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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_avionics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Modern avionics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_avionics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Market" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Market"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Market</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Market-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aircraft_avionics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aircraft_avionics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Aircraft avionics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aircraft_avionics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Aircraft avionics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Aircraft_avionics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Avionics_Installation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Avionics_Installation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Avionics Installation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Avionics_Installation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Installation_Process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Installation_Process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Installation Process</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Installation_Process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regulatory_Standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regulatory_Standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Regulatory Standards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regulatory_Standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advancements_in_Avionics_Technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advancements_in_Avionics_Technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Advancements in Avionics Technology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advancements_in_Avionics_Technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_Avionics_Installation_Shops" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_Avionics_Installation_Shops"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.4</span> <span>Notable Avionics Installation Shops</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_Avionics_Installation_Shops-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Communications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Navigation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Navigation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Navigation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Navigation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monitoring" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monitoring"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Monitoring</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monitoring-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aircraft_flight-control_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aircraft_flight-control_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Aircraft flight-control system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aircraft_flight-control_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fuel_Systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fuel_Systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Fuel Systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fuel_Systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collision-avoidance_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collision-avoidance_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Collision-avoidance systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collision-avoidance_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flight_recorders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flight_recorders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Flight recorders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flight_recorders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weather_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weather_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Weather systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weather_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aircraft_management_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aircraft_management_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>Aircraft management systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aircraft_management_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mission_or_tactical_avionics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mission_or_tactical_avionics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Mission or tactical avionics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mission_or_tactical_avionics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Mission or tactical avionics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mission_or_tactical_avionics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Military_communications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_communications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Military communications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_communications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Radar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sonar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sonar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Sonar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sonar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electro-optics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electro-optics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Electro-optics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electro-optics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ESM/DAS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ESM/DAS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>ESM/DAS</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ESM/DAS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aircraft_networks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aircraft_networks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Aircraft networks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aircraft_networks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Avionics</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avionika" title="Avionika – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Avionika" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="إلكترونيات الطيران – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إلكترونيات الطيران" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avi%C3%B3nica" title="Aviónica – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Aviónica" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Авионика – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Авионика" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avi%C3%B2nica" title="Aviònica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Aviònica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avionika" title="Avionika – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Avionika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avionics" title="Avionics – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Avionics" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avionik" title="Avionik – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Avionik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avioonika" title="Avioonika – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Avioonika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avi%C3%B3nica" title="Aviónica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Aviónica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviadiko" title="Aviadiko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aviadiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abionika" title="Abionika – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Abionika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="اویونیکس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اویونیکس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avionique" title="Avionique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Avionique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eitleonaic" title="Eitleonaic – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Eitleonaic" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avi%C3%B3nica" title="Aviónica – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Aviónica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%AD%EA%B3%B5%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90" title="항공전자 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="항공전자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%90%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="ऐविओनिकी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ऐविओनिकी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BB%A4gb%E1%BB%8Delu" title="Ụgbọelu – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ụgbọelu" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avionik" title="Avionik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Avionik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avionica" title="Avionica – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Avionica" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avionica" title="Avionica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Avionica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="אוויוניקה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אוויוניקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avionika" title="Avionika – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Avionika" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avionik" title="Avionik – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Avionik" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%B1%E1%80%97%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="အေဗီရွန်းနစ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အေဗီရွန်းနစ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avionica" title="Avionica – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Avionica" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%93%E3%82%AA%E3%83%8B%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9" title="アビオニクス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アビオニクス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avionikk" title="Avionikk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Avionikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avionika" title="Avionika – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Avionika" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awionika" title="Awionika – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Awionika" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avi%C3%B3nica" title="Aviónica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Aviónica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avionic%C4%83" title="Avionică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Avionică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Авионика – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Авионика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avionika" title="Avionika – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Avionika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avionika" title="Avionika – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Avionika" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avioniikka" title="Avioniikka – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Avioniikka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avionik" title="Avionik – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Avionik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviyonik" title="Aviyonik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Aviyonik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Авіоніка – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Авіоніка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" 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href="/wiki/File:Cessna501_radar.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Cessna501_radar.JPG/300px-Cessna501_radar.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Cessna501_radar.JPG/450px-Cessna501_radar.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Cessna501_radar.JPG/600px-Cessna501_radar.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Radar and other avionics in the nose of a <a href="/wiki/Cessna_Citation_I" title="Cessna Citation I">Cessna Citation I/SP</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Republic_F-105B_with_avionics_layout_060831-F-1234S-046.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Republic_F-105B_with_avionics_layout_060831-F-1234S-046.jpg/220px-Republic_F-105B_with_avionics_layout_060831-F-1234S-046.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Republic_F-105B_with_avionics_layout_060831-F-1234S-046.jpg/330px-Republic_F-105B_with_avionics_layout_060831-F-1234S-046.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Republic_F-105B_with_avionics_layout_060831-F-1234S-046.jpg/440px-Republic_F-105B_with_avionics_layout_060831-F-1234S-046.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1443" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Republic_F-105_Thunderchief" title="Republic F-105 Thunderchief">F-105 Thunderchief</a> with avionics laid out</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Avionics</b> (a <a href="/wiki/Portmanteau" class="mw-redirect" title="Portmanteau">portmanteau</a> of <i>aviation</i> and <i>electronics</i>) are the <a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">electronic</a> systems used on <a href="/wiki/Aircraft" title="Aircraft">aircraft</a>. Avionic systems include communications, <a href="/wiki/Air_navigation" title="Air navigation">navigation</a>, the display and management of multiple systems, and the hundreds of systems that are fitted to aircraft to perform individual functions. These can be as simple as a <a href="/wiki/Searchlight" title="Searchlight">searchlight</a> for a <a href="/wiki/Police_helicopter" class="mw-redirect" title="Police helicopter">police helicopter</a> or as complicated as the tactical system for an <a href="/wiki/Airborne_early_warning" class="mw-redirect" title="Airborne early warning">airborne early warning</a> platform.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avionics&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term "<b>avionics</b>" was coined in 1949 by <a href="/wiki/Philip_J._Klass" title="Philip J. Klass">Philip J. Klass</a>, senior editor at <i><a href="/wiki/Aviation_Week_%26_Space_Technology" title="Aviation Week & Space Technology">Aviation Week & Space Technology</a></i> magazine as a <a href="/wiki/Portmanteau" class="mw-redirect" title="Portmanteau">portmanteau</a> of "<b>aviation electronics</b>".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dickson_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dickson-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Radio_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio communication">Radio communication</a> was first used in aircraft just prior to <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Telephony_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Telephony-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first <a href="/wiki/Airborne_radio_relay" title="Airborne radio relay">airborne</a> radios were in <a href="/wiki/Zeppelin" title="Zeppelin">zeppelins</a>, but the military sparked development of light radio sets that could be carried by heavier-than-air craft, so that <a href="/wiki/Aerial_reconnaissance" title="Aerial reconnaissance">aerial reconnaissance</a> biplanes could report their observations immediately in case they were shot down. The first experimental radio transmission from an airplane was conducted by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">U.S. Navy</a> in August 1910. The first aircraft radios transmitted by <a href="/wiki/Radiotelegraphy" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiotelegraphy">radiotelegraphy</a>. They required a two-seat aircraft with a second crewman who operated a <a href="/wiki/Telegraph_key" title="Telegraph key">telegraph key</a> to spell out messages in <a href="/wiki/Morse_code" title="Morse code">Morse code</a>. During World War I, <a href="/wiki/Amplitude_modulation" title="Amplitude modulation">AM</a> voice <a href="/wiki/Two_way_radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Two way radio">two way radio</a> sets were made possible in 1917 (see <a href="/wiki/TM_(triode)" title="TM (triode)">TM (triode)</a>) by the development of the <a href="/wiki/Triode" title="Triode">triode</a> <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">vacuum tube</a>, which were simple enough that the pilot in a single seat aircraft could use it while flying. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">Radar</a>, the central technology used today in aircraft navigation and <a href="/wiki/Air_traffic_control" title="Air traffic control">air traffic control</a>, was developed by several nations, mainly in secret, as an <a href="/wiki/Air_defense" class="mw-redirect" title="Air defense">air defense</a> system in the 1930s during the runup to <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. Many modern avionics have their origins in World War II wartime developments. For example, <a href="/wiki/Autopilot" title="Autopilot">autopilot</a> systems that are commonplace today began as specialized systems to help bomber planes fly steadily enough to hit precision targets from high altitudes.<sup id="cite_ref-two_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-two-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Britain's 1940 decision to share its radar technology with its U.S. ally, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Magnetron" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetron">magnetron</a> <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">vacuum tube</a>, in the famous <a href="/wiki/Tizard_Mission" title="Tizard Mission">Tizard Mission</a>, significantly shortened the war.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern avionics is a substantial portion of military aircraft spending. Aircraft like the <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F-15E_Strike_Eagle" title="McDonnell Douglas F-15E Strike Eagle">F-15E</a> and the now retired <a href="/wiki/Grumman_F-14_Tomcat" title="Grumman F-14 Tomcat">F-14</a> have roughly 20 percent of their budget spent on avionics. Most modern <a href="/wiki/Helicopter" title="Helicopter">helicopters</a> now have budget splits of 60/40 in favour of avionics.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The civilian market has also seen a growth in cost of avionics. Flight control systems (<a href="/wiki/Fly-by-wire" title="Fly-by-wire">fly-by-wire</a>) and new navigation needs brought on by tighter airspaces, have pushed up development costs. The major change has been the recent boom in consumer flying. As more people begin to use planes as their primary method of transportation, more elaborate methods of controlling aircraft safely in these high restrictive airspaces have been invented.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_avionics">Modern avionics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avionics&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Modern avionics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Avionics plays a heavy role in modernization initiatives like the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration" title="Federal Aviation Administration">Federal Aviation Administration</a>'s (FAA) <a href="/wiki/Next_Generation_Air_Transportation_System" title="Next Generation Air Transportation System">Next Generation Air Transportation System</a> project in the United States and the <a href="/wiki/Single_European_Sky_ATM_Research" title="Single European Sky ATM Research">Single European Sky ATM Research</a> (SESAR) initiative in Europe. The <a href="/wiki/Joint_Planning_and_Development_Office" title="Joint Planning and Development Office">Joint Planning and Development Office</a> put forth a roadmap for avionics in six areas:<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Published Routes and Procedures – Improved navigation and routing</li> <li>Negotiated Trajectories – Adding data communications to create preferred routes dynamically</li> <li>Delegated Separation – Enhanced situational awareness in the air and on the ground</li> <li>LowVisibility/CeilingApproach/Departure – Allowing operations with weather constraints with less ground infrastructure</li> <li>Surface Operations – To increase safety in approach and departure</li> <li>ATM Efficiencies – Improving the <a href="/wiki/Air_traffic_management" title="Air traffic management">air traffic management</a> (ATM) process</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Market">Market</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avionics&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Market"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_Electronics_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aircraft Electronics Association (page does not exist)">Aircraft Electronics Association</a> reports $1.73 billion avionics sales for the first three quarters of 2017 in <a href="/wiki/Business_aviation" class="mw-redirect" title="Business aviation">business</a> and <a href="/wiki/General_aviation" title="General aviation">general aviation</a>, a 4.1% yearly improvement: 73.5% came from North America, forward-fit represented 42.3% while 57.7% were <a href="/wiki/Retrofit" class="mw-redirect" title="Retrofit">retrofits</a> as the U.S. deadline of January 1, 2020 for mandatory <a href="/wiki/ADS-B" class="mw-redirect" title="ADS-B">ADS-B</a> out approach.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aircraft_avionics">Aircraft avionics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avionics&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Aircraft avionics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The cockpit or, in larger aircraft, under the cockpit of an aircraft or in a movable nosecone, is a typical location for <a href="/wiki/Avionics_bay" title="Avionics bay">avionic bay</a> equipment, including control, monitoring, communication, navigation, weather, and anti-collision systems. The majority of aircraft power their avionics using 14- or 28‑volt <a href="/wiki/Direct_current" title="Direct current">DC</a> electrical systems; however, larger, more sophisticated aircraft (such as <a href="/wiki/Airliner" title="Airliner">airliners</a> or military combat aircraft) have <a href="/wiki/Alternating_current" title="Alternating current">AC</a> systems operating at 115 volts 400 Hz, AC.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are several major vendors of flight avionics, including <a href="/wiki/The_Boeing_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="The Boeing Company">The Boeing Company</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panasonic_Avionics_Corporation" title="Panasonic Avionics Corporation">Panasonic Avionics Corporation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honeywell_Aerospace" class="mw-redirect" title="Honeywell Aerospace">Honeywell</a> (which now owns <a href="/wiki/Bendix_Aviation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bendix Aviation">Bendix/King</a>), <a href="/wiki/Universal_Avionics_Systems_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Avionics Systems Corporation">Universal Avionics Systems Corporation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rockwell_Collins" title="Rockwell Collins">Rockwell Collins</a> (now Collins Aerospace), <a href="/wiki/Thales_Group" title="Thales Group">Thales Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/GE_Aviation_Systems" title="GE Aviation Systems">GE Aviation Systems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garmin" title="Garmin">Garmin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raytheon" title="Raytheon">Raytheon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parker_Hannifin" title="Parker Hannifin">Parker Hannifin</a>, <a href="/wiki/UTC_Aerospace_Systems" title="UTC Aerospace Systems">UTC Aerospace Systems</a> (now Collins Aerospace), <a href="/wiki/Selex_ES" title="Selex ES">Selex ES</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_(company)" title="Leonardo (company)">Leonardo</a>), Shadin Avionics, and <a href="/wiki/Avidyne_Corporation" title="Avidyne Corporation">Avidyne Corporation</a>. </p><p>International standards for avionics equipment are prepared by the Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee (AEEC) and published by ARINC. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Avionics_Installation">Avionics Installation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avionics&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Avionics Installation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Avionics installation is a critical aspect of modern aviation, ensuring that aircraft are equipped with the necessary electronic systems for safe and efficient operation. These systems encompass a wide range of functions, including communication, navigation, monitoring, flight control, and weather detection. Avionics installations are performed on all types of aircraft, from small general aviation planes to large commercial jets and military aircraft. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Installation_Process">Installation Process</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avionics&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Installation Process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The installation of avionics requires a combination of technical expertise, precision, and adherence to stringent regulatory standards. The process typically involves: </p> <ol><li><b>Planning and Design</b>: Before installation, the avionics shop works closely with the aircraft owner to determine the required systems based on the aircraft type, intended use, and regulatory requirements. Custom instrument panels are often designed to accommodate the new systems.</li> <li><b>Wiring and Integration</b>: Avionics systems are integrated into the aircraft’s electrical and control systems, with wiring often requiring laser marking for durability and identification. Shops use detailed schematics to ensure correct installation.</li> <li><b>Testing and Calibration</b>: After installation, each system must be thoroughly tested and calibrated to ensure proper function. This includes ground testing, flight testing, and system alignment with regulatory standards such as those set by the FAA.</li> <li><b>Certification</b>: Once the systems are installed and tested, the avionics shop completes the necessary certifications. In the U.S., this often involves compliance with FAA Part 91.411 and 91.413 for IFR (Instrument Flight Rules) operations, as well as RVSM (Reduced Vertical Separation Minimum) certification.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Regulatory_Standards">Regulatory Standards</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avionics&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Regulatory Standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Avionics installation is governed by strict regulatory frameworks to ensure the safety and reliability of aircraft systems. In the United States, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) sets the standards for avionics installations. These include guidelines for: </p> <ul><li><b>System Performance</b>: Avionics systems must meet performance benchmarks as defined by the FAA, ensuring they function correctly in all phases of flight.</li> <li><b>Certification</b>: Shops performing installations must be FAA-certified, and their technicians often hold certifications such as the General Radiotelephone Operator License (GROL).</li> <li><b>Inspections</b>: Aircraft equipped with newly installed avionics systems must undergo rigorous inspections before being cleared for flight, including both ground and flight tests.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Advancements_in_Avionics_Technology">Advancements in Avionics Technology</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avionics&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Advancements in Avionics Technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The field of avionics has seen rapid technological advancements in recent years, leading to more integrated and automated systems. Key trends include: </p> <ul><li><b>Glass Cockpits</b>: Traditional analog gauges are being replaced by fully integrated glass cockpit displays, providing pilots with a centralized view of all flight parameters.</li> <li><b>NextGen Technologies</b>: ADS-B and satellite-based navigation are part of the FAA’s NextGen initiative, aimed at modernizing air traffic control and improving the efficiency of the national airspace.</li> <li><b>Autonomous Systems</b>: Advances in artificial intelligence and machine learning are paving the way for more autonomous aircraft systems, enhancing safety and reducing pilot workload.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Notable_Avionics_Installation_Shops">Notable Avionics Installation Shops</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avionics&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notable Avionics Installation Shops"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Specialized avionics installation shops provide these services to aircraft owners, ensuring compliance with industry standards and the latest technologies. Notable shops include: </p> <ul><li><b>Avionics Works</b><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, based in Fort Pierce, Florida, specializes in custom installations and avionics maintenance for a wide range of aircraft.</li> <li><b>Duncan Aviation</b><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, one of the largest independent service providers, offering comprehensive avionics services.</li> <li><b>Western Aircraft</b><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, located in Boise, Idaho, providing a full range of avionics installations and services.</li> <li><b>Sarasota Avionics</b><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, a Florida-based provider known for its large selection of avionics products and installation services.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communications">Communications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avionics&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Communications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Communications connect the flight deck to the ground and the flight deck to the passengers. On‑board communications are provided by public-address systems and aircraft intercoms. </p><p>The VHF aviation communication system works on the <a href="/wiki/Airband" title="Airband">airband</a> of 118.000 MHz to 136.975 MHz. Each channel is spaced from the adjacent ones by 8.33 kHz in Europe, 25 kHz elsewhere. VHF is also used for line of sight communication such as aircraft-to-aircraft and aircraft-to-ATC. <a href="/wiki/Amplitude_modulation" title="Amplitude modulation">Amplitude modulation</a> (AM) is used, and the conversation is performed in <a href="/wiki/Simplex_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplex communication">simplex</a> mode. Aircraft communication can also take place using HF (especially for trans-oceanic flights) or satellite communication. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_Communication_Addressing_and_Reporting_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Aircraft Communication Addressing and Reporting System">Aircraft Communication Addressing and Reporting System</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Navigation">Navigation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avionics&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Navigation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Air_navigation" title="Air navigation">Air navigation</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Air_navigation" title="Air navigation">Air navigation</a> is the determination of position and direction on or above the surface of the Earth. Avionics can use <a href="/wiki/Satellite_navigation" title="Satellite navigation">satellite navigation</a> systems (such as <a href="/wiki/GPS" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS">GPS</a> and <a href="/wiki/WAAS" class="mw-redirect" title="WAAS">WAAS</a>), <a href="/wiki/Inertial_navigation_system" title="Inertial navigation system">inertial navigation system</a> (INS), ground-based <a href="/wiki/Radio_navigation" title="Radio navigation">radio navigation</a> systems (such as <a href="/wiki/VHF_omnidirectional_range" title="VHF omnidirectional range">VOR</a> or <a href="/wiki/LORAN" title="LORAN">LORAN</a>), or any combination thereof. Some navigation systems such as GPS calculate the position automatically and display it to the flight crew on moving map displays. Older ground-based Navigation systems such as VOR or LORAN requires a pilot or navigator to plot the intersection of signals on a paper map to determine an aircraft's location; modern systems calculate the position automatically and display it to the flight crew on moving map displays. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monitoring">Monitoring</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avionics&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Monitoring"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Glass_cockpit" title="Glass cockpit">Glass cockpit</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Airbus_A380_cockpit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Airbus_A380_cockpit.jpg/220px-Airbus_A380_cockpit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Airbus_A380_cockpit.jpg/330px-Airbus_A380_cockpit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Airbus_A380_cockpit.jpg/440px-Airbus_A380_cockpit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A380" title="Airbus A380">Airbus A380</a> glass cockpit featuring pull-out keyboards and two wide computer screens on the sides for pilots</figcaption></figure> <p>The first hints of <a href="/wiki/Glass_cockpit" title="Glass cockpit">glass cockpits</a> emerged in the 1970s when flight-worthy <a href="/wiki/Cathode-ray_tube" title="Cathode-ray tube">cathode-ray tube</a> (CRT) screens began to replace electromechanical displays, gauges and instruments. A "glass" cockpit refers to the use of computer monitors instead of gauges and other analog displays. Aircraft were getting progressively more displays, dials and information dashboards that eventually competed for space and pilot attention. In the 1970s, the average aircraft had more than 100 cockpit instruments and controls.<sup id="cite_ref-three_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-three-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Glass cockpits started to come into being with the <a href="/wiki/Gulfstream_Aerospace" title="Gulfstream Aerospace">Gulfstream</a> G‑IV private jet in 1985. One of the key challenges in glass cockpits is to balance how much control is automated and how much the pilot should do manually. Generally they try to automate flight operations while keeping the pilot constantly informed.<sup id="cite_ref-three_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-three-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aircraft_flight-control_system">Aircraft flight-control system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avionics&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Aircraft flight-control system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_flight_control_system" title="Aircraft flight control system">Aircraft flight control system</a></div> <p>Aircraft have means of automatically controlling flight. <a href="/wiki/Autopilot" title="Autopilot">Autopilot</a> was first invented by <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Sperry" title="Lawrence Sperry">Lawrence Sperry</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> to fly bomber planes steady enough to hit accurate targets from 25,000 feet. When it was first adopted by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._military" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. military">U.S. military</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Honeywell_Aerospace" class="mw-redirect" title="Honeywell Aerospace">Honeywell</a> engineer sat in the back seat with bolt cutters to disconnect the autopilot in case of emergency. Nowadays most commercial planes are equipped with aircraft flight control systems in order to reduce pilot error and workload at landing or takeoff.<sup id="cite_ref-two_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-two-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first simple commercial auto-pilots were used to control <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_heading" class="mw-redirect" title="Aircraft heading">heading</a> and altitude and had limited authority on things like <a href="/wiki/Thrust" title="Thrust">thrust</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flight_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Flight control">flight control</a> surfaces. In <a href="/wiki/Helicopter" title="Helicopter">helicopters</a>, auto-stabilization was used in a similar way. The first systems were electromechanical. The advent of <a href="/wiki/Fly-by-wire" title="Fly-by-wire">fly-by-wire</a> and electro-actuated flight surfaces (rather than the traditional hydraulic) has increased safety. As with displays and instruments, critical devices that were electro-mechanical had a finite life. With safety critical systems, the software is very strictly tested. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fuel_Systems">Fuel Systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avionics&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Fuel Systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fuel Quantity Indication System (FQIS) monitors the amount of fuel aboard. Using various sensors, such as capacitance tubes, temperature sensors, densitometers & level sensors, the FQIS computer calculates the mass of fuel remaining on board. </p><p>Fuel Control and Monitoring System (FCMS) reports fuel remaining on board in a similar manner, but, by controlling pumps & valves, also manages fuel transfers around various tanks. </p> <ul><li>Refuelling control to upload to a certain total mass of fuel and distribute it automatically.</li> <li>Transfers during flight to the tanks that feed the engines. E.G. from fuselage to wing tanks</li> <li>Centre of gravity control transfers from the tail (trim) tanks forward to the wings as fuel is expended</li> <li>Maintaining fuel in the wing tips (to alleviate wing bending due to lift in flight) & transferring to the main tanks after landing</li> <li>Controlling fuel jettison during an emergency to reduce the aircraft weight.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Collision-avoidance_systems">Collision-avoidance systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avionics&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Collision-avoidance systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_collision_avoidance_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Aircraft collision avoidance systems">Aircraft collision avoidance systems</a></div> <p>To supplement <a href="/wiki/Air_traffic_control" title="Air traffic control">air traffic control</a>, most large transport aircraft and many smaller ones use a <a href="/wiki/TCAS" class="mw-redirect" title="TCAS">traffic alert and collision avoidance system</a> (TCAS), which can detect the location of nearby aircraft, and provide instructions for avoiding a midair collision. Smaller aircraft may use simpler traffic alerting systems such as TPAS, which are passive (they do not actively interrogate the <a href="/wiki/Transponder" title="Transponder">transponders</a> of other aircraft) and do not provide advisories for conflict resolution. </p><p>To help avoid controlled flight into terrain (<a href="/wiki/CFIT" class="mw-redirect" title="CFIT">CFIT</a>), aircraft use systems such as <a href="/wiki/GPWS" class="mw-redirect" title="GPWS">ground-proximity warning systems</a> (GPWS), which use radar altimeters as a key element. One of the major weaknesses of GPWS is the lack of "look-ahead" information, because it only provides altitude above terrain "look-down". In order to overcome this weakness, modern aircraft use a terrain awareness warning system (<a href="/wiki/TAWS" class="mw-redirect" title="TAWS">TAWS</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flight_recorders">Flight recorders</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avionics&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Flight recorders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Flight_recorder" title="Flight recorder">Flight recorder</a></div> <p>Commercial aircraft cockpit data recorders, commonly known as "black boxes", store flight information and audio from the <a href="/wiki/Cockpit" title="Cockpit">cockpit</a>. They are often recovered from an aircraft after a crash to determine control settings and other parameters during the incident. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weather_systems">Weather systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avionics&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Weather systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Weather_radar" title="Weather radar">Weather radar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lightning_detector" title="Lightning detector">Lightning detector</a></div> <p>Weather systems such as <a href="/wiki/Weather_radar" title="Weather radar">weather radar</a> (typically <a href="/wiki/Arinc_708" class="mw-redirect" title="Arinc 708">Arinc 708</a> on commercial aircraft) and <a href="/wiki/Lightning_detector" title="Lightning detector">lightning detectors</a> are important for aircraft flying at night or in <a href="/wiki/Instrument_meteorological_conditions" title="Instrument meteorological conditions">instrument meteorological conditions</a>, where it is not possible for pilots to see the weather ahead. Heavy precipitation (as sensed by radar) or severe <a href="/wiki/Clear-air_turbulence" title="Clear-air turbulence">turbulence</a> (as sensed by lightning activity) are both indications of strong convective activity and severe turbulence, and weather systems allow pilots to deviate around these areas. </p><p>Lightning detectors like the Stormscope or Strikefinder have become inexpensive enough that they are practical for light aircraft. In addition to radar and lightning detection, observations and extended radar pictures (such as <a href="/wiki/NEXRAD" title="NEXRAD">NEXRAD</a>) are now available through satellite data connections, allowing pilots to see weather conditions far beyond the range of their own in-flight systems. Modern displays allow weather information to be integrated with moving maps, terrain, and traffic onto a single screen, greatly simplifying navigation. </p><p>Modern weather systems also include <a href="/wiki/Wind_shear" title="Wind shear">wind shear</a> and turbulence detection and terrain and traffic warning systems.<sup id="cite_ref-four_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-four-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In‑plane weather avionics are especially popular in <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, and other countries where air-travel is a growing market, but ground support is not as well developed.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aircraft_management_systems">Aircraft management systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avionics&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Aircraft management systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There has been a progression towards centralized control of the multiple complex systems fitted to aircraft, including engine monitoring and management. <a href="/wiki/Health_and_usage_monitoring_systems" title="Health and usage monitoring systems">Health and usage monitoring systems</a> (HUMS) are integrated with aircraft management computers to give maintainers early warnings of parts that will need replacement. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Integrated_modular_avionics" title="Integrated modular avionics">integrated modular avionics</a> concept proposes an integrated architecture with application software portable across an assembly of common hardware modules. It has been used in <a href="/wiki/Fourth_generation_jet_fighter" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth generation jet fighter">fourth generation jet fighters</a> and the latest generation of <a href="/wiki/Airliner" title="Airliner">airliners</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mission_or_tactical_avionics">Mission or tactical avionics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avionics&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Mission or tactical avionics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Military_aircraft" title="Military aircraft">Military aircraft</a> have been designed either to deliver a weapon or to be the eyes and ears of other weapon systems. The vast array of sensors available to the military is used for whatever tactical means required. As with aircraft management, the bigger sensor platforms (like the E‑3D, JSTARS, ASTOR, Nimrod MRA4, Merlin HM Mk 1) have mission-management computers. </p><p>Police and EMS aircraft also carry sophisticated tactical sensors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_communications">Military communications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avionics&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Military communications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While aircraft communications provide the backbone for safe flight, the tactical systems are designed to withstand the rigors of the battle field. <a href="/wiki/Ultra_high_frequency" title="Ultra high frequency">UHF</a>, <a href="/wiki/Very_high_frequency" title="Very high frequency">VHF</a> Tactical (30–88 MHz) and SatCom systems combined with <a href="/wiki/Electronic_counter-countermeasures" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic counter-countermeasures">ECCM</a> methods, and <a href="/wiki/Cryptography" title="Cryptography">cryptography</a> secure the communications. Data links such as <a href="/wiki/Link_11" class="mw-redirect" title="Link 11">Link 11</a>, <a href="/wiki/Link_16" title="Link 16">16</a>, <a href="/wiki/Link_22" title="Link 22">22</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bowman_(communications_system)" title="Bowman (communications system)">BOWMAN</a>, <a href="/wiki/JTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="JTRS">JTRS</a> and even <a href="/wiki/TETRA" title="TETRA">TETRA</a> provide the means of transmitting data (such as images, targeting information etc.). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radar">Radar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avionics&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Radar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Airborne <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a> was one of the first tactical sensors. The benefit of altitude providing range has meant a significant focus on airborne radar technologies. Radars include <a href="/wiki/Airborne_early_warning" class="mw-redirect" title="Airborne early warning">airborne early warning</a> (AEW), <a href="/wiki/Anti-submarine_warfare" title="Anti-submarine warfare">anti-submarine warfare</a> (ASW), and even <a href="/wiki/Weather_radar" title="Weather radar">weather radar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arinc_708" class="mw-redirect" title="Arinc 708">Arinc 708</a>) and ground tracking/proximity radar. </p><p>The military uses <a href="/wiki/Terrain-following_radar" title="Terrain-following radar">radar in fast jets to help pilots fly at low levels</a>. While the civil market has had weather radar for a while,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there are strict rules about using it to navigate the aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sonar">Sonar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avionics&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Sonar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dipping sonar fitted to a range of military helicopters allows the <a href="/wiki/Helicopter" title="Helicopter">helicopter</a> to protect shipping assets from submarines or surface threats. Maritime support aircraft can drop active and passive sonar devices (<a href="/wiki/Sonobuoy" title="Sonobuoy">sonobuoys</a>) and these are also used to determine the location of enemy submarines. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electro-optics">Electro-optics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avionics&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Electro-optics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Electro-optic systems include devices such as the <a href="/wiki/Head-up_display" title="Head-up display">head-up display</a> (HUD), <a href="/wiki/Forward_looking_infrared" class="mw-redirect" title="Forward looking infrared">forward looking infrared</a> (FLIR), <a href="/wiki/Infrared_search_and_track" title="Infrared search and track">infrared search and track</a> and other passive infrared devices (<a href="/wiki/Passive_infrared_sensor" title="Passive infrared sensor">Passive infrared sensor</a>). These are all used to provide imagery and information to the flight crew. This imagery is used for everything from search and rescue to <a href="/wiki/Navigational_aid" title="Navigational aid">navigational aids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Target_acquisition" title="Target acquisition">target acquisition</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ESM/DAS"><span id="ESM.2FDAS"></span>ESM/DAS</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avionics&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: ESM/DAS"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Electronic support measures and defensive aids systems are used extensively to gather information about threats or possible threats. They can be used to launch devices (in some cases automatically) to counter direct threats against the aircraft. They are also used to determine the state of a threat and identify it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aircraft_networks">Aircraft networks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avionics&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Aircraft networks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The avionics systems in military, commercial and advanced models of civilian aircraft are interconnected using an avionics databus. Common avionics databus protocols, with their primary application, include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_Data_Network" title="Aircraft Data Network">Aircraft Data Network</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aircraft_Data_Network" title="Aircraft Data Network">ADN</a>): Ethernet derivative for Commercial Aircraft</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avionics_Full-Duplex_Switched_Ethernet" title="Avionics Full-Duplex Switched Ethernet">Avionics Full-Duplex Switched Ethernet</a> (AFDX): Specific implementation of ARINC 664 (<a href="/wiki/Aircraft_Data_Network" title="Aircraft Data Network">ADN</a>) for Commercial Aircraft</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARINC_429" title="ARINC 429">ARINC 429</a>: Generic Medium-Speed Data Sharing for Private and Commercial Aircraft</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avionics_Full-Duplex_Switched_Ethernet" title="Avionics Full-Duplex Switched Ethernet">ARINC 664</a>: See ADN above</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARINC_629" title="ARINC 629">ARINC 629</a>: Commercial Aircraft (<a href="/wiki/Boeing_777" title="Boeing 777">Boeing 777</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARINC_708" title="ARINC 708">ARINC 708</a>: Weather Radar for Commercial Aircraft</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARINC_717" title="ARINC 717">ARINC 717</a>: Flight Data Recorder for Commercial Aircraft</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ARINC_825&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ARINC 825 (page does not exist)">ARINC 825</a>: <a href="/wiki/CAN_bus" title="CAN bus">CAN bus</a> for commercial aircraft (for example <a href="/wiki/Boeing_787" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeing 787">Boeing 787</a> and <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A350" title="Airbus A350">Airbus A350</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Standard_Digital_Bus" title="Commercial Standard Digital Bus">Commercial Standard Digital Bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1394b#Military_Aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 1394b">IEEE 1394b</a>: Military Aircraft</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIL-STD-1553" title="MIL-STD-1553">MIL-STD-1553</a>: Military Aircraft</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIL-STD-1760" title="MIL-STD-1760">MIL-STD-1760</a>: Military Aircraft</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-Triggered_Protocol" title="Time-Triggered Protocol">TTP</a> – Time-Triggered Protocol: <a href="/wiki/Boeing_787" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeing 787">Boeing 787</a>, <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A380" title="Airbus A380">Airbus A380</a>, Fly-By-Wire Actuation Platforms from Parker Aerospace</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avionics&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrionics" title="Astrionics">Astrionics</a>, similar, for spacecraft</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACARS" title="ACARS">ACARS</a> – Aircraft digital message communication system</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acronyms_and_abbreviations_in_avionics" class="mw-redirect" title="Acronyms and abbreviations in avionics">Acronyms and abbreviations in avionics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARINC" title="ARINC">ARINC</a> – Aeronautical Radio, Incorporated (1929–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avionics_software" title="Avionics software">Avionics software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DO-178C" title="DO-178C">DO-178C</a> – International aeronautics software standard</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_locator_beacon" title="Emergency locator beacon">Emergency locator beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_position-indicating_radiobeacon_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency position-indicating radiobeacon station">Emergency position-indicating radiobeacon station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_recorder" title="Flight recorder">Flight recorder</a> – Aircraft electronic recording device</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_modular_avionics" title="Integrated modular avionics">Integrated modular avionics</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avionics&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWragg1973" class="citation book cs1">Wragg, David W. (1973). <i>A Dictionary of Aviation</i> (first ed.). Osprey. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780850451634" title="Special:BookSources/9780850451634"><bdi>9780850451634</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Aviation&rft.pages=47&rft.edition=first&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=9780850451634&rft.aulast=Wragg&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvionics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGough2005" class="citation web cs1">McGough, Michael (August 26, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.skeptic.com/eskeptic/05-08-26/">"In Memoriam: Philip J. Klass: A UFO (Ufologist Friend's Obituary)"</a>. Skeptic. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150922191504/http://www.skeptic.com/eskeptic/05-08-26/">Archived</a> from the original on September 22, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 26,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=In+Memoriam%3A+Philip+J.+Klass%3A+A+UFO+%28Ufologist+Friend%27s+Obituary%29&rft.pub=Skeptic&rft.date=2005-08-26&rft.aulast=McGough&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.skeptic.com%2Feskeptic%2F05-08-26%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvionics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dickson-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dickson_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickson2009" class="citation book cs1">Dickson, Paul (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=afKBvKlg0-EC&q=avionics&pg=PA32"><i>A Dictionary of the Space Age</i></a>. JHU Press. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801895043" title="Special:BookSources/9780801895043"><bdi>9780801895043</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211001040428/https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_Dictionary_of_the_Space_Age/afKBvKlg0-EC?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=avionics&pg=PA32&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> from the original on October 1, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 24,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+the+Space+Age&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780801895043&rft.aulast=Dickson&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DafKBvKlg0-EC%26q%3Davionics%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvionics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Telephony-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Telephony_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0Iw_AQAAMAAJ&q=aircraft+radio+wireless&pg=RA6-PA20">"Directing Airplanes by Wireless"</a>. <i>Telephony</i>. <b>77</b> (8). Chicago, IL: Telephony Publishing Corp.: 20 August 23, 1919. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211001040425/https://books.google.com/books?id=0Iw_AQAAMAAJ&q=aircraft+radio+wireless&pg=RA6-PA20">Archived</a> from the original on October 1, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 24,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Telephony&rft.atitle=Directing+Airplanes+by+Wireless&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=20&rft.date=1919-08-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0Iw_AQAAMAAJ%26q%3Daircraft%2Bradio%2Bwireless%26pg%3DRA6-PA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvionics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-two-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-two_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-two_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">By Jeffrey L. Rodengen. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-945903-25-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-945903-25-1">0-945903-25-1</a>. Published by Write Stuff Syndicate, Inc. in 1995. "The Legend of Honeywell."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReginald_Victor_Jones1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Victor_Jones" title="Reginald Victor Jones">Reginald Victor Jones</a> (1998). <i>Most Secret War</i>. 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Aviation International News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111116164353/http://www.ainonline.com/?q=aviation-news%2Fdubai-air-show%2F2011-11-13%2Fhoneywell-looks-east-while-innovating-safe-growth">Archived</a> from the original on November 16, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 27,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Honeywell+Looks+East+While+Innovating+For+Safe+Growth&rft.date=2011-11-13&rft.aulast=Fitzsimons&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ainonline.com%2F%3Fq%3Daviation-news%2Fdubai-air-show%2F2011-11-13%2Fhoneywell-looks-east-while-innovating-safe-growth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvionics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodford2007" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Chris_Woodford_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chris Woodford (author)">Woodford, Chris</a> (August 7, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.explainthatstuff.com/radar.html">"How radar works | Uses of radar"</a>. <i>Explain that Stuff</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 24,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Explain+that+Stuff&rft.atitle=How+radar+works+%7C+Uses+of+radar&rft.date=2007-08-07&rft.aulast=Woodford&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.explainthatstuff.com%2Fradar.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvionics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/14/121.357">"14 CFR § 121.357 - Airborne weather radar equipment requirements"</a>. <i>Legal Information Institute</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 20,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Legal+Information+Institute&rft.atitle=14+CFR+%C2%A7+121.357+-+Airborne+weather+radar+equipment+requirements.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cornell.edu%2Fcfr%2Ftext%2F14%2F121.357&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvionics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avionics&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Avionics: Development and Implementation</i> by Cary R. Spitzer (Hardcover – December 15, 2006)</li> <li><i>Principles of Avionics</i>, 4th Edition by Albert Helfrick, Len Buckwalter, and Avionics Communications Inc. (Paperback – July 1, 2007)</li> <li><i>Avionics Training: Systems, Installation, and Troubleshooting</i> by Len Buckwalter (Paperback – June 30, 2005)</li> <li><i>Avionics Made Simple</i>, by Mouhamed Abdulla, Ph.D.; Jaroslav V. Svoboda, Ph.D. and Luis Rodrigues, Ph.D. (Coursepack – Dec. 2005 - <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88947-908-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88947-908-1">978-0-88947-908-1</a>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avionics&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox 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has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Avionics" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Avionics">Avionics</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, 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title="Jury strut">Jury strut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading_edge" title="Leading edge">Leading edge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lift_strut" class="mw-redirect" title="Lift strut">Lift strut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longeron" title="Longeron">Longeron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nacelle" title="Nacelle">Nacelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rib_(aeronautics)" title="Rib (aeronautics)">Rib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spar_(aeronautics)" title="Spar (aeronautics)">Spar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabilizer_(aeronautics)" title="Stabilizer (aeronautics)">Stabilizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stressed_skin" title="Stressed skin">Stressed skin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strut" title="Strut">Strut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-tail" title="T-tail">T-tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailplane" title="Tailplane">Tailplane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailing_edge" title="Trailing edge">Trailing edge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_tail#Variations" title="Twin tail">Triple tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_tail" title="Twin tail">Twin tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V-tail" title="V-tail">V-tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_stabilizer" title="Vertical stabilizer">Vertical stabilizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_root" title="Wing root">Wing root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_tip" title="Wing tip">Wing tip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wingbox" title="Wingbox">Wingbox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_flight_control_system" title="Aircraft flight control system">Flight controls</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aileron" title="Aileron">Aileron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_brake_(aeronautics)" title="Air brake (aeronautics)">Airbrake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_flight_control_system#Artificial_feel_devices" title="Aircraft flight control system">Artificial feel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autopilot" title="Autopilot">Autopilot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canard_(aeronautics)" title="Canard (aeronautics)">Canard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_stick" title="Centre stick">Centre stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deceleron" title="Deceleron">Deceleron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_brake" title="Dive brake">Dive brake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_control_(aviation)" title="Dual control (aviation)">Dual control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electro-hydraulic_actuator" title="Electro-hydraulic actuator">Electro-hydraulic actuator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevator_(aeronautics)" title="Elevator (aeronautics)">Elevator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevon" title="Elevon">Elevon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flaperon" title="Flaperon">Flaperon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_control_modes" title="Flight control modes">Flight control modes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fly-by-wire" title="Fly-by-wire">Fly-by-wire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gust_lock" title="Gust lock">Gust lock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOTAS" title="HOTAS">HOTAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudder#Aircraft_rudders" title="Rudder">Rudder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudder_pedal" title="Rudder pedal">Rudder pedals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servo_tab" title="Servo tab">Servo tab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Side-stick" title="Side-stick">Side-stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoiler_(aeronautics)" title="Spoiler (aeronautics)">Spoiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoileron" title="Spoileron">Spoileron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabilator" title="Stabilator">Stabilator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stick_pusher" title="Stick pusher">Stick pusher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stick_shaker" title="Stick shaker">Stick shaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trim_tab" title="Trim tab">Trim tab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_warping" title="Wing warping">Wing warping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaw_damper" title="Yaw damper">Yaw damper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoke_(aeronautics)" title="Yoke (aeronautics)">Yoke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aerodynamics" title="Aerodynamics">Aerodynamic</a> and <a href="/wiki/High-lift_device" title="High-lift device">high-lift</a><br />devices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_X-53_Active_Aeroelastic_Wing" title="Boeing X-53 Active Aeroelastic Wing">Active Aeroelastic Wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_compliant_wing" title="Adaptive compliant wing">Adaptive compliant wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-shock_body" title="Anti-shock body">Anti-shock body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blown_flap" title="Blown flap">Blown flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_wing" title="Channel wing">Channel wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_extension#Dogtooth_extension" title="Leading-edge extension">Dog-tooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drag-reducing_aerospike" title="Drag-reducing aerospike">Drag-reducing aerospike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flap_(aeronautics)" title="Flap (aeronautics)">Flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouge_flap" title="Gouge flap">Gouge flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurney_flap" title="Gurney flap">Gurney flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krueger_flap" title="Krueger flap">Krueger flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_cuff" title="Leading-edge cuff">Leading-edge cuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_droop_flap" title="Leading-edge droop flap">Leading-edge droop flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_extension" title="Leading-edge extension">LEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_slat" title="Leading-edge slat">Slats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_slot" title="Leading-edge slot">Slot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stall_strips" title="Stall strips">Stall strips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strake_(aeronautics)" title="Strake (aeronautics)">Strake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable-sweep_wing" title="Variable-sweep wing">Variable-sweep wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vortex_generator" title="Vortex generator">Vortex generator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vortilon" title="Vortilon">Vortilon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_fence" title="Wing fence">Wing fence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wingtip_device" title="Wingtip device">Winglet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Avionic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flight_instruments" title="Flight instruments">flight<br />instrument</a> systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_collision_avoidance_system" title="Airborne collision avoidance system">ACAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_data_boom" title="Air data boom">Air data boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_data_computer" title="Air data computer">Air data computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_periscope" class="mw-redirect" title="Aircraft periscope">Aircraft periscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airspeed_indicator" title="Airspeed indicator">Airspeed indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altimeter" title="Altimeter">Altimeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annunciator_panel" title="Annunciator panel">Annunciator panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrodome_(aeronautics)" title="Astrodome (aeronautics)">Astrodome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attitude_indicator" title="Attitude indicator">Attitude indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compass" title="Compass">Compass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Course_deviation_indicator" title="Course deviation indicator">Course deviation indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_flight_instrument_system" title="Electronic flight instrument system">EFIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engine-indicating_and_crew-alerting_system" title="Engine-indicating and crew-alerting system">EICAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_management_system" title="Flight management system">Flight management system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_cockpit" title="Glass cockpit">Glass cockpit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">GPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head-up_display" title="Head-up display">Head-up display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heading_indicator" title="Heading indicator">Heading indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontal_situation_indicator" title="Horizontal situation indicator">Horizontal situation indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inertial_navigation_system" title="Inertial navigation system">INS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_standby_instrument_system" title="Integrated standby instrument system">ISIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-function_display" title="Multi-function display">Multi-function display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitot%E2%80%93static_system" title="Pitot–static system">Pitot–static system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radar_altimeter" title="Radar altimeter">Radar altimeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_collision_avoidance_system" title="Traffic collision avoidance system">TCAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transponder_(aeronautics)" title="Transponder (aeronautics)">Transponder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turn_and_slip_indicator" title="Turn and slip indicator">Turn and slip indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variometer" title="Variometer">Variometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaw_string" title="Yaw string">Yaw string</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_engine" title="Aircraft engine">Propulsion</a> controls,<br /> devices and <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_fuel_system" title="Aircraft fuel system">fuel systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autothrottle" title="Autothrottle">Autothrottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drop_tank" title="Drop tank">Drop tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FADEC" title="FADEC">FADEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_tank#Aircraft" title="Fuel tank">Fuel tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gascolator" title="Gascolator">Gascolator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inlet_cone" title="Inlet cone">Inlet cone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intake_ramp" title="Intake ramp">Intake ramp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NACA_cowling" title="NACA cowling">NACA cowling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NACA_duct" title="NACA duct">NACA duct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-sealing_fuel_tank" title="Self-sealing fuel tank">Self-sealing fuel tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splitter_plate_(aeronautics)" title="Splitter plate (aeronautics)">Splitter plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throttle" title="Throttle">Throttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrust_lever" title="Thrust lever">Thrust lever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrust_reversal" title="Thrust reversal">Thrust reversal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townend_ring" title="Townend ring">Townend ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_emergency_power" title="War emergency power">War emergency power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_wing" title="Wet wing">Wet wing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Landing_gear" title="Landing gear">Landing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arresting_gear" title="Arresting gear">arresting gear</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_tire" title="Aircraft tire">Aircraft tire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailhook" title="Tailhook">Arrestor hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autobrake" title="Autobrake">Autobrake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conventional_landing_gear" title="Conventional landing gear">Conventional landing gear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drogue_parachute" title="Drogue parachute">Drogue parachute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_gear" title="Landing gear">Landing gear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_gear_extender" title="Landing gear extender">Landing gear extender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleo_strut" title="Oleo strut">Oleo strut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricycle_landing_gear" title="Tricycle landing gear">Tricycle landing gear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tundra_tire" title="Tundra tire">Tundra tire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Escape systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ejection_seat" title="Ejection seat">Ejection seat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escape_crew_capsule" title="Escape crew capsule">Escape crew capsule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_lavatory" title="Aircraft lavatory">Aircraft lavatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_power_unit" title="Auxiliary power unit">Auxiliary power unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleed_air" title="Bleed air">Bleed air system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deicing_boot" title="Deicing boot">Deicing boot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_oxygen_system" title="Emergency oxygen system">Emergency oxygen system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_control_system" title="Environmental control system">Environmental control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_recorder" title="Flight recorder">Flight recorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_fluid#Aircraft_hydraulic_systems" title="Hydraulic fluid">Hydraulic system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_protection_system" title="Ice protection system">Ice protection system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-flight_entertainment" title="In-flight entertainment">In-flight entertainment system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_lights" title="Landing lights">Landing lights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navigation_light" title="Navigation light">Navigation light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passenger_service_unit" title="Passenger service unit">Passenger service unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_air_turbine" title="Ram air turbine">Ram air turbine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Electronics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Electronic_systems" title="Template:Electronic systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Electronic_systems" title="Template talk:Electronic systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Electronic_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Electronic systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Electronics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">Electronics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analogue_electronics" title="Analogue electronics">Analogue electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_electronics" title="Digital electronics">Digital electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_engineering" title="Electronic engineering">Electronic engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrumentation" title="Instrumentation">Instrumentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microelectronics" title="Microelectronics">Microelectronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optoelectronics" title="Optoelectronics">Optoelectronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_electronics" title="Power electronics">Power electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printed_electronics" title="Printed electronics">Printed electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">Semiconductor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schematic_capture" title="Schematic capture">Schematic capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_management_(electronics)" title="Thermal management (electronics)">Thermal management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Advanced<br />topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_computing_2020%E2%80%93present" title="Timeline of computing 2020–present">2020s in computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomtronics" title="Atomtronics">Atomtronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioelectronics" title="Bioelectronics">Bioelectronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_emerging_technologies#Electronics" title="List of emerging technologies">List of emerging electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Failure_of_electronic_components" title="Failure of electronic components">Failure of electronic components</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexible_electronics" title="Flexible electronics">Flexible electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-power_electronics" title="Low-power electronics">Low-power electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_electronics" title="Molecular electronics">Molecular electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanoelectronics" title="Nanoelectronics">Nanoelectronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_electronics" title="Organic electronics">Organic electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photonics" title="Photonics">Photonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piezotronics" title="Piezotronics">Piezotronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_electronics" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum electronics">Quantum electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spintronics" title="Spintronics">Spintronics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Electronic<br />equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_conditioning" title="Air conditioning">Air conditioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_heating" title="Central heating">Central heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothes_dryer" title="Clothes dryer">Clothes dryer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">Computer</a>/<a href="/wiki/Laptop" title="Laptop">Notebook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">Camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dishwasher" title="Dishwasher">Dishwasher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freezer" class="mw-redirect" title="Freezer">Freezer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_robot" title="Domestic robot">Home robot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_cinema" title="Home cinema">Home cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_theater_PC" title="Home theater PC">Home theater PC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">Information technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_stove" title="Kitchen stove">Cooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microwave_oven" title="Microwave oven">Microwave oven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">Mobile phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Networking_hardware" title="Networking hardware">Networking hardware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portable_media_player" title="Portable media player">Portable media player</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_receiver" title="Radio receiver">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refrigerator" title="Refrigerator">Refrigerator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robotic_vacuum_cleaner" title="Robotic vacuum cleaner">Robotic vacuum cleaner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tablet_computer" title="Tablet computer">Tablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone" title="Telephone">Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tankless_water_heating" title="Tankless water heating">Water heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_console" title="Video game console">Video game console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washing_machine" title="Washing machine">Washing machine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_equipment" title="Audio equipment">Audio equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_electronics" title="Automotive electronics">Automotive electronics</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Avionics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_system" title="Control system">Control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_acquisition" title="Data acquisition">Data acquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebook" 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