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</ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D9%83%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="توماس كلاركسون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="توماس كلاركسون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Clarkson" title="Thomas Clarkson – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Thomas Clarkson" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Clarkson" title="Thomas Clarkson – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Thomas Clarkson" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Clarkson" title="Thomas Clarkson – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Thomas Clarkson" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3_%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="توماس کلارکسون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="توماس کلارکسون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Clarkson" title="Thomas Clarkson – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Thomas Clarkson" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Clarkson" title="Thomas Clarkson – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Thomas Clarkson" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A1_%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9F" title="תומאס קלארקסון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תומאס קלארקסון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Clarkson" title="Thomas Clarkson – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Thomas Clarkson" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AF%E3%82%BD%E3%83%B3" title="トマス・クラークソン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トマス・クラークソン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Clarkson" title="Thomas Clarkson – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Thomas Clarkson" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3_%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%86" title="توماس کلارکسن – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="توماس کلارکسن" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Clarkson" title="Thomas Clarkson – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Thomas Clarkson" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD,_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Кларксон, Томас – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кларксон, Томас" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Clarkson" title="Thomas Clarkson – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Thomas Clarkson" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Clarkson" title="Thomas Clarkson – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Thomas Clarkson" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Clarkson" title="Thomas Clarkson – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Thomas Clarkson" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2032151#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">English abolitionist (1760–1846)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people named Thomas Clarkson, see <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Clarkson_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Thomas Clarkson (disambiguation)">Thomas Clarkson (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Thomas Clarkson</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Clarkson_by_Carl_Frederik_von_Breda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Thomas_Clarkson_by_Carl_Frederik_von_Breda.jpg/220px-Thomas_Clarkson_by_Carl_Frederik_von_Breda.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Thomas_Clarkson_by_Carl_Frederik_von_Breda.jpg/330px-Thomas_Clarkson_by_Carl_Frederik_von_Breda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Thomas_Clarkson_by_Carl_Frederik_von_Breda.jpg/440px-Thomas_Clarkson_by_Carl_Frederik_von_Breda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3120" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Thomas Clarkson by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Frederik_von_Breda" title="Carl Frederik von Breda">Carl Frederik von Breda</a>, painting in the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery_(London)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Portrait Gallery (London)">National Portrait Gallery</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1760-03-28</span>)</span>28 March 1760<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Wisbech" title="Wisbech">Wisbech</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Ely" title="Isle of Ely">Isle of Ely</a>, Cambridgeshire, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">26 September 1846<span style="display:none">(1846-09-26)</span> (aged 86)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Playford,_Suffolk" title="Playford, Suffolk">Playford</a>, Suffolk, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">English</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/St_John%27s_College,_Cambridge" title="St John's College, Cambridge">St John's College, Cambridge</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Abolitionism in the United Kingdom">Abolitionism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Clarkson_(abolitionist)" title="John Clarkson (abolitionist)">John Clarkson</a>, brother</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Thomas Clarkson</b> (28 March 1760 – 26 September 1846) was an English <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Abolitionism in the United Kingdom">abolitionist</a>, and a leading campaigner against the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">slave trade</a> in the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>. He helped found the <a href="/wiki/Society_for_Effecting_the_Abolition_of_the_Slave_Trade" title="Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade">Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade</a> (also known as the Society for the Abolition of the Slave Trade) and helped achieve passage of the <a href="/wiki/Slave_Trade_Act_1807" title="Slave Trade Act 1807">Slave Trade Act 1807</a>, which ended British trade in slaves. </p><p>He became a pacifist in 1816 and, with his brother <a href="/wiki/John_Clarkson_(abolitionist)" title="John Clarkson (abolitionist)">John</a>, was among the twelve founders of the <a href="/wiki/Society_for_the_Promotion_of_Permanent_and_Universal_Peace" class="mw-redirect" title="Society for the Promotion of Permanent and Universal Peace">Society for the Promotion of Permanent and Universal Peace</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his later years, Clarkson campaigned for the abolition of slavery worldwide. In 1840, he was the key speaker at the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavery_International" title="Anti-Slavery International">British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society</a>'s first convention in London which campaigned to end slavery in other countries. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Clarkson&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Clarkson was the eldest son of the Reverend John Clarkson (1710–1766), a <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> priest and headmaster of <a href="/wiki/Wisbech_Grammar_School" title="Wisbech Grammar School">Wisbech Grammar School</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his wife Anne née Ward (died 1799).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was baptised on 26 May 1760 at <a href="/wiki/St_Peter_and_St_Paul%27s_Church,_Wisbech" title="St Peter and St Paul's Church, Wisbech">St Peter and St Paul's Church, Wisbech</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His siblings were <a href="/wiki/John_Clarkson_(abolitionist)" title="John Clarkson (abolitionist)">John</a> (born 1764) and Anne.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both boys attended Wisbech Grammar School, Hill Street, where the family lived. After the death of his father, the family moved into a house on Bridge Street, which is now marked by a <a href="/wiki/Blue_plaque" title="Blue plaque">blue plaque</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1775, Thomas went on to <a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_School,_London" title="St Paul's School, London">St Paul's School</a> in London, where he obtained an <a href="/wiki/Exhibition_(scholarship)" title="Exhibition (scholarship)">exhibition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He entered <a href="/wiki/St_John%27s_College,_Cambridge" title="St John's College, Cambridge">St John's College, Cambridge</a>, in 1779.<sup id="cite_ref-acad_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acad-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An excellent student, he appears to have enjoyed his time at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>, although he was a serious, devout man. He received his <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">Bachelor of Arts</a> degree in 1783 and was set to continue at Cambridge to follow in his father's footsteps and enter the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_ministry" title="Anglican ministry">Anglican ministry</a>. He was ordained a <a href="/wiki/Deacon#Anglicanism" title="Deacon">deacon</a> in 1783<sup id="cite_ref-acad_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acad-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but never proceeded to priest's orders.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Revelation_of_the_horrors_of_slavery">Revelation of the horrors of slavery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Clarkson&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Revelation of the horrors of slavery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1785, Clarkson entered a <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> essay competition at the university that was to set him on the course for most of the remainder of his life. The topic of the essay, set by <a href="/wiki/List_of_vice-chancellors_of_the_University_of_Cambridge" title="List of vice-chancellors of the University of Cambridge">university vice-chancellor</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Peckard" title="Peter Peckard">Peter Peckard</a>, was <i>Anne liceat invitos in servitutem dare</i> ("is it lawful to make slaves of others against their will?"),<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it led Clarkson to consider the question of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">slave trade</a>. He read everything he could on the subject, including the works of <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Benezet" title="Anthony Benezet">Anthony Benezet</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Quaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaker">Quaker</a> <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">abolitionist</a>, as well as first-hand accounts of the African slave trade such as <a href="/wiki/Francis_Moore_(geographer)" title="Francis Moore (geographer)">Francis Moore</a>'s <i>Travels Into the Inland Parts of Africa</i> (1738). He also researched the topic by meeting and interviewing those who had personal experience of the slave trade and of slavery. </p><p>After winning the prize, Clarkson had what he called a spiritual revelation from God, as he travelled by horse between <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a> and London. He broke his journey at <a href="/wiki/Wadesmill" title="Wadesmill">Wadesmill</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Ware,_Hertfordshire" title="Ware, Hertfordshire">Ware</a>, Hertfordshire. He later wrote: </p> <blockquote><p>As it is usual to read these essays publicly in the <a href="/wiki/Senate_House,_Cambridge" title="Senate House, Cambridge">senate-house</a> soon after the prize is adjudged, I was called to Cambridge for this purpose. I went and performed my office. On returning however to London, the subject of it almost wholly engrossed my thoughts. I became at times very seriously affected while upon the road. I stopped my horse occasionally, and dismounted and walked. I frequently tried to persuade myself in these intervals that the contents of my Essay could not be true. The more however I reflected upon them, or rather upon the authorities on which they were founded, the more I gave them credit. Coming in sight of Wades Mill in Hertfordshire, I sat down disconsolate on the turf by the roadside and held my horse. Here a thought came into my mind, that if the contents of the Essay were true, it was time some person should see these calamities to their end. Agitated in this manner I reached home. This was in the summer of 1785.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>This experience and sense of calling ultimately led him to devote his life to abolishing the slave trade. </p><p>Having translated the essay into English so that it could gain a wider audience, Clarkson published it in pamphlet form in 1786 as <i>An essay on the slavery and commerce of the human species, particularly the African, translated from a Latin Dissertation</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The essay was influential, resulting in Clarkson's being introduced to many others who were sympathetic to abolition, some of whom had already published and campaigned against slavery. These included influential men such as <a href="/wiki/James_Ramsay_(abolitionist)" title="James Ramsay (abolitionist)">James Ramsay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Granville_Sharp" title="Granville Sharp">Granville Sharp</a>, many Quakers, and other <a href="/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)" title="Nonconformist (Protestantism)">nonconformists</a>. The movement had been gathering strength for some years, having been founded by Quakers both in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Britain</a> and in the United States, with support from other nonconformists, primarily Methodists and Baptists, on both sides of the Atlantic. In 1783, 300 Quakers, chiefly from the London area, presented <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">Parliament</a> with their signatures on the first petition against the slave trade. </p><p>Following this step, a small offshoot group formed the <a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_Abolition_of_the_Slave_Trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Committee for the Abolition of the Slave Trade">Committee for the Abolition of the Slave Trade</a>, a small non-denominational group that could lobby more successfully by incorporating Anglicans. Under the <a href="/wiki/Test_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Test Act">Test Act</a>, only those prepared to receive the sacrament of the Lord's Supper according to the rites of the Church of England were permitted to serve as <a href="/wiki/Members_of_Parliament_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Members of Parliament (UK)">MPs</a>, thus Quakers were generally barred from the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Great_Britain" title="House of Commons of Great Britain">House of Commons</a> until the early nineteenth century. The twelve founding members included nine Quakers, and three pioneering Anglicans: Clarkson, <a href="/wiki/Granville_Sharp" title="Granville Sharp">Granville Sharp</a>, and Philip Sansom. They were sympathetic to the religious revival that had predominantly nonconformist origins, but which sought wider non-denominational support for a "Great Awakening" amongst believers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anti-slavery_campaign">Anti-slavery campaign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Clarkson&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Anti-slavery campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Encouraged by publication of Clarkson's essay, an informal committee was set up between small groups from the petitioning Quakers, Clarkson and others, with the goal of lobbying members of parliament (MPs). In May 1787, they formed the <a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_Abolition_of_the_Slave_Trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Committee for the Abolition of the Slave Trade">Committee for the Abolition of the Slave Trade</a>. The Committee included <a href="/wiki/Granville_Sharp" title="Granville Sharp">Granville Sharp</a> as chairman and <a href="/wiki/Josiah_Wedgwood" title="Josiah Wedgwood">Josiah Wedgwood</a>, as well as Clarkson. Clarkson also approached the young <a href="/wiki/William_Wilberforce" title="William Wilberforce">William Wilberforce</a>, who as an Anglican and an MP was connected within the British Parliament. Wilberforce was one of few parliamentarians to have had sympathy with the Quaker petition; he had already put a question about the slave trade before the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a>, and became known as one of the earliest Anglican abolitionists. </p><p>Clarkson took a leading part in the affairs of the <a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_Abolition_of_the_Slave_Trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Committee for the Abolition of the Slave Trade">Committee for the Abolition of the Slave Trade</a>, and was tasked to collect evidence to support the abolition of the slave trade. He faced strong opposition from supporters of the trade in some of the cities he visited. The slave traders were an influential group because the trade was a legitimate and highly lucrative business, generating prosperity for many of the ports. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a> was a major base of slave-trading syndicates and home port for their ships. In 1787, Clarkson was attacked and nearly killed when visiting the city, as a gang of sailors was paid to assassinate him. He barely escaped with his life. Elsewhere, however, he gathered support. Clarkson's speech at the collegiate church in Manchester (now <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Cathedral" title="Manchester Cathedral">Manchester Cathedral</a>) on 28 October 1787 galvanised the anti-slavery campaign in the city. That same year, Clarkson published the pamphlet <i>A Summary View of the Slave Trade and of the Probable Consequences of Its Abolition</i>. </p><p>Clarkson was very effective at giving the committee a high public profile: he spent the next two years travelling around England, promoting the cause and gathering evidence. He interviewed 20,000 sailors during his research. He obtained equipment used on slave-ships, such as iron handcuffs, leg-shackles, and <a href="/wiki/Thumbscrew_(torture)" title="Thumbscrew (torture)">thumbscrews</a>; instruments for forcing open slaves' jaws; and branding irons. He published engravings of the tools in pamphlets and displayed the instruments at public meetings. </p><p>Clarkson's research took him to English ports such as <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a>, where he received information from the landlord of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Stars,_Bristol" title="Seven Stars, Bristol">Seven Stars pub</a>. (The building still stands in Thomas Lane.) He also travelled repeatedly to Liverpool and London, collecting evidence to support the abolitionist case.<sup id="cite_ref-collecting_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-collecting-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Clarkson visited <i>The Lively,</i> an African trading ship. Although not a slave ship, it carried cargo of high-quality goods: <a href="/wiki/Carved_ivory" class="mw-redirect" title="Carved ivory">carved ivory</a> and woven <a href="/wiki/Textiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Textiles">textiles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beeswax" title="Beeswax">beeswax</a>, and produce such as <a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">palm oil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Capsicum" title="Capsicum">peppers</a>. Impressed by the high quality of craftsmanship and skill expressed in these items, Clarkson was horrified to think that the people who could create such items were being enslaved. He bought samples from the ship and started a collection to which he added over the years. It included crops, spices and <a href="/wiki/Raw_material" title="Raw material">raw materials</a>, along with refined trade goods.<sup id="cite_ref-abolition_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abolition-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Clarkson noticed that pictures and artefacts could influence public opinion more than words alone. He began to display items from his collection of fine goods to reinforce his anti-slavery lectures. Demonstrating that Africans were highly skilled artisans, he argued for an alternative humane trading system based on goods rather than labourers. He carried a "box" featuring his collection, which became an important part of his public meetings.<sup id="cite_ref-abolition_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abolition-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He rode some 35,000 miles for evidence and visited local anti-slave-trade societies founded across the country. He enlisted the help of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Falconbridge" title="Alexander Falconbridge">Alexander Falconbridge</a> and James Arnold, two ship's surgeons he had met in Liverpool. They had been on many voyages aboard slave ships, and were able to recount their experiences in detail for publication.<sup id="cite_ref-collecting_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-collecting-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Clarkson also continued to write against the slave trade. He filled his works with vivid firsthand descriptions from sailors, surgeons and others who had been involved in the slave traffic. In 1788 Clarkson published large numbers of his <i>Essay on the Impolicy of the African Slave Trade</i> (1788). Another example was his "An Essay on the Slave Trade" (1789), the account of a sailor who had served aboard a slave ship. These works provided a grounding for William Wilberforce's first abolitionist speech in the House of Commons on 12 May 1789, and his twelve propositions. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Olaudah_Equiano" title="Olaudah Equiano">Olaudah Equiano</a> (Gustavus Vassa) a member of the <a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Africa" title="Sons of Africa">Sons of Africa</a> published his memoir, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Interesting_Narrative_of_the_Life_of_Olaudah_Equiano" title="The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano">The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano</a></i>, one of the genre of what became known as <a href="/wiki/Slave_narratives" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave narratives">slave narratives</a> – accounts by slaves who achieved freedom. As an African with direct experience of the slave trade and slavery, Equiano was pleased that his book became highly influential in the anti-slavery movement. Clarkson wrote to the Reverend <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jones_(mathematician)" title="Thomas Jones (mathematician)">Thomas Jones</a> (1756–1807) at <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridge" title="Trinity College, Cambridge">Trinity College, Cambridge</a>, to introduce Equiano to him and the community. He asked for aid from the Rev. Jones in selling copies of the memoir and arranging for Equiano to visit Cambridge to lecture. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Slaveshipposter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A plan of the slave ship Brookes, showing the extreme overcrowding suffered by slaves on the Middle Passage" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Slaveshipposter.jpg/170px-Slaveshipposter.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Slaveshipposter.jpg/255px-Slaveshipposter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Slaveshipposter.jpg/340px-Slaveshipposter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3952" data-file-height="4672" /></a><figcaption>Plan of the slave ship <i><a href="/wiki/Brookes_(ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brookes (ship)">Brookes</a></i>, carrying 454 slaves after the <a href="/wiki/Slave_Trade_Act_1788" title="Slave Trade Act 1788">Slave Trade Act 1788</a>. Previously it had transported 609 slaves and was 267 tons burden, making 2.3 slaves per ton.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1791, Wilberforce introduced the first Bill to abolish the slave trade; it was easily defeated by 163 votes to 88. As Wilberforce continued to bring the issue of the slave trade before Parliament, Clarkson travelled and wrote anti-slavery works. Based on a plan of a slave ship he acquired in Portsmouth, he had an image drawn of slaves loaded on the slave ship <i><a href="/wiki/Brookes_(ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brookes (ship)">Brookes</a></i>; he published this in London in 1791, took the image with him on lectures, and provided it to Wilberforce with other anti-slave trade materials for use in parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-diagram_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diagram-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Clarkson,_1760-1846_RMG_E9112.tiff" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Thomas_Clarkson%2C_1760-1846_RMG_E9112.tiff/lossy-page1-220px-Thomas_Clarkson%2C_1760-1846_RMG_E9112.tiff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Thomas_Clarkson%2C_1760-1846_RMG_E9112.tiff/lossy-page1-330px-Thomas_Clarkson%2C_1760-1846_RMG_E9112.tiff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Thomas_Clarkson%2C_1760-1846_RMG_E9112.tiff/lossy-page1-440px-Thomas_Clarkson%2C_1760-1846_RMG_E9112.tiff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3178" data-file-height="3800" /></a><figcaption>Print of Clarkson, c. 1840, after <a href="/wiki/Henry_Room" title="Henry Room">Henry Room</a>; on the scroll is "Slavery abolished; Jamaica; August 1st 1838" (the date the "apprenticeships" of former slaves ended)</figcaption></figure> <p>This was the beginning of their protracted parliamentary campaign, during which Wilberforce introduced a motion in favour of abolition almost every year. Clarkson, Wilberforce and the other members of the <a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_Abolition_of_the_Slave_Trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Committee for the Abolition of the Slave Trade">Committee for the Abolition of the Slave Trade</a> and their supporters, were responsible for generating and sustaining a national movement that mobilised public opinion as never before. Parliament, however, refused to pass the bill. The outbreak of <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">War with France</a> effectively prevented further debate for many years. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Dundas,_1st_Viscount_Melville" title="Henry Dundas, 1st Viscount Melville">Henry Dundas, 1st Viscount Melville</a>, who was the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_War" title="Secretary of State for War">Secretary of State for War</a> for prime minister <a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">William Pitt the Younger</a>, instructed Sir Adam Williamson, the lieutenant-governor of Jamaica, to sign an agreement with representatives of the French colonists of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Domingue" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Domingue">Saint Domingue</a>, later Haiti, that promised to restore the <a href="/wiki/Ancien_regime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien regime">ancien regime</a>, slavery and discrimination against mixed-race colonists, a move that drew criticism from abolitionists Wilberforce and Clarkson.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1794, Clarkson's health was failing, as he suffered from exhaustion. He retired from the campaign and spent some time in the <a href="/wiki/Lake_District" title="Lake District">Lake District</a>, where he bought an estate, Eusemere, by <a href="/wiki/Ullswater" title="Ullswater">Ullswater</a>. There he became a friend of the poet <a href="/wiki/William_Wordsworth" title="William Wordsworth">William Wordsworth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Wordsworth" title="Dorothy Wordsworth">Dorothy Wordsworth</a>, his sister. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PlayfordHall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/PlayfordHall.jpg/220px-PlayfordHall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/PlayfordHall.jpg/330px-PlayfordHall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/PlayfordHall.jpg/440px-PlayfordHall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Playford Hall, the Clarksons' home from 1816</figcaption></figure> <p>On 19 January 1796 he married Catherine Buck of <a href="/wiki/Bury_St_Edmunds" title="Bury St Edmunds">Bury St Edmunds</a>, Suffolk; their only child Thomas was born in 1796. They moved to the south of England for the sake of Catherine's health, and settled at Bury St Edmunds from 1806 to 1816. They then lived at <a href="/wiki/Playford_Hall" title="Playford Hall">Playford Hall</a>, between <a href="/wiki/Ipswich" title="Ipswich">Ipswich</a> and <a href="/wiki/Woodbridge,_Suffolk" title="Woodbridge, Suffolk">Woodbridge</a> in Suffolk. </p><p>When the war with France appeared to be almost over, in 1804 Clarkson and his allies revived the anti-slave trade campaign. After his ten years' retreat, he mounted his horse to travel again all over Great Britain and canvass support for the measure. He appeared to have returned with all his old enthusiasm and vigour. He was especially active in persuading MPs to back the parliamentary campaign. </p><p>Passage of the <a href="/wiki/Slave_Trade_Act" title="Slave Trade Act">Slave Trade Act</a> in 1807 ended the trade and provided for British naval support to enforce the law. Clarkson directed his efforts toward enforcement and extending the campaign to the rest of Europe, as Spain and France continued a trade in their American colonies. The United States also prohibited the international trade in 1807, and operated chiefly in the Caribbean to interdict illegal slave ships. In 1808 Clarkson published a book about the progress in abolition of the slave trade.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He travelled to Paris in 1814 and <a href="/wiki/Aix-la-Chapelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Aix-la-Chapelle">Aix-la-Chapelle</a> in 1818, trying to reach international agreement on a timetable for abolition of the trade. He contributed the article on the "Slave Trade" for <i><a href="/wiki/Rees%27s_Cyclop%C3%A6dia" title="Rees's Cyclopædia">Rees's Cyclopædia</a>,</i> Vol. 33, 1816. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_career">Later career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Clarkson&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Later career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right noresize" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/The_Anti-Slavery_Society_Convention%2C_1840_by_Benjamin_Robert_Haydon.jpg/250px-The_Anti-Slavery_Society_Convention%2C_1840_by_Benjamin_Robert_Haydon.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/The_Anti-Slavery_Society_Convention%2C_1840_by_Benjamin_Robert_Haydon.jpg/375px-The_Anti-Slavery_Society_Convention%2C_1840_by_Benjamin_Robert_Haydon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/The_Anti-Slavery_Society_Convention%2C_1840_by_Benjamin_Robert_Haydon.jpg/500px-The_Anti-Slavery_Society_Convention%2C_1840_by_Benjamin_Robert_Haydon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2798" usemap="#ImageMap_0dbc5aa549c9931f" resource="/wiki/File:The_Anti-Slavery_Society_Convention,_1840_by_Benjamin_Robert_Haydon.jpg" /></span><map name="ImageMap_0dbc5aa549c9931f"><area href="/wiki/Isaac_Crewdson" shape="circle" coords="180,75,4" alt="Isaac Crewdson (Beaconite) writer" title="Isaac Crewdson (Beaconite) writer" /><area href="/wiki/Samuel_Jackman_Prescod" shape="circle" coords="192,103,8" alt="Samuel Jackman Prescod - Barbadian Journalist" title="Samuel Jackman Prescod - Barbadian Journalist" /><area href="/wiki/William_Morgan_(abolitionist)" shape="circle" coords="122,104,6" alt="William Morgan from Birmingham" title="William Morgan from Birmingham" /><area href="/wiki/William_Forster_(philanthropist)" shape="circle" coords="112,104,7" alt="William Forster - Quaker leader" title="William Forster - Quaker leader" /><area href="/wiki/George_Stacey_(abolitionist)" shape="circle" coords="100,106,7" alt="George Stacey - Quaker leader" title="George Stacey - Quaker leader" /><area href="/wiki/William_Forster_(philanthropist)" shape="circle" coords="141,103,5" alt="William Forster - Anti-Slavery ambassador" title="William Forster - Anti-Slavery ambassador" /><area href="/wiki/John_Burnet_(abolitionist)" shape="circle" coords="147,104,6" alt="John Burnet -Abolitionist Speaker" title="John Burnet -Abolitionist Speaker" /><area href="/wiki/William_Knibb" shape="circle" coords="151,107,6" alt="William Knibb -Missionary to Jamaica" title="William Knibb -Missionary to Jamaica" /><area href="/wiki/Joseph_Ketley" shape="circle" coords="176,104,5" alt="Joseph Ketley from Guyana" title="Joseph Ketley from Guyana" /><area href="/wiki/George_Thompson_(abolitionist)" shape="circle" coords="183,106,6" alt="George Thompson - UK & US abolitionist" title="George Thompson - UK & US abolitionist" /><area href="/wiki/John_Harfield_Tredgold" shape="circle" coords="88,106,7" alt="J. 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Isambert (sic)" title="M.M. Isambert (sic)" /><area href="/wiki/Thomas_Clarkson" shape="circle" coords="37,77,9" alt="Mary Clarkson -Thomas Clarkson's daughter in law" title="Mary Clarkson -Thomas Clarkson's daughter in law" /><area href="#Victuallers" shape="circle" coords="126,73,3" alt="William Tatum" title="William Tatum" /><area href="/wiki/Saxe_Bannister" shape="circle" coords="121,72,4" alt="Saxe Bannister - Pamphleteer" title="Saxe Bannister - Pamphleteer" /><area href="/wiki/Richard_D._Webb" shape="circle" coords="129,76,4" alt="Richard Davis Webb - Irish" title="Richard Davis Webb - Irish" /><area href="#Victuallers" shape="circle" coords="114,83,4" alt="Nathaniel Colver - American" title="Nathaniel Colver - American" /><area href="#Victuallers" shape="circle" coords="121,80,6" alt="not known" title="not known" /><area href="/wiki/John_Cropper" shape="circle" coords="115,92,5" alt="John Cropper - Most generous Liverpudlian" title="John Cropper - Most generous Liverpudlian" /><area href="/wiki/Thomas_Scales" shape="circle" coords="127,94,5" alt="Thomas Scales" title="Thomas Scales" /><area href="#Victuallers" shape="circle" coords="132,70,2" alt="William James" title="William James" /><area href="#Victuallers" shape="circle" coords="134,73,2" alt="William Wilson" title="William Wilson" /><area href="#Victuallers" shape="circle" coords="139,74,2" alt="Thomas Swan" title="Thomas Swan" /><area href="/wiki/Edward_Steane" shape="circle" coords="141,78,2" alt="Edward Steane from Camberwell" title="Edward Steane from Camberwell" /><area href="/wiki/William_Brock_(pastor)" shape="circle" coords="144,83,3" alt="William Brock" title="William Brock" /><area href="#Victuallers" shape="circle" coords="137,82,4" alt="Edward Baldwin" title="Edward Baldwin" /><area href="/wiki/Jonathan_Miller_(abolitionist)" shape="circle" coords="130,83,4" alt="Jonathon Miller" title="Jonathon Miller" /><area href="/wiki/Charles_Stuart_(abolitionist)" shape="circle" coords="135,91,4" alt="Capt. 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Edwards Lester - American writer" /><area href="/wiki/Richard_Tapper_Cadbury" shape="circle" coords="211,70,2" alt="Tapper Cadbury - Businessman" title="Tapper Cadbury - Businessman" /><area href="#Victuallers" shape="circle" coords="204,81,4" alt="not known" title="not known" /><area href="#Victuallers" shape="circle" coords="206,74,3" alt="Thomas Pinches" title="Thomas Pinches" /><area href="/wiki/David_Turnbull_(British_abolitionist)" shape="circle" coords="210,80,3" alt="David Turnbull - Cuban link" title="David Turnbull - Cuban link" /><area href="/wiki/Edward_Adey" shape="circle" coords="208,75,2" alt="Edward Adey" title="Edward Adey" /><area href="#Victuallers" shape="circle" coords="212,86,4" alt="Richard Barrett" title="Richard Barrett" /><area href="#Victuallers" shape="circle" coords="216,81,3" alt="John Steer" title="John Steer" /><area href="#Victuallers" shape="circle" coords="206,89,4" alt="Henry Tuckett" title="Henry Tuckett" /><area href="/wiki/James_Mott" shape="circle" coords="221,81,4" alt="James Mott - American on honeymoon" title="James Mott - American on honeymoon" /><area href="/wiki/Robert_Forster_(Quaker)" shape="rect" coords="199,97,205,107" alt="Robert Forster (brother of William and Josiah)" title="Robert Forster (brother of William and Josiah)" /><area href="/wiki/Richard_Rathbone" shape="circle" coords="215,74,4" alt="Richard Rathbone" title="Richard Rathbone" /><area href="#Victuallers" shape="circle" coords="223,74,4" alt="John Birt" title="John Birt" /><area href="/wiki/Wendell_Phillips" shape="circle" coords="210,94,4" alt="Wendell Phillips - American" title="Wendell Phillips - American" /><area href="#Victuallers" shape="circle" coords="209,103,6" alt="Jean-Baptiste Symphor Linstant de Pradine from Haiti" title="Jean-Baptiste Symphor Linstant de Pradine from Haiti" /><area href="/wiki/Henry_Stanton" shape="circle" coords="216,103,8" alt="Henry Stanton - American" title="Henry Stanton - American" /><area href="/wiki/William_Adam_(Professor)" shape="circle" coords="225,68,4" alt="Prof William Adam" title="Prof William Adam" /><area href="/wiki/John_Harfield_Tredgold" shape="circle" coords="236,66,4" alt="Mrs Elizabeth Tredgold - British South African" title="Mrs Elizabeth Tredgold - British South African" /><area href="#Victuallers" shape="circle" coords="232,72,4" alt="T.M. McDonnell" title="T.M. McDonnell" /><area href="#Victuallers" shape="circle" coords="238,73,4" alt="Mrs John Beaumont" title="Mrs John Beaumont" /><area href="/wiki/Anne_Knight" shape="circle" coords="241,89,4" alt="Anne Knight - Feminist" title="Anne Knight - Feminist" /><area href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Pease_Nichol" shape="circle" coords="247,77,6" alt="Elizabeth Pease - Suffragist" title="Elizabeth Pease - Suffragist" /><area href="/wiki/Jacob_Post" shape="circle" coords="218,91,4" alt="Jacob Post - Religious writer" title="Jacob Post - Religious writer" /><area href="/wiki/Lady_Byron" shape="circle" coords="224,90,4" alt="Anne Isabella, Lady Byron - mathematician and estranged wife" title="Anne Isabella, Lady Byron - mathematician and estranged wife" /><area href="/wiki/Amelia_Opie" shape="circle" coords="229,90,5" alt="Amelia Opie - Novelist and poet" title="Amelia Opie - Novelist and poet" /><area href="/wiki/Mary_Anne_Rawson" shape="circle" coords="243,89,7" alt="Mrs Rawson - Sheffield campaigner" title="Mrs Rawson - Sheffield campaigner" /><area href="/wiki/Thomas_Clarkson" shape="circle" coords="27,84,4" alt="Thomas Clarkson's grandson Thomas Clarkson" title="Thomas Clarkson's grandson Thomas Clarkson" /><area href="#Victuallers" shape="circle" coords="193,79,4" alt="Thomas Morgan" title="Thomas Morgan" /><area href="/wiki/Thomas_Clarkson" shape="poly" coords="58,84,61,77,64,70,67,66,72,64,74,61,73,60,73,55,77,52,82,52,86,55,86,58,84,62,84,63,84,65,88,66,93,65,98,60,102,54,102,51,102,49,103,49,104,46,105,46,105,50,105,49,108,51,106,56,106,56,100,67,98,70,94,71,88,73,86,78,84,84,58,84,58,84" alt="Thomas Clarkson - main speaker" title="Thomas Clarkson - main speaker" /><area href="/wiki/George_Head_Head" shape="poly" coords="204,139,203,132,206,127,212,125,218,127,220,121,225,114,227,111,227,109,227,108,229,106,229,104,231,100,234,100,238,101,241,103,242,107,240,112,239,113,239,116,241,119,245,121,246,123,246,128,247,133,244,139,227,133,223,135,223,139,205,139,205,139" alt="George Head Head - Banker from Carlisle" title="George Head Head - Banker from Carlisle" /><area href="/wiki/William_Allen_(English_Quaker)" shape="poly" coords="64,141,62,134,59,129,52,126,50,126,54,118,58,114,63,110,63,108,63,106,66,103,71,102,74,101,79,104,79,106,78,107,78,110,78,112,79,113,77,113,78,115,77,116,76,117,75,118,77,121,82,120,89,127,90,133,88,136,87,137,85,141,84,141,83,142,83,151,85,155,84,160,80,163,76,174,59,169,58,169" alt="William Allen" title="William Allen" /><area href="/wiki/John_Scoble" shape="poly" coords="146,136,147,133,146,131,144,129,146,122,149,119,152,118,154,117,157,113,154,113,156,112,155,111,156,110,156,109,156,108,155,107,156,106,157,104,157,103,159,101,161,100,163,99,166,99,168,100,169,101,170,105,171,107,169,111,168,112,167,114,169,118,172,120,174,121,177,127,178,129,155,129,150,137,146,138,147,135,147,135" alt="John Scoble" title="John Scoble" /><area href="#Victuallers" shape="poly" coords="86,124,92,123,95,124,94,126,94,126,96,127,98,126,100,126,102,124,104,124,108,121,111,120,115,117,120,115,125,113,125,113,127,112,125,111,125,110,125,108,125,107,126,107,125,106,125,105,126,105,126,104,126,103,127,101,128,99,130,97,135,97,137,98,138,99,140,103,139,107,136,111,135,112,135,113,142,119,146,122,145,127,142,128,117,128,110,130,104,131,99,132,92,129,87,124" alt="Henry Beckford - emancipated slave and abolitionist" title="Henry Beckford - emancipated slave and abolitionist" /><area href="#Victuallers" shape="rect" coords="0,0,250,194" alt="Use your cursor to explore (or Click "i" to enlarge)" title="Use your cursor to explore (or Click "i" to enlarge)" /></map><figcaption>Clarkson is the central figure in this 1841 painting by <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Haydon" title="Benjamin Haydon">Benjamin Haydon</a> of the 1840 <a href="/wiki/World_Anti-Slavery_Convention" title="World Anti-Slavery Convention">World Anti-Slavery Convention</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-npg_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npg-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <small>Move your cursor to identify his relatives and other figures (or click icon to enlarge).</small></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1823 the Society for the Mitigation and Gradual Abolition of Slavery (later known as the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavery_Society_(1823%E2%80%931838)" title="Anti-Slavery Society (1823–1838)">Anti-Slavery Society</a>) was formed. Clarkson travelled the country to build support for its goal. He covered 10,000 miles, and activated the network of sympathetic anti-slavery societies which had been formed. This resulted in 777 petitions being delivered to parliament demanding the total emancipation of slaves. When the society adopted a policy of immediate emancipation, Clarkson and Wilberforce appeared together for the last time to lend their support. In 1833, the <a href="/wiki/Slavery_Abolition_Act_1833" title="Slavery Abolition Act 1833">Slavery Abolition Act</a> was passed, with emancipation completed on 1 August 1838 in the British colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Clarkson lived an additional 13 years. Although his eyesight was failing, he continued to campaign for abolition, focusing on the United States, where slavery had expanded in the Deep South and some states west of the Mississippi River. He was the principal speaker in 1840 at the opening of the first <a href="/wiki/World_Anti-Slavery_Convention" title="World Anti-Slavery Convention">World Anti-Slavery Convention</a> in London, chaired by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Binney" title="Thomas Binney">Thomas Binney</a>. The conference was intended to build support for abolishing slavery worldwide and included delegates from France, the US, <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a> (established in 1804 as the first black republic in the Western Hemisphere) and <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a>. The scene at Clarkson's opening address was painted in a commemorative work by <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Haydon" title="Benjamin Haydon">Benjamin Haydon</a>, now in the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery, London</a>; Clarkson is shown, finishing his speech with arm raised.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1846, Clarkson was host to <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a>, an American former slave who had escaped to freedom in the North and became a prominent <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">abolitionist</a>, on his first visit to England.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Douglass spoke at numerous meetings and attracted considerable attention and support. At risk even prior to passage in the US of the <a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Law_of_1850" class="mw-redirect" title="Fugitive Slave Law of 1850">Fugitive Slave Law of 1850</a>, Douglass was grateful when British friends raised the money and negotiated purchase of his freedom from his former master<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in December 1846. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life">Later life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Clarkson&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Later life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clarkson_Memorial_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Clarkson_Memorial_cropped.jpg/150px-Clarkson_Memorial_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Clarkson_Memorial_cropped.jpg/225px-Clarkson_Memorial_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Clarkson_Memorial_cropped.jpg/300px-Clarkson_Memorial_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="572" data-file-height="1069" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Clarkson_Memorial" title="Clarkson Memorial">Clarkson Memorial</a>, Wisbech</figcaption></figure> <p>Throughout his life Clarkson was a frequent guest of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hardcastle_(1752%E2%80%931819)" title="Joseph Hardcastle (1752–1819)">Joseph Hardcastle</a> (the first treasurer of the <a href="/wiki/London_Missionary_Society" title="London Missionary Society">London Missionary Society</a>) at Hatcham House in <a href="/wiki/Deptford" title="Deptford">Deptford</a>, then a <a href="/wiki/Surrey" title="Surrey">Surrey</a> village. In the early 1790s he met his wife, a niece of Mrs Hardcastle here. Clarkson wrote much of his <i>History of the Abolition of the Slave Trade</i> (1808) at Hatcham House.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>His younger brother <a href="/wiki/John_Clarkson_(abolitionist)" title="John Clarkson (abolitionist)">John Clarkson</a> (1764–1828) took a major part in organising the relocation of approximately 1200 <a href="/wiki/Black_Loyalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Loyalists">Black Loyalists</a> to Africa in early 1792. They were among the 3000 former United States slaves given their freedom by the British and granted land in <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>, Canada, after the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>. This group chose to go to the new <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Colony_and_Protectorate" title="Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate">colony of Sierra Leone</a> established by the British in West Africa, founding <a href="/wiki/Freetown" title="Freetown">Freetown</a>. John Clarkson was appointed its first Governor. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Clarkson,_by_William_Dillwyn_Sims_1846.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Thomas_Clarkson%2C_by_William_Dillwyn_Sims_1846.jpg/220px-Thomas_Clarkson%2C_by_William_Dillwyn_Sims_1846.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Thomas_Clarkson%2C_by_William_Dillwyn_Sims_1846.jpg/330px-Thomas_Clarkson%2C_by_William_Dillwyn_Sims_1846.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Thomas_Clarkson%2C_by_William_Dillwyn_Sims_1846.jpg/440px-Thomas_Clarkson%2C_by_William_Dillwyn_Sims_1846.jpg 2x" data-file-width="739" data-file-height="594" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Anastatic_lithography" title="Anastatic lithography">Anastatic print</a> of Clarkson a few weeks before he died, drawn by <a href="/wiki/William_Dillwyn_Sims" title="William Dillwyn Sims">William Dillwyn Sims</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Thomas Clarkson died on 26 September 1846 in <a href="/wiki/Playford,_Suffolk" title="Playford, Suffolk">Playford, Suffolk</a>, aged 86.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was buried in the village on 2 October at St Mary's Church. </p><p>The Clarkson chest and Clarkson Collection are now on display in <a href="/wiki/Wisbech_%26_Fenland_Museum" title="Wisbech & Fenland Museum">Wisbech & Fenland Museum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Clarkson&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ClarksonMemorial.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/ClarksonMemorial.JPG/150px-ClarksonMemorial.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/ClarksonMemorial.JPG/225px-ClarksonMemorial.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/ClarksonMemorial.JPG/300px-ClarksonMemorial.JPG 2x" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Clarkson's Memorial in <a href="/wiki/Playford,_Suffolk" title="Playford, Suffolk">Playford</a> churchyard</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Memorial_To_Thomas_Clarkson_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2846475.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Memorial_To_Thomas_Clarkson_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2846475.jpg/220px-Memorial_To_Thomas_Clarkson_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2846475.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Memorial_To_Thomas_Clarkson_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2846475.jpg/330px-Memorial_To_Thomas_Clarkson_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2846475.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Memorial_To_Thomas_Clarkson_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2846475.jpg/440px-Memorial_To_Thomas_Clarkson_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2846475.jpg 2x" data-file-width="767" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Wall monument to Clarkson in Playford church, carved by <a href="/wiki/Hamo_Thornycroft" title="Hamo Thornycroft">Hamo Thornycroft</a> (1877)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Thomas_Clarkson%27s_Grave_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4301130.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Sir_Thomas_Clarkson%27s_Grave_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4301130.jpg/220px-Sir_Thomas_Clarkson%27s_Grave_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4301130.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Sir_Thomas_Clarkson%27s_Grave_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4301130.jpg/330px-Sir_Thomas_Clarkson%27s_Grave_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4301130.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Sir_Thomas_Clarkson%27s_Grave_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4301130.jpg/440px-Sir_Thomas_Clarkson%27s_Grave_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4301130.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="430" /></a><figcaption>The Clarkson family graves at Playford</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>In 1833, the inhabitants of Wisbech requested Clarkson sit for his portrait by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Lane_(painter)" title="Samuel Lane (painter)">Samuel Lane</a>; it hangs in the council chamber of <a href="/wiki/Wisbech_Town_Hall" title="Wisbech Town Hall">Wisbech Town Hall</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1834, after the abolition of slavery in Jamaica, <a href="/wiki/Free_Villages" title="Free Villages">Free Villages</a> were founded for the settlement of freedmen. The town of Clarksonville, named in his honour, was established in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Ann_Parish" title="Saint Ann Parish">Saint Ann Parish</a>, Jamaica.</li> <li>In 1839, the Court of the Common Council gave Clarkson the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_City_of_London" title="Freedom of the City of London">Freedom of the City of London</a>.</li> <li>In 1839, a mission station in South Africa was named <a href="/wiki/Clarkson,_South_Africa" title="Clarkson, South Africa">Clarkson</a> by Moravian missionary Hans Peter Hallbeck in honour of Clarkson and his abolition work.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Opened in 1847, <a href="/wiki/Wisbech_%26_Fenland_Museum" title="Wisbech & Fenland Museum">Wisbech & Fenland Museum</a> has a permanent display of anti-slavery artefacts collected by Thomas Clarkson and his brother John, and organises events linked to anti-slavery.</li> <li>In 1857, an obelisk commemorating Clarkson was erected in St Mary's churchyard in Playford to a design by <a href="/wiki/George_Biddell_Airy" title="George Biddell Airy">George Biddell Airy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1879, a monument to Clarkson was erected in Wadesmill; it reads: "On this spot where stands this monument in the month of June 1785 Thomas Clarkson resolved to devote his life to bringing about the abolition of the slave trade."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Clarkson_Memorial" title="Clarkson Memorial">Clarkson Memorial</a> was erected in Wisbech to commemorate his life and work. Work started in October 1880 and it was unveiled by Sir Henry Brand, Speaker of the House of Commons on 11 November 1881. The <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Clarkson_Academy" title="Thomas Clarkson Academy">Thomas Clarkson Academy</a>, Wisbech, is named after him. A tree-lined road in Wisbech is named Clarkson Avenue in his honour (a side street is Wilberforce Road), and a pub opposite was called the Clarkson Arms (closed in 2018). Nearby is Clarkson Court.</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Blue_plaque" title="Blue plaque">blue plaque</a> to Thomas Clarkson has been erected in his memory by the Wisbech Society and is part of the town trail.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1996, a tablet was dedicated to Clarkson's memory in <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a>, near the tomb of <a href="/wiki/William_Wilberforce" title="William Wilberforce">William Wilberforce</a>.</li> <li>Several roads in the United Kingdom are named after him, for example in <a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull" title="Kingston upon Hull">Hull</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ipswich" title="Ipswich">Ipswich</a>.</li> <li>In 2007, Clarkson appeared on a <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_commemorative_stamps_2000%E2%80%932009" title="United Kingdom commemorative stamps 2000–2009">United Kingdom commemorative stamp</a>, marking the abolition of the slave trade</li> <li>A descendant, Canon John Clarkson, continues in his footsteps as one of the leaders of the Anti-Slavery Society.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In July 2010, the <a href="/wiki/General_Synod_of_the_Church_of_England" title="General Synod of the Church of England">Church of England Synod</a> added Clarkson with Equiano and Wilberforce to the list of people to be honoured with a <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Festival_(Anglicanism)" title="Lesser Festival (Anglicanism)">Lesser Festival</a> on <a href="/wiki/July_30" title="July 30">30 July</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Church_of_England)" title="Calendar of saints (Church of England)">Church's calendar of saints</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An initial celebration was held in Playford Church on 30 July 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Representation_in_other_media">Representation in other media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Clarkson&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Representation in other media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The poet <a href="/wiki/William_Wordsworth" title="William Wordsworth">William Wordsworth</a> wrote a <a href="/wiki/Sonnet" title="Sonnet">sonnet</a> to Clarkson:</li></ul> <p>Sonnet, To Thomas Clarkson, On the final passing of the Bill for the Abolition of the Slave Trade, March 1807. </p> <dl><dd><i> Clarkson! it was an obstinate Hill to climb:</i></dd> <dd><i>How toilsome, nay how dire it was, by Thee</i></dd> <dd><i>Is known,—by none, perhaps, so feelingly;</i></dd> <dd><i>But Thou, who, starting in thy fervent prime,</i></dd> <dd><i>Didst first lead forth this pilgrimage sublime,</i></dd> <dd><i>Hast heard the constant Voice its charge repeat,</i></dd> <dd><i>Which, out of thy young heart's oracular seat,</i></dd> <dd><i>First roused thee.—O true yoke-fellow of Time</i></dd> <dd><i>With unabating effort, see, the palm</i></dd> <dd><i>Is won, and by all Nations shall be worn!</i></dd> <dd><i>The bloody Writing is for ever torn,</i></dd> <dd><i>And Thou henceforth wilt have a good Man's calm,</i></dd> <dd><i>A great Man's happiness; thy zeal shall find</i></dd> <dd><i>Repose at length, firm Friend of human kind!</i> <dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd>William Wordsworth</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>A posthumous poetical illustration by <a href="/wiki/Letitia_Elizabeth_Landon" title="Letitia Elizabeth Landon">Letitia Elizabeth Landon</a> on an engraving of a painting of Clarkson by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Lane_(painter)" title="Samuel Lane (painter)">Samuel Lane</a> dwells on his achievements.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>In the 2006 film about the abolition of the slave trade, <i><a href="/wiki/Amazing_Grace_(2006_film)" title="Amazing Grace (2006 film)">Amazing Grace</a></i>, Clarkson was played by the British actor <a href="/wiki/Rufus_Sewell" title="Rufus Sewell">Rufus Sewell</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Clarkson&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aborigines%27_Protection_Society" title="Aborigines' Protection Society">Aborigines' Protection Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clapham_Sect" title="Clapham Sect">Clapham Sect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_abolitionist_forerunners" title="List of abolitionist forerunners">List of abolitionist forerunners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_granted_honorary_French_citizenship_during_the_French_Revolution" title="List of people granted honorary French citizenship during the French Revolution">List of people granted honorary French citizenship during the French Revolution</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Clarkson&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wisbechmuseum.org.uk/clarkson/index.php">"Thomas Clarkson"</a>. <i>www.wisbechmuseum.org.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wisbechmuseum.org.uk&rft.atitle=Thomas+Clarkson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wisbechmuseum.org.uk%2Fclarkson%2Findex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Clarkson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCeadel1996" class="citation book cs1">Ceadel, Martin (1996). <i>The origins of war prevention : the British peace movement and international relations, 1730-1854</i> (Reprint. ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 521. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198226741" title="Special:BookSources/9780198226741"><bdi>9780198226741</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+origins+of+war+prevention+%3A+the+British+peace+movement+and+international+relations%2C+1730-1854&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=521&rft.edition=Reprint.&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780198226741&rft.aulast=Ceadel&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Clarkson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theclergydatabase.org.uk/jsp/persons/CreatePersonFrames.jsp?PersonID=5184">"Person: Clarkson, John (1746 - 1766) (CCEd Person ID 5184)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Clergy_of_the_Church_of_England_database" title="Clergy of the Church of England database">The Clergy of the Church of England Database 1540–1835</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Clergy+of+the+Church+of+England+Database+1540%E2%80%931835&rft.atitle=Person%3A+Clarkson%2C+John+%281746+-+1766%29+%28CCEd+Person+ID+5184%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheclergydatabase.org.uk%2Fjsp%2Fpersons%2FCreatePersonFrames.jsp%3FPersonID%3D5184&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Clarkson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPixeltocode._Uk" class="citation news cs1">Pixeltocode. Uk, Pixeltocode. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.westminster-abbey.org/abbey-commemorations/commemorations/thomas-clarkson">"Thomas Clarkson"</a>. <i>Westminster Abbey Website</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Westminster+Abbey+Website&rft.atitle=Thomas+Clarkson&rft.aulast=Pixeltocode.+Uk&rft.aufirst=Pixeltocode&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.westminster-abbey.org%2Fabbey-commemorations%2Fcommemorations%2Fthomas-clarkson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Clarkson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wisbechmuseum.org.uk/blog/post.php?s=2019-12-19-first-museum-job-and-parish-registers">"parish registers"</a>. <i>wisbechmiseum.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wisbechmiseum.org&rft.atitle=parish+registers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wisbechmuseum.org.uk%2Fblog%2Fpost.php%3Fs%3D2019-12-19-first-museum-job-and-parish-registers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Clarkson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibson_Wilson1992" class="citation book cs1">Gibson Wilson, Ellen (1992). <i>The Clarksons of Wisbech</i>. Wisbech Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Clarksons+of+Wisbech&rft.pub=Wisbech+Society&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Gibson+Wilson&rft.aufirst=Ellen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Clarkson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WMB0M9_Thomas_Clarkson_Wisbech_Cambridgeshire">"Thomas Clarkson"</a>. <i>www.waymarking.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.waymarking.com&rft.atitle=Thomas+Clarkson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.waymarking.com%2Fwaymarks%2FWMB0M9_Thomas_Clarkson_Wisbech_Cambridgeshire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Clarkson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Wisbech Grammar School". <i>London Evening Standard</i>. 13 March 1894. p. 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=London+Evening+Standard&rft.atitle=Wisbech+Grammar+School&rft.pages=6&rft.date=1894-03-13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Clarkson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-acad-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-acad_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-acad_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFACADCLRK779T2" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://venn.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search-2018.pl?sur=&suro=w&fir=&firo=c&cit=&cito=c&c=all&z=all&tex=CLRK779T2&sye=&eye=&col=all&maxcount=50">"Clarkson, Thomas (CLRK779T2)"</a>. <i>A Cambridge Alumni Database</i>. University of Cambridge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Clarkson%2C+Thomas+%28CLRK779T2%29&rft.btitle=A+Cambridge+Alumni+Database&rft.pub=University+of+Cambridge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvenn.lib.cam.ac.uk%2Fcgi-bin%2Fsearch-2018.pl%3Fsur%3D%26suro%3Dw%26fir%3D%26firo%3Dc%26cit%3D%26cito%3Dc%26c%3Dall%26z%3Dall%26tex%3DCLRK779T2%26sye%3D%26eye%3D%26col%3Dall%26maxcount%3D50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Clarkson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodgate1960" class="citation journal cs1">Woodgate, GMG (1960). "Thomas Clarkson of Wisbech". <i>Annual Report</i>. <b>21</b>. Wisbech Society: 6–10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Report&rft.atitle=Thomas+Clarkson+of+Wisbech&rft.volume=21&rft.pages=6-10&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Woodgate&rft.aufirst=GMG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Clarkson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190402002628/https://janus.lib.cam.ac.uk/db/node.xsp?id=EAD/GBR/0275/Clarkson">"Janus: Papers of Thomas Clarkson"</a>. University of Cambridge. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://janus.lib.cam.ac.uk/db/node.xsp?id=EAD%2FGBR%2F0275%2FClarkson">the original</a> on 2 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Janus%3A+Papers+of+Thomas+Clarkson&rft.pub=University+of+Cambridge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjanus.lib.cam.ac.uk%2Fdb%2Fnode.xsp%3Fid%3DEAD%252FGBR%252F0275%252FClarkson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Clarkson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarkson1808" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Clarkson, Thomas</a> (1808). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/12428/pg12428-images.html"><i>The History of the Rise, Progress, andAccomplishment of the Abolition of the African Slave-Trade by the British Parliament</i></a>. Vol. 1. London: <a href="/wiki/Longman,_Hurst,_Rees_and_Orme" class="mw-redirect" title="Longman, Hurst, Rees and Orme">Longman, Hurst, Rees and Orme</a>. pp. 209–210.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Rise%2C+Progress%2C+andAccomplishment+of+the+Abolition+of+the+African+Slave-Trade+by+the+British+Parliament&rft.place=London&rft.pages=209-210&rft.pub=Longman%2C+Hurst%2C+Rees+and+Orme&rft.date=1808&rft.aulast=Clarkson&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Fcache%2Fepub%2F12428%2Fpg12428-images.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Clarkson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarkson1786" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Clarkson, Thomas</a> (1786). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/10611"><i>An Essay on the Slavery and Commerce of the Human Species, Particularly the African. Translated from a Latin Dissertation, Which Was Honoured With the First Prize in the University of Cambridge, for the Year 1785, With Additions</i></a>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Essay+on+the+Slavery+and+Commerce+of+the+Human+Species%2C+Particularly+the+African.+Translated+from+a+Latin+Dissertation%2C+Which+Was+Honoured+With+the+First+Prize+in+the+University+of+Cambridge%2C+for+the+Year+1785%2C+With+Additions&rft.place=London&rft.date=1786&rft.aulast=Clarkson&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Febooks%2F10611&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Clarkson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-collecting-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-collecting_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-collecting_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://abolition.e2bn.org/box_58.html">"Thomas Clarkson: Collecting Evidence"</a>, The Abolition Project website. Retrieved 28 September 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-abolition-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-abolition_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-abolition_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://abolition.e2bn.org/box.html">Home: "Thomas Clarkson"</a>, Abolition Project website. Retrieved 28 September 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walvin 2011, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-diagram-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-diagram_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallery.nen.gov.uk/asset72540_1315-abolition.html">"Brookes' Diagram-Clarkson's Box"</a>, The Abolition Project, 2009. Retrieved 28 September 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/C._L._R._James" title="C. L. R. James">James, C. L. R.</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Black_Jacobins" title="The Black Jacobins">The Black Jacobins</a></i> (London: Penguin, 1938), p. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Geggus, David, <i>Slavery, War and Revolution: The British Occupation of Saint Domingue, 1793–1798</i> (New York: Clarendon Press, 1982).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarkson1808" class="citation book cs1">Clarkson, Thomas (1808). <i>The History of the Rise, Progress And Accomplishment of the Abolition of the Slave – Trade by the British Parliament</i>. Philadelphia: James P. Parke.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Rise%2C+Progress+And+Accomplishment+of+the+Abolition+of+the+Slave+%E2%80%93+Trade+by+the+British+Parliament&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=James+P.+Parke&rft.date=1808&rft.aulast=Clarkson&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Clarkson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-npg-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-npg_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait.php?search=ap&npgno=599&eDate=&lDate=">The Anti-Slavery Society Convention, 1840</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Robert_Haydon" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Robert Haydon">Benjamin Robert Haydon</a>, 1841, <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery</a>, London, NPG599, Given by <a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavery_International" title="Anti-Slavery International">British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society</a> in 1880</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dryden, John (1992), "Pas de Six Ans!" In: <i>Seven Slaves & Slavery: Trinidad 1777–1838</i>, by Anthony de Verteuil, Port of Spain, pp. 371–379.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp599">Portraits of The Anti-Slavery Society Convention, 1840</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery, London</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Schama" title="Simon Schama">Schama, Simon</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Rough_Crossings:_Britain,_the_Slaves,_and_the_American_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Rough Crossings: Britain, the Slaves, and the American Revolution">Rough Crossings: Britain, the Slaves, and the American Revolution</a></i>, New York: HarperCollins, 2006 pb, p. 420.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ap.gilderlehrman.org/resources/buying-frederick-douglass%C3%A2%E2%82%AC%E2%84%A2s-freedom-1846">"Buying Frederick Douglass's freedom, 1846 | AP US History Study Guide from the Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History"</a>. 18 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Buying+Frederick+Douglass%27s+freedom%2C+1846+%26%23124%3B+AP+US+History+Study+Guide+from+the+Gilder+Lehrman+Institute+of+American+History&rft.date=2014-02-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fap.gilderlehrman.org%2Fresources%2Fbuying-frederick-douglass%25C3%25A2%25E2%2582%25AC%25E2%2584%25A2s-freedom-1846&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Clarkson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/5545">Hugh Brogan's biography of Clarkson</a>. (May require log in)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wisbechmuseum.org.uk/clarkson/index.php">"Clarkson Collection"</a>. <i>wisbechmuseum.org.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wisbechmuseum.org.uk&rft.atitle=Clarkson+Collection&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wisbechmuseum.org.uk%2Fclarkson%2Findex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Clarkson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLane" class="citation web cs1">Lane, Samuel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/thomas-clarkson-17601846-anti-slavery-campaigner-48969/search/venue:wisbech-town-council-chamber-3143-2502456/page/1/view_as/grid">"Thomas Clarkson (1760–1846), Anti-Slavery Campaigner"</a>. Art UK<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thomas+Clarkson+%281760%E2%80%931846%29%2C+Anti-Slavery+Campaigner&rft.pub=Art+UK&rft.aulast=Lane&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fartuk.org%2Fdiscover%2Fartworks%2Fthomas-clarkson-17601846-anti-slavery-campaigner-48969%2Fsearch%2Fvenue%3Awisbech-town-council-chamber-3143-2502456%2Fpage%2F1%2Fview_as%2Fgrid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Clarkson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sahistory.org.za/places/clarkson">"Clarkson, Eastern Cape | South African History Online"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Clarkson%2C+Eastern+Cape+%26%23124%3B+South+African+History+Online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sahistory.org.za%2Fplaces%2Fclarkson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Clarkson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHistoric_England1030509" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Historic_England" title="Historic England">Historic England</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://HistoricEngland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1030509?section=official-list-entry">"PLAYFORD, MONUMENT TO THOMAS CLARKSON, 10 METRES SOUTH WEST OF CHURCH OF ST MARY (Grade II) (1030509)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England" title="National Heritage List for England">National Heritage List for England</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Heritage+List+for+England&rft.atitle=PLAYFORD%2C+MONUMENT+TO+THOMAS+CLARKSON%2C+10+METRES+SOUTH+WEST+OF+CHURCH+OF+ST+MARY+%28Grade+II%29+%281030509%29&rft.au=Historic+England&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2FHistoricEngland.org.uk%2Flisting%2Fthe-list%2Flist-entry%2F1030509%3Fsection%3Dofficial-list-entry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Clarkson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHistoric_England1281321" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Historic_England" title="Historic England">Historic England</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://HistoricEngland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1281321?section=official-list-entry">"Clarkson monument on High Cross Hill (1281321)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England" title="National Heritage List for England">National Heritage List for England</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Heritage+List+for+England&rft.atitle=Clarkson+monument+on+High+Cross+Hill+%281281321%29&rft.au=Historic+England&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2FHistoricEngland.org.uk%2Flisting%2Fthe-list%2Flist-entry%2F1281321%3Fsection%3Dofficial-list-entry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Clarkson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190411215216/https://www.wisbech-society.co.uk/town-tour">"Wisbech Society | Town tour"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wisbech-society.co.uk/town-Tour">the original</a> on 11 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wisbech+Society+%7C+Town+tour&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wisbech-society.co.uk%2Ftown-Tour&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Clarkson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://anti-slaverysociety.addr.com/huk-1807anniv1.htm">Abolition of slave trade</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110930223247/http://anti-slaverysociety.addr.com/huk-1807anniv1.htm">Archived</a> 30 September 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Anti Slavery Society.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-and-worship/worship-texts-and-resources/common-worship/churchs-year/calendar">"The Calendar"</a>. <i>The Church of England</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Church+of+England&rft.atitle=The+Calendar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofengland.org%2Fprayer-and-worship%2Fworship-texts-and-resources%2Fcommon-worship%2Fchurchs-year%2Fcalendar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Clarkson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/suffolk/hi/people_and_places/religion_and_ethics/newsid_8856000/8856394.stm">"Church honours anti-slavery campaigner Thomas Clarkson"</a>. Suffolk: BBC. 26 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Church+honours+anti-slavery+campaigner+Thomas+Clarkson&rft.place=Suffolk&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2010-07-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Flocal%2Fsuffolk%2Fhi%2Fpeople_and_places%2Freligion_and_ethics%2Fnewsid_8856000%2F8856394.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Clarkson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandon1839" class="citation book cs1">Landon, Letitia Elizabeth (1839). "poetical illustration 1". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=5lQFAAAAQAAJ&pg=GBS.PA20"><i>Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1840</i></a>. Fisher, Son & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=poetical+illustration+1&rft.btitle=Fisher%27s+Drawing+Room+Scrap+Book%2C+1840&rft.pub=Fisher%2C+Son+%26+Co.&rft.date=1839&rft.aulast=Landon&rft.aufirst=Letitia+Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplay.google.com%2Fbooks%2Freader%3Fid%3D5lQFAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DGBS.PA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Clarkson" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandon1839" class="citation book cs1">Landon, Letitia Elizabeth (1839). "poetical illustration 2". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=5lQFAAAAQAAJ&pg=GBS.PA20-IA5"><i>Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1840</i></a>. Fisher, Son & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=poetical+illustration+2&rft.btitle=Fisher%27s+Drawing+Room+Scrap+Book%2C+1840&rft.pub=Fisher%2C+Son+%26+Co.&rft.date=1839&rft.aulast=Landon&rft.aufirst=Letitia+Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplay.google.com%2Fbooks%2Freader%3Fid%3D5lQFAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DGBS.PA20-IA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Clarkson" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandon1839" class="citation book cs1">Landon, Letitia Elizabeth (1839). "picture". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=5lQFAAAAQAAJ&pg=GBS.PA20-IA3"><i>Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1840</i></a>. Fisher, Son & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=picture&rft.btitle=Fisher%27s+Drawing+Room+Scrap+Book%2C+1840&rft.pub=Fisher%2C+Son+%26+Co.&rft.date=1839&rft.aulast=Landon&rft.aufirst=Letitia+Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplay.google.com%2Fbooks%2Freader%3Fid%3D5lQFAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DGBS.PA20-IA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Clarkson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Clarkson&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Barker, G. F. FjR. "Thomas Clarkson", <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (Oxford University Press, 1887)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Brogan" title="Hugh Brogan">Brogan, Hugh</a>. "Thomas Clarkson", <i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i> (Oxford: University Press, 2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brycchan_Carey" title="Brycchan Carey">Carey, Brycchan</a>. <i>British Abolitionism and the Rhetoric of Sensibility: Writing, Sentiment, and Slavery, 1760–1807</i> (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005). 131–37.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zerbanoo_Gifford" title="Zerbanoo Gifford">Gifford, Zerbanoo</a>, <i>Thomas Clarkson and the Campaign Against the Slave Trade</i> (Anti-Slavery International, 1996) - used in events marking the bi-centenary in 2007 of the abolition of the transatlantic slave trade in the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Hochschild" title="Adam Hochschild">Hochschild, Adam</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bury_the_Chains" title="Bury the Chains"><i>Bury the Chains, The British Struggle to Abolish Slavery</i></a> (Basingstoke: Pan Macmillan, 2005)</li> <li>Meier, Helmut. <i>Thomas Clarkson: 'Moral Steam Engine' or False Prophet? A Critical Approach to Three of his Antislavery Essays.</i> (Stuttgart: Ibidem, 2007).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowell2007" class="citation book cs1">Powell, Roger (2007). <i>Why Here? Why Then? - The roles of John and Thomas Clarkson in the abolition of the slave trade 1807</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+Here%3F+Why+Then%3F+-+The+roles+of+John+and+Thomas+Clarkson+in+the+abolition+of+the+slave+trade+1807&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Clarkson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Rodriguez, Junius P., ed. <i>Encyclopedia of Emancipation and Abolition in the Transatlantic World</i>. (Armonk, New York: <a href="/wiki/M._E._Sharpe" title="M. E. Sharpe">M. E. Sharpe</a>, 2007)</li> <li>Wilson, Ellen Gibson. <i>Thomas Clarkson: A Biography</i> (Macmillan, 1989)</li> <li>Wilson, Ellen Gibson. <i>The Clarksons of Wisbech and the abolition of the slave trade</i> (Wisbech Society, 1992)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Clarkson&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Thomas_Clarkson" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Thomas Clarkson">Thomas Clarkson</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Thomas_Clarkson" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Thomas Clarkson">Thomas Clarkson</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Letitia_Elizabeth_Landon_(L._E._L.)_in_Fisher%27s_Drawing_Room_Scrap_Book,_1840/Thomas_Clarkson,_Esq." class="extiw" title="wikisource:Letitia Elizabeth Landon (L. E. L.) in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1840/Thomas Clarkson, Esq.">Thomas Clarkson, Esq., a poetical illustration by<br />L. E. L.</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thomasclarkson.org/">Thomas Clarkson website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spartacus-educational.com/REclarkson.htm">Brief Biography of Thomas Clarkson</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140228063454/http://ely.anglican.org/about/good_and_great/tclarkson.html">Biography of Thomas Clarkson</a>, Ely Cathedral</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brycchancarey.com/abolition/clarkson.htm">Thomas Clarkson: biography and bibliography by Brycchan Carey</a> (Part of his British Abolitionists project)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blackhistory4schools.com/slavetrade/">Teaching resources about Slavery and Abolition on blackhistory4schools.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/author/Clarkson,+Thomas">Works by Thomas Clarkson</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Clarkson%2C%20Thomas%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Thomas%20Clarkson%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Clarkson%2C%20Thomas%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Thomas%20Clarkson%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Clarkson%2C%20T%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Thomas%20Clarkson%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Clarkson%2C%20Thomas%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Thomas%20Clarkson%22%29%20OR%20%28%221760-1846%22%20AND%20Clarkson%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Thomas Clarkson</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oll.libertyfund.org/Home3/Author.php?recordID=0548">Works by Thomas Clarkson at the online library of liberty</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051103001454/http://www.thelouvertureproject.org/wiki/index.php?title=Main_Page">The Louverture Project</a>: Thomas Clarkson – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060718102029/http://www.thelouvertureproject.org/wiki/index.php?title=Thomas_Clarkson_-_Thoughts_on_The_Haitian_Revolution">Thoughts on The Haitian Revolution</a> Excerpt from an 1823 Clarkson book.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parliament.uk/slavetrade">Parliament & The British Slave Trade 1600–1807</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wisbechmuseum.org.uk/clarkson/index.html">Clarkson Collection</a>, Wisbech & Fenland Museum, whose collection includes the Clarkson Chest.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thomasclarksonacademy.org/">Thomas Clarkson Academy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://abolition.e2bn.org/box.html">The Thomas Clarkson section</a>, The Abolition Project website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brh.org.uk/articles/seven_stars.html">An article about Thomas Clarkson's stay at The Seven Stars Pub in Bristol</a>, Bristol Historical Society</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/c/F67378">"Archival material relating to Thomas Clarkson"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)" title="The National Archives (United Kingdom)">UK National Archives</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archival+material+relating+to+Thomas+Clarkson&rft.pub=UK+National+Archives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fdetails%2Fc%2FF67378&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Clarkson" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2032151#P3029" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brown.edu/Research/Slavery_Justice/documents/SlaveryAndJustice.pdf"><i>Report of the Brown University Steering Committee on Slavery and Justice</i></a>, study of relationship of university to the slave trade</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wisbech-society.co.uk/history/thomas-clarkson">"Thomas Clarkson"</a>, the life of Thomas Clarkson, The Wisbech Society and Preservation Trust.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.library.upenn.edu/1017/d/pacscl/HAVERFORD_USPHCMC97507021">"The History of the Rise, Progress, and Accomplishment of the Abolition of the African Slave Trade"</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged April 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> Thomas Clarkson manuscript, held by <a href="/wiki/Haverford_College" title="Haverford College">Haverford College</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/17664">Works by Thomas Clarkson</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output 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class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX889391">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/143726">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070401365">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=144097">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/184532">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007272986605171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14821999">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA04436857?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/802137">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118974378.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118974378">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/033811342">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6000287">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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