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block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the division of plants. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Moss_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Moss (disambiguation)">Moss (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mosses_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Mosses (disambiguation)">Mosses (disambiguation)</a>.</div> Mosses are small, <a href="/wiki/Non-vascular_plant" title="Non-vascular plant">non-vascular</a> <a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">flowerless</a> <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plants</a> in the taxonomic <a href="/wiki/Phylum" title="Phylum">division</a> Bryophyta (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/braɪˈɒfətə/</a>,<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌbraɪ.əˈfaɪtə/</a>) <a href="/wiki/Sensu_stricto" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensu stricto">sensu stricto</a>. Bryophyta (<a href="/wiki/Sensu_lato" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensu lato">sensu lato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Philippe_Schimper" title="Wilhelm Philippe Schimper">Schimp</a>. 1879<a href="#cite_note-Schimp-4">[4]</a>) may also refer to the parent group <a href="/wiki/Bryophyte" title="Bryophyte">bryophytes</a>, which comprise <a href="/wiki/Marchantiophyta" title="Marchantiophyta">liverworts</a>, mosses, and <a href="/wiki/Hornwort" title="Hornwort">hornworts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sousa2019-5">[5]</a> Mosses typically form dense green clumps or mats, often in damp or shady locations. The individual plants are usually composed of simple <a href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">leaves</a> that are generally only one cell thick, attached to a <a href="/wiki/Plant_stem" title="Plant stem">stem</a> that may be branched or unbranched and has only a limited role in conducting water and nutrients. Although some species have conducting tissues, these are generally poorly developed and structurally different from similar tissue found in <a href="/wiki/Vascular_plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Vascular plants">vascular plants</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LigroneEtal-6">[6]</a> Mosses do not have <a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">seeds</a> and after fertilisation develop <a href="/wiki/Sporophyte" title="Sporophyte">sporophytes</a> with unbranched stalks topped with single capsules containing <a href="/wiki/Sporangium" title="Sporangium">spores</a>. They are typically 0.2–10 cm (0.1–3.9 in) tall, though some species are much larger. <a href="/wiki/Dawsonia_(plant)" title="Dawsonia (plant)">Dawsonia</a>, the tallest moss in the world, can grow to 50 cm (20 in) in height. There are approximately 12,000 species.<a href="#cite_note-Goffinet_&_Buck_2004-2">[2]</a> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Moss <div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous</a><a href="#cite_note-Hubers2012-1">[1]</a>–<a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">present</a> <div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:104.92307692308px; width:115.07692307692px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:104.92307692308px; width:115.07692307692px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:105.92307692308px; width:113.07692307692px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Tionesta-ac-moss2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Tionesta-ac-moss2.jpg/220px-Tionesta-ac-moss2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Tionesta-ac-moss2.jpg/330px-Tionesta-ac-moss2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Tionesta-ac-moss2.jpg/440px-Tionesta-ac-moss2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304"></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Clumps of moss on the ground and base of trees in the <a href="/wiki/Allegheny_National_Forest" title="Allegheny National Forest">Allegheny National Forest</a>, Pennsylvania, United States </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Bryophyta" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Clade: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Embryophyte" title="Embryophyte">Embryophytes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Clade: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Setaphyta" title="Setaphyta">Setaphyta</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Division: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bryophyta</a> <a href="/wiki/Schimp." class="mw-redirect" title="Schimp.">Schimp.</a> <a href="/wiki/Sensu_stricto" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensu stricto">sensu stricto</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Classes<a href="#cite_note-Goffinet_&_Buck_2004-2">[2]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Takakiopsida" class="mw-redirect" title="Takakiopsida">Takakiopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphagnopsida" title="Sphagnopsida">Sphagnopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreaeopsida" class="mw-redirect" title="Andreaeopsida">Andreaeopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreaeobryopsida" class="mw-redirect" title="Andreaeobryopsida">Andreaeobryopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oedipodiopsida" class="mw-redirect" title="Oedipodiopsida">Oedipodiopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytrichopsida" class="mw-redirect" title="Polytrichopsida">Polytrichopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetraphidopsida" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetraphidopsida">Tetraphidopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryopsida" title="Bryopsida">Bryopsida</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li>Musci L.</li> <li>Muscineae Bisch.</li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> Mosses are commonly confused with liverworts, hornworts and <a href="/wiki/Lichen" title="Lichen">lichens</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LNA-7">[7]</a> Although often described as <a href="/wiki/Non-vascular_plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-vascular plants">non-vascular plants</a>, many mosses have advanced vascular systems.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Like liverworts and hornworts, the <a href="/wiki/Haploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Haploid">haploid</a> <a href="/wiki/Gametophyte" title="Gametophyte">gametophyte</a> generation of mosses is the dominant phase of the <a href="/wiki/Biological_life_cycle" title="Biological life cycle">life cycle</a>. This contrasts with the pattern in all vascular plants (<a href="/wiki/Seed_plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Seed plants">seed plants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pteridophytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Pteridophytes">pteridophytes</a>), where the <a href="/wiki/Ploidy#Diploid" title="Ploidy">diploid</a> sporophyte generation is dominant. Lichens may superficially resemble mosses, and sometimes have common names that include the word "moss" (e.g., "<a href="/wiki/Reindeer_moss" class="mw-redirect" title="Reindeer moss">reindeer moss</a>" or "<a href="/wiki/Iceland_moss" class="mw-redirect" title="Iceland moss">Iceland moss</a>"), but they are fungal symbioses and not related to mosses.<a href="#cite_note-LNA-7">[7]</a>: 3 The main commercial significance of mosses is as the main constituent of <a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">peat</a> (mostly the genus <a href="/wiki/Sphagnum" title="Sphagnum">Sphagnum</a>), although they are also used for decorative purposes, such as in gardens and in the <a href="/wiki/Florist" class="mw-redirect" title="Florist">florist</a> trade. Traditional uses of mosses included as insulation and for the ability to absorb liquids up to 20 times their weight. Moss is a <a href="/wiki/Keystone_genus" class="mw-redirect" title="Keystone genus">keystone genus</a> and benefits <a href="/wiki/Habitat_restoration" class="mw-redirect" title="Habitat restoration">habitat restoration</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reforestation" title="Reforestation">reforestation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Physical_characteristics">1 Physical characteristics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Description">1.1 Description</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Life_cycle">1.2 Life cycle</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Dwarf_males">1.3 Dwarf males</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#DNA_repair">1.4 DNA repair</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Classification">2 Classification</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Geological_history">3 Geological history</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Ecology">4 Ecology</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Habitat">4.1 Habitat</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Relationship_with_cyanobacteria">4.2 Relationship with cyanobacteria</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Cultivation">5 Cultivation</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Green_roofs_and_walls">5.1 Green roofs and walls</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Mossery">5.2 Mossery</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Aquascaping">5.3 Aquascaping</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Growth_inhibition">5.4 Growth inhibition</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Uses">6 Uses</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Traditional">6.1 Traditional</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Commercial">6.2 Commercial</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#References">7 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Further_reading">8 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#External_links">9 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Physical_characteristics">Physical characteristics</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Moss&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Physical characteristics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Description">Description</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Moss&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bryum_capillare_leaf_cells.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Bryum_capillare_leaf_cells.jpg/220px-Bryum_capillare_leaf_cells.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5075" data-file-height="3383"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Bryum_capillare_leaf_cells.jpg/220px-Bryum_capillare_leaf_cells.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Bryum_capillare_leaf_cells.jpg/330px-Bryum_capillare_leaf_cells.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Bryum_capillare_leaf_cells.jpg/440px-Bryum_capillare_leaf_cells.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Chloroplasts (green discs) and accumulated starch granules in cells of <a href="/wiki/Bryum" title="Bryum">Bryum capillare</a></figcaption></figure> Botanically, mosses are <a href="/wiki/Non-vascular_plant" title="Non-vascular plant">non-vascular plants</a> in the land plant division Bryophyta. They are usually small (a few centimeters tall) <a href="/wiki/Herbaceous_plant" title="Herbaceous plant">herbaceous</a> (non-woody) plants that absorb water and nutrients mainly through their leaves and harvest <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> and sunlight to create food by <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mathews-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-pojar-12">[12]</a> With the exception of the ancient group <a href="/wiki/Takakia" title="Takakia">Takakiopsida</a>, no known mosses form <a href="/wiki/Mycorrhiza" title="Mycorrhiza">mycorrhiza</a>,<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> but bryophilous fungi is widespread in moss and other bryophytes, where they live as saprotrophs, parasites, pathogens and mutualists, some of them <a href="/wiki/Endophyte" title="Endophyte">endophytes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Mosses differ from <a href="/wiki/Vascular_plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Vascular plants">vascular plants</a> in lacking water-bearing <a href="/wiki/Xylem" title="Xylem">xylem</a> <a href="/wiki/Tracheids" class="mw-redirect" title="Tracheids">tracheids</a> or <a href="/wiki/Vessel_elements" class="mw-redirect" title="Vessel elements">vessels</a>. As in <a href="/wiki/Marchantiophyta" title="Marchantiophyta">liverworts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hornwort" title="Hornwort">hornworts</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Haploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Haploid">haploid</a> <a href="/wiki/Gametophyte" title="Gametophyte">gametophyte</a> generation is the dominant phase of the <a href="/wiki/Biological_life_cycle" title="Biological life cycle">life cycle</a>. This contrasts with the pattern in all vascular plants (<a href="/wiki/Seed_plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Seed plants">seed plants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pteridophytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Pteridophytes">pteridophytes</a>), where the <a href="/wiki/Haploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Haploid">diploid</a> <a href="/wiki/Sporophyte" title="Sporophyte">sporophyte</a> generation is dominant. Mosses reproduce using <a href="/wiki/Spore" title="Spore">spores</a>, not <a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">seeds</a>, and have no flowers. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moss_leaf_under_microscope.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Moss_leaf_under_microscope.jpg/200px-Moss_leaf_under_microscope.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="205" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1327" data-file-height="1359"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 205px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Moss_leaf_under_microscope.jpg/200px-Moss_leaf_under_microscope.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="205" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Moss_leaf_under_microscope.jpg/300px-Moss_leaf_under_microscope.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Moss_leaf_under_microscope.jpg/400px-Moss_leaf_under_microscope.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Moss leaf under microscope, showing <a href="/wiki/Gemma_(botany)" title="Gemma (botany)">gemmae</a> and a hair point (40x)</figcaption></figure> Moss gametophytes have stems which may be simple or branched and upright (acrocarp) or prostrate (pleurocarp). The early divergent classes Takakiopsida, Sphagnopsida, Andreaeopsida and Andreaeobryopsida either lack <a href="/wiki/Stoma" title="Stoma">stomata</a> or have pseudostomata that do not form pores. In the remaining classes, stomata have been lost more than 60 times.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Their leaves are simple, usually only a single layer of cells with no internal air spaces, often with thicker midribs (nerves). The nerve can run beyond the edge of the leaf tip, termed excurrent. The tip of the leaf blade can be extended as a hair point, made of colourless cells. These appear white against the dark green of the leaves. The edge of the leaf can be smooth or it may have teeth. There may be a distinct type of cell defining the edge of the leaf, distinct in shape and/or colour from the other leaf cells.<a href="#cite_note-BBS_-_field_guide2010-16">[16]</a> Moss has threadlike <a href="/wiki/Rhizoids" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhizoids">rhizoids</a> that anchor them to their substrate, comparable to <a href="/wiki/Root_hairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Root hairs">root hairs</a> rather than the more substantial <a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">root</a> structures of <a href="/wiki/Spermatophytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Spermatophytes">spermatophytes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Watson1981-17">[17]</a> Mosses do not absorb water or nutrients from their substrate through their rhizoids.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] They can be distinguished from <a href="/wiki/Marchantiophyta" title="Marchantiophyta">liverworts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Marchantiophyta" title="Marchantiophyta">Marchantiophyta</a> or Hepaticae) by their multi-cellular rhizoids. Spore-bearing capsules or <a href="/wiki/Sporangium" title="Sporangium">sporangia</a> of mosses are borne singly on long, unbranched stems, thereby distinguishing them from the <a href="/wiki/Polysporangiophytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Polysporangiophytes">polysporangiophytes</a>, which include all vascular plants. The spore-producing sporophytes (i.e. the <a href="/wiki/Diploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Diploid">diploid</a> multicellular generation) are short-lived and usually capable of photosynthesis, but are dependent on the gametophyte for water supply and most or all of its nutrients.<a href="#cite_note-Budke-2018-18">[18]</a> Also, in the majority of mosses, the spore-bearing capsule enlarges and matures after its stalk elongates, while in liverworts the capsule enlarges and matures before its stalk elongates.<a href="#cite_note-pojar-12">[12]</a> Other differences are not universal for all mosses and all liverworts, but the presence of a clearly differentiated stem with simple-shaped, non-vascular leaves that are not arranged in three ranks, all point to the plant being a moss.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Life_cycle">Life cycle</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Moss&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Life cycle" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Vascular <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plants</a> have two sets of <a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">chromosomes</a> in their vegetative cells and are said to be <a href="/wiki/Diploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Diploid">diploid</a>, i.e. each chromosome has a partner that contains the same, or similar, genetic information. By contrast, mosses and other <a href="/wiki/Bryophyte" title="Bryophyte">bryophytes</a> have only a single set of chromosomes and so are <a href="/wiki/Haploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Haploid">haploid</a> (i.e. each chromosome exists in a unique copy within the cell). There is a period in the moss life cycle when they do have a double set of paired chromosomes, but this happens only during the <a href="/wiki/Sporophyte" title="Sporophyte">sporophyte</a> stage. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lifecycle_moss_svg_diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Lifecycle_moss_svg_diagram.svg/300px-Lifecycle_moss_svg_diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="452" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="488" data-file-height="736"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 452px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Lifecycle_moss_svg_diagram.svg/300px-Lifecycle_moss_svg_diagram.svg.png" data-width="300" data-height="452" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Lifecycle_moss_svg_diagram.svg/450px-Lifecycle_moss_svg_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Lifecycle_moss_svg_diagram.svg/600px-Lifecycle_moss_svg_diagram.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Life cycle of a typical moss (<a href="/wiki/Polytrichum_commune" title="Polytrichum commune">Polytrichum commune</a>)</figcaption></figure> The moss life-cycle starts with a haploid <a href="/wiki/Spore" title="Spore">spore</a> that germinates to produce a <a href="/wiki/Protonema" title="Protonema">protonema</a> (pl. protonemata), which is either a mass of thread-like filaments or thalloid (flat and thallus-like). Massed moss protonemata typically look like a thin green felt, and may grow on damp soil, tree bark, rocks, concrete, or almost any other reasonably stable surface. This is a transitory stage in the life of a moss, but from the protonema grows the <a href="/wiki/Gametophore" title="Gametophore">gametophore</a> ("gamete-bearer") that is structurally differentiated into stems and leaves. A single mat of protonemata may develop several gametophore shoots, resulting in a clump of moss. From the tips of the gametophore stems or branches develop the sex organs of the mosses. The female organs are known as <a href="/wiki/Archegonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Archegonia">archegonia</a> (sing. <a href="/wiki/Archegonium" title="Archegonium">archegonium</a>) and are protected by a group of modified leaves known as the perichaetum (plural, perichaeta). The archegonia are small flask-shaped clumps of cells with an open neck (venter) down which the male sperm swim. The male organs are known as <a href="/wiki/Antheridia" class="mw-redirect" title="Antheridia">antheridia</a> (sing. <a href="/wiki/Antheridium" title="Antheridium">antheridium</a>) and are enclosed by modified leaves called the perigonium (pl. perigonia). The surrounding leaves in some mosses form a splash cup, allowing the sperm contained in the cup to be splashed to neighboring stalks by falling water droplets.<a href="#cite_note-vanderVelde2001-19">[19]</a> Gametophore tip growth is disrupted by fungal <a href="/wiki/Chitin" title="Chitin">chitin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Delaux-Schornack-2021-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bibeau-et-al-2021-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sun-et-al-2020-22">[22]</a> Galotto et al., 2020 applied <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chitooctaose&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chitooctaose (page does not exist)">chitooctaose</a> and found that tips detected and responded to this chitin derivative by changing <a href="/wiki/Gene_expression" title="Gene expression">gene expression</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Delaux-Schornack-2021-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bibeau-et-al-2021-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sun-et-al-2020-22">[22]</a> They concluded that this defense response was probably <a href="/wiki/Conserved_sequence" title="Conserved sequence">conserved</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Most_recent_common_ancestor" title="Most recent common ancestor">most recent common ancestor</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bryophyte" title="Bryophyte">bryophytes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tracheophytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Tracheophytes">tracheophytes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Delaux-Schornack-2021-20">[20]</a> Orr et al., 2020 found that the <a href="/wiki/Microtubule" title="Microtubule">microtubules</a> of growing tip cells were structurally similar to <a href="/wiki/F-actin" class="mw-redirect" title="F-actin">F-actin</a> and served a similar purpose.<a href="#cite_note-Bibeau-et-al-2021-21">[21]</a> Mosses can be either <a href="/wiki/Dioicous" class="mw-redirect" title="Dioicous">dioicous</a> (compare <a href="/wiki/Dioecious" class="mw-redirect" title="Dioecious">dioecious</a> in seed plants) or <a href="/wiki/Monoicous" class="mw-redirect" title="Monoicous">monoicous</a> (compare <a href="/wiki/Monoecious" class="mw-redirect" title="Monoecious">monoecious</a>). In dioicous mosses, male and female sex organs are borne on different gametophyte plants. In monoicous (also called autoicous) mosses, both are borne on the same plant. In the presence of water, sperm from the antheridia swim to the archegonia and <a href="/wiki/Fertilisation" title="Fertilisation">fertilisation</a> occurs, leading to the production of a diploid sporophyte. The sperm of mosses is biflagellate, i.e. they have two flagellae that aid in propulsion. Since the sperm must swim to the archegonium, fertilisation cannot occur without water. Some species (for example Mnium hornum or several species of Polytrichum) keep their antheridia in so called 'splash cups', bowl-like structures on the shoot tips that propel the sperm several decimeters when water droplets hit it, increasing the fertilization distance.<a href="#cite_note-vanderVelde2001-19">[19]</a> After fertilisation, the immature sporophyte pushes its way out of the archegonial venter. It takes several months for the <a href="/wiki/Sporophyte" title="Sporophyte">sporophyte</a> to mature. The sporophyte body comprises a long stalk, called a seta, and a capsule capped by a cap called the <a href="/wiki/Operculum_(Botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Operculum (Botany)">operculum</a>. The capsule and operculum are in turn sheathed by a haploid calyptra which is the remains of the archegonial venter. The calyptra usually falls off when the capsule is mature. Within the capsule, spore-producing cells undergo <a href="/wiki/Meiosis" title="Meiosis">meiosis</a> to form haploid spores, upon which the cycle can start again. The mouth of the capsule is usually ringed by a set of teeth called peristome. This may be absent in some mosses.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Most mosses rely on the wind to disperse the spores. In the <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> <a href="/wiki/Sphagnum" title="Sphagnum">Sphagnum</a> the <a href="/wiki/Sphagnum#Spore_dispersal" title="Sphagnum">spores are projected</a> about 10–20 cm (4–8 in) off the ground by compressed air contained in the capsules; the spores are accelerated to about 36,000 times the <a href="/wiki/Gravity_of_Earth" title="Gravity of Earth">earth's gravitational acceleration g</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moss_Gametophytes_Sporophytes.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Moss_Gametophytes_Sporophytes.JPG/300px-Moss_Gametophytes_Sporophytes.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 225px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Moss_Gametophytes_Sporophytes.JPG/300px-Moss_Gametophytes_Sporophytes.JPG" data-width="300" data-height="225" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Moss_Gametophytes_Sporophytes.JPG/450px-Moss_Gametophytes_Sporophytes.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Moss_Gametophytes_Sporophytes.JPG/600px-Moss_Gametophytes_Sporophytes.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A patch of moss showing both gametophytes (the low, leaf-like forms) and sporophytes (the tall, stalk-like forms)</figcaption></figure> It has recently been found that microarthropods, such as <a href="/wiki/Springtails" class="mw-redirect" title="Springtails">springtails</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mites" class="mw-redirect" title="Mites">mites</a>, can effect moss fertilization<a href="#cite_note-cronberg2006-25">[25]</a> and that this process is mediated by moss-emitted scents. Male and female <a href="/wiki/Fire_moss" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire moss">fire moss</a>, for example emit different and complex volatile organic scents.<a href="#cite_note-rosenstiel2012-26">[26]</a> Female plants emit more compounds than male plants. <a href="/wiki/Springtails" class="mw-redirect" title="Springtails">Springtails</a> were found to choose female plants preferentially, and one study found that springtails enhance moss fertilization, suggesting a scent-mediated relationship analogous to the plant-pollinator relationship found in many seed plants.<a href="#cite_note-rosenstiel2012-26">[26]</a> The stinkmoss species <a href="/wiki/Splachnum_sphaericum" title="Splachnum sphaericum">Splachnum sphaericum</a> develops insect pollination further by attracting flies to its sporangia with a strong smell of carrion, and providing a strong visual cue in the form of red-coloured swollen collars beneath each spore capsule. Flies attracted to the moss carry its spores to fresh herbivore dung, which is the favoured habitat of the species of this genus.<a href="#cite_note-vaizey-27">[27]</a> In many mosses, e.g., Ulota phyllantha, green vegetative structures called <a href="/wiki/Gemma_(botany)" title="Gemma (botany)">gemmae</a> are produced on leaves or branches, which can break off and form new plants without the need to go through the cycle of fertilization. This is a means of <a href="/wiki/Asexual_reproduction" title="Asexual reproduction">asexual reproduction</a>, and the genetically identical units can lead to the formation of <a href="/wiki/Cloning" title="Cloning">clonal</a> populations. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dwarf_males">Dwarf males</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Moss&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Dwarf males" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Moss dwarf males (also known as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nannandry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nannandry (page does not exist)">nannandry</a> or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Phyllodioicy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phyllodioicy (page does not exist)">phyllodioicy</a>) originate from wind-dispersed male <a href="/wiki/Spore" title="Spore">spores</a> that settle and germinate on the female shoot where their growth is restricted to a few millimeters. In some species, dwarfness is genetically determined, in that all male spores become dwarf.<a href="#cite_note-UneKouji-28">[28]</a> More often, it is environmentally determined in that male spores that land on a female become dwarf, while those that land elsewhere develop into large, female-sized males.<a href="#cite_note-UneKouji-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Loveland-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wallace-31">[31]</a> In the latter case, dwarf males that are transplanted from females to another substrate develop into large shoots, suggesting that the females emit a substance which inhibits the growth of germinating males and possibly also quickens their onset of sexual maturation.<a href="#cite_note-Loveland-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wallace-31">[31]</a> The nature of such a substance is unknown, but the phytohormone <a href="/wiki/Auxin" title="Auxin">auxin</a> may be involved<a href="#cite_note-UneKouji-28">[28]</a> Having the males growing as dwarfs on the female is expected to increase the <a href="/wiki/Fertilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertilization">fertilization</a> efficiency by minimizing the distance between male and female reproductive organs. Accordingly, it has been observed that fertilization frequency is positively associated with the presence of dwarf males in several <a href="/w/index.php?title=Phyllodioicy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phyllodioicy (page does not exist)">phyllodioicous</a> species.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Heden%C3%A4s-33">[33]</a> Dwarf males occur in several unrelated <a href="/wiki/Lineage_(evolution)" title="Lineage (evolution)">lineages</a><a href="#cite_note-Heden%C3%A4s-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> and may be more common than previously thought.<a href="#cite_note-Heden%C3%A4s-33">[33]</a> For example, it is estimated that between one quarter and half of all <a href="/wiki/Dioicy" title="Dioicy">dioicous</a> <a href="/wiki/Pleurocarpous" class="mw-redirect" title="Pleurocarpous">pleurocarps</a> have dwarf males.<a href="#cite_note-Heden%C3%A4s-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="DNA_repair">DNA repair</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Moss&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: DNA repair" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The moss <a href="/wiki/Physcomitrium_patens" class="mw-redirect" title="Physcomitrium patens">Physcomitrium patens</a> has been used as a <a href="/wiki/Model_organism" title="Model organism">model organism</a> to study how plants <a href="/wiki/DNA_repair" title="DNA repair">repair</a> damage to their DNA, especially the repair mechanism known as <a href="/wiki/Homologous_recombination" title="Homologous recombination">homologous recombination</a>. If the plant cannot repair DNA damage, e.g., <a href="/wiki/Double-strand_breaks" class="mw-redirect" title="Double-strand breaks">double-strand breaks</a>, in their <a href="/wiki/Somatic_cell" title="Somatic cell">somatic cells</a>, the cells can lose normal functions or die. If this occurs during <a href="/wiki/Meiosis" title="Meiosis">meiosis</a> (part of sexual reproduction), they could become infertile. The genome of P. patens has been sequenced, which has allowed several genes involved in DNA repair to be identified.<a href="#cite_note-pmid18079367-35">[35]</a> P. patens mutants that are defective in key steps of homologous recombination have been used to work out how the repair mechanism functions in plants. For example, a study of P. patens mutants defective in RpRAD51, a gene that encodes a protein at the core of the recombinational repair reaction, indicated that homologous recombination is essential for repairing DNA double-strand breaks in this plant.<a href="#cite_note-pmid17921313-36">[36]</a> Similarly, studies of mutants defective in Ppmre11 or Pprad50 (that encode key proteins of the <a href="/wiki/MRN_complex" title="MRN complex">MRN complex</a>, the principal sensor of DNA double-strand breaks) showed that these genes are necessary for repair of DNA damage as well as for normal growth and development.<a href="#cite_note-pmid22210882-37">[37]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Moss&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Classification" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> More recently, mosses have been grouped with the <a href="/wiki/Marchantiophyta" title="Marchantiophyta">liverworts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hornwort" title="Hornwort">hornworts</a> in the division Bryophyta (<a href="/wiki/Bryophyte" title="Bryophyte">bryophytes</a>, or Bryophyta sensu lato).<a href="#cite_note-Sousa2019-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-CoxLiFostEmbl14-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-Puttick2018-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-Leebens-Mack2019-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zhang2020-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-Harris2020-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-Li2020-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sousa2020a-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Su2021-45">[45]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Bundling_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">excessive citations</a>] The bryophyte division itself contains three (former) divisions: Bryophyta (mosses), <a href="/wiki/Marchantiophyta" title="Marchantiophyta">Marchantiophyta</a> (liverworts) and <a href="/wiki/Hornworts" class="mw-redirect" title="Hornworts">Anthocerotophyta</a> (hornworts); it has been proposed that these latter divisions are de-ranked to the classes Bryopsida, Marchantiopsida, and Anthocerotopsida, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-Sousa2019-5">[5]</a> The mosses and liverworts are now considered to belong to a clade called <a href="/wiki/Setaphyta" title="Setaphyta">Setaphyta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Puttick2018-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sousa2020b-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cox2018-47">[47]</a> The mosses, (Bryophyta sensu stricto), are divided into eight classes: <table style="float:left; text-align:left; padding:2.5px; background:#eef;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background:#fff; padding:2.5px">division Bryophyta <dl><dd>class <a href="/wiki/Takakiopsida" class="mw-redirect" title="Takakiopsida">Takakiopsida</a></dd> <dd>class <a href="/wiki/Sphagnopsida" title="Sphagnopsida">Sphagnopsida</a></dd> <dd>class <a href="/wiki/Andreaeopsida" class="mw-redirect" title="Andreaeopsida">Andreaeopsida</a></dd> <dd>class <a href="/wiki/Andreaeobryopsida" class="mw-redirect" title="Andreaeobryopsida">Andreaeobryopsida</a></dd> <dd>class <a href="/wiki/Oedipodiopsida" class="mw-redirect" title="Oedipodiopsida">Oedipodiopsida</a></dd> <dd>class <a href="/wiki/Polytrichopsida" class="mw-redirect" title="Polytrichopsida">Polytrichopsida</a></dd> <dd>class <a href="/wiki/Tetraphidopsida" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetraphidopsida">Tetraphidopsida</a></dd> <dd>class <a href="/wiki/Bryopsida" title="Bryopsida">Bryopsida</a></dd></dl> </td> <td><div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1258728058">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade" style="font-size:75%;line-height:75%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">vascular plants</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Anthocerotopsida" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthocerotopsida">hornworts</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Marchantiophyta" title="Marchantiophyta">liverworts</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">Bryophyta </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Takakiopsida" class="mw-redirect" title="Takakiopsida">Takakiopsida</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Sphagnopsida" title="Sphagnopsida">Sphagnopsida</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Andreaeopsida" class="mw-redirect" title="Andreaeopsida">Andreaeopsida</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Andreaeobryopsida" class="mw-redirect" title="Andreaeobryopsida">Andreaeobryopsida</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">Neomusci </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Oedipodiopsida" class="mw-redirect" title="Oedipodiopsida">Oedipodiopsida</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">Cenomusci </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Polytrichopsida" class="mw-redirect" title="Polytrichopsida">Polytrichopsida</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">Altamusci </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Tetraphidopsida" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetraphidopsida">Tetraphidopsida</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Bryopsida" title="Bryopsida">Bryopsida</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:90%;"> <td colspan="2">The current <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetics" title="Phylogenetics">phylogeny</a> and composition of the Bryophyta.<a href="#cite_note-Goffinet_&_Buck_2004-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haeckel_Muscinae.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Haeckel_Muscinae.jpg/220px-Haeckel_Muscinae.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2346" data-file-height="3281"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 308px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Haeckel_Muscinae.jpg/220px-Haeckel_Muscinae.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="308" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Haeckel_Muscinae.jpg/330px-Haeckel_Muscinae.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Haeckel_Muscinae.jpg/440px-Haeckel_Muscinae.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>"Muscinae" from <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Ernst Haeckel</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Kunstformen_der_Natur" title="Kunstformen der Natur">Kunstformen der Natur</a>, 1904</figcaption></figure> Six of the eight classes contain only one or two genera each. Polytrichopsida includes 23 genera, and Bryopsida includes the majority of moss diversity with over 95% of moss species belonging to this class. The Sphagnopsida, the peat-mosses, comprise the two living genera <a href="/wiki/Ambuchanania" title="Ambuchanania">Ambuchanania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sphagnum" title="Sphagnum">Sphagnum</a>, as well as fossil taxa. Sphagnum is a diverse, widespread, and economically important one. These large mosses form extensive acidic bogs in peat swamps. The leaves of Sphagnum have large dead cells alternating with living photosynthetic cells. The dead cells help to store water. Aside from this character, the unique branching, thallose (flat and expanded) protonema, and explosively rupturing sporangium place it apart from other mosses. Andreaeopsida and Andreaeobryopsida are distinguished by the biseriate (two rows of cells) rhizoids, multiseriate (many rows of cells) protonema, and sporangium that splits along longitudinal lines. Most mosses have capsules that open at the top. Polytrichopsida have leaves with sets of parallel lamellae, flaps of chloroplast-containing cells that look like the fins on a heat sink. These carry out photosynthesis and may help to conserve moisture by partially enclosing the gas exchange surfaces. The Polytrichopsida differ from other mosses in other details of their development and anatomy too, and can also become larger than most other mosses, with e.g., <a href="/wiki/Polytrichum_commune" title="Polytrichum commune">Polytrichum commune</a> forming cushions up to 40 cm (16 in) high. The tallest land moss, a member of the Polytrichidae is probably <a href="/wiki/Dawsonia_superba" title="Dawsonia superba">Dawsonia superba</a>, a native to <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> and other parts of <a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</a>. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Geological_history">Geological history</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Moss&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Geological history" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RedMoss.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/RedMoss.jpg/220px-RedMoss.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="694"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 149px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/RedMoss.jpg/220px-RedMoss.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="149" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/RedMoss.jpg/330px-RedMoss.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/RedMoss.jpg/440px-RedMoss.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Polytrichum_piliferum" title="Polytrichum piliferum">Bristly Haircap</a> moss, a winter native of the <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_Dales" title="Yorkshire Dales">Yorkshire Dales</a> <a href="/wiki/Moorland" title="Moorland">moorland</a></figcaption></figure> The fossil record of moss is sparse, due to their soft-walled and fragile nature. Unambiguous moss fossils have been recovered from as early as the <a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">Permian</a> of Antarctica and Russia, and a case has been made for <a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous</a> mosses.<a href="#cite_note-Thomas1972-49">[49]</a> It has further been claimed that tube-like fossils from the <a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">Silurian</a> are the macerated remains of moss <a href="/wiki/Calyptr%C3%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="Calyptræ">calyptræ</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Mosses also appear to evolve 2–3 times slower than ferns, <a href="/wiki/Gymnosperm" title="Gymnosperm">gymnosperms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Angiosperm" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiosperm">angiosperms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Recent research shows that ancient moss could explain why the <a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">Ordovician</a> ice ages occurred. When the ancestors of today's moss started to spread on land 470 million years ago, they absorbed CO2 from the atmosphere and extracted minerals by secreting organic acids that dissolved the rocks they were growing on. These chemically altered rocks in turn reacted with the atmospheric CO2 and formed new carbonate rocks in the ocean through the weathering of calcium and magnesium ions from silicate rocks. The weathered rocks also released significant amounts of phosphorus and iron which ended up in the oceans, where it caused massive algal blooms, resulting in organic carbon burial, extracting more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Small organisms feeding on the nutrients created large areas without oxygen, which caused a mass extinction of marine species, while the levels of CO2 dropped all over the world, allowing the formation of ice caps on the poles.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Moss&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ecology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Habitat">Habitat</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Moss&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Habitat" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mossopolis.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dense moss colonies in a cool coastal forest"><noscript><img alt="Dense moss colonies in a cool coastal forest" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Mossopolis.jpg/240px-Mossopolis.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 160px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Mossopolis.jpg/240px-Mossopolis.jpg" data-alt="Dense moss colonies in a cool coastal forest" data-width="160" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Mossopolis.jpg/360px-Mossopolis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Mossopolis.jpg/480px-Mossopolis.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dense moss colonies in a cool coastal forest</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:MossForest.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A cool high altitude/latitude moss forest; the forest floor is covered in moss, beneath conifers"><noscript><img alt="A cool high altitude/latitude moss forest; the forest floor is covered in moss, beneath conifers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/MossForest.jpg/270px-MossForest.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="534"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/MossForest.jpg/270px-MossForest.jpg" data-alt="A cool high altitude/latitude moss forest; the forest floor is covered in moss, beneath conifers" data-width="180" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/MossForest.jpg/405px-MossForest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/MossForest.jpg/540px-MossForest.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A cool high altitude/latitude moss forest; the forest floor is covered in moss, beneath conifers</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Route_1_,_Between_Vik_and_Kirkjub%C3%A6jarklaustur_-_panoramio_(7).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Moss colonizes a basalt flow, in Iceland"><noscript><img alt="Moss colonizes a basalt flow, in Iceland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Route_1_%2C_Between_Vik_and_Kirkjub%C3%A6jarklaustur_-_panoramio_%287%29.jpg/240px-Route_1_%2C_Between_Vik_and_Kirkjub%C3%A6jarklaustur_-_panoramio_%287%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 160px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Route_1_%2C_Between_Vik_and_Kirkjub%C3%A6jarklaustur_-_panoramio_%287%29.jpg/240px-Route_1_%2C_Between_Vik_and_Kirkjub%C3%A6jarklaustur_-_panoramio_%287%29.jpg" data-alt="Moss colonizes a basalt flow, in Iceland" data-width="160" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Route_1_%2C_Between_Vik_and_Kirkjub%C3%A6jarklaustur_-_panoramio_%287%29.jpg/360px-Route_1_%2C_Between_Vik_and_Kirkjub%C3%A6jarklaustur_-_panoramio_%287%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Route_1_%2C_Between_Vik_and_Kirkjub%C3%A6jarklaustur_-_panoramio_%287%29.jpg/480px-Route_1_%2C_Between_Vik_and_Kirkjub%C3%A6jarklaustur_-_panoramio_%287%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Moss colonizes a <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basalt</a> flow, in <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Moss_(Iceland)_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Moss growing along seeps and springs in newly deposited basaltic rock, Iceland."><noscript><img alt="Moss growing along seeps and springs in newly deposited basaltic rock, Iceland." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Moss_%28Iceland%29_03.jpg/240px-Moss_%28Iceland%29_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 160px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Moss_%28Iceland%29_03.jpg/240px-Moss_%28Iceland%29_03.jpg" data-alt="Moss growing along seeps and springs in newly deposited basaltic rock, Iceland." data-width="160" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Moss_%28Iceland%29_03.jpg/360px-Moss_%28Iceland%29_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Moss_%28Iceland%29_03.jpg/480px-Moss_%28Iceland%29_03.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Moss growing along <a href="/wiki/Seep" class="mw-redirect" title="Seep">seeps</a> and springs in newly deposited <a href="/wiki/Basaltic" class="mw-redirect" title="Basaltic">basaltic</a> rock, Iceland.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Steinerne_Rinne_bei_Obererasbach_im_Altm%C3%BChltal.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Moss growing along the stream from a karst spring; travertine deposits from the stream water and the moss overgrows it, forming this ridge, with the stream on top."><noscript><img alt="Moss growing along the stream from a karst spring; travertine deposits from the stream water and the moss overgrows it, forming this ridge, with the stream on top." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Steinerne_Rinne_bei_Obererasbach_im_Altm%C3%BChltal.jpg/240px-Steinerne_Rinne_bei_Obererasbach_im_Altm%C3%BChltal.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 160px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Steinerne_Rinne_bei_Obererasbach_im_Altm%C3%BChltal.jpg/240px-Steinerne_Rinne_bei_Obererasbach_im_Altm%C3%BChltal.jpg" data-alt="Moss growing along the stream from a karst spring; travertine deposits from the stream water and the moss overgrows it, forming this ridge, with the stream on top." data-width="160" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Steinerne_Rinne_bei_Obererasbach_im_Altm%C3%BChltal.jpg/360px-Steinerne_Rinne_bei_Obererasbach_im_Altm%C3%BChltal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Steinerne_Rinne_bei_Obererasbach_im_Altm%C3%BChltal.jpg/480px-Steinerne_Rinne_bei_Obererasbach_im_Altm%C3%BChltal.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Moss growing along the stream from a <a href="/wiki/Karst_spring" title="Karst spring">karst spring</a>; <a href="/wiki/Travertine" title="Travertine">travertine</a> deposits from the stream water and the moss overgrows it, forming this ridge, with the stream on top.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 194px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 192px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Winter_moss.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Moss with sporophytes on brick"><noscript><img alt="Moss with sporophytes on brick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Winter_moss.jpg/288px-Winter_moss.jpg" decoding="async" width="192" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 192px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Winter_moss.jpg/288px-Winter_moss.jpg" data-alt="Moss with sporophytes on brick" data-width="192" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Winter_moss.jpg/432px-Winter_moss.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Winter_moss.jpg/576px-Winter_moss.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Moss with sporophytes on brick</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mech_plonnik_mlode_sporofity.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Young sporophytes of the common moss Tortula muralis (wall screw-moss)"><noscript><img alt="Young sporophytes of the common moss Tortula muralis (wall screw-moss)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Mech_plonnik_mlode_sporofity.jpg/240px-Mech_plonnik_mlode_sporofity.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 160px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Mech_plonnik_mlode_sporofity.jpg/240px-Mech_plonnik_mlode_sporofity.jpg" data-alt="Young sporophytes of the common moss Tortula muralis (wall screw-moss)" data-width="160" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Mech_plonnik_mlode_sporofity.jpg/360px-Mech_plonnik_mlode_sporofity.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Mech_plonnik_mlode_sporofity.jpg/480px-Mech_plonnik_mlode_sporofity.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Young <a href="/wiki/Sporophyte" title="Sporophyte">sporophytes</a> of the common moss Tortula muralis (wall screw-moss)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Taiwan_2009_JinGuaShi_Historic_Gold_Mine_Moss_Covered_Retaining_Wall_FRD_8940.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Retaining wall covered in moss"><noscript><img alt="Retaining wall covered in moss" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Taiwan_2009_JinGuaShi_Historic_Gold_Mine_Moss_Covered_Retaining_Wall_FRD_8940.jpg/271px-Taiwan_2009_JinGuaShi_Historic_Gold_Mine_Moss_Covered_Retaining_Wall_FRD_8940.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2828"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 181px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Taiwan_2009_JinGuaShi_Historic_Gold_Mine_Moss_Covered_Retaining_Wall_FRD_8940.jpg/271px-Taiwan_2009_JinGuaShi_Historic_Gold_Mine_Moss_Covered_Retaining_Wall_FRD_8940.jpg" data-alt="Retaining wall covered in moss" data-width="181" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Taiwan_2009_JinGuaShi_Historic_Gold_Mine_Moss_Covered_Retaining_Wall_FRD_8940.jpg/407px-Taiwan_2009_JinGuaShi_Historic_Gold_Mine_Moss_Covered_Retaining_Wall_FRD_8940.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Taiwan_2009_JinGuaShi_Historic_Gold_Mine_Moss_Covered_Retaining_Wall_FRD_8940.jpg/542px-Taiwan_2009_JinGuaShi_Historic_Gold_Mine_Moss_Covered_Retaining_Wall_FRD_8940.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Retaining_wall" title="Retaining wall">Retaining wall</a> covered in moss</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Michiganmosspatch.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A small clump of moss beneath a conifer (a shady, usually dry place)"><noscript><img alt="A small clump of moss beneath a conifer (a shady, usually dry place)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Michiganmosspatch.jpg/240px-Michiganmosspatch.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 160px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Michiganmosspatch.jpg/240px-Michiganmosspatch.jpg" data-alt="A small clump of moss beneath a conifer (a shady, usually dry place)" data-width="160" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Michiganmosspatch.jpg/360px-Michiganmosspatch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Michiganmosspatch.jpg/480px-Michiganmosspatch.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A small clump of moss beneath a conifer (a shady, usually dry place)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:MossOnConcreteWall.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Moss on a concrete wall"><noscript><img alt="Moss on a concrete wall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/MossOnConcreteWall.jpg/270px-MossOnConcreteWall.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/MossOnConcreteWall.jpg/270px-MossOnConcreteWall.jpg" data-alt="Moss on a concrete wall" data-width="180" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/MossOnConcreteWall.jpg/405px-MossOnConcreteWall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/MossOnConcreteWall.jpg/540px-MossOnConcreteWall.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Moss on a concrete wall</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Moss_(Bryophyta)_on_the_forest_floor_in_Broken_Bow,_Oklahoma.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Moss (Bryophyta) on the forest floor in Broken Bow, Oklahoma"><noscript><img alt="Moss (Bryophyta) on the forest floor in Broken Bow, Oklahoma" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Moss_%28Bryophyta%29_on_the_forest_floor_in_Broken_Bow%2C_Oklahoma.jpg/270px-Moss_%28Bryophyta%29_on_the_forest_floor_in_Broken_Bow%2C_Oklahoma.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6028" data-file-height="4019"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Moss_%28Bryophyta%29_on_the_forest_floor_in_Broken_Bow%2C_Oklahoma.jpg/270px-Moss_%28Bryophyta%29_on_the_forest_floor_in_Broken_Bow%2C_Oklahoma.jpg" data-alt="Moss (Bryophyta) on the forest floor in Broken Bow, Oklahoma" data-width="180" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Moss_%28Bryophyta%29_on_the_forest_floor_in_Broken_Bow%2C_Oklahoma.jpg/405px-Moss_%28Bryophyta%29_on_the_forest_floor_in_Broken_Bow%2C_Oklahoma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Moss_%28Bryophyta%29_on_the_forest_floor_in_Broken_Bow%2C_Oklahoma.jpg/540px-Moss_%28Bryophyta%29_on_the_forest_floor_in_Broken_Bow%2C_Oklahoma.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Moss (Bryophyta) on the forest floor in Broken Bow, Oklahoma</div> </li> </ul> Moss <a href="/wiki/Gametophyte" title="Gametophyte">gametophytes</a> are <a href="/wiki/Autotroph" title="Autotroph">autotrophic</a> and require <a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">sunlight</a> to perform <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-moss-54">[54]</a> <a href="/wiki/Shade_(shadow)" title="Shade (shadow)">Shade</a> tolerance varies by species, just as it does with higher plants. In most areas, mosses grow chiefly in moist, shaded areas, such as wooded areas and at the edges of streams, but they can grow anywhere in cool, humid, cloudy climates, and some species are adapted to sunny, seasonally dry areas like alpine rocks or stabilized sand dunes. Choice of substrate varies by species as well. Moss species can be classed as growing on: rocks, exposed mineral soil, disturbed soils, acid soil, calcareous soil, cliff seeps and waterfall spray areas, streamsides, shaded <a href="/wiki/Humus" title="Humus">humusy</a> soil, downed logs, burnt stumps, tree trunk bases, upper tree trunks, and tree branches or in <a href="/wiki/Bog" title="Bog">bogs</a>. Moss species growing on or under trees are often specific about the species of trees they grow on, such as preferring <a href="/wiki/Pinophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinophyta">conifers</a> over <a href="/wiki/Broad-leaved_tree" title="Broad-leaved tree">broadleaf trees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oaks</a> over <a href="/wiki/Alder" title="Alder">alders</a>, or vice versa.<a href="#cite_note-pojar-12">[12]</a> While mosses often grow on trees as <a href="/wiki/Epiphytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Epiphytes">epiphytes</a>, they are never parasitic on the tree. Mosses are also found in cracks between paving stones in damp city streets, and on roofs. Some species adapted to disturbed, sunny areas are well adapted to urban conditions and are commonly found in cities. Examples would be <a href="/wiki/Rhytidiadelphus_squarrosus" title="Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus">Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus</a>, a garden weed in Vancouver and Seattle areas; Bryum argenteum, the cosmopolitan sidewalk moss, and Ceratodon purpureus, red roof moss, another cosmopolitan species. A few species are wholly aquatic, such as Fontinalis antipyretica, common water moss; and others such as Sphagnum inhabit bogs, marshes and very slow-moving waterways.<a href="#cite_note-pojar-12">[12]</a> Such aquatic or semi-aquatic mosses can greatly exceed the normal range of lengths seen in terrestrial mosses. Individual plants 20–30 cm (8–12 in) or more long are common in Sphagnum species for example. But even aquatic species of moss and other bryophytes needs their mature capsules to be exposed to air by seta elongation or seasonal lowering of water level to be able to reproduce.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Wherever they occur, mosses require liquid water for at least part of the year to complete fertilisation. Many mosses can survive <a href="/wiki/Desiccation" title="Desiccation">desiccation</a>, sometimes for months, returning to life within a few hours of rehydration.<a href="#cite_note-moss-54">[54]</a> It is generally believed that in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a>, the north side of trees and rocks will generally have more luxuriant moss growth on average than other sides.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> The reason is assumed to be because <a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">sunshine</a> on the south side causes a dry environment. The reverse would be true in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a>. Some naturalists feel that mosses grow on the damper side of trees and rocks.<a href="#cite_note-mathews-11">[11]</a> In some cases, such as sunny climates in <a href="/wiki/Temperate_climate" title="Temperate climate">temperate</a> northern latitudes, this will be the shaded north side of the tree or rock. On steep slopes, it may be the uphill side. For mosses that grow on tree branches, this is generally the upper side of the branch on horizontally growing sections or near the crotch. In cool, humid, cloudy climates, all sides of tree trunks and rocks may be equally moist enough for moss growth. Each species of moss requires certain amounts of moisture and sunlight and thus will grow on certain sections of the same tree or rock. Some mosses grow underwater, or completely waterlogged. Many prefer well-drained locations. There are mosses that preferentially grow on rocks and tree trunks of various chemistries.<a href="#cite_note-handbook-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationship_with_cyanobacteria">Relationship with cyanobacteria</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Moss&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Relationship with cyanobacteria" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In <a href="/wiki/Taiga" title="Taiga">boreal forests</a>, some species of moss play an important role in providing nitrogen for the ecosystem due to their relationship with <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_fixation" title="Nitrogen fixation">nitrogen-fixing</a> <a href="/wiki/Cyanobacteria" title="Cyanobacteria">cyanobacteria</a>. Cyanobacteria colonize moss and receive shelter in return for providing fixed nitrogen. Moss releases the fixed nitrogen, along with other nutrients, into the soil "upon disturbances like drying-rewetting and fire events", making it available throughout the ecosystem.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Cultivation">Cultivation</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Moss&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Cultivation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:500px_photo_(189849595).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/500px_photo_%28189849595%29.jpeg/220px-500px_photo_%28189849595%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1885"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 202px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/500px_photo_%28189849595%29.jpeg/220px-500px_photo_%28189849595%29.jpeg" data-width="220" data-height="202" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/500px_photo_%28189849595%29.jpeg/330px-500px_photo_%28189849595%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/500px_photo_%28189849595%29.jpeg/440px-500px_photo_%28189849595%29.jpeg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A moss lawn in a temple garden in <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a>, Japan</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moss_Garden,_Bloedel_Reserve.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Moss_Garden%2C_Bloedel_Reserve.jpg/220px-Moss_Garden%2C_Bloedel_Reserve.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Moss_Garden%2C_Bloedel_Reserve.jpg/220px-Moss_Garden%2C_Bloedel_Reserve.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Moss_Garden%2C_Bloedel_Reserve.jpg/330px-Moss_Garden%2C_Bloedel_Reserve.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Moss_Garden%2C_Bloedel_Reserve.jpg/440px-Moss_Garden%2C_Bloedel_Reserve.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The moss garden at the Bloedel Reserve, Bainbridge Island, Washington State.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Moss_lawn" title="Moss lawn">Moss lawn</a></div> Moss is often considered a <a href="/wiki/Weed" title="Weed">weed</a> in grass lawns, but is deliberately encouraged to grow under aesthetic principles exemplified by <a href="/wiki/Japanese_garden" title="Japanese garden">Japanese gardening</a>. In old temple gardens, moss can carpet a forest scene. Moss is thought to add a sense of calm, age, and stillness to a garden scene. Moss is also used in <a href="/wiki/Bonsai" title="Bonsai">bonsai</a> to cover the soil and enhance the impression of age.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Rules of cultivation are not widely established. Moss collections are quite often begun using samples transplanted from the wild in a water-retaining bag. Some species of moss can be extremely difficult to maintain away from their natural sites with their unique requirements of combinations of light, humidity, substrate chemistry, shelter from wind, etc. Growing moss from spores is even less controlled. Moss spores fall in a constant rain on exposed surfaces; those surfaces which are hospitable to a certain species of moss will typically be colonised by that moss within a few years of exposure to wind and rain. Materials which are porous and moisture retentive, such as <a href="/wiki/Brick" title="Brick">brick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a>, and certain coarse concrete mixtures, are hospitable to moss. Surfaces can also be prepared with acidic substances, including <a href="/wiki/Buttermilk" title="Buttermilk">buttermilk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yogurt" title="Yogurt">yogurt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urine" title="Urine">urine</a>, and gently puréed mixtures of moss samples, water and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ericaceous_compost&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ericaceous compost (page does not exist)">ericaceous compost</a>. In the cool, humid, cloudy <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a>, moss is sometimes allowed to grow naturally as a <a href="/wiki/Moss_lawn" title="Moss lawn">moss lawn</a>, one that needs little or no mowing, fertilizing or watering. In this case, grass is considered to be the weed.<a href="#cite_note-problem_solver-60">[60]</a> Landscapers in the Seattle area sometimes collect boulders and downed logs growing mosses for installation in gardens and landscapes. Woodland gardens in many parts of the world can include a carpet of natural mosses.<a href="#cite_note-moss-54">[54]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bloedel_Reserve" title="Bloedel Reserve">Bloedel Reserve</a> on Bainbridge Island, Washington State, is famous for its moss garden. The moss garden was created by removing shrubby underbrush and herbaceous groundcovers, thinning trees, and allowing mosses to fill in naturally.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Green_roofs_and_walls">Green roofs and walls</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Moss&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Green roofs and walls" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Green_Roof_-_geograph.org.uk_-_544737.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Green_Roof_-_geograph.org.uk_-_544737.jpg/220px-Green_Roof_-_geograph.org.uk_-_544737.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="325"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 112px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Green_Roof_-_geograph.org.uk_-_544737.jpg/220px-Green_Roof_-_geograph.org.uk_-_544737.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="112" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Green_Roof_-_geograph.org.uk_-_544737.jpg/330px-Green_Roof_-_geograph.org.uk_-_544737.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Green_Roof_-_geograph.org.uk_-_544737.jpg/440px-Green_Roof_-_geograph.org.uk_-_544737.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Red moss, possibly <a href="/wiki/Ceratodon_purpureus" title="Ceratodon purpureus">Ceratodon purpureus</a>, cultivated on a <a href="/wiki/Green_roof" title="Green roof">green roof</a></figcaption></figure> Mosses are sometimes used in <a href="/wiki/Green_roof" title="Green roof">green roofs</a>. Advantages of mosses over higher plants in green roofs include reduced weight loads, increased water absorption, no fertilizer requirements, and high drought tolerance. Since mosses do not have true roots, they require less planting medium than higher plants with extensive root systems. With proper species selection for the local climate, mosses in green roofs require no irrigation once established and are low maintenance.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Mosses are also used on <a href="/wiki/Green_wall" title="Green wall">green walls</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mossery">Mossery</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Moss&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Mossery" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> A passing fad for moss-collecting in the late 19th century led to the establishment of mosseries in many British and American gardens. The mossery is typically constructed out of slatted wood, with a flat roof, open to the north side (maintaining shade). Samples of moss were installed in the cracks between wood slats. The whole mossery would then be regularly moistened to maintain growth. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aquascaping">Aquascaping</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Moss&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Aquascaping" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Aquascaping" title="Aquascaping">Aquascaping</a> uses many aquatic mosses. They do best at low nutrient, light, and heat levels, and propagate fairly readily. They help maintain a water chemistry suitable for aquarium fish.<a href="#cite_note-aquascaping-63">[63]</a> They grow more slowly than many aquarium plants, and are fairly hardy.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Growth_inhibition">Growth inhibition</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Moss&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Growth inhibition" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Moss can be a troublesome weed in containerized nursery operations and greenhouses.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Vigorous moss growth can inhibit seedling emergence and penetration of water and fertilizer to the plant roots. Moss growth can be inhibited by a number of methods: <ul><li>Decreasing availability of <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> through <a href="/wiki/Drainage" title="Drainage">drainage</a>.</li> <li>Increasing direct sunlight.</li> <li>Increasing number and resources available for competitive plants like <a href="/wiki/Grass" class="mw-redirect" title="Grass">grasses</a>.</li> <li>Increasing the <a href="/wiki/Soil_pH" title="Soil pH">soil pH</a> with the application of <a href="/wiki/Lime_(mineral)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lime (mineral)">lime</a>.</li> <li>Heavy traffic or manually disturbing the moss bed with a rake</li> <li>Application of chemicals such as <a href="/wiki/Ferrous_sulfate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferrous sulfate">ferrous sulfate</a> (e.g., in lawns) or bleach (e.g., on solid surfaces).</li> <li>In containerized nursery operations, coarse mineral materials such as sand, gravel, and rock chips are used as a fast-draining top dressing in plant containers to discourage moss growth.</li></ul> The application of products containing ferrous sulfate or <a href="/wiki/Ferrous_ammonium_sulfate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferrous ammonium sulfate">ferrous ammonium sulfate</a> will kill moss; these ingredients are typically in commercial moss control products and <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizers</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">Sulfur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> are <a href="/wiki/Essential_nutrient" class="mw-redirect" title="Essential nutrient">essential nutrients</a> for some competing plants like grasses. Killing moss will not prevent regrowth unless conditions favorable to their growth are changed.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Moss&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Uses" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moss_on_a_wall_@_Kanjirappally.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Moss_on_a_wall_%40_Kanjirappally.jpg/220px-Moss_on_a_wall_%40_Kanjirappally.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Moss_on_a_wall_%40_Kanjirappally.jpg/220px-Moss_on_a_wall_%40_Kanjirappally.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Moss_on_a_wall_%40_Kanjirappally.jpg/330px-Moss_on_a_wall_%40_Kanjirappally.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Moss_on_a_wall_%40_Kanjirappally.jpg/440px-Moss_on_a_wall_%40_Kanjirappally.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Wall covered in moss</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional">Traditional</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Moss&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Traditional" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Preindustrial societies made use of the mosses growing in their areas. <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_peoples" title="Sámi peoples">Sámi</a> people, <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">North American tribes</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Circumpolar_peoples" title="Circumpolar peoples">circumpolar peoples</a> used mosses for bedding.<a href="#cite_note-mathews-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-moss-54">[54]</a> Mosses have also been used as insulation both for dwellings and in clothing. Traditionally, dried moss was used in some Nordic countries and Russia as an insulator between logs in <a href="/wiki/Log_cabin" title="Log cabin">log cabins</a>, and tribes of the northeastern United States and southeastern Canada used moss to fill chinks in wooden longhouses.<a href="#cite_note-moss-54">[54]</a> Circumpolar and alpine peoples have used mosses for insulation in boots and mittens. <a href="/wiki/%C3%96tzi_the_Iceman" class="mw-redirect" title="Ötzi the Iceman">Ötzi the Iceman</a> had moss-packed boots.<a href="#cite_note-moss-54">[54]</a> The capacity of dried mosses to absorb fluids has made their use practical in both medical and culinary uses. North American tribal people used mosses for diapers, wound dressing, and menstrual fluid absorption.<a href="#cite_note-moss-54">[54]</a> Tribes of the Pacific Northwest in the United States and Canada used mosses to clean salmon prior to drying it, and packed wet moss into pit ovens for steaming <a href="/wiki/Camassia" title="Camassia">camas</a> bulbs. Food storage baskets and boiling baskets were also packed with mosses.<a href="#cite_note-moss-54">[54]</a> Recent research investigating the Neanderthals remains recovered from El Sidrón have provided evidence that their diet would have consisted primarily of pine nuts, moss and mushrooms. This is contrasted by evidence from other European locations, which point to a more carnivorous diet.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, peat mosses have been used to make bread during <a href="/wiki/Famines" class="mw-redirect" title="Famines">famines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commercial">Commercial</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Moss&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Commercial" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bioreaktor_quer2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Bioreaktor_quer2.jpg/220px-Bioreaktor_quer2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="887" data-file-height="679"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 168px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Bioreaktor_quer2.jpg/220px-Bioreaktor_quer2.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="168" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Bioreaktor_quer2.jpg/330px-Bioreaktor_quer2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Bioreaktor_quer2.jpg/440px-Bioreaktor_quer2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Moss_bioreactor" title="Moss bioreactor">Moss bioreactor</a> cultivating the moss <a href="/wiki/Physcomitrella_patens" title="Physcomitrella patens">Physcomitrella patens</a></figcaption></figure> There is a substantial market in mosses gathered from the wild. The uses for intact moss are principally in the <a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">florist</a> trade and for home decoration. Decaying moss in the genus Sphagnum is also the major component of <a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">peat</a>, which is "mined" for use as a <a href="/wiki/Fuel" title="Fuel">fuel</a>, as a <a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">horticultural</a> soil additive, and in smoking <a href="/wiki/Malt" title="Malt">malt</a> in the production of <a href="/wiki/Scotch_whisky" title="Scotch whisky">Scotch whisky</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sphagnum" title="Sphagnum">Sphagnum</a> moss, generally the species S. cristatum and S. subnitens, is harvested while still growing and is dried out to be used in nurseries and horticulture as a plant growing medium. Some Sphagnum mosses can absorb up to 20 times their own weight in water.<a href="#cite_note-ABGSW-69">[69]</a> In <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, Sphagnum mosses were used as first-aid dressings on soldiers' wounds, as these mosses said to absorb liquids three times faster than cotton, retain liquids better, better distribute liquids uniformly throughout themselves, and are cooler, softer, and be less irritating.<a href="#cite_note-ABGSW-69">[69]</a> It is also claimed to have antibacterial properties.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native Americans</a> were one of the peoples to use Sphagnum for diapers and <a href="/wiki/Menstrual_pad" title="Menstrual pad">menstrual pads</a>, which is still done in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> In rural <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fontinalis_antipyretica" title="Fontinalis antipyretica">Fontinalis antipyretica</a> was traditionally used to extinguish fires as it could be found in substantial quantities in slow-moving rivers and the moss retained large volumes of water which helped extinguish the flames. This historical use is reflected in its <a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">specific</a> <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>/<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> name, which means "against fire". In <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, moss is used as a <a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Mexico" title="Christmas in Mexico">Christmas</a> decoration. <a href="/wiki/Physcomitrium_patens" class="mw-redirect" title="Physcomitrium patens">Physcomitrium patens</a> is increasingly used in <a href="/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">biotechnology</a>. Prominent examples are the identification of moss <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">genes</a> with implications for <a href="/wiki/Crop" title="Crop">crop</a> improvement or human <a href="/wiki/Health" title="Health">health</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> and the safe production of complex <a href="/wiki/Biopharmaceuticals" class="mw-redirect" title="Biopharmaceuticals">biopharmaceuticals</a> in the moss <a href="/wiki/Bioreactor" title="Bioreactor">bioreactor</a>, developed by <a href="/wiki/Ralf_Reski" title="Ralf Reski">Ralf Reski</a> and his co-workers.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> London installed several structures called "City Trees": moss-filled walls, each of which is claimed to have "the air-cleaning capability of 275 regular trees" by consuming nitrogen oxides and other types of air pollution and producing oxygen.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Moss&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Hubers2012-1"><a href="#cite_ref-Hubers2012_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHubersKerp2012" class="citation journal cs1">Hubers, M.; Kerp, H. 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The Bryologist. 24 (6): 89–96. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1639%2F0007-2745%281921%2924%5B89%3Asuasdi%5D2.0.co%3B2">10.1639/0007-2745(1921)24[89:suasdi]2.0.co;2</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3237483">3237483</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Bryologist&rft.atitle=Sphagnum+Used+as+Surgical+Dressing+in+Germany+during+the+World+War+%28Concluded%29&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=89-96&rft.date=1921&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1639%2F0007-2745%281921%2924%5B89%3Asuasdi%5D2.0.co%3B2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3237483%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Hotson%2C+J.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Ralf_Reski" title="Ralf Reski">Ralf Reski</a> and Wolfgang Frank (2005): Moss (<a href="/wiki/Physcomitrella_patens" title="Physcomitrella patens">Physcomitrella patens</a>) <a href="/wiki/Functional_genomics" title="Functional genomics">functional genomics</a> – Gene discovery and tool development with implications for crop plants and human health. Briefings in Functional Genomics and <a href="/wiki/Proteomics" title="Proteomics">Proteomics</a> 4, 48–57. </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeckerReski2007" class="citation journal cs1">Decker, E. L.; Reski, R. (2007). "Moss bioreactors producing improved biopharmaceuticals". Current Opinion in Biotechnology. 18 (5): 393–398. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.copbio.2007.07.012">10.1016/j.copbio.2007.07.012</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17869503">17869503</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Opinion+in+Biotechnology&rft.atitle=Moss+bioreactors+producing+improved+biopharmaceuticals&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=393-398&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.copbio.2007.07.012&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17869503&rft.aulast=Decker&rft.aufirst=E.+L.&rft.au=Reski%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoss" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandon2020" class="citation web cs1">Landon, Alex (7 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://secretldn.com/city-trees-london-pollution/">"City Trees: London Has New Artificial Trees That Eat Pollution"</a>. Secret London. Retrieved 9 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Secret+London&rft.atitle=City+Trees%3A+London+Has+New+Artificial+Trees+That+Eat+Pollution&rft.date=2020-01-07&rft.aulast=Landon&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsecretldn.com%2Fcity-trees-london-pollution%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoss" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Moss&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Wall_Kimmerer" title="Robin Wall Kimmerer">Kimmerer, Robin Wall</a> (2003). Gathering Moss: A Natural and Cultural History of Mosses. Oregon State University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87071-499-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-87071-499-6">0-87071-499-6</a>.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Moss&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bryophyta" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Bryophyta">Bryophyta</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/34px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 34px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/34px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="34" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/51px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/68px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a> has information related to <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Bryophyta" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Bryophyta">Bryophyta</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="40" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/moss" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:moss">moss</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130206152227/http://www.hcs.ohio-state.edu/hcs300/liver2.htm">Information, diagrams and photos</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/bbs/Resources/Fletcher.pdf">Moss grower's handbook (2.3 9MB PDF file)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190531140115/http://britishbryologicalsociety.org.uk/">The British Bryological Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pflanzenliebe.de/innen/innen_moose/innen_moose.html">Picture Gallery of Mosses</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldofmosses.com">World of Mosses – Watercolour paintings of moss by Robert Muma</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moss&oldid=1252009592">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moss&oldid=1252009592</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Moss&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 19 October 2024, at 08:33 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mos" title="Mos – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Mos" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="نباتات حزازية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نباتات حزازية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryophyta_sensu_stricto" title="Bryophyta sensu stricto – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Bryophyta sensu stricto" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mam%C4%B1rlar" title="Mamırlar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mamırlar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6" title="মসবর্গীয় উদ্ভিদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মসবর্গীয় উদ্ভিদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumut_daun" title="Lumut daun – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Lumut daun" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D2%AF%D0%BA%D1%82%D3%99%D1%80" title="Мүктәр – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Мүктәр" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BC%D1%85%D1%96" title="Імхі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Імхі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D1%8A%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Листнати мъхове – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Листнати мъхове" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laabmoos" title="Laabmoos – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Laabmoos" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryophyta" title="Bryophyta – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Bryophyta" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molses" title="Molses – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Molses" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%C4%83%D0%BA" title="Мăк – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Мăк" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryophyta" title="Bryophyta – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Bryophyta" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechy" title="Mechy – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mechy" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwsogl" title="Mwsogl – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Mwsogl" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalima" title="Kalima – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Kalima" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosser" title="Mosser – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mosser" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laubmoose" title="Laubmoose – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Laubmoose" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehtsammaltaimed" title="Lehtsammaltaimed – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lehtsammaltaimed" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CF%81%CF%8D%CE%BF" title="Βρύο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βρύο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C4%87" title="Musć – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Musć" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryophyta_sensu_stricto" title="Bryophyta sensu stricto – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bryophyta sensu stricto" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskoj" title="Muskoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Muskoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goroldio" title="Goroldio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Goroldio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B2%D9%87" title="خزه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خزه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryophyta" title="Bryophyta – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bryophyta" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moassen" title="Moassen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Moassen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caonach" title="Caonach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Caonach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B2inneach" title="Còinneach – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Còinneach" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musgo" title="Musgo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Musgo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B6%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B3_(%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%B2)" title="શેવાળ (લીલ) – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="શેવાળ (લીલ)" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EB%81%BC" title="이끼 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이끼" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BC%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Մամուռներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մամուռներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="हरिता – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हरिता" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahovine" title="Mahovine – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mahovine" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musko" title="Musko – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Musko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumut_daun" title="Lumut daun – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lumut daun" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryophyta" title="Bryophyta – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Bryophyta" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivruiyaq" title="Ivruiyaq – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Ivruiyaq" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8A%D1%83%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Хъуына – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Хъуына" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/ULele" title="ULele – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="ULele" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baukmosar" title="Baukmosar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Baukmosar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryophyta" title="Bryophyta – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bryophyta" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%97%D7%91%D7%99_%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D" title="טחבי עלים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טחבי עלים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumut_godhong" title="Lumut godhong – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Lumut godhong" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%BF" title="ಪಾಚಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪಾಚಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ხავსები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ხავსები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kewni" title="Kewni – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Kewni" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevz" title="Kevz – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kevz" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%85" title="Мох – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Мох" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Рехень – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Рехень" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryophyta" title="Bryophyta – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Bryophyta" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapu_s%C5%ABnas" title="Lapu sūnas – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Lapu sūnas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saman%C5%ABnai" title="Samanūnai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Samanūnai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mos" title="Mos – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Mos" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombosmoh%C3%A1k" title="Lombosmohák – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Lombosmohák" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Мов – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мов" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%82" title="ശേവാലം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ശേവാലം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A3%E1%83%97%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ფუთქურეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ფუთქურეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%87" title="نباتات حزازيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نباتات حزازيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumut" title="Lumut – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Lumut" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumuik" title="Lumuik – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Lumuik" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D3%A9%D0%B2%D0%B4" title="Хөвд – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хөвд" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mossen" title="Mossen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mossen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%98%9A%E9%A1%9E" title="蘚類 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="蘚類" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleedenm%C3%B6%C3%B6sk" title="Bleedenmöösk – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Bleedenmöösk" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bladmoser" title="Bladmoser – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bladmoser" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bladmosar" title="Bladmosar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bladmosar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mofa" title="Mofa – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Mofa" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moosii" title="Moosii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Moosii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%88" title="Нитш – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Нитш" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mchy" title="Mchy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mchy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musgo" title="Musgo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Musgo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%C8%99chi_(plant%C4%83)" title="Mușchi (plantă) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mușchi (plantă)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumi_millma" title="Rumi millma – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Rumi millma" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Мхи – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мхи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fog" title="Fog – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Fog" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moss" title="Moss – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Moss" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1" title="سينور – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="سينور" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machy" title="Machy – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Machy" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahovi" title="Mahovi – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mahovi" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Маховине – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Маховине" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahovina" title="Mahovina – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mahovina" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lukut" title="Lukut – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Lukut" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehtisammalet" title="Lehtisammalet – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lehtisammalet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bladmossor" title="Bladmossor – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bladmossor" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumot" title="Lumot – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Lumot" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88" title="பாசடை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பாசடை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C" title="มอสส์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มอสส์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaprakl%C4%B1_kara_yosunlar%C4%B1" title="Yapraklı kara yosunları – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yapraklı kara yosunları" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D2%A3%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Чиңгис – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Чиңгис" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Мохи – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мохи" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus-ci" title="Mus-ci – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Mus-ci" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C3%A0nh_R%C3%AAu" title="Ngành Rêu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ngành Rêu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mossea" title="Mossea – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Mossea" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryophyta" title="Bryophyta – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Bryophyta" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%97%93%E7%B1%BB%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E9%97%A8" title="藓类植物门 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="藓类植物门" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%94%E8%98%9A%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="苔蘚植物 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="苔蘚植物" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samanas" title="Samanas – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Samanas" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%97%93%E9%A1%9E%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E9%96%80" title="藓類植物門 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="藓類植物門" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info 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