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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Shinto" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shinto"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Shinto</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shinto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Shinto_sects_and_new_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shinto_sects_and_new_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Shinto sects and new religions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shinto_sects_and_new_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Minor_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minor_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Minor religions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Minor_religions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Minor religions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Minor_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bahá'í_Faith" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bahá'í_Faith"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Bahá'í Faith</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bahá'í_Faith-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hinduism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hinduism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Hinduism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hinduism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sikhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sikhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Sikhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sikhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jainism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jainism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Jainism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jainism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_religions_of_East_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_religions_of_East_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Other religions of East Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_religions_of_East_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ryukyuan_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ryukyuan_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8.1</span> <span>Ryukyuan religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ryukyuan_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ainu_folk_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ainu_folk_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8.2</span> <span>Ainu folk religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ainu_folk_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chinese_folk_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese_folk_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8.3</span> <span>Chinese folk religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese_folk_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taoism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taoism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8.4</span> <span>Taoism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taoism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Confucianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Confucianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8.5</span> <span>Confucianism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Confucianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_practices_and_holidays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_practices_and_holidays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Religious practices and holidays</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_practices_and_holidays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion_and_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion_and_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Religion and law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion_and_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposition_to_organised_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition_to_organised_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Opposition to organised religion</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Opposition_to_organised_religion-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Opposition to organised religion subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Opposition_to_organised_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Comments_against_religion_by_notable_figures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comments_against_religion_by_notable_figures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Comments against religion by notable figures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comments_against_religion_by_notable_figures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-religious_organisations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-religious_organisations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Anti-religious organisations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-religious_organisations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> 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</div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Religion in Japan</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="الدين في اليابان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الدين في اليابان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaponiyada_din" title="Yaponiyada din – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yaponiyada din" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="জাপানের ধর্মবিশ্বাস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জাপানের ধর্মবিশ্বাস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A1bo%C5%BEenstv%C3%AD_v_Japonsku" title="Náboženství v Japonsku – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Náboženství v Japonsku" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Religion in Japan" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religi%C3%B3n_en_Jap%C3%B3n" title="Religión en Japón – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Religión en Japón" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religio_en_Japanio" title="Religio en Japanio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Religio en Japanio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%86" title="دین در ژاپن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دین در ژاپن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_au_Japon" title="Religion au Japon – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Religion au Japon" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%BC%EB%B3%B8%EC%9D%98_%EC%A2%85%EA%B5%90" title="일본의 종교 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="일본의 종교" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="जापान में धर्म – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जापान में धर्म" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agama_di_Jepang" title="Agama di Jepang – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Agama di Jepang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religioni_in_Giappone" title="Religioni in Giappone – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Religioni in Giappone" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90_%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98" title="რელიგია იაპონიაში – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რელიგია იაპონიაში" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religija_Japonijoje" title="Religija Japonijoje – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Religija Japonijoje" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jap%C3%A1n_vall%C3%A1sai" title="Japán vallásai – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Japán vallásai" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="जपानमधील धर्म – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जपानमधील धर्म" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agama_di_Jepun" title="Agama di Jepun – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Agama di Jepun" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E3%81%AE%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="日本の宗教 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="日本の宗教" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religia_w_Japonii" title="Religia w Japonii – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Religia w Japonii" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religi%C3%A3o_no_Jap%C3%A3o" title="Religião no Japão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Religião no Japão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Религия в Японии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Религия в Японии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feja_n%C3%AB_Japoni" title="Feja në Japoni – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" 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tright" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:420px; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ddd"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Religious believers in Japan (CIA World Factbook)<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_World_Factbook_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA_World_Factbook-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;"></td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Gold; width:70.5%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">70.5%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Buddhism</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Purple; width:67.2%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">67.2%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Japan" title="Christianity in Japan">Christianity</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Red; width:1.5%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1.5%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Other religions</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:gray; width:5.9%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">5.9%</td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="5" style="padding:5px; text-align:left;">Total adherents exceeds 100% because many <a href="/wiki/Japanese_people" title="Japanese people">Japanese people</a> practice both <a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Buddhism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ganesha_Japan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Ganesha_Japan.jpg/250px-Ganesha_Japan.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Ganesha_Japan.jpg/375px-Ganesha_Japan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Ganesha_Japan.jpg/500px-Ganesha_Japan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3474" data-file-height="2314" /></a><figcaption>From left to right: idols of <a href="/wiki/Benzaiten" title="Benzaiten">Benzaiten</a> (<a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a>), <a href="/wiki/Kangiten" title="Kangiten">Kangiten</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Brava%E1%B9%87a" title="Vaiśravaṇa">Bishamonten</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kubera" title="Kubera">Kubera</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/Daish%C5%8D-in_(Miyajima)" class="mw-redirect" title="Daishō-in (Miyajima)">Buddhist Daishō-in temple</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hatsukaichi" title="Hatsukaichi">Hatsukaichi</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Takachiho-gawara_Kirishima_City_Kagoshima_Pref06n4592.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Takachiho-gawara_Kirishima_City_Kagoshima_Pref06n4592.jpg/250px-Takachiho-gawara_Kirishima_City_Kagoshima_Pref06n4592.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Takachiho-gawara_Kirishima_City_Kagoshima_Pref06n4592.jpg/375px-Takachiho-gawara_Kirishima_City_Kagoshima_Pref06n4592.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Takachiho-gawara_Kirishima_City_Kagoshima_Pref06n4592.jpg/500px-Takachiho-gawara_Kirishima_City_Kagoshima_Pref06n4592.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4592" data-file-height="3056" /></a><figcaption>A ritual at the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Takachiho-gawara" title="Takachiho-gawara">Takachiho-gawara</a></i></span>, the sacred <a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> site of the <a href="/wiki/Tenson_k%C5%8Drin" title="Tenson kōrin">descent to earth</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ninigi-no-Mikoto" title="Ninigi-no-Mikoto">Ninigi-no-Mikoto</a> (the grandson of goddess <a href="/wiki/Amaterasu" title="Amaterasu">Amaterasu</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Religion in Japan</b> is manifested primarily in <a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, the two main <a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">faiths</a>, which <a href="/wiki/Japanese_people" title="Japanese people">Japanese people</a> often practice simultaneously. According to estimates, as many as 70% of the populace follow Shinto rituals to some degree, worshiping ancestors and <a href="/wiki/Kami" title="Kami">spirits</a> at domestic altars and <a href="/wiki/Shinto_shrine" title="Shinto shrine">public shrines</a>. An almost equally high number is reported<sup id="cite_ref-ACA_Yearbook_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACA_Yearbook-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as Buddhist. Syncretic combinations of both, known generally as <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Shinbutsu-sh%C5%ABg%C5%8D" title="Shinbutsu-shūgō">shinbutsu-shūgō</a></i></span>, are common; they represented Japan's dominant religion before the rise of <a href="/wiki/State_Shinto" title="State Shinto">State Shinto</a> in the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-ReischauerJansen215_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReischauerJansen215-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Japanese concept of religion differs significantly from that of Western culture. Spirituality and worship are highly eclectic; rites and practices, often associated with well-being and worldly benefits, are of primary concern, while doctrines and beliefs garner minor attention.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Religious_affiliation" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious affiliation">Religious affiliation</a> is an alien notion. Although the vast majority of Japanese citizens follow Shinto, only some 3% identify as Shinto in surveys, because the term is understood to imply membership of organized Shinto sects.<sup id="cite_ref-Engler,_Price._2005._p._95_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Engler,_Price._2005._p._95-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Williams,_2004._pp._4-5_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams,_2004._pp._4-5-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some identify as "without religion"<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">無宗教</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">mushūkyō</i></span>)</span>, yet this does not signify <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">rejection or apathy towards faith</a>. The <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">mushūkyō</i></span> is a specified identity, which is used mostly to affirm regular, "normal" religiosity while rejecting affiliation with distinct movements perceived as foreign or extreme.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Main_religions">Main religions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Japan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Main religions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shinto">Shinto</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Japan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Shinto"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Shinto_Shrines" title="Association of Shinto Shrines">Association of Shinto Shrines</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="width:16.0em"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#b0000f;"><span style="color:white">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Shinto" title="Category:Shinto"> <span style="color:White;">a series</span></a> on</span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#b0000f;;font-size:150%; color:#b0000f"><a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto"><span style="color:White;">Shinto</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shinto_torii_vermillion.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shinto"><img alt="Shinto" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Shinto_torii_vermillion.svg/90px-Shinto_torii_vermillion.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Shinto_torii_vermillion.svg/135px-Shinto_torii_vermillion.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Shinto_torii_vermillion.svg/180px-Shinto_torii_vermillion.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="574" data-file-height="520" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#b0000f;;background:#FFCCCB;;color: var(--color-base)">Beliefs</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a>/<a href="/wiki/Animatism" title="Animatism">Animatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kami" title="Kami">Kami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_deities" title="List of Japanese deities">List of deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_mythology" title="Japanese mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sacred_objects_in_Japanese_mythology" title="List of sacred objects in Japanese mythology">Sacred objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinto_sects_and_schools" title="Shinto sects and schools">Sects and schools</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#b0000f;;background:#FFCCCB;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_deities#Major_kami" title="List of Japanese deities">Major kami</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amaterasu" title="Amaterasu">Amaterasu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ame-no-Uzume" title="Ame-no-Uzume">Ame-no-Uzume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inari_%C5%8Ckami" title="Inari Ōkami">Inari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izanagi" title="Izanagi">Izanagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izanami" title="Izanami">Izanami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susanoo-no-Mikoto" title="Susanoo-no-Mikoto">Susanoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsukuyomi-no-Mikoto" title="Tsukuyomi-no-Mikoto">Tsukuyomi</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#b0000f;;background:#FFCCCB;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Shinto_texts" title="Shinto texts">Important literature</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Kojiki" title="Kojiki">Kojiki</a></i> (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 711 CE</span>)</div></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Nihon_Shoki" title="Nihon Shoki">Nihon Shoki</a></i> (720 CE)</div></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Fudoki" title="Fudoki">Fudoki</a></i> (713–723 CE)</div></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Shoku_Nihongi" title="Shoku Nihongi">Shoku Nihongi</a></i> (797 CE)</div></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Kogo_Sh%C5%ABi" title="Kogo Shūi">Kogo Shūi</a></i> (807 CE)</div></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Kujiki" title="Kujiki">Kujiki</a></i> (807–936 CE)</div></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Engishiki" title="Engishiki">Engishiki</a></i> (927 CE)</div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#b0000f;;background:#FFCCCB;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Shinto_shrine" title="Shinto shrine">Shinto shrines</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Shinto_Shrines" title="Association of Shinto Shrines">Association of Shinto Shrines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichinomiya" title="Ichinomiya">Ichinomiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Shinto_shrines" title="List of Shinto shrines">List of Shinto shrines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_system_of_ranked_Shinto_shrines" title="Modern system of ranked Shinto shrines">Modern system of ranked Shinto shrines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinto_architecture" title="Shinto architecture">Shinto architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-Two_Shrines" title="Twenty-Two Shrines">Twenty-Two Shrines</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#b0000f;;background:#FFCCCB;;color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_festivals" title="Japanese festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannushi" title="Kannushi">Kannushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miko" title="Miko">Miko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinto_music" title="Shinto music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagura" title="Kagura">Ritual dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norito" title="Norito">Ritual incantations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogi" title="Misogi">Ritual purification</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#b0000f;;background:#FFCCCB;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Shinto" title="Category:Shinto">See also</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edo_neo-Confucianism" title="Edo neo-Confucianism">Edo neo-Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Shinto" title="Glossary of Shinto">Glossary of Shinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Shinto" title="History of Shinto">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokugaku" title="Kokugaku">Kokugaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko-Shint%C5%8D" title="Ko-Shintō">Ko-Shintō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_legendary_creatures_from_Japan" title="List of legendary creatures from Japan">Mythical creatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nippon_Kaigi" title="Nippon Kaigi">Nippon Kaigi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Religion in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Shrine_Theory" title="Secular Shrine Theory">Secular Shrine Theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Shinto" title="State Shinto">State Shinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinbutsu-sh%C5%ABg%C5%8D" title="Shinbutsu-shūgō">Syncretism of Shinto and Buddhism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/16px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/24px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/32px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Shinto" title="Template:Shinto"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Shinto" title="Template talk:Shinto"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Shinto" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Shinto"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p> Shinto<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">神道</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><i>Shintō</i></i></span>)</span>, also <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami-no-michi</i></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religion" title="Indigenous religion">indigenous religion</a> of <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> and of most of the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_people" title="Japanese people">people of Japan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> George Williams classifies Shinto as an action-centered <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it focuses on <a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">ritual</a> practices to be carried out diligently in order to establish a connection between present-day Japan and its ancient roots.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The written historical records of the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kojiki" title="Kojiki">Kojiki</a></i></span> and <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Nihon_Shoki" title="Nihon Shoki">Nihon Shoki</a></i></span> first recorded and codified Shinto practices in the 8th century. Still, these earliest Japanese writings do not refer to a unified "Shinto religion", but rather to a collection of native beliefs and of <a href="/wiki/Japanese_mythology" title="Japanese mythology">mythology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-JapaneseReligion1985_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JapaneseReligion1985-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shinto in the 21st century is the religion of public <a href="/wiki/Shinto_shrine" title="Shinto shrine">shrines</a> devoted to the worship of a multitude of <a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">gods</a> (<span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kami" title="Kami">kami</a></i></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-Breen,_Teeuwen._2010._p._1_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Breen,_Teeuwen._2010._p._1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suited to various purposes such as war memorials and <a href="/wiki/Harvest_festival" title="Harvest festival">harvest festivals</a>, and applies as well to various sectarian organizations. Practitioners express their diverse beliefs through a standard language and practice, adopting a similar style in dress and ritual dating from around the time of the <a href="/wiki/Nara_period" title="Nara period">Nara</a> (710–794) and <a href="/wiki/Heian_period" title="Heian period">Heian</a> (794–1185) periods.<sup id="cite_ref-JapaneseReligion1985_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JapaneseReligion1985-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style></p><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:656px;max-width:656px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Takabe_jinja_haiden.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Takabe_jinja_haiden.JPG/160px-Takabe_jinja_haiden.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Takabe_jinja_haiden.JPG/240px-Takabe_jinja_haiden.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Takabe_jinja_haiden.JPG/320px-Takabe_jinja_haiden.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Takabe-<a href="/wiki/Shinto_shrine" title="Shinto shrine">jinja</a></i></span> in <a href="/wiki/Minamib%C5%8Ds%C5%8D" title="Minamibōsō">Minamibōsō</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chiba_Prefecture" title="Chiba Prefecture">Chiba</a>, an example of the native <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Shinmei-zukuri" title="Shinmei-zukuri">shinmei-zukuri</a></i></span> style</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Isana_s02.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Isana_s02.JPG/160px-Isana_s02.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Isana_s02.JPG/240px-Isana_s02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Isana_s02.JPG/320px-Isana_s02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Haiden_(Shinto)" title="Haiden (Shinto)">Haiden</a></i></span> of the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Izanagi" title="Izanagi">Izanagi</a>-jinja</i></span> in <a href="/wiki/Suita,_Osaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Suita, Osaka">Suita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osaka_Prefecture" title="Osaka Prefecture">Osaka</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:131130_Nagaoka-tenmangu_Nagaokakyo_Kyoto_pref_Japan12s3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/131130_Nagaoka-tenmangu_Nagaokakyo_Kyoto_pref_Japan12s3.jpg/160px-131130_Nagaoka-tenmangu_Nagaokakyo_Kyoto_pref_Japan12s3.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/131130_Nagaoka-tenmangu_Nagaokakyo_Kyoto_pref_Japan12s3.jpg/240px-131130_Nagaoka-tenmangu_Nagaokakyo_Kyoto_pref_Japan12s3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/131130_Nagaoka-tenmangu_Nagaokakyo_Kyoto_pref_Japan12s3.jpg/320px-131130_Nagaoka-tenmangu_Nagaokakyo_Kyoto_pref_Japan12s3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4800" data-file-height="3200" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Tenman-gū</i></span> in <a href="/wiki/Nagaokaky%C5%8D,_Kyoto" title="Nagaokakyō, Kyoto">Nagaokakyō</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kotozakihachiman.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Kotozakihachiman.JPG/160px-Kotozakihachiman.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Kotozakihachiman.JPG/240px-Kotozakihachiman.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Kotozakihachiman.JPG/320px-Kotozakihachiman.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Shrine of <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Hachiman" title="Hachiman">Hachiman</a></i></span> in <a href="/wiki/Ube,_Yamaguchi" title="Ube, Yamaguchi">Ube</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yamaguchi_Prefecture" title="Yamaguchi Prefecture">Yamaguchi</a></div></div></div></div></div><p>The Japanese adopted the word <i>Shinto</i> ("way of the gods"), originally as <i>Shindo</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Stuart_D._B._Picken,_1994._p._xxi_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stuart_D._B._Picken,_1994._p._xxi-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from the written <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Shendao" class="mw-redirect" title="Shendao">Shendao</a></i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">神道</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">shén dào</span></i>),<sup id="cite_ref-Sokyo1962_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sokyo1962-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> combining two <a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">kanji</a>: <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">shin</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">神</span></span>)</span>, meaning "spirit" or <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span>; and <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">tō</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">道</span></span>)</span>, meaning a philosophical path or study (from the Chinese word <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn"><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A0o" class="mw-redirect" title="Dào">dào</a></i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-JapaneseReligion1985_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JapaneseReligion1985-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sokyo1962_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sokyo1962-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest recorded usage of the word <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Shindo</i></span> dates from the second half of the 6th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Stuart_D._B._Picken,_1994._p._xxi_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stuart_D._B._Picken,_1994._p._xxi-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Kami</i></span> are defined in English as "spirits", "essences" or "gods", referring to the energy generating the phenomena.<sup id="cite_ref-Stuart_D._B._Picken,_1994._p._xxii_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stuart_D._B._Picken,_1994._p._xxii-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese language</a> does not distinguish between singular and plural, <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span> refers to the <a href="/wiki/Divinity" title="Divinity">divinity</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Sacred" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred">sacred</a> essence, that manifests in multiple forms: rocks, trees, rivers, animals, places, and even people can be said to possess the nature of <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">kami</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stuart_D._B._Picken,_1994._p._xxii_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stuart_D._B._Picken,_1994._p._xxii-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Kami</i></span> and people are not separate; they exist within the same world and share its interrelated complexity.<sup id="cite_ref-JapaneseReligion1985_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JapaneseReligion1985-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> is the largest religion in Japan, practiced by nearly 80% of the population, yet only a small percentage of these identify themselves as "Shintoists" in surveys.<sup id="cite_ref-Breen,_Teeuwen._2010._p._1_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Breen,_Teeuwen._2010._p._1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is due to the fact that "Shinto" has different meanings in Japan: most of the Japanese attend Shinto shrines and beseech kami without belonging to Shinto organisations,<sup id="cite_ref-Engler,_Price._2005._p._95_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Engler,_Price._2005._p._95-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and since there are no formal rituals to become a member of folk "Shinto", "Shinto membership" is often estimated counting those who join organised Shinto sects.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams,_2004._pp._4-5_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams,_2004._pp._4-5-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shinto has 100,000 <a href="/wiki/Shinto_shrine" title="Shinto shrine">shrines</a><sup id="cite_ref-Breen,_Teeuwen._2010._p._1_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Breen,_Teeuwen._2010._p._1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 78,890 <a href="/wiki/Kannushi" title="Kannushi">priests</a> in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-Bestor,_Yamagata._2011._p._65_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bestor,_Yamagata._2011._p._65-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shinto_sects_and_new_religions">Shinto sects and new religions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Japan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Shinto sects and new religions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:462px;max-width:462px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shinrikyo02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Shinrikyo02.jpg/150px-Shinrikyo02.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Shinrikyo02.jpg/225px-Shinrikyo02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Shinrikyo02.jpg/300px-Shinrikyo02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="864" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Main shrine of Shinriism<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">神理教</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Shinrikyō</i></span>)</span> in <a href="/wiki/Kitakyushu" title="Kitakyushu">Kitakyushu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fukuoka_Prefecture" title="Fukuoka Prefecture">Fukuoka Prefecture</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sukyo_Mahikari_Headquarter_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Sukyo_Mahikari_Headquarter_02.jpg/150px-Sukyo_Mahikari_Headquarter_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Sukyo_Mahikari_Headquarter_02.jpg/225px-Sukyo_Mahikari_Headquarter_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Sukyo_Mahikari_Headquarter_02.jpg/300px-Sukyo_Mahikari_Headquarter_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Headquarters of <a href="/wiki/Sukyo_Mahikari" title="Sukyo Mahikari">Sukyo Mahikari</a> in <a href="/wiki/Takayama,_Gifu" title="Takayama, Gifu">Takayama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gifu_Prefecture" title="Gifu Prefecture">Gifu Prefecture</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%86%86%E5%BF%9C%E6%95%99P5138783.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/%E5%86%86%E5%BF%9C%E6%95%99P5138783.JPG/150px-%E5%86%86%E5%BF%9C%E6%95%99P5138783.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/%E5%86%86%E5%BF%9C%E6%95%99P5138783.JPG/225px-%E5%86%86%E5%BF%9C%E6%95%99P5138783.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/%E5%86%86%E5%BF%9C%E6%95%99P5138783.JPG/300px-%E5%86%86%E5%BF%9C%E6%95%99P5138783.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Headquarters of Ennoism<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">円応教</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">En'nōkyō</i></span>)</span> in <a href="/wiki/Hy%C5%8Dgo_Prefecture" title="Hyōgo Prefecture">Hyōgo Prefecture</a></div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shinto_sects_and_schools" title="Shinto sects and schools">Shinto sects and schools</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_new_religions" title="Japanese new religions">Japanese new religions</a></div> <p>Profound changes occurred in Japanese society in the 20th century (especially after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>), including rapid industrialisation and urbanisation.<sup id="cite_ref-Earhart,_2013._pp._286-287_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Earhart,_2013._pp._286-287-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditional religions, challenged by the transformation, underwent a reshaping themselves,<sup id="cite_ref-Earhart,_2013._pp._286-287_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Earhart,_2013._pp._286-287-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and principles of religious freedom articulated by the 1947 <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Japan" title="Constitution of Japan">constitution</a><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> provided space for the proliferation of new religious movements.<sup id="cite_ref-Bestor,_Yamagata._2011._p._65_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bestor,_Yamagata._2011._p._65-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>New sects of Shinto, as well as movements claiming a thoroughly independent status, and also new forms of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> lay societies, provided ways of aggregation for people uprooted from traditional families and village institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While traditional Shinto has a residential and hereditary basis, and a person participates in the worship activities devoted to the local tutelary deity or ancestor – occasionally asking for specific healing or blessing services or participating in pilgrimages – in the new religions individuals formed groups without regard to kinship or territorial origins, and such groups required a voluntary decision to join.<sup id="cite_ref-Earhart,_2013._p._290_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Earhart,_2013._p._290-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These new religions also provided cohesion through a unified doctrine and practice shared by the nationwide community.<sup id="cite_ref-Earhart,_2013._p._290_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Earhart,_2013._p._290-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The officially recognized new religions number in the hundreds, and total membership reportedly numbers in the tens of millions.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 234–235">: 234–235 </span></sup> The largest new religion, <a href="/wiki/Soka_Gakkai" title="Soka Gakkai">Soka Gakkai</a>, a Buddhist sect founded in 1930, gathers around 4 million members. Scholars in Japan have estimated that between 10% and 20% of the population belongs to the new religions,<sup id="cite_ref-Bestor,_Yamagata._2011._p._65_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bestor,_Yamagata._2011._p._65-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although more realistic estimates put the number at well below the 10% mark.<sup id="cite_ref-Bestor,_Yamagata._2011._p._65_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bestor,_Yamagata._2011._p._65-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2007<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Japan&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> there are 223,831 priests and leaders of the new religions in Japan, three times the number of traditional Shinto priests.<sup id="cite_ref-Bestor,_Yamagata._2011._p._65_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bestor,_Yamagata._2011._p._65-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many of these new religions derive from Shinto, retain the fundamental characters of Shinto, and often identify themselves as forms of Shinto. These include <a href="/wiki/Tenrikyo" title="Tenrikyo">Tenrikyo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Konkokyo" title="Konkokyo">Konkokyo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Omotokyo" class="mw-redirect" title="Omotokyo">Omotokyo</a>, Shinrikyo, <a href="/wiki/Shinreikyo" title="Shinreikyo">Shinreikyo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sekai_Shindokyo" title="Sekai Shindokyo">Sekai Shindokyo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zenrinkyo" title="Zenrinkyo">Zenrinkyo</a> and others. Others are independent new religions, including <a href="/wiki/Aum_Shinrikyo" title="Aum Shinrikyo">Aum Shinrikyo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahikari" title="Mahikari">Mahikari</a> movements, the <a href="/wiki/PL_Kyodan" title="PL Kyodan">Church of Perfect Liberty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seicho-no-Ie" title="Seicho-no-Ie">Seicho-no-Ie</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_World_Messianity" title="Church of World Messianity">Church of World Messianity</a>, and others. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buddhism">Buddhism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Japan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Buddhism in Japan</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">仏教</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Bukkyō</i></span>)</span> first arrived in Japan in the 6th century, introduced in the year 538 or 552<sup id="cite_ref-Brown,_1993._p._455_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown,_1993._p._455-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Baekje" title="Baekje">Baekje</a> in <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown,_1993._p._455_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown,_1993._p._455-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Baekje king sent the Japanese emperor a picture of the Buddha and some sutras. After overcoming brief yet violent oppositions by conservative forces, it was accepted by the Japanese court in 587.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown,_1993._p._455_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown,_1993._p._455-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Yamato_Kingship" title="Yamato Kingship">Yamato state</a> ruled over clans<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">uji</i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span> centered around the worship of ancestral nature deities.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown,_1993._p._456_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown,_1993._p._456-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also a period of intense immigration from Korea,<sup id="cite_ref-Brown,_1993._p._454_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown,_1993._p._454-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> horse riders from northeast Asia,<sup id="cite_ref-Brown,_1993._p._455_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown,_1993._p._455-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as cultural influence from China,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which had been unified under the <a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui dynasty</a> becoming the crucial power on the mainland.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown,_1993._p._454_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown,_1993._p._454-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buddhism functioned to affirm the state's power and mold its position in the broader culture of East Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown,_1993._p._456_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown,_1993._p._456-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Japanese aristocrats set about building Buddhist temples in the capital at <a href="/wiki/Nara,_Nara" class="mw-redirect" title="Nara, Nara">Nara</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown,_1993._p._456_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown,_1993._p._456-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the government's vast investment in spreading Buddhism during the Nara period (646-794) led to corruption, and led to reformation period and a shift in focus from Nara to the new capital of Heian (now <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"></p><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:616px;max-width:616px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Toshodaiji_Nara_Nara_pref01s5s4290.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Toshodaiji_Nara_Nara_pref01s5s4290.jpg/150px-Toshodaiji_Nara_Nara_pref01s5s4290.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Toshodaiji_Nara_Nara_pref01s5s4290.jpg/225px-Toshodaiji_Nara_Nara_pref01s5s4290.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Toshodaiji_Nara_Nara_pref01s5s4290.jpg/300px-Toshodaiji_Nara_Nara_pref01s5s4290.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4290" data-file-height="2860" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dsh%C5%8Ddai-ji" title="Tōshōdai-ji">Tōshōdai-ji</a></i></span>, an early Buddhist temple in Nara</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Myoudouji-tenple_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Myoudouji-tenple_1.jpg/150px-Myoudouji-tenple_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Myoudouji-tenple_1.jpg/225px-Myoudouji-tenple_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Myoudouji-tenple_1.jpg/300px-Myoudouji-tenple_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Myoudou-ji</i></span>, a <a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Ddo_Shinsh%C5%AB" title="Jōdo Shinshū">Jodo Shin</a> temple with distinctive architectural style</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Daihozan_Monjuin_04.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Daihozan_Monjuin_04.JPG/150px-Daihozan_Monjuin_04.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Daihozan_Monjuin_04.JPG/225px-Daihozan_Monjuin_04.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Daihozan_Monjuin_04.JPG/300px-Daihozan_Monjuin_04.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Monju-in</i></span>, a <a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a> temple in <a href="/wiki/Matsuyama,_Ehime" class="mw-redirect" title="Matsuyama, Ehime">Matsuyama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ehime_Prefecture" title="Ehime Prefecture">Ehime</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Interior_-_Hyakumanben_chion-ji_-_Kyoto_-_DSC06544.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Interior_-_Hyakumanben_chion-ji_-_Kyoto_-_DSC06544.JPG/150px-Interior_-_Hyakumanben_chion-ji_-_Kyoto_-_DSC06544.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Interior_-_Hyakumanben_chion-ji_-_Kyoto_-_DSC06544.JPG/225px-Interior_-_Hyakumanben_chion-ji_-_Kyoto_-_DSC06544.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Interior_-_Hyakumanben_chion-ji_-_Kyoto_-_DSC06544.JPG/300px-Interior_-_Hyakumanben_chion-ji_-_Kyoto_-_DSC06544.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Inner hall of <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Hyakumanben chion-ji</i></span> a <a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Ddo-sh%C5%AB" title="Jōdo-shū">Jodo</a> temple in <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a></div></div></div></div></div><p>The six Buddhist sects initially established in Nara are today together known as "<a href="/wiki/Nanto_Rikush%C5%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanto Rikushū">Nara Buddhism</a>" and are relatively small. When the capital moved to Heian, more forms of Buddhism arrived from China, including the still-popular <a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon Buddhism</a>, an esoteric form of Buddhism similar to Tibet's Vajrayana Buddhism, and <a href="/wiki/Tendai" title="Tendai">Tendai</a>, a monastic conservative form known better by its Chinese name, <a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a>. </p><p>When the <a href="/wiki/Kamakura_shogunate" title="Kamakura shogunate">shogunate</a> took power in the 12th century and the administrative capital moved to <a href="/wiki/Kamakura,_Kanagawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamakura, Kanagawa">Kamakura</a>, more forms of Buddhism arrived. The most culturally influential was <a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a>, which focused on meditation and attaining enlightenment in this life. Two schools of Zen were established, <a href="/wiki/Rinzai" class="mw-redirect" title="Rinzai">Rinzai</a> and <a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dt%C5%8D" title="Sōtō">Sōtō</a>; a third, <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cbaku" title="Ōbaku">Ōbaku</a>, formed in 1661. </p><p>With the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a> in 1868 and its accompanying centralisation of imperial power and modernisation of the state, <a href="/wiki/State_Shinto" title="State Shinto">Shinto</a> was made the state religion. An order of <a href="/wiki/Shinbutsu_bunri" title="Shinbutsu bunri">elimination of mutual influence of Shinto and Buddhism</a> was also enacted, followed by a <a href="/wiki/Haibutsu_kishaku" title="Haibutsu kishaku">movement to thoroughly eradicate Buddhism</a> from Japan. </p><p>Today, the most popular school in Japan is <a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land Buddhism</a>, which arrived in the form of independent schools in the <a href="/wiki/Kamakura_period" title="Kamakura period">Kamakura period</a>, although elements of it were practiced in Japan for centuries beforehand. It emphasizes the role of <a href="/wiki/Amitabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Amitabha">Amitabha Buddha</a> and promises that reciting the phrase <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">"<a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">Namu Amida Butsu</a>"</i></span> will result in being taken by Amitabha upon death to the "Western Paradise" or "<a href="/wiki/Pure_Land" class="mw-redirect" title="Pure Land">Pure Land</a>", where <a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a> is more easily attained. Pure Land attracted members from all of the different classes, from farmers and merchants to noblemen and samurai clans, such as the <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_clan" title="Tokugawa clan">Tokugawa clan</a>. There are two primary branches of Pure Land Buddhism today: <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Ddo-sh%C5%AB" title="Jōdo-shū">Jōdo-shū</a></i></span>, which focuses on repeating the phrase many times as taught by <a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dnen" title="Hōnen">Honen</a>, and <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Ddo_Shinsh%C5%AB" title="Jōdo Shinshū">Jōdo Shinshū</a></i></span>, which claims that only saying the phrase once with a pure heart is necessary, as taught by <a href="/wiki/Shinran" title="Shinran">Shinran</a>. Two smaller schools of Pure Land Buddhism exist as well, those of <a href="/wiki/Ji-shu" title="Ji-shu">Ji-shu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yuzu_Nembutsu" title="Yuzu Nembutsu">Yuzu Nembutsu</a>, although these are significantly smaller than their larger counterparts. </p><p>Another prevalent form of Buddhism is <a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren Buddhism</a>, which was established by the 13th century monk <a href="/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a> who underlined the importance of the <a href="/wiki/Lotus_Sutra" title="Lotus Sutra">Lotus Sutra</a>. The main representatives of Nichiren Buddhism include sects such as <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Sh%C5%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nichiren Shū">Nichiren Shū</a></i></span> and <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Sh%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB" title="Nichiren Shōshū">Nichiren Shōshū</a></i></span>, and lay organisations like <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Rissh%C5%8D_K%C5%8Dsei_Kai" title="Risshō Kōsei Kai">Risshō Kōsei Kai</a></i></span> and <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Soka_Gakkai" title="Soka Gakkai">Soka Gakkai</a></i></span>—a denomination whose political wing forms the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Komeito" title="Komeito">Komeito</a></i></span>, Japan's third largest political party. Common to most lineages of Nichiren Buddhism is the chanting of <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Namu_My%C5%8Dh%C5%8D_Renge_Ky%C5%8D" title="Namu Myōhō Renge Kyō">Namu Myōhō Renge Kyō</a></i></span> (or Nam Myoho Renge Kyo) and the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Gohonzon" title="Gohonzon">Gohonzon</a></i></span> inscribed by Nichiren. </p><p>As of 2018<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Japan&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, there were 355,000+ Buddhist monks, priests and leaders in Japan,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an increase of over 40,000 compared to 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Minor_religions">Minor religions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Japan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Minor religions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christianity">Christianity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Japan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:770px;max-width:770px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2018_St._Mary%27s_Cathedral_Tokyo_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/2018_St._Mary%27s_Cathedral_Tokyo_1.jpg/150px-2018_St._Mary%27s_Cathedral_Tokyo_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/2018_St._Mary%27s_Cathedral_Tokyo_1.jpg/225px-2018_St._Mary%27s_Cathedral_Tokyo_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/2018_St._Mary%27s_Cathedral_Tokyo_1.jpg/300px-2018_St._Mary%27s_Cathedral_Tokyo_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1708" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/St._Mary%27s_Cathedral,_Tokyo" title="St. Mary's Cathedral, Tokyo">Saint Mary's Catholic Cathedral</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tokyo_Resurrection_Cathedral_March_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Tokyo_Resurrection_Cathedral_March_2019.jpg/150px-Tokyo_Resurrection_Cathedral_March_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Tokyo_Resurrection_Cathedral_March_2019.jpg/225px-Tokyo_Resurrection_Cathedral_March_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Tokyo_Resurrection_Cathedral_March_2019.jpg/300px-Tokyo_Resurrection_Cathedral_March_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2289" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Resurrection_Cathedral" title="Holy Resurrection Cathedral">Holy Resurrection Cathedral</a> in Tokyo, of the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Orthodox Church">Japanese Orthodox Church</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St._Andrews_Anglican_Cathedral,_Tokyo,_December_2013.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/St._Andrews_Anglican_Cathedral%2C_Tokyo%2C_December_2013.JPG/150px-St._Andrews_Anglican_Cathedral%2C_Tokyo%2C_December_2013.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/St._Andrews_Anglican_Cathedral%2C_Tokyo%2C_December_2013.JPG/225px-St._Andrews_Anglican_Cathedral%2C_Tokyo%2C_December_2013.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/St._Andrews_Anglican_Cathedral%2C_Tokyo%2C_December_2013.JPG/300px-St._Andrews_Anglican_Cathedral%2C_Tokyo%2C_December_2013.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">St. Andrew's Cathedral in Tokyo, of the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church_in_Japan" title="Anglican Church in Japan">Japanese Anglican Church</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TOKYO_ONCYO_REFORMED_CHURCH_IN_JAPAN_2010_Ebisu,_Tokyo.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/TOKYO_ONCYO_REFORMED_CHURCH_IN_JAPAN_2010_Ebisu%2C_Tokyo.JPG/150px-TOKYO_ONCYO_REFORMED_CHURCH_IN_JAPAN_2010_Ebisu%2C_Tokyo.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/TOKYO_ONCYO_REFORMED_CHURCH_IN_JAPAN_2010_Ebisu%2C_Tokyo.JPG/225px-TOKYO_ONCYO_REFORMED_CHURCH_IN_JAPAN_2010_Ebisu%2C_Tokyo.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/TOKYO_ONCYO_REFORMED_CHURCH_IN_JAPAN_2010_Ebisu%2C_Tokyo.JPG/300px-TOKYO_ONCYO_REFORMED_CHURCH_IN_JAPAN_2010_Ebisu%2C_Tokyo.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Grace Church, a <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Reformed</a> church in Tokyo</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kashii_Baptist_Church_20190212.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Kashii_Baptist_Church_20190212.jpg/150px-Kashii_Baptist_Church_20190212.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Kashii_Baptist_Church_20190212.jpg/225px-Kashii_Baptist_Church_20190212.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Kashii_Baptist_Church_20190212.jpg/300px-Kashii_Baptist_Church_20190212.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3927" data-file-height="2945" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Kashii <a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist</a> Church in <a href="/wiki/Fukuoka" title="Fukuoka">Fukuoka</a> (<a href="/wiki/Japan_Baptist_Convention" title="Japan Baptist Convention">Japan Baptist Convention</a>)</div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Japan" title="Christianity in Japan">Christianity in Japan</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Catholicism_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism in Japan">Catholicism in Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthodoxy in Japan">Orthodoxy in Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Japan" title="Protestantism in Japan">Protestantism in Japan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_in_Japan" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Japan">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Japan</a></div> <p>In 2022, there were 1.9 million<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Christians in Japan,<sup id="cite_ref-US2022_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US2022-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> most of them living in the western part of the country, where missionaries' activities were greatest during the 16th century. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> (キリスト教 <i>Kirisutokyō</i>), in the form of <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a> (カトリック教 <i>Katorikkukyō</i>), was introduced into Japan by <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> missions starting in 1549.<sup id="cite_ref-Higashibaba,_2002._p._1_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Higashibaba,_2002._p._1-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In that year, the three Jesuits <a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cosme_de_Torres" title="Cosme de Torres">Cosme de Torres</a> and <a href="/wiki/Juan_Fern%C3%A1ndez_(missionary)" title="Juan Fernández (missionary)">Juan Fernández</a>, landed in <a href="/wiki/Kagoshima" title="Kagoshima">Kagoshima</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Kyushu" title="Kyushu">Kyushu</a>, on 15 August.<sup id="cite_ref-Higashibaba,_2002._p._1_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Higashibaba,_2002._p._1-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese</a> traders were active in Kagoshima since 1543,<sup id="cite_ref-Higashibaba,_2002._p._1_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Higashibaba,_2002._p._1-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> welcomed by local <i><a href="/wiki/Daimy%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Daimyō">daimyōs</a></i> because they imported gunpowder. <a href="/wiki/Anjir%C5%8D" title="Anjirō">Anjirō</a>, a Japanese convert, helped the Jesuits understanding Japanese culture and translating the first Japanese catechism.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These missionaries were successful in converting large numbers of people in Kyushu, including peasants, former Buddhist monks, and members of the warrior class.<sup id="cite_ref-Higashibaba,_2002._p._12_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Higashibaba,_2002._p._12-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1559, a mission to the capital, <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a>, was started.<sup id="cite_ref-Higashibaba,_2002._p._12_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Higashibaba,_2002._p._12-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the following year there were nine churches, and the Christian community grew steadily in the 1560s.<sup id="cite_ref-Higashibaba,_2002._p._12_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Higashibaba,_2002._p._12-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1569 there were 30,000 Christians and 40 churches.<sup id="cite_ref-Higashibaba,_2002._p._12_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Higashibaba,_2002._p._12-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the conversion of some lords in Kyushu, mass baptisms of the local populations occurred, and in the 1570s the number of Christians rose rapidly to 100,000.<sup id="cite_ref-Higashibaba,_2002._p._12_41-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Higashibaba,_2002._p._12-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Near the end of the 16th century, <a href="/wiki/Franciscan" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan">Franciscan</a> missionaries arrived in Kyoto, despite a ban issued by <a href="/wiki/Toyotomi_Hideyoshi" title="Toyotomi Hideyoshi">Toyotomi Hideyoshi</a>. In 1597, Hideyoshi proclaimed a more serious edict and <a href="/wiki/Twenty-six_Martyrs_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Twenty-six Martyrs of Japan">executed 26 Franciscans</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nagasaki" title="Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a> as a warning. <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_Ieyasu" title="Tokugawa Ieyasu">Tokugawa Ieyasu</a> and his successors enforced the prohibition of Christianity with several further edicts, especially after the <a href="/wiki/Shimabara_Rebellion" title="Shimabara Rebellion">Shimabara Rebellion</a> in the 1630s. Many Christians <a href="/wiki/Kakure_Kirishitan" title="Kakure Kirishitan">continued to practice in secret</a>. However, more importantly, the discourses on Christianity became the property of the state during the Tokugawa period. The state leveraged its power over to declare Christians enemies of the state in order to create and maintain a legally enforceable identity for Japanese subjects. As such, Christian identities or icons became the exclusive property of the Japanese state.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although often discussed as a "foreign" or "minority" religion, Christianity has played a key sociopolitical role in the lives of Japanese subjects and citizens for hundreds of years.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1873, following the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a>, the ban was rescinded, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">freedom of religion</a> was promulgated, and <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> missionaries (プロテスタント <i>Purotesutanto</i> or 新教 <i>Shinkyō</i>, "renewed teaching") began to proselytise in Japan, intensifying their activities after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, yet they were never as successful as in <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Korea" title="Religion in South Korea">Korea</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nagasaki_Prefecture" title="Nagasaki Prefecture">Nagasaki Prefecture</a> had the highest percentage of Christians in 1996 (about 5.1%).<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2007 there were 32,036 Christian priests and pastors in Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-Bestor,_Yamagata._2011._p._65_24-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bestor,_Yamagata._2011._p._65-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a poll conducted by the <a href="/wiki/Gallup_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup Organization">Gallup Organization</a> in 2006, Christianity had increased significantly in <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Japan" title="Christianity in Japan">Japan</a>, particularly among youth, and a high number of teens were becoming Christians.<sup id="cite_ref-W._Robinson_2012_521_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-W._Robinson_2012_521-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout the latest century, some Western customs originally related to Christianity (including <a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Japan" title="Marriage in Japan">Western style weddings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valentine%27s_Day" title="Valentine's Day">Valentine's Day</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a>) have become popular among many of the Japanese. For example, 60–70% of weddings performed in Japan are Christian-style.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Christian culture</a> has a generally positive image in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Heide_Fehrenbach,_Uta_G._Poiger_2000_62_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heide_Fehrenbach,_Uta_G._Poiger_2000_62-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islam">Islam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Japan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tokyo_Camii_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Tokyo_Camii_2009.jpg/150px-Tokyo_Camii_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Tokyo_Camii_2009.jpg/225px-Tokyo_Camii_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Tokyo_Camii_2009.jpg/300px-Tokyo_Camii_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2092" data-file-height="2428" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Mosque" title="Tokyo Mosque">Tokyo Mosque</a>, built in <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture" title="Ottoman architecture">Ottoman style</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Japan" title="Islam in Japan">Islam in Japan</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> (イスラム教 <i>Isuramukyō</i>) in Japan is mostly represented by small immigrant communities from other parts of <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>. In 2008, Keiko Sakurai estimated that 80–90% of the Muslims in Japan were foreign-born migrants primarily from Indonesia, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been estimated that the Muslim immigrant population amounts to 10,000–50,000 people, while the "estimated number of Japanese Muslims ranges from thousands to tens of thousands".<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bahá'í_Faith"><span id="Bah.C3.A1.27.C3.AD_Faith"></span>Bahá'í Faith</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Japan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bahá'í Faith"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD_Faith_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahá'í Faith in Japan">Bahá'í Faith in Japan</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD_Faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahá'í Faith">Bahá'í Faith</a> (バハーイー教 <i>Bahāiikyō</i>) in Japan began after a few mentions of the country by <a href="/wiki/%27Abdu%27l-Bah%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="'Abdu'l-Bahá">'Abdu'l-Bahá</a> first in 1875.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first Japanese convert was <a href="/wiki/Kanichi_Yamamoto" title="Kanichi Yamamoto">Kanichi Yamamoto</a><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">山本寛一</span></span>)</span>, who lived in <a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu</a>, and accepted the faith in 1902; the second convert was <a href="/wiki/Saichiro_Fujita" title="Saichiro Fujita">Saichiro Fujita</a><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">藤田左弌郎</span></span>)</span>. The first Bahá'í convert on Japanese soil was Kikutaro Fukuta<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">福田菊太郎</span></span>)</span> in 1915.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Almost a century later, the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Religion_Data_Archives" title="Association of Religion Data Archives">Association of Religion Data Archives</a> (relying on <a href="/wiki/World_Christian_Encyclopedia" title="World Christian Encyclopedia">World Christian Encyclopedia</a>) estimated some 15,700 Bahá'ís in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-WCE-05_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WCE-05-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judaism">Judaism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Japan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Japan" title="History of the Jews in Japan">History of the Jews in Japan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jewish_settlement_in_Imperial_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish settlement in Imperial Japan">Jewish settlement in Imperial Japan</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> (ユダヤ教 <i>Yudayakyō</i>) in Japan is practiced by about 2,000 <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> living in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the opening of Japan to the external world in 1853 and the end of Japan's <i><a href="/wiki/Sakoku" title="Sakoku">sakoku</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy" title="Foreign policy">foreign policy</a>, some Jews immigrated to Japan from abroad, with the first recorded Jewish settlers arriving at <a href="/wiki/Yokohama" title="Yokohama">Yokohama</a> in 1861. The Jewish population continued to grow into the 1950s, fueled by immigration from Europe and the Middle East, with <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kobe" title="Kobe">Kobe</a> forming the largest communities. </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, some European Jews fleeing <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a> found refuge in Japan. These mainly Polish Jews received a so-called Curaçao visa from the Dutch consul in Kaunas, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Zwartendijk" title="Jan Zwartendijk">Jan Zwartendijk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This allowed one Japanese diplomat, <a href="/wiki/Chiune_Sugihara" title="Chiune Sugihara">Chiune Sugihara</a>, the Japanese consul to <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, to issue Japanese transit visa. In doing so, both Zwartendijk and Sugihara disregarded orders and helped more than 6,000 Jews escape the Nazis. After World War II, a large portion of Japan's Jewish population emigrated, many going to what would become <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>. Some of those who remained married locals and were assimilated into Japanese society. </p><p>There are community centres serving Jews in Tokyo<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Kobe.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Chabad-Lubavitch" class="mw-redirect" title="Chabad-Lubavitch">Chabad-Lubavitch</a> organization has two centers in Tokyo.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2015, Japan nominated a <a href="/wiki/Chief_Rabbi" title="Chief Rabbi">Chief Rabbi</a> for the first time, the head of Tokyo's <a href="/wiki/Chabad_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Chabad House">Chabad House</a>, Rabbi Binyamin Edrei.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hinduism">Hinduism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Japan&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Hinduism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Japan" title="Hinduism in Japan">Hinduism in Japan</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Krishna-in-Kyoto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Krishna-in-Kyoto.jpg/200px-Krishna-in-Kyoto.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="405" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Krishna-in-Kyoto.jpg/300px-Krishna-in-Kyoto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Krishna-in-Kyoto.jpg/400px-Krishna-in-Kyoto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="955" data-file-height="1932" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> deity <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> playing the flute in a temple constructed in 752<span class="nowrap"> </span>CE on the order of Emperor Shomu, <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Ddai-ji" title="Tōdai-ji">Todai-ji Temple</a>, Great Buddha Hall in <a href="/wiki/Nara,_Nara" class="mw-redirect" title="Nara, Nara">Nara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> (ヒンドゥー教 <i>Hindūkyō</i> or 印度教 <i>Indokyō</i>) in Japan is practiced by a small number of people, mostly migrants from <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Nevertheless, Hindu culture have had a significant but indirect role in Japanese culture, through the spread of Buddhism and the fascination of ancient world about Bharatvarsha. Four of the Japanese "<a href="/wiki/Seven_Gods_of_Fortune" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Gods of Fortune">Seven Gods of Fortune</a>" originated as Hindu deities, including Benzaiten (Sarasvati), Bishamon (Vaiśravaṇa or Kubera), Daikoku (Mahakala/Shiva), and Kisshoutennyo (Laxmi). Various Hindu deities, including the aforementioned, are worshipped in <a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon Buddhism</a>. This denomination and all other forms of Tantric Buddhism have multiple sources in common with Tantric Hinduism. </p><p>According to the Association of Religion Data Archives, there were 25,597 Hindus in Japan in 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sikhism">Sikhism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Japan&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sikhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Japan" title="Sikhism in Japan">Sikhism in Japan</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> (シク教 <i>Sikukyō</i>) is presently a minority religion in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> mainly followed by families migrated from India. Sikh communities formed in the 1920s, primarily in Kobe and later in Tokyo. The Sikh population, though small, established gurdwaras.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notable figures include <a href="/wiki/Jagatjit_Singh" title="Jagatjit Singh">Maharaja Jagatjit Singh</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kapurthala" title="Kapurthala">Kapurthala</a> who visited the country during 1903–1904.<sup id="cite_ref-Kamalakaran_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kamalakaran-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jainism">Jainism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Japan&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Jainism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Japan" title="Jainism in Japan">Jainism in Japan</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> (ジャイナ教 <i>Jainakyō</i>) is a minority religion in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>. As of 2009<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Japan&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, there were three Jain temples in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Minakata_Kumagusu" title="Minakata Kumagusu">Minakata Kumagusu</a> published the first simplified Japanese translation of Jainist concepts for common people.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_religions_of_East_Asia">Other religions of East Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Japan&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Other religions of East Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Happy_Science" title="Happy Science">Happy Science</a> was founded in 1986 by Ryuho Okawa. This Japanese religion has been very active in its political ventures to re-militarize Japan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ryukyuan_religion">Ryukyuan religion</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Japan&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Ryukyuan religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Miyako_harimizu_utaki.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Miyako_harimizu_utaki.jpg/150px-Miyako_harimizu_utaki.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Miyako_harimizu_utaki.jpg/225px-Miyako_harimizu_utaki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Miyako_harimizu_utaki.jpg/300px-Miyako_harimizu_utaki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><i>Harimizu <a href="/wiki/Utaki" title="Utaki">utaki</a></i> (Harimizu Shrine), a Ryukyuan shrine in <a href="/wiki/Miyakojima,_Okinawa" title="Miyakojima, Okinawa">Miyakojima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Okinawa_Prefecture" title="Okinawa Prefecture">Okinawa Prefecture</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_religion" title="Ryukyuan religion">Ryukyuan religion</a></div> <p>The Ryukyuan religion is the indigenous belief system of the people of <a href="/wiki/Okinawa_Prefecture" title="Okinawa Prefecture">Okinawa</a> and the other <a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_Islands" title="Ryukyu Islands">Ryukyu Islands</a>. While specific legends and traditions may vary slightly from place to place and island to island, the Ryukyuan religion is generally characterized by <a href="/wiki/Ancestor_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancestor worship">ancestor worship</a> (more accurately termed "ancestor respect") and the respecting of relationships between the living, the dead, and the gods and spirits of the natural world. Some of its beliefs, such as those concerning <i><a href="/wiki/Genius_loci" title="Genius loci">genius loci</a></i> spirits and many other beings classified between gods and humans, are indicative of its ancient <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">animistic</a> roots, as is its concern with <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">mabui</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">まぶい</span></span>)</span>, or life essence. </p><p>One of its most ancient features is the belief <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Onarigami" title="Onarigami">onarigami</a></i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">おなり神</span></span>)</span>, the spiritual superiority of women derived from the goddess <a href="/wiki/Amamikyu" title="Amamikyu">Amamikyu</a>, which allowed for the development of a class of <i><a href="/wiki/Noro_(priestess)" title="Noro (priestess)">noro</a></i> (priestesses) cult and <i>yuta</i> (female <a href="/wiki/Mediumship" title="Mediumship">media</a>). This differs from Japanese Shinto, where men are seen as the embodiment of purity. Ryukyuan religion has been influenced by Japanese Shinto and Buddhism, and various Chinese religions. It includes sects and reformed movements such as <a href="/wiki/Ijun" title="Ijun">Ijun</a> or Ijunism (<a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_languages" title="Ryukyuan languages">Ryukyuan</a>: いじゅん <i>Ijun</i>; Japanese: 違順教 <i>Ijunkyō</i>), founded in the 1970s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ainu_folk_religion">Ainu folk religion</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Japan&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Ainu folk religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ainu_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ainu religion">Ainu religion</a></div> <p>The Ainu religion <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Ainu no shūkyō</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">アイヌの宗教</span></span>)</span> is the indigenous belief system of the <a href="/wiki/Ainu_people" title="Ainu people">Ainu people</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hokkaido" title="Hokkaido">Hokkaido</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ainu_in_Russia" title="Ainu in Russia">parts of Far Eastern Russia</a>. It is an <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">animistic</a> religion centered around the belief that <i><a href="/wiki/Kamuy" title="Kamuy">Kamuy</a></i> (spirits or gods) live in everything. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chinese_folk_religion">Chinese folk religion</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Japan&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Chinese folk religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yamashitacho,_Naka_Ward,_Yokohama,_Kanagawa_Prefecture_231-0023,_Japan_-_panoramio_-_jetsun_(5).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Yamashitacho%2C_Naka_Ward%2C_Yokohama%2C_Kanagawa_Prefecture_231-0023%2C_Japan_-_panoramio_-_jetsun_%285%29.jpg/150px-Yamashitacho%2C_Naka_Ward%2C_Yokohama%2C_Kanagawa_Prefecture_231-0023%2C_Japan_-_panoramio_-_jetsun_%285%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Yamashitacho%2C_Naka_Ward%2C_Yokohama%2C_Kanagawa_Prefecture_231-0023%2C_Japan_-_panoramio_-_jetsun_%285%29.jpg/225px-Yamashitacho%2C_Naka_Ward%2C_Yokohama%2C_Kanagawa_Prefecture_231-0023%2C_Japan_-_panoramio_-_jetsun_%285%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Yamashitacho%2C_Naka_Ward%2C_Yokohama%2C_Kanagawa_Prefecture_231-0023%2C_Japan_-_panoramio_-_jetsun_%285%29.jpg/300px-Yamashitacho%2C_Naka_Ward%2C_Yokohama%2C_Kanagawa_Prefecture_231-0023%2C_Japan_-_panoramio_-_jetsun_%285%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="1296" /></a><figcaption>Temple of <a href="/wiki/Guan_Yu" title="Guan Yu">Guandi</a> (關帝廟; Japanese: <i>Kanteibyō</i>, Chinese: <i>Guāndìmiào</i>) in <a href="/wiki/Yokohama" title="Yokohama">Yokohama</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Most <a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Japan" title="Chinese people in Japan">Chinese people in Japan</a> practice the Chinese folk religion (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">中国民间宗教 or 中国民间信仰</span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Zhōngguó mínjiān zōngjiào or Zhōngguó mínjiān xìnyǎng</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>: <span lang="ja">中国の民俗宗教</span>; <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Japanese" title="Romanization of Japanese">rōmaji</a>: <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Chūgoku no minzoku shūkyō</i></span>), also known as Shenism (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">神教</span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Shénjiào</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Japanese" title="Romanization of Japanese">Japanese pronunciation</a>: <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Shinkyō</i></span>), that is very similar to Japanese Shinto. </p><p>The Chinese folk religion consists in the worship of the ethnic Chinese gods and ancestors, <i><a href="/wiki/Shen_(Chinese_religion)" title="Shen (Chinese religion)">shen</a></i> (神 "<a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">gods</a>", "spirits", "awarenesses", "consciousnesses", "<a href="/wiki/Archetype" title="Archetype">archetypes</a>"; literally "expressions", the energies that generate things and make them thrive), which can be <a href="/wiki/Nature_god" class="mw-redirect" title="Nature god">nature deities</a>, city deities or <a href="/wiki/Tutelary_deity" title="Tutelary deity">tutelary deities</a> of other human agglomerations, <a href="/wiki/National_god" title="National god">national deities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cultural_hero" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural hero">cultural</a> <a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">heroes</a> and demigods, <a href="/wiki/Ancestor" title="Ancestor">ancestors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Progenitor" title="Progenitor">progenitors</a> of kinships. <a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">Holy narratives</a> regarding some of these gods are codified into the body of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_mythology" title="Chinese mythology">Chinese mythology</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Taoism">Taoism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Japan&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Taoism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sakado_Xientengong_Tenmon_20110203_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Sakado_Xientengong_Tenmon_20110203_1.jpg/150px-Sakado_Xientengong_Tenmon_20110203_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Sakado_Xientengong_Tenmon_20110203_1.jpg/225px-Sakado_Xientengong_Tenmon_20110203_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Sakado_Xientengong_Tenmon_20110203_1.jpg/300px-Sakado_Xientengong_Tenmon_20110203_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><i>Seitenkyū</i> (聖天宮; Chinese: <i>Shèngtiāngōng</i>, "Temple of the Holy Heaven"), a <a href="/wiki/Taoist_temple" title="Taoist temple">Taoist temple</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sakado,_Saitama" title="Sakado, Saitama">Sakado, Saitama</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Taoism_in_Japan" title="Taoism in Japan">Taoism in Japan</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a> (道教 <i>Dōkyō</i>) was introduced from China between the 7th and 8th centuries, and influenced in varying degrees the Japanese indigenous spirituality. Taoist practices were absorbed into Shinto, and Taoism was the source of the esoteric and mystical religions of <a href="/wiki/Onmy%C5%8Dd%C5%8D" title="Onmyōdō">Onmyōdō</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shugend%C5%8D" title="Shugendō">Shugendō</a> and <a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dshin" title="Kōshin">Kōshin</a>. </p><p>Taoism, being an <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religion" title="Indigenous religion">indigenous religion</a> in China, shares some roots with Shinto, although Taoism is more hermetic while Shinto is more shamanic. Taoism's influence in Japan has been less profound than that of Japanese Neo-Confucianism. Today, institutional Chinese Taoism is present in the country in the form of some temples; the <i><a href="/wiki/Seitenky%C5%AB" title="Seitenkyū">Seitenkyū</a></i> was founded in 1995. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Confucianism">Confucianism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Japan&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Confucianism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ashikaga_Gakko_Koshibyo.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Ashikaga_Gakko_Koshibyo.JPG/150px-Ashikaga_Gakko_Koshibyo.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Ashikaga_Gakko_Koshibyo.JPG/225px-Ashikaga_Gakko_Koshibyo.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Ashikaga_Gakko_Koshibyo.JPG/300px-Ashikaga_Gakko_Koshibyo.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><i>Kōshibyō</i> (孔子廟, "Temple of Confucius") of the <a href="/wiki/Ashikaga_Gakko" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashikaga Gakko">Ashikaga Gakko</a>, the oldest Confucian school in Japan</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Edo_Neo-Confucianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Edo Neo-Confucianism">Edo Neo-Confucianism</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a> (儒教 <i>Jukyō</i>) was introduced from Korea during the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasions_of_Korea_(1592%E2%80%931598)" title="Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)">Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and developed into an elite religion, yet having a profound influence on the fabric of Japanese society overall during the <a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a>. The Confucian philosophy can be characterized as humanistic and rationalistic, with the belief that the universe could be understood through human reason, corresponding to the universal reason (<i><a href="/wiki/Li_(Neo-Confucianism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Li (Neo-Confucianism)">li</a></i>), and thus it is up to man to create a harmonious relationship between the universe (天 <i><a href="/wiki/Tian" title="Tian">Ten</a></i>) and the individual.<sup id="cite_ref-craig_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-craig-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rationalism of Neo-Confucianism was in contrast to the mysticism of Zen Buddhism in Japan. Unlike the Buddhists, the Neo-Confucians believed that reality existed, and could be understood by mankind, even if the interpretations of reality were slightly different depending on the school of Neo-Confucianism.<sup id="cite_ref-craig_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-craig-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The social aspects of the philosophy are hierarchical with a focus on <a href="/wiki/Filial_piety" title="Filial piety">filial piety</a>. This created a Confucian <a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">social stratification</a> in Edo society that previously had not existed, dividing Japanese society into four main classes: <a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">samurai</a>, farmers, <a href="/wiki/Artisan" title="Artisan">artisans</a> and merchants.<sup id="cite_ref-craig2_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-craig2-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The samurai were especially avid readers and teachers of Confucian thought in Japan, establishing many Confucian academies. </p><p>Neo-Confucianism also introduced elements of <a href="/wiki/Ethnocentrism" title="Ethnocentrism">ethnocentrism</a> into Japan. As the Chinese and Korean Neo-Confucians had regarded their own culture as the center of the world, the Japanese Neo-Confucians developed a similar national pride.<sup id="cite_ref-craig_69-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-craig-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This national pride would later evolve into the philosophical school of <a href="/wiki/Kokugaku" title="Kokugaku">Kokugaku</a>, which would later challenge Neo-Confucianism, and its perceived foreign Chinese and Korean origins, as the dominant philosophy of Japan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_practices_and_holidays">Religious practices and holidays</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Japan&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Religious practices and holidays"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most Japanese participate in rituals and customs derived from several religious traditions. Life cycle events are often marked by visits to a Shinto shrine and Buddhist temples. The birth of a new baby is celebrated with a formal shrine or temple visit at the age of about one month, as are the third, fifth, and seventh birthdays (<i><a href="/wiki/Shichi-Go-San" title="Shichi-Go-San">Shichi-Go-San</a></i>) and the official beginning of <a href="/wiki/Adulthood" class="mw-redirect" title="Adulthood">adulthood</a> at age twenty (<i><a href="/wiki/Seijin_shiki" class="mw-redirect" title="Seijin shiki">Seijin shiki</a></i>). The vast majority of Japanese wedding ceremonies have been Christian for at least the last three and half decades.<sup id="cite_ref-nirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shinto weddings and secular weddings that follow a "western-style" format are also popular but much less so and a small fraction (usually less than one percent) of weddings are Buddhist.<sup id="cite_ref-nirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Japanese_funeral" title="Japanese funeral">Japanese funerals</a> are usually performed by Buddhist priests, and Buddhist rites are also common on death day anniversaries of deceased family members. 91% of Japanese funerals take place according to <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> traditions. </p><p>There are two categories of holidays in Japan: <i><a href="/wiki/Matsuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Matsuri">matsuri</a></i> (temple fairs), which are largely of Shinto origin (some are Buddhist like <a href="/wiki/Buddha%27s_Birthday" title="Buddha's Birthday">Hanamatsuri</a>) and relate to the cultivation of rice and the spiritual well-being of the local community; and <i>nenjyū gyōji</i> (annual feasts), which are largely of Chinese or Buddhist origin. During the <a href="/wiki/Heian_period" title="Heian period">Heian period</a>, the <i>matsuri</i> were organized into a formal calendar, and other festivals were added. Very few <i>matsuri</i> or annual feasts are national holidays, but they are included in the national calendar of annual events. Most <i>matsuri</i> are local events and follow local traditions. They may be sponsored by schools, towns, or other groups but are most often associated with Shinto shrines. </p><p>Some of the holidays are secular in nature, but the two most significant for the majority of Japanese—<a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day" title="New Year's Day">New Year's Day</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Bon_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Bon Festival">Obon</a></i>—involve visits to Shinto shrines or Buddhist temples and only Buddhist temples for later. The New Year's holiday (January 1–3) is marked by the practice of numerous customs and the consumption of special foods. Visiting Shinto shrines or Buddhist temples to pray for family blessings in the coming year, dressing in a <a href="/wiki/Kimono" title="Kimono">kimono</a>, hanging special decorations, eating noodles on New Year's Eve, and playing a poetry card game are among these practices. During Obon, <i>bon</i> (spirit altars) are set up in front of Buddhist family altars, which, along with ancestral graves, are cleaned in anticipation of the return of the spirits. People living away from their family homes return for visits with relatives. Celebrations include folk dancing and prayers at Buddhist temples as well as family rituals in the home. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion_and_law">Religion and law</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Japan&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Religion and law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Japan" title="Freedom of religion in Japan">Freedom of religion in Japan</a></div> <p>In early <a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan" title="History of Japan">Japanese history</a>, the ruling class was responsible for performing propitiatory rituals, which later came to be identified as Shinto, and for the introduction and support of Buddhism. Later, religious organization was used by regimes for political purposes; for instance, the <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Tokugawa</a> government required each family to be registered as a member of a Buddhist temple. In the early 19th century, the government required that each family belong to a shrine instead, and in the early 20th century, this was supplemented with the concept of a divine right to rule bestowed on the emperor. The <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Constitution" title="Meiji Constitution">Meiji Constitution</a> reads: "Japanese subjects shall, within limits not prejudicial to peace and order, and not antagonistic to their duties as subjects, enjoy freedom of religious belief". </p><p>Article 20 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Japan" title="Constitution of Japan">1947 Constitution</a> states: "Freedom of religion is guaranteed to all. No religious organization shall receive any privileges from the State, nor exercise any political authority. No person shall be compelled to take part in any religious act, celebration, rite or practice. The State and its organs shall refrain from religious education or any other religious activity". This change in constitutional rights provided mechanisms for limiting state educational initiatives designed to promote Shinto beliefs in schools and freed the populace from mandatory participation in Shinto rites.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In postwar years, the issue of the separation of Shinto and state arose in the Self-Defense Force Apotheosis Case. In 1973, Nakaya Takafumi, a member of the <a href="/wiki/Japan_Self-Defense_Forces" title="Japan Self-Defense Forces">Japanese Self-Defense Forces</a> and husband of Nakaya Yasuko, died in a traffic accident.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite Yasuko's refusal to provide relevant documents for her husband's enshrinement at the <a href="/wiki/Yamaguchi_Prefecture" title="Yamaguchi Prefecture">Yamaguchi</a> prefectural National-Protecting Shrine, the prefectural Veterans’ Association requested the information from the Self-Defense Forces and completed the enshrinement.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, in 1973, Yasuko sued the Yamaguchi Prefectural Branch of the Self-Defense Forces, on the grounds that the ceremony of apotheosis violated her religious rights as a Christian.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_73-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Yasuko won the case at two lower courts, the ruling was overturned by the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Japan" title="Supreme Court of Japan">Supreme Court of Japan</a> on June 1, 1988, based on the precedent established by the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.courts.go.jp/app/hanrei_en/detail?id=51">Tsu City Shinto Groundbreaking Ceremony Case</a>. First, the Supreme Court ruled that because the Veterans’ Association—which was not an organ of the state—had acted alone when arranging the ceremony of apotheosis, no violation of Article 20 had occurred.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Second, the Supreme Court held that the Self-Defense Forces' provision of Takafumi's documents to the Veterans’ Association did not constitute a religious activity prohibited by Article 20, because neither the intention nor the effects of its action harmed or patronized any religion.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Third, the Supreme Court adopted a narrow interpretation of individual religious rights, by ruling that violation of individual rights to religion did not occur unless the state or its organs coerced individuals to perform some religious activity or limited their religious freedom.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On June 2, 1988, a report by the <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i> described the Japanese Supreme Court's decision as “a major setback for advocates of stronger separation of religion and state in Japan.”<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On June 7, 1988, an article published in the <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times"><i>New York Times</i></a> expressed concern that the Japanese Supreme Court's decision was likely to encourage the resurgence of <a href="/wiki/State_Shinto" title="State Shinto">State Shinto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because the prefectural National-Protecting Shrines perform the same ceremony of apotheosis as the <a href="/wiki/Yasukuni_Shrine" title="Yasukuni Shrine">Yasukuni Shrine</a> does, the significance of this case also lies in its implications for the constitutionality of state patronage of and official visits to the Yasukuni Shrine.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opposition_to_organised_religion">Opposition to organised religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Japan&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Opposition to organised religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early 1990s, Shichihei Yamamoto argued that Japan has shown greater tolerance towards <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">irreligion</a> than the West.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comments_against_religion_by_notable_figures">Comments against religion by notable figures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Japan&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Comments against religion by notable figures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Shin%27ichi_Hisamatsu" title="Shin'ichi Hisamatsu">Shin'ichi Hisamatsu</a></b>, philosopher and scholar who rejected theism, claimed that God or Buddha, as objective beings, are mere illusions.<sup id="cite_ref-furuya_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-furuya-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ito_Hirobumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ito Hirobumi">Ito Hirobumi</a></b>, four-time <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan" title="Prime Minister of Japan">Prime Minister of Japan</a>, who reportedly said: "I regard religion itself as quite unnecessary for a nation's life; science is far above superstition, and what is religion – Buddhism or Christianity – but superstition, and therefore a possible source of weakness to a nation? I do not regret the tendency to free thought and atheism, which is almost universal in Japan because I do not regard it as a source of danger to the community".<sup id="cite_ref-gulick_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gulick-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hiroyuki_Kato" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiroyuki Kato">Hiroyuki Kato</a></b>, who headed the Imperial Academy from 1905 to 1909 and said: "Religion depends on fear".<sup id="cite_ref-gulick_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gulick-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Haruki_Murakami" title="Haruki Murakami">Haruki Murakami</a></b>, a Japanese novelist who wrote: "God only exists in people’s minds. Especially in Japan, God's always has been a kind of flexible concept. Look at what happened to the war. <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a> ordered the divine emperor to quit being a God, and he did, making a speech saying he was just an ordinary person".<sup id="cite_ref-factsanddetails_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-factsanddetails-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ando_Shoeki" class="mw-redirect" title="Ando Shoeki">Ando Shoeki</a></b>, who denounced Confucian scholars and Buddhist clergy as spiritual oppressors of his age, though he still venerated the gods of old Japan as a <a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">pantheist</a> would, equating them with nature.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Fukuzawa_Yukichi" title="Fukuzawa Yukichi">Fukuzawa Yukichi</a></b>, who was regarded as one of the founders of modern Japan and found it impossible to combine modern learning with belief in gods,<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> openly declaring: "It goes without saying that the maintenance of peace and security in society requires a religion. For this purpose any religion will do. I lack a religious nature, and have never believed in any religion. I am thus open to the charge that I am advising others to be religious while I am not so. Yet my conscience does not permit me to clothe myself with religion when I have it not at heart...Of religions there are several kinds – Buddhism, Christianity, and what not. From my standpoint there is no more difference between those than between green tea and black...".<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-religious_organisations">Anti-religious organisations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Japan&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Anti-religious organisations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Japan Militant Atheists Alliance (<i>Nihon Sentoteki Mushinronsha Domei</i>, also known as <i>Senmu</i>) was founded in September 1931 by a group of <a href="/wiki/Antireligion" title="Antireligion">antireligious</a> people. The alliance opposed the idea of <a href="/wiki/Kokutai" title="Kokutai">kokutai</a>, the nation's <a href="/wiki/Founding_myth" class="mw-redirect" title="Founding myth">founding myth</a>, the presence of religion in public education, and the practice of <a href="/wiki/State_Shinto" title="State Shinto">State Shinto</a>. Their greatest opposition was towards the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">imperial system of Japan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ives_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ives-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two months later, in November 1931, socialist Toshihiko Sakai and Communist Takatsu Seido created the Japan Anti-religion Alliance (<i>Nihon Hanshukyo Domei</i>). They opposed "contributions to religious organizations, prayers for practical benefits (kito), preaching in factories, and the religious organizations of all stripes" and viewed religion as a tool used by the upper class to suppress laborers and farmers.<sup id="cite_ref-ives_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ives-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Japan&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the annual statistical research on religion in 2015 by the Agency for Culture Affairs, <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Japan" title="Government of Japan">Government of Japan</a>, followers of Shintoism make up 70.4% of the total population, followers of Buddhism make up 69.8% of the population, followers of Christianity make up 1.5% of the population, and followers of other religions make up 6.9%. The Japanese National Character Survey of 2013 showed 72.0% of Japanese had no personal faith and the Japanese General Social Survey of 2015 showed 69.6% did not follow any religion.<sup id="cite_ref-Iwai_2017_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iwai_2017-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to surveys carried out in 2006<sup id="cite_ref-Dentsu2006_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dentsu2006-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 2008,<sup id="cite_ref-NHK2008_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHK2008-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> less than 40% of the population of Japan identifies with an <a href="/wiki/Organized_religion" title="Organized religion">organized religion</a>: around 35% are <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhists</a>, 3% to 4% are members of <a href="/wiki/Shinto_sects_and_schools#Shintō_inspired_religions" title="Shinto sects and schools">Shinto sects and derived religions</a>, and from fewer than 1%<sup id="cite_ref-Mariko_Kato_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mariko_Kato-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mission_Network_News_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mission_Network_News-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to 2.3% are <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Organised religions in Japan </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="1">Religion </th> <th colspan="1">1984<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="1">1996<sup id="cite_ref-1996statistics_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1996statistics-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="1">2008<sup id="cite_ref-NHK2008_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHK2008-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Japanese Buddhism</a></td> <td align="center">27%</td> <td align="center">29.5%</td> <td align="center">34% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shinto_sects_and_schools#Shintō_inspired_religions" title="Shinto sects and schools">Shinto sects</a></td> <td align="center">3%</td> <td align="center">1%</td> <td align="center">3% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></td> <td align="center">2%</td> <td align="center">2%</td> <td align="center">1% </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Organised religious affiliation in Japan by prefecture (1996)<sup id="cite_ref-1996statistics_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1996statistics-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Prefecture </th> <th data-sort-type="number"><a href="/wiki/Tendai" title="Tendai">Tendai</a> or <a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Ddo-sh%C5%AB" title="Jōdo-shū">Jōdo</a> or <a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Ddo_Shinsh%C5%AB" title="Jōdo Shinshū">Shin</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Soka_Gakkai" title="Soka Gakkai">Soka Gakkai</a> </th> <th>Other Buddhist schools </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> overall </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Shinto_sects_and_schools#Shintō_inspired_religions" title="Shinto sects and schools">Shinto sects</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> </th> <th>None </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Hokkaido" title="Hokkaido">Hokkaido</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="3">~3% </td> <td>13.3% </td> <td>8.2% </td> <td>3.2% </td> <td>~2% </td> <td>~2% </td> <td><b>~31.7%</b> </td> <td>~2% </td> <td>~1% </td> <td>~65.3% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Aomori_Prefecture" title="Aomori Prefecture">Aomori Prefecture</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="1">~1% </td> <td>10.3% </td> <td>5.6% </td> <td>3.4% </td> <td>~2% </td> <td>~3% </td> <td><b>~25.3%</b> </td> <td>~2% </td> <td>~1% </td> <td>~71.7% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Iwate_Prefecture" title="Iwate Prefecture">Iwate Prefecture</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="2">~2% </td> <td>6.1% </td> <td>12.8% </td> <td>~0 </td> <td>~2% </td> <td>~3% </td> <td><b>~25.9%</b> </td> <td>~0 </td> <td>~1% </td> <td>~73.1% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Miyagi_Prefecture" title="Miyagi Prefecture">Miyagi Prefecture</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="3">~3% </td> <td>4.8% </td> <td>9.5% </td> <td>~2% </td> <td>~2% </td> <td>~2% </td> <td><b>~23.3%</b> </td> <td>~0 </td> <td>~1% </td> <td>~75.7% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Akita_Prefecture" title="Akita Prefecture">Akita Prefecture</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="0">~0 </td> <td>6.9% </td> <td>9.5% </td> <td>~3% </td> <td>~2% </td> <td>~2% </td> <td><b>~21.4%</b> </td> <td>~3% </td> <td>~0 </td> <td>~75.6% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Yamagata_Prefecture" title="Yamagata Prefecture">Yamagata Prefecture</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="4">~4% </td> <td>5.6% </td> <td>8.5% </td> <td>~3% </td> <td>~3% </td> <td>3.4% </td> <td><b>~27.5%</b> </td> <td>~2% </td> <td>~1% </td> <td>~69.5% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Fukushima_Prefecture" title="Fukushima Prefecture">Fukushima Prefecture</a> </td> <td>5.2% </td> <td>4.8% </td> <td>5.2% </td> <td>~0 </td> <td>~3% </td> <td>~3% </td> <td><b>~21.2%</b> </td> <td>~0 </td> <td>~0 </td> <td>~78.8% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Ibaraki_Prefecture" title="Ibaraki Prefecture">Ibaraki Prefecture</a> </td> <td>7.1% </td> <td>4.1% </td> <td>~2% </td> <td>~2% </td> <td>~3% </td> <td>~2% </td> <td><b>~20.2%</b> </td> <td>~1% </td> <td>~1% </td> <td>~77.8% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Tochigi_Prefecture" title="Tochigi Prefecture">Tochigi Prefecture</a> </td> <td>6% </td> <td>3.1% </td> <td>~3% </td> <td>~3% </td> <td>3.1% </td> <td>~2% </td> <td><b>~20.2%</b> </td> <td>~0 </td> <td>~1 </td> <td>~78.8% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Gunma_Prefecture" title="Gunma Prefecture">Gunma Prefecture</a> </td> <td>6.6% </td> <td>3.6% </td> <td>5.8% </td> <td>~3% </td> <td>~3% </td> <td>~2% </td> <td><b>~24%</b> </td> <td>~1% </td> <td>~2% </td> <td>~73% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Saitama_Prefecture" title="Saitama Prefecture">Saitama Prefecture</a> </td> <td>5.8% </td> <td>5.2% </td> <td>~3% </td> <td>~2% </td> <td>3.3% </td> <td>~1% </td> <td><b>~20.3%</b> </td> <td>~0 </td> <td>~2% </td> <td>~77.7% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Chiba_Prefecture" title="Chiba Prefecture">Chiba Prefecture</a> </td> <td>3.8% </td> <td>4.5% </td> <td>~1% </td> <td>3.3% </td> <td>~3% </td> <td>~1% </td> <td><b>~16.6%</b> </td> <td>~0 </td> <td>~1% </td> <td>~82.4% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a> </td> <td>3.4% </td> <td>8.3% </td> <td>~2% </td> <td>3.3% </td> <td>4% </td> <td>~2% </td> <td><b>~23%</b> </td> <td>~1% </td> <td>3.4% </td> <td>~72.6% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Kanagawa_Prefecture" title="Kanagawa Prefecture">Kanagawa Prefecture</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="3">~3% </td> <td>5.5% </td> <td>3.7% </td> <td>3.7% </td> <td>3.5% </td> <td>~2% </td> <td><b>~21.4%</b> </td> <td>~1% </td> <td>~3% </td> <td>~74.6% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Niigata_Prefecture" title="Niigata Prefecture">Niigata Prefecture</a> </td> <td>3.2% </td> <td>10.6% </td> <td>4.9% </td> <td>~1% </td> <td>~2% </td> <td>~2% </td> <td><b>~23.7%</b> </td> <td>~1% </td> <td>~1% </td> <td>~74.3% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Toyama_Prefecture" title="Toyama Prefecture">Toyama Prefecture</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="2">~2% </td> <td>41.3% </td> <td>~1% </td> <td>~2% </td> <td>~1% </td> <td>~1% </td> <td><b>~48.3%</b> </td> <td>~0 </td> <td>~0 </td> <td>~51.7% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Ishikawa_Prefecture" title="Ishikawa Prefecture">Ishikawa Prefecture</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="2">~2 </td> <td>36.2% </td> <td>~1% </td> <td>~1% </td> <td>~0 </td> <td>~3% </td> <td><b>~43.2%</b> </td> <td>~1% </td> <td>~1% </td> <td>~54.8% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Fukui_Prefecture" title="Fukui Prefecture">Fukui Prefecture</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="2">~2% </td> <td>41.4% </td> <td>5.5% </td> <td>3.9% </td> <td>~1% </td> <td>~3% </td> <td><b>~56.8%</b> </td> <td>~1% </td> <td>~0 </td> <td>~42.2% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Yamanashi_Prefecture" title="Yamanashi Prefecture">Yamanashi Prefecture</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="1">~1% </td> <td>4.5% </td> <td>6.2% </td> <td>8.9% </td> <td>~3% </td> <td>~3% </td> <td><b>~26.6%</b> </td> <td>~1% </td> <td>~1% </td> <td>~71.4% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Nagano_Prefecture" title="Nagano Prefecture">Nagano Prefecture</a> </td> <td>3.5% </td> <td>11.8% </td> <td>7.6% </td> <td>~2% </td> <td>~3% </td> <td>~2% </td> <td><b>~29.9%</b> </td> <td>~1% </td> <td>~1% </td> <td>~68.1% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Gifu_Prefecture" title="Gifu Prefecture">Gifu Prefecture</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="3">~3% </td> <td>23.2% </td> <td>6.8% </td> <td>~1% </td> <td>~3% </td> <td>~1% </td> <td><b>~38.1%</b> </td> <td>~1% </td> <td>~1% </td> <td>~59.9% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Shizuoka_Prefecture" title="Shizuoka Prefecture">Shizuoka Prefecture</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="1">~1% </td> <td>6.2% </td> <td>9.4% </td> <td>7.3% </td> <td>3.6% </td> <td>~4% </td> <td><b>~31.5%</b> </td> <td>~1% </td> <td>~1% </td> <td>~66.5% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Aichi_Prefecture" title="Aichi Prefecture">Aichi Prefecture</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="3">~3% </td> <td>16.7% </td> <td>8.5% </td> <td>~1% </td> <td>~3% </td> <td>~2% </td> <td><b>~34.2%</b> </td> <td>~2% </td> <td>~2% </td> <td>~61.8% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Mie_Prefecture" title="Mie Prefecture">Mie Prefecture</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="3">~3% </td> <td>22.9% </td> <td>4.2% </td> <td>~1% </td> <td>~2% </td> <td>~2% </td> <td><b>~35.1%</b> </td> <td>~1% </td> <td>~1% </td> <td>~62.9% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Shiga_Prefecture" title="Shiga Prefecture">Shiga Prefecture</a> </td> <td>3% </td> <td>26.7% </td> <td>3.2% </td> <td>~2% </td> <td>~3% </td> <td>~0 </td> <td><b>~37.9%</b> </td> <td>~0 </td> <td>~1% </td> <td>~61.1% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Prefecture" title="Kyoto Prefecture">Kyoto Prefecture</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="3">~3% </td> <td>17.5% </td> <td>3.4% </td> <td>~2% </td> <td>~3% </td> <td>~3% </td> <td><b>~31.9%</b> </td> <td>~2% </td> <td>~2% </td> <td>~66.1% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Osaka_Prefecture" title="Osaka Prefecture">Osaka Prefecture</a> </td> <td>5.9% </td> <td>15.6% </td> <td>~3% </td> <td>3% </td> <td>5.2% </td> <td>~1% </td> <td><b>~33.7%</b> </td> <td>~1% </td> <td>~1% </td> <td>~64.3% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Hy%C5%8Dgo_Prefecture" title="Hyōgo Prefecture">Hyōgo Prefecture</a> </td> <td>8.6% </td> <td>12.2% </td> <td>3.1% </td> <td>~3% </td> <td>3.1% </td> <td>~3% </td> <td><b>~33%</b> </td> <td>~2% </td> <td>~2% </td> <td>~63% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Nara_Prefecture" title="Nara Prefecture">Nara Prefecture</a> </td> <td>4.2% </td> <td>17.3% </td> <td>~1% </td> <td>~3% </td> <td>~3% </td> <td>~2% </td> <td><b>~30.5%</b> </td> <td>~0 </td> <td>~1% </td> <td>~68.5% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Wakayama_Prefecture" title="Wakayama Prefecture">Wakayama Prefecture</a> </td> <td>9.6% </td> <td>13.5% </td> <td>~3% </td> <td>~1% </td> <td>3.5% </td> <td>~2% </td> <td><b>~32.6%</b> </td> <td>~0 </td> <td>~0 </td> <td>~67.4% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Tottori_Prefecture" title="Tottori Prefecture">Tottori Prefecture</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="3">~3% </td> <td>10.4% </td> <td>8.8% </td> <td>4% </td> <td>~2% </td> <td>~3% </td> <td><b>~31.2%</b> </td> <td>~3% </td> <td>~1% </td> <td>~64.8% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Shimane_Prefecture" title="Shimane Prefecture">Shimane Prefecture</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="4">~4% </td> <td>18.4% </td> <td>6.5% </td> <td>~2% </td> <td>~1% </td> <td>~3% </td> <td><b>~30.9%</b> </td> <td>~2% </td> <td>~1% </td> <td>~66.1% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Okayama_Prefecture" title="Okayama Prefecture">Okayama Prefecture</a> </td> <td>16.6% </td> <td>5.1% </td> <td>3% </td> <td>5.9% </td> <td>~3% </td> <td>0 </td> <td><b>~33.6%</b> </td> <td>~2% </td> <td>~1% </td> <td>~63.4% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Hiroshima_Prefecture" title="Hiroshima Prefecture">Hiroshima Prefecture</a> </td> <td>4.4% </td> <td>35.3% </td> <td>3.6% </td> <td>~2% </td> <td>4.9% </td> <td>~1% </td> <td><b>~51.2%</b> </td> <td>~2% </td> <td>~2% </td> <td>~44.8% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Yamaguchi_Prefecture" title="Yamaguchi Prefecture">Yamaguchi Prefecture</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="3">~3% </td> <td>21.9% </td> <td>3.8% </td> <td>~2% </td> <td>3.8% </td> <td>~1% </td> <td><b>~35.5%</b> </td> <td>~1% </td> <td>~1% </td> <td>~62.5% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Tokushima_Prefecture" title="Tokushima Prefecture">Tokushima Prefecture</a> </td> <td>19.8% </td> <td>6.7% </td> <td>~0 </td> <td>~1% </td> <td>3% </td> <td>~1% </td> <td><b>~31.5%</b> </td> <td>~1% </td> <td>~1% </td> <td>~66.5% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Kagawa_Prefecture" title="Kagawa Prefecture">Kagawa Prefecture</a> </td> <td>14% </td> <td>18% </td> <td>~1% </td> <td>~2% </td> <td>~3% </td> <td>~1% </td> <td><b>~39%</b> </td> <td>~0 </td> <td>~1% </td> <td>~60% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Ehime_Prefecture" title="Ehime Prefecture">Ehime Prefecture</a> </td> <td>9.3% </td> <td>6.7% </td> <td>5.3% </td> <td>~2% </td> <td>~3% </td> <td>~1% </td> <td><b>~27.3%</b> </td> <td>~1% </td> <td>~2% </td> <td>~69.7% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dchi_Prefecture" title="Kōchi Prefecture">Kōchi Prefecture</a> </td> <td>6.3% </td> <td>6.3% </td> <td>~0 </td> <td>~1% </td> <td>~3% </td> <td>~1% </td> <td><b>~17.6%</b> </td> <td>5.5% </td> <td>~0 </td> <td>~76.9% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Fukuoka_Prefecture" title="Fukuoka Prefecture">Fukuoka Prefecture</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="2">~2% </td> <td>24.1% </td> <td>3.3% </td> <td>3% </td> <td>3.3% </td> <td>~2% </td> <td><b>~37.7%</b> </td> <td>~1% </td> <td>~2% </td> <td>~59.3% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Saga_Prefecture" title="Saga Prefecture">Saga Prefecture</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="4">~4% </td> <td>21.9% </td> <td>6.1% </td> <td>~3% </td> <td>~2% </td> <td>~3% </td> <td><b>~40%</b> </td> <td>~0 </td> <td>~0 </td> <td>~60% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Nagasaki_Prefecture" title="Nagasaki Prefecture">Nagasaki Prefecture</a> </td> <td>4.9% </td> <td>19.5% </td> <td>3.6% </td> <td>5.1% </td> <td>~3% </td> <td>~3% </td> <td><b>~39.1%</b> </td> <td>~2% </td> <td>5.1% </td> <td>~53.8% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Kumamoto_Prefecture" title="Kumamoto Prefecture">Kumamoto Prefecture</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="2">~2% </td> <td>28.4% </td> <td>~3% </td> <td>~2% </td> <td>~2% </td> <td>~1% </td> <td><b>~38.4%</b> </td> <td>~0 </td> <td>~1% </td> <td>~61.6% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cita_Prefecture" title="Ōita Prefecture">Ōita Prefecture</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="3">~3% </td> <td>20.7% </td> <td>4.7% </td> <td>~3% </td> <td>~3% </td> <td>~1% </td> <td><b>~35.4%</b> </td> <td>~2% </td> <td>~1% </td> <td>~61.6% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Miyazaki_Prefecture" title="Miyazaki Prefecture">Miyazaki Prefecture</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="3">~3% </td> <td>18.2% </td> <td>~3% </td> <td>~3% </td> <td>~3% </td> <td>3.3% </td> <td><b>~33.5%</b> </td> <td>3.8% </td> <td>~1% </td> <td>~61.7% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Kagoshima_Prefecture" title="Kagoshima Prefecture">Kagoshima Prefecture</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="2">~2% </td> <td>29.8% </td> <td>~1% </td> <td>~2% </td> <td>~3% </td> <td>6% </td> <td><b>~43.8%</b> </td> <td>~3% </td> <td>~0 </td> <td>~53.2% </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Okinawa_Prefecture" title="Okinawa Prefecture">Okinawa Prefecture</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="0">~0 </td> <td>~0 </td> <td>~0 </td> <td>~0 </td> <td>3.6% </td> <td>~0 </td> <td><b>~3,6%</b> </td> <td>~0 </td> <td>~3 </td> <td>~93.4% </td></tr> <tr style="background:#9ff;"> <th>Japan </th> <th>4% </th> <th>12.9% </th> <th>4.1% </th> <th>~3% </th> <th>3% </th> <th>~2.5% </th> <th><b>~29.5%</b> </th> <th>~1% </th> <th>~2% </th> <th>~67.5% </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Japan&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/48px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/64px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Japan" title="Portal:Japan">Japan portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/31px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/47px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/62px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ainu religion">Ainu religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion_in_Japan" title="History of religion in Japan">History of religion in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koshinto" class="mw-redirect" title="Koshinto">Koshinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Asia" title="Religion in Asia">Religion in Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">Religion in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Korea" title="Religion in Korea">Religion in Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mongolia" title="Religion in Mongolia">Religion in Mongolia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Japan&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> According to the Dentsu survey of 2006: 1% <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestants</a>, 0.8% members of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> and 0.5% members of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dentsu2006_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dentsu2006-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Both mean the "way of the divine" or "of the gods". Other names are:<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><b><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Kannagara-no-michi</i></span></b>, "way of the divine transmitted from time immemorial";</li> <li><b><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Kodo</i></span></b>, the "ancient way";</li> <li><b><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Daido</i></span></b>, the "great way";</li> <li><b><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Teido</i></span></b>, the "imperial way".</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">During the <a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">history of China</a>, at the time of the spread of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> to that country <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1st century CE, the name <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Shendao</i></span> identified what is currently known as "<a href="/wiki/Shenism" class="mw-redirect" title="Shenism">Shenism</a>", the Chinese indigenous religion, distinguishing it from the new Buddhist religion. (Brian Bocking. <i>A Popular Dictionary of Shinto</i>. Routledge, 2005. ASIN: B00ID5TQZY p. 129)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Japan&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Japan - Country</i>. <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a>, Government of the United States.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japan+-+Country&rft.pub=CIA%2C+Government+of+the+United+States&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pop_2021-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pop_2021_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pop_2021_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stat.go.jp/english/data/jinsui/tsuki/index.html">"Population Estimates Monthly Report - December 1, 2020 (Final estimates)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+Estimates+Monthly+Report+-+December+1%2C+2020+%28Final+estimates%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stat.go.jp%2Fenglish%2Fdata%2Fjinsui%2Ftsuki%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIA_World_Factbook-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CIA_World_Factbook_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> CIA World Factbook:<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Shinto: 70.5%</li><li>Buddhism: 67.2%</li><li>Christianity: 1.5%</li><li>Other: 5.9%</li></ul></div> <p>Percentages calculated using the official total population figure of 126,088,000 as of the end of 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-Pop_2021_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pop_2021-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/about/archives/2023/countries/japan/">"Japan - The World Factbook"</a>. <i>www.cia.gov</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cia.gov&rft.atitle=Japan+-+The+World+Factbook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fabout%2Farchives%2F2023%2Fcountries%2Fjapan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bunka.go.jp/tokei_hakusho_shuppan/hakusho_nenjihokokusho/shukyo_nenkan/pdf/r03nenkan.pdf"><i>宗教年鑑令和3年版</i></a> [<i>Religious Yearbook 2021</i>] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Japanese). <a href="/wiki/Agency_for_Cultural_Affairs" title="Agency for Cultural Affairs">Agency for Cultural Affairs</a>, Government of Japan. 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E5%B9%B4%E9%91%91+%E4%BB%A4%E5%92%8C3%E5%B9%B4%E7%89%88&rft.pub=Agency+for+Cultural+Affairs%2C+Government+of+Japan&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bunka.go.jp%2Ftokei_hakusho_shuppan%2Fhakusho_nenjihokokusho%2Fshukyo_nenkan%2Fpdf%2Fr03nenkan.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ACA_Yearbook-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ACA_Yearbook_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Population figures from the <a href="/wiki/Agency_for_Cultural_Affairs" title="Agency for Cultural Affairs">Agency for Cultural Affairs</a> Religious Yearbook 2021, as of the end of 2020, are as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Shinto: 87,924,087</li><li>Buddhism: 83,971,139</li><li>Christianity: 1,915,294</li><li>Other: 7,335,572</li></ul></div> <p>Percentages calculated using the official total population figure of 126,088,000 as of the end of 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-Pop_2021_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pop_2021-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-ReischauerJansen215-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReischauerJansen215_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReischauerJansen1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edwin_O._Reischauer" title="Edwin O. Reischauer">Reischauer, Edwin O.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Marius_Jansen" class="mw-redirect" title="Marius Jansen">Jansen, Marius B.</a> (1988). <i>The Japanese today: change and continuity</i> (2nd ed.). Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. p. 215. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-47184-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-47184-9"><bdi>978-0-674-47184-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Japanese+today%3A+change+and+continuity&rft.pages=215&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Belknap+Press+of+Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-674-47184-9&rft.aulast=Reischauer&rft.aufirst=Edwin+O.&rft.au=Jansen%2C+Marius+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kisala, Robert. 2006. Japanese Religions. Pp. 3-13 in <i>Nanzan Guide to Japanese Religions</i>, ed. Paul L. Swanson and Clark Chilson. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Engler,_Price._2005._p._95-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Engler,_Price._2005._p._95_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Engler,_Price._2005._p._95_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Engler, Price. 2005. p. 95</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Williams,_2004._pp._4-5-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Williams,_2004._pp._4-5_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Williams,_2004._pp._4-5_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, 2004. pp. 4-5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kawano, Satsuki. 2005. <i>Ritual Practice in Modern Japan: Ordering Place, People, and Action</i>. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> LeFebvre, J. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp/nfile/4454">"Christian wedding ceremonies: 'Nonreligiousness' in contemporary Japan"</a>. <i>Japanese Journal of Religious Studies</i>, 42(2), 185-203</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stuart D. B. Picken, 1994. p. xxiv</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, 2004. p. 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2004" class="citation book cs1">Williams, George (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-hmFOZe7m4MC"><i>Shinto</i></a>. Religions of the World. Philadelphia: Infobase Publishing (published 2009). p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781438106465" title="Special:BookSources/9781438106465"><bdi>9781438106465</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2019</span>. <q>Shinto is an action-centered religion (one based on actions) and not a confessional religion (one that requires a set of beliefs or a profession of faith).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shinto&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.series=Religions+of+the+World&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781438106465&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-hmFOZe7m4MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Nelson. <i>A Year in the Life of a Shinto Shrine</i>. 1996. pp. 7–8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JapaneseReligion1985-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JapaneseReligion1985_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JapaneseReligion1985_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JapaneseReligion1985_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JapaneseReligion1985_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Pilgrim1985" class="citation book cs1">Richard Pilgrim, Robert Ellwood (1985). <i>Japanese Religion</i> (1st ed.). Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall Inc. pp. 18–19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-509282-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-509282-8"><bdi>978-0-13-509282-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanese+Religion&rft.place=Englewood+Cliffs%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=18-19&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall+Inc&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-13-509282-8&rft.aulast=Richard+Pilgrim&rft.aufirst=Robert+Ellwood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Breen,_Teeuwen._2010._p._1-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Breen,_Teeuwen._2010._p._1_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Breen,_Teeuwen._2010._p._1_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Breen,_Teeuwen._2010._p._1_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Breen, Teeuwen. 2010. p. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stuart_D._B._Picken,_1994._p._xxi-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stuart_D._B._Picken,_1994._p._xxi_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stuart_D._B._Picken,_1994._p._xxi_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stuart D. B. Picken, 1994. p. xxi</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sokyo1962-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sokyo1962_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sokyo1962_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSokyo1962" class="citation book cs1">Sokyo, Ono (1962). <i>Shinto: The Kami Way</i> (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/Rutland_(city),_Vermont" title="Rutland (city), Vermont">Rutland, VT</a>: Charles E Tuttle Co. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8048-1960-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8048-1960-2"><bdi>978-0-8048-1960-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/40672426">40672426</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shinto%3A+The+Kami+Way&rft.place=Rutland%2C+VT&rft.pages=2&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Charles+E+Tuttle+Co&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F40672426&rft.isbn=978-0-8048-1960-2&rft.aulast=Sokyo&rft.aufirst=Ono&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stuart_D._B._Picken,_1994._p._xxii-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stuart_D._B._Picken,_1994._p._xxii_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stuart_D._B._Picken,_1994._p._xxii_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stuart D. B. Picken, 1994. p. xxii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bestor,_Yamagata._2011._p._65-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bestor,_Yamagata._2011._p._65_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bestor,_Yamagata._2011._p._65_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bestor,_Yamagata._2011._p._65_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bestor,_Yamagata._2011._p._65_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bestor,_Yamagata._2011._p._65_24-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bestor,_Yamagata._2011._p._65_24-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bestor, Yamagata. 2011. p. 65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Earhart,_2013._pp._286-287-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Earhart,_2013._pp._286-287_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Earhart,_2013._pp._286-287_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Earhart, 2013. pp. 286-287</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bestor, Yamagata. 2011. pp. 64-65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Earhart, 2013. pp. 289-290</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Earhart,_2013._p._290-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Earhart,_2013._p._290_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Earhart,_2013._p._290_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Earhart, 2013. p. 290</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShimazono2004" class="citation book cs1">Shimazono, Susumu (2004). <i>From Salvation to Spirituality: Popular Religious Movements in Modern Japan</i>. Pacific Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Salvation+to+Spirituality%3A+Popular+Religious+Movements+in+Modern+Japan&rft.pub=Pacific+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Shimazono&rft.aufirst=Susumu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brown,_1993._p._455-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brown,_1993._p._455_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown,_1993._p._455_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown,_1993._p._455_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown,_1993._p._455_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, 1993. p. 455</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brown,_1993._p._456-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brown,_1993._p._456_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown,_1993._p._456_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown,_1993._p._456_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, 1993. p. 456</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brown,_1993._p._454-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brown,_1993._p._454_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown,_1993._p._454_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, 1993. p. 454</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, 1993. p. 453</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKasaharaMcCarthy2007" class="citation book cs1">Kasahara, Kazuo; McCarthy, Paul, eds. (2007). <i>A History of Japanese religion</i> (6. print ed.). Tokyo: Kosei. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-333-01917-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-333-01917-5"><bdi>978-4-333-01917-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Japanese+religion&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.edition=6.+print&rft.pub=Kosei&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-4-333-01917-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgency_for_Cultural_Affairs2019" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Agency_for_Cultural_Affairs" title="Agency for Cultural Affairs">Agency for Cultural Affairs</a> (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bunka.go.jp/tokei_hakusho_shuppan/hakusho_nenjihokokusho/shukyo_nenkan/pdf/r01nenkan.pdf#page=49"><i>宗教年鑑令和元年版</i></a> [<i>Religious Yearbook 2019</i>] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Japanese). p. 35.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E5%B9%B4%E9%91%91+%E4%BB%A4%E5%92%8C%E5%85%83%E5%B9%B4%E7%89%88&rft.pages=35&rft.date=2019&rft.au=Agency+for+Cultural+Affairs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bunka.go.jp%2Ftokei_hakusho_shuppan%2Fhakusho_nenjihokokusho%2Fshukyo_nenkan%2Fpdf%2Fr01nenkan.pdf%23page%3D49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgency_for_Cultural_Affairs2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Agency for Cultural Affairs (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bunka.go.jp/tokei_hakusho_shuppan/hakusho_nenjihokokusho/shukyo_nenkan/pdf/h13nenkan.pdf#page=45"><i>宗教年鑑平成13年版</i></a> [<i>Religious Yearbook 2001</i>] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-432406748-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-432406748-2"><bdi>978-432406748-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E5%B9%B4%E9%91%91+%E5%B9%B3%E6%88%9013%E5%B9%B4%E7%89%88&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Agency+for+Cultural+Affairs&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-432406748-2&rft.au=Agency+for+Cultural+Affairs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bunka.go.jp%2Ftokei_hakusho_shuppan%2Fhakusho_nenjihokokusho%2Fshukyo_nenkan%2Fpdf%2Fh13nenkan.pdf%23page%3D45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bunka.go.jp/tokei_hakusho_shuppan/hakusho_nenjihokokusho/shukyo_nenkan/pdf/r01nenkan.pdf#page=49"><i>宗教年鑑令和元年版</i></a> [<i>Religious Yearbook 2019</i>] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Japanese). <a href="/wiki/Agency_for_Cultural_Affairs" title="Agency for Cultural Affairs">Agency for Cultural Affairs</a>, Government of Japan. 2019. p. 35.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E5%B9%B4%E9%91%91+%E4%BB%A4%E5%92%8C%E5%85%83%E5%B9%B4%E7%89%88&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Agency+for+Cultural+Affairs%2C+Government+of+Japan&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bunka.go.jp%2Ftokei_hakusho_shuppan%2Fhakusho_nenjihokokusho%2Fshukyo_nenkan%2Fpdf%2Fr01nenkan.pdf%23page%3D49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-US2022-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-US2022_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/japan">US State Department 2022 Religious Freedom Report</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Higashibaba,_2002._p._1-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Higashibaba,_2002._p._1_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Higashibaba,_2002._p._1_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Higashibaba,_2002._p._1_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Higashibaba, 2002. p. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Higashibaba, 2002. p. 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Higashibaba,_2002._p._12-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Higashibaba,_2002._p._12_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Higashibaba,_2002._p._12_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Higashibaba,_2002._p._12_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Higashibaba,_2002._p._12_41-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Higashibaba,_2002._p._12_41-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Higashibaba, 2002. p. 12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">LeFebvre, 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">LeFebvre, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/journals/jrj/aop/article-1163-22118349-20210001/article-1163-22118349-20210001.xml">"The Oppressor's Dilemma: How Japanese State Policy toward Religion Paved the Way for Christian Weddings"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.ttcn.ne.jp/honkawa/7770.html">Religion in Japan by prefecture</a>. 1996 statistics.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-W._Robinson_2012_521-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-W._Robinson_2012_521_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFW._Robinson2012" class="citation book cs1">W. Robinson, David (2012). <i>International Handbook of Protestant Education</i>. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 521. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789400723870" title="Special:BookSources/9789400723870"><bdi>9789400723870</bdi></a>. <q>A 2006 Gallup survey, however, is the largest to date and puts the number at 6%, which is much higher than its previous surveys. It notes a major increase among Japanese youth professing Christ.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Handbook+of+Protestant+Education&rft.pages=521&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9789400723870&rft.aulast=W.+Robinson&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210720225309/https://mercatornet.com/after_fatalism_japan_opens_to_faith/6222/">"After fatalism, Japan opens to faith"</a>. <i>mercatornet</i>. 17 October 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mercatornet.com/after_fatalism_japan_opens_to_faith/6222">the original</a> on 20 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2022</span>. <q>The 2006 Gallup poll, however, disclosed that an astounding 12 per cent of Japanese who claim a religion are now Christian, making six per cent of the entire nation Christian.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mercatornet&rft.atitle=After+fatalism%2C+Japan+opens+to+faith&rft.date=2007-10-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmercatornet.com%2Fafter_fatalism_japan_opens_to_faith%2F6222&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._McDermott2014" class="citation book cs1">R. McDermott, Gerald (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ry_aBAAAQBAJ&q=christianity+in+japan+2006+galloup&pg=PT319"><i>Handbook of Religion: A Christian Engagement with Traditions, Teachings, and Practices</i></a>. 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(2015). Christian wedding ceremonies: “Nonreligiousness” in contemporary Japan. Japanese Journal of Religious Studies, 42(2), 185-203. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://nirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp/nfile/4454">http://nirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp/nfile/4454</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">LeFebvre, J. 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Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691020525" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691020525"><bdi>978-0691020525</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shint%C5%8D+and+the+State%2C+1868-1988&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pages=154&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0691020525&rft.aulast=Hardacre&rft.aufirst=Helen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardacre1989" class="citation book cs1">Hardacre, Helen (1989). <i>Shintō and the State, 1868-1988</i>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp. 154–155. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691020525" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691020525"><bdi>978-0691020525</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shint%C5%8D+and+the+State%2C+1868-1988&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pages=154-155&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0691020525&rft.aulast=Hardacre&rft.aufirst=Helen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardacre1989" class="citation book cs1">Hardacre, Helen (1989). <i>Shintō and the State, 1868-1988</i>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 155. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691020525" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691020525"><bdi>978-0691020525</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shint%C5%8D+and+the+State%2C+1868-1988&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pages=155&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0691020525&rft.aulast=Hardacre&rft.aufirst=Helen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchoenberger1988" class="citation news cs1">Schoenberger, Karl (1988-06-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-06-02-mn-5840-story.html">"Japan Widow Loses Religious Rights Case"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0458-3035">0458-3035</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Forgotten Books. p. 425. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1440055249" title="Special:BookSources/978-1440055249"><bdi>978-1440055249</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+Freethought+Ancient+and+Modern&rft.pages=425&rft.pub=Forgotten+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1440055249&rft.aulast=Robertson&rft.aufirst=J.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ives-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ives_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ives_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIves2009" class="citation book cs1">Ives, Christopher (2009). <i>Imperial-Way Zen: Ichikawa Hakugen's critique and lingering questions for Buddhist ethics</i>. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824833312" title="Special:BookSources/9780824833312"><bdi>9780824833312</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial-Way+Zen%3A+Ichikawa+Hakugen%27s+critique+and+lingering+questions+for+Buddhist+ethics&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%27i+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780824833312&rft.aulast=Ives&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Iwai_2017-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Iwai_2017_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIwai2017" class="citation report cs1">Iwai, Noriko (11 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2017/11/Religion20171117.pdf#page=15">Measuring religion in Japan: ISM, NHK and JGSS</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). JGSS Research Center.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Measuring+religion+in+Japan%3A+ISM%2C+NHK+and+JGSS&rft.pub=JGSS+Research+Center&rft.date=2017-10-11&rft.aulast=Iwai&rft.aufirst=Noriko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F7%2F2017%2F11%2FReligion20171117.pdf%23page%3D15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dentsu2006-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dentsu2006_88-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dentsu2006_88-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dentsu Communication Institute, Japan Research Center: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.ttcn.ne.jp/honkawa/9460.html">Sixty Countries' Values Databook</a></i> (世界60カ国価値観データブック).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NHK2008-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NHK2008_89-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NHK2008_89-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/summary/research/report/2009_05/090505.pdf">"2008 NHK survey of religion in Japan — 宗教的なものにひかれる日本人〜ISSP国際比較調査（宗教）から〜"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. NHK Culture Research Institute.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2008+NHK+survey+of+religion+in+Japan+%E2%80%94+%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E7%9A%84%E3%81%AA%E3%82%82%E3%81%AE+%E3%81%AB%E3%81%B2%E3%81%8B%E3%82%8C%E3%82%8B%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E4%BA%BA%E3%80%9CISSP%E5%9B%BD%E9%9A%9B%E6%AF%94%E8%BC%83%E8%AA%BF%E6%9F%BB%EF%BC%88%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%EF%BC%89%E3%81%8B%E3%82%89%E3%80%9C&rft.pub=NHK+Culture+Research+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nhk.or.jp%2Fbunken%2Fsummary%2Fresearch%2Freport%2F2009_05%2F090505.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mariko_Kato-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mariko_Kato_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMariko_Kato2009" class="citation news cs1">Mariko Kato (February 24, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2009/02/24/reference/christianitys-long-history-in-the-margins/">"Christianity's long history in the margins"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Japan_Times" title="The Japan Times">The Japan Times</a></i>. <q>The Christian community itself counts only those who have been baptized and are currently regular churchgoers — some 1 million people, or less than 1 percent of the population, according to Nobuhisa Yamakita, moderator of the United Church of Christ in Japan</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Japan+Times&rft.atitle=Christianity%27s+long+history+in+the+margins&rft.date=2009-02-24&rft.au=Mariko+Kato&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.japantimes.co.jp%2Fnews%2F2009%2F02%2F24%2Freference%2Fchristianitys-long-history-in-the-margins%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mission_Network_News-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mission_Network_News_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100611060608/http://mnnonline.org/article/10318">"Christians use English to reach Japanese youth"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mission_Network_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Mission Network News">Mission Network News</a>. 3 September 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mnnonline.org/article/10318">the original</a> on 11 June 2010. <q>The population of Japan is less than one-percent Christian</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Christians+use+English+to+reach+Japanese+youth&rft.pub=Mission+Network+News&rft.date=2007-09-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmnnonline.org%2Farticle%2F10318&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeide_Fehrenbach,_Uta_G._Poiger2000" class="citation book cs1">Heide Fehrenbach, Uta G. Poiger (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RB2goIgxF68C&pg=PA62"><i>Transactions, transgressions, transformations: American culture in Western Europe and Japan</i></a>. Berghahn Books. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57181-108-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57181-108-0"><bdi>978-1-57181-108-0</bdi></a>. <q>... followers of the Christian faith constitute only about a half percent of the Japanese population</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transactions%2C+transgressions%2C+transformations%3A+American+culture+in+Western+Europe+and+Japan&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-57181-108-0&rft.au=Heide+Fehrenbach%2C+Uta+G.+Poiger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRB2goIgxF68C%26pg%3DPA62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1984 NHK survey of religion in Japan. Results recorded in: Bestor, Yamagata, 2011, p. 66</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1996statistics-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1996statistics_95-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1996statistics_95-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.ttcn.ne.jp/honkawa/7770.html">Religion in Japan by prefecture, 1996</a>. <a href="/wiki/File:Religion_in_Japan_by_prefecture,_1996_statistics.png" title="File:Religion in Japan by prefecture, 1996 statistics.png">English language bar table.</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Japan&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>John Breen & Mark Teeuwen. <i>Shinto in History</i>. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0700711708" title="Special:BookSources/0700711708">0700711708</a></li> <li>John Breen & Mark Teeuwen. <i>A New History of Shinto</i>. Blackwell, 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1405155167" title="Special:BookSources/1405155167">1405155167</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig1998" class="citation cs2">Craig, Edward (1998), <i><a href="/wiki/Routledge_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Volume 7</a></i>, Taylor & Francis, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-07310-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-07310-3"><bdi>978-0-415-07310-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Routledge+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy%2C+Volume+7&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-415-07310-3&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Delmer Brown & John Whitney Hall, eds. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Cambridge_History_of_Japan" title="The Cambridge History of Japan">The Cambridge History of Japan</a></i>, vol. 1: <i>Ancient Japan</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521223520" title="Special:BookSources/0521223520">0521223520</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._Byron_Earhart" title="H. Byron Earhart">Earhart, H. Byron</a>. <i>Japanese Religion: Unity and Diversity</i>, 5th edn. Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth, 2014.</li> <li>Steven Engler & Gregory P. Grieve. <i>Historicizing “Tradition” in the Study of Religion</i>. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3110188759" title="Special:BookSources/3110188759">3110188759</a>. pp. 92–108</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHigashibaba2002" class="citation book cs1">Higashibaba, Ikuo (2002). <i>Christianity in Early Modern Japan: Kirishitan Belief and Practice</i>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-12290-7" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-12290-7"><bdi>90-04-12290-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity+in+Early+Modern+Japan%3A+Kirishitan+Belief+and+Practice&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=90-04-12290-7&rft.aulast=Higashibaba&rft.aufirst=Ikuo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Inoue, Nobutaka et al. <i>Shinto, a Short History</i>. London: Routledge Curzon, 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/104550913/shinto-a-short-history">online</a></li> <li>LeFebvre, J. (2015). ‘Christian Wedding Ceremonies: “Nonreligiousness” in Contemporary Japan’, <i>Japanese Journal of Religious Studies</i>, 42(2), 185–203. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://nirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp/nfile/4454">http://nirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp/nfile/4454</a></li> <li>LeFebvre, J. (2021). ‘The Oppressor's Dilemma: How Japanese State Policy toward Religion Paved the Way for Christian Weddings’, <i>Journal of Religion in Japan</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://brill.com/view/journals/jrj/aop/article-1163-22118349-20210001/article-1163-22118349-20210001.xml">https://brill.com/view/journals/jrj/aop/article-1163-22118349-20210001/article-1163-22118349-20210001.xml</a></li> <li>Victoria Lyon-Bestor, Theodore C. Bestor, & Akiko Yamagata, eds. <i>Routledge Handbook of Japanese Culture and Society</i>. Routledge, 2011. ASIN B004XYN3E4, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415436494" title="Special:BookSources/0415436494">0415436494</a></li> <li>Matsunaga, Daigan; Matsunaga, Alicia (1996), <i>Foundation of Japanese Buddhism, Vol. 1: The Aristocratic Age</i>, Los Angeles; Tokyo: Buddhist Books International. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-914910-26-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-914910-26-4">0-914910-26-4</a></li> <li>Matsunaga, Daigan, Matsunaga, Alicia (1996), <i>Foundation of Japanese Buddhism, Vol. 2: The Mass Movement</i> (Kamakura and Muromachi Periods), Los Angeles; Tokyo: Buddhist Books International. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-914910-28-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-914910-28-0">0-914910-28-0</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatsunami2004" class="citation web cs1">Matsunami, Kodo (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buddhanet.net/pdf_file/guidejapanbuddhismbm6.pdf">"A guide to Japanese Buddhism"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Tokyo: Japan Buddhist Federation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130202003246/http://www.buddhanet.net/pdf_file/guidejapanbuddhismbm6.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2013-02-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+guide+to+Japanese+Buddhism&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.pub=Japan+Buddhist+Federation&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Matsunami&rft.aufirst=Kodo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.buddhanet.net%2Fpdf_file%2Fguidejapanbuddhismbm6.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Picken, Stuart D. B. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=495174"><i>Essentials of Shinto an Analytical Guide to Principal Teachings</i></a>. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313369797" title="Special:BookSources/9780313369797"><bdi>9780313369797</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essentials+of+Shinto+an+Analytical+Guide+to+Principal+Teachings&rft.place=Westport%2C+Conn.&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780313369797&rft.aulast=Picken&rft.aufirst=Stuart+D.+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublic.eblib.com%2Fchoice%2Fpublicfullrecord.aspx%3Fp%3D495174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Reader, Ian. <i>Religion in Contemporary Japan</i>. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 1991.</li> <li>Shimazono, Susumu (2004). <i>From Salvation to Spirituality: Popular Religious Movements in Modern Japan</i>. Japanese Society Series. Melbourne, Vic.: Trans Pacific Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8768-4312-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8768-4312-0">978-1-8768-4312-0</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSims1989" class="citation book cs1">Sims, Barbara (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bahai-library.com/sims_traces_that_remain"><i>Traces That Remain: A Pictorial History of the Early Days of the Bahá'í Faith Among the Japanese</i></a>. Osaka, Japan: Japan Bahá'í Publishing Trust.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Traces+That+Remain%3A+A+Pictorial+History+of+the+Early+Days+of+the+Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD+Faith+Among+the+Japanese&rft.place=Osaka%2C+Japan&rft.pub=Japan+Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD+Publishing+Trust&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Sims&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbahai-library.com%2Fsims_traces_that_remain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Staemmler, Birgit & Ulrich Dehn, eds. <i>Establishing the Revolutionary: An Introduction to New Religions in Japan</i>. Münster: LIT, 2011. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-643-90152-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-643-90152-1">978-3-643-90152-1</a></li> <li>George Williams. <i>Shinto</i>. Philadelphia, Penn.: Chelsea House, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0791080978" title="Special:BookSources/0791080978">0791080978</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Japan&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Barbara R. Ambros. <i>Women in Japanese religions</i>. NY: New York University Press, 2015.</li> <li>Roy C. Amore et al. <i>World religions: Eastern traditions</i>, 5th edn. NY: Oxford University Press, 2019.</li> <li>Roger J. Davies. <i>Japanese culture: the religious and philosophical foundations</i>. Tokyo: Tuttle, 2016.</li> <li>Ugo Dessì. <i>Japanese religions and globalization</i>. Abingdon: Routledge, 2013.</li> <li>Lucia Dolce, ed. <i>Japanese religions</i>. 4 vols. London: SAGE, 2012.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_S._Ellwood2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Ellwood" title="Robert S. Ellwood">Robert S. Ellwood</a> (2008). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introducingjapan0000ellw/page/n2/mode/1up"><i>Introducing Japanese Religion</i></a></span>. World Religions. London; New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-4157-7425-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-4157-7425-3"><bdi>978-0-4157-7425-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introducing+Japanese+Religion&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.series=World+Religions&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-4157-7425-3&rft.au=Robert+S.+Ellwood&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroducingjapan0000ellw%2Fpage%2Fn2%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Robert S. Ellwood & Richard B. Pilgrim. <i>Japanese religion: a cultural perspective</i>. Abingdon: Routledge, 2016.</li> <li>Joshua Frydman. <i>The Japanese myths: a guide to gods, heroes and spirits</i>. London: Thames & Hudson, 2022.</li> <li>James W. Heisig et al., eds. <i>Japanese philosophy: a sourcebook</i>. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 2011.</li> <li>Joseph Kitagawa. <i>On understanding Japanese religion</i>. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1987.</li> <li>Takashi Miura. <i>Agents of world renewal: the rise of yonaoshi gods in Japan</i>. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 2019.</li> <li>Mark Mullins. <i>Yasukuni fundamentalism: Japanese religions and the politics of restoration</i>. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 2022.</li> <li>Hirochika Nakamaki. <i>Japanese religions at home and abroad: Anthropological perspectives</i>. Hoboken, NJ: Taylor & Francis, 2012.</li> <li>Ronan Alves Pereira & Hideaki Matsuoka, eds. <i>Japanese religions in and beyond the Japanese diaspora</i>. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California, 2007.</li> <li>Inken Prohl & John K. Nelson, eds. <i>Handbook of contemporary Japanese religions</i>. Leiden: Brill, 2012.</li> <li>Rein Raud. <i>Asian worldviews: religions, philosophies, political theories</i>. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 2021.</li> <li>Ian Reader, Esben Andreasen, & Finn Stefánsson. <i>Japanese religions: past and present</i>. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 1993.</li> <li>Wendy Smith et al., eds. <i>Globalizing Asian religions: management and marketing</i>. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2019.</li> <li>Paul L. Swanson & Clark Chilson, eds. <i>Nanzan guide to Japanese religions</i>. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 2006.</li> <li>Michiko Yusa. <i>Japanese religions</i>. London: Routledge, 2002.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Japan&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; 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Religion</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/256321.pdf">International Religious Freedom Report 2015: Japan</a>, most recent <a href="/wiki/International_Religious_Freedom_Report" class="mw-redirect" title="International Religious Freedom Report">International Religious Freedom Report</a> by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Democracy,_Human_Rights,_and_Labor" title="Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor">Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzgerald2003" class="citation journal cs1">Fitzgerald, Tim (2003-07-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.japanesestudies.org.uk/discussionpapers/Fitzgerald.html">"Religion and the Secular in Japan: Problems in History, Social Anthropology and the Study of Religion"</a>. <i>Electronic Journal of Contemporary Japanese Studies</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Electronic+Journal+of+Contemporary+Japanese+Studies&rft.atitle=Religion+and+the+Secular+in+Japan%3A+Problems+in+History%2C+Social+Anthropology+and+the+Study+of+Religion&rft.date=2003-07-10&rft.aulast=Fitzgerald&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.japanesestudies.org.uk%2Fdiscussionpapers%2FFitzgerald.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Kavanagh, Christopher M. and Jong, Jonathan (2020). Is Japan Religious? 14(1), DOI 10.1558/jsrnc.39187, pp. 152–180, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://journals.equinoxpub.com/OLDJSRNC/article/view/39187">https://journals.equinoxpub.com/OLDJSRNC/article/view/39187</a></li> <li>LeFebvre, J. (2015). Christian wedding ceremonies: “Nonreligiousness” in contemporary Japan. Japanese Journal of Religious Studies, 42(2), 185–203. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://nirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp/nfile/4454">http://nirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp/nfile/4454</a></li> <li>LeFebvre, J. (2021). The Oppressor's Dilemma: How Japanese State Policy toward Religion Paved the Way for Christian Weddings. Journal of Religion in Japan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://brill.com/view/journals/jrj/aop/article-1163-22118349-20210001/article-1163-22118349-20210001.xml">https://brill.com/view/journals/jrj/aop/article-1163-22118349-20210001/article-1163-22118349-20210001.xml</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Japan_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Japan_topics" title="Template:Japan topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Japan_topics" title="Template talk:Japan topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Japan_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Japan topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Japan_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Japan-related_articles" title="Index of Japan-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Japan-related_articles" title="Index of Japan-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Japan" title="Outline of Japan">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan" title="History of Japan">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Lists <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_era_name" title="Japanese era name">Eras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_clans" title="Japanese clans">Clans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_shoguns" title="List of shoguns">Shoguns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Japan" title="List of wars involving Japan">Wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Japan" title="Economic history of Japan">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Japan" title="History of education in Japan">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japanese_foreign_relations" title="History of Japanese foreign relations">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Japan" title="Military history of Japan">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_Japan" title="Naval history of Japan">Naval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Navy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Paleolithic" title="Japanese Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_period" title="Jōmon period">Jōmon period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yayoi_period" title="Yayoi period">Yayoi period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kofun_period" title="Kofun period">Kofun period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asuka_period" title="Asuka period">Asuka period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taih%C5%8D_Code" title="Taihō Code">Taihō Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asuka_Kiyomihara_Code" title="Asuka Kiyomihara Code">Asuka Kiyomihara Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakuh%C5%8D_period" title="Hakuhō period">Hakuhō period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taika_Reform" title="Taika Reform">Taika Reform</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monmu_period" title="Monmu period">Monmu period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nara_period" title="Nara period">Nara period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heian_period" title="Heian period">Heian period</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Post-Classical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genpei_War" title="Genpei War">Genpei War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamakura_period" title="Kamakura period">Kamakura period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamakura_shogunate" title="Kamakura shogunate">Kamakura shogunate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Japan" title="Mongol invasions of Japan">Mongol invasions of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genk%C5%8D_War" title="Genkō War">Genkō War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenmu_Restoration" title="Kenmu Restoration">Kenmu Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muromachi_period" title="Muromachi period">Muromachi period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashikaga_shogunate" title="Ashikaga shogunate">Ashikaga shogunate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanboku-ch%C5%8D_period" title="Nanboku-chō period">Nanboku-chō period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cnin_War" title="Ōnin War">Ōnin War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sengoku_period" title="Sengoku period">Sengoku period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azuchi%E2%80%93Momoyama_period" title="Azuchi–Momoyama period">Azuchi–Momoyama period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Five_Elders" title="Council of Five Elders">Council of Five Elders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasions_of_Korea_(1592%E2%80%931598)" title="Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)">Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Early Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Tokugawa shogunate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakumatsu" title="Bakumatsu">Bakumatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_era" title="Meiji era">Meiji era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_Constitution" title="Meiji Constitution">Imperial Constitution (1890–1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Meiji_Japan" title="Government of Meiji Japan">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_oligarchy" title="Meiji oligarchy">Meiji oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_the_han_system" title="Abolition of the han system">Abolition of the han system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boshin_War" title="Boshin War">Boshin War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satsuma_Rebellion" title="Satsuma Rebellion">Satsuma Rebellion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazoku" title="Kazoku">Kazoku</a> (noble)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Late Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_era" title="Taishō era">Taishō era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_I" title="Japan during World War I">Japan during World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1923_Great_Kant%C5%8D_earthquake" title="1923 Great Kantō earthquake">1923 Great Kantō earthquake</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_era" title="Shōwa era">Shōwa era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Japan during World War II">Japan during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukden_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukden Incident">Mukden Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postwar_Japan" title="Postwar Japan">Postwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_economic_miracle" title="Japanese economic miracle">Economic miracle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heisei_era" title="Heisei era">Heisei era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Hanshin_earthquake" title="Great Hanshin earthquake">Great Hanshin earthquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_T%C5%8Dhoku_earthquake_and_tsunami" title="2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami">2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reiwa_era" title="Reiwa era">Reiwa era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2019_Japanese_imperial_transition" title="2019 Japanese imperial transition">2019 imperial transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Japan" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Japan">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Japan" title="Geography of Japan">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_addressing_system" title="Japanese addressing system">Addresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_archipelago" title="Japanese archipelago">Archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cities_of_Japan" title="Cities of Japan">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Japan" title="Districts of Japan">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Japan" title="List of earthquakes in Japan">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Japan" title="Environmental issues in Japan">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_Japan" title="List of extreme points of Japan">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Japan" title="List of islands of Japan">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Japan" title="List of lakes of Japan">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefectures_of_Japan" title="Prefectures of Japan">Prefectures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Japan" title="List of regions of Japan">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Japan" title="List of rivers of Japan">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_Japan" title="List of towns in Japan">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Japan" title="List of villages in Japan">Villages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Japan" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Japan">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Japan" title="Politics of Japan">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Japan" title="Constitution of Japan">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Japan" title="Elections in Japan">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">Emperor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_Japan" title="List of emperors of Japan">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_House_of_Japan" title="Imperial House of Japan">Imperial House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Japan" title="Foreign relations of Japan">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Japan" title="Human rights in Japan">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Japan" title="LGBTQ rights in Japan">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Japan" title="Judicial system of Japan">Judiciary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Japan" title="Supreme Court of Japan">Supreme Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Japan" title="Law of Japan">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Japan" title="Law enforcement in Japan">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Diet" title="National Diet">National Diet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Japan)" title="House of Representatives (Japan)">House of Representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Councillors" title="House of Councillors">House of Councillors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Diet_of_Japan" title="List of members of the Diet of Japan">List of members</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Japan" title="List of political parties in Japan">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Self-Defense_Forces" title="Japan Self-Defense Forces">Self-Defense Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Ground_Self-Defense_Force" title="Japan Ground Self-Defense Force">Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Maritime_Self-Defense_Force" title="Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force">Maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Air_Self-Defense_Force" title="Japan Air Self-Defense Force">Air</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Japan" title="Government of Japan">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Japan" title="Cabinet of Japan">Cabinet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_cabinets" title="List of Japanese cabinets">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_and_fiscal_policy_of_Japan" title="Monetary and fiscal policy of Japan">Fiscal policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_Japan" title="Foreign policy of Japan">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministries_of_Japan" title="Ministries of Japan">Ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan" title="Prime Minister of Japan">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Japan" title="List of prime ministers of Japan">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Japan" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Japan">Deputy Prime Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Japan" title="Economy of Japan">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture,_forestry,_and_fishing_in_Japan" title="Agriculture, forestry, and fishing in Japan">Agriculture, forestry, fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Japan" title="Bank of Japan">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_market_of_Japan" title="Labor market of Japan">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Japan" title="Manufacturing in Japan">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Japan" title="Energy in Japan">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Japan" title="Science and technology in Japan">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Japan" title="Communications in Japan">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Japan" title="Transport in Japan">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_yen" title="Japanese yen">Yen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Japan" title="Category:Society of Japan">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-monarchism_in_Japan" title="Anti-monarchism in Japan">Anti-monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Japan" title="Censorship in Japan">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Japan" title="Crime in Japan">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Japan" title="Demographics of Japan">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Japan" title="Education in Japan">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette_in_Japan" title="Etiquette in Japan">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Japan" title="Gambling in Japan">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Japan" title="Health in Japan">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_Japan" title="Housing in Japan">Housing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Japan" title="Homelessness in Japan">Homelessness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Japan" title="Languages of Japan">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_prefectures_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Japanese prefectures by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people" title="Japanese people">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography_in_Japan" title="Pornography in Japan">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Japan" title="Prostitution in Japan">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Japan" title="Sex trafficking in Japan">Sex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_minorities_in_Japan" title="Sexual minorities in Japan">Sexual minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_Japan" title="Sexuality in Japan">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Japan" title="Smoking in Japan">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Japan" title="Women in Japan">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Japan" title="Culture of Japan">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_aesthetics" title="Japanese aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">Anime</a> / <a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">Manga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_architecture" title="Japanese architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_art" title="Japanese art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonsai" title="Bonsai">Bonsai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Japan" title="Cinema of Japan">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_S_(genre)" class="mw-redirect" title="Class S (genre)">Class S (genre)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_cuisine" title="Japanese cuisine">Cuisine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Japanese_wine" title="Japanese wine">wine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_festivals" title="Japanese festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Japan" title="Flag of Japan">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_folklore" title="Japanese folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_traditional_Japanese_games" title="List of traditional Japanese games">Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_garden" title="Japanese garden">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geisha" title="Geisha">Geisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genderless_fashion_in_Japan" title="Genderless fashion in Japan">Genderless fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hikikomori" title="Hikikomori">Hikikomori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanami" title="Hanami">Hanami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henohenomoheji" title="Henohenomoheji">Henohenomoheji</a></li> <li>Icons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikebana" title="Ikebana">Ikebana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irezumi" title="Irezumi">Irezumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawaii" title="Kawaii">Kawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_culture_in_Japan" title="LGBTQ culture in Japan">LGBTQ culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_literature" title="Japanese literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_martial_arts" title="Japanese martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Japan" title="Mass media in Japan">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Japan" title="Music of Japan">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_mythology" title="Japanese mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_name" title="Japanese name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Japan" title="National symbols of Japan">National symbols</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/No-pan_kissa" title="No-pan kissa">No-pan kissa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onsen" title="Onsen">Onsen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sent%C5%8D" title="Sentō">Sentō</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Otokonoko" title="Otokonoko">Otokonoko</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origami" title="Origami">Origami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Japan">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_tea_ceremony" title="Japanese tea ceremony">Tea ceremony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Japan" title="Television in Japan">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Japan" title="Theatre of Japan">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Japan" title="Video games in Japan">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen">Zen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/16px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/24px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Japan" title="Portal:Japan">Japan portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Japan" title="Category:Japan">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Religion_in_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religion_in_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Asia" title="Religion in Asia">Religion in Asia </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Afghanistan" title="Religion in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Armenia" title="Religion in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Azerbaijan" title="Religion in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bahrain" title="Religion in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bangladesh" title="Religion in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bhutan" title="Religion in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Brunei" title="Religion in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cambodia" title="Religion in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cyprus" title="Religion in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_East_Timor" title="Religion in East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Egypt" title="Religion in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Religion in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_India" title="Religion in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Indonesia" title="Religion in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iran" title="Religion in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iraq" title="Religion in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Israel" title="Religion in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Jordan" title="Religion in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kazakhstan" title="Religion in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_Korea" title="Religion in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Korea" title="Religion in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kuwait" title="Religion in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Religion in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Laos" title="Religion in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lebanon" title="Religion in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malaysia" title="Religion in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Maldives" title="Religion in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mongolia" title="Religion in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Myanmar" title="Religion in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nepal" title="Religion in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Oman" title="Religion in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Pakistan" title="Religion in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Philippines" title="Religion in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Qatar" title="Religion in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Russia" title="Religion in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Religion in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Singapore" title="Religion in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Religion in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Syria" title="Religion in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tajikistan" title="Religion in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Thailand" title="Religion in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkey" title="Religion in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkmenistan" title="Religion in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Religion in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uzbekistan" title="Religion in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vietnam" title="Religion in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Yemen" title="Religion in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Abkhazia" title="Religion in Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Religion in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Ossetia" title="Religion in South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Taiwan" title="Religion in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Religion in the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Religion in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hong_Kong" title="Religion in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Macau" title="Religion in Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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