Storrow Memorial">James J. and Helen Storrow Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Lantern_(Boston)" title="Japanese Lantern (Boston)">Japanese Lantern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Barry_Tablet" title="John Barry Tablet">John Barry Tablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Boyle_O%27Reilly_Memorial" title="John Boyle O'Reilly Memorial">John Boyle O'Reilly Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotta_Fountain" title="Lotta Fountain">Lotta Fountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Make_Way_for_Ducklings_(sculpture)" title="Make Way for Ducklings (sculpture)">Make Way for Ducklings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvin_E._Goody_Memorial" title="Marvin E. Goody Memorial">Marvin E. Goody Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Fallen_Firefighters_Memorial" title="Massachusetts Fallen Firefighters Memorial">Massachusetts Fallen Firefighters Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Korean_War_Memorial" title="Massachusetts Korean War Memorial">Massachusetts Korean War Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Law_Enforcement_Memorial" title="Massachusetts Law Enforcement Memorial">Massachusetts Law Enforcement Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_Holocaust_Memorial" title="New England Holocaust Memorial">New England Holocaust Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_North_Memorial_Garden" title="Old North Memorial Garden">Old North Memorial Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Once_and_Future_Shoreline" title="A Once and Future Shoreline">A Once and Future Shoreline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneida_Football_Club_Monument" title="Oneida Football Club Monument">Oneida Football Club Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkman_Plaza" title="Parkman Plaza">Parkman Plaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Partisans_(sculpture)" title="The Partisans (sculpture)">The Partisans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II_Memorial_(Boston)" title="Pope John Paul II Memorial (Boston)">Pope John Paul II Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gould_Shaw_Memorial" title="Robert Gould Shaw Memorial">Robert Gould Shaw Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Child_Fountain" title="Small Child Fountain">Small Child Fountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldiers_and_Sailors_Monument_(Boston)" title="Soldiers and Sailors Monument (Boston)">Soldiers and Sailors Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statler_Fountain" title="Statler Fountain">Statler Fountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_Bell_(Boston)" title="Temple Bell (Boston)">Temple Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermopylae_(sculpture)" title="Thermopylae (sculpture)">Thermopylae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Teammates_(statue)" title="The Teammates (statue)">The Teammates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Tortoise_and_the_Hare_(sculpture)" title="The Tortoise and the Hare (sculpture)">The Tortoise and the Hare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triton_Babies_Fountain" title="Triton Babies Fountain">Triton Babies Fountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_Memorial_(Boston)" title="World War I Memorial (Boston)">World War I Memorial</a></li> <li>World War II Memorial <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_Memorial_(Charlestown,_Boston)" title="World War II Memorial (Charlestown, Boston)">Charlestown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_Memorial_(Fenway%E2%80%93Kenmore,_Boston)" title="World War II Memorial (Fenway–Kenmore, Boston)">Fenway–Kenmore</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Portraitstatues" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portrait statues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Aristides_(Boston)" title="Statue of Aristides (Boston)">Aristides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Red_Auerbach" title="Statue of Red Auerbach">Red Auerbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_William_Francis_Bartlett" title="Statue of William Francis Bartlett">William Francis Bartlett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Phillips_Brooks" title="Statue of Phillips Brooks">Phillips Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Robert_Burns_(Boston)" title="Statue of Robert Burns (Boston)">Robert Burns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Thomas_Cass" title="Statue of Thomas Cass">Thomas Cass</a></li> <li>Christopher Columbus <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Christopher_Columbus_(Beacon_Hill,_Boston)" title="Statue of Christopher Columbus (Beacon Hill, Boston)">Beacon Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Christopher_Columbus_(North_End,_Boston)" title="Statue of Christopher Columbus (North End, Boston)">North End</a>†</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_William_Ellery_Channing" title="Statue of William Ellery Channing">William Ellery Channing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_John_Singleton_Copley" title="Statue of John Singleton Copley">John Singleton Copley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statues_of_James_Michael_Curley" title="Statues of James Michael Curley">James Michael Curley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Tony_DeMarco" title="Statue of Tony DeMarco">Tony DeMarco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Charles_Devens_(Boston)" title="Statue of Charles Devens (Boston)">Charles Devens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Mary_Dyer" title="Statue of Mary Dyer">Mary Dyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_John_Endecott" title="Statue of John Endecott">John Endecott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Leif_Erikson_(Boston)" title="Statue of Leif Erikson (Boston)">Leif Erikson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Edward_Everett" title="Statue of Edward Everett">Edward Everett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_David_Farragut_(Boston)" title="Statue of David Farragut (Boston)">David Farragut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Benjamin_Franklin_(Boston)" title="Statue of Benjamin Franklin (Boston)">Benjamin Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_William_Lloyd_Garrison" title="Statue of William Lloyd Garrison">William Lloyd Garrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_John_Glover" title="Statue of John Glover">John Glover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Edward_Everett_Hale" title="Statue of Edward Everett Hale">Edward Everett Hale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Alexander_Hamilton_(Boston)" title="Statue of Alexander Hamilton (Boston)">Alexander Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_statue_of_Joseph_Hooker" title="Equestrian statue of Joseph Hooker">Joseph Hooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Anne_Hutchinson" title="Statue of Anne Hutchinson">Anne Hutchinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_John_F._Kennedy_(Boston)" title="Statue of John F. Kennedy (Boston)">John F. Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Tadeusz_Ko%C5%9Bciuszko_(Boston)" title="Statue of Tadeusz Kościuszko (Boston)">Tadeusz Kościuszko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Henry_Cabot_Lodge" title="Statue of Henry Cabot Lodge">Henry Cabot Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Horace_Mann" title="Statue of Horace Mann">Horace Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Samuel_Eliot_Morison" title="Statue of Samuel Eliot Morison">Samuel Eliot Morison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Bobby_Orr" title="Statue of Bobby Orr">Bobby Orr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_George_S._Patton_(Boston)" title="Statue of George S. Patton (Boston)">George S. Patton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Wendell_Phillips" title="Statue of Wendell Phillips">Wendell Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_William_Prescott" title="Statue of William Prescott">William Prescott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Josiah_Quincy_III" title="Statue of Josiah Quincy III">Josiah Quincy III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_statue_of_Paul_Revere" title="Equestrian statue of Paul Revere">Paul Revere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Bill_Russell" title="Statue of Bill Russell">Bill Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento" title="Statue of Domingo Faustino Sarmiento">Domingo Faustino Sarmiento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Charles_Sumner_(Boston)" title="Statue of Charles Sumner (Boston)">Charles Sumner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Maurice_J._Tobin" title="Statue of Maurice J. Tobin">Maurice J. Tobin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_David_I._Walsh" title="Statue of David I. Walsh">David I. Walsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Joseph_Warren_(Charlestown,_Boston)" title="Statue of Joseph Warren (Charlestown, Boston)">Joseph Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_statue_of_George_Washington_(Boston)" title="Equestrian statue of George Washington (Boston)">George Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Daniel_Webster_(Boston)" title="Statue of Daniel Webster (Boston)">Daniel Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Kevin_White" title="Statue of Kevin White">Kevin White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_John_Winthrop_(Boston)" title="Statue of John Winthrop (Boston)">John Winthrop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Art_Commission" title="Boston Art Commission">Boston Art Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graffiti_in_Boston" title="Graffiti in Boston">Graffiti in Boston</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Key: † No longer extant or on public display</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Municipalities_and_communities_of_Suffolk_County,_Massachusetts,_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#15317E;color:#ffffff;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Suffolk_County,_Massachusetts" title="Template:Suffolk County, Massachusetts"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:#ffffff">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Suffolk_County,_Massachusetts" title="Template talk:Suffolk County, Massachusetts"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:#ffffff">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Suffolk_County,_Massachusetts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Suffolk County, Massachusetts"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:#ffffff">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Municipalities_and_communities_of_Suffolk_County,_Massachusetts,_United_States" class="adr" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Municipalities and communities of <a href="/wiki/Suffolk_County,_Massachusetts" title="Suffolk County, Massachusetts">Suffolk County, Massachusetts</a>, United States</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#15317E;color:#ffffff;"><div><a href="/wiki/County_seat" title="County seat">County seat</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Boston</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#15317E;color:#ffffff;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Massachusetts">Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelsea,_Massachusetts" title="Chelsea, Massachusetts">Chelsea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revere,_Massachusetts" title="Revere, Massachusetts">Revere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winthrop,_Massachusetts" title="Winthrop, Massachusetts">Winthrop</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Map_of_Massachusetts_highlighting_Suffolk_County.svg/180px-Map_of_Massachusetts_highlighting_Suffolk_County.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Map_of_Massachusetts_highlighting_Suffolk_County.svg/270px-Map_of_Massachusetts_highlighting_Suffolk_County.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Map_of_Massachusetts_highlighting_Suffolk_County.svg/360px-Map_of_Massachusetts_highlighting_Suffolk_County.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1488" data-file-height="910" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#15317E;color:#ffffff;"><a href="/wiki/Neighborhood" class="mw-redirect" title="Neighborhood">Neighborhoods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allston" title="Allston">Allston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back_Bay,_Boston" title="Back Bay, Boston">Back Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Village,_Boston,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Bay Village, Boston, Massachusetts">Bay Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beacon_Hill,_Boston" title="Beacon Hill, Boston">Beacon Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlestown,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Charlestown, Massachusetts">Charlestown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Boston" title="Chinatown, Boston">Chinatown/Leather District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorchester,_Boston" title="Dorchester, Boston">Dorchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downtown_Boston" title="Downtown Boston">Downtown Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Boston" title="East Boston">East Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenway-Kenmore" class="mw-redirect" title="Fenway-Kenmore">Fenway-Kenmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyde_Park,_Boston" title="Hyde Park, Boston">Hyde Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica_Plain,_Boston" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamaica Plain, Boston">Jamaica Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattapan" title="Mattapan">Mattapan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Hill,_Boston" title="Mission Hill, Boston">Mission Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_End,_Boston" title="North End, Boston">North End</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roslindale" title="Roslindale">Roslindale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roxbury,_Boston" title="Roxbury, Boston">Roxbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Boston" title="South Boston">South Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_End,_Boston" title="South End, Boston">South End</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_End,_Boston" title="West End, Boston">West End</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Roxbury,_Boston" class="mw-redirect" title="West Roxbury, Boston">West Roxbury</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="background:#15317E;color:#ffffff;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Massachusetts_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Massachusetts (state)">Massachusetts portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Region_of_Greater_Boston" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#367BCA; color: white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Greater_Boston" title="Template:Greater Boston"><abbr title="View this template" style="color: white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Greater_Boston" title="Template talk:Greater Boston"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color: white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Greater_Boston" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Greater Boston"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color: white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Region_of_Greater_Boston" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Region of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Boston" title="Greater Boston">Greater Boston</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#367BCA; color: white;;width:1%">Counties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belknap_County,_New_Hampshire" title="Belknap County, New Hampshire">Belknap, NH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_County,_Massachusetts" title="Bristol County, Massachusetts">Bristol, MA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_County,_Rhode_Island" title="Bristol County, Rhode Island">Bristol, RI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essex_County,_Massachusetts" title="Essex County, Massachusetts">Essex, MA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillsborough_County,_New_Hampshire" title="Hillsborough County, New Hampshire">Hillsborough, NH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kent_County,_Rhode_Island" title="Kent County, Rhode Island">Kent, RI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merrimack_County,_New_Hampshire" title="Merrimack County, New Hampshire">Merrimack, NH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middlesex_County,_Massachusetts" title="Middlesex County, Massachusetts">Middlesex, MA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newport_County,_Rhode_Island" title="Newport County, Rhode Island">Newport, RI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_County,_Massachusetts" title="Norfolk County, Massachusetts">Norfolk, MA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_County,_Massachusetts" title="Plymouth County, Massachusetts">Plymouth, MA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Providence_County,_Rhode_Island" title="Providence County, Rhode Island">Providence, RI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockingham_County,_New_Hampshire" title="Rockingham County, New Hampshire">Rockingham, NH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strafford_County,_New_Hampshire" title="Strafford County, New Hampshire">Strafford, NH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffolk_County,_Massachusetts" title="Suffolk County, Massachusetts">Suffolk, MA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_County,_Rhode_Island" title="Washington County, Rhode Island">Washington, RI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worcester_County,_Massachusetts" title="Worcester County, Massachusetts">Worcester, MA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#367BCA; color: white;;width:1%">Major cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Boston</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#367BCA; color: white;;width:1%">Cities and towns 100k-250k</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brockton,_Massachusetts" title="Brockton, Massachusetts">Brockton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowell,_Massachusetts" title="Lowell, Massachusetts">Lowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynn,_Massachusetts" title="Lynn, Massachusetts">Lynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester,_New_Hampshire" title="Manchester, New Hampshire">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Bedford,_Massachusetts" title="New Bedford, Massachusetts">New Bedford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island" title="Providence, Rhode Island">Providence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quincy,_Massachusetts" title="Quincy, Massachusetts">Quincy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worcester,_Massachusetts" title="Worcester, Massachusetts">Worcester</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#367BCA; color: white;;width:1%">Cities and towns 25k-100k</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andover,_Massachusetts" title="Andover, Massachusetts">Andover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlington,_Massachusetts" title="Arlington, Massachusetts">Arlington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attleboro,_Massachusetts" title="Attleboro, Massachusetts">Attleboro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beverly,_Massachusetts" title="Beverly, Massachusetts">Beverly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billerica,_Massachusetts" title="Billerica, Massachusetts">Billerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braintree,_Massachusetts" title="Braintree, Massachusetts">Braintree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridgewater,_Massachusetts" title="Bridgewater, Massachusetts">Bridgewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brookline,_Massachusetts" title="Brookline, Massachusetts">Brookline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelmsford,_Massachusetts" title="Chelmsford, Massachusetts">Chelmsford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelsea,_Massachusetts" title="Chelsea, Massachusetts">Chelsea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concord,_New_Hampshire" title="Concord, New Hampshire">Concord (New Hampshire)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coventry,_Rhode_Island" title="Coventry, Rhode Island">Coventry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cranston,_Rhode_Island" title="Cranston, Rhode Island">Cranston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland,_Rhode_Island" title="Cumberland, Rhode Island">Cumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danvers,_Massachusetts" title="Danvers, Massachusetts">Danvers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dartmouth,_Massachusetts" title="Dartmouth, Massachusetts">Dartmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derry,_New_Hampshire" title="Derry, New Hampshire">Derry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dover,_New_Hampshire" title="Dover, New Hampshire">Dover (New Hampshire)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dracut,_Massachusetts" title="Dracut, Massachusetts">Dracut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Providence,_Rhode_Island" title="East Providence, Rhode Island">East Providence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett,_Massachusetts" title="Everett, Massachusetts">Everett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_River,_Massachusetts" title="Fall River, Massachusetts">Fall River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitchburg,_Massachusetts" title="Fitchburg, Massachusetts">Fitchburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framingham,_Massachusetts" title="Framingham, Massachusetts">Framingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin,_Massachusetts" title="Franklin, Massachusetts">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloucester,_Massachusetts" title="Gloucester, Massachusetts">Gloucester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haverhill,_Massachusetts" title="Haverhill, Massachusetts">Haverhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnston,_Rhode_Island" title="Johnston, Rhode Island">Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence,_Massachusetts" title="Lawrence, Massachusetts">Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leominster,_Massachusetts" title="Leominster, Massachusetts">Leominster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexington,_Massachusetts" title="Lexington, Massachusetts">Lexington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malden,_Massachusetts" title="Malden, Massachusetts">Malden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marlborough,_Massachusetts" title="Marlborough, Massachusetts">Marlborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshfield,_Massachusetts" title="Marshfield, Massachusetts">Marshfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medford,_Massachusetts" title="Medford, Massachusetts">Medford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melrose,_Massachusetts" title="Melrose, Massachusetts">Melrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merrimack,_New_Hampshire" title="Merrimack, New Hampshire">Merrimack (New Hampshire)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methuen,_Massachusetts" title="Methuen, Massachusetts">Methuen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milford,_Massachusetts" title="Milford, Massachusetts">Milford (Massachusetts)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton,_Massachusetts" title="Milton, Massachusetts">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashua,_New_Hampshire" title="Nashua, New Hampshire">Nashua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natick,_Massachusetts" title="Natick, Massachusetts">Natick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needham,_Massachusetts" title="Needham, Massachusetts">Needham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newport,_Rhode_Island" title="Newport, Rhode Island">Newport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton,_Massachusetts" title="Newton, Massachusetts">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Andover,_Massachusetts" title="North Andover, Massachusetts">North Andover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Attleboro,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="North Attleboro, Massachusetts">North Attleboro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Kingstown,_Rhode_Island" title="North Kingstown, Rhode Island">North Kingstown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Providence,_Rhode_Island" title="North Providence, Rhode Island">North Providence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwood,_Massachusetts" title="Norwood, Massachusetts">Norwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawtucket,_Rhode_Island" title="Pawtucket, Rhode Island">Pawtucket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peabody,_Massachusetts" title="Peabody, Massachusetts">Peabody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth,_Massachusetts" title="Plymouth, Massachusetts">Plymouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revere,_Massachusetts" title="Revere, Massachusetts">Revere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochester,_New_Hampshire" title="Rochester, New Hampshire">Rochester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salem,_Massachusetts" title="Salem, Massachusetts">Salem (Massachusetts)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salem,_New_Hampshire" title="Salem, New Hampshire">Salem (New Hampshire)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saugus,_Massachusetts" title="Saugus, Massachusetts">Saugus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrewsbury,_Massachusetts" title="Shrewsbury, Massachusetts">Shrewsbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somerville,_Massachusetts" title="Somerville, Massachusetts">Somerville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Kingstown,_Rhode_Island" title="South Kingstown, Rhode Island">South Kingstown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoughton,_Massachusetts" title="Stoughton, Massachusetts">Stoughton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taunton,_Massachusetts" title="Taunton, Massachusetts">Taunton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tewksbury,_Massachusetts" title="Tewksbury, Massachusetts">Tewksbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakefield,_Massachusetts" title="Wakefield, Massachusetts">Wakefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waltham,_Massachusetts" title="Waltham, Massachusetts">Waltham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warwick,_Rhode_Island" title="Warwick, Rhode Island">Warwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watertown,_Massachusetts" title="Watertown, Massachusetts">Watertown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wellesley,_Massachusetts" title="Wellesley, Massachusetts">Wellesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Warwick,_Rhode_Island" title="West Warwick, Rhode Island">West Warwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weymouth,_Massachusetts" title="Weymouth, Massachusetts">Weymouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woburn,_Massachusetts" title="Woburn, Massachusetts">Woburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woonsocket,_Rhode_Island" title="Woonsocket, Rhode Island">Woonsocket</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#367BCA; color: white;;width:1%">Cities and towns 10k-25k</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abington,_Massachusetts" title="Abington, Massachusetts">Abington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acton,_Massachusetts" title="Acton, Massachusetts">Acton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acushnet,_Massachusetts" title="Acushnet, Massachusetts">Acushnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amesbury,_Massachusetts" title="Amesbury, Massachusetts">Amesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amherst,_New_Hampshire" title="Amherst, New Hampshire">Amherst (New Hampshire)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashland,_Massachusetts" title="Ashland, Massachusetts">Ashland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athol,_Massachusetts" title="Athol, Massachusetts">Athol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auburn,_Massachusetts" title="Auburn, Massachusetts">Auburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrington,_Rhode_Island" title="Barrington, Rhode Island">Barrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedford,_Massachusetts" title="Bedford, Massachusetts">Bedford (Massachusetts)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedford,_New_Hampshire" title="Bedford, New Hampshire">Bedford (New Hampshire)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellingham,_Massachusetts" title="Bellingham, Massachusetts">Bellingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belmont,_Massachusetts" title="Belmont, Massachusetts">Belmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beverly,_Massachusetts" title="Beverly, Massachusetts">Beverly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol,_Rhode_Island" title="Bristol, Rhode Island">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burlington,_Massachusetts" title="Burlington, Massachusetts">Burlington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burrillville,_Rhode_Island" title="Burrillville, Rhode Island">Burrillville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton,_Massachusetts" title="Canton, Massachusetts">Canton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carver,_Massachusetts" title="Carver, Massachusetts">Carver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Falls,_Rhode_Island" title="Central Falls, Rhode Island">Central Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlton,_Massachusetts" title="Charlton, Massachusetts">Charlton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton,_Massachusetts" title="Clinton, Massachusetts">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concord,_Massachusetts" title="Concord, Massachusetts">Concord (Massachusetts)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dedham,_Massachusetts" title="Dedham, Massachusetts">Dedham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dudley,_Massachusetts" title="Dudley, Massachusetts">Dudley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duxbury,_Massachusetts" title="Duxbury, Massachusetts">Duxbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Bridgewater,_Massachusetts" title="East Bridgewater, Massachusetts">East Bridgewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Greenwich,_Rhode_Island" title="East Greenwich, Rhode Island">East Greenwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easton,_Massachusetts" title="Easton, Massachusetts">Easton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exeter,_New_Hampshire" title="Exeter, New Hampshire">Exeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairhaven,_Massachusetts" title="Fairhaven, Massachusetts">Fairhaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foxborough,_Massachusetts" title="Foxborough, Massachusetts">Foxborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardner,_Massachusetts" title="Gardner, Massachusetts">Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goffstown,_New_Hampshire" title="Goffstown, New Hampshire">Goffstown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grafton,_Massachusetts" title="Grafton, Massachusetts">Grafton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groton,_Massachusetts" title="Groton, Massachusetts">Groton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampton,_New_Hampshire" title="Hampton, New Hampshire">Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanover,_Massachusetts" title="Hanover, Massachusetts">Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanson,_Massachusetts" title="Hanson, Massachusetts">Hanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hingham,_Massachusetts" title="Hingham, Massachusetts">Hingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holbrook,_Massachusetts" title="Holbrook, Massachusetts">Holbrook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holden,_Massachusetts" title="Holden, Massachusetts">Holden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holliston,_Massachusetts" title="Holliston, Massachusetts">Holliston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hooksett,_New_Hampshire" title="Hooksett, New Hampshire">Hooksett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopkinton,_Massachusetts" title="Hopkinton, Massachusetts">Hopkinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson,_Massachusetts" title="Hudson, Massachusetts">Hudson (Massachusetts)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson,_New_Hampshire" title="Hudson, New Hampshire">Hudson (New Hampshire)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hull,_Massachusetts" title="Hull, Massachusetts">Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ipswich,_Massachusetts" title="Ipswich, Massachusetts">Ipswich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Massachusetts" title="Kingston, Massachusetts">Kingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laconia,_New_Hampshire" title="Laconia, New Hampshire">Laconia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakeville,_Massachusetts" title="Lakeville, Massachusetts">Lakeville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leicester,_Massachusetts" title="Leicester, Massachusetts">Leicester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln,_Rhode_Island" title="Lincoln, Rhode Island">Lincoln (Rhode Island)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Londonderry,_New_Hampshire" title="Londonderry, New Hampshire">Londonderry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunenburg,_Massachusetts" title="Lunenburg, Massachusetts">Lunenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynnfield,_Massachusetts" title="Lynnfield, Massachusetts">Lynnfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansfield,_Massachusetts" title="Mansfield, Massachusetts">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marblehead,_Massachusetts" title="Marblehead, Massachusetts">Marblehead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maynard,_Massachusetts" title="Maynard, Massachusetts">Maynard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medfield,_Massachusetts" title="Medfield, Massachusetts">Medfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medway,_Massachusetts" title="Medway, Massachusetts">Medway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middleborough,_Massachusetts" title="Middleborough, Massachusetts">Middleborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middletown,_Rhode_Island" title="Middletown, Rhode Island">Middletown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milford,_New_Hampshire" title="Milford, New Hampshire">Milford (New Hampshire)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millbury,_Massachusetts" title="Millbury, Massachusetts">Millbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narragansett,_Rhode_Island" title="Narragansett, Rhode Island">Narragansett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newburyport,_Massachusetts" title="Newburyport, Massachusetts">Newburyport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk,_Massachusetts" title="Norfolk, Massachusetts">Norfolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northborough,_Massachusetts" title="Northborough, Massachusetts">Northborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northbridge,_Massachusetts" title="Northbridge, Massachusetts">Northbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Reading,_Massachusetts" title="North Reading, Massachusetts">North Reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Smithfield,_Rhode_Island" title="North Smithfield, Rhode Island">North Smithfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norton,_Massachusetts" title="Norton, Massachusetts">Norton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwell,_Massachusetts" title="Norwell, Massachusetts">Norwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford,_Massachusetts" title="Oxford, Massachusetts">Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peabody,_Massachusetts" title="Peabody, Massachusetts">Peabody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelham,_New_Hampshire" title="Pelham, New Hampshire">Pelham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pembroke,_Massachusetts" title="Pembroke, Massachusetts">Pembroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepperell,_Massachusetts" title="Pepperell, Massachusetts">Pepperell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portsmouth,_Rhode_Island" title="Portsmouth, Rhode Island">Portsmouth (Rhode Island)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portsmouth,_New_Hampshire" title="Portsmouth, New Hampshire">Portsmouth (New Hampshire)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randolph,_Massachusetts" title="Randolph, Massachusetts">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond,_New_Hampshire" title="Raymond, New Hampshire">Raymond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raynham,_Massachusetts" title="Raynham, Massachusetts">Raynham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reading,_Massachusetts" title="Reading, Massachusetts">Reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehoboth,_Massachusetts" title="Rehoboth, Massachusetts">Rehoboth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockland,_Massachusetts" title="Rockland, Massachusetts">Rockland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scituate,_Massachusetts" title="Scituate, Massachusetts">Scituate (Massachusetts)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scituate,_Rhode_Island" title="Scituate, Rhode Island">Scituate (Rhode Island)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seekonk,_Massachusetts" title="Seekonk, Massachusetts">Seekonk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharon,_Massachusetts" title="Sharon, Massachusetts">Sharon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smithfield,_Rhode_Island" title="Smithfield, Rhode Island">Smithfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somerset,_Massachusetts" title="Somerset, Massachusetts">Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somersworth,_New_Hampshire" title="Somersworth, New Hampshire">Somersworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southbridge,_Massachusetts" title="Southbridge, Massachusetts">Southbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoneham,_Massachusetts" title="Stoneham, Massachusetts">Stoneham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer,_Massachusetts" title="Spencer, Massachusetts">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudbury,_Massachusetts" title="Sudbury, Massachusetts">Sudbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swampscott,_Massachusetts" title="Swampscott, Massachusetts">Swampscott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swansea,_Massachusetts" title="Swansea, Massachusetts">Swansea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiverton,_Rhode_Island" title="Tiverton, Rhode Island">Tiverton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyngsborough,_Massachusetts" title="Tyngsborough, Massachusetts">Tyngsborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uxbridge,_Massachusetts" title="Uxbridge, Massachusetts">Uxbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walpole,_Massachusetts" title="Walpole, Massachusetts">Walpole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wareham,_Massachusetts" title="Wareham, Massachusetts">Wareham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren,_Rhode_Island" title="Warren, Rhode Island">Warren (Rhode Island)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayland,_Massachusetts" title="Wayland, Massachusetts">Wayland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webster,_Massachusetts" title="Webster, Massachusetts">Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westborough,_Massachusetts" title="Westborough, Massachusetts">Westborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westerly,_Rhode_Island" title="Westerly, Rhode Island">Westerly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westford,_Massachusetts" title="Westford, Massachusetts">Westford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weston,_Massachusetts" title="Weston, Massachusetts">Weston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westport,_Massachusetts" title="Westport, Massachusetts">Westport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westwood,_Massachusetts" title="Westwood, Massachusetts">Westwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitman,_Massachusetts" title="Whitman, Massachusetts">Whitman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilmington,_Massachusetts" title="Wilmington, Massachusetts">Wilmington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winchendon,_Massachusetts" title="Winchendon, Massachusetts">Winchendon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winchester,_Massachusetts" title="Winchester, Massachusetts">Winchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windham,_New_Hampshire" title="Windham, New Hampshire">Windham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winthrop,_Massachusetts" title="Winthrop, Massachusetts">Winthrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrentham,_Massachusetts" title="Wrentham, Massachusetts">Wrentham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#367BCA; color: white;;width:1%">Sub-regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Boston</a> proper</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Massachusetts" title="Central Massachusetts">Central Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merrimack_Valley" title="Merrimack Valley">Merrimack Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MetroWest" title="MetroWest">MetroWest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Shore_(Massachusetts)" title="North Shore (Massachusetts)">North Shore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Coast_(Massachusetts)" title="South Coast (Massachusetts)">South Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Shore_(Massachusetts)" title="South Shore (Massachusetts)">South Shore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#367BCA; color: white;;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_megalopolis" title="Northeast megalopolis">Northeast megalopolis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Commonwealth_of_Massachusetts" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Massachusetts" title="Template:Massachusetts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Massachusetts" title="Template talk:Massachusetts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Massachusetts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Massachusetts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Commonwealth_of_Massachusetts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_(U.S._state)" title="Commonwealth (U.S. state)">Commonwealth</a> of <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Boston</a> (capital)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Massachusetts" title="Outline of Massachusetts">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Massachusetts-related_articles" title="Index of Massachusetts-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Massachusetts" title="Administrative divisions of Massachusetts">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_congressional_districts" title="Massachusetts's congressional districts">Congressional districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections in Massachusetts">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Massachusetts" title="Geography of Massachusetts">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Massachusetts" title="Geology of Massachusetts">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Massachusetts" title="Government of Massachusetts">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Massachusetts" title="History of Massachusetts">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Images_of_Massachusetts" title="Category:Images of Massachusetts">Images</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Massachusetts" title="Law of Massachusetts">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lighthouses_in_Massachusetts" title="List of lighthouses in Massachusetts">Lighthouses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Massachusetts" title="Music of Massachusetts">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Massachusetts" title="List of people from Massachusetts">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Massachusetts_state_symbols" title="List of Massachusetts state symbols">State symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Transportation in Massachusetts">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Massachusetts" title="List of villages in Massachusetts">Villages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_Massachusetts" title="Category:Tourist attractions in Massachusetts">Tourist attractions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_windmills_in_Massachusetts" title="List of windmills in Massachusetts">Windmills</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Massachusetts" title="Abortion in Massachusetts">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Massachusetts_culture" title="Category:Massachusetts culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Massachusetts" title="Climate change in Massachusetts">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Massachusetts" title="Crime in Massachusetts">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Massachusetts" title="Demographics of Massachusetts">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Massachusetts">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Massachusetts">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Massachusetts" title="History of education in Massachusetts">History of education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_laws_in_Massachusetts" title="Gun laws in Massachusetts">Gun laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Homelessness in Massachusetts">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Massachusetts">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Massachusetts" title="Politics of Massachusetts">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Massachusetts" title="Sports in Massachusetts">Sports</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States#Massachusetts" title="List of regions of the United States">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Ann" title="Cape Ann">Cape Ann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Massachusetts" title="Central Massachusetts">Central Massachusetts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Blackstone_Valley" title="Blackstone Valley">Blackstone Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montachusett-North_County" title="Montachusett-North County">Montachusett-North County</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_County_(Massachusetts)" title="South County (Massachusetts)">South County</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Boston" title="Greater Boston">Greater Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Lowell" title="Greater Lowell">Greater Lowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merrimack_Valley" title="Merrimack Valley">Merrimack Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MetroWest" title="MetroWest">MetroWest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Shore_(Massachusetts)" title="North Shore (Massachusetts)">North Shore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Massachusetts" title="Southeastern Massachusetts">Southeastern Massachusetts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cape_Cod" title="Cape Cod">Cape Cod</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Coast_(Massachusetts)" title="South Coast (Massachusetts)">South Coast</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Shore_(Massachusetts)" title="South Shore (Massachusetts)">South Shore</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Massachusetts" title="Western Massachusetts">Western Massachusetts</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Berkshires" class="mw-redirect" title="The Berkshires">The Berkshires</a>, <a href="/wiki/Housatonic_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Housatonic Valley">Housatonic Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Valley" title="Pioneer Valley">Pioneer Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quabbin-Swift_River_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Quabbin-Swift River Valley">Quabbin-Swift River Valley</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Massachusetts" title="List of counties in Massachusetts">Counties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barnstable_County,_Massachusetts" title="Barnstable County, Massachusetts">Barnstable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkshire_County,_Massachusetts" title="Berkshire County, Massachusetts">Berkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_County,_Massachusetts" title="Bristol County, Massachusetts">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukes_County,_Massachusetts" title="Dukes County, Massachusetts">Dukes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essex_County,_Massachusetts" title="Essex County, Massachusetts">Essex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_County,_Massachusetts" title="Franklin County, Massachusetts">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampden_County,_Massachusetts" title="Hampden County, Massachusetts">Hampden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampshire_County,_Massachusetts" title="Hampshire County, Massachusetts">Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middlesex_County,_Massachusetts" title="Middlesex County, Massachusetts">Middlesex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nantucket" title="Nantucket">Nantucket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_County,_Massachusetts" title="Norfolk County, Massachusetts">Norfolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_County,_Massachusetts" title="Plymouth County, Massachusetts">Plymouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffolk_County,_Massachusetts" title="Suffolk County, Massachusetts">Suffolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worcester_County,_Massachusetts" title="Worcester County, Massachusetts">Worcester</a></li> <li>Note: Nine former counties were in the <a href="/wiki/District_of_Maine" title="District of Maine">District of Maine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Massachusetts" title="List of municipalities in Massachusetts">Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agawam,_Massachusetts" title="Agawam, Massachusetts">Agawam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amherst,_Massachusetts" title="Amherst, Massachusetts">Amherst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amesbury,_Massachusetts" title="Amesbury, Massachusetts">Amesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attleboro,_Massachusetts" title="Attleboro, Massachusetts">Attleboro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnstable,_Massachusetts" title="Barnstable, Massachusetts">Barnstable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beverly,_Massachusetts" title="Beverly, Massachusetts">Beverly</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braintree,_Massachusetts" title="Braintree, Massachusetts">Braintree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridgewater,_Massachusetts" title="Bridgewater, Massachusetts">Bridgewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brockton,_Massachusetts" title="Brockton, Massachusetts">Brockton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelsea,_Massachusetts" title="Chelsea, Massachusetts">Chelsea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicopee,_Massachusetts" title="Chicopee, Massachusetts">Chicopee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Longmeadow,_Massachusetts" title="East Longmeadow, Massachusetts">East Longmeadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easthampton,_Massachusetts" title="Easthampton, Massachusetts">Easthampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett,_Massachusetts" title="Everett, Massachusetts">Everett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_River,_Massachusetts" title="Fall River, Massachusetts">Fall River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitchburg,_Massachusetts" title="Fitchburg, Massachusetts">Fitchburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framingham,_Massachusetts" title="Framingham, Massachusetts">Framingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin,_Massachusetts" title="Franklin, Massachusetts">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardner,_Massachusetts" title="Gardner, Massachusetts">Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloucester,_Massachusetts" title="Gloucester, Massachusetts">Gloucester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenfield,_Massachusetts" title="Greenfield, Massachusetts">Greenfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haverhill,_Massachusetts" title="Haverhill, Massachusetts">Haverhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="Holyoke, Massachusetts">Holyoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence,_Massachusetts" title="Lawrence, Massachusetts">Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leominster,_Massachusetts" title="Leominster, Massachusetts">Leominster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowell,_Massachusetts" title="Lowell, Massachusetts">Lowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynn,_Massachusetts" title="Lynn, Massachusetts">Lynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malden,_Massachusetts" title="Malden, Massachusetts">Malden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marlborough,_Massachusetts" title="Marlborough, Massachusetts">Marlborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medford,_Massachusetts" title="Medford, Massachusetts">Medford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melrose,_Massachusetts" title="Melrose, Massachusetts">Melrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methuen,_Massachusetts" title="Methuen, Massachusetts">Methuen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Bedford,_Massachusetts" title="New Bedford, Massachusetts">New Bedford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newburyport,_Massachusetts" title="Newburyport, Massachusetts">Newburyport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton,_Massachusetts" title="Newton, Massachusetts">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Adams,_Massachusetts" title="North Adams, Massachusetts">North Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northampton,_Massachusetts" title="Northampton, Massachusetts">Northampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmer,_Massachusetts" title="Palmer, Massachusetts">Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peabody,_Massachusetts" title="Peabody, Massachusetts">Peabody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsfield,_Massachusetts" title="Pittsfield, Massachusetts">Pittsfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quincy,_Massachusetts" title="Quincy, Massachusetts">Quincy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randolph,_Massachusetts" title="Randolph, Massachusetts">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revere,_Massachusetts" title="Revere, Massachusetts">Revere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salem,_Massachusetts" title="Salem, Massachusetts">Salem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somerville,_Massachusetts" title="Somerville, Massachusetts">Somerville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southbridge,_Massachusetts" title="Southbridge, Massachusetts">Southbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Massachusetts" title="Springfield, Massachusetts">Springfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taunton,_Massachusetts" title="Taunton, Massachusetts">Taunton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waltham,_Massachusetts" title="Waltham, Massachusetts">Waltham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watertown,_Massachusetts" title="Watertown, Massachusetts">Watertown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westfield,_Massachusetts" title="Westfield, Massachusetts">Westfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Springfield,_Massachusetts" title="West Springfield, Massachusetts">West Springfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weymouth,_Massachusetts" title="Weymouth, Massachusetts">Weymouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winthrop,_Massachusetts" title="Winthrop, Massachusetts">Winthrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woburn,_Massachusetts" title="Woburn, Massachusetts">Woburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worcester,_Massachusetts" title="Worcester, Massachusetts">Worcester</a></li> <li>Note: Municipalities not listed have a town meeting form of government (see <a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Massachusetts" title="List of municipalities in Massachusetts">all municipalities</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/32px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/48px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/64px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="900" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Massachusetts" title="Portal:Massachusetts">Massachusetts portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="County_seats_of_Massachusetts" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Massachusetts_county_seats" title="Template:Massachusetts county seats"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Massachusetts_county_seats" title="Template talk:Massachusetts county seats"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Massachusetts_county_seats" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Massachusetts county seats"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="County_seats_of_Massachusetts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">County seats of <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barnstable,_Massachusetts" title="Barnstable, Massachusetts">Barnstable</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brockton,_Massachusetts" title="Brockton, Massachusetts">Brockton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dedham,_Massachusetts" title="Dedham, Massachusetts">Dedham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgartown,_Massachusetts" title="Edgartown, Massachusetts">Edgartown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenfield,_Massachusetts" title="Greenfield, Massachusetts">Greenfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence,_Massachusetts" title="Lawrence, Massachusetts">Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowell,_Massachusetts" title="Lowell, Massachusetts">Lowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nantucket,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Nantucket, Massachusetts">Nantucket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northampton,_Massachusetts" title="Northampton, Massachusetts">Northampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsfield,_Massachusetts" title="Pittsfield, Massachusetts">Pittsfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth,_Massachusetts" title="Plymouth, Massachusetts">Plymouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salem,_Massachusetts" title="Salem, Massachusetts">Salem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Massachusetts" title="Springfield, Massachusetts">Springfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taunton,_Massachusetts" title="Taunton, Massachusetts">Taunton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worcester,_Massachusetts" title="Worcester, Massachusetts">Worcester</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="New_England" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:New_England" title="Template:New England"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:New_England" title="Template talk:New England"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:New_England" title="Special:EditPage/Template:New England"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="New_England" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autumn_in_New_England" title="Autumn in New England">Autumn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_New_England" title="Climate of New England">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_New_England" title="Cuisine of New England">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_New_England" title="Culture of New England">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_New_England" title="Demographics of New England">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_New_England" title="Economy of New England">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_New_England" title="Elections in New England">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_New_England" title="Flag of New England">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England#Geography" title="New England">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_New_England" title="Geology of New England">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_town" title="New England town">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_England" title="History of New England">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_New_England" title="Prehistory of New England">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_Colonies" title="New England Colonies">New England Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_England" title="Dominion of New England">Dominion of New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_Confederation" title="New England Confederation">New England Confederation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_New_England" title="Literature of New England">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_place_names_of_Native_American_origin_in_New_England" title="List of place names of Native American origin in New England">Place names of Native-American origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_New_England" title="Politics of New England">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_New_England" title="Sports in New England">Sports</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_by_population_in_New_England" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities by population in New England">Major cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bridgeport,_Connecticut" title="Bridgeport, Connecticut">Bridgeport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brockton,_Massachusetts" title="Brockton, Massachusetts">Brockton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burlington,_Vermont" title="Burlington, Vermont">Burlington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danbury,_Connecticut" title="Danbury, Connecticut">Danbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_River,_Massachusetts" title="Fall River, Massachusetts">Fall River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowell,_Massachusetts" title="Lowell, Massachusetts">Lowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester,_New_Hampshire" title="Manchester, New Hampshire">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Bedford,_Massachusetts" title="New Bedford, Massachusetts">New Bedford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut" title="New Haven, Connecticut">New Haven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwalk,_Connecticut" title="Norwalk, Connecticut">Norwalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portland,_Maine" title="Portland, Maine">Portland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quincy,_Massachusetts" title="Quincy, Massachusetts">Quincy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somerville,_Massachusetts" title="Somerville, Massachusetts">Somerville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Massachusetts" title="Springfield, Massachusetts">Springfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamford,_Connecticut" title="Stamford, Connecticut">Stamford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterbury,_Connecticut" title="Waterbury, Connecticut">Waterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worcester,_Massachusetts" title="Worcester, Massachusetts">Worcester</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">State capitals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augusta,_Maine" title="Augusta, Maine">Augusta</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concord,_New_Hampshire" title="Concord, New Hampshire">Concord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartford,_Connecticut" title="Hartford, Connecticut">Hartford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montpelier,_Vermont" title="Montpelier, Vermont">Montpelier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island" title="Providence, Rhode Island">Providence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_New_England" title="Transportation in New England">Transportation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Passenger rail</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Transportation_Authority" title="Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority">MBTA</a> (MA, RI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CapeFLYER" class="mw-redirect" title="CapeFLYER">CapeFLYER</a> (MA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Corridor" title="Northeast Corridor">Northeast Corridor</a> (CT, MA, RI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acela" title="Acela">Acela</a> (CT, MA, RI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downeaster_(train)" title="Downeaster (train)">Downeaster</a> (ME, NH, MA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermonter_(train)" title="Vermonter (train)">Vermonter</a> (CT, MA, NH, VT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shore_Line_East" title="Shore Line East">Shore Line East</a> (CT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metro-North_Railroad" title="Metro-North Railroad">Metro-North</a> (CT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartford_Line" title="Hartford Line">Hartford Line</a> (CT, MA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Haven_Line" title="New Haven Line">New Haven Line</a> (CT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_Flyer_(Amtrak_train)" title="Valley Flyer (Amtrak train)">Valley Flyer</a> (CT, MA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amtrak_Hartford_Line" title="Amtrak Hartford Line">Amtrak Hartford Line</a> (CT, MA)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Major <a href="/wiki/Interstate_Highway_System" title="Interstate Highway System">Interstates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interstate_84_(east)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstate 84 (east)">I-84</a> (CT, MA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstate_89" title="Interstate 89">I-89</a> (NH, VT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstate_90_in_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstate 90 in Massachusetts">I-90 (Mass Pike)</a> (MA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstate_91" title="Interstate 91">I-91</a> (CT, MA, VT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstate_93" title="Interstate 93">I-93</a> (MA, NH, VT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstate_95" title="Interstate 95">I-95</a> (CT, RI, MA, NH, ME)</li> <li>defunct: <a href="/wiki/New_England_road_marking_system" title="New England road marking system">New England road marking system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Airports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bradley_International_Airport" title="Bradley International Airport">Bradley</a> (CT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Leahy_Burlington_International_Airport" title="Patrick Leahy Burlington International Airport">Burlington</a> (VT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._F._Green_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="T. F. Green Airport">T. F. Green</a> (RI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester%E2%80%93Boston_Regional_Airport" title="Manchester–Boston Regional Airport">Manchester–Boston</a> (NH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logan_International_Airport" title="Logan International Airport">Logan</a> (MA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tweed_New_Haven_Airport" title="Tweed New Haven Airport">New Haven</a> (CT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portland_International_Jetport" title="Portland International Jetport">Portland</a> (ME)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worcester_Regional_Airport" title="Worcester Regional Airport">Worcester</a> (MA)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/New_England_pine_flag.svg/32px-New_England_pine_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/New_England_pine_flag.svg/48px-New_England_pine_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/New_England_pine_flag.svg/64px-New_England_pine_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="432" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:New_England" title="Portal:New England">New England portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:New_England" title="Category:New England">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:New_England" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:New England">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Northeastern_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Northeast_US" title="Template:Northeast US"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Northeast_US" title="Template talk:Northeast US"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Northeast_US" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Northeast US"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Northeastern_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States#Culture" title="Northeastern United States">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States#Geography" title="Northeastern United States">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States#Elections" title="Northeastern United States">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States#History" title="Northeastern United States">History</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federal_district" title="Federal district">Federal districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">District of Columbia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_cities_by_population" title="List of United States cities by population">Major cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allentown,_Pennsylvania" title="Allentown, Pennsylvania">Allentown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria,_Virginia" title="Alexandria, Virginia">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlington_County,_Virginia" title="Arlington County, Virginia">Arlington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridgeport,_Connecticut" title="Bridgeport, Connecticut">Bridgeport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York">Buffalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burlington,_Vermont" title="Burlington, Vermont">Burlington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth,_New_Jersey" title="Elizabeth, New Jersey">Elizabeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erie,_Pennsylvania" title="Erie, Pennsylvania">Erie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartford,_Connecticut" title="Hartford, Connecticut">Hartford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_City,_New_Jersey" title="Jersey City, New Jersey">Jersey City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowell,_Massachusetts" title="Lowell, Massachusetts">Lowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester,_New_Hampshire" title="Manchester, New Hampshire">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut" title="New Haven, Connecticut">New Haven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newark,_New_Jersey" title="Newark, New Jersey">Newark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paterson,_New_Jersey" title="Paterson, New Jersey">Paterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portland,_Maine" title="Portland, Maine">Portland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island" title="Providence, Rhode Island">Providence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quincy,_Massachusetts" title="Quincy, Massachusetts">Quincy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reading,_Pennsylvania" title="Reading, Pennsylvania">Reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochester,_New_York" title="Rochester, New York">Rochester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scranton,_Pennsylvania" title="Scranton, Pennsylvania">Scranton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Massachusetts" title="Springfield, Massachusetts">Springfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamford,_Connecticut" title="Stamford, Connecticut">Stamford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_New_York" title="Syracuse, New York">Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterbury,_Connecticut" title="Waterbury, Connecticut">Waterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilmington,_Delaware" title="Wilmington, Delaware">Wilmington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worcester,_Massachusetts" title="Worcester, Massachusetts">Worcester</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">State capitals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albany,_New_York" title="Albany, New York">Albany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annapolis,_Maryland" title="Annapolis, Maryland">Annapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augusta,_Maine" title="Augusta, Maine">Augusta</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concord,_New_Hampshire" title="Concord, New Hampshire">Concord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dover,_Delaware" title="Dover, Delaware">Dover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartford,_Connecticut" title="Hartford, Connecticut">Hartford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrisburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Harrisburg, Pennsylvania">Harrisburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montpelier,_Vermont" title="Montpelier, Vermont">Montpelier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island" title="Providence, Rhode Island">Providence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trenton,_New_Jersey" title="Trenton, New Jersey">Trenton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_megalopolis" title="Northeast megalopolis">Northeast megalopolis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Northeast_megalopolis_major_urban_regions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Northeast_Megalopolis" title="Template:Northeast Megalopolis"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Northeast_Megalopolis" title="Template talk:Northeast Megalopolis"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Northeast_Megalopolis" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Northeast Megalopolis"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Northeast_megalopolis_major_urban_regions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Northeast_megalopolis" title="Northeast megalopolis">Northeast megalopolis</a> major urban regions</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Core cities are metropolitan core cities of at least a million people. The other areas are urban areas of cities that have an urban area of 150,000+ or of a metropolitan area of at least 250,000+. Satellite cities are in italics.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mid-Atlantic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Core cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_metropolitan_area" title="Baltimore metropolitan area">Baltimore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Valley" title="Delaware Valley">Delaware Valley</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camden,_New_Jersey" title="Camden, New Jersey">Camden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilmington,_Delaware" title="Wilmington, Delaware">Wilmington</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampton_Roads" title="Hampton Roads">Hampton Roads</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Beach,_Virginia" title="Virginia Beach, Virginia">Virginia Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia" title="Norfolk, Virginia">Norfolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newport_News,_Virginia" title="Newport News, Virginia">Newport News</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_metropolitan_area" title="New York metropolitan area">New York</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newark,_New_Jersey" title="Newark, New Jersey">Newark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_City,_New_Jersey" title="Jersey City, New Jersey">Jersey City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paterson,_New_Jersey" title="Paterson, New Jersey">Paterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth,_New_Jersey" title="Elizabeth, New Jersey">Elizabeth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Richmond_Region" title="Greater Richmond Region">Richmond</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_metropolitan_area" title="Washington metropolitan area">Washington</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlington_County,_Virginia" title="Arlington County, Virginia">Arlington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria,_Virginia" title="Alexandria, Virginia">Alexandria</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey" title="Atlantic City, New Jersey">Atlantic City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagerstown_metropolitan_area" title="Hagerstown metropolitan area">Hagerstown</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hagerstown,_Maryland" title="Hagerstown, Maryland">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrisburg%E2%80%93Carlisle_metropolitan_statistical_area" title="Harrisburg–Carlisle metropolitan statistical area">Harrisburg</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harrisburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Harrisburg, Pennsylvania">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancaster,_Pennsylvania" title="Lancaster, Pennsylvania">Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehigh_Valley" title="Lehigh Valley">Lehigh Valley</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allentown,_Pennsylvania" title="Allentown, Pennsylvania">Allentown</a>–<a href="/wiki/Bethlehem,_Pennsylvania" title="Bethlehem, Pennsylvania">Bethlehem</a>-<a href="/wiki/Easton,_Pennsylvania" title="Easton, Pennsylvania">Easton</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Pennsylvania" title="Northeastern Pennsylvania">Northeastern Pennsylvania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Valley" title="Wyoming Valley">Scranton/Wilkes-Barre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poughkeepsie%E2%80%93Newburgh%E2%80%93Middletown_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Poughkeepsie–Newburgh–Middletown metropolitan area">Poughkeepsie–Newburgh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poughkeepsie,_New_York" title="Poughkeepsie, New York">city 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newburgh,_New_York" title="Newburgh, New York">city 2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reading,_Pennsylvania" title="Reading, Pennsylvania">Reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salisbury_metropolitan_area" title="Salisbury metropolitan area">Salisbury</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salisbury,_Maryland" title="Salisbury, Maryland">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trenton,_New_Jersey" title="Trenton, New Jersey">Trenton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/York,_Pennsylvania" title="York, Pennsylvania">York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Combined areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Washington%E2%80%93Baltimore_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington–Baltimore metropolitan area">Washington–Baltimore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New England</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Core cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Boston" title="Greater Boston">Boston</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Hartford" title="Greater Hartford">Hartford</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hartford,_Connecticut" title="Hartford, Connecticut">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Providence_metropolitan_area" title="Providence metropolitan area">Providence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island" title="Providence, Rhode Island">city</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barnstable,_Massachusetts" title="Barnstable, Massachusetts">Barnstable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Bridgeport" title="Greater Bridgeport">Bridgeport–Stamford–Norwalk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bridgeport,_Connecticut" title="Bridgeport, Connecticut">city 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamford,_Connecticut" title="Stamford, Connecticut">city 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwalk,_Connecticut" title="Norwalk, Connecticut">city 3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Danbury" title="Greater Danbury">Danbury</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danbury,_Connecticut" title="Danbury, Connecticut">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester,_New_Hampshire" title="Manchester, New Hampshire">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashua,_New_Hampshire" title="Nashua, New Hampshire">Nashua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Bedford,_Massachusetts" title="New Bedford, Massachusetts">New Bedford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_New_Haven" title="Greater New Haven">New Haven</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut" title="New Haven, Connecticut">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwich,_Connecticut" title="Norwich, Connecticut">Norwich</a>–<a href="/wiki/New_London,_Connecticut" title="New London, Connecticut">New London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portland_metropolitan_area,_Maine" title="Portland metropolitan area, Maine">Portland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portland,_Maine" title="Portland, Maine">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springfield_metropolitan_area,_Massachusetts" title="Springfield metropolitan area, Massachusetts">Springfield</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Massachusetts" title="Springfield, Massachusetts">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterbury,_Connecticut" title="Waterbury, Connecticut">Waterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worcester,_Massachusetts" title="Worcester, Massachusetts">Worcester</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Combined areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Boston" title="Greater Boston">Boston–Providence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_metropolitan_area" title="New York metropolitan area">Bridgeport–Stamford–New Haven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartford%E2%80%93Springfield" title="Hartford–Springfield">Hartford–Springfield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Megaregions_of_the_United_States" title="Megaregions of the United States">Other megaregions</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Capitals_of_the_United_States_by_jurisdiction" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks plainlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_state_capitals" title="Template:US state capitals"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_state_capitals" title="Template talk:US state capitals"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_state_capitals" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US state capitals"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Capitals_of_the_United_States_by_jurisdiction" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_capitals_in_the_United_States" title="List of capitals in the United States">Capitals of the United States by jurisdiction</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 12em;"> Nation: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">US</a> <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></li></ul> States: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">AL</a> <a href="/wiki/Montgomery,_Alabama" title="Montgomery, Alabama">Montgomery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">AK</a> <a href="/wiki/Juneau,_Alaska" title="Juneau, Alaska">Juneau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">AZ</a> <a href="/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona">Phoenix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">AR</a> <a href="/wiki/Little_Rock,_Arkansas" title="Little Rock, Arkansas">Little Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">CA</a> <a href="/wiki/Sacramento,_California" title="Sacramento, California">Sacramento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">CO</a> <a href="/wiki/Denver" title="Denver">Denver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">CT</a> <a href="/wiki/Hartford,_Connecticut" title="Hartford, Connecticut">Hartford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">DE</a> <a href="/wiki/Dover,_Delaware" title="Dover, Delaware">Dover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">FL</a> <a href="/wiki/Tallahassee,_Florida" title="Tallahassee, Florida">Tallahassee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">GA</a> <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">HI</a> <a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">ID</a> <a href="/wiki/Boise,_Idaho" title="Boise, Idaho">Boise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">IL</a> <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Illinois" title="Springfield, Illinois">Springfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">IN</a> <a href="/wiki/Indianapolis" title="Indianapolis">Indianapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">IA</a> <a href="/wiki/Des_Moines,_Iowa" title="Des Moines, Iowa">Des Moines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">KS</a> <a href="/wiki/Topeka,_Kansas" title="Topeka, Kansas">Topeka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">KY</a> <a href="/wiki/Frankfort,_Kentucky" title="Frankfort, Kentucky">Frankfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">LA</a> <a href="/wiki/Baton_Rouge,_Louisiana" title="Baton Rouge, Louisiana">Baton Rouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">ME</a> <a href="/wiki/Augusta,_Maine" title="Augusta, Maine">Augusta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">MD</a> <a href="/wiki/Annapolis,_Maryland" title="Annapolis, Maryland">Annapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">MA</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">MI</a> <a href="/wiki/Lansing,_Michigan" title="Lansing, Michigan">Lansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">MN</a> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul,_Minnesota" title="Saint Paul, Minnesota">Saint Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">MS</a> <a href="/wiki/Jackson,_Mississippi" title="Jackson, Mississippi">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">MO</a> <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_City,_Missouri" title="Jefferson City, Missouri">Jefferson City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">MT</a> <a href="/wiki/Helena,_Montana" title="Helena, Montana">Helena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">NE</a> <a href="/wiki/Lincoln,_Nebraska" title="Lincoln, Nebraska">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">NV</a> <a href="/wiki/Carson_City,_Nevada" title="Carson City, Nevada">Carson City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">NH</a> <a href="/wiki/Concord,_New_Hampshire" title="Concord, New Hampshire">Concord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">NJ</a> <a href="/wiki/Trenton,_New_Jersey" title="Trenton, New Jersey">Trenton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">NM</a> <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe,_New_Mexico" title="Santa Fe, New Mexico">Santa Fe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">NY</a> <a href="/wiki/Albany,_New_York" title="Albany, New York">Albany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">NC</a> <a href="/wiki/Raleigh,_North_Carolina" title="Raleigh, North Carolina">Raleigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">ND</a> <a href="/wiki/Bismarck,_North_Dakota" title="Bismarck, North Dakota">Bismarck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">OH</a> <a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio" title="Columbus, Ohio">Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">OK</a> <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City" title="Oklahoma City">Oklahoma City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">OR</a> <a href="/wiki/Salem,_Oregon" title="Salem, Oregon">Salem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">PA</a> <a href="/wiki/Harrisburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Harrisburg, Pennsylvania">Harrisburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">RI</a> <a href="/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island" title="Providence, Rhode Island">Providence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">SC</a> <a href="/wiki/Columbia,_South_Carolina" title="Columbia, South Carolina">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">SD</a> <a href="/wiki/Pierre,_South_Dakota" title="Pierre, South Dakota">Pierre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">TN</a> <a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">TX</a> <a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">UT</a> <a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_City" title="Salt Lake City">Salt Lake City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">VT</a> <a href="/wiki/Montpelier,_Vermont" title="Montpelier, Vermont">Montpelier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">VA</a> <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">WA</a> <a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Washington" title="Olympia, Washington">Olympia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">WV</a> <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_West_Virginia" title="Charleston, West Virginia">Charleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">WI</a> <a href="/wiki/Madison,_Wisconsin" title="Madison, Wisconsin">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">WY</a> <a href="/wiki/Cheyenne,_Wyoming" title="Cheyenne, Wyoming">Cheyenne</a></li></ul> Territories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">AS</a> <a href="/wiki/Pago_Pago" class="mw-redirect" title="Pago Pago">Pago Pago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">GU</a> <a href="/wiki/Hag%C3%A5t%C3%B1a,_Guam" title="Hagåtña, Guam">Hagåtña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">MP</a> <a href="/wiki/Saipan" class="mw-redirect" title="Saipan">Saipan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">PR</a> <a href="/wiki/San_Juan,_Puerto_Rico" title="San Juan, Puerto Rico">San Juan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="United States Virgin Islands">VI</a> <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Amalie,_U.S._Virgin_Islands" title="Charlotte Amalie, U.S. Virgin Islands">Charlotte Amalie</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="All-America_City_Award_Hall_of_Fame_(1949–2023)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:All-America_City_Award_Hall_of_Fame" title="Template:All-America City Award Hall of Fame"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:All-America_City_Award_Hall_of_Fame" title="Template talk:All-America City Award Hall of Fame"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:All-America_City_Award_Hall_of_Fame" title="Special:EditPage/Template:All-America City Award Hall of Fame"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="All-America_City_Award_Hall_of_Fame_(1949–2023)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/All-America_City_Award" title="All-America City Award">All-America City Award</a> Hall of Fame (1949–2023)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Three-time winners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria,_Virginia" title="Alexandria, Virginia">Alexandria, VA</a> (1963, 1984, 1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allentown,_Pennsylvania" title="Allentown, Pennsylvania">Allentown, PA</a> (1962, 1974, 1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asheville,_North_Carolina" title="Asheville, North Carolina">Asheville, NC</a> (1951, 1969, 1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloomington,_Indiana" title="Bloomington, Indiana">Bloomington, IN</a> (1958, 1981, 1982)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Boston, MA</a> (1949, 1951, 1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">Cincinnati, OH</a> (1949, 1950, 1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayton,_Ohio" title="Dayton, Ohio">Dayton, OH</a> (1951, 1978, 1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delray_Beach,_Florida" title="Delray Beach, Florida">Delray Beach, FL</a> (1993, 2001, 2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinburg,_Texas" title="Edinburg, Texas">Edinburg, TX</a> (1968, 1995, 2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Worth,_Texas" title="Fort Worth, Texas">Fort Worth, TX</a> (1964, 1993, 2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastonia,_North_Carolina" title="Gastonia, North Carolina">Gastonia, NC</a> (1963, 2000, 2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Rapids,_Michigan" title="Grand Rapids, Michigan">Grand Rapids, MI</a> (1949, 1960, 1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hickory,_North_Carolina" title="Hickory, North Carolina">Hickory, NC</a> (1967, 1987, 2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence,_Missouri" title="Independence, Missouri">Independence, MO</a> (1961, 1982, 2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurinburg,_North_Carolina" title="Laurinburg, North Carolina">Laurinburg, NC</a> (1956, 1967, 2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Pleasant,_South_Carolina" title="Mount Pleasant, South Carolina">Mount Pleasant, SC</a> (2010, 2018, 2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia" title="Norfolk, Virginia">Norfolk, VA</a> (1959, 2013, 2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochester,_New_York" title="Rochester, New York">Rochester, New York</a> (1981, 1998, 2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seward,_Alaska" title="Seward, Alaska">Seward, AK</a> (1963, 1965, 2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shreveport,_Louisiana" title="Shreveport, Louisiana">Shreveport, LA</a> (1953, 1980, 1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somerville,_Massachusetts" title="Somerville, Massachusetts">Somerville, MA</a> (1972, 2009, 2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spokane,_Washington" title="Spokane, Washington">Spokane, WA</a> (1975, 2004, 2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacoma,_Washington" title="Tacoma, Washington">Tacoma, WA</a> (1956, 1984, 1998)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Four-time winners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akron,_Ohio" title="Akron, Ohio">Akron, OH</a> (1980, 1981, 1995, 2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anchorage,_Alaska" title="Anchorage, Alaska">Anchorage, AK</a> (1956, 1965, 1985, 2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore, MD</a> (1952, 1977, 1991, 2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio" title="Columbus, Ohio">Columbus, OH</a> (1958, 1987, 1992, 2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayetteville,_North_Carolina" title="Fayetteville, North Carolina">Fayetteville, NC</a> (1985, 2001, 2011, 2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Wayne,_Indiana" title="Fort Wayne, Indiana">Fort Wayne, IN</a> (1983, 1998, 2009, 2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Island,_Nebraska" title="Grand Island, Nebraska">Grand Island, NE</a> (1955, 1967, 1981, 1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampton,_Virginia" title="Hampton, Virginia">Hampton, VA</a> (1972, 2002, 2014, 2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky" title="Louisville, Kentucky">Louisville, KY</a> (1963, 1995, 2012, 2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peoria,_Illinois" title="Peoria, Illinois">Peoria, IL</a> (1953, 1966, 1989, 2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia, PA</a> (1949, 1951, 1957, 1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockville,_Maryland" title="Rockville, Maryland">Rockville, MD</a> (1954, 1961, 1977, 1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Ohio" title="Toledo, Ohio">Toledo, OH</a> (1950, 1983, 1984, 1998)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Five-time winners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland, OH</a> (1949, 1982, 1984, 1986, 1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubuque,_Iowa" title="Dubuque, Iowa">Dubuque, IA</a> (2007, 2012, 2013, 2017, 2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas" title="El Paso, Texas">El Paso, TX</a> (1969, 2010, 2018, 2020, 2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut" title="New Haven, Connecticut">New Haven, CT</a> (1958, 1998, 2003, 2008, 2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockton,_California" title="Stockton, California">Stockton, CA</a> (1999, 2004, 2015, 2017, 2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tupelo,_Mississippi" title="Tupelo, Mississippi">Tupelo, MS</a> (1967, 1989, 1999, 2011, 2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wichita,_Kansas" title="Wichita, Kansas">Wichita, KS</a> (1961, 1993, 1999, 2009, 2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worcester,_Massachusetts" title="Worcester, Massachusetts">Worcester, MA</a> (1949, 1960, 1965, 1981, 2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Six-time winners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Des_Moines,_Iowa" title="Des Moines, Iowa">Des Moines, IA</a> (1949, 1977, 1982, 2003, 2010, 2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona">Phoenix, AZ</a> (1950, 1958, 1980, 1989, 2009, 2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Seven-time winners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri" title="Kansas City, Missouri">Kansas City, MO</a> (1950, 1951, 1986, 1994, 2006, 2017, 2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roanoke,_Virginia" title="Roanoke, Virginia">Roanoke, VA</a> (1952, 1979, 1982, 1988, 1996, 2012, 2017)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nine-time winners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/San_Antonio" title="San Antonio">San Antonio, TX</a> (1949, 1951, 1983, 2012, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2022, 2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_100_most_populous_cities_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:USPopulousCities" title="Template:USPopulousCities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:USPopulousCities" title="Template talk:USPopulousCities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:USPopulousCities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:USPopulousCities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_100_most_populous_cities_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">The <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_cities_by_population" title="List of United States cities by population">100 most populous cities</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em;">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:25%;"><div> <ol> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York, New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago, Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona">Phoenix, Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia, Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Antonio" title="San Antonio">San Antonio, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacksonville,_Florida" title="Jacksonville, Florida">Jacksonville, Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Jose,_California" title="San Jose, California">San Jose, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Worth,_Texas" title="Fort Worth, Texas">Fort Worth, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio" title="Columbus, Ohio">Columbus, Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina" title="Charlotte, North Carolina">Charlotte, North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indianapolis" title="Indianapolis">Indianapolis, Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle, Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denver" title="Denver">Denver, Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City" title="Oklahoma City">Oklahoma City, Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville, Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas" title="El Paso, Texas">El Paso, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas" title="Las Vegas">Las Vegas, Nevada</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Boston, Massachusetts</a></li> </ol> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:25%;"><div> <ol start="26"> <li><a href="/wiki/Portland,_Oregon" title="Portland, Oregon">Portland, Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky" title="Louisville, Kentucky">Louisville, Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis, Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit, Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore, Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milwaukee" title="Milwaukee">Milwaukee, Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albuquerque,_New_Mexico" title="Albuquerque, New Mexico">Albuquerque, New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucson,_Arizona" title="Tucson, Arizona">Tucson, Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fresno,_California" title="Fresno, California">Fresno, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramento,_California" title="Sacramento, California">Sacramento, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesa,_Arizona" title="Mesa, Arizona">Mesa, Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri" title="Kansas City, Missouri">Kansas City, Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta, Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Springs,_Colorado" title="Colorado Springs, Colorado">Colorado Springs, Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omaha,_Nebraska" title="Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha, Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raleigh,_North_Carolina" title="Raleigh, North Carolina">Raleigh, North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Beach,_Virginia" title="Virginia Beach, Virginia">Virginia Beach, Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Beach,_California" title="Long Beach, California">Long Beach, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami, Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oakland,_California" title="Oakland, California">Oakland, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis, Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsa,_Oklahoma" title="Tulsa, Oklahoma">Tulsa, Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakersfield,_California" title="Bakersfield, California">Bakersfield, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tampa,_Florida" title="Tampa, Florida">Tampa, Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wichita,_Kansas" title="Wichita, Kansas">Wichita, Kansas</a></li> </ol> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:25%;"><div> <ol start="51"> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlington,_Texas" title="Arlington, Texas">Arlington, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurora,_Colorado" title="Aurora, Colorado">Aurora, Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans, Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland, Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaheim,_California" title="Anaheim, California">Anaheim, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu, Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henderson,_Nevada" title="Henderson, Nevada">Henderson, Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockton,_California" title="Stockton, California">Stockton, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riverside,_California" title="Riverside, California">Riverside, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexington,_Kentucky" title="Lexington, Kentucky">Lexington, Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpus_Christi,_Texas" title="Corpus Christi, Texas">Corpus Christi, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlando,_Florida" title="Orlando, Florida">Orlando, Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irvine,_California" title="Irvine, California">Irvine, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">Cincinnati, Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Ana,_California" title="Santa Ana, California">Santa Ana, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newark,_New_Jersey" title="Newark, New Jersey">Newark, New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul,_Minnesota" title="Saint Paul, Minnesota">Saint Paul, Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greensboro,_North_Carolina" title="Greensboro, North Carolina">Greensboro, North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln,_Nebraska" title="Lincoln, Nebraska">Lincoln, Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durham,_North_Carolina" title="Durham, North Carolina">Durham, North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plano,_Texas" title="Plano, Texas">Plano, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anchorage,_Alaska" title="Anchorage, Alaska">Anchorage, Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_City,_New_Jersey" title="Jersey City, New Jersey">Jersey City, New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis, Missouri</a></li> </ol> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:25%;"><div> <ol start="76"> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandler,_Arizona" title="Chandler, Arizona">Chandler, Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Las_Vegas,_Nevada" title="North Las Vegas, Nevada">North Las Vegas, Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chula_Vista,_California" title="Chula Vista, California">Chula Vista, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York">Buffalo, New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert,_Arizona" title="Gilbert, Arizona">Gilbert, Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reno,_Nevada" title="Reno, Nevada">Reno, Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison,_Wisconsin" title="Madison, Wisconsin">Madison, Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Wayne,_Indiana" title="Fort Wayne, Indiana">Fort Wayne, Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Ohio" title="Toledo, Ohio">Toledo, Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubbock,_Texas" title="Lubbock, Texas">Lubbock, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg,_Florida" title="St. Petersburg, Florida">St. Petersburg, Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laredo,_Texas" title="Laredo, Texas">Laredo, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving,_Texas" title="Irving, Texas">Irving, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chesapeake,_Virginia" title="Chesapeake, Virginia">Chesapeake, Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glendale,_Arizona" title="Glendale, Arizona">Glendale, Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston-Salem,_North_Carolina" title="Winston-Salem, North Carolina">Winston-Salem, North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottsdale,_Arizona" title="Scottsdale, Arizona">Scottsdale, Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garland,_Texas" title="Garland, Texas">Garland, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boise,_Idaho" title="Boise, Idaho">Boise, Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia" title="Norfolk, Virginia">Norfolk, Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_St._Lucie,_Florida" title="Port St. Lucie, Florida">Port St. Lucie, Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spokane,_Washington" title="Spokane, Washington">Spokane, Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond, Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fremont,_California" title="Fremont, California">Fremont, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntsville,_Alabama" title="Huntsville, Alabama">Huntsville, Alabama</a></li> </ol> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Cities ranked by <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a> population estimates for July 1, 2022.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/21px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/32px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/42px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="900" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Massachusetts" title="Portal:Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/New_England_pine_flag.svg/21px-New_England_pine_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/New_England_pine_flag.svg/32px-New_England_pine_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/New_England_pine_flag.svg/42px-New_England_pine_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="432" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:New_England" title="Portal:New England">New England</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/19px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/29px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/38px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/19px-COL-city_icon.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/29px-COL-city_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/38px-COL-city_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Cities" title="Portal:Cities">Cities</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q100#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q100#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q100#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000403739193">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/319145857930123021471">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1205012/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmhQfc9wcVbcWVvFrycfq">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4007840-1">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79045553">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12038429t">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12038429t">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00629226">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35020527">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge131682&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX452554">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/2094292">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000653021&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=287867">Greece</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000044407">Argentina</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007559518705171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/e331bfdf-b908-429c-a79b-710cf9c06abb">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/794766">Trove</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028576195">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10045553">NARA</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boston&oldid=1259746495">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boston&oldid=1259746495</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Boston" title="Category:Boston">Boston</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1630_establishments_in_the_Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Category:1630 establishments in the Massachusetts Bay Colony">1630 establishments in the Massachusetts Bay Colony</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cities_in_Massachusetts" title="Category:Cities in Massachusetts">Cities in Massachusetts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cities_in_Suffolk_County,_Massachusetts" title="Category:Cities in Suffolk County, Massachusetts">Cities in Suffolk County, Massachusetts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:County_seats_in_Massachusetts" title="Category:County seats in Massachusetts">County seats in Massachusetts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Greater_Boston" title="Category:Greater Boston">Greater Boston</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Irish-American_culture_in_Boston" title="Category:Irish-American culture in Boston">Irish-American 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</div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5cd4cd96d5-hz458","wgBackendResponseTime":301,"wgKartographerLiveData":{"_4c814857deb1200e9adff429e34789114cf4a2d4":[{"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoshape","url":"https://maps.wikimedia.org/geoshape?getgeojson=1\u0026ids=Q100","properties":{"stroke-width":2,"stroke":"#0096FF","title":"Boston","fill":"#0096FF"}},{"type":"ExternalData","service":"geomask","url":"https://maps.wikimedia.org/geoshape?getgeojson=1\u0026ids=Q100","properties":{"title":"Boston","fill-opacity":0,"stroke-opacity":0,"stroke":"#5F5F5F","stroke-width":2,"fill":"#000000"}}],"_189808b4c2d4f0f200348a88c1fefc37b2f52932":[{"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoshape","url":"https://maps.wikimedia.org/geoshape?getgeojson=1\u0026ids=Q100","properties":{"stroke-width":2,"stroke":"#0096FF","title":"Boston","fill":"#0096FF"}},{"type":"ExternalData","service":"geomask","url":"https://maps.wikimedia.org/geoshape?getgeojson=1\u0026ids=Q54072","properties":{"title":"Boston","fill-opacity":0.5,"stroke-opacity":1,"stroke":"#5F5F5F","stroke-width":2,"fill":"#000000"}}],"_b36f81a62f3563799b974317a0ebd903ec1b6b48":[{"type":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":[-71.05777777777777,42.360277777777775],"type":"Point"},"properties":{"marker-color":"5E74F3","title":"Boston","marker-symbol":"city"}},{"type":"ExternalData","service":"geomask","url":"https://maps.wikimedia.org/geoshape?getgeojson=1\u0026ids=Q771","properties":{"title":"Boston","fill-opacity":0.5,"stroke-opacity":1,"stroke":"#5F5F5F","stroke-width":2,"fill":"#000000"}}],"_d065fb7707629c5d5e177c8c75add6ec909838d5":[{"type":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":[-71.05777777777777,42.360277777777775],"type":"Point"},"properties":{"marker-color":"5E74F3","title":"Boston","marker-symbol":"city"}},{"type":"ExternalData","service":"geomask","url":"https://maps.wikimedia.org/geoshape?getgeojson=1\u0026ids=Q30","properties":{"title":"Boston","fill-opacity":0.5,"stroke-opacity":1,"stroke":"#5F5F5F","stroke-width":2,"fill":"#000000"}}]},"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"5.154","walltime":"5.834","ppvisitednodes":{"value":31479,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":1154379,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":120422,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":18,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":63,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1356355,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":2,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 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[\"CITEREFBolino2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoston_City_TV2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrossHarrisLyon2008\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBrownThe_Boston_Globe2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBunker2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFC._Holloran1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChisholm1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChristopher2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCity_of_Boston2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCollins,_Monica2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCox2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDawson1858\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDerry_City_\u0026amp;_Strabane_District_Council2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiaz,_Johnny2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiaz,_Johnny2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDilworth2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEstesCafasso1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEverett2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeeney,_MarkMehegan,_David2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlorida,_Richard2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrothingham1851\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFutterman2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlaberson1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGolen2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGorey2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuide\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHampson2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHantoverKing200\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeudorfer,_BonnieBluestone,_Barry\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHohmann2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolleran2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolliJones1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHowe,_Jeffery1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHull2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIrons2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJ._Harp2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJLL2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJan2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJonas2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKatie_Zezima2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKennedy1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKim2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirsner2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKladko,_Brian2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKriegerCobbTurner2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuznitz2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaczkoski,_Michelle2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeBlanc2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeung2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLipka2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatos2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcConville2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCullough2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcSweeney,_Denis_M.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMolski2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorgan1946\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorison1932\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorison1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorris2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorris2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoskowitz,_Eric2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuñozKimChangJackson2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeville2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Connell2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Connor2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOuroussoff2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatton,_Zach2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPriceSammarco2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPuleo2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRedEye2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRezendes1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiess,_Jana2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoessner2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRyan\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRyan,_Andrew2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRyan,_Andrew2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeasholes2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShand-Tucci1999\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFShurtleff,_Arthur_A.1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSouthworthSouthworth2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFState_Street_Trust_CompanyWalton_AdvertisingPrinting_Company1922\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTikkanen2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTilak2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnited_States_Census_Bureau1909\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVennochi2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVorhees2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVrabelBostonian_Society2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalters2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWangsness,_Lisa2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhitehillKennedy2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinship2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWooten2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYeandle,_Mark2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZezima,_Katie2009\"] = 1,\n [\"French\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 2,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"All-American City Award Hall of Fame\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 3,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Boston landmarks\"] = 1,\n [\"Boston, MA weatherbox\"] = 1,\n [\"BostonMA\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite LPD\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite NSRW\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 47,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 49,\n [\"Cite peakbagger\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 219,\n [\"Collapsible list\"] = 1,\n [\"Coord\"] = 5,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 33,\n [\"DNB\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 7,\n [\"Featured article\"] = 1,\n [\"Flagdeco\"] = 16,\n [\"For timeline\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 4,\n [\"Gnis3\"] = 1,\n [\"Graph:Weather monthly history\"] = 1,\n [\"Greater_Boston\"] = 1,\n [\"Historical populations\"] = 1,\n [\"Historical populations/Massachusetts municipalities references\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 2,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 2,\n [\"Infobox settlement\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Longitem\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 8,\n [\"Main list\"] = 4,\n [\"Maplink\"] = 1,\n [\"Massachusetts\"] = 1,\n [\"Massachusetts county seats\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 5,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"New England\"] = 1,\n [\"Northeast Megalopolis\"] = 1,\n [\"Northeast US\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 1,\n [\"Official website\"] = 1,\n [\"Osmrelation-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Party color cell\"] = 4,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Public art in Boston\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote box\"] = 2,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"See also\"] = 4,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 24,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Suffolk County, Massachusetts\"] = 1,\n [\"URL\"] = 1,\n [\"US state capitals\"] = 1,\n [\"USPopulousCities\"] = 1,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 2,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 4,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"small\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"small\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","600","18.5"],["?","520","16.0"],["dataWrapper 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