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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Media and divisions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Media_and_divisions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Media and divisions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Media_and_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Non-broadcast_educational_and_information_efforts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-broadcast_educational_and_information_efforts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Non-broadcast educational and information efforts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-broadcast_educational_and_information_efforts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abolition_and_restructuring" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abolition_and_restructuring"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Abolition and restructuring</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abolition_and_restructuring-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Information_Agency" title="United States Information Agency – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="United States Information Agency" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Information_Agency" title="United States Information Agency – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="United States Information Agency" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameerika_%C3%9Chendriikide_Informatsiooniagentuur" title="Ameerika Ühendriikide Informatsiooniagentuur – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ameerika Ühendriikide Informatsiooniagentuur" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agencia_de_Informaci%C3%B3n_de_los_Estados_Unidos" title="Agencia de Información de los Estados Unidos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Agencia de Información de los Estados Unidos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informa_Agentejo_de_Usono" title="Informa Agentejo de Usono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Informa Agentejo de Usono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87" title="آژانس اطلاعات ایالات متحده – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آژانس اطلاعات ایالات متحده" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Information_Agency" title="United States Information Agency – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="United States Information Agency" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD_%EB%AC%B8%ED%99%94_%EC%A0%95%EB%B3%B4%EA%B5%AD" title="미국 문화 정보국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미국 문화 정보국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badan_Penerangan_Amerika_Serikat" title="Badan Penerangan Amerika Serikat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Badan Penerangan Amerika Serikat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uppl%C3%BDsinga%C3%BEj%C3%B3nusta_Bandar%C3%ADkjanna" title="Upplýsingaþjónusta Bandaríkjanna – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Upplýsingaþjónusta Bandaríkjanna" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Information_Agency" title="United States Information Agency – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="United States Information Agency" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA" title="סוכנות ההסברה של ארצות הברית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סוכנות ההסברה של ארצות הברית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%A1%D0%98%D0%90" title="ЮСИА – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="ЮСИА" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Information_Agency" title="United States Information Agency – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="United States Information Agency" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E5%90%88%E8%A1%86%E5%9B%BD%E5%BA%83%E5%A0%B1%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E4%BA%A4%E6%B5%81%E5%B1%80" title="アメリカ合衆国広報文化交流局 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アメリカ合衆国広報文化交流局" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Information_Agency" title="United States Information Agency – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="United States Information Agency" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Former government agency</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"USIA" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/USIA_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="USIA (disambiguation)">USIA (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size: 125%;">United States Information Agency</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UnitedStatesInformationAgency-Seal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/UnitedStatesInformationAgency-Seal.svg/140px-UnitedStatesInformationAgency-Seal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/UnitedStatesInformationAgency-Seal.svg/210px-UnitedStatesInformationAgency-Seal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/UnitedStatesInformationAgency-Seal.svg/280px-UnitedStatesInformationAgency-Seal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="717" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Seal of the U.S. Information Agency</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UnitedStatesInformationAgency-Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/UnitedStatesInformationAgency-Logo.svg/160px-UnitedStatesInformationAgency-Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/UnitedStatesInformationAgency-Logo.svg/240px-UnitedStatesInformationAgency-Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/UnitedStatesInformationAgency-Logo.svg/320px-UnitedStatesInformationAgency-Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="211" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Logo of the U.S. Information Agency</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Agency overview</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formed</th><td class="infobox-data">August 1953</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dissolved</th><td class="infobox-data">October 1, 1999</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Superseding agency</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Under_Secretary_of_State_for_Public_Diplomacy_and_Public_Affairs" title="Under Secretary of State for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs">State Department</a>,<br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usa.gov/federal-agencies/public-diplomacy-and-public-affairs">Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs</a><br /><a href="/wiki/U.S._Agency_for_Global_Media" title="U.S. Agency for Global Media">U.S. Agency for Global Media</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Jurisdiction</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">Federal government of the United States</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data">Washington, D.C.</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>United States Information Agency</b> (<b>USIA</b>) was a <a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_agencies_in_the_United_States" title="List of federal agencies in the United States">United States government agency</a> devoted to <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a> which operated from 1953 to 1999. </p><p>Previously existing <b>United States Information Service</b> (<b>USIS</b>) posts operating out of <a href="/wiki/U.S._Embassy" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Embassy">U.S. embassies</a> worldwide since World War II became the field operations offices of the USIA.<sup id="cite_ref-Archives_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Archives-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1978, USIA was merged with the Bureau of Educational Cultural Affairs of the Department of State into a new agency called the <b>United States International Communications Agency</b> (<b>USICA</b>).<sup id="cite_ref-Archives_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Archives-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Register_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Register-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Use of the name United States Information Agency (USIA) was restored in 1982.<sup id="cite_ref-Archives_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Archives-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Register_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Register-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1999, prior to the reorganization of <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_agencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligence agencies">intelligence agencies</a> by President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>, President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> assigned USIA's cultural exchange and non-broadcasting intelligence functions to the newly created <a href="/wiki/Under_Secretary_of_State_for_Public_Diplomacy_and_Public_Affairs" title="Under Secretary of State for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs">under secretary of state for public diplomacy and public affairs</a> at the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of State">U.S. Department of State</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and the now <a href="/wiki/Independent_agencies_of_the_United_States_government" title="Independent agencies of the United States government">independent agency</a>, the <a href="/wiki/International_Broadcasting_Bureau" title="International Broadcasting Bureau">International Broadcasting Bureau</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Archives_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Archives-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> USIA's broadcasting functions were moved to the <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting_Board_of_Governors" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadcasting Board of Governors">Broadcasting Board of Governors</a>, which had been created in 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-Archives_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Archives-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the merger of USIA with the Department of State, public diplomacy and public affairs sections at U.S. missions have carried on this work. When USIA was abolished in 1999, USIS posts once again were operated by the Department of State.<sup id="cite_ref-Archives_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Archives-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Former USIA director of TV and film service <a href="/wiki/Alvin_Snyder" title="Alvin Snyder">Alvin Snyder</a> recalled in his 1995 memoir that "the U.S. government ran a full-service public relations organization, the largest in the world, about the size of the twenty biggest U.S. commercial PR firms combined. Its full-time professional staff of more than 10,000, spread out among some 150 countries, burnished America‘s image and trashed the Soviet Union 2,500 hours a week with a 'tower of babble' comprised of more than 70 languages, to the tune of over $2 billion per year". The USIA was "the biggest branch of this propaganda machine."<sup id="cite_ref-Snyder_1995_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Snyder_1995-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stated_mission">Stated mission</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Information_Agency&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Stated mission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Propaganda_poster_exhorting_Northern_Vietnamese_to_move_South_during_Operation_Passage_to_Freedom_-_306-ppb-225-2012-001-pr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Propaganda_poster_exhorting_Northern_Vietnamese_to_move_South_during_Operation_Passage_to_Freedom_-_306-ppb-225-2012-001-pr.jpg/220px-Propaganda_poster_exhorting_Northern_Vietnamese_to_move_South_during_Operation_Passage_to_Freedom_-_306-ppb-225-2012-001-pr.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Propaganda_poster_exhorting_Northern_Vietnamese_to_move_South_during_Operation_Passage_to_Freedom_-_306-ppb-225-2012-001-pr.jpg/330px-Propaganda_poster_exhorting_Northern_Vietnamese_to_move_South_during_Operation_Passage_to_Freedom_-_306-ppb-225-2012-001-pr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Propaganda_poster_exhorting_Northern_Vietnamese_to_move_South_during_Operation_Passage_to_Freedom_-_306-ppb-225-2012-001-pr.jpg/440px-Propaganda_poster_exhorting_Northern_Vietnamese_to_move_South_during_Operation_Passage_to_Freedom_-_306-ppb-225-2012-001-pr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3055" /></a><figcaption>A propaganda poster produced by USIA, exhorting Northern Vietnamese residents to move South, in 1954.</figcaption></figure> <p>President <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> established the United States Information Agency on August 1, 1953,<sup id="cite_ref-Archives_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Archives-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during the postwar tensions with the communist world known as the Cold War.<sup id="cite_ref-snyder_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-snyder-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The USIA's mission was "to understand, inform and influence foreign publics in promotion of the national interest, and to broaden the dialogue between Americans and U.S. institutions, and their counterparts abroad".<sup id="cite_ref-overview_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-overview-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The USIA was established "to streamline the U.S. government's overseas information programs, and make them more effective".<sup id="cite_ref-overview_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-overview-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It operated all of the foreign information activities formerly carried out by the Department of State's <a href="/wiki/International_Information_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="International Information Administration">International Information Administration</a> and <a href="/wiki/Technical_Cooperation_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Technical Cooperation Administration">Technical Cooperation Administration</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Mutual_Security_Agency" title="Mutual Security Agency">Mutual Security Agency</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Archives_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Archives-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> USIA was also responsible for the overseas administration of the exchange of persons program formerly conducted by IIA.<sup id="cite_ref-Archives_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Archives-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The USIA was the largest full-service public relations organization in the world, spending over $2 billion per year to highlight the views of the U.S. while diminishing those of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, through about 150 different countries.<sup id="cite_ref-snyder_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-snyder-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Its stated goals were to explain and advocate U.S. policies in terms that are credible and meaningful in foreign cultures; to provide information about the official policies of the United States, and about the people, values and institutions which influence those policies; to bring the benefits of international engagement to American citizens and institutions by helping them build strong long-term relationships with their counterparts overseas; and to advise the President and U.S. government policy-makers on the ways in which foreign attitudes would have a direct bearing on the effectiveness of U.S. policies.<sup id="cite_ref-overview_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-overview-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Department of State provided foreign policy guidance.<sup id="cite_ref-Archives_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Archives-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, some American officials believed that a propaganda program was essential to convey the United States and its culture and politics to the world, and to offset negative Soviet propaganda against the US. With heightened fears about the influence of communism, some Americans believed that the films produced by the Hollywood movie industry, when critical of American society, damaged its image in other countries.<sup id="cite_ref-lefever_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lefever-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The USIA "exist[ed] as much to provide a view of the world to the United States as it [did] to give the world a view of America".<sup id="cite_ref-elder_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elder-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Films produced by the USIA could by law not be screened publicly within the United States due to the <a href="/wiki/Smith%E2%80%93Mundt_Act" title="Smith–Mundt Act">Smith–Mundt Act</a>. This restriction also meant that Americans could not view the material even for study at the National Archives.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within the US, the USIA was intended to assure Americans that "[t]he United States was working for a better world".<sup id="cite_ref-osgood_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osgood-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abroad, the USIA tried to preserve a positive image of the U.S. regardless of negative depictions from communist propaganda. One notable example was <a href="/wiki/Project_Pedro" title="Project Pedro">Project Pedro</a>. This secretly funded project created newsreels in Mexico during the 1950s that portrayed <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a> unfavorably and the United States positively.<sup id="cite_ref-fein_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fein-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Articles reflecting the views promoted by the USIA were frequently published under fictitious <a href="/wiki/Byline" title="Byline">bylines</a>, such as "Guy Sims Fitch".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The agency regularly conducted research on foreign public opinion about the United States and its policies, in order to inform the president and other key policymakers.<sup id="cite_ref-factsheet_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-factsheet-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It conducted public opinion surveys throughout the world. It issued a variety of reports to government officials, including a twice-daily report on foreign media commentary around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-factsheet_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-factsheet-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media_and_divisions">Media and divisions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Information_Agency&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Media and divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USIS-Johannesburg.agr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/USIS-Johannesburg.agr.jpg/220px-USIS-Johannesburg.agr.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/USIS-Johannesburg.agr.jpg/330px-USIS-Johannesburg.agr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/USIS-Johannesburg.agr.jpg/440px-USIS-Johannesburg.agr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="686" data-file-height="686" /></a><figcaption>USIA library in <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, in 1965, during the <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a> era.</figcaption></figure> <p>From the beginning, President Dwight Eisenhower said that "audiences would be more receptive to the American message if they were kept from identifying it as propaganda. Avowedly propagandistic materials from the United States might convince few, but the same viewpoints presented by the seemingly independent voices would be more persuasive."<sup id="cite_ref-osgood_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osgood-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The USIA used various forms of media, including "personal contact, radio broadcasting, libraries, book publication and distribution, press motion pictures, television, exhibits, English-language instruction, and others". Through these different forms, the United States government distributed its materials more easily and engaged a greater concentration of people.<sup id="cite_ref-elder_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elder-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Four main divisions were established when the USIA began its programs.<sup id="cite_ref-lefever_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lefever-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Broadcasting information</li> <li>Libraries and exhibits</li> <li>Press services</li> <li>Motion picture service</li></ul> <p>The first division dealt with broadcasting information, both in the United States and around the world. The radio was one of the most widely used forms of media at the onset of the Cold War, as television was not widely available. The <a href="/wiki/Smith%E2%80%93Mundt_Act" title="Smith–Mundt Act">Smith–Mundt Act</a> authorized information programs, including <a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Voice of America was intended as an unbiased and balanced "Voice from America", as originally broadcast during World War II. The VOA was used to "tell America's stories ... to information deprived listeners behind the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-snyder_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-snyder-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1967, the VOA was broadcasting in 38 languages to up to 26 million listeners.<sup id="cite_ref-elder_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elder-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1976 VOA gained its "Charter", requiring its news to be balanced. </p><p>The second division of the USIA consisted of libraries and exhibits. The Smith–Mundt Act and the <a href="/wiki/Fulbright%E2%80%93Hays_Act_of_1961" title="Fulbright–Hays Act of 1961">Fulbright–Hays Act of 1961</a> both authorized international cultural and educational exchanges (including the <a href="/wiki/Fulbright_Program" title="Fulbright Program">Fulbright Scholarship Program</a>). USIA would mount exhibitions in its libraries overseas to reach people in other countries. "Fulbrighters" were grant recipients under the USIA educational and cultural exchange program. To ensure that those grant programs would be fair and unbiased, persons of educational and cultural expertise in the grant subject areas selected the grantee recipients. </p><p>The USIA's third division included press services. Within its first two decades, the "USIA publishe[d] sixty-six magazines, newspapers, and other periodicals, totaling almost 30 million copies annually, in twenty-eight languages".<sup id="cite_ref-elder_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elder-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The fourth division dealt with the motion picture service. After the USIA failed in its effort to collaborate with Hollywood filmmakers to portray America in a positive light, the agency began producing their own documentaries.<sup id="cite_ref-snyder_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-snyder-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-broadcast_educational_and_information_efforts">Non-broadcast educational and information efforts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Information_Agency&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Non-broadcast educational and information efforts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the time the agency was reorganized in 1999, the educational and informational efforts encompassed a wide range of activities, outside of broadcasting. These were focused in four areas, the agency produced extensive electronic and printed materials. </p> <ul><li>Information service</li> <li>Speakers and Specialists Program</li> <li>Information Resource Centers</li> <li>Foreign press centers</li></ul> <p>Its <i>The Washington File</i> information service, was intended to provide, in the words of the agency "both time-sensitive and in-depth information in five languages", incorporating full transcripts of speeches, Congressional testimony, articles by Administration officials, and materials providing analysis of key issues. The Agency also ran a number of websites to transmit information.<sup id="cite_ref-factsheet_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-factsheet-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Second, the agency ran a "Speakers and Specialists Program", sending Americans abroad for various public speaking and technical assistance roles.<sup id="cite_ref-factsheet_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-factsheet-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These speakers were referred to as "American Participants" or "AmParts". </p><p>Third, the agency operated more than 100 "Information Resource Centers" abroad. These included some public-access libraries in developing countries.<sup id="cite_ref-factsheet_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-factsheet-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Finally, the USIA-operated foreign press centers in Washington, New York, and Los Angeles to "assist resident and visiting foreign journalists". In other major American cities, such as Chicago, Houston, Atlanta, Miami, and Seattle, the USIA worked cooperatively with other international press centers.<sup id="cite_ref-factsheet_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-factsheet-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beginning with the 1958 Brussels World Fair, the USIA directed the design, construction, and operation of the U.S. pavilions representing the United States at major <a href="/wiki/World_Expo" class="mw-redirect" title="World Expo">world Expos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Abolition_and_restructuring">Abolition and restructuring</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Information_Agency&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Abolition and restructuring"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Foreign Affairs Reform and Restructuring Act of 1998, Division G of the Omnibus Consolidated and Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Act, 1999, <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress#Public_law,_private_law,_designation" title="Act of Congress"><abbr title="Public Law">Pub. L.</abbr></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/link/plaw/105/public/277?link-type=html">105–277 (text)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/link/plaw/105/public/277?link-type=pdf&.pdf">(PDF)</a>, 112 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-112-2681-761">2681-761</a>, enacted <span data-sort-value="000000001998-10-21-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">October 21, 1998</span>, abolished the U.S. Information Agency effective October 1, 1999. Its information and cultural exchange functions were folded into the Department of State under the newly created <a href="/wiki/Under_Secretary_of_State_for_Public_Diplomacy_and_Public_Affairs" title="Under Secretary of State for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs">Under Secretary of State for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs</a>. </p><p>When dismantled, the agency budget was $1.109 billion. After reductions of staff in 1997, the agency had 6,352 employees, of which almost half were civil service employees in the United States (2,521). About 1,800 of these employees worked in international broadcasting, while approximately 1,100 worked on the agency's educational and informational programs, such as the Fulbright program.<sup id="cite_ref-factsheet_14-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-factsheet-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_service_officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign service officer">Foreign service officers</a> consisting of about 1,000 members of the work force. Broadcasting functions, including <a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a>, Radio and TV Marti, <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe</a> (in Eastern Europe), Radio Free Asia, and Radio Liberty (in Russia and other areas of the former Soviet Union), were consolidated as an independent entity under the <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting_Board_of_Governors" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadcasting Board of Governors">Broadcasting Board of Governors</a> (BBG). This continues to operate independently from the State Department. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, some commentators characterized United States international broadcasters, such as Radio Free Asia, Radio Free Europe, and Voice of America as <a href="/wiki/United_States_propaganda" class="mw-redirect" title="United States propaganda">United States propaganda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Information_Agency&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WORLDNET_Television_and_Film_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="WORLDNET Television and Film Service">WORLDNET Television and Film Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Public_Information" title="Committee on Public Information">Committee on Public Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_for_Freedom" title="Crusade for Freedom">Crusade for Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_diplomacy" title="Cultural diplomacy">Cultural diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clandestine_HUMINT_operational_techniques" title="Clandestine HUMINT operational techniques">Clandestine HUMINT operational techniques</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nine_from_Little_Rock" title="Nine from Little Rock">Nine from Little Rock</a></i>, an Academy Award-winning documentary by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Guggenheim" title="Charles Guggenheim">Charles Guggenheim</a>, commissioned by the USIA<sup id="cite_ref-ampas_guggenheim_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ampas_guggenheim-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>U.S. Department of State's <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_International_Information_Programs" title="Bureau of International Information Programs">Bureau of International Information Programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Broadcast_Information_Service" title="Foreign Broadcast Information Service">Foreign Broadcast Information Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_A._Kimball" title="Arthur A. Kimball">Arthur Kimball</a>, initial, acting, director of the agency</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_P._Ribuffo" title="Leo P. Ribuffo">Leo P. Ribuffo</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Information_Agency&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Archives-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Archives_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Archives_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Archives_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Archives_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Archives_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Archives_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Archives_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Archives_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Archives_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Archives_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/research/foreign-policy/related-records/rg-306">Records of the United States Information Agency (RG 306) page</a> at The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration website. Page reviewed 25 November 2022. Retrieved 15 June 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Register-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Register_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Register_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.federalregister.gov/agencies/united-states-information-agency">United States Information Agency page</a> at Federal Register website. Retrieved 15 June 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Snyder_1995-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Snyder_1995_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSnyder1995" class="citation book cs1">Snyder, Alvin (1995). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/warriorsofdisinf0000alvi"><i>Warriors of Disinformation: American Propaganda, Soviet Lies, and the Winning of the Cold War: An Insider's Account</i></a></span>. New York: Arcade Pub. p. xi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55970-321-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-55970-321-0"><bdi>1-55970-321-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/32430655">32430655</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warriors+of+Disinformation%3A+American+Propaganda%2C+Soviet+Lies%2C+and+the+Winning+of+the+Cold+War%3A+An+Insider%27s+Account&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=xi&rft.pub=Arcade+Pub&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F32430655&rft.isbn=1-55970-321-0&rft.aulast=Snyder&rft.aufirst=Alvin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwarriorsofdisinf0000alvi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Information+Agency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-snyder-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-snyder_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-snyder_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-snyder_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-snyder_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Snyder" title="Alvin Snyder">Snyder, Alvin</a>, <i>Warriors of Disinformation: American Propaganda, Soviet Lies, and the Winning of the Cold War</i> 1995. Arcade Publishing, Inc. New York.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reorganization Plan No. 8 of 1953, 67 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-67-642">642</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-overview-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-overview_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-overview_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-overview_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dosfan.lib.uic.edu/usia/usiahome/oldoview.htm#overview">"USIA: an overview"</a>. USIA. August 1998<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 24,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USIA%3A+an+overview&rft.pub=USIA&rft.date=1998-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdosfan.lib.uic.edu%2Fusia%2Fusiahome%2Foldoview.htm%23overview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Information+Agency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lefever-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lefever_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lefever_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lefever, Ernest. <i>Ethics and United States Foreign Policy</i> (Cleveland, OH: The World Publishing Company, 1957).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-elder-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-elder_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-elder_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-elder_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-elder_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_E._Elder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert E. Elder (page does not exist)">Robert E. Elder</a>. <i>The Information Machine: The United States Information Agency and American Foreign Policy</i> (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1968).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.filmpreservation.org/preserved-films/screening-room/t1-the-wall-1962">The Wall (1962) - Film Notes </a>", <a href="/wiki/National_Film_Preservation_Foundation" title="National Film Preservation Foundation">National Film Preservation Foundation</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-osgood-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-osgood_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-osgood_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Osgood, Kenneth. <i>Total Cold War: Eisenhower's Secret Propaganda Battle at Home and Abroad</i>. 2006. University Press of Kansas. Lawrence, KS.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fein-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fein_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fein, Seth. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24914821">"New Empire into Old: Making Mexican Newsreels the Cold War Way."</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplomatic History">Diplomatic History</a></i>, Vol. 28, No. 5, November 2004, pp. 703-748. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-7709.2004.00447.x">10.1111/j.1467-7709.2004.00447.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24914821">24914821</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNovak2016" class="citation news cs1">Novak, Matt (September 27, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleofuture.gizmodo.com/meet-guy-sims-fitch-a-fake-writer-invented-by-the-us-g-1787060769">"Meet Guy Sims Fitch, a Fake Writer Invented by the US Government"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Gizmodo" title="Gizmodo">Gizmodo</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 27,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gizmodo&rft.atitle=Meet+Guy+Sims+Fitch%2C+a+Fake+Writer+Invented+by+the+US+Government&rft.date=2016-09-27&rft.aulast=Novak&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpaleofuture.gizmodo.com%2Fmeet-guy-sims-fitch-a-fake-writer-invented-by-the-us-g-1787060769&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Information+Agency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson_P.,_Jr2004" class="citation book cs1">Wilson P., Jr, Dizard (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jbm5D44MeLQC&pg=PA159"><i>Inventing public diplomacy: the story of the U.S. Information Agency</i></a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Lynne_Rienner_Publishers" title="Lynne Rienner Publishers">Lynne Rienner Publishers</a>. p. 159. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781588262882" title="Special:BookSources/9781588262882"><bdi>9781588262882</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 27,</span> 2016</span>. <q>These commentaries were prepared by a group of USIA editors (...) A long-running commentary on economic developments was attributed for many years to a fictional Guy Sims Fitch, whose views were often cited authoritatively in overseas publications.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inventing+public+diplomacy%3A+the+story+of+the+U.S.+Information+Agency&rft.place=London&rft.pages=159&rft.pub=Lynne+Rienner+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781588262882&rft.aulast=Wilson+P.%2C+Jr&rft.aufirst=Dizard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJbm5D44MeLQC%26pg%3DPA159&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Information+Agency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-factsheet-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-factsheet_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-factsheet_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-factsheet_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-factsheet_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-factsheet_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-factsheet_14-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-factsheet_14-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dosfan.lib.uic.edu/usia/usiahome/factshe.htm">"USIA Factsheet"</a>. USIA<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 18,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USIA+Factsheet&rft.pub=USIA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdosfan.lib.uic.edu%2Fusia%2Fusiahome%2Ffactshe.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Information+Agency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Friedman, Norman, <i>The Fifty-Year War: Conflict and Strategy in the Cold War</i> (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2000).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110607062001/http://dosfan.lib.uic.edu/usia/abtusia/commins.pdf#"><i>The United States Information Agency: A Commemoration</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. USIA. 1999. p. 38. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dosfan.lib.uic.edu/usia/abtusia/commins.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on June 7, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 18,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+United+States+Information+Agency%3A+A+Commemoration&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=USIA&rft.date=1999&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdosfan.lib.uic.edu%2Fusia%2Fabtusia%2Fcommins.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Information+Agency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnow1998" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Snow_(academic)" title="Nancy Snow (academic)">Snow, Nancy</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10402659808426214">"The Smith-Mundt Act of 1948"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Peace_Review" title="Peace Review">Peace Review</a></i>. <b>10</b> (4): 619–624. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10402659808426214">10.1080/10402659808426214</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1040-2659">1040-2659</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Peace+Review&rft.atitle=The+Smith-Mundt+Act+of+1948&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=619-624&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10402659808426214&rft.issn=1040-2659&rft.aulast=Snow&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F10402659808426214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Information+Agency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHopkins1999" class="citation journal cs1">Hopkins, Mark (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://go.gale.com/ps/anonymous?id=GALE%7CA55292344">"A Babel of Broadcasts"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Journalism_Review" title="Columbia Journalism Review">Columbia Journalism Review</a></i>. <b>38</b> (2): 44. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0010-194X">0010-194X</a>. <q>The U.S. is propagandizing the world with a jumble of wasteful, redundant radio and TV programs – Voice of America, Radio Free This-and-That.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Columbia+Journalism+Review&rft.atitle=A+Babel+of+Broadcasts&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=44&rft.date=1999&rft.issn=0010-194X&rft.aulast=Hopkins&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgo.gale.com%2Fps%2Fanonymous%3Fid%3DGALE%257CA55292344&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Information+Agency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmyth2001" class="citation journal cs1">Smyth, Rosaleen (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10357710120095252">"Mapping US Public Diplomacy in the 21st Century"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Australian_Journal_of_International_Affairs" title="Australian Journal of International Affairs">Australian Journal of International Affairs</a></i>. <b>55</b> (3): 421–444. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10357710120095252">10.1080/10357710120095252</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1035-7718">1035-7718</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153524399">153524399</a>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'... in a separate category, the 'non-profit, grantee corporations' Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL) and Radio Free Asia (RFA). Although it is claimed that this arm's-length structure acts as 'a firewall, protecting editors and reporters from government and congressional censorship' this is something of a fiction as the broadcasters are funded by Congress and expected to serve clear foreign policy purposes-which they do, in the case of the surrogates in particular, with missionary zeal.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Journal+of+International+Affairs&rft.atitle=Mapping+US+Public+Diplomacy+in+the+21st+Century&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=421-444&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153524399%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1035-7718&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10357710120095252&rft.aulast=Smyth&rft.aufirst=Rosaleen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F10357710120095252&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Information+Agency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ampas_guggenheim-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ampas_guggenheim_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oscars.org/filmarchive/collections/guggenheim.html">"The Charles Guggenheim Collection"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Motion_Picture_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences">Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 10,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Charles+Guggenheim+Collection&rft.pub=Academy+of+Motion+Picture+Arts+and+Sciences&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oscars.org%2Ffilmarchive%2Fcollections%2Fguggenheim.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Information+Agency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Information_Agency&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bardos, Arthur, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vqronline.org/articles/2001/summer/bardos-public-diplomacy/">"'Public Diplomacy': An Old Art, a New Profession"</a>, <i>Virginia Quarterly Review</i>, Summer 2001</li> <li>Bogart, Leo, <i>Premises For Propaganda: The United States Information Agency's Operating Assumptions in the Cold War</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-904390-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-904390-5">0-02-904390-5</a></li> <li>Gerits, Frank, “<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.journalbelgianhistory.be/en/journal/belgisch-tijdschrift-voor-nieuwste-geschiedenis-xlii20124/taking-soft-power-lens-united">Taking Off the Soft Power Lens: The United States Information Service in Cold War Belgium, 1950–1958</a>,” <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Belgian_History" title="Journal of Belgian History">Journal of Belgian History</a></i> 42 (Dec. 2012), 10–49.</li> <li>Snow, Nancy, <i>Propaganda, Inc.: Selling America's Culture to the World</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-888363-74-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-888363-74-6">1-888363-74-6</a></li> <li>Kiehl, William P. (ed.) "America's Dialogue with the World", <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9764391-1-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-9764391-1-5">0-9764391-1-5</a></li> <li>Sorensen, Thomas C. "Word War: The Story of American Propaganda" (1968) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-530-82750-9" title="Special:BookSources/3-530-82750-9">3-530-82750-9</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-530-82750-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-530-82750-7">978-3-530-82750-7</a></li> <li>Tobia, Simona "Advertising America. The United States Information Service in Italy (1945–1956)", LED Edizioni Universitarie, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-7916-400-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-7916-400-9">978-88-7916-400-9</a></li> <li>United States Information Agency, Commemoration Booklet <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110607062001/http://dosfan.lib.uic.edu/usia/abtusia/commins.pdf"><i>Public Diplomacy: Looking Forward, Looking Back</i></a>, Commemorative volume, 1999</li> <li>Yoshida, Yukihiko, <i>Jane Barlow and Witaly Osins, ballet teachers who worked in postwar Japan, and their students</i>, Pan-Asian Journal of Sports & Physical Education, Vol.3(Sep), 2012.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Information_Agency&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:United_States_Information_Agency" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:United States Information Agency">United States Information Agency</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/306.html">Records of the United States Information Agency (USIA)</a> in the National Archives</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101012105029/http://dosfan.lib.uic.edu/usia/">Archive of agency Web site</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eisenhower.archives.gov/Research/Finding_Aids/W.html">Papers of Abbott Washburn (Special Assistant to the Director of the USIA, 1953 & Deputy Director of the USIA, 1953–1961), Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090114032445/http://www.eisenhower.archives.gov/Research/Finding_Aids/W.html">Archived</a> January 14, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>The short film <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gov.archives.arc.650334"><i>Answering Soviet Propaganda (1964)</i></a> is available for free viewing and download at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Types</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_radicalization" title="Algorithmic radicalization">Algorithmic radicalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_facts" title="Alternative facts">Alternative facts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_lie" title="Big lie">Big lie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherry_picking" title="Cherry picking">Cherry picking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_reporting" title="Circular reporting">Circular reporting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_bias" title="Cognitive bias">Cognitive bias</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases" title="List of cognitive biases">List of cognitive biases</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">Conspiracy theory</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_conspiracy_theories" title="List of conspiracy theories">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deception" title="Deception">Deception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denialism" title="Denialism">Denialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinformation_attack" title="Disinformation attack">Disinformation attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doublespeak" title="Doublespeak">Doublespeak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphemistic_misspeaking" class="mw-redirect" title="Euphemistic misspeaking">Euphemistic misspeaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factoid" title="Factoid">Factoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news" title="Fake news">Fake news</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news_website" title="Fake news website">online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fake_news_websites" title="List of fake news websites">list of websites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lying_press" title="Lying press">Lying press</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallacy" title="Fallacy">Fallacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fallacies" title="List of fallacies">List of fallacies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_accusation" title="False accusation">False accusation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_dilemma" title="False dilemma">False dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_flag" title="False flag">False flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear,_uncertainty,_and_doubt" title="Fear, uncertainty, and doubt">Fear, uncertainty, and doubt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firehose_of_falsehood" title="Firehose of falsehood">Firehose of falsehood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forgery_as_covert_operation" title="Forgery as covert operation">Forgery as covert operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaslighting" title="Gaslighting">Gaslighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half-truth" title="Half-truth">Half-truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_negationism" title="Historical negationism">Historical negationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoax" title="Hoax">Hoax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infodemic" title="Infodemic">Infodemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_manipulation" title="Internet manipulation">Internet manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipulation_(psychology)" title="Manipulation (psychology)">Manipulation (psychology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_culture" title="Media culture">Media culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_manipulation" title="Media manipulation">Media manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potemkin_village" title="Potemkin village">Potemkin village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-truth_politics" title="Post-truth politics">Post-truth politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">Psychological warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memetic_warfare" title="Memetic warfare">Memetic warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_deception" title="Military deception">Military deception</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_propaganda" title="Black propaganda">black propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterpropaganda" title="Counterpropaganda">counterpropaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-sponsored_Internet_propaganda" title="State-sponsored Internet propaganda">State-sponsored Internet propaganda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quoting_out_of_context" title="Quoting out of context">Quote mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabrication_(science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fabrication (science)">Scientific fabrication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smear_campaign" title="Smear campaign">Smearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_bot" title="Social bot">Social bot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spin_(propaganda)" title="Spin (propaganda)">Spin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truthiness" title="Truthiness">Truthiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_legends_and_myths" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban legends and myths">Urban legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whataboutism" title="Whataboutism">Whataboutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_journalism" title="Yellow journalism">Yellow journalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Books_and_documentaries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Books and documentaries</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disinformation_(book)" title="Disinformation (book)"><i>Disinformation</i> by Ion Mihai Pacepa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dezinformatsia_(book)" title="Dezinformatsia (book)"><i>Dezinformatsia: Active Measures in Soviet Strategy</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_KGB_and_Soviet_Disinformation" title="The KGB and Soviet Disinformation">The KGB and Soviet Disinformation</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Who%27s_Who_in_the_CIA" title="Who's Who in the CIA">Who's Who in the CIA</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Merchants_of_Doubt" title="Merchants of Doubt">Merchants of Doubt</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/After_Truth:_Disinformation_and_the_Cost_of_Fake_News" title="After Truth: Disinformation and the Cost of Fake News">After Truth: Disinformation and the Cost of Fake News</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Examples" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Examples</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Triangle" title="Bermuda Triangle">Bermuda Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Free_State_propaganda_war" title="Congo Free State propaganda war">Congo Free State propaganda war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_denial" title="Climate change denial">Climate change denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_energy_suppression_conspiracy_theory" title="Free energy suppression conspiracy theory">Free energy suppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_denial" title="Genocide denial">Genocide denial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illuminati" title="Illuminati">Illuminati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Jewish_conspiracy" title="International Jewish conspiracy">International Jewish conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misinformation_in_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Misinformation in the Israel–Hamas war">Misinformation in the Israel–Hamas war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinformation_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_Order_(conspiracy_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="New World Order (conspiracy theory)">New World Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_mercury" title="Red mercury">Red mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reptilian_conspiracy_theory" title="Reptilian conspiracy theory">Reptilians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rothschild_family#Conspiracy_theories" title="Rothschild family">Rothschilds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategy_of_tension" title="Strategy of tension">Strategy of tension</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Health" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Health</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Misinformation_related_to_5G_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Misinformation related to 5G technology">5G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation" title="COVID-19 misinformation">COVID-19 misinformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_by_governments" title="COVID-19 misinformation by governments">by governments</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebola_misinformation" title="Ebola misinformation">Ebola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_denialism" title="HIV/AIDS denialism">HIV/AIDS denialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_illness_denial" title="Mental illness denial">Mental illness denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misinformation_related_to_abortion" title="Misinformation related to abortion">Misinformation related to abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_misinformation" title="Vaccine misinformation">Vaccines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-vaccine_activism" title="Anti-vaccine activism">anti-vaccination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccines_and_autism" title="Vaccines and autism">autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_misinformation_and_hesitancy" title="COVID-19 vaccine misinformation and hesitancy">COVID-19</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_fluoridation_controversy" title="Water fluoridation controversy">Water fluoridation controversy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Operations_and_events_by_country" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Operations and events by country</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Canada</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Jihadunspun.com" title="Jihadunspun.com">Jihadunspun.com</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">China</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_information_operations_and_information_warfare" title="Chinese information operations and information warfare">Chinese information operations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/50_Cent_Party" title="50 Cent Party">50 Cent Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare_by_China" title="Cyberwarfare by China">cyberwarfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Pink" title="Little Pink">Little Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Water_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Water Army">Internet Water Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PLA_Unit_61398" title="PLA Unit 61398">PLA Unit 61398</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spamouflage" title="Spamouflage">Spamouflage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_by_China" title="COVID-19 misinformation by China">COVID-19</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Global_Times" title="Global Times">Global Times</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Czechoslovakia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Neptune_(espionage)" title="Operation Neptune (espionage)">Operation Neptune</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Funkspiel" title="Funkspiel">Funkspiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Propaganda in Nazi Germany">Propaganda in Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth_of_the_clean_Wehrmacht" title="Myth of the clean Wehrmacht">Myth of the clean Wehrmacht</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">India</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news_in_India" title="Fake news in India">Fake news in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godi-media" class="mw-redirect" title="Godi-media">Godi-media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paid_news_in_India" title="Paid news in India">Paid news in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpIndia" title="OpIndia">OpIndia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Israel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Team_Jorge" title="Team Jorge">Team Jorge</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Korea</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_Agency_Network_of_Korea" title="Voluntary Agency Network of Korea">Voluntary Agency Network of Korea</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kuwait</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Fintas_Group" title="Fintas Group">Fintas Group</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mexico</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%B1abot" title="Peñabot">Peñabots</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philippines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_in_the_Philippines" title="COVID-19 misinformation in the Philippines">COVID-19 misinformation in the Philippines</a> (<a href="/wiki/ChinaAngVirus_disinformation_campaign" title="ChinaAngVirus disinformation campaign">ChinaAngVirus disinformation campaign</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news_in_the_Philippines" title="Fake news in the Philippines">Fake news in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_distortion_regarding_Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Historical distortion regarding Ferdinand Marcos">Historical distortion regarding Ferdinand Marcos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_disinformation" title="Russian disinformation">Russia</a> /<br />Soviet Union</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_disinformation" title="Soviet disinformation">Soviet era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_measures" title="Active measures">Active Measures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-1000_battleship" title="K-1000 battleship">K-1000 battleship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_INFEKTION" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation INFEKTION">Operation INFEKTION</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Toucan_(KGB)" title="Operation Toucan (KGB)">Operation Toucan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seat_12" title="Seat 12">Seat 12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_influence_on_the_peace_movement" title="Soviet influence on the peace movement">Soviet influence on the peace movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Army_Field_Manual_30-31B" title="U.S. Army Field Manual 30-31B">U.S. Army Field Manual 30-31B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Useful_idiot" title="Useful idiot">Useful idiot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_disinformation_in_the_post-Soviet_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian disinformation in the post-Soviet era">Post-Soviet era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare_by_Russia" title="Cyberwarfare by Russia">Cyberwarfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2007_cyberattacks_on_Estonia" title="2007 cyberattacks on Estonia">on Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberattacks_during_the_Russo-Georgian_War" title="Cyberattacks during the Russo-Georgian War">during the Russo-Georgian War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_information_war_against_Ukraine" title="Russian information war against Ukraine">Information war against Ukraine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disinformation_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li>On US elections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2016_United_States_elections" title="Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2018_United_States_elections" title="Russian interference in the 2018 United States elections">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2020_United_States_elections" title="Russian interference in the 2020 United States elections">2020</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2016_Brexit_referendum" title="Russian interference in the 2016 Brexit referendum">2016 Brexit referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies" title="Russian Institute for Strategic Studies">Russian Institute for Strategic Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Research_Agency" title="Internet Research Agency">Trolls from Olgino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_web_brigades" title="Russian web brigades">Web brigades</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_denialism_in_South_Africa" title="HIV/AIDS denialism in South Africa">HIV/AIDS denialism</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Turkey</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_in_Turkey" title="Conspiracy theories in Turkey">Conspiracy theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_censorship_and_disinformation_during_the_Gezi_Park_protests" title="Media censorship and disinformation during the Gezi Park protests">Media censorship and disinformation during the Gezi Park protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AK_Trolls" title="AK Trolls">AK Trolls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Pottinger" title="Bell Pottinger">Bell Pottinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double-Cross_System" title="Double-Cross System">Double-Cross System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clockwork_Orange_(plot)" title="Clockwork Orange (plot)">Clockwork Orange plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euromyth" title="Euromyth">Euromyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancet_MMR_autism_fraud" title="Lancet MMR autism fraud"><i>Lancet</i> MMR autism fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Mass_Appeal" title="Operation Mass Appeal">Operation Mass Appeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_Warfare_Division" title="Psychological Warfare Division">Psychological Warfare Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinoviev_letter" title="Zinoviev letter">Zinoviev letter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1995_CIA_disinformation_controversy" title="1995 CIA disinformation controversy">1995 CIA disinformation controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attempts_to_overturn_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election">Attempts to overturn the 2020 election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_in_United_States_politics" title="Conspiracy theories in United States politics">Conspiracy theories</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/9/11_conspiracy_theories" title="9/11 conspiracy theories">9/11 conspiracy theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_Kennedy_assassination_conspiracy_theory" title="CIA Kennedy assassination conspiracy theory">CIA Kennedy assassination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QAnon" title="QAnon">QAnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Hook_Elementary_School_shooting_conspiracy_theories" title="Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting conspiracy theories">Sandy Hook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_by_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 misinformation by the United States">COVID-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news_in_the_United_States" title="Fake news in the United States">Fake news</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news_websites_in_the_United_States" title="Fake news websites in the United States">online</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_denial_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Election denial movement in the United States">Election denial movement in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Freedom_Fighter%27s_Manual" title="The Freedom Fighter's Manual">The Freedom Fighter's Manual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habbush_letter" title="Habbush letter">Habbush letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Operations_Roadmap" title="Information Operations Roadmap">Information Operations Roadmap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litter_boxes_in_schools_hoax" title="Litter boxes in schools hoax">Litter boxes in schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Atta%27s_alleged_Prague_connection" title="Mohamed Atta's alleged Prague connection">Mohamed Atta's alleged Prague connection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger_uranium_forgeries" title="Niger uranium forgeries">Niger uranium forgeries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_industry_playbook" title="Tobacco industry playbook">Tobacco industry playbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Shocker" title="Operation Shocker">Operation Shocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_rain" title="Yellow rain">Yellow rain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Venezuela</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Army_of_Trolls" title="Bolivarian Army of Trolls">Bolivarian Army of Trolls</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vietnam</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_opinion_brigades" title="Public opinion brigades">Public opinion brigades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Force_47" class="mw-redirect" title="Force 47">Force 47</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Opposition" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Opposition</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fact-checking" title="Fact-checking">Fact-checking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fact-checking_website" class="mw-redirect" title="Fact-checking website">Fact-checking website</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Active_Measures_Working_Group" title="Active Measures Working Group">Active Measures Working Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter_disinformation_unit" title="Counter disinformation unit">Counter disinformation unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter_Misinformation_Team" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter Misinformation Team">Counter Misinformation Team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countering_Foreign_Propaganda_and_Disinformation_Act" title="Countering Foreign Propaganda and Disinformation Act">Countering Foreign Propaganda and Disinformation Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Disinformation_Project" title="The Disinformation Project">The Disinformation Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_StratCom_Task_Force" title="East StratCom Task Force">East StratCom Task Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FactCheck.org" title="FactCheck.org">FactCheck.org</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_Fact" title="Full Fact">Full Fact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logically_(company)" title="Logically (company)">Logically</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NewsGuard" title="NewsGuard">NewsGuard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PolitiFact" title="PolitiFact">PolitiFact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snopes" title="Snopes">Snopes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StopFake" title="StopFake">StopFake</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United States Information Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USAFacts" title="USAFacts">USAFacts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Members_of_the_European_Broadcasting_Union" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_Broadcasting_Union_members" title="Template:European Broadcasting Union members"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_Broadcasting_Union_members" title="Template talk:European Broadcasting Union members"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_Broadcasting_Union_members" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European Broadcasting Union members"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Members_of_the_European_Broadcasting_Union" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Members of the <a href="/wiki/European_Broadcasting_Union" title="European Broadcasting Union">European Broadcasting Union</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active<br />members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARD_(broadcaster)" title="ARD (broadcaster)">ARD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayerischer_Rundfunk" title="Bayerischer Rundfunk">BR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutschlandradio" title="Deutschlandradio">DLR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">DW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hessischer_Rundfunk" title="Hessischer Rundfunk">HR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitteldeutscher_Rundfunk" title="Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk">MDR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norddeutscher_Rundfunk" title="Norddeutscher Rundfunk">NDR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Bremen" title="Radio Bremen">RB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rundfunk_Berlin-Brandenburg" title="Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg">RBB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saarl%C3%A4ndischer_Rundfunk" title="Saarländischer Rundfunk">SR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCdwestrundfunk" title="Südwestrundfunk">SWR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westdeutscher_Rundfunk" title="Westdeutscher Rundfunk">WDR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Radio_of_Armenia" title="Public Radio of Armenia">ARMR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Television_Company_of_Armenia" title="Public Television Company of Armenia">ARMTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_and_Television_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Radio and Television of Bosnia and Herzegovina">BHRT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_National_Radio" title="Bulgarian National Radio">BNR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_National_Television" title="Bulgarian National Television">BNT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Radio" title="Czech Radio">ČRo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Television" title="Czech Television">ČT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation">CyBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DR_(broadcaster)" title="DR (broadcaster)">DR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Algeria" title="Radio Algeria">ENRS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Establishment_of_Television" title="Public Establishment of Television">EPTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eesti_Rahvusringh%C3%A4%C3%A4ling" title="Eesti Rahvusringhääling">ERR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eesti_Raadio" title="Eesti Raadio">ER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eesti_Televisioon" title="Eesti Televisioon">ETV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_100,7" title="Radio 100,7">ERSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Hellenic Broadcasting Corporation">ERT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Radio" title="Hellenic Radio">ERA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Public_Broadcaster" title="Georgian Public Broadcaster">GPB</a></li> <li>GRF <ul><li><a href="/wiki/France_M%C3%A9dias_Monde" title="France Médias Monde">FMM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_T%C3%A9l%C3%A9visions" title="France Télévisions">FTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_France" title="Radio France">RF</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Radiotelevision" title="Croatian Radiotelevision">HRT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Radio" title="Croatian Radio">HR</a></li></ul></li> <li>İCTI <ul><li>İR</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0ctimai_Television" title="İctimai Television">İTV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Radio_and_Television_Corporation" title="Jordan Radio and Television Corporation">JRTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Public_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Israeli Public Broadcasting Corporation">KAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya_National_Channel" title="Libya National Channel">LNC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_National_Radio_and_Television" title="Lithuanian National Radio and Television">LRT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_of_Latvia" title="Public Broadcasting of Latvia">LSM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvijas_Radio" title="Latvijas Radio">LR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Television" title="Latvian Television">LTV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco_Media_Diffusion" title="Monaco Media Diffusion">MMD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Radio_Television" title="Macedonian Radio Television">MRT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTVA_(Hungary)" class="mw-redirect" title="MTVA (Hungary)">MTVA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duna_M%C3%A9dia" title="Duna Média">Duna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nederlandse_Publieke_Omroep_(organisation)" title="Nederlandse Publieke Omroep (organisation)">NPO</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AVROTROS" title="AVROTROS">AVROTROS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BNNVARA" title="BNNVARA">BNNVARA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelische_Omroep" title="Evangelische Omroep">EO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistische_Omroep" title="Humanistische Omroep">HUMAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KRO-NCRV" title="KRO-NCRV">KRO-NCRV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omroep_MAX" title="Omroep MAX">MAX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nederlandse_Omroep_Stichting" title="Nederlandse Omroep Stichting">NOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omroep_NTR" title="Omroep NTR">NTR</a></li> <li>ON</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PowNed" title="PowNed">PowNed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stichting_Ether_Reclame" class="mw-redirect" title="Stichting Ether Reclame">Ster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VPRO" title="VPRO">VPRO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WNL_(broadcaster)" title="WNL (broadcaster)">WNL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omroep_Zwart" title="Omroep Zwart">Zwart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NRK" title="NRK">NRK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Media_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="National Media Authority">NTU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ORF_(broadcaster)" title="ORF (broadcaster)">ORF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Services" title="Public Broadcasting Services">PBS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polskie_Radio" title="Polskie Radio">PR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAI" title="RAI">RAI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Radio_Broadcasting_Company" title="Romanian Radio Broadcasting Company">ROR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTBF" title="RTBF">RTBF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_and_Television_of_Montenegro" title="Radio and Television of Montenegro">RTCG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RT%C3%89" title="RTÉ">RTÉ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTL_Group" title="RTL Group">RTL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A1dio_e_Televis%C3%A3o_de_Portugal" title="Rádio e Televisão de Portugal">RTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Television_of_Serbia" title="Radio Television of Serbia">RTS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTSH" title="RTSH">RTSH</a></li> <li>RTT <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Tunisienne" title="Radio Tunisienne">RT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision_Tunisienne" title="Télévision Tunisienne">TT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_and_Television_of_Andorra" title="Radio and Television of Andorra">RTVA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTVE" title="RTVE">RTVE</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a" title="Radio Nacional de España">RNE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Televisi%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola" title="Televisión Española">TVE</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiotelevizija_Slovenija" title="Radiotelevizija Slovenija">RTVSLO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%9AV" title="RÚV">RÚV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino_RTV" title="San Marino RTV">SMRTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SNRT" title="SNRT">SNRT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Swiss Broadcasting Corporation">SRG SSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_Management_for_SR,_SVT,_and_UR" title="Foundation Management for SR, SVT, and UR">SRT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sveriges_Radio" title="Sveriges Radio">SR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sveriges_Television" title="Sveriges Television">SVT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Educational_Broadcasting_Company" title="Swedish Educational Broadcasting Company">UR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Television_and_Radio" title="Slovak Television and Radio">STVR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspilne" title="Suspilne">SU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9diffusion_d%27Alg%C3%A9rie" title="Télédiffusion d'Algérie">TDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TG4" title="TG4">TG4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9_Liban" title="Télé Liban">TL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleradio-Moldova" title="Teleradio-Moldova">TRM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Radio_and_Television_Corporation" title="Turkish Radio and Television Corporation">TRT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TVMonaco" title="TVMonaco">TVM</a> <i><abbr title="Monaco">(MC)</abbr></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV_2_(Denmark)" class="mw-redirect" title="TV 2 (Denmark)">TV 2</a> <i><abbr title="Denmark">(DK)</abbr></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV_2_Group" title="TV 2 Group">TV 2</a> <i><abbr title="Norway">(NO)</abbr></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telewizja_Polska" title="Telewizja Polska">TVP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TVR_(TV_network)" title="TVR (TV network)">TVR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Independent_Broadcasting" title="United Kingdom Independent Broadcasting">UKIB</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Four_Television_Corporation" title="Channel Four Television Corporation">C4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITV_plc" title="ITV plc">ITV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S4C_Authority" title="S4C Authority">S4C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STV_Group" title="STV Group">STV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Radio" title="Vatican Radio">VR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VRT_(broadcaster)" title="VRT (broadcaster)">VRT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yle" title="Yle">Yle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZDF" title="ZDF">ZDF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Suspended</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belteleradio" title="Belteleradio">BTRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_One_Russia" title="Channel One Russia">C1R</a></li> <li>RDO <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Mayak" title="Radio Mayak">MK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Orpheus" title="Radio Orpheus">OP</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-Russia_State_Television_and_Radio_Broadcasting_Company" title="All-Russia State Television and Radio Broadcasting Company">VGTRK</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antena_3_Radio" title="Antena 3 Radio">A3R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canal%2B_(French_TV_channel)" title="Canal+ (French TV channel)">C+</a></li> <li>C1O</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadena_COPE" title="Cadena COPE">COPE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiocentre" title="Radiocentre">CRCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Television#1953–1992:_Czechoslovak_Television" title="Czech Television">ČST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europe_1" title="Europe 1">E1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ERTT" title="ERTT">ERTT</a></li> <li>GRMC <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RMC_(France)" title="RMC (France)">RMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TMC_(TV_channel)" title="TMC (TV channel)">TMC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Broadcasting_Authority" title="Independent Broadcasting Authority">IBA</a> <i><abbr title="United Kingdom">(GB)</abbr></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Broadcasting_Authority" title="Israel Broadcasting Authority">IBA</a> <i><abbr title="Israel">(IL)</abbr></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Television_Authority" title="Independent Television Authority">ITA</a></li> <li>ITCA</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Radio_Television" title="Yugoslav Radio Television">JRT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Jamahiriya_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Libyan Jamahiriya Broadcasting Corporation">LJBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Malta" title="Television in Malta">MBA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magyar_R%C3%A1di%C3%B3" title="Magyar Rádió">MR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV3" title="MTV3">MTV</a> <i><abbr title="Finland">(FI)</abbr></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magyar_Telev%C3%ADzi%C3%B3" title="Magyar Televízió">MTV</a> <i><abbr title="Hungary">(HU)</abbr></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hellenic_Radio,_Internet_and_Television" title="New Hellenic Radio, Internet and Television">NERIT</a></li> <li>OFRT</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_de_Radiodiffusion_T%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Office de Radiodiffusion Télévision Française">ORTF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiodiffusion-T%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Radiodiffusion-Télévision Française">RTF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_and_Television_of_Slovakia" title="Radio and Television of Slovakia">RTVS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadena_SER" title="Cadena SER">SER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovensk%C3%BD_rozhlas" title="Slovenský rozhlas">SRo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovensk%C3%A1_telev%C3%ADzia" title="Slovenská televízia">STV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TDF_Group" title="TDF Group">TDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TF1" title="TF1">TF1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La7" title="La7">TMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV4_(Swedish_TV_channel)" title="TV4 (Swedish TV channel)">TV4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udru%C5%BEenje_javnih_radija_i_televizija" title="Udruženje javnih radija i televizija">UJRT</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associate<br /> members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">ABC</a> <i><abbr title="Australia">(AU)</abbr></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">ABC</a> <i><abbr title="United States">(US)</abbr></i></li> <li>ACORAB</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Public_Media" title="American Public Media">APM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canal_13_(Chilean_TV_network)" title="Canal 13 (Chilean TV network)">C13</a> <i><abbr title="Chile">(CL)</abbr></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Canadian Broadcasting Corporation">CBC/SRC</a> <i><abbr title="Canada">(CA)</abbr></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Media_Group" title="China Media Group">CMG</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Central_Television" title="China Central Television">CCTV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Global_Television_Network" title="China Global Television Network">CGTN</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_National_Radio" title="China National Radio">CNR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Radio_International" title="China Radio International">CRI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funda%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Padre_Anchieta" title="Fundação Padre Anchieta">FPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FreeTV_Australia" title="FreeTV Australia">Free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Institute_of_Radio_and_Television" title="Cuban Institute of Radio and Television">ICRT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Broadcasting" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting">IRIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khabar_Agency" title="Khabar Agency">KA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Broadcasting_System" title="Korean Broadcasting System">KBS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Mauritius Broadcasting Corporation">MBC</a> <i><abbr title="Mauritius">(MU)</abbr></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Television" title="Bangladesh Television">NBAB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a> <i><abbr title="United States">(US)</abbr></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NHK" title="NHK">NHK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Organization_of_Radio_and_TV_(Syria)" title="General Organization of Radio and TV (Syria)">ORTAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Oman_Television" title="Sultanate of Oman Television">PART</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rustavi_2" title="Rustavi 2">RB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_New_Zealand" title="Radio New Zealand">RNZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTHK" title="RTHK">RTHK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Televisyen_Malaysia" title="Radio Televisyen Malaysia">RTM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Broadcasting_Service" title="Special Broadcasting Service">SBS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Media_Group" title="Shanghai Media Group">SMG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TBS_Holdings" title="TBS Holdings">TBS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imedi_Media_Holding" title="Imedi Media Holding">TEME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TVNZ" title="TVNZ">TVNZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WFMT" title="WFMT">WFMT</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teleamazonas" title="Teleamazonas">4TA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABERT" title="ABERT">ABERT</a></li> <li>AFMN</li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Radio" title="All India Radio">AIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9rica_Televisi%C3%B3n" title="América Televisión">AMÉRICA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV_Asahi" title="TV Asahi">ANB</a></li> <li>ATEC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia_Television" title="Asia Television">ATV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNS-TV" title="ZNS-TV">BCB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Televisi%C3%B3n_P%C3%BAblica" title="Televisión Pública">C7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teledoce" title="Teledoce">C12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Trece" title="El Trece">C13</a> <i><abbr title="Argentina">(AR)</abbr></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Caribbean Broadcasting Corporation">CBC</a> <i><abbr title="Barbados">(BB)</abbr></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Sri Lanka Broadcasting Corporation">CBC</a> <i><abbr title="Sri Lanka">(LK)</abbr></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azteca_Uno" title="Azteca Uno">CMRT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporation_for_Public_Broadcasting" title="Corporation for Public Broadcasting">CPB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CTV_Television_Network" title="CTV Television Network">CTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Di%C3%A1rios_Associados" title="Diários Associados">DA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WNET" title="WNET">EBC</a></li> <li>EMI</li> <li>EURT</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuji_Television" title="Fuji Television">FTN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Ghana Broadcasting Corporation">GBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Communications_Network,_Guyana" title="National Communications Network, Guyana">GBS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV_Globo" title="TV Globo">GLOBO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambia_Radio_%26_Television_Service" title="Gambia Radio & Television Service">GRTS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Broadcasting_Bureau" title="International Broadcasting Bureau">IBB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inravisi%C3%B3n" title="Inravisión">IRV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Jamaica Broadcasting Corporation">JBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeem_TV" title="Jeem TV">JCC</a></li> <li>IBTE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait_Television" title="Kuwait Television">KBTS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalaallit_Nunaata_Radioa" title="Kalaallit Nunaata Radioa">KNR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia_Broadcasting_System" title="Liberia Broadcasting System">LBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Malawi Broadcasting Corporation">MBC</a> <i><abbr title="Malawi">(MW)</abbr></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munhwa_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation">MBC</a> <i><abbr title="South Korea">(KR)</abbr></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainichi_Broadcasting_System" title="Mainichi Broadcasting System">MBS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Public_Radio" title="Minnesota Public Radio">MPR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Consortium" title="Japan Consortium">NACB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Educational_Broadcasters" title="National Association of Educational Broadcasters">NAEB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Radio_Corporation_of_Nigeria" title="Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria">NBC</a> <i><abbr title="Nigeria">(NG)</abbr></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Broadcasting_Corporation_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="National Broadcasting Corporation of Papua New Guinea">NBC</a> <i><abbr title="Papua New Guinea">(PNG)</abbr></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Educational_Television" title="National Educational Television">NET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nippon_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Nippon TV">NTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Television" title="Nepal Television">NTVC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Public_Radio" title="New York Public Radio">NYPR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Radio_and_Television_of_Niger" title="Office of Radio and Television of Niger">ORTN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamericana_Televisi%C3%B3n" title="Panamericana Televisión">PANTEL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Palestinian Broadcasting Corporation">PBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Television_Corporation" title="Pakistan Television Corporation">PTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar_Radio" title="Qatar Radio">QR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar_Television" title="Qatar Television">QTBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Caracas_Radio" title="Radio Caracas Radio">RCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RCTV" title="RCTV">RCTV</a></li> <li>RD</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rede_de_Emissoras_Independentes" title="Rede de Emissoras Independentes">REI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A1dio_Nacional" title="Rádio Nacional">RN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiodiffusion_Nationale_Tchadienne" title="Radiodiffusion Nationale Tchadienne">RNT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Pakistan" title="Radio Pakistan">RP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Republik_Indonesia" title="Radio Republik Indonesia">RRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiodiffusion_T%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision_Congolaise" title="Radiodiffusion Télévision Congolaise">RTC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_T%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision_Gabonaise" title="Radio Télévision Gabonaise">RTG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiodiffusion_Television_Ivoirienne" title="Radiodiffusion Television Ivoirienne">RTI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision_Malagasy" title="Télévision Malagasy">RTM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiodiffusion_T%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision_S%C3%A9n%C3%A9galaise" title="Radiodiffusion Télévision Sénégalaise">RTS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_T%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision_du_Burkina" title="Radio Télévision du Burkina">RTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SABC" title="SABC">SABC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Broadcasting_Authority" title="Saudi Broadcasting Authority">SABTVS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Sri Lanka Broadcasting Corporation">SLBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan_TV" title="Sudan TV">STS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latina_Televisi%C3%B3n" title="Latina Televisión">T2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Tanzania Broadcasting Corporation">TBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Televisi%C3%B3n_Independiente_de_M%C3%A9xico#1968-70:_Telecadena_Mexicana" title="Televisión Independiente de México">TCM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokyo_FM" title="Tokyo FM">TFM/JOAU-FM</a></li> <li>TH</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Televisi%C3%B3n_Independiente_de_M%C3%A9xico" title="Televisión Independiente de México">TIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_Life_Television" title="Time Life Television">TIME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telesistema_Mexicano" title="Telesistema Mexicano">TSM</a></li> <li>TSN</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Televisa" title="Televisa">TVA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TVB" title="TVB">TVB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_of_Mauritania" title="Television of Mauritania">TVM</a> <i><abbr title="Mauritania">(MR)</abbr></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Televisi%C3%B3n_Nacional_de_Chile" title="Televisión Nacional de Chile">TVN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TVRI" title="TVRI">TVRI</a></li> <li>UAERTVD</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">USIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Kenya Broadcasting Corporation">VK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezolana_de_Televisi%C3%B3n" title="Venezolana de Televisión">VV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio-T%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision_nationale_congolaise" title="Radio-Télévision nationale congolaise">VZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WGBH_Educational_Foundation" title="WGBH Educational Foundation">WGBH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Zimbabwe Broadcasting Corporation">ZBC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Approved<br />participants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arte" title="Arte">Arte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalunya_R%C3%A0dio" title="Catalunya Ràdio">CAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellnex" title="Cellnex">Cellnex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euronews" title="Euronews">Euronews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_national_de_l%27audiovisuel" title="Institut national de l'audiovisuel">INA</a></li> <li>JPMRD</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Television_of_Vojvodina" title="Radio Television of Vojvodina">RTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV5Monde" title="TV5Monde">TV5Monde</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abertis" title="Abertis">Abertis</a></li> <li>AH</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Educational_Television" title="Israeli Educational Television">IETV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MBC_Group" title="MBC Group">MEBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retevisi%C3%B3n" title="Retevisión">RETE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Television_and_Radio_Broadcasting_Network" title="Russian Television and Radio Broadcasting Network">RTRN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentech" title="Sentech">SNTC</a></li> <li>URTI</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1754777#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1754777#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1754777#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000119453323">ISNI</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000114570432">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/130711883">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/140094723">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="United States Information Agency"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/2027866-4">Germany</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="United States International Communication Agency"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1051486-7">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="United States Information Agency"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82167228">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="United States information agency"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12179017z">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="United States information agency"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12179017z">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="United States Information Agency"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36204292">Australia</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="United States Information Agency"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kn20010710023&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="United States Information Agency"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX155343">Spain</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Estados Unidos. Information Agency"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/319291">Portugal</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007269137905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="United States Information Agency"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA06094583?l=en">CiNii</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="United States Information Agency American, active 20th century"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pic.nypl.org/constituents/9601">Photographers' Identities</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="United States information agency"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/030358655">IdRef</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="United States Information Agency"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6mm03bb">SNAC</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/49574">Te Papa (New Zealand)</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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