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href="#Comparison_with_other_Turkic_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Comparison with other Turkic languages</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Comparison_with_other_Turkic_languages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Comparison with other Turkic languages subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Comparison_with_other_Turkic_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Turkmen_vs._Azerbaijani" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkmen_vs._Azerbaijani"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Turkmen vs. Azerbaijani</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkmen_vs._Azerbaijani-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkmen_vs._Turkish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkmen_vs._Turkish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Turkmen vs. Turkish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkmen_vs._Turkish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Writing system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writing_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Grammar subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Directives_and_speech_levels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Directives_and_speech_levels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Directives and speech levels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Directives_and_speech_levels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Vocabulary</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Vocabulary subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Numbers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Numbers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Numbers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Numbers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Colors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Basic_expressions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basic_expressions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Basic expressions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basic_expressions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Example" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Example"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Example</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Example-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkmen_in_Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkmen_in_Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Turkmen in Iran</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkmen_in_Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Turkmen language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 112 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-112" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">112 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmeens" title="Turkmeens – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Turkmeens" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%B1%E1%88%AD%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%98%E1%8A%95%E1%8A%9B" title="ቱርክመንኛ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቱርክመንኛ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="तुर्कमेन भाषा – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="तुर्कमेन भाषा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%AD%D1%83%D1%80%D2%9B%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%88%D3%99%D0%B0" title="Аҭурқмен бызшәа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Аҭурқмен бызшәа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة التركمانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة التركمانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_turcomanu" title="Idioma turcomanu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma turcomanu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkm%C9%99n_dili" title="Türkmən dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Türkmən dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%AC%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="تورکمن تورکجه‌سی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تورکمن تورکجه‌سی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="তুর্কমেনীয় ভাষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তুর্কমেনীয় ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmen-g%C3%AD" title="Turkmen-gí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Turkmen-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D3%99%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Төркмән теле – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Төркмән теле" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Туркменская мова – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Туркменская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Туркмэнская мова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Туркмэнская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Туркменски език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Туркменски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmeneg" title="Turkmeneg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Turkmeneg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turcman" title="Turcman – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Turcman" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Туркмен чĕлхи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Туркмен чĕлхи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmen%C5%A1tina" title="Turkmenština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Turkmenština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_turkmena" title="Lingua turkmena – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Lingua turkmena" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmensk_(sprog)" title="Turkmensk (sprog) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Turkmensk (sprog)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenische_Sprache" title="Turkmenische Sprache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Turkmenische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkmeeni_keel" title="Türkmeeni keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Türkmeeni keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Τουρκμενική γλώσσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τουρκμενική γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_turcomano" title="Idioma turcomano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma turcomano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmena_lingvo" title="Turkmena lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Turkmena lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenera" title="Turkmenera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Turkmenera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%86%DB%8C" title="زبان ترکمنی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان ترکمنی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmen_bhasa" title="Turkmen bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Turkmen bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkm%C3%A8ne" title="Turkmène – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Turkmène" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Tuircm%C3%A9inis" title="An Tuircméinis – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Tuircméinis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkmen_dili" title="Türkmen dili – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Türkmen dili" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_turcom%C3%A1" title="Lingua turcomá – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua turcomá" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmen-ng%C3%AE" title="Turkmen-ngî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Turkmen-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%88%AC%EB%A5%B4%ED%81%AC%EB%A9%98%EC%96%B4" title="투르크멘어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="투르크멘어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D6%84%D5%B4%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Թուրքմեներեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թուրքմեներեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="तुर्कमेन भाषा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तुर्कमेन भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmen%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Turkmenšćina – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Turkmenšćina" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenski_jezik" title="Turkmenski jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Turkmenski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Turkmen" title="Bahasa Turkmen – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Turkmen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BArkmenska" title="Túrkmenska – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Túrkmenska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_turkmena" title="Lingua turkmena – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua turkmena" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" title="טורקמנית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טורקמנית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B2%A8_%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%86" title="ತುರ್ಕ್‌ಮೇನಿಸ್ತಾನ್‌ನ ಭಾಷೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ತುರ್ಕ್‌ಮೇನಿಸ್ತಾನ್‌ನ ಭಾಷೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A5%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="თურქმენული ენა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თურქმენული ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Түрікмен тілі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Түрікмен тілі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igiturukimeni" title="Igiturukimeni – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Igiturukimeni" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Туркмен кыв – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Туркмен кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenava" title="Turkmenava – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Turkmenava" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_tirkman%C3%AE" title="Zimanê tirkmanî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanê tirkmanî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D3%A9%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Түркмөн тили – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Түркмөн тили" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Turcomannica" title="Lingua Turcomannica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Turcomannica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkm%C4%93%C5%86u_valoda" title="Turkmēņu valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Turkmēņu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkm%C4%97n%C5%B3_kalba" title="Turkmėnų kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Turkmėnų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkm%C3%A9n_nyelv" title="Türkmén nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Türkmén nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Туркменски јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Туркменски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_torkmena" title="Fiteny torkmena – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny torkmena" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="तुर्कमेन भाषा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="तुर्कमेन भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A5%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="თურქმენული ნინა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="თურქმენული ნინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%87_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87" title="لغه تركمانيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لغه تركمانيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C" title="ترکمونی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ترکمونی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Turkmen" title="Bahasa Turkmen – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Turkmen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmen-ng%E1%B9%B3%CC%84" title="Turkmen-ngṳ̄ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Turkmen-ngṳ̄" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Түркмен хэл – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Түркмен хэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmeens" title="Turkmeens – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Turkmeens" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A1%E3%83%B3%E8%AA%9E" title="トルクメン語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トルクメン語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82" title="Туркменийн мотт – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Туркменийн мотт" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmeensk_spriak" title="Turkmeensk spriak – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Turkmeensk spriak" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmensk" title="Turkmensk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Turkmensk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmensk" title="Turkmensk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Turkmensk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turcm%C3%A8n" title="Turcmèn – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Turcmèn" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkman_tili" title="Turkman tili – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Turkman tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="ترکمن بولی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ترکمن بولی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%86%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="تورکمني ژبه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="تورکمني ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_turkmen-a" title="Lenga turkmen-a – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga turkmen-a" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_turkme%C5%84ski" title="Język turkmeński – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język turkmeński" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_turcomena" title="Língua turcomena – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua turcomena" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BArkmen_tili" title="Túrkmen tili – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Túrkmen tili" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkmen_tili" title="Türkmen tili – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Türkmen tili" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_turkmen%C4%83" title="Limba turkmenă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba turkmenă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmin_simi" title="Turkmin simi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Turkmin simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Туркменский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Туркменский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B1_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱛᱩᱨᱠᱢᱮᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱛᱩᱨᱠᱢᱮᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmen_leid" title="Turkmen leid – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Turkmen leid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Turkmen language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkm%C3%A9n%C4%8Dina" title="Turkménčina – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Turkménčina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmen%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Turkmenščina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Turkmenščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmy%C5%84sk%C5%8F_g%C5%8Fdka" title="Turkmyńskŏ gŏdka – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Turkmyńskŏ gŏdka" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="زمانی تورکمانی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی تورکمانی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Туркменски језик – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Туркменски језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenski_jezik" title="Turkmenski jezik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Turkmenski jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmeenin_kieli" title="Turkmeenin kieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Turkmeenin kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmeniska" title="Turkmeniska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Turkmeniska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Turkomano" title="Wikang Turkomano – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Turkomano" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="துருக்குமேனிய மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="துருக்குமேனிய மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BC%D3%99%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Төрекмән теле – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Төрекмән теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99" title="ภาษาเติร์กเมน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาเติร์กเมน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D3%A3" title="Забони туркманӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забони туркманӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkmence" title="Türkmence – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Türkmence" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkmen_dili" title="Türkmen dili – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Türkmen dili" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Туркмен кыл – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Туркмен кыл" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Туркменська мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Туркменська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ترکمانی زبان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ترکمانی زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%88%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%85%DB%95%D9%86_%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89" title="تۈركمەن تىلى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="تۈركمەن تىلى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Turkmen" title="Tiếng Turkmen – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Turkmen" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%BA%93%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD" title="土库曼语 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="土库曼语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88d%C3%A8_Turkm%E1%BA%B9%CC%81n%C3%AC" title="Èdè Turkmẹ́nì – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Èdè Turkmẹ́nì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%BA%AB%E6%9B%BC%E6%96%87" title="土庫曼文 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="土庫曼文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%B1rkmenki" title="Tırkmenki – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Tırkmenki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torkmienu_kalba" title="Torkmienu kalba – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Torkmienu kalba" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%BA%93%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD" title="土库曼语 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="土库曼语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Turkm%C3%A8n" title="Basa Turkmèn – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Basa Turkmèn" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Turkmen" title="Bahasa Turkmen – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Bahasa Turkmen" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q9267#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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.infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: yellowgreen;">Turkmen</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: yellowgreen;"><span title="Turkmen-language text"><i lang="tk-Latn">türkmençe, türkmen dili</i></span>,<br /><span title="Turkmen-language text"><span lang="tk-Cyrl">түркменче, түркмен дили</span></span>,<br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227789315">.mw-parser-output .script-arabic{font-family:"Scheherazade New","SF Arabic",Amiri,"Noto Naskh Arabic","Droid Arabic Naskh","Noto Sans Arabic","Sakkal Majalla","Harmattan","Arabic Typesetting","Arabic Transparent","Times New Roman",Arial,Calibri,"Microsoft Sans Serif","Segoe UI",serif,sans-serif;font-weight:normal}</style><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">تۆرکمن ديلی ,تۆرکمنچه</span>‎</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkmen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Turkmen.svg/200px-Turkmen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Turkmen.svg/300px-Turkmen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Turkmen.svg/400px-Turkmen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3043" data-file-height="1976" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;">Turkmen in the Latin, Cyrillic, and Perso-Arabic Alphabets</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">5.1 million <a href="/wiki/Turkmens" title="Turkmens">Turkmens</a> in Turkmenistan (2020)<sup id="cite_ref-e26_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e26-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">5.30 million (2021)<sup id="cite_ref-e26_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e26-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Common_Turkic_languages" title="Common Turkic languages">Common Turkic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_languages" title="Oghuz languages">Oghuz</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_languages" title="Oghuz languages">Eastern</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Turkmen</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trukhmen_dialect" title="Trukhmen dialect">Trukhmen</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Turkmen_alphabet" title="Turkmen alphabet">Turkmen alphabet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Official_script" title="Official script">official</a> in Turkmenistan), <a href="/wiki/Persian_alphabet" title="Persian alphabet">Perso-Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Russian_Braille#Additional_alphabets" title="Russian Braille">Turkmen Braille</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: yellowgreen;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: yellowgreen;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=tk">tk</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=461">tuk</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/tuk" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:tuk">tuk</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/turk1304">turk1304</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Oghuz_languages" title="Oghuz languages">44-AAB-a</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkmen_language_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Turkmen_language_map.png/320px-Turkmen_language_map.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Turkmen_language_map.png/480px-Turkmen_language_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Turkmen_language_map.png/640px-Turkmen_language_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1056" data-file-height="785" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">The distribution of the Turkmen language in Central Asia</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Turkmen</b> (<span title="Turkmen-language text"><i lang="tk-Latn">türkmençe</i></span>, <span title="Turkmen-language text"><span lang="tk-Cyrl">түркменче</span></span>, <span title="Turkmen-language text"><span lang="tk-Arab" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">تۆرکمنچه</span>‎</span></span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="tk-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Turkmen" title="Help:IPA/Turkmen">[tʏɾkmøntʃø]</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-clark1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clark1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <span title="Turkmen-language text"><i lang="tk-Latn">türkmen dili</i></span>, <span title="Turkmen-language text"><span lang="tk-Cyrl">түркмен дили</span></span>, <span title="Turkmen-language text"><span lang="tk-Arab" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">تۆرکمن ديلی</span>‎</span></span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="tk-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Turkmen" title="Help:IPA/Turkmen">[tʏɾkmøn<span class="wrap"> </span>dɪlɪ]</a></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-clark2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clark2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic language</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Oghuz_languages" title="Oghuz languages">Oghuz branch</a> spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Turkmens" title="Turkmens">Turkmens</a> of <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>. It has an estimated 4.3 million native speakers in <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a> (where it is the official language),<sup id="cite_ref-Tuk_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuk-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a further 719,000 speakers in northeastern <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 1.5 million people in northwestern <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-e18_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e18-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where it has no official status. Turkmen is also spoken to lesser varying degrees in Turkmen communities of <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> and by diaspora communities, primarily in <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Turkmen is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Oghuz_languages" title="Oghuz languages">Oghuz</a> branch of the Turkic languages. It is closely related to <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_language" title="Crimean Tatar language">Crimean Tatar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gagauz_language" title="Gagauz language">Gagauz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qashqai_language" title="Qashqai language">Qashqai</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>, sharing varying degrees of <a href="/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility" title="Mutual intelligibility">mutual intelligibility</a> with each of those languages.<sup id="cite_ref-innerAsia_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-innerAsia-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the closest relative of Turkmen is considered <a href="/wiki/Khorasani_Turkic" title="Khorasani Turkic">Khorasani Turkic</a>, spoken in northeastern regions of Iran and with which it shares the eastern subbranch of Oghuz languages, as well as Khorazm, the Oghuz dialect of <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a> spoken mainly in <a href="/wiki/Xorazm_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Xorazm Region">Khorezm</a> along the Turkmenistan border.<sup id="cite_ref-Elsevier_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elsevier-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elsewhere in Iran, the Turkmen language comes second after the Azerbaijani language in terms of the number of speakers of Turkic languages of Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">standardized form</a> of Turkmen (spoken in Turkmenistan) is based on the <a href="/wiki/Teke_(Turkmen_tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Teke (Turkmen tribe)">Teke</a> dialect, while <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Turkmens" title="Iranian Turkmens">Iranian Turkmen</a> use mostly the <a href="/wiki/Yomud" class="mw-redirect" title="Yomud">Yomud</a> dialect, and <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Turkmens" title="Afghan Turkmens">Afghan Turkmen</a> use the <a href="/wiki/Ersary" class="mw-redirect" title="Ersary">Ersary</a> variety.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Turkmen language, unlike other languages of the Oghuz branch, preserved most of the unique and archaic features of the language spoken by the early <a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Oghuz Turks</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Phonemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonemic">phonemic</a> <a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">vowel length</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen" title="Iraqi Turkmen">Iraqi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Turkmen" title="Syrian Turkmen">Syrian "Turkmen"</a> speak dialects that form a <a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">continuum</a> between <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a>, in both cases heavily influenced by <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>. These varieties are not Turkmen in the sense of this article. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmen_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oghuz_languages.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Oghuz_languages.PNG/220px-Oghuz_languages.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Oghuz_languages.PNG/330px-Oghuz_languages.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Oghuz_languages.PNG/440px-Oghuz_languages.PNG 2x" data-file-width="770" data-file-height="481" /></a><figcaption>Areas where modern Oghuz languages are spoken</figcaption></figure><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Self-contradictory plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Accuracy dispute"><img alt="Exclamation mark with arrows pointing at each other" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Ambox_contradict.svg/38px-Ambox_contradict.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Ambox_contradict.svg/57px-Ambox_contradict.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Ambox_contradict.svg/76px-Ambox_contradict.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>appears to contradict itself</b> <b>on the most closely related language to Turkmen</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please see the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Turkmen_language" title="Talk:Turkmen language">talk page</a> for more information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Turkmen is a member of the East Oghuz branch of the <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic family</a> of languages; its closest relatives being Turkish and Azerbaijani, with which it shares a relatively high degree of <a href="/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility" title="Mutual intelligibility">mutual intelligibility</a>. However, the closest language to Turkmen is considered <a href="/wiki/Khorasani_Turkic" title="Khorasani Turkic">Khorasani Turkic</a>, with which it shares the eastern subbranch of the Oghuz languages, and Khorazm, spoken mainly in northwestern Uzbekistan.<sup id="cite_ref-Elsevier_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elsevier-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Turkmen has <a href="/wiki/Vowel_harmony" title="Vowel harmony">vowel harmony</a>, is <a href="/wiki/Agglutinative" class="mw-redirect" title="Agglutinative">agglutinative</a> and has no grammatical gender. Word order is <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93object%E2%80%93verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–object–verb">subject–object–verb</a>. </p><p>Written Turkmen today is based on the <a href="/wiki/Tekke_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Tekke tribe">Teke</a> (Tekke) dialect. The other dialects are Nohurly, <span title="Turkmen-language text"><i lang="tk"><a href="/wiki/Yomut" title="Yomut">Ýomud</a></i></span>, <span title="Turkmen-language text"><i lang="tk">Änewli</i></span>, Hasarly, Nerezim, <span title="Turkmen-language text"><i lang="tk">Gökleň</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Salur_(tribe)" title="Salur (tribe)">Salyr</a>, Saryk, <span title="Turkmen-language text"><i lang="tk"><a href="/wiki/Ersari" title="Ersari">Ärsary</a></i></span> and <span title="Turkmen-language text"><i lang="tk"><a href="/wiki/Chowdur" title="Chowdur">Çowdur</a></i></span>. The Teke dialect is sometimes (especially in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>) referred to as "Chagatai", but like all Turkmen dialects it reflects only a limited influence from classical <a href="/wiki/Chagatai_language" title="Chagatai language">Chagatai</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_with_other_Turkic_languages">Comparison with other Turkic languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmen_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Comparison with other Turkic languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Turkmen has dental fricatives <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative" title="Voiceless dental fricative">θ</a>/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">ð</a>/</span> unlike other Oghuz Turkic languages, where these sounds are pronounced as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>/</span>. The only other Turkic language with a similar feature is <a href="/wiki/Bashkir_language" title="Bashkir language">Bashkir</a>. However, in Bashkir <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative" title="Voiceless dental fricative">θ</a>/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">ð</a>/</span> are two independent phonemes, distinct from <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>/</span>, whereas in Turkmen <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[θ]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ð]</span> are the two main <a href="/wiki/Phone_(phonetics)" title="Phone (phonetics)">realizations</a> of the common Turkic <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>/</span>. In other words, there are no <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>/</span> phonemes in Turkmen, unlike Bashkir, which has <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative" title="Voiceless dental fricative">θ</a>/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">ð</a>/</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkmen_vs._Azerbaijani">Turkmen vs. Azerbaijani</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmen_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Turkmen vs. Azerbaijani"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 1st person personal pronoun is "men" in Turkmen, just as <span title="Azerbaijani-language text"><i lang="az">"mən"</i></span> in <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a>, whereas it is "ben" in Turkish. The same is true for demonstrative pronouns "bu", where sound "b" is replaced with sound "m". For example: <span title="Turkmen-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="tk-Latn">"bunun>munun//mının, muna//mına, munu//munı, munda//mında, mundan//mından"</span></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Turkmen, "bu" undergoes some changes just as in: <span title="Turkmen-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="tk-Latn">"munuñ, munı, muña, munda, mundan"</span></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Here are some words with a different pronunciation in Turkmen and Azerbaijani that mean the same in both languages:<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Turkmen</th> <th>Azeri</th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Turkmen-language text"><i lang="tk">men</i></span></td> <td><span title="Azerbaijani-language text"><i lang="az">mən</i></span></td> <td>I, me </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Turkmen-language text"><i lang="tk">sen</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Azerbaijani-language text"><i lang="az">sən</i></span> </td> <td>you </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Turkmen-language text"><i lang="tk">haçan</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Azerbaijani-language text"><i lang="az">haçan</i></span> </td> <td>when </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Turkmen-language text"><i lang="tk">başga</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Azerbaijani-language text"><i lang="az">başqa</i></span> </td> <td>other </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Turkmen-language text"><i lang="tk">it, köpek</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Azerbaijani-language text"><i lang="az">it, köpək</i></span> </td> <td>dog </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Turkmen-language text"><i lang="tk">deri</i></span></td> <td><span title="Azerbaijani-language text"><i lang="az">dəri</i></span></td> <td>skin, leather </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Turkmen-language text"><i lang="tk">ýumurtga</i></span></td> <td><span title="Azerbaijani-language text"><i lang="az">yumurta</i></span></td> <td>egg </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Turkmen-language text"><i lang="tk">ýürek</i></span></td> <td><span title="Azerbaijani-language text"><i lang="az">ürək</i></span></td> <td>heart </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Turkmen-language text"><i lang="tk">eşitmek</i></span></td> <td><span title="Azerbaijani-language text"><i lang="az">eşitmək</i></span></td> <td>to hear </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkmen_vs._Turkish">Turkmen vs. Turkish</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmen_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Turkmen vs. Turkish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> was first to recognize Turkmenistan's independence on 27 October 1991, following the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> and to open its embassy in <a href="/wiki/Ashgabat" title="Ashgabat">Ashgabat</a> on 29 February 1992. Sharing a common history, religion, language and culture, the two states have balanced special relations based on mutual respect and the principle of "One Nation, Two States".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Turkmen language is very close to Turkish with regard to linguistic properties. However, there are a couple of differences due to regional and historical reasons. Most morphophonetic rules are common in Turkmen and Turkish languages. For instance, both languages show vowel harmony and consonant mutation rules, and have similar suffixes with very close <a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">semantics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ahmet_Cuneyd_Tantug_2008._p.2_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahmet_Cuneyd_Tantug_2008._p.2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Here are some words from <a href="/wiki/Swadesh_list" title="Swadesh list">the Swadesh list</a> in Turkmen and Turkish that mean the same in both languages: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Turkmen</th> <th>Turkish</th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Turkmen-language text"><i lang="tk">men</i></span></td> <td><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">ben</i></span></td> <td>I, me </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Turkmen-language text"><i lang="tk">uzyn</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">uzun</i></span> </td> <td>long </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Turkmen-language text"><i lang="tk">agaç</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">ağaç</i></span> </td> <td>tree </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Turkmen-language text"><i lang="tk">göz</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">göz</i></span> </td> <td>eye </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Turkmen-language text"><i lang="tk">ýürek</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">yürek</i></span> </td> <td>heart </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Turkmen-language text"><i lang="tk">ýaşamak</i></span></td> <td><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">yaşamak</i></span></td> <td>to live </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Turkmen-language text"><i lang="tk">suw</i></span></td> <td><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">su</i></span></td> <td>water </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Turkmen-language text"><i lang="tk">asman</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>fn 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">gök</i></span></td> <td>sky </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Turkmen-language text"><i lang="tk">dogry</i></span></td> <td><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">doğru</i></span></td> <td>correct </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(loaned from <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>)</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmen_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_grammar#Phonology" title="Turkmen grammar">Turkmen grammar § Phonology</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Vowels<sup id="cite_ref-Hoey_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoey-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><small>Unrounded</small> </th> <th><small>Rounded</small> </th> <th><small>Unrounded</small> </th> <th><small>Rounded</small> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪː</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front rounded vowel">ʏ</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front rounded vowel">ʏː</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Close back unrounded vowel">ɯ</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Close back unrounded vowel">ɯː</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊː</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front rounded vowel">œ</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front rounded vowel">œː</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">oː</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æː</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑː</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Consonants<sup id="cite_ref-Hoey_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoey-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stop</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">Affricate</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">dʒ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></span> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative" title="Voiceless dental fricative">θ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></span> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">ð</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Tap_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Tap consonant">Tap</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing_system">Writing system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmen_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Writing system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_alphabet" title="Turkmen alphabet">Turkmen alphabet</a></div> <p>Turkmen written language was formed in the 13–14th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-Vol_2005._p._138_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vol_2005._p._138-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this period, the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic alphabet</a> was used extensively for writing. By in the 18th century, there had been a <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_literature" title="Turkmen literature">rich literary tradition</a> in the Turkmen language. At the same time, the <a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">literacy</a> of the population in their native language remained at low levels; book publishing was extremely limited, and the first primer in the Turkmen language appeared only in 1913, while the first newspaper ("Transcaspian native newspaper") was printed in 1914.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Arabic script was not adapted to the phonetic features of the Turkic languages. Thus, it did not have necessary signs to designate specific sounds of the Turkmen language, and at the same time there were many letters to designate <a href="/wiki/Arabic_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic Language">Arabic</a> sounds that were not in the Turkmen language. </p><p>During the first years after the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">establishment of the Soviet power</a>, the Arabic alphabet of Turkmen under the <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a> was reformed twice, in 1922 and 1925. In the course of the reforms, letters with <a href="/wiki/Diacritics" class="mw-redirect" title="Diacritics">diacritics</a> were introduced to denote Turkic phonemes; and letters were abolished for sounds that are absent in the Turkmen language.<sup id="cite_ref-Chariyarov_B._1972._pp._149_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chariyarov_B._1972._pp._149-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Turkmens of Afghanistan and Iran continue to use Arabic script.<sup id="cite_ref-Vol_2005._p._138_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vol_2005._p._138-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 1925, on the pages of the republican newspaper <span title="Turkmen-language text"><i lang="tk">Türkmenistan</i></span>, the question of switching to a new, <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a> was raised. After the first All-Union Turkological Congress in <a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a> (February–March 1926), the State Academic Council under the People's Commissariat of Education of the <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkmen SSR">Turkmen SSR</a> developed a draft of a new alphabet. On 3 January 1928, the revised new Latin alphabet was approved by the Central Executive Committee of the Turkmen SSR. </p><p>At the end of the 1930s, the process of the <a href="/wiki/Cyrillization" title="Cyrillization">Cyrillization</a> of writing began throughout the USSR. In January 1939, the newspaper "Sowet Türkmenistany" published a letter from teachers in <a href="/wiki/Ashgabat" title="Ashgabat">Ashgabat</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ahal_Welayaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahal Welayaty">Ashgabat region</a> with an initiative to replace the Turkmen (Latin) script with Cyrillic. The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Turkmen SSR instructed the Research Institute of Language and Literature to draw up a draft of a new alphabet. The teachers of the Ashgabat Pedagogical Institute and print workers also took part in the development of the new writing system. In April 1940, the draft alphabet was published. </p><p>In May 1940, the Council of People's Commissars of the Turkmen SSR adopted a resolution on the transition to a new alphabet of all state and public institutions from 1 July 1940, and on the beginning of teaching the new alphabet in schools from 1 September of the same year.<sup id="cite_ref-Chariyarov_B._1972._pp._149_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chariyarov_B._1972._pp._149-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a>, in January 1993, a meeting was held at the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Sciences_of_Turkmenistan" title="Academy of Sciences of Turkmenistan">Academy of Sciences of Turkmenistan</a> on the issue of replacing the Cyrillic with the Latin alphabet, at which a commission was formed to develop the alphabet. In February, a new version of the alphabet was published in the press. On 12 April 1993, the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Turkmenistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of Turkmenistan">Mejlis of Turkmenistan</a> approved a presidential decree on the new alphabet.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmen_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_grammar" title="Turkmen grammar">Turkmen grammar</a></div> <p>Turkmen is a highly agglutinative language, in that much of the grammar is expressed by means of suffixes added to nouns and verbs. It is very regular compared with many other languages of non-Turkic group. For example, <span title="Turkmen-language romanization"><i lang="tk-Latn">obalardan</i></span> "from the villages" can be analysed as <span title="Turkmen-language romanization"><i lang="tk-Latn">oba</i></span> "village", -lar (plural suffix), -dan (ablative case, meaning "from"); <span title="Turkmen-language text"><i lang="tk">alýaryn</i></span> "I am taking" as <i>al</i> "take", <span title="Turkmen-language text"><i lang="tk">-ýar</i></span> (present continuous tense), <i>-yn</i> (1st person singular). </p><p>Another characteristic of Turkmen is vowel harmony. Most suffixes have two or four different forms, the choice between which depends on the vowel of the word's root or the preceding suffix: for example, the ablative case of <span title="Turkmen-language romanization"><i lang="tk-Latn">obalar</i></span> is <span title="Turkmen-language romanization"><i lang="tk-Latn">obalardan</i></span> "from the villages" but, the ablative case of <span title="Turkmen-language romanization"><i lang="tk-Latn">itler</i></span> "dogs" is <span title="Turkmen-language romanization"><i lang="tk-Latn">itlerden</i></span> "from the dogs". </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Declension examples (with vowel length) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Case </th> <th rowspan="2">Example </th> <th colspan="3">Consonant-ending nouns </th> <th colspan="3">Vowel-ending nouns </th> <th>With consonant voicing </th> <th>With vowel deletion </th></tr> <tr> <th><i lang="tk"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sygyr#Turkmen" class="extiw" title="wikt:sygyr">sygyr</a></i> </th> <th><i lang="tk"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ner#Turkmen" class="extiw" title="wikt:ner">ner</a></i> </th> <th><i lang="tk"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C3%B6%C3%BD#Turkmen" class="extiw" title="wikt:öý">öý</a></i> </th> <th><i lang="tk"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C3%BDara#Turkmen" class="extiw" title="wikt:ýara">ýara</a></i> </th> <th><i lang="tk"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gije#Turkmen" class="extiw" title="wikt:gije">gije</a></i> </th> <th><i lang="tk"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/doly#Turkmen" class="extiw" title="wikt:doly">doly</a></i> </th> <th><i lang="tk"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/k%C3%B6pek#Turkmen" class="extiw" title="wikt:köpek">köpek</a></i> </th> <th><i lang="tk"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ogul#Turkmen" class="extiw" title="wikt:ogul">ogul</a></i> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nominative </th> <td><i><b>Sygyr</b> yzyna geldi.</i> </td> <td><i>sygyr</i> </td> <td><i>ner</i> </td> <td><i>öý</i> </td> <td><i>ýara</i> </td> <td><i>gije</i> </td> <td><i>doly</i> </td> <td><i>köpek</i> </td> <td><i>ogul</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td><i>Men <b>sygyry</b> sagdym.</i> </td> <td><i>sygyr<b>y</b></i> </td> <td><i>ner<b>i</b></i> </td> <td><i>öý<b>i</b></i> </td> <td><i>ýarā<b>ny</b></i> </td> <td><i><b>gijǟni</b></i> </td> <td><i>dolȳ<b>ny</b></i> </td> <td><i><b>köpegi</b></i> </td> <td><i><b>ogly</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td><i>Men <b>sygyryň</b> guýrugyny çekdim.</i> </td> <td><i>sygyr<b>yň</b></i> </td> <td><i>ner<b>iň</b></i> </td> <td><i>öý<b>üň</b></i> </td> <td><i>ýarā<b>nyň</b></i> </td> <td><i><b>gijǟniň</b></i> </td> <td><i>dolȳ<b>nyň</b></i> </td> <td><i><b>köpegiň</b></i> </td> <td><i><b>ogluň</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td><i>Men <b>sygyra</b> iým berdim.</i> </td> <td><i>sygyr<b>a</b></i> </td> <td><i>ner<b>e</b></i> </td> <td><i>öý<b>e</b></i> </td> <td><i><b>ýarā</b></i> </td> <td><i><b>gijǟ</b></i> </td> <td><i><b>dola</b></i> </td> <td><i><b>köpege</b></i> </td> <td><i><b>ogla</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td><i><b>Sygyrda</b> näme günä bar?</i> </td> <td><i>sygyr<b>da</b></i> </td> <td><i>ner<b>de</b></i> </td> <td><i>öý<b>de</b></i> </td> <td><i>ýara<b>da</b></i> </td> <td><i>gije<b>de</b></i> </td> <td><i><b>doluda</b></i> </td> <td><i>köpek<b>de</b></i> </td> <td><i>ogul<b>da</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Ablative </th> <td><i>Bu kesel <b>sygyrdan</b> geçdi. Men sygyrdan ýadadym.</i> </td> <td><i>sygyr<b>dan</b></i> </td> <td><i>ner<b>den</b></i> </td> <td><i>öý<b>den</b></i> </td> <td><i>ýara<b>dan</b></i> </td> <td><i>gije<b>den</b></i> </td> <td><i><b>doludan</b></i> </td> <td><i>köpek<b>den</b></i> </td> <td><i>ogul<b>dan</b></i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Directives_and_speech_levels">Directives and speech levels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmen_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Directives and speech levels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Levels of respect or formality are focused on the final suffix of commands, while in normal sentences adding -dyr can increase formality. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Usage </th> <th colspan="2">Suffix </th> <th colspan="2">Example </th> <th rowspan="2">Note </th></tr> <tr> <th>Positive </th> <th>Negative </th> <th>Positive </th> <th>Negative </th></tr> <tr> <td>Neutral </td> <td>-Ø[iň] </td> <td>-ma[:ň] </td> <td>bar[yň] </td> <td>barma[:ň] </td> <td>offensive if used to elders without -ň(plural marker). </td></tr> <tr> <td>Familiar </td> <td>-sana </td> <td>-masana </td> <td>gelsene </td> <td>gelmesene </td> <td>common between friends. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Polite </td> <td>-gyn </td> <td>-magyn </td> <td>goýgyn </td> <td>goýmagyn </td> <td>respectful but insistent on request. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Polite request(suggestive) </td> <td>-a:ý[yň] </td> <td>-ma:ý[yň] / -a:ýma[:ň] </td> <td>gidäý </td> <td>gitmäý[iň]/gidäýmäň </td> <td>-ma:ý[yň] simply suggests not doing while -a:ýma[:ň] increases respect to the addressee . </td></tr> <tr> <td>Formal Polite </td> <td>-saňyzla:[ň] </td> <td>-masaňyzla:[ň] </td> <td>gaýtsaňyzla:[ň] </td> <td>gaýtmasaňyzla:[ň] </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Respectful request </td> <td>-i:ber[iň] </td> <td>-i:bermä[:ň] </td> <td>aýdyber </td> <td>aýdybermä[:ň] </td> <td>more common when the requested action is imminent. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Highly polite </td> <td>-a:wer[i] </td> <td>-ma:wer[i] / -a:werma[:ň] </td> <td>edäweri </td> <td>etmäweri / edäwermäň </td> <td>used when talking to and elder, ruler or praying. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Polite command </td> <td>-saňyz </td> <td>-masaňyz </td> <td>alsaňyz </td> <td>almasaňyz </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Highly polite suggestion </td> <td>-a:ýsyňyz </td> <td>-ma:ýsyňyz </td> <td>ýaza:ýsyňyz </td> <td>ýazma:ýsyňyz </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hortative </td> <td>-a:ýyn </td> <td>-ma:ýyn </td> <td>gidäýin </td> <td>gitmäýin </td> <td>e.g. let me go/not go (as a question: shall I go? shall I not go?) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cohortative </td> <td>-a:ly[:ň] </td> <td>-ma:ly[:ň] </td> <td>başla:ly[:ň] </td> <td>başlama:ly[:ň] </td> <td>-:ň is used if and only if the addressee is more than two people. </td></tr> <tr> <td>3rd p. directive </td> <td>-syn[lar] </td> <td>-masyn[lar] </td> <td>bolsun[lar] </td> <td>bolmasyn[lar] </td> <td>used in wishes or indirect commands. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmen_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TM-2006-1000manat-Magtymguly2-b.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/TM-2006-1000manat-Magtymguly2-b.png/220px-TM-2006-1000manat-Magtymguly2-b.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/TM-2006-1000manat-Magtymguly2-b.png 1.5x" data-file-width="289" data-file-height="289" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Magtymguly_Pyragy" title="Magtymguly Pyragy">Magtymguly Pyragy</a> on the commemorative coin of Turkmenistan</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_literature" title="Turkmen literature">Turkmen literature</a></div> <p>Turkmen literature comprises <a href="/wiki/Oral_composition" class="mw-redirect" title="Oral composition">oral compositions</a> and written texts in Old <a href="/wiki/Oghuz_languages" title="Oghuz languages">Oghuz Turkic</a> and Turkmen languages. <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkmen people">Turkmens</a> are direct descendants of the <a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Oghuz Turks</a>, who were a western <a href="/wiki/Turkic_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkic people">Turkic people</a> that spoke the Oghuz branch of the <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic language family</a>. </p><p>The earliest development of the Turkmen literature is closely associated with the literature of the Oghuz Turks.<sup id="cite_ref-Johanson_2006_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johanson_2006-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Turkmens have joint claims to a great number of literary works written in Old Oghuz and <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> (by <a href="/wiki/Seljuks" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuks">Seljuks</a> in 11-12th centuries) languages with other people of the Oghuz Turkic origin, mainly of <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>. These works include, but are not limited to the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Dede_Korkut" title="Book of Dede Korkut">Book of Dede Korkut</a>, Zöhre Tahyr, <a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Koroghlu" title="Epic of Koroghlu">Gorogly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Layla_and_Majnun" title="Layla and Majnun">Layla and Majnun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Zulaikha" class="mw-redirect" title="Yusuf Zulaikha">Yusuf Zulaikha</a> and others.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is general consensus, however, that distinctively modern Turkmen literature originated in the 18th century with the <a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">poetry</a> of <a href="/wiki/Magtymguly_Pyragy" title="Magtymguly Pyragy">Magtymguly Pyragy</a>, who is considered the father of the Turkmen literature.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other prominent Turkmen poets of that era are <span title="Turkmen-language text"><i lang="tk"><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6wletm%C3%A4mmet_Azady" title="Döwletmämmet Azady">Döwletmämmet Azady</a></i></span> (Magtymguly's father), Mollanepes, Nurmuhammet Andalyp, Mämmetweli Kemine, <span title="Turkmen-language text"><i lang="tk">Abdylla Şabende</i></span>, <span title="Turkmen-language text"><i lang="tk">Şeýdaýy</i></span>, <span title="Turkmen-language text"><i lang="tk">Mahmyt Gaýyby</i></span> and Gurbanally Magrupy.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmen_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Vocabulary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Numbers">Numbers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmen_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Numbers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Number</th> <th>Turkmen</th> <th>Number</th> <th>Turkmen </th></tr> <tr> <td>0</td> <td><span title="Turkmen-language text"><i lang="tk">nol</i></span></td> <td>10</td> <td><span title="Turkmen-language text"><i lang="tk">on</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td><span title="Turkmen-language text"><i lang="tk">bir</i></span></td> <td>20</td> <td><span title="Turkmen-language text"><i lang="tk">ýigrim</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><span title="Turkmen-language text"><i lang="tk">iki</i></span></td> <td>30</td> <td><span title="Turkmen-language text"><i lang="tk">otuz</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><span title="Turkmen-language text"><i lang="tk">üç</i></span></td> <td>40</td> <td><span title="Turkmen-language text"><i lang="tk">kyrk</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td><span title="Turkmen-language text"><i lang="tk">dört</i></span></td> <td>50</td> <td><span title="Turkmen-language text"><i lang="tk">elli</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td><span title="Turkmen-language text"><i lang="tk">bäş</i></span></td> <td>60</td> <td><span title="Turkmen-language text"><i lang="tk">altmyş</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td><span title="Turkmen-language text"><i lang="tk">alty</i></span></td> <td>70</td> <td><span title="Turkmen-language text"><i lang="tk">ýetmiş</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td><span title="Turkmen-language text"><i lang="tk">ýedi</i></span></td> <td>80</td> <td><span title="Turkmen-language text"><i lang="tk">segsen</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td><span title="Turkmen-language text"><i lang="tk">sekiz</i></span></td> <td>90</td> <td><span title="Turkmen-language text"><i lang="tk">togsan</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td><span title="Turkmen-language text"><i lang="tk">dokuz</i></span></td> <td>100</td> <td><span title="Turkmen-language text"><i lang="tk">ýüz</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"></td> <td>1000</td> <td><span title="Turkmen-language text"><i lang="tk">müň</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Note: Numbers are formed identically to other Turkic languages, such as Turkish. So, eleven (11) is "on bir" (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">ten-one</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>). Two thousand seventeen (2017) is <span title="Turkmen-language text"><i lang="tk">iki müň on ýedi</i></span> (two-thousand-ten-seven). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colors">Colors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmen_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Colors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>English</th> <th>Turkmen </th></tr> <tr> <td>black</td> <td><span title="Turkmen-language text"><i lang="tk">gara</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>blue</td> <td><span title="Turkmen-language text"><i lang="tk">gök</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>brown</td> <td><span title="Turkmen-language text"><i lang="tk">goňur, mele</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>grey</td> <td><span title="Turkmen-language text"><i lang="tk">çal</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>green</td> <td><span title="Turkmen-language text"><i lang="tk">ýaşyl</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>orange</td> <td><span title="Turkmen-language text"><i lang="tk">narynç, mämişi</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>pink</td> <td><span title="Turkmen-language text"><i lang="tk">gülgün</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>purple</td> <td><span title="Turkmen-language text"><i lang="tk">benewşe, melewşe</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>red</td> <td><span title="Turkmen-language text"><i lang="tk">gyzyl</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>white</td> <td><span title="Turkmen-language text"><i lang="tk">ak</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>yellow</td> <td><span title="Turkmen-language text"><i lang="tk">sary</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Basic_expressions">Basic expressions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmen_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Basic expressions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><b>English</b></th> <th><b>Turkmen</b> </th></tr> <tr> <td>yes</td> <td><span title="Turkmen-language text"><i lang="tk">hawa</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>no</td> <td><span title="Turkmen-language text"><i lang="tk">ýok</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>goodbye</td> <td><span title="Turkmen-language text"><i lang="tk">sag boluň, hoş galyň</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>good morning</td> <td><span title="Turkmen-language text"><i lang="tk">ertiriňiz haýyrly bolsun, ertiriňiz haýyr</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>good evening</td> <td><span title="Turkmen-language text"><i lang="tk">agşamyňyz haýyrly bolsun, agşamyňyz haýyr</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>good night</td> <td><span title="Turkmen-language text"><i lang="tk">gijäňiz rahat bolsun</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>please</td> <td><span title="Turkmen-language text"><i lang="tk">haýyş, -aý/-äý</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>thank you</td> <td><span title="Turkmen-language text"><i lang="tk">sag boluň, sagbol</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Do you speak English?</td> <td><span title="Turkmen-language text"><i lang="tk">Siz iňlisçe gürläp bilýärsiňizmi?</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>I don't speak Turkmen</td> <td><span title="Turkmen-language text"><i lang="tk">Men türkmençe gürlemeýärin</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>What does it mean?</td> <td><span title="Turkmen-language text"><i lang="tk">Bu nämäni aňladýar?, Ol näme diýmek?</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Example">Example</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmen_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Example"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following is <a href="/wiki/Magtymguly_Pyragy" title="Magtymguly Pyragy">Magtymguly</a>'s <span title="Turkmen-language text"><i lang="tk">Türkmeniň</i></span> (of the Turkmen) poem with the text transliterated into Turkmen (Latin) letters, whereas the original language is preserved. Second column is the poem's <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> translation, third one is the Azerbaijani translation, while the last one is the English translation. </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:24%">Turkmen<sup id="cite_ref-Gross_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gross-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="width:24%">Turkish<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="width:24%">Azerbaijani </th> <th style="width:28%">English<sup id="cite_ref-Gross_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gross-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><i><div class="poem"> <p>Jeýhun bilen bahry-Hazar arasy,<br /> Çöl üstünden öwser ýeli türkmeniň;<br /> Gül-gunçasy – gara gözüm garasy,<br /> Gara dagdan iner sili türkmeniň. </p> </div></i> </td> <td><i><div class="poem"> <p>Ceyhun ile Bahr-ı Hazar arası,<br /> Çöl üstünden eser yeli Türkmen'in.<br /> Gül goncası kara gözüm karası,<br /> Kara dağdan iner seli Türkmen'in. </p> </div></i> </td> <td><i><div class="poem"> <p>Ceyhun ilə Bəhri-Xəzər arası,<br /> Çöl üstündən əsər yeli türkmənin.<br /> Gül qönçəsi qara gözüm qarası,<br /> Qara dağdan enər seli türkmənin. </p> </div></i> </td> <td><div class="poem"> <p>Between the Jeyhun and the Khazar sea,<br /> Over the desert blows the breeze of the Turkmen.<br /> Its rose-bud is the pupil of my black eye<br /> From the dark mountain descends the river of the Turkmen. </p> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><div class="poem"> <p>Hak sylamyş bardyr onuň saýasy,<br /> Çyrpynşar çölünde neri, maýasy,<br /> Reňbe-reň gül açar ýaşyl ýaýlasy,<br /> Gark bolmuş reýhana çöli türkmeniň. </p> </div></i> </td> <td><i><div class="poem"> <p>Hak sıylamış vardır onun sayesi,<br /> Çırpınışır çölünde eri, dişisi.<br /> Rengarenk gül açar yeşil yaylası,<br /> Gark olmuş reyhana çölü Türkmen'in. </p> </div></i> </td> <td><i><div class="poem"> <p>Haqq saya salmış vardır onun sayəsi,<br /> Çırpınışar çölündə əri, dişisi.<br /> Rəngbərəng gül açar yaşıl yaylası,<br /> Qərq olmuş reyhana çölü türkmənin. </p> </div></i> </td> <td><div class="poem"> <p>The Lord has exalted him and placed him under His protection.<br /> His camels, his flocks range over the desert,<br /> Flowers of many hues open on his green summer pastures,<br /> Drenched in the scent of basil the desert of the Turkmen. </p> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><div class="poem"> <p>Al-ýaşyl bürenip çykar perisi,<br /> Kükeýip bark urar anbaryň ysy,<br /> Beg, töre, aksakal ýurduň eýesi,<br /> Küren tutar gözel ili türkmeniň. </p> </div></i> </td> <td><i><div class="poem"> <p>Al yeşil bürünüp çıkar perisi<br /> Kükeyip bark vurup amberin isi,<br /> Bey, töre, aksakal yurdun iyesi,<br /> Küren tutar güzel ili Türkmen'in. </p> </div></i> </td> <td><i><div class="poem"> <p>Al-yaşıl bürünüb çıxar pərisi<br /> Qoxub bərq vurar ənbərin iy(is)i,<br /> Bəy, turə, ağsaqqal yurdun yiyəsi,<br /> Kürən tutar gözəl eli türkmənin. </p> </div></i> </td> <td><div class="poem"> <p>His fairy-maids go forth clad in red and green,<br /> From them wafts the scent of ambergris,<br /> Bek, prince and the elder are the lords of the country,<br /> Together they uphold the beautiful land of the Turkmen. </p> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><div class="poem"> <p>Ol merdiň ogludyr, mertdir pederi,<br /> Görogly gardaşy, serhoşdyr seri,<br /> Dagda, düzde kowsa, saýýatlar, diri<br /> Ala bilmez, ýolbars ogly türkmeniň. </p> </div></i> </td> <td><i><div class="poem"> <p>O merdin oğludur, merttir pederi,<br /> Köroğlu kardeşi, sarhoştur seri,<br /> Dağda, düzde kovsa avcılar diri<br /> Alamaz arslan oğlu Türkmen'in. </p> </div></i> </td> <td><i><div class="poem"> <p>O mərdin oğludur, mərddir pedəri,<br /> Koroğlu qardaşı, sərxoşdur səri,<br /> Dağda, düzdə qovsa səyyadlar (ovçular) diri<br /> Ala bilməz arslan oğlu türkmənin. </p> </div></i> </td> <td><div class="poem"> <p>He is the son of a hero – a hero his father,<br /> Göroghli his brother, drunken his head,<br /> Should they pursue him on mountain or plain,<br /> The hunters cannot take him alive, this panther's son is the Turkmen </p> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><div class="poem"> <p>Köňüller, ýürekler bir bolup başlar,<br /> Tartsa ýygyn, erär topraklar-daşlar,<br /> Bir suprada taýýar kylynsa aşlar,<br /> Göteriler ol ykbaly türkmeniň. </p> </div></i> </td> <td><i><div class="poem"> <p>Gönüller, yürekler bir olup başlar,<br /> Tartsa yığın erir topraklar, taşlar,<br /> Bir sofrada hazır kılınsa aşlar,<br /> Götürülür o ikbali Türkmen'in. </p> </div></i> </td> <td><i><div class="poem"> <p>Könüllər, ürəklər bir olub başlar,<br /> Dartsa yığın əriyər topraqlar, daşlar,<br /> Bir süfrədə hazır qılınsa aşlar,<br /> Götürülər o iqbalı türkmənin. </p> </div></i> </td> <td><div class="poem"> <p>Hearts, breasts and heads are at one,<br /> When he holds a gathering earth and mountains crumble.<br /> When food is prepared at one table,<br /> Exalted is the destiny of the Turkmen </p> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><div class="poem"> <p>Köňül howalanar ata çykanda,<br /> Daglar lagla döner gyýa bakanda,<br /> Bal getirer, joşup derýa akanda,<br /> Bent tutdurmaz, gelse sili türkmeniň. </p> </div></i> </td> <td><i><div class="poem"> <p>Gönül havalanır ata çıkanda,<br /> Dağlar la'le döner dönüp bakanda,<br /> Bal getirir coşup derya akanda,<br /> Bent vurdurmaz, gelse, seli Türkmen'in. </p> </div></i> </td> <td><i><div class="poem"> <p>Könül havalanar ata çıxanda,<br /> Dağlar lələ dönər qıyıb baxanda,<br /> Bal gətirər coşub dərya axanda,<br /> Bənd tutdurmaz, gəlsə seli türkmənin. </p> </div></i> </td> <td><div class="poem"> <p>His heart rejoices as he mounts his horse,<br /> At his glance the mountains turn to rubies,<br /> The sea overflows, bringing him honey <br /> It will not be contained when it comes, the river of the Turkmen. </p> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><div class="poem"> <p>Gapyl galmaz, döwüş güni har olmaz,<br /> Gargyşa, nazara giriftar olmaz,<br /> Bilbilden aýrylyp, solup, saralmaz,<br /> Daýym anbar saçar güli türkmeniň. </p> </div></i> </td> <td><i><div class="poem"> <p>Gafil kalmaz dövüş günü har olmaz,<br /> Kargışa, nazara giriftar olmaz,<br /> Bülbülden ayrılıp, solup sararmaz,<br /> Daim amber saçar, gülü Türkmen'in. </p> </div></i> </td> <td><i><div class="poem"> <p>Qafil qalmaz, döyüş günü xar olmaz,<br /> Qarğışa, nəzərə giriftar olmaz,<br /> Bülbüldən ayrılıb, solub saralmaz,<br /> Daim ənbər saçar, gülü türkmənin. </p> </div></i> </td> <td><div class="poem"> <p>On the day of battle he is not caught unaware,<br /> He is captured neither by curse nor evil eye,<br /> It is not deprived of its nightingale, does not wilt or wither,<br /> Always smelling of musk is the rose of the Turkmen. </p> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><div class="poem"> <p>Tireler gardaşdyr, urug ýarydyr,<br /> Ykballar ters gelmez hakyň nurudyr,<br /> Mertler ata çyksa, söweş sarydyr,<br /> Ýow üstüne ýörär ýoly türkmeniň. </p> </div></i> </td> <td><i><div class="poem"> <p>Tireler kardeştir, uruk yaridir,<br /> Ikballer ters gelmez, Hakk'ın nurudur,<br /> Mertler ata çıksa savaş yarıdır,<br /> Yağı üstüne yürür yolu Türkmen'in. </p> </div></i> </td> <td><i><div class="poem"> <p>Tirələr qardaşdır, uruq yarıdır,<br /> İqballar tərs gəlməz, Haqqın nurudur,<br /> Mərdlər ata çıxsa savaşdan sarıdır,<br /> Yağı üstünə yeriyər yolu türkmənin. </p> </div></i> </td> <td><div class="poem"> <p>The tribes are brothers, clans are good friends,<br /> Fate does not oppose him, he is the God's light<br /> When heroes mount their horses, facing the battle,<br /> Toward the foe goes the road of the Turkmen </p> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><div class="poem"> <p>Serhoş bolup çykar, jiger daglanmaz,<br /> Daşlary syndyrar, ýoly baglanmaz,<br /> Gözüm gaýra düşmez köňül eglenmez,<br /> Magtymguly – sözlär tili türkmeniň. </p> </div></i> </td> <td><i><div class="poem"> <p>Sarhoş olup çıkar ciğer dağlanmaz,<br /> Taşları parçalar, yolu bağlanmaz,<br /> Gözüm gayre düşmez, gönül eğlenmez,<br /> Mahtumkulu söyler dili Türkmen'in. </p> </div></i> </td> <td><i><div class="poem"> <p>Sərxoş olub çıxar, ciyər dağlanmaz,<br /> Daşları sındırar, yolu bağlanmaz,<br /> Gözüm qeyrə düşməz, könül əylənməz,<br /> Məxdumqulu söylər dilin türkmənin. </p> </div></i> </td> <td><div class="poem"> <p>He sets out in high spirits, sorrow feels not,<br /> He smashes through rocks, his way is not blocked<br /> My eyes alight on none else, nor will my heart rejoice elsewhere,<br /> Magtymguly speaks in the tongue of the Turkmen. </p> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Turkmen_in_Iran">Turkmen in Iran</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmen_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Turkmen in Iran"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkmen_Sahra.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Turkmen_Sahra.png/220px-Turkmen_Sahra.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Turkmen_Sahra.png/330px-Turkmen_Sahra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Turkmen_Sahra.png/440px-Turkmen_Sahra.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1785" /></a><figcaption>Approximate boundaries of Turkmen Sahra (in red), the rest of Iran (in green).</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Turkmens_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkmens in Iran">Turkmens in Iran</a> speak a dialect of Turkmen in the province of <a href="/wiki/Golestan_province" title="Golestan province">Golestan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is mutually intelligible with the Turkmen dialects in Afghanistan, and is written in the <a href="/wiki/Nastaliq_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Nastaliq script">Nastaliq script</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmen_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>-aý/-äý</i> are verb suffixes, which can be seen in "Maňa ber<b>äý</b>!" (please give it to me).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmen_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130116004155/http://stat.tj/en/img/526b8592e834fcaaccec26a22965ea2b_1355502192.pdf">Ethnic composition, language and citizenship of the population of the Republic of Tajikistan, Volume III (in Russian)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cabar.asia/en/ethnic-turkmen-of-tajikistan-preserve-traditions-of-their-ancestors">"Ethnic Turkmen of Tajikistan Preserve Traditions of Their Ancestors"</a>. <i>CABAR.asia</i>. 14 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CABAR.asia&rft.atitle=Ethnic+Turkmen+of+Tajikistan+Preserve+Traditions+of+Their+Ancestors&rft.date=2019-06-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcabar.asia%2Fen%2Fethnic-turkmen-of-tajikistan-preserve-traditions-of-their-ancestors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmen+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-e26-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-e26_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e26_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/tuk">Turkmen</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (26th ed., 2023) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-clark1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-clark1_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark1998" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Larry (1998). <i>Turkmen Reference Grammar</i>. 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Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 521.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkmen+Reference+Grammar&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pages=521&rft.pub=Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Larry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmen+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tuk-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tuk_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/tuk/">"Turkmen"</a>. Ethnologue<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turkmen&rft.pub=Ethnologue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Flanguage%2Ftuk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmen+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/country/IR/status">"Iran"</a>. <i>Ethnologue</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue&rft.atitle=Iran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fcountry%2FIR%2Fstatus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmen+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-e18-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-e18_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/tuk/">Turkmen language</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (18th ed., 2015) <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://turkmenportal.com/compositions/39">"Where and how do the Turkmens abroad live? 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Bloomington. pp. 71–96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87750-081-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-87750-081-9"><bdi>0-87750-081-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inner+Asia.+History-Civilization-Languages.+A+syllabus&rft.pages=71-96&rft.pub=Bloomington&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=0-87750-081-9&rft.aulast=Sinor&rft.aufirst=Denis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dvn-xZ3O1G-cC%26pg%3DPA71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmen+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elsevier-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Elsevier_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elsevier_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2010" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Keith (2010). <i>Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World</i>. 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M. <i>Language construction in USSR</i>. 1979. Nauka (Science). p. 352</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chariyarov_B._1972._pp._149-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chariyarov_B._1972._pp._149_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chariyarov_B._1972._pp._149_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chariyarov B. <i>Issues of improvement of the alphabets of Turkic languages of USSR</i>. 1972. 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Brown, Keith; Ogilvie, Sarah (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F2SRqDzB50wC&pg=PA111"><i>Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier">Elsevier</a>. pp. 110–113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-087775-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-087775-4"><bdi>978-0-08-087775-4</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concise+Encyclopedia+of+Languages+of+the+World&rft.pages=110-113&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2010-04-06&rft.isbn=978-0-08-087775-4&rft.aulast=Johanson&rft.aufirst=L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF2SRqDzB50wC%26pg%3DPA111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmen+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkatov2010" class="citation book cs1">Akatov, Bayram (2010). <i>Ancient Turkmen Literature, the Middle Ages (X-XVII centuries) (in Turkmen)</i>. Turkmenabat: Turkmen State Pedagogical Institute, Ministry of Education of Turkmenistan. pp. 29, 39, 198, 231.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Turkmen+Literature%2C+the+Middle+Ages+%28X-XVII+centuries%29+%28in+Turkmen%29&rft.place=Turkmenabat&rft.pages=29%2C+39%2C+198%2C+231&rft.pub=Turkmen+State+Pedagogical+Institute%2C+Ministry+of+Education+of+Turkmenistan&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Akatov&rft.aufirst=Bayram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmen+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asian-recipe.com/turkmenistan-culture-3481">"Turkmenistan Culture"</a>. <i>Asian recipe</i>. 9 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Asian+recipe&rft.atitle=Turkmenistan+Culture&rft.date=2022-08-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasian-recipe.com%2Fturkmenistan-culture-3481&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmen+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevinDaukeyevaKochumkulova2016" class="citation book cs1">Levin, Theodore; Daukeyeva, Saida; Kochumkulova, Elmira (2016). <i>Music of Central Asia</i>. Indiana University press. p. 128. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-01751-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-01751-2"><bdi>978-0-253-01751-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+of+Central+Asia&rft.pages=128&rft.pub=Indiana+University+press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-253-01751-2&rft.aulast=Levin&rft.aufirst=Theodore&rft.au=Daukeyeva%2C+Saida&rft.au=Kochumkulova%2C+Elmira&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmen+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turkmenkultur.com/menu/ml/t8/andalyp.html">"Nurmuhammet Andalyp"</a>. <i>Dunya Turkmenleri</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dunya+Turkmenleri&rft.atitle=Nurmuhammet+Andalyp&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.turkmenkultur.com%2Fmenu%2Fml%2Ft8%2Fandalyp.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmen+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gross-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gross_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gross_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGross1992" class="citation book cs1">Gross, Jo-Ann (1992). <i>Muslims in Central Asia: Expressions of Identity and Change</i>. Duke University Press. pp. 180–182.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslims+in+Central+Asia%3A+Expressions+of+Identity+and+Change&rft.pages=180-182&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Gross&rft.aufirst=Jo-Ann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmen+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGudar2016" class="citation book cs1">Gudar, Nurcan Oznal (2016). <i>Mahtumkulu Guldeste</i>. Istanbul: Salon Yayinlari. pp. 24–25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-605-9831-48-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-605-9831-48-2"><bdi>978-605-9831-48-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mahtumkulu+Guldeste&rft.place=Istanbul&rft.pages=24-25&rft.pub=Salon+Yayinlari&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-605-9831-48-2&rft.aulast=Gudar&rft.aufirst=Nurcan+Oznal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmen+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Turkmen-language">"Turkmen language | Britannica"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turkmen+language+%26%23124%3B+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FTurkmen-language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmen+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/63529">"The Iranian Turkmen language from a contact linguistics perspective"</a>. 26 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Iranian+Turkmen+language+from+a+contact+linguistics+perspective&rft.date=2015-10-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sil.org%2Fresources%2Farchives%2F63529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmen+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmen_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Garrett, Jon, Meena Pallipamu, and Greg Lastowka (1996). "Turkmen Grammar". www.chaihana.com.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmen_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholas_AwdeWilliam_DirksA._Amandurdyev2005" class="citation book cs1">Nicholas Awde; William Dirks; A. Amandurdyev (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SEOOeq7vBTAC"><i>Turkmen: Turkmen-English, English-Turkmen Dictionary & Phrasebook</i></a>. Hippocrene Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7818-1072-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7818-1072-2"><bdi>978-0-7818-1072-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkmen%3A+Turkmen-English%2C+English-Turkmen+Dictionary+%26+Phrasebook&rft.pub=Hippocrene+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7818-1072-2&rft.au=Nicholas+Awde&rft.au=William+Dirks&rft.au=A.+Amandurdyev&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSEOOeq7vBTAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkmen+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmen_language&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="tk:"> Turkmen edition</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Turkmen" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Turkmen">Turkmen</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a phrasebook for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Turkmen_phrasebook#Q9267" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Turkmen phrasebook">Turkmen</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://enedilim.com/turkmen_dili">Turkmen grammar and orthography rules (Turkmen)</a> (<i>in Turkmen</i>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://turkmen.webonary.org/en/">Turkmen – English Dictionary with searchable reverse dictionary</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.terjime.com">Turkmen – English / English – Turkmen Dictionary (a)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190824110216/http://www.terjime.com/">Archived</a> 24 August 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120913105209/http://www.chaihana.com/dict.pdf">Turkmen – English / English – Turkmen Dictionary (b)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.chaihana.com/dicet.txt">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160318135448/http://www.chaihana.com/dicte.txt">[2]</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040413030920/http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/definition/Turkmen-english/">Turkmen – English Dictionary</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freelang.net/dictionary/turkmen.html">Turkmen – English / English – Turkmen Dictionary (Freelang)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omniglot.com/writing/turkmen.htm">Omniglot page on Turkmen</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tmlit.turkmenworld.com/">Turkmen language online transliteration</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110717113133/http://tmlit.turkmenworld.com/">Archived</a> 17 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ajapsozluk.com/">Ajapsozluk.com Ever-growing dictionary of Turkmen language</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ctle.pau.edu.tr/tmtr">Turkmen<>Turkish dictionary</a> (Pamukkale University)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Turkmenistan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Turkmenistan" title="Template:Languages of Turkmenistan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Turkmenistan" title="Template talk:Languages of Turkmenistan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Turkmenistan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Turkmenistan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Turkmenistan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Turkmenistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Turkmenistan">Languages of Turkmenistan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turkmen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_language" title="Tatar language">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baluchi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Baluchi language">Baluchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgian_language" title="Lezgian language">Lezgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Persian" title="Iranian Persian">Iranian Persian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabasaran_language" title="Tabasaran language">Tabasaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahui_language" title="Brahui language">Brahui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_language" title="Dungan language">Dungan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dari_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dari language">Dari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_language" title="Ossetian language">Ossetian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Afghanistan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Afghanistan" title="Template:Languages of Afghanistan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Afghanistan" title="Template talk:Languages of Afghanistan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Afghanistan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Afghanistan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Afghanistan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Afghanistan" title="Languages of Afghanistan">Languages of Afghanistan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dari" title="Dari">Dari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Afghanistan" title="Portal:Afghanistan">Afghanistan portal</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balochi_language" title="Balochi language">Balochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuristani_languages" title="Nuristani languages">Nuristani</a> (language family)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashayi_languages" title="Pashayi languages">Pashayi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_language" title="Tajik language">Tajiki</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Askunu_language" title="Askunu language">Ashkun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahui_language" title="Brahui language">Brahui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kat%C3%AB_language" title="Katë language">Katë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khowar_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Khowar language">Khowar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moghol_language" title="Moghol language">Moghol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamir_languages" title="Pamir languages">Pamiri</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Ishkashimi_language" title="Ishkashimi language">Ishkashimi</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Munji_language" title="Munji language">Munji</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Shughni_language" title="Shughni language">Shughni</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Yidgha_language" title="Yidgha language">Yidgha</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasi-wari" title="Wasi-wari">Prasun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tregami_language" title="Tregami language">Tregami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalasha-ala" title="Kalasha-ala">Waigali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakhi_language" title="Wakhi language">Wakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zemiaki_language" title="Zemiaki language">Zemiaki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Sign_Language" title="Afghan Sign Language">Afghan Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Iran" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Iran" title="Template:Languages of Iran"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Iran" title="Template talk:Languages of Iran"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Iran" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Iran"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Iran" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Iran" title="Languages of Iran">Languages of Iran</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iranian_Persian" title="Iranian Persian">Iranian</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achomi_language" title="Achomi language">Achomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurmanji" title="Kurmanji">Kurmanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorani" title="Sorani">Sorani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Kurdish" title="Southern Kurdish">Xwarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laki_language" title="Laki language">Laki</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorani_language" title="Gorani language">Gorani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luri_language" title="Luri language">Luri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilaki_language" title="Gilaki language">Gilaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazanderani_language" title="Mazanderani language">Mazanderani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balochi_language" title="Balochi language">Balochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talysh_language" title="Talysh language">Talysh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tati_language_(Iran)" title="Tati language (Iran)">Tati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qashqai_language" title="Qashqai language">Qashqai</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semnani_language" title="Semnani language">Semnani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorasani_Turkic" title="Khorasani Turkic">Khorasani Turkic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Neo-Aramaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian Neo-Aramaic">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_languages" title="Circassian languages">Circassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domari_language" title="Domari language">Domari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jadgali_language" title="Jadgali language">Jadgali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zargari_Romani" title="Zargari Romani">Zargari Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalaj_language" title="Khalaj language">Khalaj</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Working_language" title="Working language">Working languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Sign Language">Persian Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qahveh_Khaneh_Sign_Language" title="Qahveh Khaneh Sign Language">Qahveh Khaneh Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Pakistan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Pakistan" title="Template:Languages of Pakistan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Pakistan" title="Template talk:Languages of Pakistan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Pakistan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Pakistan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Pakistan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Pakistan" title="Languages of Pakistan">Languages of Pakistan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">national</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_English" title="Pakistani English">English</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other languages<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(by <a href="/wiki/Administrative_units_of_Pakistan" title="Administrative units of Pakistan">administrative unit</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Azad_Kashmir" title="Azad Kashmir">Azad Kashmir</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_language" title="Dogri language">Dogri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujari_language" title="Gujari language">Gujari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundal_Shahi_language" title="Kundal Shahi language">Kundal Shahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahari-Pothwari" title="Pahari-Pothwari">Pahari-Pothwari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Balochistan,_Pakistan" title="Balochistan, Pakistan">Balochistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balochi_language" title="Balochi language">Balochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahui_language" title="Brahui language">Brahui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehwari_language" title="Dehwari language">Dehwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazaragi_dialect" title="Hazaragi dialect">Hazaragi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jadgali_language" title="Jadgali language">Jadgali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khetrani_language" title="Khetrani language">Khetrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanetsi" title="Wanetsi">Wanetsi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gilgit-Baltistan" title="Gilgit-Baltistan">Gilgit-Baltistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balti_language" title="Balti language">Balti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burushaski" title="Burushaski">Burushaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawoodi_language" title="Dawoodi language">Dawoodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khowar_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Khowar language">Khowar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purgi_language" title="Purgi language">Purgi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shina_language" title="Shina language">Shina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakhi_language" title="Wakhi language">Wakhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burushaski" title="Burushaski">Burushaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badeshi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Badeshi language">Badeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bateri_language" title="Bateri language">Bateri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilisso_language" title="Chilisso language">Chilisso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dameli_language" title="Dameli language">Dameli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gawar-Bati_language" title="Gawar-Bati language">Gawar-Bati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gowro_language" title="Gowro language">Gowro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindko" title="Hindko">Hindko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Kohistani" title="Indus Kohistani">Indus Kohistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalami_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalami language">Kalami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalasha-mun" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalasha-mun">Kalasha-mun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalkoti_language" title="Kalkoti language">Kalkoti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamviri_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamviri dialect">Kamviri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khowar_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Khowar language">Khowar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohistani_Shina" title="Kohistani Shina">Kohistani Shina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mankiyali_language" title="Mankiyali language">Mankiyali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munji_language" title="Munji language">Munji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ormuri" title="Ormuri">Ormuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palula_language" title="Palula language">Palula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawi_language_(Dardic)" title="Sawi language (Dardic)">Sawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shekhani_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Shekhani dialect">Shekhani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torwali_language" title="Torwali language">Torwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ushoji_language" title="Ushoji language">Ushoji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waziristani_dialect" title="Waziristani dialect">Wazir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yidgha_language" title="Yidgha language">Yidgha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagri_language" title="Bagri language">Bagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_language" title="Dogri language">Dogri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindko" title="Hindko">Hindko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabutra_language" title="Kabutra language">Kabutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwari_language" title="Marwari language">Marwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mewari_language" title="Mewari language">Mewari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahari-Pothwari" title="Pahari-Pothwari">Pothwari Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_dialects_and_languages" title="Punjabi dialects and languages">dialects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraiki_language" title="Saraiki language">Saraiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajasthani_languages" title="Rajasthani languages">Rajasthani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangri_dialect_(Haryanvi)" title="Rangri dialect (Haryanvi)">Rangri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aer_language" title="Aer language">Aer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagri_language" title="Bagri language">Bagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaya_language" title="Bhaya language">Bhaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhatki_language" title="Dhatki language">Dhatki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goaria_language" title="Goaria language">Goaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jandavra_language" title="Jandavra language">Jandavra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jogi_language" title="Jogi language">Jogi</a></li> <li>Koli <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kachi_Koli_language" title="Kachi Koli language">Kachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkari_Koli_language" title="Parkari Koli language">Parkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadiyara_Koli_language" title="Wadiyara Koli language">Wadiyara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutchi_language" title="Kutchi language">Kutchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loarki_language" title="Loarki language">Loarki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwari_language" title="Marwari language">Marwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memoni_language" title="Memoni language">Memoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mewari_language" title="Mewari language">Mewari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Od_language" title="Od language">Od</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajasthani_languages" title="Rajasthani languages">Rajasthani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangri_dialect_(Haryanvi)" title="Rangri dialect (Haryanvi)">Rangri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaghri_language" title="Vaghri language">Vaghri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dardic_languages" title="Dardic languages">Dardic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_Sign_Language" title="Indo-Pakistani Sign Language">Pakistani Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Persian language in the Indian subcontinent">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_in_Pakistan" title="Hindi in Pakistan">Pakistani Hindi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_language" title="Chagatai language">Chagatai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Turkic_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Turkic_languages" title="Template:Turkic languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Turkic_languages" title="Template talk:Turkic languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Turkic_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Turkic languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Turkic_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proto-language" title="Proto-language">Proto-language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Turkic_language" title="Proto-Turkic language"><i>Proto-Turkic</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Common_Turkic_languages" title="Common Turkic languages">Common Turkic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Argu_languages" title="Argu languages">Argu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argu_languages" title="Argu languages"><i>Argu</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalaj_language" title="Khalaj language">Khalaj</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Karluk_languages" title="Karluk languages">Karluk</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Northern Uzbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Uzbek_language" title="Southern Uzbek language">Southern Uzbek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ili_Turki_language" title="Ili Turki language">Ili Turki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khoton_language" title="Khoton language">Khoton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lop_dialect" title="Lop dialect">Lop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%84ynu_language" title="Äynu language">Äynu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Old</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_language" title="Chagatai language"><i>Chagatai</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakhanid_language" title="Karakhanid language"><i>Karakhanid</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorezmian_Turkic" title="Khorezmian Turkic"><i>Khorezmian</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kipchak_languages" title="Kipchak languages">Kipchak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bulgar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bashkir_language" title="Bashkir language">Bashkir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_language" title="Tatar language">Tatar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishar_Tatar_dialect" title="Mishar Tatar dialect">Mishar Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagaibak_dialect" title="Nagaibak dialect">Nagaibak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Tatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Tatar"><i>Old Tatar</i></a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cuman</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armeno-Kipchak_language" title="Armeno-Kipchak language"><i>Armeno-Kipchak</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_language" title="Crimean Tatar language">Crimean Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuman_language" title="Cuman language"><i>Cuman</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachay-Balkar" title="Karachay-Balkar">Karachay-Balkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaim_language" title="Karaim language">Karaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchak_language" title="Krymchak language">Krymchak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumyk_language" title="Kumyk language">Kumyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk-Kipchak_language" title="Mamluk-Kipchak language"><i>Mamluk-Kipchak</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urum_language" title="Urum language">Urum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kyrgyz</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fergana_Kipchak_language" title="Fergana Kipchak language"><i>Fergana Kipchak</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pamir_Kyrgyz_dialect" title="Pamir Kyrgyz dialect">Pamir Kyrgyz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Tatar_language" title="Siberian Tatar language">Siberian Tatar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baraba_dialect" title="Baraba dialect">Baraba</a></li> <li>Tom</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Altai_language" title="Southern Altai language">Southern Altai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telengit_language" title="Telengit language">Telengit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleut_language" title="Teleut language">Teleut</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nogai</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dobrujan_Tatar" title="Dobrujan Tatar">Dobrujan Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakalpak_language" title="Karakalpak language">Karakalpak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogai_language" title="Nogai language">Nogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Tatar_language" title="Siberian Tatar language">Siberian Tatar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tobol-Irtysh_dialect" title="Tobol-Irtysh dialect">Tobol-Irtysh</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_languages" title="Oghuz languages">Oghuz</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salar_language" title="Salar language">Salar</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khorasani_Turkic" title="Khorasani Turkic">Khorasani Turkic</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turkmen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trukhmen_dialect" title="Trukhmen dialect">Trukhmen</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afshar_dialect" title="Afshar dialect">Afshari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaharmahali_Turkic" title="Chaharmahali Turkic">Chaharmahali Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qashqai_language" title="Qashqai language">Qashqai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonqori_dialect" title="Sonqori dialect">Sonqori</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language#North_Azerbaijani" title="Azerbaijani language">North Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language#South_Azerbaijani" title="Azerbaijani language">South Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajem-Turkic" title="Ajem-Turkic"><i>Ajem-Turkic</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Gagauz_language" title="Balkan Gagauz language">Balkan Gagauz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagauz_language" title="Gagauz language">Gagauz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karapapakhs#Language" title="Karapapakhs"><i>Karapapakh</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karamanli_Turkish" title="Karamanli Turkish"><i>Karamanli Turkish</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Anatolian_Turkish" title="Old Anatolian Turkish"><i>Old Anatolian Turkish</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish" title="Ottoman Turkish"><i>Ottoman Turkish</i></a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Turkic_languages" title="Siberian Turkic languages">Siberian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dolgan_language" title="Dolgan language">Dolgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakut_language" title="Yakut language">Yakut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chulym_language" title="Chulym language">Chulym</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sayan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Steppe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tuvan_language" title="Tuvan language">Tuvan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Taiga</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dukhan_language" title="Dukhan language">Dukhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyot_language" title="Soyot language">Soyot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofa_language" title="Tofa language">Tofa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Yenisei</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuyu_Kyrgyz_language" title="Fuyu Kyrgyz language">Fuyu Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khakas_language" title="Khakas language">Khakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Altai_language" title="Northern Altai language">Northern Altai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chelkan_language" title="Chelkan language">Chelkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumandin_language" title="Kumandin language">Kumandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubalar_language" title="Tubalar language">Tuba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shor_language" title="Shor language">Shor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Yugur_language" title="Western Yugur language">Western Yugur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic" title="Old Turkic">Old</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Uyghur" title="Old Uyghur"><i>Old Uyghur</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orkhon_Turkic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Orkhon Turkic language"><i>Orkhon Turkic</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oghur_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Oghur languages">Oghur</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgar_language" title="Bulgar language"><i>Bulgar</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_language" title="Chuvash language">Chuvash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disputed classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khazar_language" title="Khazar language"><i>Khazar</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pecheneg_language" title="Pecheneg language"><i>Pecheneg</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Potentially Turkic languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Di_(Five_Barbarians)" title="Di (Five Barbarians)"><i>Di</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunnic_language" title="Hunnic language"><i>Hunnic</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jie_language" title="Jie language"><i>Jie</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars#Language" title="Pannonian Avars"><i>Pannonian Avar</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuoba_language" title="Tuoba language"><i>Tuoba</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wusun#Language" title="Wusun"><i>Wusun</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu_language" title="Xiongnu language"><i>Xiongnu</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">Creoles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">pidgins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hezhou_language" title="Hezhou language">Hezhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurbet_language" title="Kurbet language">Kurbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qoqmon%C4%8Daq_language" title="Qoqmončaq language">Qoqmončaq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9267#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Turkmen language"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85138907">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Turkmène (langue)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb126480932">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Turkmène (langue)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb126480932">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00573447">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="turkmenština"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph317159&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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