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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">versteek</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inleiding</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Lewensgeskiedenis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lewensgeskiedenis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Lewensgeskiedenis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lewensgeskiedenis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wetenskaplike_bydraes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wetenskaplike_bydraes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Wetenskaplike bydraes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wetenskaplike_bydraes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verwysings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verwysings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Verwysings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verwysings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bronne" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bronne"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Bronne</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bronne-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eksterne_skakels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eksterne_skakels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Eksterne skakels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eksterne_skakels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Wissel die inhoudsopgawe" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Wissel die inhoudsopgawe</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Max Planck</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gaan na 'n artikel in 'n ander taal. Beskikbaar in 145 tale" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-145" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">145 tale</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck – Switserse Duits" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Max Planck" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Switserse Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%9B%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%B5_%E1%8D%95%E1%88%8B%E1%8A%95%E1%8A%AD" title="ማክስ ፕላንክ – Amharies" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ማክስ ፕላንክ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck – Aragonees" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Max Planck" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B3_%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83" title="ماكس بلانك – Arabies" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ماكس بلانك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B3_%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83" title="ماكس بلانك – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ماكس بلانك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%95" title="মেক্স প্লেংক – Assamees" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="মেক্স প্লেংক" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck – Asturies" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Max Planck" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Max Planck" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maks_Plank" title="Maks Plank – Azerbeidjans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Maks Plank" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidjans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3_%D9%BE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9" title="ماکس پلانک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ماکس پلانک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81_%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Макс Планк – Baskir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Макс Планк" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Baskir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck – Balinees" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Max Planck" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Max Planck" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Max Planck" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voorbladartikel"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81_%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Макс Планк – Belarussies" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Макс Планк" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81_%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Макс Плянк – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Макс Плянк" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81_%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Макс Планк – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Макс Планк" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95" title="मैक्स प्लैंक – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="मैक्स प्लैंक" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%95" title="ম্যাক্স প্লাংক – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ম্যাক্স প্লাংক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck – Bretons" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Max Planck" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Bretons" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck – Bosnies" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Max Planck" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Max Planck" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81_%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Макс Планк – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Макс Планк" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck – Katalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Max Planck" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA,_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Планк, Макс – Tsjetsjeens" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Планк, Макс" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Tsjetsjeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3_%D9%BE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9" title="ماکس پلانک – Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ماکس پلانک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck – Tsjeggies" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Max Planck" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjeggies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Планк Макс – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Планк Макс" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck – Wallies" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Max Planck" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Wallies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Max Planck" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Max Planck" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Max Planck" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%BE_%CE%A0%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BA" title="Μαξ Πλανκ – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μαξ Πλανκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Max Planck" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Max Planck" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Max Planck" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck – Estnies" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Max Planck" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estnies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck – Baskies" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Max Planck" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3_%D9%BE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9" title="ماکس پلانک – Persies" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ماکس پلانک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Max Planck" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck – Faroëes" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Max Planck" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroëes" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Max Planck" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Max Planck" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck – Noord-Fries" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Max Planck" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Noord-Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck – Fries" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Max Planck" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck – Iers" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Max Planck" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Iers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck – Skotse Gallies" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Max Planck" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Skotse Gallies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck – Galisies" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Max Planck" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Max Planck" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck – Hakka-Sjinees" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Max Planck" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%A1_%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A7" title="מקס פלאנק – Hebreeus" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מקס פלאנק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95" title="मैक्स प्लांक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मैक्स प्लांक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Max Planck" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck – Kroaties" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Max Planck" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck – Haïtiaans" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Max Planck" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haïtiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Max Planck" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%BD_%D5%8A%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AF" title="Մաքս Պլանկ – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մաքս Պլանկ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Max Planck" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck – Indonesies" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Max Planck" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Max Planck" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Max Planck" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck – Yslands" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Max Planck" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Yslands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Max Planck" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%97%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AF" title="マックス・プランク – Japannees" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マックス・プランク" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japannees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/maks.plank" title="maks.plank – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="maks.plank" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck – Javaans" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Max Planck" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="მაქს პლანკი – Georgies" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მაქს პლანკი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maks_Plank" title="Maks Plank – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Maks Plank" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Max Planck" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81_%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Макс Планк – Kazaks" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Макс Планк" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D" title="ಮ್ಯಾಕ್ಸ್ ಪ್ಲಾಂಕ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮ್ಯಾಕ್ಸ್ ಪ್ಲಾಂಕ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%89%EC%8A%A4_%ED%94%8C%EB%9E%91%ED%81%AC" title="막스 플랑크 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="막스 플랑크" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck – Koerdies" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Max Planck" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Koerdies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck – Kornies" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Max Planck" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Kornies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81_%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Макс Планк – Kirgisies" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Макс Планк" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgisies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximilianus_Planck" title="Maximilianus Planck – Latyn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Maximilianus Planck" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck – Luxemburgs" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Max Planck" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxemburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck – Limburgs" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Max Planck" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Max Planck" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck – Litaus" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Max Planck" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litaus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makss_Planks" title="Makss Planks – Letties" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Makss Planks" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Letties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck – Malgassies" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Max Planck" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malgassies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81_%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Макс Планк – Masedonies" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Макс Планк" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Masedonies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D" title="മാക്സ് പ്ലാങ്ക് – Malabaars" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മാക്സ് പ്ലാങ്ക്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malabaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81_%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Макс Планк – Mongools" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Макс Планк" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95" title="माक्स प्लांक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="माक्स प्लांक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Max Planck" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%95%E1%80%9C%E1%80%94%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%BA" title="မက်စ် ပလန့်ခ် – Birmaans" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မက်စ် ပလန့်ခ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Birmaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9" title="پلانک – Masanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="پلانک" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Masanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Max Planck" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck – Nederduits" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Max Planck" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Nederduits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95" title="म्याक्स प्लान्क – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="म्याक्स प्लान्क" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck – Nederlands" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Max Planck" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Nederlands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck – Nuwe Noors" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Max Planck" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nuwe Noors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck – Boeknoors" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Max Planck" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Boeknoors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Max Planck" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck – Oksitaans" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Max Planck" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Oksitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Plank" title="Max Plank – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Max Plank" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maaksi_Pilaanki" title="Maaksi Pilaanki – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Maaksi Pilaanki" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B8_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%95" title="ਮੈਕਸ ਪਲਾਂਕ – Pandjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮੈਕਸ ਪਲਾਂਕ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Pandjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Max Planck" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Max Planck" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Karl_Ernst_Ludwig_Planck" title="Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3_%D9%BE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9" title="میکس پلانک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="میکس پلانک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3_%D9%BE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9" title="ماکس پلانک – Pasjtoe" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ماکس پلانک" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pasjtoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Max Planck" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Max Planck" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Max Planck" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voorbladartikel"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA,_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Планк, Макс – Russies" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Планк, Макс" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81_%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Макс Планк – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Макс Планк" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D" title="माक्स् प्लाङ्क् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="माक्स् प्लाङ्क्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Планк Макс – Sakhaans" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Планк Макс" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Sakhaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%A5_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B8%E1%B1%A0" title="ᱢᱟᱠᱥ ᱯᱞᱟᱸᱠ – Santalies" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱢᱟᱠᱥ ᱯᱞᱟᱸᱠ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santalies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck – Skots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Max Planck" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Skots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%DA%AA%D8%B3_%D9%BE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AA" title="ميڪس پلانڪ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ميڪس پلانڪ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck – Serwo-Kroaties" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Max Planck" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serwo-Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Max Planck" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Max Planck" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck – Sloweens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Max Planck" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloweens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck – Albanees" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Max Planck" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81_%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Макс Планк – Serwies" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Макс Планк" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serwies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck – Sundanees" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Max Planck" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck – Sweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Max Planck" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Max Planck" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma-ke-s.Pu-lang-ke" title="Ma-ke-s.Pu-lang-ke – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Ma-ke-s.Pu-lang-ke" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D" title="மேக்ஸ் பிளாங்க் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மேக்ஸ் பிளாங்க்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D" title="మాక్స్ ప్లాంక్ – Teloegoe" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మాక్స్ ప్లాంక్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Teloegoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%8C" title="มัคส์ พลังค์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มัคส์ พลังค์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Max Planck" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Max Planck" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81_%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Макс Планк – Tataars" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Макс Планк" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tataars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81_%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Макс Планк – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Макс Планк" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3_%D9%BE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9" title="میکس پلانک – Oerdoe" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="میکس پلانک" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Oerdoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck – Oezbeeks" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Max Planck" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Oezbeeks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plank_Maks" title="Plank Maks – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Plank Maks" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck – Viëtnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Max Planck" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Viëtnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Max Planck" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Max Planck" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%99%AE%E6%9C%97%E5%85%8B" title="马克斯·普朗克 – Wu-Sjinees" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="马克斯·普朗克" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="მაქს პლანკი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მაქს პლანკი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%A1_%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A7" title="מאקס פלאנק – Jiddisj" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מאקס פלאנק" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Jiddisj" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Max Planck" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%99%AE%E6%9C%97%E5%85%8B" title="马克斯·普朗克 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="马克斯·普朗克" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck – Min Nan-Sjinees" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Max Planck" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Min Nan-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%99%AE%E6%9C%97%E5%85%8B" title="馬克斯·普朗克 – Kantonees" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="馬克斯·普朗克" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Max_Planck_1933.jpg/264px-Max_Planck_1933.jpg" decoding="async" width="264" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Max_Planck_1933.jpg/396px-Max_Planck_1933.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Max_Planck_1933.jpg/528px-Max_Planck_1933.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2216" data-file-height="2752" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div style="line-height:12px;font-size: 85%;">Max Planck in 1933</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><hr /> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left; vertical-align:top;">Geboortenaam </th> <td>Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left; vertical-align:top;">Gebore </th> <td>23 April 1858<br /><a href="/wiki/Kiel,_Duitsland" title="Kiel, Duitsland">Kiel</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hertogdom_Holstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hertogdom Holstein (bladsy bestaan nie)">Hertogdom Holstein</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left; vertical-align:top;">Oorlede </th> <td>4 Oktober 1947 (op 89)<br /><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen">Göttingen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nedersakse" title="Nedersakse">Nedersakse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duitsland" title="Duitsland">Duitsland</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left; vertical-align:top;">Nasionaliteit </th> <td>Duits </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left; vertical-align:top;">Vakgebied </th> <td>Fisika </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left; vertical-align:top;">Instelling(s) </th> <td>Universiteit van Kiel<br />Universiteit van Berlyn<br />Universiteit van Göttingen<br />Kaiser-Wilhelm-Genootskap </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left; vertical-align:top;">Alma mater </th> <td>Ludwig Maximilian Universiteit van München </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left; vertical-align:top;">Doktorale promotor(s) </th> <td>Alexander von Brill </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left; vertical-align:top;">Doktorale student(e) </th> <td>Gustav Ludwig Hertz<br />Erich Kretschmann<br />Walther Meissner<br />Walter Schottky<br /><a href="/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue">Max von Laue</a><br />Max Abraham<br />Moritz Schlick<br />Walther Bothe<br />Julius Edgar Lilienfeld </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left; vertical-align:top;">Bekend vir </th> <td>Planck se konstante<br />Planck se hipotese<br />Planck se wet </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left; vertical-align:top;">Toekennings </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Nobelprys_vir_fisika" title="Nobelprys vir fisika">Nobelprys vir fisika</a> (1918) </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left; vertical-align:top;">Handtekening </th> <td><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Max_Planck_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Max_Planck_signature.svg/140px-Max_Planck_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Max_Planck_signature.svg/210px-Max_Planck_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Max_Planck_signature.svg/280px-Max_Planck_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="125" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left; vertical-align:top;">notas </th> <td>Hy is die vader van <a href="/w/index.php?title=Erwin_Planck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erwin Planck (bladsy bestaan nie)">Erwin Planck</a> wat in 1945 deur die <a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a> tereggestel is vir sy aandeel in die Komplot van 20 Julie 1944 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Max Planck</b> (<a href="/wiki/23_April" title="23 April">23 April</a> <a href="/wiki/1858" title="1858">1858</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kiel,_Duitsland" title="Kiel, Duitsland">Kiel</a> – <a href="/wiki/4_Oktober" title="4 Oktober">4 Oktober</a> <a href="/wiki/1947" title="1947">1947</a>, <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen">Göttingen</a>) was 'n teoretiese fisikus. Hy was een van die mees invloedryke <a href="/wiki/Fisikus" class="mw-redirect" title="Fisikus">fisici</a> van die twintigste eeu. In sy leeftyd het hy intensief meegewerk aan die ontwikkeling van <a href="/wiki/Termodinamika" title="Termodinamika">termodinamika</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:MaxPlanck_2DM_grau.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/MaxPlanck_2DM_grau.jpg/170px-MaxPlanck_2DM_grau.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/MaxPlanck_2DM_grau.jpg/255px-MaxPlanck_2DM_grau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/MaxPlanck_2DM_grau.jpg/340px-MaxPlanck_2DM_grau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="734" data-file-height="733" /></a><figcaption>Uitgebeeld op die 2DM-munt</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lewensgeskiedenis">Lewensgeskiedenis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Planck&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Wysig afdeling: Lewensgeskiedenis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Planck&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Lewensgeskiedenis"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Max_Planck_1878.GIF" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Max_Planck_1878.GIF/170px-Max_Planck_1878.GIF" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Max_Planck_1878.GIF/255px-Max_Planck_1878.GIF 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/Max_Planck_1878.GIF 2x" data-file-width="332" data-file-height="441" /></a><figcaption>Max Planck as student (1878)</figcaption></figure> <p>Max Karl Ludwig Planck is op 23 April 1858 gebore in <a href="/wiki/Kiel,_Duitsland" title="Kiel, Duitsland">Kiel</a>. Sy pa was 'n bekende juris en professor in die regte. Beide sy oupas was ook hoogleraars. Op sestienjarige ouderdom begin hy fisika bestudeer aan die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Universiteit_van_M%C3%BCnchen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Universiteit van München (bladsy bestaan nie)">Universiteit van München</a>. </p><p>Op een-en-twintigjarige leeftyd behaal hy sy doktorsgraad summa cum laude. Daarna word hy hoogleraar aan verskeie Duitse universiteite: die universiteite van <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen" title="München">München</a>, Kiel en <a href="/wiki/Berlyn" title="Berlyn">Berlyn</a>. </p><p>Tussen 1912 en 1943 was hy verbonde aan die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pruisiese_Akademie_vir_die_Wetenskap&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pruisiese Akademie vir die Wetenskap (bladsy bestaan nie)">Pruisiese Akademie vir die Wetenskap</a>. Hy was ook tussen 1930 en 1937 president van die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaiser_Wilhelm_Gesellschaft&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaiser Wilhelm Gesellschaft (bladsy bestaan nie)">Kaiser Wilhelm Gesellschaft</a>, die belangrikste navorsingsliggaam in Duitsland. Na die <a href="/wiki/Tweede_W%C3%AAreldoorlog" title="Tweede Wêreldoorlog">Tweede Wêreldoorlog</a> is die Kaiser Wilhelm Gesellschaft herdoop na die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Planck-instituut&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Max Planck-instituut (bladsy bestaan nie)">Max Planck-instituut</a>. </p><p>Planck was twee keer getroud, in 1885 met <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marie_Merck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marie Merck (bladsy bestaan nie)">Marie Merck</a> (wat in 1909 oorlede is) en daarna met <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marga_von_H%C3%B6sslin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marga von Hösslin (bladsy bestaan nie)">Marga von Hösslin</a>, Marie se niggie. Van sy vyf kinders het drie vroeg gesterf. Een van sy twee oorblywende seuns is tydens die Tweede Wêreldoorlog tereggestel vir sy aandeel aan 'n onsuksesvolle sluipmoordpoging op <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>. </p><p>Max Planck het self gely as gevolg van sy anti-Nazi-sentimente en die dood van sy seun het hom geknak. Twee jaar na sy seun se dood is hy op 3 Oktober 1947 in <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen">Göttingen</a> oorlede. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wetenskaplike_bydraes">Wetenskaplike bydraes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Planck&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Wysig afdeling: Wetenskaplike bydraes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Planck&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Wetenskaplike bydraes"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sy doktorale proefskrif in <a href="/wiki/1879" title="1879">1879</a> het gehandel oor beginsels van die warmteleer, en sy definisies en afleidings is algemeen aanvaar. Belangrik is ook sy korrespondensie met <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Boltzmann" title="Ludwig Boltzmann">Ludwig Boltzmann</a> oor die statistiese interpretasie van die tweede wet van die termodinamika. Uit sy teoretiese studie van die ewewig tussen die straling in 'n hol ruimte en die energie deur die ruimte ingesluit, vind Planck 'n vergelyking wat die eksperimentele resultate presies beskryf. Sy studie van straling het daarop gedui dat die omsetting van meganiese energie in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stralingsenergie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stralingsenergie (bladsy bestaan nie)">stralingsenergie</a> nie kontinu geskied nie, maar in die vorm van sogenaamde energiepakkies of <a href="/wiki/Kwantum" title="Kwantum">kwanta</a>. In 1900 stel hy die kwantumteorie van straling op en voer 'n nuwe <a href="/wiki/Natuurkundige_konstante" title="Natuurkundige konstante">natuurkundige konstante</a> in, <a href="/wiki/Konstante_van_Planck" title="Konstante van Planck">"Planck se konstante"</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Einstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Einstein">Einstein</a> het in <a href="/wiki/1905" title="1905">1905</a> aangetoon dat Planck se konstante nie slegs by omsetting betrokke is nie, maar oor die hele gebied waarby straling ter sprake is. Hierna het die belangrikheid van dié konstante ook nog baie duidelik geblyk by die verklaring van spesifieke <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hittekapasiteite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hittekapasiteite (bladsy bestaan nie)">hittekapasiteite</a> van materie, by die stabiliteit van <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektronbane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elektronbane (bladsy bestaan nie)">elektronbane</a> in atome en by die tweeledige golf- en deeltjiegeaardheid van lig. </p><p>Die konstante speel 'n fundamentele rol in die hele <a href="/wiki/Kwantummeganika" title="Kwantummeganika">kwantummeganika</a>, veral by <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Werner Heisenberg</a> se onsekerheidsbeginsel. In 1918 ontvang hy die <a href="/wiki/Nobelprys_vir_fisika" title="Nobelprys vir fisika">Nobelprys vir fisika</a> vir sy kwantumteorie.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Omtrent sy aanname van die <a href="/wiki/Kwantum" title="Kwantum">kwanta</a>, sy grootste deurbraak, het hy die volgende geskryf:<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>Kortliks opgesom kan my optrede as 'n daad van pure radeloosheid beskryf word. Ek het van nature 'n vreedsame inklinasie en verwerp alle vergesogte avonture. Maar ek het toe al ses jaar lank sonder welslae met die probleem van die ewewig tussen bestraling en materie geworstel, en ek het geweet dat dit 'n probleem van fundamentele belang in fisika was; Ook het ek die formule geken wat die energieverspreiding in die normale spektrum uitdruk. ’n Teoretiese interpretasie moes dus tot elke prys gevind word, hoe hoog ook al. Dit was vir my duidelik dat die klassieke fisika geen oplossing vir hierdie probleem kon bied nie, aangesien dit sou beteken dat alle energie uiteindelik van materie na straling oorgedra word... As uitweg het ek 'n benadering gevolg wat die twee wette van termodinamika sou handhaaf. Hierdie twee wette, lyk dit my, moet onder alle omstandighede eerbiedig word. Wat die orige betref was ek bereid om elkeen van my vorige standpunte oor fisiese wette prys te gee.</i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verwysings">Verwysings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Planck&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Wysig afdeling: Verwysings" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Planck&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Verwysings"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2205490">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:12px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1918/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1918"</a> (in Engels). Nobelprize.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180617142301/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1918/index.html">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 17 Junie 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">8 Oktober</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1918&rft.pub=Nobelprize.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1918%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Planck" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Planck in <i>The Genesis of Quantum Theory</i>, A. Hermann (1971)</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bronne">Bronne</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Planck&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Wysig afdeling: Bronne" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Planck&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Bronne"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> Heilbron, J. L. <i>The Dilemmas of an Upright Man: Max Planck and the Fortunes of German Science</i> (Harvard, 2000) <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0674004396" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-674-00439-6</a></li> <li><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> Rosenthal-Schneider, Ilse <i>Reality and Scientific Truth: Discussions with Einstein, von Laue, and Planck</i> (Wayne State University, 1980) <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0814316506" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-8143-1650-6</a></li> <li><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> Clifford A. Pickover, <i>Archimedes to Hawking: Laws of Science and the Great Minds Behind Them</i>, Oxford University Press, 2008, <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/9780195336115" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0195336115</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eksterne_skakels">Eksterne skakels</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Planck&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Wysig afdeling: Eksterne skakels" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Planck&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Eksterne skakels"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikimedia Commons logo"><img alt="Wikimedia Commons logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> het meer media in die kategorie <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Max_Planck" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Max Planck">Max Planck</a>.</li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wenners_van_die_Nobelprys_vir_Fisika" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-lees"><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Nobelprys_vir_Fisika" title="Sjabloon:Nobelprys vir Fisika"><abbr title="Lees hierdie sjabloon" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bespreek"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjabloonbespreking:Nobelprys_vir_Fisika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sjabloonbespreking:Nobelprys vir Fisika (bladsy bestaan nie)"><abbr title="Bespreek hierdie sjabloon" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-wysig"><a class="external text" href="https://af.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Nobelprys_vir_Fisika&action=edit"><abbr title="Wysig hierdie sjabloon" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">w</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wenners_van_die_Nobelprys_vir_Fisika" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Wenners van die <a href="/wiki/Nobelprys_vir_Fisika" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobelprys vir Fisika">Nobelprys vir Fisika</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1925</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1901: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen">Röntgen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1902: <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Lorentz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman">Zeeman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1903: <a href="/wiki/Henri_Becquerel" title="Henri Becquerel">Becquerel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">P. Curie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">M. Curie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1904: <a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt,_3de_Baron_van_Rayleigh" title="John William Strutt, 3de Baron van Rayleigh">Rayleigh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1905: <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Lenard" title="Philipp Lenard">Lenard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1906: <a href="/wiki/J.J._Thomson" title="J.J. Thomson">J.J. Thomson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1907: <a href="/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson" title="Albert A. Michelson">Michelson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1908: <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann">Lippmann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1909: <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Marconi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun">Braun</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1910: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals">Van der Waals</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1911: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wien" title="Wilhelm Wien">Wien</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1912: <a href="/wiki/Gustaf_Dal%C3%A9n" title="Gustaf Dalén">Dalén</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1913: <a href="/wiki/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes" title="Heike Kamerlingh Onnes">Kamerlingh Onnes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1914: <a href="/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue">Laue</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1915: <a href="/wiki/William_Lawrence_Bragg" title="William Lawrence Bragg">W.L. Bragg</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">W.H. Bragg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="color:darkgrey">1916</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1917: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Barkla" title="Charles Barkla">Barkla</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1918: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Planck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1919: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Stark" title="Johannes Stark">Stark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1920: <a href="/wiki/Charles_%C3%89douard_Guillaume" title="Charles Édouard Guillaume">Guillaume</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1921: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1922: <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">N. Bohr</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1923: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Andrews_Millikan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Andrews Millikan (bladsy bestaan nie)">Millikan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1924: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Manne_Siegbahn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manne Siegbahn (bladsy bestaan nie)">M. Siegbahn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1925: <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Franck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Franck (bladsy bestaan nie)">Franck</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gustav_Ludwig_Hertz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gustav Ludwig Hertz (bladsy bestaan nie)">Hertz</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1926: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Baptiste_Perrin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean Baptiste Perrin (bladsy bestaan nie)">Perrin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1927: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Compton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arthur Compton (bladsy bestaan nie)">Compton</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson (bladsy bestaan nie)">C. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1928: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Owen_Willans_Richardson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Owen Willans Richardson (bladsy bestaan nie)">O. Richardson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1929: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_de_Broglie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis de Broglie (bladsy bestaan nie)">De Broglie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1930: <a href="/w/index.php?title=C.V._Raman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C.V. Raman (bladsy bestaan nie)">Raman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="color:darkgrey">1931</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1932: <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Heisenberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1933: <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Schrödinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Dirac</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="color:darkgrey">1934</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1935: <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Chadwick&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Chadwick (bladsy bestaan nie)">Chadwick</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1936: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Francis_Hess&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Victor Francis Hess (bladsy bestaan nie)">Hess</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_David_Anderson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carl David Anderson (bladsy bestaan nie)">C.D. Anderson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1937: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Clinton_Davisson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clinton Davisson (bladsy bestaan nie)">Davisson</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Paget_Thomson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Paget Thomson (bladsy bestaan nie)">G.P. Thomson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1938: <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Fermi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1939: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Lawrence&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernest Lawrence (bladsy bestaan nie)">Lawrence</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="color:darkgrey">1940</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="color:darkgrey">1941</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="color:darkgrey">1942</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1943: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Otto_Stern&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Otto Stern (bladsy bestaan nie)">Stern</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1944: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isidor_Isaac_Rabi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi (bladsy bestaan nie)">Rabi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1945: <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Pauli</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1946: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Percy_Williams_Bridgman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Percy Williams Bridgman (bladsy bestaan nie)">Bridgman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1947: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Victor_Appleton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward Victor Appleton (bladsy bestaan nie)">Appleton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1948: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrick_Blackett&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patrick Blackett (bladsy bestaan nie)">Blackett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1949: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hideki_Yukawa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hideki Yukawa (bladsy bestaan nie)">Yukawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1950: <a href="/w/index.php?title=C.F._Powell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C.F. Powell (bladsy bestaan nie)">Powell</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1951: <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Cockcroft&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Cockcroft (bladsy bestaan nie)">Cockcroft</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Walton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernest Walton (bladsy bestaan nie)">Walton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1952: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Felix_Bloch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Felix Bloch (bladsy bestaan nie)">Bloch</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Mills_Purcell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward Mills Purcell (bladsy bestaan nie)">Purcell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1953: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frits_Zernike&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frits Zernike (bladsy bestaan nie)">Zernike</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1954: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Born&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Max Born (bladsy bestaan nie)">Born</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Walther_Bothe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walther Bothe (bladsy bestaan nie)">Bothe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1955: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Willis_Lamb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Willis Lamb (bladsy bestaan nie)">Lamb</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polykarp_Kusch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polykarp Kusch (bladsy bestaan nie)">Kusch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1956: <a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">Shockley</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Bardeen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Bardeen (bladsy bestaan nie)">Bardeen</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Houser_Brattain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Houser Brattain (bladsy bestaan nie)">Brattain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1957: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yang_Chen-Ning&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yang Chen-Ning (bladsy bestaan nie)">C.N. Yang</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsung-Dao_Lee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tsung-Dao Lee (bladsy bestaan nie)">T.D. Lee</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1958: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pavel_Cherenkov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pavel Cherenkov (bladsy bestaan nie)">Cherenkov</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilya_Frank&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ilya Frank (bladsy bestaan nie)">Frank</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Igor_Tamm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Igor Tamm (bladsy bestaan nie)">Tamm</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1959: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emilio_Segr%C3%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emilio Segrè (bladsy bestaan nie)">Segrè</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Owen_Chamberlain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Owen Chamberlain (bladsy bestaan nie)">Chamberlain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1960: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Donald_A._Glaser&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Donald A. Glaser (bladsy bestaan nie)">Glaser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1961: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Hofstadter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Hofstadter (bladsy bestaan nie)">Hofstadter</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_M%C3%B6ssbauer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rudolf Mössbauer (bladsy bestaan nie)">Mössbauer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1962: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lev_Landau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lev Landau (bladsy bestaan nie)">Landau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1963: <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Wigner</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maria_Goeppert-Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer">Goeppert Mayer</a> / <a href="/wiki/J._Hans_D._Jensen" title="J. Hans D. Jensen">Jensen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1964: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_H._Townes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles H. Townes (bladsy bestaan nie)">Townes</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikolay_Basov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikolay Basov (bladsy bestaan nie)">Basov</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Prokhorov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander Prokhorov (bladsy bestaan nie)">Prokhorov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1965: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shin%27ichir%C5%8D_Tomonaga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shin'ichirō Tomonaga (bladsy bestaan nie)">Tomonaga</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Julian_Schwinger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Julian Schwinger (bladsy bestaan nie)">Schwinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Feynman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1966: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Kastler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfred Kastler (bladsy bestaan nie)">Kastler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1967: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">Bethe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1968: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Luis_Walter_Alvarez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luis Walter Alvarez (bladsy bestaan nie)">Alvarez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1969: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Murray_Gell-Mann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Murray Gell-Mann (bladsy bestaan nie)">Gell-Mann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1970: <a href="/wiki/Hannes_Alfv%C3%A9n" title="Hannes Alfvén">Alfvén</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_N%C3%A9el&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis Néel (bladsy bestaan nie)">Néel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1971: <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Gabor" title="Dennis Gabor">Gabor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1972: <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Bardeen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Bardeen (bladsy bestaan nie)">Bardeen</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_Cooper&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leon Cooper (bladsy bestaan nie)">Cooper</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Robert_Schrieffer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Robert Schrieffer (bladsy bestaan nie)">Schrieffer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1973: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leo_Esaki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leo Esaki (bladsy bestaan nie)">Esaki</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivar_Giaever&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ivar Giaever (bladsy bestaan nie)">Giaever</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brian_Josephson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brian Josephson (bladsy bestaan nie)">Josephson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1974: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Ryle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martin Ryle (bladsy bestaan nie)">Ryle</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antony_Hewish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antony Hewish (bladsy bestaan nie)">Hewish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1975: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aage_Bohr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aage Bohr (bladsy bestaan nie)">A. Bohr</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ben_Roy_Mottelson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ben Roy Mottelson (bladsy bestaan nie)">Mottelson</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Rainwater&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Rainwater (bladsy bestaan nie)">Rainwater</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1976: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Burton_Richter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Burton Richter (bladsy bestaan nie)">Richter</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_C.C._Ting&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samuel C.C. Ting (bladsy bestaan nie)">Ting</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1977: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_W._Anderson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philip W. Anderson (bladsy bestaan nie)">P. W. Anderson</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nevill_Francis_Mott&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nevill Francis Mott (bladsy bestaan nie)">Mott</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Hasbrouck_Van_Vleck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Hasbrouck Van Vleck (bladsy bestaan nie)">Van Vleck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1978: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyotr_Kapitsa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pyotr Kapitsa (bladsy bestaan nie)">Kapitsa</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arno_Allan_Penzias&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arno Allan Penzias (bladsy bestaan nie)">Penzias</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Woodrow_Wilson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Woodrow Wilson (bladsy bestaan nie)">R. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1979: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheldon_Lee_Glashow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sheldon Lee Glashow (bladsy bestaan nie)">Glashow</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdus_Salam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abdus Salam (bladsy bestaan nie)">Salam</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Steven_Weinberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Steven Weinberg (bladsy bestaan nie)">Weinberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1980: <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Cronin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Cronin (bladsy bestaan nie)">Cronin</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Val_Logsdon_Fitch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Val Logsdon Fitch (bladsy bestaan nie)">Fitch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1981: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolaas_Bloembergen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen (bladsy bestaan nie)">Bloembergen</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Leonard_Schawlow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arthur Leonard Schawlow (bladsy bestaan nie)">Schawlow</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kai_Siegbahn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kai Siegbahn (bladsy bestaan nie)">K. Siegbahn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1982: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_G._Wilson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kenneth G. Wilson (bladsy bestaan nie)">K. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1983: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar (bladsy bestaan nie)">Chandrasekhar</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Alfred_Fowler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Alfred Fowler (bladsy bestaan nie)">Fowler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1984: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carlo_Rubbia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carlo Rubbia (bladsy bestaan nie)">Rubbia</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Simon_van_der_Meer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simon van der Meer (bladsy bestaan nie)">Van der Meer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1985: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Klaus_von_Klitzing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klaus von Klitzing (bladsy bestaan nie)">von Klitzing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1986: <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska">Ruska</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerd_Binnig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerd Binnig (bladsy bestaan nie)">Binnig</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Rohrer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich Rohrer (bladsy bestaan nie)">Rohrer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1987: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Bednorz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georg Bednorz (bladsy bestaan nie)">Bednorz</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=K._Alex_M%C3%BCller&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="K. Alex Müller (bladsy bestaan nie)">Müller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1988: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_M._Lederman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leon M. Lederman (bladsy bestaan nie)">Lederman</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Melvin_Schwartz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Melvin Schwartz (bladsy bestaan nie)">Schwartz</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jack_Steinberger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jack Steinberger (bladsy bestaan nie)">Steinberger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1989: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Norman_Foster_Ramsey_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norman Foster Ramsey Jr. (bladsy bestaan nie)">Ramsey</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Georg_Dehmelt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Georg Dehmelt (bladsy bestaan nie)">Dehmelt</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Paul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wolfgang Paul (bladsy bestaan nie)">Paul</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1990: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerome_Isaac_Friedman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jerome Isaac Friedman (bladsy bestaan nie)">Friedman</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Way_Kendall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry Way Kendall (bladsy bestaan nie)">Kendall</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_E._Taylor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard E. Taylor (bladsy bestaan nie)">R. Taylor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1991: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes (bladsy bestaan nie)">de Gennes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Georges_Charpak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georges Charpak (bladsy bestaan nie)">Charpak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1993: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Russell_Alan_Hulse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Russell Alan Hulse (bladsy bestaan nie)">Hulse</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Hooton_Taylor_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr. (bladsy bestaan nie)">J. Taylor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1994: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bertram_Brockhouse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bertram Brockhouse (bladsy bestaan nie)">Brockhouse</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Clifford_Shull&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clifford Shull (bladsy bestaan nie)">Shull</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Lewis_Perl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martin Lewis Perl (bladsy bestaan nie)">Perl</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Reines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frederick Reines (bladsy bestaan nie)">Reines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Lee_(physicist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Lee (physicist) (bladsy bestaan nie)">D. Lee</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Douglas_Osheroff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Douglas Osheroff (bladsy bestaan nie)">Osheroff</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Coleman_Richardson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Coleman Richardson (bladsy bestaan nie)">R. Richardson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1997: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Steven_Chu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Steven Chu (bladsy bestaan nie)">Chu</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Claude_Cohen-Tannoudji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Claude Cohen-Tannoudji (bladsy bestaan nie)">Cohen-Tannoudji</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Daniel_Phillips&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Daniel Phillips (bladsy bestaan nie)">Phillips</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_B._Laughlin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert B. Laughlin (bladsy bestaan nie)">Laughlin</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Horst Ludwig Störmer (bladsy bestaan nie)">Störmer</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_C._Tsui&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daniel C. Tsui (bladsy bestaan nie)">Tsui</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1999: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerard_%27t_Hooft&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerard 't Hooft (bladsy bestaan nie)">'t Hooft</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Martinus_J._G._Veltman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martinus J. G. Veltman (bladsy bestaan nie)">Veltman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2000: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhores_Alferov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhores Alferov (bladsy bestaan nie)">Alferov</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Kroemer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herbert Kroemer (bladsy bestaan nie)">Kroemer</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jack_Kilby&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jack Kilby (bladsy bestaan nie)">Kilby</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–<br />nou</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">2001: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eric_Allin_Cornell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eric Allin Cornell (bladsy bestaan nie)">Cornell</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Ketterle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wolfgang Ketterle (bladsy bestaan nie)">Ketterle</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Wieman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carl Wieman (bladsy bestaan nie)">Wieman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2002: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Raymond_Davis_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raymond Davis Jr. (bladsy bestaan nie)">Davis</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Masatoshi_Koshiba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Masatoshi Koshiba (bladsy bestaan nie)">Koshiba</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Riccardo_Giacconi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Riccardo Giacconi (bladsy bestaan nie)">Giacconi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2003: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexei_Alexeyevich_Abrikosov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov (bladsy bestaan nie)">Abrikosov</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitaly_Ginzburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vitaly Ginzburg (bladsy bestaan nie)">Ginzburg</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthony_James_Leggett&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anthony James Leggett (bladsy bestaan nie)">Leggett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2004: <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Gross&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Gross (bladsy bestaan nie)">Gross</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugh_David_Politzer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hugh David Politzer (bladsy bestaan nie)">Politzer</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Wilczek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frank Wilczek (bladsy bestaan nie)">Wilczek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2005: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roy_J._Glauber&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roy J. Glauber (bladsy bestaan nie)">Glauber</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_L._Hall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John L. Hall (bladsy bestaan nie)">Hall</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodor_W._H%C3%A4nsch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theodor W. Hänsch (bladsy bestaan nie)">Hänsch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2006: <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Mather&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John C. Mather (bladsy bestaan nie)">Mather</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Smoot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Smoot (bladsy bestaan nie)">Smoot</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2007: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Fert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albert Fert (bladsy bestaan nie)">Fert</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Gr%C3%BCnberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Grünberg (bladsy bestaan nie)">Grünberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2008: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoichiro_Nambu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yoichiro Nambu (bladsy bestaan nie)">Nambu</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Makoto_Kobayashi_(physicist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Makoto Kobayashi (physicist) (bladsy bestaan nie)">Kobayashi</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Toshihide_Maskawa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Toshihide Maskawa (bladsy bestaan nie)">Maskawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2009: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_K._Kao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles K. Kao (bladsy bestaan nie)">Kao</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Willard_Boyle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Willard Boyle (bladsy bestaan nie)">Boyle</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_E._Smith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George E. Smith (bladsy bestaan nie)">Smith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2010: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andre_Geim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andre Geim (bladsy bestaan nie)">Geim</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konstantin_Novoselov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konstantin Novoselov (bladsy bestaan nie)">Novoselov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2011: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saul_Perlmutter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saul Perlmutter (bladsy bestaan nie)">Perlmutter</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adam_Riess&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adam Riess (bladsy bestaan nie)">Riess</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brian_Schmidt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brian Schmidt (bladsy bestaan nie)">Schmidt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2012: <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_J._Wineland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David J. Wineland (bladsy bestaan nie)">Wineland</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Serge_Haroche&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serge Haroche (bladsy bestaan nie)">Haroche</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2013: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Englert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="François Englert (bladsy bestaan nie)">Englert</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Higgs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Higgs (bladsy bestaan nie)">Higgs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2014: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isamu_Akasaki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isamu Akasaki (bladsy bestaan nie)">Akasaki</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hiroshi_Amano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hiroshi Amano (bladsy bestaan nie)">Amano</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shuji_Nakamura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shuji Nakamura (bladsy bestaan nie)">Nakamura</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2015: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Takaaki_Kajita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Takaaki Kajita (bladsy bestaan nie)">Kajita</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_B._McDonald&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arthur B. McDonald (bladsy bestaan nie)">McDonald</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2016: <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_J._Thouless&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David J. Thouless (bladsy bestaan nie)">Thouless</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Duncan_Haldane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Duncan Haldane (bladsy bestaan nie)">Haldane</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=J._Michael_Kosterlitz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J. Michael Kosterlitz (bladsy bestaan nie)">Kosterlitz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2017: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rainer_Weiss&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rainer Weiss (bladsy bestaan nie)">Weiss</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Barry_Barish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barry Barish (bladsy bestaan nie)">Barish</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kip_Thorne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kip Thorne (bladsy bestaan nie)">Thorne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2018: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Ashkin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arthur Ashkin (bladsy bestaan nie)">Ashkin</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%A9rard_Mourou&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gérard Mourou (bladsy bestaan nie)">Mourou</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Donna_Strickland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Donna Strickland (bladsy bestaan nie)">Strickland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2019: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jim_Peebles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jim Peebles (bladsy bestaan nie)">Peebles</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michel_Mayor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michel Mayor (bladsy bestaan nie)">Mayor</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Didier_Queloz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Didier Queloz (bladsy bestaan nie)">Queloz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2020: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Penrose&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roger Penrose (bladsy bestaan nie)">Penrose</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinhard_Genzel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reinhard Genzel (bladsy bestaan nie)">Genzel</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrea_M._Ghez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrea M. Ghez (bladsy bestaan nie)">Ghez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2021: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giorgio_Parisi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giorgio Parisi (bladsy bestaan nie)">Parisi</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Klaus_Hasselmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klaus Hasselmann (bladsy bestaan nie)">Hasselmann</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Syukuro_Manabe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Syukuro Manabe (bladsy bestaan nie)">Manabe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2022: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alain_Aspect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alain Aspect (bladsy bestaan nie)">Aspect</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Clauser&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Clauser (bladsy bestaan nie)">Clauser</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anton_Zeilinger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anton Zeilinger (bladsy bestaan nie)">Zeilinger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2023: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Agostini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre Agostini (bladsy bestaan nie)">Agostini</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferenc_Krausz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ferenc Krausz (bladsy bestaan nie)">Krausz</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anne_L%27Huillier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anne L'Huillier (bladsy bestaan nie)">L'Huillier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2024: <a href="/wiki/John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield">Hopfield</a> / <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hinton" title="Geoffrey Hinton">Hinton</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wenners_van_die_Copley-medalje_(1901–1950)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-lees"><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Wenners_van_die_Copley-medalje_1901%E2%80%931950" title="Sjabloon:Wenners van die Copley-medalje 1901–1950"><abbr title="Lees hierdie sjabloon" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bespreek"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjabloonbespreking:Wenners_van_die_Copley-medalje_1901%E2%80%931950&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sjabloonbespreking:Wenners van die Copley-medalje 1901–1950 (bladsy bestaan nie)"><abbr title="Bespreek hierdie sjabloon" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-wysig"><a class="external text" href="https://af.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Wenners_van_die_Copley-medalje_1901%E2%80%931950&action=edit"><abbr title="Wysig hierdie sjabloon" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">w</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wenners_van_die_Copley-medalje_(1901–1950)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Wenners van die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Copley-medalje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copley-medalje (bladsy bestaan nie)">Copley-medalje</a> (1901–1950)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs" title="Josiah Willard Gibbs">Josiah Willard Gibbs</a> (1901)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lister" title="Joseph Lister">Joseph Lister</a> (1902)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eduard_Suess&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eduard Suess (bladsy bestaan nie)">Eduard Suess</a> (1903)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Crookes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Crookes (bladsy bestaan nie)">William Crookes</a> (1904)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev" class="mw-redirect" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">Dmitri Mendeleev</a> (1905)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89lie_Metchnikoff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Élie Metchnikoff (bladsy bestaan nie)">Élie Metchnikoff</a> (1906)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson" title="Albert A. Michelson">Albert A. Michelson</a> (1907)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Russel_Wallace&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfred Russel Wallace (bladsy bestaan nie)">Alfred Russel Wallace</a> (1908)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_William_Hill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George William Hill (bladsy bestaan nie)">George William Hill</a> (1909)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Galton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francis Galton (bladsy bestaan nie)">Francis Galton</a> (1910)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Darwin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Darwin (bladsy bestaan nie)">George Darwin</a> (1911)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Felix_Klein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Felix Klein (bladsy bestaan nie)">Felix Klein</a> (1912)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ray_Lankester&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ray Lankester (bladsy bestaan nie)">Ray Lankester</a> (1913)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._J._Thomson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J. J. Thomson (bladsy bestaan nie)">J. J. Thomson</a> (1914)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Pavlov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ivan Pavlov (bladsy bestaan nie)">Ivan Pavlov</a> (1915)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Dewar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Dewar (bladsy bestaan nie)">James Dewar</a> (1916)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Paul_%C3%89mile_Roux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre Paul Émile Roux (bladsy bestaan nie)">Pierre Paul Émile Roux</a> (1917)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Hendrik Lorentz</a> (1918)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Bayliss&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Bayliss (bladsy bestaan nie)">William Bayliss</a> (1919)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horace_Tabberer_Brown&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Horace Tabberer Brown (bladsy bestaan nie)">Horace Tabberer Brown</a> (1920)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Larmor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Larmor (bladsy bestaan nie)">Joseph Larmor</a> (1921)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a> (1922)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horace_Lamb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Horace Lamb (bladsy bestaan nie)">Horace Lamb</a> (1923)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Albert_Sharpey-Schafer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward Albert Sharpey-Schafer (bladsy bestaan nie)">Edward Albert Sharpey-Schafer</a> (1924)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> (1925)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Gowland_Hopkins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frederick Gowland Hopkins (bladsy bestaan nie)">Frederick Gowland Hopkins</a> (1926)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Scott_Sherrington&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Scott Sherrington (bladsy bestaan nie)">Charles Scott Sherrington</a> (1927)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Algernon_Parsons&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Algernon Parsons (bladsy bestaan nie)">Charles Algernon Parsons</a> (1928)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Max Planck</a> (1929)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">William Henry Bragg</a> (1930)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Schuster&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arthur Schuster (bladsy bestaan nie)">Arthur Schuster</a> (1931)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Ellery_Hale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Ellery Hale (bladsy bestaan nie)">George Ellery Hale</a> (1932)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theobald_Smith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theobald Smith (bladsy bestaan nie)">Theobald Smith</a> (1933)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Scott_Haldane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Scott Haldane (bladsy bestaan nie)">John Scott Haldane</a> (1934)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson (bladsy bestaan nie)">Charles Thomson Rees Wilson</a> (1935)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Evans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arthur Evans (bladsy bestaan nie)">Arthur Evans</a> (1936)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Hallett_Dale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry Hallett Dale (bladsy bestaan nie)">Henry Hallett Dale</a> (1937)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a> (1938)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Hunt_Morgan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Hunt Morgan (bladsy bestaan nie)">Thomas Hunt Morgan</a> (1939)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Langevin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Langevin (bladsy bestaan nie)">Paul Langevin</a> (1940)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Lewis_(kardioloog)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Lewis (kardioloog) (bladsy bestaan nie)">Thomas Lewis</a> (1941)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Robinson_(chemikus)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Robinson (chemikus) (bladsy bestaan nie)">Robert Robinson</a> (1942)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Barcroft&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Barcroft (bladsy bestaan nie)">Joseph Barcroft</a> (1943)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=G._I._Taylor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="G. I. Taylor (bladsy bestaan nie)">Geoffrey Ingram Taylor</a> (1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oswald_Avery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oswald Avery (bladsy bestaan nie)">Oswald Avery</a> (1945)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edgar_Adrian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edgar Adrian (bladsy bestaan nie)">Edgar Douglas Adrian</a> (1946)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=G._H._Hardy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="G. H. Hardy (bladsy bestaan nie)">G. H. Hardy</a> (1947)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archibald_Hill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archibald Hill (bladsy bestaan nie)">Archibald Hill</a> (1948)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_de_Hevesy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George de Hevesy (bladsy bestaan nie)">George de Hevesy</a> (1949)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Chadwick&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Chadwick (bladsy bestaan nie)">James Chadwick</a> (1950)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Normdata_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9021&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Normdata_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9021&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hulp:Normdata" title="Hulp:Normdata">Normdata</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9021" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bibsys" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibsys">BIBSYS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90161766">90161766</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblioteca Nacional de España">BNE</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1072756">XX1072756</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12108412n">cb12108412n</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12108412n">(data)</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Name_and_Title_Authority_File_of_Catalonia" title="Name and Title Authority File of Catalonia">CANTIC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cantic.bnc.cat/registres/CUCId/a11071163">a11071163</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/CiNii" title="CiNii">CiNii</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00814828?l=en">DA00814828</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118594818">118594818</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Name_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Name Identifier">ISNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isni.org/isni/0000000110245894">0000 0001 1024 5894</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n80038130">n80038130</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Latvia" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of Latvia">LNB</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000155652&P_CON_LNG=ENG">000155652</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/MusicBrainz" title="MusicBrainz">MusicBrainz</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/de91273a-5917-4406-bd39-f9bd0d586d1c">de91273a-5917-4406-bd39-f9bd0d586d1c</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mathematics_Genealogy_Project&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mathematics Genealogy Project (bladsy bestaan nie)">MGP</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/id.php?id=20750">20750</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Diet_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="National Diet Library">NDL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00452924">00452924</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of the Czech Republic">NKC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000604452&CON_LNG=ENG">jn20000604452</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of Australia">NLA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35424988">35424988</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of Greece">NLG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/Authority/Record?id=au.159128">159128</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of Israel">NLI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uli.nli.org.il/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000106228&local_base=nlx10">000106228</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of Korea">NLK</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nl.go.kr/authorities/resource/KAC201710512">KAC201710512</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="error">The NLP id a0000002631038 is not valid.</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_and_University_Library_in_Zagreb" class="mw-redirect" title="National and University Library in Zagreb">NSK</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000048341&local_base=nsk10">000048341</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Library_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Library of the Netherlands">NTA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068292651">068292651</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/RERO_(Library_Network_of_Western_Switzerland)" class="mw-redirect" title="RERO (Library Network of Western Switzerland)">RERO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.rero.ch/02-A003698723">02-A003698723</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/LIBRIS" title="LIBRIS">SELIBR</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/auth/233104">233104</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/SNAC" title="SNAC">SNAC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w64m961m">w64m961m</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_universitaire_de_documentation" title="Système universitaire de documentation">SUDOC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/02888566X">02888566X</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Museum_of_New_Zealand_Te_Papa_Tongarewa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa (bladsy bestaan nie)">TePapa</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/67972">67972</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Trove" title="Trove">Trove</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/948030">948030</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Virtual_International_Authority_File" title="Virtual International Authority File">VIAF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/34487615">34487615</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/WorldCat" title="WorldCat">WorldCat Identities</a> (via VIAF): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/identities/containsVIAFID/34487615">34487615</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Ontsluit van "<a dir="ltr" href="https://af.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Max_Planck&oldid=2704261">https://af.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Max_Planck&oldid=2704261</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Kategorie%C3%AB" title="Spesiaal:Kategorieë">Kategorieë</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Nobelprys_vir_Fisika_wenners" title="Kategorie:Nobelprys vir Fisika wenners">Nobelprys vir Fisika wenners</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Duitse_akademici" title="Kategorie:Duitse akademici">Duitse 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