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This simple observation comes as no surprise to anyone who has either participated in or thought about biological research. Experimental studies investigate model systems or model organisms that are carefully selected for a particular research problem; these experimental data are assembled and incorporated into computational, diagrammatic, or conceptual models that are used to organize and analyze these results; and even abstract formal theories-those elusive targets of scientific research-come to life in the form of formal and predictive models. There are thus many di¤erent types of models within the biological sciences that fulfill a variety of important practical, conceptual, and epistemological functions. The literature on this topic is extensive; see, for instance, chapters 2 and 3 in this .","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":"41203864"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Models in theoretical biology","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [41074]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":41203864,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Models in theoretical biology”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/41203864/mini_magick20190219-32672-jo1vnu.png?1550631138" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Models in theoretical biology</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="41074" href="https://asu.academia.edu/ManfredLaubichler"><img alt="Profile image of Manfred Laubichler" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s65_no_pic.png" />Manfred Laubichler</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">8 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">2 files</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 15733201; const worksViewsPath = "/v0/works/views?subdomain_param=api&work_ids%5B%5D=15733201"; const getWorkViews = async (workId) => { const response = await fetch(worksViewsPath); if (!response.ok) { throw new Error('Failed to load work views'); } const data = await response.json(); return data.views[workId]; }; // Get the view count for the work - we send this immediately rather than waiting for // the DOM to load, so it can be available as soon as possible (but without holding up // the backend or other resource requests, because it's a bit expensive and not critical). const viewCount = await getWorkViews(workId); const updateViewCount = (viewCount) => { try { const viewCountNumber = parseInt(viewCount, 10); if (viewCountNumber === 0) { // Remove the whole views element if there are zero views. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); return; } const commaizedViewCount = viewCountNumber.toLocaleString(); const viewCountBody = document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count'); if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">All branches of the biological sciences rely on models. This simple observation comes as no surprise to anyone who has either participated in or thought about biological research. Experimental studies investigate model systems or model organisms that are carefully selected for a particular research problem; these experimental data are assembled and incorporated into computational, diagrammatic, or conceptual models that are used to organize and analyze these results; and even abstract formal theories-those elusive targets of scientific research-come to life in the form of formal and predictive models. There are thus many di¤erent types of models within the biological sciences that fulfill a variety of important practical, conceptual, and epistemological functions. 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It is familiar because, as we shall argue, biologists presently and regularly use models as abstractions of reality: diagrams, laws, graphs, plots, relationships, chemical formulae and so on are all essentially models of some external reality that we are trying to describe and understand (Fig. 1.1).</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The role of modeling in systems biology","attachmentId":30802720,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/2863923/The_role_of_modeling_in_systems_biology","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/2863923/The_role_of_modeling_in_systems_biology"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="1885413" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1885413/Models_Of_System_Biology">Models Of System Biology</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2204296" href="https://vit.academia.edu/VikramPrakash">Vikram Prakash</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Many systems in nature, including biological systems, have very complex dynamics which generate random-looking time series. 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INTRODUCTION HE aim of a biological model is to understand the integrated structure and behavior of complex biological systems as a function of the underlying molecular networks to achieve simulation and forecast</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1070239" href="https://unito.academia.edu/AntonioDiLeva">Antonio Di Leva</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2005</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The aim of a biological model is to understand the integrated structure and behavior of complex biological systems as a function of the underlying molecular networks to achieve simulation and forecast of their operation. Although several approaches have been introduced to take into account structural and environment related features, relatively little attention has been given to represent the behavior of biological systems. The Abstract Biological Process (ABP) model illustrated in this paper is an object-oriented model based on UML (the standard object-oriented language). Its main objective is to bring into focus the functional aspects of the biological system under analysis. Keywords—Biological processes, system dynamics, system modeling, UML.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"I. INTRODUCTION HE aim of a biological model is to understand the integrated structure and behavior of complex biological systems as a function of the underlying molecular networks to achieve simulation and forecast","attachmentId":79179438,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/68853874/I_INTRODUCTION_HE_aim_of_a_biological_model_is_to_understand_the_integrated_structure_and_behavior_of_complex_biological_systems_as_a_function_of_the_underlying_molecular_networks_to_achieve_simulation_and_forecast","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/68853874/I_INTRODUCTION_HE_aim_of_a_biological_model_is_to_understand_the_integrated_structure_and_behavior_of_complex_biological_systems_as_a_function_of_the_underlying_molecular_networks_to_achieve_simulation_and_forecast"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="9619115" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/9619115/The_systemic_paradigm_and_its_relevance_to_the_modelling_of_biological_functions">The systemic paradigm and its relevance to the modelling of biological functions</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="22879553" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RouxMagali">Magali Roux</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Comptes Rendus Biologies, 2002</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">If we are to make advances in the design of information systems for the processing of functional genomic data, we must carefully examine the concepts of gene and function. Therefore, we must consider the biological models that are used to acquire these data from an epistemological point of view. This article introduces three elements of this view: (i) we reviewed the major concepts and the axioms of the systemic paradigm; (ii) we considered their relevance for the modelling of the biological functions within the framework of an intracellular signalling process; (iii) we present an operational input founded on this methodological viewpoint to illustrate the coherence of a theoretical framework and the use of its formalism for the description and the representation of biological activities. This formalism will guide the modelling and the interpretation of molecular interactions in terms of organisational operations producing and transforming the genetic information; thus, providing a better understanding of the complex relationship between the generation, the circulation and the computation of information when biological systems are set up. To cite this article: M. Roux-Rouquié, J.-L. Le Moigne, C. R. Biologies 325 (2002) 419-430. © 2002 Académies des sciences / Éditions scientifiques et médicales Elsevier SAS systemic modelling / epistemology / biological function / knowledge organisation / information system Résumé -Le paradigme systémique et sa pertinence pour la modélisation des fonctions biologiques. Une avancée dans le domaine de la conception des systèmes d'information pour l'exploitation des données de génomique fonctionnelle nécessite une discussion attentive des concepts de gène et de fonction, et donc une réflexion épistémologique sur les modèles biologiques à l'aide desquels sont établis ces systèmes d'information. Dans cet article, nous avons introduit les éléments de cette réflexion suivant trois axes : (i) un axe conceptuel considère les concepts majeurs et les axiomes du paradigme systémique ; (ii) leur pertinence pour la modélisation des fonctions biologiques est examinée dans le cadre d'un processus de signalisation intracellulaire ; (iii) une entrée opératoire, fondée sur cette réflexion méthodologique, illustre la cohérence apportée par un cadre théorique argumenté et l'utilisation de son formalisme pour la description et la représentation des activités biologiques. Ce formalisme conduit à interpréter le traitement des processus moléculaires en termes d'opérations organisationnelles produisant et transformant l'information génétique et à approfondir l'intelligibilité de la génération, de la circulation et du calcul de l'information dans la mise en place des organisations biologiques. Pour citer cet article : M. Roux-Rouquié, J.-L. Le Moigne, C. R. Biologies 325 (2002) 419-430. © 2002 Académies des sciences / Éditions scientifiques et médicales Elsevier SAS modélisation systémique / épistémologie / fonction biologique / organisation des connaissances / système d'information *Correspondence and reprints.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The systemic paradigm and its relevance to the modelling of biological functions","attachmentId":47703554,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/9619115/The_systemic_paradigm_and_its_relevance_to_the_modelling_of_biological_functions","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/9619115/The_systemic_paradigm_and_its_relevance_to_the_modelling_of_biological_functions"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="1956627" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1956627/Models_in_biology">Models in biology</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="535453" href="https://lclark.academia.edu/jayodenbaugh">jay odenbaugh</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Routledge encyclopedia of …, 2009</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">In recent years, much attention has been given by philosophers to the ubiquitous role of models and modeling in the biological sciences. Philosophical debates has focused on several areas of discussion. First, the term ‗model' is applied to a bewildering array of objects in biology from mathematical structures, graphical displays, computer simulations, to concrete organisms. Each of these objects seems so different it raises the question of whether there is some one thing which is a model. Philosophers are investigating whether a unifying account of models can be found. Second, biologists rarely have fundamental theories as in physics and chemistry, but do have a variety of models. Many philosophers and biologists have suggested that biological theories are nothing more than a collection or family of models. Third, models are traditionally evaluated by their statistical fit to data or their explanatory power. However, biological models are highly idealizedliterally falsewhich can undercut their empirical adequacy and explanatory worth. As a result, biological models are often evaluated for the heuristic functions possibly unrelated to empirical adequacy and truth.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Models in biology","attachmentId":28291163,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/1956627/Models_in_biology","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/1956627/Models_in_biology"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="17897775" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/17897775/Some_questions_related_to_modeling_in_cellular_biology">Some questions related to modeling in cellular biology</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="37812366" href="https://independent.academia.edu/IvanKupka">Ivan Kupka</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Fixed Point Theory and Applications, 2010</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Keywords.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Some questions related to modeling in cellular biology","attachmentId":39768717,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/17897775/Some_questions_related_to_modeling_in_cellular_biology","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/17897775/Some_questions_related_to_modeling_in_cellular_biology"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="86830427" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/86830427/Qualitative_and_semi_quantitative_systems_approaches_to_complex_systems_modelling_Intuitive_and_flexible_models_of_biological_systems_A_thesis_submitted_in_partial_fulfilment_of_the_requirements_for_the_degree_of_Doctor_of_Philosophy_at_Lincoln_University">Qualitative and semi quantitative systems approaches to complex systems modelling – Intuitive and flexible models of biological systems : A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Lincoln University</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="210520211" href="https://independent.academia.edu/mohammadalsharaiah">mohammad alsharaiah</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2018</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Biological systems such as cell cycle are complex systems consisting of an enormous number of elements. These elements interact in ways that produce nonlinear and complex systems behaviour such as oscillations. A number of modelling approaches have been used to explain these kinds of systems; they are classified into four classes (continuous, discrete, stochastic and hybrid). Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs) are used to mimic the continuous dynamic behaviour of system components, while discrete models can simulate the biological elements as straightforward binary variables providing a qualitative view of system behaviour. Stochastic models are used to model the effect of noise in biological systems. Combined methods together introduce hybrid models to cover the limitations of individual models and take advantage of their strengths. This study introduces a series of advanced models with increasing resolution from discrete to continuous in a systematic way to model the mammalian...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Qualitative and semi quantitative systems approaches to complex systems modelling – Intuitive and flexible models of biological systems : A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Lincoln University","attachmentId":91197089,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/86830427/Qualitative_and_semi_quantitative_systems_approaches_to_complex_systems_modelling_Intuitive_and_flexible_models_of_biological_systems_A_thesis_submitted_in_partial_fulfilment_of_the_requirements_for_the_degree_of_Doctor_of_Philosophy_at_Lincoln_University","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/86830427/Qualitative_and_semi_quantitative_systems_approaches_to_complex_systems_modelling_Intuitive_and_flexible_models_of_biological_systems_A_thesis_submitted_in_partial_fulfilment_of_the_requirements_for_the_degree_of_Doctor_of_Philosophy_at_Lincoln_University"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="17130573" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/17130573/Understanding_the_Dynamics_of_Biological_Systems">Understanding the Dynamics of Biological Systems</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="471684" href="https://ircam.academia.edu/JeanLouisGiavitto">Jean-Louis Giavitto</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2011</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Systems biology aims at integrating processes at various time and spatial scales into a single and coherent formal description to allow analysis and computer simulation. In this context, we focus on rule-based modeling and its integration in the domain-specific language MGS. Through the notions of topological collections and transformations, MGS allows the modeling of biological processes at various levels of description. We validate our approach through the description of various models of a synthetic bacteria designed in the context of the iGEM competition, from a very simple biochemical description of the process to an individual-based model on a Delaunay graph topology. This approach is a first step into providing the requirements for the emerging field of spatial systems biology which integrates spatial properties into systems biology.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Understanding the Dynamics of Biological Systems","attachmentId":42312964,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/17130573/Understanding_the_Dynamics_of_Biological_Systems","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/17130573/Understanding_the_Dynamics_of_Biological_Systems"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="69148802" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/69148802/Published_in_2007_in_Modeling_Biology_Structures_Behaviors_Evolution">Published in 2007 in: Modeling Biology: Structures, Behaviors, Evolution</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="41074" href="https://asu.academia.edu/ManfredLaubichler">Manfred Laubichler</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2012</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Published in 2007 in: Modeling Biology: Structures, Behaviors, Evolution","attachmentId":79355594,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/69148802/Published_in_2007_in_Modeling_Biology_Structures_Behaviors_Evolution","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/69148802/Published_in_2007_in_Modeling_Biology_Structures_Behaviors_Evolution"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":41203864,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":41203864,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_41203864" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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