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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Types of Assam silk</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types_of_Assam_silk-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types of Assam silk subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types_of_Assam_silk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Muga_silk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Muga_silk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Muga silk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Muga_silk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-White_pat_silk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#White_pat_silk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>White pat silk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-White_pat_silk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eri_silk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eri_silk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Eri silk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eri_silk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_silk_industry_of_Sualkuchi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_silk_industry_of_Sualkuchi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>The silk industry of Sualkuchi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_silk_industry_of_Sualkuchi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle The silk industry of Sualkuchi subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-The_silk_industry_of_Sualkuchi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_impact_of_Assam_silk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_impact_of_Assam_silk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Cultural impact of Assam silk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_impact_of_Assam_silk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Any of several types of wild silk native to Assam, India</div> <p><b>Assam silk</b> denotes the three major types of indigenous <a href="/wiki/Wild_silk" title="Wild silk">wild silks</a> produced in <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a>—golden <a href="/wiki/Muga_silk" title="Muga silk">muga</a>, white <a href="/wiki/Pat_silk" title="Pat silk">pat</a> and warm <a href="/wiki/Eri_silk" title="Eri silk">eri</a> silk. The Assam silk industry, now centered in <a href="/wiki/Sualkuchi" title="Sualkuchi">Sualkuchi</a>, is a labor-intensive industry.<sup id="cite_ref-SUALKUCHI'S_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SUALKUCHI'S-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assam_silk&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Assam was well known for the production of high quality silk since ancient times. The craft of weaving goes along with the production of silk. It grew to such sophistication in Assam that it was known all over <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and abroad. In the <i>Kishkindha Kanda</i> of <i>Ramayana</i>, it is stated that one travelling towards the east has to first pass through <a href="/wiki/Magadha_(Mahajanapada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magadha (Mahajanapada)">Magadha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anga" title="Anga">Anga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pundra" class="mw-redirect" title="Pundra">Pundra</a> and then the <i>Kosha-karanam-bhumi</i> ("the country of cocoon rearers").<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Kautilya</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></i>, a political literature of the 3rd century BC, makes references to the highly sophisticated silk clothing from Assam. Kautilya mentions the production of <i>Suvarnakudyaka</i> (from <a href="/wiki/Kamarupa_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamarupa kingdom">Kamrupa</a>) along with <i>Vangika</i> (from <a href="/wiki/Vanga_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanga Kingdom">Vanga</a>/southern Bengal), <i>Magadhika</i> (from <a href="/wiki/Magadha_(Mahajanapada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magadha (Mahajanapada)">Magadha</a>) and <i>Paundrika</i> (from <a href="/wiki/Pundra_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pundra Kingdom">Pundra</a>/northern Bengal), of which Suvarnakudyaka, Magadhika and Paundrika fabrics were types of <i>Kauseya</i> (<a href="/wiki/Tussar_silk" title="Tussar silk">Tussar/Muga</a>) and <i>Cina-patta</i> (<a href="/wiki/Bombyx_mori" title="Bombyx mori">Mulberry silk</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fact that Kamrupa produced Suvarnakudyaka is confirmed by the 8th-century writer <a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81rila_Bha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADa" title="Kumārila Bhaṭṭa">Kumārila Bhaṭṭa</a> who, in his commentary of Arthashatra, said that Kamrupa was Suvarnakudya(<i>Kamarupeschaiva Suvarna Kudyah</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As per the Arthashatra, the fibres of Suvarnakudyaka were of 'the colour of butter', 'as red as the sun', and of the best quality.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to this description of colour, the type of silk can be easily identified as Muga. The text also refers to four trees (<i>Vakula</i>, <i>Likucha</i>, <i>Vata</i> and <i>Naga-vriksa</i>) which the silkworms feed on. Out of these, <i>Vakula</i> and <i>Naga-vriksa</i><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> belong to the genus <a href="/wiki/Ericales" title="Ericales">Ericales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magnolia" title="Magnolia">Magnolia</a> which the Muga silkworm <a href="/wiki/Antheraea_assamensis" title="Antheraea assamensis">Antheraea assamensis</a> is known to feed on; while <i>Likucha</i> (Artocarpus lakucha) and <i>Vata</i> belong to the genus <a href="/wiki/Moraceae" title="Moraceae">Moraceae</a>(Mulberry) which the <a href="/wiki/Bombyx_mori" title="Bombyx mori">Pat Silkworm</a> feeds on. This is further confirmed from the 9th century thesaurus <a href="/wiki/Amara-kosha" class="mw-redirect" title="Amara-kosha">Amara-kosha</a> which mentions that the worms of the fibre <i>Patrorna</i> (a form of white silk), fed on the leaves of <i>Vata</i>, <i>Lakucha</i>, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Arthashastra also states that the fibre was spun while the threads were wet, indicating that the production method was still the same at that period.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ancient text <a href="/wiki/Kalika_Purana" title="Kalika Purana">Kalika Purana</a>(dated between 10th-11th century) well records the use of silk in the worship of deities in ancient Kamrupa. As per the text, while worshipping the deities at the <i>Dikkarvasini pitha</i>(also known as <a href="/wiki/Tamreswari_Temple" title="Tamreswari Temple">Tamreswari</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sadiya" title="Sadiya">Sadiya</a>), red, yellow and white <i>Kauseya</i>(meaning wild silk, probably Muga) were used to drap the idols of the presiding deities of the temple.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is known that Muga, in olden times, was available in yellow(natural), white(<i>Mejankari muga</i>) and often dyed red with lac.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The knowledge of sericulture probably arrived with the <a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burman</a> groups which arrived from <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> around the period of 3000-2000 BC. Moreover, there was another trade of Silk through the Southwestern Silk road which started from China, passed through Burma and Assam, finally getting connected to the main silk road in Turkmenistan. There are various other records to show that silk came to India through Assam. As per the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> text <i><a href="/wiki/Harshacharita" title="Harshacharita">Harshacharita</a></i> (biography of North Indian ruler <a href="/wiki/Harshavardhan" class="mw-redirect" title="Harshavardhan">Harshavardhan</a> written by the court poet <a href="/wiki/B%C4%81%E1%B9%87abha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADa" title="Bāṇabhaṭṭa">Banabhatta</a> in the 7th century), during the coronation ceremony of King Harshavardhan, king <a href="/wiki/Bhaskarvarman" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhaskarvarman">Bhaskarvarman</a> of Kamrupa gifted many precious items to the North Indian king. Out of this the most important ones include the precious fabrics and jewels. These included an umbrella wrapped by a <i>dukula</i> cloth, sacks of <i>patta-sutra</i> cloth as well as <i>ksoma</i> fabrics which were as pure as the autumn moon's light (<i>sharada chandrama shaucha ksamani</i>). These fabrics could either be silk<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or linen. It is also mentioned in the text that the loin fibres were so even and polished that it resembled <i>Bhoj-patra</i>, which could indicate silk as well.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also references of Assam silk in the records written by <a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Huen Sang</a> where he has written the use and trade of silk in <a href="/wiki/Kamrupa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamrupa">Kamrupa</a> during the rule of king Bhaskar Varman. Ram Mohan Nath in his book <i>The Background of Assamese Culture</i> states that it would be "clear that in ancient times traders from different parts of <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> and China flocked to Assam through various routes, and as they traded mostly in silk, they were generally called Seres – Cirrahadoi – Syrities – Cirata – Kirata. The word Kirata therefore, is a general term referring to the people of the Mongoloid origin and it refers specially to the Bodos."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These Bodos referred by Nath are today known as <a href="/wiki/Bodo-Kachari_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodo-Kachari people">Kacharis</a> which includes groups such as <a href="/wiki/Boro_people" title="Boro people">Boros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deori_people" title="Deori people">Deori</a><a href="/wiki/Dimasa_people" title="Dimasa people">,Dimasas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chutiya_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Chutiya people">Chutias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rabha_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabha tribe">Rabhas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sonowal_Kacharis" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonowal Kacharis">Sonowal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garo_people" title="Garo people">Garo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Koch_people" title="Koch people">Koch</a>. J. Geoghegan in his book <i>Silk in India</i> states that: "Whatever may be the date of the introduction of the worm, its geographical distribution at present day, and the fact species first introduced was a multivoltine, seem to me to lead to the conclusion that the insect was first introduced into India from the north-east."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Genetic research on silkworms show that Assam silk originated in two specific regions of Assam. One was <a href="/wiki/Garo_Hills" title="Garo Hills">Garo Hills</a> in the ancient <a href="/wiki/Kamrupa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamrupa">Kamrupa kingdom</a> and the other was <a href="/wiki/Dhakuakhana" title="Dhakuakhana">Dhakuakhana</a> in the ancient <a href="/wiki/Chutia_kingdom" title="Chutia kingdom">Chutia kingdom</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_Assam_silk">Types of Assam silk</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assam_silk&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Types of Assam silk"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Muga_silk">Muga silk</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assam_silk&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Muga silk"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Muga_silk" title="Muga silk">Muga silk</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muga_Silkworm.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Muga_Silkworm.JPG/220px-Muga_Silkworm.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Muga_Silkworm.JPG/330px-Muga_Silkworm.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Muga_Silkworm.JPG/440px-Muga_Silkworm.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Muga silkworms on a som tree</figcaption></figure> <p>Muga silk is the product of the silkworm <i><a href="/wiki/Antheraea_assamensis" title="Antheraea assamensis">Antheraea assamensis</a></i> endemic to Assam. The <a href="/wiki/Larvae" class="mw-redirect" title="Larvae">larvae</a> of these moths feed on som (<i>Machilus bombycina</i>) and sualu (<i>Litsaea polyantha</i>) leaves. The silk produced is known for its glossy, fine texture and durability. It was previously reported that muga silk cannot be dyed or bleached due to "low porosity", but this is incorrect; muga takes dye like any other silk. This silk can be hand washed with its lustre increasing after every wash. Very often the silk outlives its owner. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Assamese_Muga_With_Japi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Assamese_Muga_With_Japi.jpg/220px-Assamese_Muga_With_Japi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Assamese_Muga_With_Japi.jpg/330px-Assamese_Muga_With_Japi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Assamese_Muga_With_Japi.jpg/440px-Assamese_Muga_With_Japi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1307" data-file-height="1065" /></a><figcaption>A set of <a href="/wiki/Mekhela_chador" class="mw-redirect" title="Mekhela chador">mekhela chadors</a> made with muga silk from Assam arranged around a <a href="/wiki/Jaapi" title="Jaapi">jaapi</a> and set on a shawl made with eri silk.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2015, Adarsh Gupta K of Nagaraju's research team at <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_DNA_Fingerprinting_and_Diagnostics" title="Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics">Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics</a>, Hyderabad, India, discovered the complete sequence and the protein structure of muga silk fibroin and published it in <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i> Scientific Reports<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Muga silk has been given the Geographical Indication (GI) status since 2007 and the logo for authentic production has been registered with Assam Science Technology and Environment Council. The Central Silk Board of India has the authority to inspect Muga silk products, certify their authenticity and allow traders to use the GI logo. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="White_pat_silk">White pat silk</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assam_silk&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: White pat silk"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pat_silk" title="Pat silk">Pat silk</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8B%E0%A7%B0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8B%E0%A7%B0.jpg/220px-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8B%E0%A7%B0.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8B%E0%A7%B0.jpg/330px-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8B%E0%A7%B0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8B%E0%A7%B0.jpg/440px-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8B%E0%A7%B0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>A set of mekhela-chadar made with pat silk.</figcaption></figure> <p>Pat silk is produced by <i>Bombyx textor</i> <a href="/wiki/Silkworm" class="mw-redirect" title="Silkworm">silkworms</a> which feed on mulberry (<i><a href="/wiki/Morus_(plant)" title="Morus (plant)">Morus</a></i> spp.) leaves. It is usually brilliant white or off-white in colour. Its cloth can dry in shadow. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eri_silk">Eri silk</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assam_silk&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Eri silk"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Eri_silk" title="Eri silk">Eri silk</a></div> <p>Eri silk is made by <i><a href="/wiki/Samia_cynthia" title="Samia cynthia">Samia cynthia</a> ricini</i> which feed on leaves of <a href="/wiki/Castor_oil_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Castor oil plant">castor oil plant</a> (<i>Ricinus communis</i>). It is also known as endi or errandi silk. Because manufacturing process of eri allows the pupae to develop into adults and only the open ended <a href="/wiki/Pupa#Cocoon" title="Pupa">cocoons</a> are used for turning into silk, it is also popularly known as non-violent silk. This silk is soft and warm and is popular as shawls and quilts.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_silk_industry_of_Sualkuchi">The silk industry of Sualkuchi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assam_silk&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The silk industry of Sualkuchi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sualkuchi" title="Sualkuchi">Sualkuchi</a> is a multi-caste town of <a href="/wiki/Kamrup_district" title="Kamrup district">Kamrup (rural) district</a> of Assam, situated on the north bank of the mighty <a href="/wiki/Brahmaputra" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmaputra">Brahmaputra</a> at a distance of 30 km west of Guwahati. </p><p>Many people in Sualkuchi are weavers. Almost every household has a hand-loom to manufacture traditional Assamese silk. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>As per the Census report of 2001, the workforce participation rate in the town was 37.93% of the total populations, of which only 0.53% were cultivators, 1.2% were agricultural labours, 56.37% were engaged in household industries and the remaining 41.90% were engaged in other activities. </p><p>There are several lakh throw and fly-shuttle handlooms in Assam, but most of them are domestic weaving a few metres of cloth for the use by the family members. There are also some semi commercial looms producing some metres of fabrics for the market during the off hours of the house-wives. These semi-commercial weavers work either independently or under some so called "Mahajans". Mahajans supply yarn to the poor weavers, who return the woven cloth against wages per piece. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_2">History</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assam_silk&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although silk was cultivated and woven by women all around Assam, the silk clothes of a particular place named Sualkuchi achieved much fame during the <a href="/wiki/Kamarupa" title="Kamarupa">Kamarupa</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Ahom_kingdom" title="Ahom kingdom">Ahom</a> rule. </p><p>Sualkuchi is said to have been established in the 11th Century by King <a href="/wiki/Dharma_Pala" title="Dharma Pala">Dharma Pala</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Pala_dynasty_(Kamarupa)" title="Pala dynasty (Kamarupa)">Pala dynasty</a> that ruled western Assam from 900 AD to about 1100 AD. Dharma Pala, the story goes, brought 26 weaver families from Tantikuchi in <a href="/wiki/Barpeta" title="Barpeta">Barpeta</a> to Sualkuchi and created a weavers' village close to modern-day Guwahati.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Silk was given royal patronage during that period and Sualkuchi was made an important centre of silk weaving. </p><p>The hand-loom industry of Sualkuchi creates cotton textiles, silk textiles, and <a href="/wiki/Khadi" title="Khadi">Khadi</a> cloth. These traditional textiles hold high social and moral value in and outside the state. However, Sualkuchi is best known for its silk textiles, both mulberry and muga silk. Muga, "the golden fibre", is produced only in Assam; it's become known as Assam silk from its association with the region. Such activities are intimately linked with the culture and tradition of the Assamese people since long past. </p><p>Having a long tradition of silk weaving at least since the 17th century, Sualkuchi is the centre of the silk hand-loom industry of Assam.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Originally, Sualkuchi was a "craft village" having several cottage industries until the 1940s, such as hand-loom weaving, traditional oil processing, goldsmithing, and pottery. But since the 1940s, the industries other than hand-loom have almost become extinct, and the artisans have taken up silk weaving. Until 1930, the weaving industry of Sualkuchi remained almost confined within the <a href="/wiki/Tanti" title="Tanti">Tanti</a> community of Tantipara. Later, people belonging to other communities gradually took up silk weaving. Now, even the fishermen of the Koibortapara hamlet of Bamun-Sualkuchi and the Brahmin families have also given up their ascriptive caste occupations and have taken up silk weaving as their main source of income. </p><p>The weaving industry of Sualkuchi received a big boost during the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>. The growing demand for fabrics and their increasing prices encouraged a few Tanti families to begin weaving commercially. They started weaving factories engaging hired wage weavers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Today, 73.78% of the households in Sualkuchi work in the commercial weaving industry. </p><p>Although the hired wage weavers were originally the local poor from Bamun-Sualkuchi and Bhatipara, migrant weavers from different parts of Assam have become dominant in the industry since the 1980s. The census of hand-looms in Sualkuchi, conducted in 2002 reveals that Sualkuchi has 13,752 active commercial hand-looms, and 54.75% of these looms are operated by female weavers who are hired from towns outside of Sualkuchi. </p><p>While silk-rearing vanished long time ago, the gani<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Template:Typo_help_inline" title="Template:Typo help inline"><span title="similar to gain (September 2020)">check spelling</span></a></i>]</sup> industry perished during the early 20th century as the 'Mudois' of Sualkuchi. </p><p>In the 21st century, the local weavers and artisans of Sualkuchi began using digital platforms to promote their products globally. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_impact_of_Assam_silk">Cultural impact of Assam silk</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assam_silk&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Cultural impact of Assam silk"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Assam silk has been recognized by major Indian cultural figures, most notably <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a> and Narayan Chandra Das. </p><p>Gandhi visited Sualkuchi on January 9, 1946, to view an exhibition of eri and khadi clothes. Designer Rajen Dek wove an image of Gandhi into a piece of pat cloth, and the exhibition presented it to him. The woven picture was so fine that even the two broken front teeth of Gandhiji with a smiling face were depicted and while seeing the picture the father of the nation remarked that the weavers could weave dreams in their cloth. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>"Khat khat khat khatsalare sabade prean mor nite nachuyai" was one of the most popular radio songs composed and sung during the 1950s by the present artist pensioner Narayan Chandra Das Of Sualkuchhi. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Actually the 'click-clack click-clack' sound of the loom make the soul of the passerby dance with the rhythmic rattle of the shuttle flying through the sheds of the wrap. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assam_silk&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kausheya_(silk)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kausheya (silk)">Kausheya (silk)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mekhela_chador" class="mw-redirect" title="Mekhela chador">Mekhela chador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysore_silk" title="Mysore silk">Mysore silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkal_saree" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilkal saree">Ilkal saree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navalgund_Durries" class="mw-redirect" title="Navalgund Durries">Navalgund Durries</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assam_silk&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-SUALKUCHI'S-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SUALKUCHI'S_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161110043531/http://ipindiaonline.gov.in/tmrpublicsearch/tmsearch.aspx?tn=45262680&st=Wordmark">"From 2016, Sualkuchi textile products has a trademark <b>Sualkuchi's</b> in proprietorship of Sualkuchi Tat Silpa Unnayan Samity"</a>. Intellectual Property India. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ipindiaonline.gov.in/tmrpublicsearch/tmsearch.aspx?tn=45262680&st=Wordmark">the original</a> on 2016-11-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-11-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=From+2016%2C+Sualkuchi+textile+products+has+a+trademark+Sualkuchi%27s+in+proprietorship+of+Sualkuchi+Tat+Silpa+Unnayan+Samity.&rft.pub=Intellectual+Property+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fipindiaonline.gov.in%2Ftmrpublicsearch%2Ftmsearch.aspx%3Ftn%3D45262680%26st%3DWordmark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssam+silk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMokashiKire" class="citation web cs1">Mokashi, Ravi; Kire, Menuolhoulie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121030140849/http://www.dsource.in/resource/assam-silk/index.html">"Silk Weaving Tradition of Sualkuchi, Assam"</a>. D'source. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dsource.in/resource/assam-silk/index.html">the original</a> on 30 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Silk+Weaving+Tradition+of+Sualkuchi%2C+Assam&rft.pub=D%27source&rft.aulast=Mokashi&rft.aufirst=Ravi&rft.au=Kire%2C+Menuolhoulie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dsource.in%2Fresource%2Fassam-silk%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssam+silk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sharma,S.K.,<i>Discovery of North-East India</i>, p.315.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Deka, Phani. <i>The Great Indian Corridor in the East</i>, p.63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M, Mignonette. <i>Society and Economy in North-east India, Volume 2</i>, 2004, p.316.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112031454/https://www.csboa.com/eBooks/Arthashastra_of_Chanakya_-_English.pdf">"Kautilya,<i>Arthashatra</i>,p.110, "The above will explain the fabrics known as kauseya, silk-cloth, and chinapatta, fabrics of China manufacture."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://csboa.com/eBooks/Arthashastra_of_Chanakya_-_English.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2020-11-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-02-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kautilya%2CArthashatra%2Cp.110%2C+%22The+above+will+explain+the+fabrics+known+as+kauseya%2C+silk-cloth%2C+and+chinapatta%2C+fabrics+of+China+manufacture.%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcsboa.com%2FeBooks%2FArthashastra_of_Chanakya_-_English.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssam+silk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42930897?read-now=1&refreqid=excelsior%3A8bb7bac97d301458f7bb7ade2909cdba&seq=3#page_scan_tab_contents">Dhavalikar, M.K., <i>Archeology of Guwahati</i>, 1972, p.139</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112031454/https://www.csboa.com/eBooks/Arthashastra_of_Chanakya_-_English.pdf">"Kautilya,<i>Arthashatra</i>,p.110"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://csboa.com/eBooks/Arthashastra_of_Chanakya_-_English.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2020-11-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-02-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kautilya%2CArthashatra%2Cp.110&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcsboa.com%2FeBooks%2FArthashastra_of_Chanakya_-_English.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssam+silk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Journal Of Bihar And Orissa Research Society Vol. 3, p.215, "There is some doubt in identifying the <i>Naga</i> tree named in the <i>Arthashastra</i>. Lexicographers take it to denote the tree, <i>Naga-kesara and </i>Punnaga<i>, the flowers of which possess yellow anther..A synonym of </i>Naga-kesara<i> is </i>Champeya<i>, because the flower of </i>Champaka<i> (Michelina champac) is yellow; and it is no less remarkable that the Champa silk once celebrates in Assam was fine white." p. 212, "There is a variety of </i>muga<i> called </i>Champa muga<i>, its worms feeding on leaves of Champa tree (Michelia champaca). Sir George Watt tells us that "the Chpa silk seems almost quite forgotten to-day, but it was the fine white silk worn by the kings and nobles of Assam in former times"."</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.55117/page/n230/mode/1up?q=assam">Journal Of Bihar And Orissa Research Society Vol. 3, p.214, "A variety of <i>Kausheya</i> was called <i>Patrorna</i>(Pat silk). It is defined in the Amara-kosha as "a bleached or white <i>Kausheya</i>" and is said to have been costly...The commentator, Kshirasvami(of Amara-kosha), states that it is the fibre produced by the saliva of a worm on the leaves of <i>Lakucha</i>(Artocarpus lakoocha), Vata(Ficus bengalensis), etc"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112031454/https://www.csboa.com/eBooks/Arthashastra_of_Chanakya_-_English.pdf">"Kautilya,<i>Arthashatra</i>, p.109, "<i>and that which is the product of the country, Suvarnakudya, is as red as the sun, as soft as the surface of the gem, woven while the threads are very wet, and of uniform (chaturasra) or mixed texture (vyámisravána).</i>""</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://csboa.com/eBooks/Arthashastra_of_Chanakya_-_English.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2020-11-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-02-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kautilya%2CArthashatra%2C+p.109%2C+%22and+that+which+is+the+product+of+the+country%2C+Suvarnakudya%2C+is+as+red+as+the+sun%2C+as+soft+as+the+surface+of+the+gem%2C+woven+while+the+threads+are+very+wet%2C+and+of+uniform+%28chaturasra%29+or+mixed+texture+%28vy%C3%A1misrav%C3%A1na%29.%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcsboa.com%2FeBooks%2FArthashastra_of_Chanakya_-_English.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssam+silk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shastri, B.N, "The Kalikapurana: Text, Introduction and English Trans. with Shloka Index", p. 1240, "The goddess in her Lalitakanta (pleasantly charming) form is known as Mangala chandi,...she wears red silk(<i>rakta-kauseya-vasana</i>)."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shastri, B.N, "The Kalikapurana: Text, Introduction and English Trans. with Shloka Index", p. 1243-45, "O king! Listen to the procedure of worship of Brahma with rapt attention...Red silk(<i>rakta-kauseya-vastram</i>) is his (Brahma's) favourite cloth, rice cooked with milk, sesames, mixed with ghee are his favourite food."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shastri, B.N, "The Kalikapurana: Text, Introduction and English Trans. with Shloka Index", p. 1259, "Vasudeva may be worshipped briefly or elaborately. Red, yellow and white silk are the favourite cloths of Vishnu..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Journal Of Bihar And Orissa Research Society Vol. 3, p.212, "There was another of similar quality. It is known as the <i>Mezankari muga</i>, the worm feeding on the <i>Adakari tree</i> (Litsea citrata)."This <i>muga</i> constituted the dress of the higher ranks, most of which were dyed red with lac but some were white." It is now scarce."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32096/page/n125">"Kirata-jana-kriti", S.K. Chatterjee, 1951, p. 95-96</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KItocaxbibUC&q=Bhurjapatra">Suhas Chatterjee, Indian Civilisation and Culture, p. 435</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNath1948" class="citation book cs1">Nath, Ram Mohan (1948). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.126984"><i>The Back Ground Of Assamese Culture</i></a>. p. 15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Back+Ground+Of+Assamese+Culture&rft.pages=15&rft.date=1948&rft.aulast=Nath&rft.aufirst=Ram+Mohan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.126984&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssam+silk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=_mUaAAAAYAAJ&hl=en_GB&pg=GBS.PR3"><i>Silk in India: Some Account of Silk in India, Especially of the Various Attempts to Encourage and Extend Sericulture in that Country</i></a>. Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing. 1872. p. iii.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Silk+in+India%3A+Some+Account+of+Silk+in+India%2C+Especially+of+the+Various+Attempts+to+Encourage+and+Extend+Sericulture+in+that+Country&rft.pages=iii&rft.pub=Office+of+the+Superintendent+of+Government+Printing&rft.date=1872&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplay.google.com%2Fbooks%2Freader%3Fid%3D_mUaAAAAYAAJ%26hl%3Den_GB%26pg%3DGBS.PR3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssam+silk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdarsh_Gupta._K" class="citation news cs1">Adarsh Gupta. K. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/articles/srep12706">"Molecular architecture of silk fibroin of Indian golden silkmoth, <i>Antheraea assama</i>"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Molecular+architecture+of+silk+fibroin+of+Indian+golden+silkmoth%2C+Antheraea+assama&rft.au=Adarsh+Gupta.+K&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fsrep12706&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssam+silk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNick_Battey2011" class="citation book cs1">Nick Battey, Paul E. Hatcher (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FpQpedSpeWMC&dq=Samia+cynthia+ricini+which+feed+on+leaves+of+castor+oil+plant+(Ricinus+communis)&pg=PT98"><i>Biological Diversity: Exploiters and Exploited</i></a>. Willey. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470979860" title="Special:BookSources/9780470979860"><bdi>9780470979860</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biological+Diversity%3A+Exploiters+and+Exploited&rft.pub=Willey&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780470979860&rft.aulast=Nick+Battey&rft.aufirst=Paul+E.+Hatcher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFpQpedSpeWMC%26dq%3DSamia%2Bcynthia%2Bricini%2Bwhich%2Bfeed%2Bon%2Bleaves%2Bof%2Bcastor%2Boil%2Bplant%2B%28Ricinus%2Bcommunis%29%26pg%3DPT98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssam+silk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/trouble-looms/831610/"><i>Trouble looms</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaishya2005" class="citation book cs1">Baishya, Prabin (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q9bd_0xQ-JwC&q=Sualkuchi+silk+in+17th+century"><i>The silk industry of Assam: a case study of the Sualkuchi</i></a>. Spectrum. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788187502982" title="Special:BookSources/9788187502982"><bdi>9788187502982</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+silk+industry+of+Assam%3A+a+case+study+of+the+Sualkuchi&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Spectrum&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9788187502982&rft.aulast=Baishya&rft.aufirst=Prabin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ9bd_0xQ-JwC%26q%3DSualkuchi%2Bsilk%2Bin%2B17th%2Bcentury&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssam+silk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wsxQAQAAMAAJ&q=Sualkuchi+is+the+prime+centre+of+the+silk+hand-loom+industry"><i>Agricultural Situation in India</i></a>. Vol. 65. Origin University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign: Manager of Publications, Civil lines. Contributor India. Directorate of Economics and Statistics. 2008. p. 549.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Agricultural+Situation+in+India&rft.place=Origin+University+of+Illinois+at+Urbana-Champaign&rft.pages=549&rft.pub=Manager+of+Publications%2C+Civil+lines.+Contributor+India.+Directorate+of+Economics+and+Statistics&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwsxQAQAAMAAJ%26q%3DSualkuchi%2Bis%2Bthe%2Bprime%2Bcentre%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bsilk%2Bhand-loom%2Bindustry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssam+silk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assam_silk&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cdfd.org.in/wildsilkbase/info_moths.php">Information on Wild silkmoths</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_State_of_Assam" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Seal_of_Assam.svg/12px-Seal_of_Assam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Seal_of_Assam.svg/18px-Seal_of_Assam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Seal_of_Assam.svg/23px-Seal_of_Assam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="234" data-file-height="299" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">State</a> of <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_and_union_territory_capitals_in_India" title="List of state and union territory capitals in India">Capital</a>: <b><a href="/wiki/Dispur" title="Dispur">Dispur</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_symbols" title="List of Indian state symbols">State symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_songs" title="List of Indian state songs">Song</a>: <a href="/wiki/O_Mur_Apunar_Desh" title="O Mur Apunar Desh">O Mur Apunar Desh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_animals" title="List of Indian state animals">Animal</a>: <a href="/wiki/Indian_rhinoceros" title="Indian rhinoceros">Indian rhinoceros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_birds" title="List of Indian state birds">Bird</a>: <a href="/wiki/White-winged_duck" title="White-winged duck">White-winged duck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_flowers" title="List of Indian state flowers">Flower</a>: <a href="/wiki/Foxtail_Orchids" class="mw-redirect" title="Foxtail Orchids">Foxtail Orchids (Kopouful)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_trees" title="List of Indian state trees">Tree</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dipterocarpus_retusus" title="Dipterocarpus retusus">Dipterocarpus retusus (Hollong)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Assam" title="Category:Assam">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Etymology_of_Assam" title="Etymology of Assam">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Assam" title="Biodiversity of Assam">Biodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmaputra_Valley" title="Brahmaputra Valley">Brahmaputra Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_cuisine" title="Assamese cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Assam" title="Culture of Assam">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Assam" title="Economy of Assam">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Assam" title="Education in Assam">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_institutions_of_higher_education_in_Assam" title="List of institutions of higher education in Assam">Institutions of higher education</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_geography_of_Assam" title="Physical geography of Assam">Physical geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Assam" title="Politics of Assam">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Assam" title="Tourism in Assam">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assam_tea" title="Assam tea">Assam tea</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Assam silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assam_Rifles" title="Assam Rifles">Assam Rifles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assam_Regiment" title="Assam Regiment">Assam Regiment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Assam" title="History of Assam">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamarupa" title="Kamarupa">Kamarupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chutia_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Chutia Kingdom">Chutia Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamata_Kingdom" title="Kamata Kingdom">Kamata Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_kingdom" title="Ahom kingdom">Ahom kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kachari_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kachari Kingdom">Kachari Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Assam" title="Colonial Assam">Colonial Assam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assam_Province" title="Assam Province">Assam Province (1912 – 1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assam_Legislative_Assembly" title="Assam Legislative Assembly">Legislative Assembly (Since 1937)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assam_Mail" title="Assam Mail">Assam Mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assam_Accord" title="Assam Accord">Assam Accord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golaghat_Convention" title="Golaghat Convention">Golaghat Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_history_of_Assam" title="Timeline of history of Assam">Assam History Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">Administration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Assam" title="Government of Assam">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assam_Legislative_Assembly" title="Assam Legislative Assembly">Legislative Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chief_Ministers_of_Assam" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Chief Ministers of Assam">Chief Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Assam" title="List of governors of Assam">Governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauhati_High_Court" title="Gauhati High Court">High Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assam_Human_rights_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Assam Human rights Commission">Human rights Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assam_Police" title="Assam Police">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_Parties_in_Assam" class="mw-redirect" title="Political Parties in Assam">Political Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Assam" class="mw-redirect" title="Districts of Assam">Districts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Divisions_of_Assam" class="mw-redirect" title="Divisions of Assam">divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align: left; background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/North_Assam_Division" title="North Assam Division">North Assam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biswanath_district" title="Biswanath district">Biswanath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darrang_district" title="Darrang district">Darrang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonitpur_district" title="Sonitpur district">Sonitpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udalguri_district" title="Udalguri district">Udalguri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align: left; background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Lower_Assam_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Assam Division">Lower Assam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baksa_district" title="Baksa district">Baksa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barpeta_district" title="Barpeta district">Barpeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bongaigaon_district" title="Bongaigaon district">Bongaigaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chirang_district" title="Chirang district">Chirang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhubri_district" title="Dhubri district">Dhubri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokrajhar_district" title="Kokrajhar district">Kokrajhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamrup_district" title="Kamrup district">Kamrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamrup_Metropolitan_district" title="Kamrup Metropolitan district">Kamrup Metro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goalpara_district" title="Goalpara district">Goalpara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalbari_district" title="Nalbari district">Nalbari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Salmara_district" class="mw-redirect" title="South Salmara district">South Salmara Mankachar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align: left; background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Assam_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Assam Division">Central Assam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dima_Hasao_district" title="Dima Hasao district">Dima Hasao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hojai_district" title="Hojai district">Hojai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karbi_Anglong_district" title="Karbi Anglong district">Karbi Anglong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Karbi_Anglong_district" title="West Karbi Anglong district">Karbi Anglong (West)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morigaon_district" title="Morigaon district">Morigaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagaon_district" title="Nagaon district">Nagaon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align: left; background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Upper_Assam_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Assam Division">Upper Assam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charaideo_district" title="Charaideo district">Charaideo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dibrugarh_district" title="Dibrugarh district">Dibrugarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhemaji_district" title="Dhemaji district">Dhemaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golaghat_district" title="Golaghat district">Golaghat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorhat_district" title="Jorhat district">Jorhat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakhimpur_district" title="Lakhimpur district">Lakhimpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majuli_district" title="Majuli district">Majuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivasagar_district" title="Sivasagar district">Sivasagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinsukia_district" title="Tinsukia district">Tinsukia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align: left; background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Barak_Valley" title="Barak Valley">Barak Valley</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cachar_district" title="Cachar district">Cachar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hailakandi_district" title="Hailakandi district">Hailakandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karimganj_district" title="Karimganj district">Karimganj</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Physical_geography_of_Assam" title="Physical geography of Assam">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Assam_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Assam Division">Upper-Assam (East Assam)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Assam" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Assam">Lower-Assam (West Assam)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barak_Valley" title="Barak Valley"> Barak Valley (South Assam)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmaputra_River" title="Brahmaputra River">Brahmaputra River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majuli" title="Majuli">Majuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mora_Dhansiri_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Mora Dhansiri River">Mora Dhansiri River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhansiri_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhansiri River">Dhansiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihing_River" title="Dihing River">Dihing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Diphlu" title="River Diphlu">Diphlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haflong" title="Haflong">Halflong (<i>The Hill station of Assam</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Assam" title="Category:Culture of Assam">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Assamese language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_alphabet" title="Assamese alphabet">Assamese alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_Jolpan" class="mw-redirect" title="Assamese Jolpan">Jolpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_crafts_of_Assam" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional crafts of Assam">Traditional crafts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_dances_of_Assam" title="Folk dances of Assam">Folk dances of Assam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagurumba" title="Bagurumba">Bagurumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihu_dance" title="Bihu dance">Bihu dance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekasarana_Dharma" title="Ekasarana Dharma">Ekasarana Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borgeet" title="Borgeet">Borgeet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satra_(Ekasarana_Dharma)" title="Satra (Ekasarana Dharma)">Satra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattriya" title="Sattriya">Sattriya Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xorai" title="Xorai">Saraai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamosa" title="Gamosa">Gamosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textiles_and_dresses_of_Assam" class="mw-redirect" title="Textiles and dresses of Assam">Textiles and dresses</a> <i>(<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Muga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eri_silk" title="Eri silk">Eri</a>)</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_crafts_of_Assam" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional crafts of Assam">Arts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assamese_literature" title="Assamese literature">literature</a>,<br /> <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Assam" title="Music of Assam">music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assamese_cinema" title="Assamese cinema">cinema</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_cinema" title="Assamese cinema">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_literature" title="Assamese literature">Assamese literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_poetry" title="Assamese poetry">Assamese poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Assamese-language_poets" title="List of Assamese-language poets">List of poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Assamese_writers_with_their_pen_names" title="List of Assamese writers with their pen names">List of Assamese writers Pen Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Assamese_periodicals" title="List of Assamese periodicals">List of Assamese Periodicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orunodoi" title="Orunodoi">The Arunodoi (Orunodoi - 1846)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemkosh" title="Hemkosh">The Hemkosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Assam_Tribune" title="The Assam Tribune">The Assam Tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assam_Sahitya_Sabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Assam Sahitya Sabha">Assam Rhetorical Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buranji" title="Buranji">Buranji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtan_Ghoxa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kirtan Ghoxa">Kirtan Ghoxa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavat_of_Sankardev" title="Bhagavat of Sankardev">Dasham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naam_Ghosa" title="Naam Ghosa">Naam Ghosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saptakanda_Ramayana" title="Saptakanda Ramayana">Saptakanda Ramayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonaki" title="Jonaki">Jonaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Assam" title="Music of Assam">Music of Assam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goalpariya_Lokgeet" class="mw-redirect" title="Goalpariya Lokgeet">Goalpariya Lokgeet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokari_geet" title="Tokari geet">Tokari Geet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihanaam" title="Dihanaam">Dihanaam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiranaam" title="Hiranaam">Hiranaam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhol" title="Dhol">Dhol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gogona" title="Gogona">Gogona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepa_(instrument)" title="Pepa (instrument)">Pepa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_cinema" title="Assamese cinema">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joymoti_(1935_film)" title="Joymoti (1935 film)">Joymati, first Assamese motion picture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guwahati_Theatre_Festival" title="Guwahati Theatre Festival">Guwahati Theatre Festival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/People_of_Assam" title="People of Assam">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Assam" title="History of Assam">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_people" title="Assamese people">Assamese people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_people" title="Ahom people">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_Brahmins" class="mw-redirect" title="Assamese Brahmins">Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalita_(caste)" title="Kalita (caste)">Kalita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajbanshi_people" title="Rajbanshi people">Koch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chutia_people" title="Chutia people">Chutia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribes_of_Assam" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribes of Assam">Tribes of Assam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boro_people" title="Boro people">Bodo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deori_people" title="Deori people">Deori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimasa_people" title="Dimasa people">Dimasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karbi_people" title="Karbi people">Karbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mising_people" title="Mising people">Mising</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Assam" title="List of people from Assam">List of people from Assam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable surnames</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barua" title="Barua">Barua (<i>and its variations</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhuiyan" title="Bhuiyan">Bhuiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bora_(surname)" title="Bora (surname)">Borah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharali" title="Bharali">Bharali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borbarua" class="mw-redirect" title="Borbarua">Borbarua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borgohain" title="Borgohain">Borgohain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borpatrogohain" class="mw-redirect" title="Borpatrogohain">Borpatrogohain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borphukan" title="Borphukan">Borphukan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burhagohain" title="Burhagohain">Burhagohain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakraborty" title="Chakraborty">Chakraborty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chowdhury" title="Chowdhury">Choudhury (<i>and its variations</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Das_(surname)" title="Das (surname)">Das</a></li> <li>Deka</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutta" title="Dutta">Dutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gayen" title="Gayen">Gayen</a></li> <li>Gogoi</li> <li>Gohain</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goswami" title="Goswami">Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazarika" title="Hazarika">Hazarika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalita_(caste)" title="Kalita (caste)">Kalita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majumdar" title="Majumdar">Majumdar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saikia" title="Saikia">Saikia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarma_(surname)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarma (surname)">Sarma</a></li> <li>Chutia</li> <li>Sutradhar</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Urban areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barpeta" title="Barpeta">Barpeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bongaigaon" title="Bongaigaon">Bongaigaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhubri" title="Dhubri">Dhubri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dibrugarh" title="Dibrugarh">Dibrugarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphu" title="Diphu">Diphu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goalpara" title="Goalpara">Goalpara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golaghat" title="Golaghat">Golaghat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guwahati" title="Guwahati">Guwahati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorhat" title="Jorhat">Jorhat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karimganj" title="Karimganj">Karimganj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagaon" title="Nagaon">Nagaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Lakhimpur" title="North Lakhimpur">North Lakhimpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivasagar" title="Sivasagar">Sivasagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silchar" title="Silchar">Silchar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tezpur" title="Tezpur">Tezpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinsukia" title="Tinsukia">Tinsukia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Fairs_and_Festivals_in_Assam" title="Template:Fairs and Festivals in Assam">Fairs and Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_temples_in_Assam" title="Template:Hindu temples in Assam">Hindu Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Assam" title="Template:History of Assam">History</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Silk" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Silk_fibre" title="Template:Silk fibre"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Silk_fibre" title="Template talk:Silk fibre"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Silk_fibre" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Silk fibre"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Silk" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">Silk</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_silk" title="History of silk">History of silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnanery" title="Magnanery">Magnanery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sericulture" title="Sericulture">Sericulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_mill" title="Silk mill">Silk mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_throwing" title="Silk throwing">Silk throwing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_waste" title="Silk waste">Silk waste</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa_silk" title="Ahimsa silk">Ahimsa silk</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Assam silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_silk" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlas silk">Atlas silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_silk" title="Byzantine silk">Byzantine silk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burmese_silk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Burmese silk (page does not exist)">Burmese silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_silk" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese silk">Chinese silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eri_silk" title="Eri silk">Eri silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_silk" title="Pat silk">Pat silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_silk" title="Japanese silk">Japanese silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_silk" title="Lao silk">Lao silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murshidabad_silk" title="Murshidabad silk">Murshidabad silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysore_silk" title="Mysore silk">Mysore silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajshahi_silk" title="Rajshahi silk">Rajshahi silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_silk" title="Sea silk">Sea silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_silk" title="Thai silk">Thai silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tussar_silk" title="Tussar silk">Tussar silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_silk" title="Wild silk">Wild silk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silk_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Silk in the Indian subcontinent">Silk in the Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_industry_in_China" title="Silk industry in China">Silk industry in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_industry_of_Cheshire" title="Silk industry of Cheshire">Silk industry of Cheshire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sari" title="Sari">Sari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenun_Pahang_Diraja" title="Tenun Pahang Diraja">Tenun Pahang Diraja</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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