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href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B1" title="اسپین‌نیکر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اسپین‌نیکر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpiNNaker" title="SpiNNaker – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="SpiNNaker" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpiNNaker" title="SpiNNaker – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="SpiNNaker" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Spinnaker_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Spinnaker (disambiguation)">Spinnaker (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox hproduct vevent"><caption class="infobox-title fn summary">SpiNNaker: spiking neural network architecture</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Spinn_1m_pano.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Spinn_1m_pano.jpg/220px-Spinn_1m_pano.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Spinn_1m_pano.jpg/330px-Spinn_1m_pano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Spinn_1m_pano.jpg/440px-Spinn_1m_pano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="12140" data-file-height="3978" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The SpiNNaker 1 million core machine assembled at the University of Manchester</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Developer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Steve_Furber" title="Steve Furber">Steve Furber</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Product family</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Manchester_computers" title="Manchester computers">Manchester computers</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Neuromorphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuromorphic">Neuromorphic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Release date</th><td class="infobox-data">2019</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">CPU</a></th><td class="infobox-data">ARM968E-S @ 200 MHz</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Memory</th><td class="infobox-data">7 TB</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data">SpiNNaker 2<sup id="cite_ref-YanKappel2019_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YanKappel2019-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apt.cs.manchester.ac.uk/projects/SpiNNaker/">apt<wbr />.cs<wbr />.manchester<wbr />.ac<wbr />.uk<wbr />/projects<wbr />/SpiNNaker<wbr />/</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>SpiNNaker</b> (spiking neural network architecture) is a <a href="/wiki/Massively_parallel_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Massively parallel (computing)">massively parallel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manycore_processor" title="Manycore processor">manycore</a> <a href="/wiki/Supercomputer_architecture" title="Supercomputer architecture">supercomputer architecture</a> designed by the Advanced Processor Technologies Research Group (APT) at the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Computer_Science,_University_of_Manchester" title="Department of Computer Science, University of Manchester">Department of Computer Science, University of Manchester</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is composed of 57,600 processing nodes, each with 18 <a href="/wiki/ARM9" title="ARM9">ARM9 processors</a> (specifically ARM968) and 128 MB of <a href="/wiki/Mobile_DDR" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile DDR">mobile DDR SDRAM</a>, totalling 1,036,800 cores and over 7 TB of RAM.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The computing platform is based on <a href="/wiki/Spiking_neural_networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiking neural networks">spiking neural networks</a>, useful in simulating the <a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">human brain</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Human_Brain_Project" title="Human Brain Project">Human Brain Project</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-UoM_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UoM-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PIEEE_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PIEEE-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IEEE_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEEE-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The completed design is housed in 10 <a href="/wiki/19-inch_rack" title="19-inch rack">19-inch racks</a>, with each rack holding over 100,000 cores.<sup id="cite_ref-computerphile_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-computerphile-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cards holding the chips are held in 5 <a href="/wiki/Blade_server#Blade_enclosure" title="Blade server">blade enclosures</a>, and each core emulates 1,000 <a href="/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">neurons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-computerphile_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-computerphile-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In total, the goal is to simulate the behaviour of aggregates of up to a billion neurons in real time.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This machine requires about 100 kW from a 240 V <a href="/wiki/Power_supply" title="Power supply">supply</a> and an air-conditioned environment.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>SpiNNaker is being used as one component of the <a href="/wiki/Neuromorphic_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuromorphic engineering">neuromorphic computing</a> platform for the Human Brain Project.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 14 October 2018 the <a href="/wiki/Human_Brain_Project" title="Human Brain Project">HBP</a> announced that the million core milestone had been achieved.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 24 September 2019 HBP announced that an 8 million euro grant, that will fund construction of the second generation machine, (called SpiNNcloud) has been given to <a href="/wiki/TU_Dresden" title="TU Dresden">TU Dresden</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SpiNNaker&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-YanKappel2019-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-YanKappel2019_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output 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.cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFYanKappelNeumarkerPartzsch2019" class="citation journal cs1">Yan, Yexin; Kappel, David; Neumarker, Felix; Partzsch, Johannes; Vogginger, Bernhard; Hoppner, Sebastian; Furber, Steve; Maass, Wolfgang; Legenstein, Robert; Mayr, Christian (2019). 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A.; <a href="/wiki/Steve_Furber" title="Steve Furber">Furber, S. B.</a>; Temple, S.; Khan, M.; Shi, Y.; Wu, J.; Yang, S. (2007). "A GALS Infrastructure for a Massively Parallel Multiprocessor". <i>IEEE Design & Test of Computers</i>. <b>24</b> (5): 454. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMDT.2007.149">10.1109/MDT.2007.149</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16758888">16758888</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Design+%26+Test+of+Computers&rft.atitle=A+GALS+Infrastructure+for+a+Massively+Parallel+Multiprocessor&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=454&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FMDT.2007.149&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A16758888%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Plana&rft.aufirst=L.+A.&rft.au=Furber%2C+S.+B.&rft.au=Temple%2C+S.&rft.au=Khan%2C+M.&rft.au=Shi%2C+Y.&rft.au=Wu%2C+J.&rft.au=Yang%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiNNaker" class="Z3988"></span> A description of the Globally Asynchronous, Locally Synchronous (GALS) nature of SpiNNaker, with an overview of the asynchronous communications hardware designed to transmit neural 'spikes' between processors.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNavaridasLujánMiguel-AlonsoPlana2009" class="citation book cs1">Navaridas, J.; Luján, M.; Miguel-Alonso, J.; Plana, L. 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"Concurrent heterogeneous neural model simulation on real-time neuromimetic hardware". <i>Neural Networks</i>. <b>24</b> (9): <span class="nowrap">961–</span>978. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.neunet.2011.06.014">10.1016/j.neunet.2011.06.014</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21778034">21778034</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neural+Networks&rft.atitle=Concurrent+heterogeneous+neural+model+simulation+on+real-time+neuromimetic+hardware&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E961-%3C%2Fspan%3E978&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.neunet.2011.06.014&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21778034&rft.aulast=Rast&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Galluppi%2C+F.&rft.au=Davies%2C+S.&rft.au=Plana%2C+L.&rft.au=Patterson%2C+C.&rft.au=Sharp%2C+T.&rft.au=Lester%2C+D.&rft.au=Furber%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiNNaker" class="Z3988"></span> A demonstration of SpiNNaker's ability to simulate different neural models (simultaneously, if necessary) in contrast to other neuromorphic hardware.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSharpGalluppiRastFurber2012" class="citation journal cs1">Sharp, T.; Galluppi, F.; Rast, A.; <a href="/wiki/Steve_Furber" title="Steve Furber">Furber, S.</a> (2012). 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