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<li id="toc-Sikh_Gurus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sikh_Gurus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Sikh Gurus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sikh_Gurus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sikh_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sikh_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Sikh Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sikh_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mid_19th_Century:_Duleep_Singh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mid_19th_Century:_Duleep_Singh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Mid 19th Century: Duleep Singh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mid_19th_Century:_Duleep_Singh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_1900s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_1900s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Early 1900s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_1900s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Italian campaign (World War II)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italian_Sikh_Soldier_Memorial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italian_Sikh_Soldier_Memorial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Italian Sikh Soldier Memorial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italian_Sikh_Soldier_Memorial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post_World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post_World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Post World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post_World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_Century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_Century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>21st Century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_Century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Employment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Employment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Employment</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Employment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Employment subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Employment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Italian_cheese_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italian_cheese_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Italian cheese industry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italian_cheese_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exploitation_of_Sikh_workers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exploitation_of_Sikh_workers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Exploitation of Sikh workers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exploitation_of_Sikh_workers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Regional" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Regional</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regional-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kirpan_ruling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kirpan_ruling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Kirpan ruling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kirpan_ruling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gurdwaras" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gurdwaras"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Gurdwaras</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gurdwaras-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_Italian_Sikhs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_Italian_Sikhs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>List of Italian Sikhs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_Italian_Sikhs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header 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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sikhism in Italy</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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searchaux" style="display:none">Religious minority in Italy</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Sikhism in Italy<br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Sikhismo in Italia</i></span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Khanda_(Sikh_Symbol).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Khanda_%28Sikh_Symbol%29.svg/50px-Khanda_%28Sikh_Symbol%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Khanda_%28Sikh_Symbol%29.svg/75px-Khanda_%28Sikh_Symbol%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Khanda_%28Sikh_Symbol%29.svg/100px-Khanda_%28Sikh_Symbol%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1659" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_sikh_soldiers_in_Italian_campaign.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Indian_sikh_soldiers_in_Italian_campaign.jpg/220px-Indian_sikh_soldiers_in_Italian_campaign.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Indian_sikh_soldiers_in_Italian_campaign.jpg/330px-Indian_sikh_soldiers_in_Italian_campaign.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Indian_sikh_soldiers_in_Italian_campaign.jpg/440px-Indian_sikh_soldiers_in_Italian_campaign.jpg 2x" data-file-width="862" data-file-height="768" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Two Sikh soldiers using a Bren light machine gun in the World War II (Italian campaign) near Villa Grande (15 January 1944)</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #d2ccb9">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>220,000</b><br /><b>0.3%</b> of the total Italian population<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #d2ccb9">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Reggio_Emilia" title="Reggio Emilia">Reggio Emilia</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Brescia" title="Brescia">Brescia</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Verona" title="Verona">Verona</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Lazio" title="Lazio">Lazio</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #d2ccb9">Religions</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #d2ccb9">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Italian_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Language">Italian</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Venetian_language" title="Venetian language">Venetian</a> • <a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_language" title="Neapolitan language">Neapolitan</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hindi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi language">Hindi</a> • <a href="/wiki/Urdu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu language">Urdu</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh"><b>Italian Sikhs</b></a> are a growing religious minority in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, which has the second biggest <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikh</a> population in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> after the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (525,000) and sixth largest number of Sikhs in the world. It is estimated that there are <b>220,000 Sikhs</b> in Italy, constituting 0.3% of the total Italian population.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhism_in_Italy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sikh_Gurus">Sikh Gurus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhism_in_Italy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Sikh Gurus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the earliest documented interactions of Italians and Sikhs was in 1708, when <a href="/wiki/Niccolao_Manucci" title="Niccolao Manucci">Niccolao Manucci</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetian</a> doctor who practiced medicine in Lahore, is "reported" to have attended <a href="/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh">Guru Gobind Singh</a> to treat a stab wound during his final days in <a href="/wiki/Nanded" title="Nanded">Nanded, India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However this claim is a point of contention. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sikh_Empire">Sikh Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhism_in_Italy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sikh Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Italians had a significant impact on the <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a> under <a href="/wiki/Ranjit_Singh" title="Ranjit Singh">Maharaja Ranjit Singh</a>. They played key roles in the administration, military, and cultural aspects of the empire. Some notable Italians who influenced the Sikh Empire were <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Ventura" title="Jean-Baptiste Ventura">General Jean-Baptiste Ventura</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Avitabile" title="Paolo Avitabile">General Paolo Crescenzo Avitabile</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%22Runjeet_Singh_(Ranjit_Singh)_and_his_Suwarree,_or_Cavalcade,_of_Seiks_(Sikhs)_Encamped_under_a_Banyan_Tree_on_the_River_Sutlej,%22_a_steel_engraving_by_Fisher_and_Son,_London,_1837,_based_on_a_drawing_made_in_1831.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/%22Runjeet_Singh_%28Ranjit_Singh%29_and_his_Suwarree%2C_or_Cavalcade%2C_of_Seiks_%28Sikhs%29_Encamped_under_a_Banyan_Tree_on_the_River_Sutlej%2C%22_a_steel_engraving_by_Fisher_and_Son%2C_London%2C_1837%2C_based_on_a_drawing_made_in_1831.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/%22Runjeet_Singh_%28Ranjit_Singh%29_and_his_Suwarree%2C_or_Cavalcade%2C_of_Seiks_%28Sikhs%29_Encamped_under_a_Banyan_Tree_on_the_River_Sutlej%2C%22_a_steel_engraving_by_Fisher_and_Son%2C_London%2C_1837%2C_based_on_a_drawing_made_in_1831.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/%22Runjeet_Singh_%28Ranjit_Singh%29_and_his_Suwarree%2C_or_Cavalcade%2C_of_Seiks_%28Sikhs%29_Encamped_under_a_Banyan_Tree_on_the_River_Sutlej%2C%22_a_steel_engraving_by_Fisher_and_Son%2C_London%2C_1837%2C_based_on_a_drawing_made_in_1831.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1447" /></a><figcaption>A late night gathering of Sikhs with Maharaja Ranjit Singh and Italian General Ventura outside the walls of Lahore, ca.1830</figcaption></figure> <p>Ventura was a commander in the <a href="/wiki/Fauj-i-Khas" title="Fauj-i-Khas">Fauj-i-Khas</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Brigade" title="Brigade">brigade</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Fauj-i-Ain" title="Fauj-i-Ain">Fauj-i-Ain</a> section of the <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Khalsa_Army" title="Sikh Khalsa Army">Sikh Khalsa Army</a> of <a href="/wiki/Punjab_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab region">Punjab</a>. </p><p>The Italians, along with other European mercenaries, were instrumental in modernizing and reorganizing the Khalsa Army, bringing it up to European standards. They introduced new military strategies, training techniques, and weaponry, enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of the Sikh forces. </p><p>In addition to their military contributions, the Italians also held influential positions within the Sikh administration. They served as advisors to the Maharaja and held administrative posts in various provinces. For example, <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Avitabile" title="Paolo Avitabile">General Paolo Crescenzo Avitabile</a> was appointed as the Governor of <a href="/wiki/Wazirabad" title="Wazirabad">Wazirabad</a> and succeeded Sikh leader <a href="/wiki/Hari_Singh_Nalwa" title="Hari Singh Nalwa">General Hari Singh Nalwa</a> as Governor of <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a> where he implemented administrative reforms and maintained order in those regions.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Italians also had a cultural impact on the Sikh Empire. They brought their own customs, traditions, and architectural styles, influencing the artistic and architectural landscape of Punjab. Their presence contributed to the cosmopolitan atmosphere at the Lahore Court and added to the modernising of the Sikh Army.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mid_19th_Century:_Duleep_Singh">Mid 19th Century: Duleep Singh</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhism_in_Italy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mid 19th Century: Duleep Singh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Duleep_Singh" title="Duleep Singh">Maharaja Duleep Singh</a> had travelled through Italy in late 1856 and early 1857. <a href="/wiki/Lena,_Lady_Login" title="Lena, Lady Login">Lena, Lady Login</a> had a handwritten diary recounting parts of the four-month tour accompanying Duleep Singh on this trip.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_1900s">Early 1900s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhism_in_Italy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Early 1900s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1918, <a href="/wiki/Bhupinder_Singh_of_Patiala" title="Bhupinder Singh of Patiala">Maharaja Bhupinder Singh of Patiala</a> was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Crown_of_Italy" title="Order of the Crown of Italy">Order of the Crown of Italy</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bhupinder_Singh_of_Patiala" title="Bhupinder Singh of Patiala">Maharaja Bhupinder Singh of Patiala</a> visited <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome, Italy</a> in 1935. To this day, it is claimed shops in <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> still remember Singh as one of their high-flying benefactors. As an ally of the British, Bhupinder Singh served on the General Staff in the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> which commanded the first Patiala Regiment, which won 43 honours for its display of courage in Italy alongside <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_campaign" title="Gallipoli campaign">Gallipoli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> in the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)"><span id="Italian_campaign_.28World_War_II.29"></span>Italian campaign (World War II)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhism_in_Italy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Italian campaign (World War II)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Italian Campaign began with the landing of the Allies in <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> on July 9, 1943. This significant event marked Italy's decision to join the war on the side of the Allies and the beginning of the decline of <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a>. On April 24, 1945, the liberation of Ferrara was officially announced by Anglo-American troops. Testimonies from that time indicate that Indian troops, primarily Sikh soldiers, were among the first to reach Ferrara. These troops were part of the 5th Corps of the 8th British Army. Following the liberation of Ferrara, the troops were deployed in Porotto, strategically located on the path leading to the Po River, which ran alongside the Gothic Line.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Yadavindra_Singh" title="Yadavindra Singh">Maharaja Yadavindra Singh</a> also fought in Italy during the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-:9_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 2023, the World Sikh Martyr Military Memorial Committee (WMC) attended the commemoration ceremony in <a href="/wiki/Lucera" title="Lucera">Lucera, Italy</a>. It is estimated that between 5,000 - 5,800 Sikh Soldiers died for the liberation of Italy. <sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Italian Campaign, Indian troops won six of the 20 Victoria crosses awarded to Allied Forces in Italy. <sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sikh_soldier_with_captured_Swastika_flag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Sikh_soldier_with_captured_Swastika_flag.jpg/220px-Sikh_soldier_with_captured_Swastika_flag.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Sikh_soldier_with_captured_Swastika_flag.jpg/330px-Sikh_soldier_with_captured_Swastika_flag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Sikh_soldier_with_captured_Swastika_flag.jpg/440px-Sikh_soldier_with_captured_Swastika_flag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="528" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikh</a> soldier of the 4th Division (the Red Eagles) of the Indian Army, attached to the British Fifth Army in Italy. Holding a captured Hakenkreuz (Hooked Cross) after the surrender of German forces in Italy, May 1945.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italian_Sikh_Soldier_Memorial">Italian Sikh Soldier Memorial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhism_in_Italy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Italian Sikh Soldier Memorial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> In April 2011, at the Forli War Cemetery, the inauguration of the first Sikh military monument in Italy was dedicated to the Sikhs who fought in <a href="/wiki/Forl%C3%AC" title="Forlì">Forlì</a> from 1943 to 1945. According to the Commonwealth War Graves Commission, it is estimated that 352 Sikh soldiers died at Forli.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Forl%C3%AC,_cimitero_degli_indiani_(01).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Forl%C3%AC%2C_cimitero_degli_indiani_%2801%29.jpg/220px-Forl%C3%AC%2C_cimitero_degli_indiani_%2801%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Forl%C3%AC%2C_cimitero_degli_indiani_%2801%29.jpg/330px-Forl%C3%AC%2C_cimitero_degli_indiani_%2801%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Forl%C3%AC%2C_cimitero_degli_indiani_%2801%29.jpg/440px-Forl%C3%AC%2C_cimitero_degli_indiani_%2801%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>WWII Sikh Soldier Statue at Forli War Cemetery in <a href="/wiki/Forl%C3%AC" title="Forlì">Forlì, Italy</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post_World_War_II">Post World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhism_in_Italy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Post World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1965, <a href="/wiki/Yadavindra_Singh" title="Yadavindra Singh">Maharaja Yadavindra Singh</a> served as the ambassador to Italy for two years before leaving his post to become a member of the Punjab State Assembly. <sup id="cite_ref-:9_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1968, <a href="/wiki/Milkha_Singh" title="Milkha Singh">Milkha Singh</a> finished fourth in the men's 400m in the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a> in Rome. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_Century">21st Century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhism_in_Italy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 21st Century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2009, <a href="/wiki/Manmohan_Singh" title="Manmohan Singh">Dr. Manmohan Singh</a>, the First Sikh <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister of India</a> arrives in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome, Italy</a> to attend the <a href="/wiki/35th_G8_summit" title="35th G8 summit">35th G8 summit</a>. </p><p>In April 2023, <a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_De_Luca" title="Vincenzo De Luca">Vincenzo De Luca</a>, Italian Ambassador to India went to pay obeisance at Golden Temple in <a href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar, India.</a><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Employment">Employment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhism_in_Italy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Employment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italian_cheese_industry">Italian cheese industry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhism_in_Italy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Italian cheese industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is a disproportionate amount of Sikhs working in the Italian cheese industry. Due to their significant contribution to the industry, Sikhs have been regarded as the 'saviours of <a href="/wiki/Parmesan" title="Parmesan">Parmesan</a>'.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/British_Sikh_Report" title="British Sikh Report">British Sikh Report</a> has stated in 2016, "As a result, Sikhs make up a large number of workers in many of the Mozzarella and Parmesan dairies in Northern and Central Italy. It is remarkable to think that a significant portion of these and other world famous Italian cheeses are now produced by Sikhs. The influx of diligent Sikh migrant workers has rescued the trade as many younger Italians have sought vocations away from these traditional industries."<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exploitation_of_Sikh_workers">Exploitation of Sikh workers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhism_in_Italy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Exploitation of Sikh workers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There have been thousands of cases raised of exploitation of Sikh migrant workers within the agricultural sector. Many have been exploited through being paid below minimum wage, organised crime, blackmail, harassment, threats and even violence.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Marco Omizzolo, is a sociologist, researcher and journalist who has been documenting human rights violations against Sikh migrant workers exploited in the fields in the province of Latina. He has released various books, research papers and studies in this area.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2011, <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Media_Network" title="Al Jazeera Media Network">Al Jazeera</a> released a documentary called 'Italy's Sikh Slaves' which explored Sikh migrant workers who "face abuse and exploitation from both profit-driven agri-businesses and organised crime – labouring for pitiful wages, often without official documentation, and trapped in a system from which there is no escape."<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Medu (Doctors for Human Rights - Italy), 43% of Sikh agricultural workers don't speak Italian therefore are cut-off from criminal justice and social support services.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sikh women have also reported sexual exploitation, harassment and work exploitation. The Lilith Women's Center in <a href="/wiki/Latina,_Lazio" title="Latina, Lazio">Latina, Lazio</a> also has stated the threat of domestic violence is also a deterrent to Punjabi women seeking justice when they facing harassment.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2016, Marco Omizzolo and 4,000 Sikhs marched through the provincial capital of Latina to protest pay and conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2018, another protest was organised where representatives from Italy's largest workers' unions joined 1,500 Sikhs.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>'s special rapporteur on contemporary forms of slavery had estimated that more than 400,000 agricultural workers in Italy are at risk being exploitation in 2018 and almost 100,000 are likely to face "inhumane conditions".<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhism_in_Italy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is widely estimated that the number of Sikhs currently are between 200,000 to 220,000, with some scholars estimate this number to be significantly higher and have doubled it or even tripled it.<sup id="cite_ref-Cesnur_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cesnur-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This can be largely attributed due to ongoing large immigration from Punjab, undocumented migrants and a lack of religious census data in Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>In 2006, <a href="/wiki/Outlook_(Indian_magazine)" title="Outlook (Indian magazine)">Outlook (India)</a> reported there to be 50,000 Sikhs in Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2012, Ester Gallo in his chapter <i>'Gurdwaras, Narrating Histories: Perspectives on the Sikh Diaspora in Italy</i> estimated the number of Sikhs to be 115,000.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2013, Barbara Bertolani in <i>'Globalizing Beliefs: Localizing Gods'</i> estimated the number of Sikhs to be 100,000.</li> <li>In 2016, <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a> estimated the number of Sikhs to be 124,000.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2017 and 2018, <a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Times" title="Hindustan Times">The Hindustan Times</a> estimated the number of Sikhs to be 150,000 to 200,000.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2017, <a href="/wiki/Corriere_della_Sera" title="Corriere della Sera">Corriere della Sera</a> conducted an investigation and estimated the number of Sikhs to be 150,000.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2017, <a href="/wiki/The_Wire_(India)" title="The Wire (India)">The Wire (India)</a> estimated the number of Sikhs to be closer to 220,000.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2018, <a href="/wiki/The_Economic_Times" title="The Economic Times">The Economic Times</a> estimated the number of Sikhs to be closer to 200,000.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2022, <a href="/wiki/The_Express_Tribune" title="The Express Tribune">The Express Tribune</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geo_News" title="Geo News">Geo News</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daily_Pakistan" title="Daily Pakistan">Daily Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Today" title="Pakistan Today">Pakistan Today</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Nation_(Pakistan)" title="The Nation (Pakistan)">The Nation (Pakistan)</a> and <a href="/wiki/BOL_Network" title="BOL Network">BOL Network</a> estimated the number to be 200,000.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2023, <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> estimated the number of Sikhs to be 220,000.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Sikh Population in Italy (Estimate)</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2006</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">50,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2012</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">115,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+130.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2017</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">150,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+30.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2023</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">220,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+46.7%</td></tr></tbody></table></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regional">Regional</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhism_in_Italy&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Regional"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>It is estimated in <a href="/wiki/Vicenza" title="Vicenza">Vicenza</a>, there are 1,000.<sup id="cite_ref-now_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-now-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In Novellara, there are estimated to be 10,000 Sikhs.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Pontinia" title="Pontinia">Pontinia</a>, there estimated to be 60,000 Sikhs making it the second largest cluster of Sikhs in Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kirpan_ruling">Kirpan ruling</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhism_in_Italy&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Kirpan ruling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2017, <a href="/wiki/Shiromani_Gurdwara_Parbandhak_Committee" title="Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee">Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee</a> (SGPC) decided to approach the International Court of Justice to challenge the recent ruling by the Italian court upholding the prohibition on Sikhs carrying the <a href="/wiki/Kirpan" title="Kirpan">Kirpan</a>. The SGPC expressed its discontent with the decision and plans to take legal action at the international level to defend the rights of Sikhs to carry their religious ceremonial daggers. <sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gurdwaras">Gurdwaras</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhism_in_Italy&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Gurdwaras"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are about 60 <a href="/wiki/Gurdwara" title="Gurdwara">Gurdwaras</a> across the country - the oldest one being in <a href="/wiki/Reggio_Emilia" title="Reggio Emilia">Reggio Emilia</a> in northern Italy where many members of the community are engaged in agricultural work.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gurdwara_Singh_Sabha_Reggio_Emilia,_italy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Gurdwara_Singh_Sabha_Reggio_Emilia%2C_italy.jpg/220px-Gurdwara_Singh_Sabha_Reggio_Emilia%2C_italy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Gurdwara_Singh_Sabha_Reggio_Emilia%2C_italy.jpg/330px-Gurdwara_Singh_Sabha_Reggio_Emilia%2C_italy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Gurdwara_Singh_Sabha_Reggio_Emilia%2C_italy.jpg/440px-Gurdwara_Singh_Sabha_Reggio_Emilia%2C_italy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Gurdwara Singh Sabha in <a href="/wiki/Reggio_Emilia" title="Reggio Emilia">Reggio Emilia, Italy</a></figcaption></figure> <p>These Gurdwaras include </p> <dl><dt>Calabria</dt></dl> <ul><li>Gurdwara Sri Sadh Sangat Sahib, <a href="/wiki/Locri" title="Locri">Locri</a></li> <li>Gurdwara Sri Sadh Sangat Sahib, <a href="/wiki/Reggio_Calabria" title="Reggio Calabria">Reggio Calabria</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Friuli-Venezia Giulia</dt></dl> <ul><li>Gurudwara Shri Singh Sabha, <a href="/wiki/Pasiano_di_Pordenone" title="Pasiano di Pordenone">Pasiano di Pordenone</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Emilia-Romagna</dt></dl> <ul><li>Gurdwara Singh Sabha, <a href="/wiki/Novellara" title="Novellara">Novellara</a></li> <li>Gurdwara Guru Nanak Darbar, <a href="/wiki/Castelfranco_Emilia" title="Castelfranco Emilia">Castelfranco Emilia</a></li> <li>Gurudwara Sahib, <a href="/wiki/Correggio,_Emilia-Romagna" title="Correggio, Emilia-Romagna">Correggio, Emilia-Romagna</a></li> <li>Gurdwara Shri Guru Nanak Parkash, <a href="/wiki/Fiorenzuola_d%27Arda" title="Fiorenzuola d'Arda">Fiorenzuola d'Arda</a></li> <li>Gurudwara Dashmesh Darbar, <a href="/wiki/Casalecchio_di_Reno" title="Casalecchio di Reno">Casalecchio di Reno</a></li> <li>Gurdwara Singh Sabha, <a href="/wiki/Parma" title="Parma">Parma</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Lazio</dt></dl> <ul><li>Gurudwara Shri Guru Nanak Darvar, <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" class="extiw" title="it:Roma">Roma</a></li> <li>Gurdwara Singh Sabha, Roma</li> <li>Gurdwara Sri Sadh Sangat Sahib, <a href="/wiki/Terracina" title="Terracina">Terracina</a> (LT)</li> <li>Gurdwara Singh Sabha, <a href="/wiki/Fondi" title="Fondi">Fondi</a> (LT)</li> <li>Gurudwara Singh Saba, <a href="/wiki/Sabaudia" title="Sabaudia">Sabaudia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Province_of_Latina" title="Province of Latina">LT</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facebook.com/Gurudwara-singhsabha-cisterna-lt-130368444084105/">Gurudwara Sing Sabha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cisterna_di_Latina" title="Cisterna di Latina">Cisterna di Latina</a> (<a href="/wiki/Province_of_Latina" title="Province of Latina">LT</a>)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Lombardia</dt></dl> <ul><li>Gurudwara Singh Sabha, <a href="/wiki/Cortenuova" title="Cortenuova">Cortenuova</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bergamo" title="Bergamo">BG</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Gurudwara Sahib Baba Makhan Shah Lobana, <a href="/wiki/Borgo_San_Giacomo" title="Borgo San Giacomo">Borgo San Giacomo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Provincia_di_Brescia" class="mw-redirect" title="Provincia di Brescia">BS</a>)</li> <li>Gurudwara Shri Guru Kalgidhar Singh Sabha, <a href="/wiki/Vescovato,_Lombardy" title="Vescovato, Lombardy">Vescovato</a> (<a href="/wiki/Provincia_di_Cremona" class="mw-redirect" title="Provincia di Cremona">CR</a>)</li> <li>Gurudwara Shri Guru Nanak Niwas, <a href="/wiki/Luzzana" title="Luzzana">Luzzana</a> (<a href="/wiki/Provincia_di_Bergamo" class="mw-redirect" title="Provincia di Bergamo">BG</a>)</li> <li>Gurduwara Shri Guru Hargobind Sahib Ji, <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leno" class="extiw" title="it:Leno">Leno</a> (<a href="/wiki/Provincia_di_Brescia" class="mw-redirect" title="Provincia di Brescia">BS</a>)</li> <li>Gurdwara Mata Sahib Kaur ki, <a href="/wiki/Covo" title="Covo">Covo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Provincia_di_Bergamo" class="mw-redirect" title="Provincia di Bergamo">BG</a>)</li> <li>Gurdwara Singh Sabha, Rodigo (<a href="/wiki/Provincia_di_Mantova" class="mw-redirect" title="Provincia di Mantova">MN</a>)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Marche</dt></dl> <ul><li>Gurudwara singh sabha, <a href="/wiki/Fabriano" title="Fabriano">Fabriano</a> (<a href="/wiki/Provincia_di_Ancona" class="mw-redirect" title="Provincia di Ancona">AN</a>)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Piemonte</dt></dl> <ul><li>Gurudwara Singh Sabha, <a href="/wiki/Novara" title="Novara">Novara</a></li> <li>Gurdwara Mata Sahib Kaur Ji, Nibbia, <a href="/wiki/San_Pietro_Mosezzo" title="San Pietro Mosezzo">San Pietro Mosezzo</a>, (<a href="/wiki/Provincia_di_Novara" class="mw-redirect" title="Provincia di Novara">NO</a>)</li> <li>Gurdwara Singh Sabha Marene, <a href="/wiki/Marene" title="Marene">Marene</a> (<a href="/wiki/Provincia_di_Cuneo" class="mw-redirect" title="Provincia di Cuneo">CN</a>)</li> <li>Gurudwara Mata Sahib Kaur Ji, <a href="/wiki/Trecate" title="Trecate">Trecate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Provincia_di_Novara" class="mw-redirect" title="Provincia di Novara">NO</a>)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Puglia</dt></dl> <ul><li>Gurudwara Singh Sabha, <a href="/wiki/Bari" title="Bari">Bari</a></li> <li>Gurudwara Singh Sabha, <a href="/wiki/Lecce" title="Lecce">Lecce</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Toscana</dt></dl> <ul><li>Gurdwara Sangat Sabha <a href="/wiki/Terranuova_Bracciolini" title="Terranuova Bracciolini">Terranuova Bracciolini</a> (<a href="/wiki/Provincia_di_Arezzo" class="mw-redirect" title="Provincia di Arezzo">AR</a>)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Trentino-Alto Adige</dt></dl> <ul><li>Gurdwara Singh Sabha Galvani, <a href="/wiki/Bolzano" title="Bolzano">Bolzano</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Umbria</dt></dl> <ul><li>Gurdwara Singh Sabh, <a href="/wiki/Terni" title="Terni">Terni</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Veneto</dt></dl> <ul><li>Gurudwara Singh Sabha, <a href="/wiki/Castelgomberto" title="Castelgomberto">Castelgomberto</a> (<a href="/wiki/Provincia_di_Vicenza" class="mw-redirect" title="Provincia di Vicenza">VI</a>)</li> <li>Baba Zorawar Singh Ji Baba Fateh Singh Ji Sewa Society, <a href="/wiki/Lonigo" title="Lonigo">Lonigo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Provincia_di_Vicenza" class="mw-redirect" title="Provincia di Vicenza">VI</a>)</li> <li>Gurdwara Guru Nanak Mission Sewa Society, <a href="/wiki/San_Bonifacio" title="San Bonifacio">San Bonifacio</a> (<a href="/wiki/Provincia_di_Verona" class="mw-redirect" title="Provincia di Verona">VR</a>)</li> <li>Gurdwara Sri Sadh Sangat Sahib, <a href="/wiki/Ormelle" title="Ormelle">Ormelle</a> (<a href="/wiki/Provincia_di_Treviso" class="mw-redirect" title="Provincia di Treviso">TV</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_Italian_Sikhs">List of Italian Sikhs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhism_in_Italy&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: List of Italian Sikhs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inder_Singh_(field_hockey).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Inder_Singh_%28field_hockey%29.jpg/220px-Inder_Singh_%28field_hockey%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="351" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Inder_Singh_%28field_hockey%29.jpg/330px-Inder_Singh_%28field_hockey%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Inder_Singh_%28field_hockey%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="689" /></a><figcaption>Inder Singh (Hockey) - 1968 Olympic Bronze Medallist</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inder_Singh_(field_hockey)" title="Inder Singh (field hockey)">Inder Singh</a> - 1968 Indian Field Hockey Olympic bronze medallist, settled in Italy after marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasbeer_Singh" title="Jasbeer Singh">Jasbeer Singh</a> - Italian Field Hockey Player for <a href="/wiki/Italy_women%27s_national_field_hockey_team" title="Italy women's national field hockey team">Italy Women's National Field Hockey Team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulwant_Singh_(field_hockey)" title="Kulwant Singh (field hockey)">Kulwant Singh</a> - 1972 Indian Field Hockey bronze medallist settled in Italy. <sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (June 2023)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baljit_Singh_(Italian_cricketer)" title="Baljit Singh (Italian cricketer)">Baljit Singh</a> - Cricketer for Italian National Team.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manpreet_Singh_(Italian_cricketer)" title="Manpreet Singh (Italian cricketer)">Manpreet Singh</a> - Cricketer for Italian National Team.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaspreet_Singh_(cricketer)" title="Jaspreet Singh (cricketer)">Jaspreet Singh</a> - Cricketer for Italian National Team.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charanjeet_Singh" title="Charanjeet Singh">Charanjeet Singh</a> - Cricketer for Italian National Team</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhism_in_Italy&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_by_country" title="Sikhism by country">Sikhism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Italy" title="Religion in Italy">Religion in Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_France" title="Sikhism in France">Sikhism in France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Germany" title="Sikhism in Germany">Sikhism in Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Australia" title="Sikhism in Australia">Sikhism in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Sikhism in the United Kingdom">Sikhism in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Sikhism in New Zealand">Sikhism in New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Canada" title="Sikhism in Canada">Sikhism in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_United_States" title="Sikhism in the United States">Sikhism in the United States</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhism_in_Italy&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geo.tv/latest/415781-over-40000-sikhs-vote-in-secessionist-khalistan-referendum-in-italy">"Over 40,000 Sikhs vote in secessionist Referendum in Italy"</a>. <i>Geo News</i>. <q>it had chosen the city of Brixia because Italy had over 200,000 Sikhs living in the county with a majority in Brescia.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geo+News&rft.atitle=Over+40%2C000+Sikhs+vote+in+secessionist+Referendum+in+Italy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geo.tv%2Flatest%2F415781-over-40000-sikhs-vote-in-secessionist-khalistan-referendum-in-italy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.dailypakistan.com.pk/09-May-2022/around-45-000-sikhs-vote-in-khalistan-referendum-in-italy">"Around 45,000 Sikhs vote in Referendum in Italy"</a>. <i>Daily Pakistan</i>. <q>That it had chosen the city of Brixia because Italy had over 200,000 Sikhs living in it with a majority in Brescia</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Pakistan&rft.atitle=Around+45%2C000+Sikhs+vote+in+Referendum+in+Italy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.dailypakistan.com.pk%2F09-May-2022%2Faround-45-000-sikhs-vote-in-khalistan-referendum-in-italy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2022/07/03/sikhs-vote-in-referendum-in-rome-for-freedom-of-khalistan/">"Sikhs vote in referendum in Rome"</a>. <i>Pakistan Today</i>. 3 July 2022. <q>About 200,000 Sikhs live in different cities of Italy.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pakistan+Today&rft.atitle=Sikhs+vote+in+referendum+in+Rome&rft.date=2022-07-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pakistantoday.com.pk%2F2022%2F07%2F03%2Fsikhs-vote-in-referendum-in-rome-for-freedom-of-khalistan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nation.com.pk/05-Jul-2022/sikhs-vote-in-referendum-in-rome-for-freedom-of-khalistan">"Sikhs vote in referendum in Rome"</a>. <i>The Nation</i>. <q>About 200,000 Sikhs live in different cities of Italy.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Nation&rft.atitle=Sikhs+vote+in+referendum+in+Rome&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nation.com.pk%2F05-Jul-2022%2Fsikhs-vote-in-referendum-in-rome-for-freedom-of-khalistan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bolnews.com/2022/05/08/italy/thousands-of-sikhs-attend-parade-in-italy-ahead-of-khalistan-referendum/index.html">"Thousands of Sikhs attend parade in Italy"</a>. <i>Bol News</i>. <q>Italy has over 200,000 Sikhs who are active members of the Italian population, which is why this city was chosen</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bol+News&rft.atitle=Thousands+of+Sikhs+attend+parade+in+Italy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bolnews.com%2F2022%2F05%2F08%2Fitaly%2Fthousands-of-sikhs-attend-parade-in-italy-ahead-of-khalistan-referendum%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thewire.in/external-affairs/sikhs-in-italy">"The Continuing Struggle for Religious Freedom by Italy's Sikh Community"</a>. <i>The Wire</i>. <q>It is estimated that there are around 220,000 Sikh migrants in Italy. The community, however, has been largely invisible to native Italians. The majority of Sikhs are dairy workers, living far from the cities, and settled mainly in the farms of north and central Italy.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Wire&rft.atitle=The+Continuing+Struggle+for+Religious+Freedom+by+Italy%27s+Sikh+Community&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthewire.in%2Fexternal-affairs%2Fsikhs-in-italy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/how-the-recent-punjabi-migration-to-spain-and-italy-is-a-departure-for-the-diaspora/articleshow/65180012.cms?from=mdr">"How the recent Punjabi migration to Spain & Italy is a departure for the diaspora"</a>. <i>The Economic Times</i>. 29 July 2018. <q>The total number of Indians in Italy has now crossed 200,000, making it the largest Indian diaspora in continental Europe and far greater than the 30,000 estimated in Spain. This Indian contingent is mainly made up of Punjabi Jat Sikhs.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Times&rft.atitle=How+the+recent+Punjabi+migration+to+Spain+%26+Italy+is+a+departure+for+the+diaspora&rft.date=2018-07-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2Fmagazines%2Fpanache%2Fhow-the-recent-punjabi-migration-to-spain-and-italy-is-a-departure-for-the-diaspora%2Farticleshow%2F65180012.cms%3Ffrom%3Dmdr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.globalindian.com/story/global-indian/parmesans-indian-connect-how-sikhs-saved-the-italian-cheese-industry/">"How Sikhs saved the Italian cheese industry"</a>. <i>Global Indian</i>. <q>Today, Italy has the largest Sikh population in Europe, only second to the United Kingdom, with an estimated number of 220,000</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Indian&rft.atitle=How+Sikhs+saved+the+Italian+cheese+industry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalindian.com%2Fstory%2Fglobal-indian%2Fparmesans-indian-connect-how-sikhs-saved-the-italian-cheese-industry%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBertolani2013" class="citation book cs1">Bertolani, Barbara (2013). "The Sikhs in Italy: A Growing Heterogeneous and Plural Presence". <i>Globalizing Belief, Localizing Gods</i>. Brill Publishers. p. 75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004254756" title="Special:BookSources/9789004254756"><bdi>9789004254756</bdi></a>. <q>According to Gallo (2013), by contrast, the Sikhs would number at least 100,000. Barbara Bertolani estimates in 2013 "My own data gathered within the Sikh community in Italy show Sikh people constituting about 70% of all the Indians present, i.e., at least 84,000 residents</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Sikhs+in+Italy%3A+A+Growing+Heterogeneous+and+Plural+Presence&rft.btitle=Globalizing+Belief%2C+Localizing+Gods&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9789004254756&rft.aulast=Bertolani&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/columns/why-the-indian-government-must-help-italian-sikhs/story-y3yJS6zWOqnYkkVsDuvvAJ.html">"Why the Indian government must help Italian Sikhs"</a>. <i>Hindustan Times</i>. <q>Up to 150,000 Sikhs now live there, making it the largest Sikh Community in Europe after the one in Britain</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=Why+the+Indian+government+must+help+Italian+Sikhs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Fcolumns%2Fwhy-the-indian-government-must-help-italian-sikhs%2Fstory-y3yJS6zWOqnYkkVsDuvvAJ.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://homegrown.co.in/homegrown-explore/the-sikhs-who-saved-parmesan-in-italy-are-now-fighting-to-save-themselves">"The Sikhs Spearheading The Italian Parmesan Cheese Industry"</a>. <i>Homegrown</i>. <q>Despite the estimated 220,000 Sikh immigrants who inhabit the Po Valley, there seems to a whiff of change in the air</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Homegrown&rft.atitle=The+Sikhs+Spearheading+The+Italian+Parmesan+Cheese+Industry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhomegrown.co.in%2Fhomegrown-explore%2Fthe-sikhs-who-saved-parmesan-in-italy-are-now-fighting-to-save-themselves&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2022/07/03/sikhs-vote-in-referendum-in-rome-for-freedom-of-khalistan/">"Sikhs vote in referendum in Rome"</a>. <i>Pakistan Today</i>. <q>About 200,000 Sikhs live in different cities of Italy.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pakistan+Today&rft.atitle=Sikhs+vote+in+referendum+in+Rome&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pakistantoday.com.pk%2F2022%2F07%2F03%2Fsikhs-vote-in-referendum-in-rome-for-freedom-of-khalistan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTebano" class="citation news cs1">Tebano, Elena. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.corriere.it/cronache/17_maggio_17/nulla-sikh-culto-preghiera-adcfa0ae-3a74-11e7-acbd-5fa0e1e5ad68.shtml">"Prayer at dawn, zero crime: this is how Sikhs live in Italy, after the sentence of the Cassation"</a>. <i>Corriere Della Sera</i>. <q>The vegan diet, the cult, the traditions. Customs and symbols of the 150,000 faithful of the religion born in India who now live in the Bel Paese</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Corriere+Della+Sera&rft.atitle=Prayer+at+dawn%2C+zero+crime%3A+this+is+how+Sikhs+live+in+Italy%2C+after+the+sentence+of+the+Cassation&rft.aulast=Tebano&rft.aufirst=Elena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.corriere.it%2Fcronache%2F17_maggio_17%2Fnulla-sikh-culto-preghiera-adcfa0ae-3a74-11e7-acbd-5fa0e1e5ad68.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geo.tv/latest/415781-over-40000-sikhs-vote-in-secessionist-khalistan-referendum-in-italy">"Over 40,000 Sikhs vote in secessionist Referendum in Italy"</a>. <i>Geo News</i>. <q>it had chosen the city of Brixia because Italy had over 200,000 Sikhs living in the county with a majority in Brescia.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geo+News&rft.atitle=Over+40%2C000+Sikhs+vote+in+secessionist+Referendum+in+Italy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geo.tv%2Flatest%2F415781-over-40000-sikhs-vote-in-secessionist-khalistan-referendum-in-italy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.dailypakistan.com.pk/09-May-2022/around-45-000-sikhs-vote-in-khalistan-referendum-in-italy">"Around 45,000 Sikhs vote in Referendum in Italy"</a>. <i>Daily Pakistan</i>. <q>That it had chosen the city of Brixia because Italy had over 200,000 Sikhs living in it with a majority in Brescia</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Pakistan&rft.atitle=Around+45%2C000+Sikhs+vote+in+Referendum+in+Italy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.dailypakistan.com.pk%2F09-May-2022%2Faround-45-000-sikhs-vote-in-khalistan-referendum-in-italy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2022/07/03/sikhs-vote-in-referendum-in-rome-for-freedom-of-khalistan/">"Sikhs vote in referendum in Rome"</a>. <i>Pakistan Today</i>. 3 July 2022. <q>About 200,000 Sikhs live in different cities of Italy.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pakistan+Today&rft.atitle=Sikhs+vote+in+referendum+in+Rome&rft.date=2022-07-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pakistantoday.com.pk%2F2022%2F07%2F03%2Fsikhs-vote-in-referendum-in-rome-for-freedom-of-khalistan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nation.com.pk/05-Jul-2022/sikhs-vote-in-referendum-in-rome-for-freedom-of-khalistan">"Sikhs vote in referendum in Rome"</a>. <i>The Nation</i>. <q>About 200,000 Sikhs live in different cities of Italy.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Nation&rft.atitle=Sikhs+vote+in+referendum+in+Rome&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nation.com.pk%2F05-Jul-2022%2Fsikhs-vote-in-referendum-in-rome-for-freedom-of-khalistan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bolnews.com/2022/05/08/italy/thousands-of-sikhs-attend-parade-in-italy-ahead-of-khalistan-referendum/index.html">"Thousands of Sikhs attend parade in Italy"</a>. <i>Bol News</i>. <q>Italy has over 200,000 Sikhs who are active members of the Italian population, which is why this city was chosen</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bol+News&rft.atitle=Thousands+of+Sikhs+attend+parade+in+Italy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bolnews.com%2F2022%2F05%2F08%2Fitaly%2Fthousands-of-sikhs-attend-parade-in-italy-ahead-of-khalistan-referendum%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBertolani2013" class="citation book cs1">Bertolani, Barbara (2013). "The Sikhs in Italy: A Growing Heterogeneous and Plural Presence". <i>Globalizing Belief, Localizing Gods</i>. Brill Publishers. p. 75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004254756" title="Special:BookSources/9789004254756"><bdi>9789004254756</bdi></a>. <q>According to Gallo (2013), by contrast, the Sikhs would number at least 100,000. Barbara Bertolani estimates in 2013 "My own data gathered within the Sikh community in Italy show Sikh people constituting about 70% of all the Indians present, i.e., at least 84,000 residents</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Sikhs+in+Italy%3A+A+Growing+Heterogeneous+and+Plural+Presence&rft.btitle=Globalizing+Belief%2C+Localizing+Gods&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9789004254756&rft.aulast=Bertolani&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://homegrown.co.in/homegrown-explore/the-sikhs-who-saved-parmesan-in-italy-are-now-fighting-to-save-themselves">"The Sikhs Spearheading The Italian Parmesan Cheese Industry"</a>. <i>Homegrown</i>. <q>Despite the estimated 220,000 Sikh immigrants who inhabit the Po Valley, there seems to a whiff of change in the air</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Homegrown&rft.atitle=The+Sikhs+Spearheading+The+Italian+Parmesan+Cheese+Industry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhomegrown.co.in%2Fhomegrown-explore%2Fthe-sikhs-who-saved-parmesan-in-italy-are-now-fighting-to-save-themselves&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><i>The Panjab-Past And Present</i>. Vol. XXV–I. Department of Punjab Historical Studies. 1991.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Panjab-Past+And+Present&rft.pub=Department+of+Punjab+Historical+Studies&rft.date=1991&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://m.tribuneindia.com/2010/20101107/spectrum/main1.htm">"The Lion's Firanghis: The Europeans at the Court of Lahore traces the journey and lives of foreigners in Ranjit Singh's court"</a>. <i>Indian Tribune</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indian+Tribune&rft.atitle=The+Lion%27s+Firanghis%3A+The+Europeans+at+the+Court+of+Lahore+traces+the+journey+and+lives+of+foreigners+in+Ranjit+Singh%27s+court&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fm.tribuneindia.com%2F2010%2F20101107%2Fspectrum%2Fmain1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/652678-abu-tabela-peshawars-forgotten-general">"Abu Tabela – Peshawar's forgotten general"</a>. <i>The News PK</i>. <q>Abu Tabela joined the army of Maharaja Ranjit Singh in 1827 and in 1837, took over as the governor of Peshawar.....After the death of Hari Singh Nalwa in the battle of Jamrud (April 1837), Avitabile was named governor of Peshawar.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+News+PK&rft.atitle=Abu+Tabela+%E2%80%93+Peshawar%27s+forgotten+general&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenews.com.pk%2Ftns%2Fdetail%2F652678-abu-tabela-peshawars-forgotten-general&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dawn.com/news/1485604">"Bas-relief of Ranjit Singh's officer in Italy"</a>. <i>Dawn</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dawn&rft.atitle=Bas-relief+of+Ranjit+Singh%27s+officer+in+Italy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1485604&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bonhams.com/auction/26016/lot/232/lady-logins-handwritten-travel-diary-recounting-part-of-the-four-month-tour-accompanying-maharajah-duleep-singh-through-france-and-italy-europe-december-1856-early-1857/">"Lady Login's handwritten travel diary, recounting part of the four-month tour accompanying Maharajah Duleep Singh through France and Italy"</a>. <i>Bonhams</i>. <q>They left Rome for Naples (though not before a trip on a steamer at Livorno which was plagued by seasickness), and also climbed Mount Vesuvius (19th), and from there went on to Bologna ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bonhams&rft.atitle=Lady+Login%27s+handwritten+travel+diary%2C+recounting+part+of+the+four-month+tour+accompanying+Maharajah+Duleep+Singh+through+France+and+Italy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bonhams.com%2Fauction%2F26016%2Flot%2F232%2Flady-logins-handwritten-travel-diary-recounting-part-of-the-four-month-tour-accompanying-maharajah-duleep-singh-through-france-and-italy-europe-december-1856-early-1857%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theprint.in/theprint-profile/maharaja-bhupinder-singh-patron-saint-of-patiala-peg-who-used-sikh-identity-to-his-advantage/1464098/">"Maharaja Bhupinder Singh, patron saint of Patiala peg who used Sikh identity to his advantage"</a>. <i>The Print</i>. <q>high-flying benefactors.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Print&rft.atitle=Maharaja+Bhupinder+Singh%2C+patron+saint+of+Patiala+peg+who+used+Sikh+identity+to+his+advantage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheprint.in%2Ftheprint-profile%2Fmaharaja-bhupinder-singh-patron-saint-of-patiala-peg-who-used-sikh-identity-to-his-advantage%2F1464098%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sikhnet.com/news/legendary-8th-army-italy">"The Legendary 8th Army ~ Italy"</a>. <i>SikhNet</i>. 31 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SikhNet&rft.atitle=The+Legendary+8th+Army+~+Italy&rft.date=2011-10-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sikhnet.com%2Fnews%2Flegendary-8th-army-italy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1974/06/19/archives/yadavendra-singh-sikh-leader-exmaharaja-of-patiala-is-dead.html">"Yadavendra Singh, Sikh Leader, Ex‐Maharaja of Patiala, Is Dead"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>. 19 June 1974. <q>He subsequently joined the army and during World War II, as a colonel in the Sikh Regiment, he fought in Malaya, Burma and Italy.....In 1965, the Maharaja was named ambassador to Italy, but two years later left this post to become a member of the Punjab State Assembly. He was named ambassador to the Netherlands in 1971</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Yadavendra+Singh%2C+Sikh+Leader%2C+Ex%E2%80%90Maharaja+of+Patiala%2C+Is+Dead&rft.date=1974-06-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1974%2F06%2F19%2Farchives%2Fyadavendra-singh-sikh-leader-exmaharaja-of-patiala-is-dead.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMakkar2023" class="citation news cs1">Makkar, Daljit (28 April 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rozanaspokesman.com/news/world/280423/8500-sikh-soldiers-were-martyred-for-the-sake-of-freedom-in-italy.html">"8,500 Sikh Soldiers were martyred for the sake of Freedom in Italy"</a>. <i>Rozana Spokesman</i>. <q>About 8,500 soldiers have given their martyrdom for the sake of freedom in our country.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rozana+Spokesman&rft.atitle=8%2C500+Sikh+Soldiers+were+martyred+for+the+sake+of+Freedom+in+Italy&rft.date=2023-04-28&rft.aulast=Makkar&rft.aufirst=Daljit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rozanaspokesman.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2F280423%2F8500-sikh-soldiers-were-martyred-for-the-sake-of-freedom-in-italy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://alittlehistoryofthesikhs.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/Sikh-History-locations-in-Italy-Guide-A-little-History-of-the-Sikhs.pdf">"Forli Indian Army War Cemetery"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Forli Indian Army War Cemetery</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forli+Indian+Army+War+Cemetery&rft.atitle=Forli+Indian+Army+War+Cemetery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Falittlehistoryofthesikhs.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2021%2F11%2FSikh-History-locations-in-Italy-Guide-A-little-History-of-the-Sikhs.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sikhchic.com/our_heroes/italy_honours_wwii_sikh_heroes_with_grand_memorial">"Italy Honours WWII Sikh Heroes With Grand Memorial"</a>. <i>SikhChic</i>. <q>For the liberation of Italy, 5773 British-Indian Soldiers laid down their lives in Italy, of which the majority were Sikhs. Besides Forly, Sikhs also fought in Cassino, Florence, Ravana and Sangro River during World War II.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SikhChic&rft.atitle=Italy+Honours+WWII+Sikh+Heroes+With+Grand+Memorial&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsikhchic.com%2Four_heroes%2Fitaly_honours_wwii_sikh_heroes_with_grand_memorial&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/-india-forgot-its-soldiers-world-remembers-them-with-pride-/1190219/2">"India forgot its soldiers, world remembers them with pride"</a>. <i>Indian Express</i>. <q>The Indian troops won six of the 20 Victoria crosses awarded to Allied Forces in Italy</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indian+Express&rft.atitle=India+forgot+its+soldiers%2C+world+remembers+them+with+pride&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.indianexpress.com%2Fnews%2F-india-forgot-its-soldiers-world-remembers-them-with-pride-%2F1190219%2F2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cwgc.org/visit-us/find-cemeteries-memorials/cemetery-details/2005201/forli-cremation-memorial/">"FORLI CREMATION MEMORIAL"</a>. <i>Commonwealth War Graves Commission</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Commonwealth+War+Graves+Commission&rft.atitle=FORLI+CREMATION+MEMORIAL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cwgc.org%2Fvisit-us%2Ffind-cemeteries-memorials%2Fcemetery-details%2F2005201%2Fforli-cremation-memorial%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ilrestodelcarlino.it/reggio-emilia/cronaca/razzini-va-a-forli-alla-commemorazione-religiosa-dei-sikh-1.7974533">"Razzini goes to Forlì to the religious commemoration of the Sikhs"</a>. <i>il Resto De Carlino</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=il+Resto+De+Carlino&rft.atitle=Razzini+goes+to+Forl%C3%AC+to+the+religious+commemoration+of+the+Sikhs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilrestodelcarlino.it%2Freggio-emilia%2Fcronaca%2Frazzini-va-a-forli-alla-commemorazione-religiosa-dei-sikh-1.7974533&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/italian-eu-envoys-pay-obeisance-at-golden-temple-498040">"Italian, EU envoys pay obeisance at Golden Temple"</a>. <i>Tribune India</i>. 16 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tribune+India&rft.atitle=Italian%2C+EU+envoys+pay+obeisance+at+Golden+Temple&rft.date=2023-04-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tribuneindia.com%2Fnews%2Fpunjab%2Fitalian-eu-envoys-pay-obeisance-at-golden-temple-498040&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitzman2015" class="citation news cs1">Mitzman, Danny (25 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-33149580">"The Sikhs Who Saved Parmesan"</a>. <i>BBC</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=The+Sikhs+Who+Saved+Parmesan&rft.date=2015-06-25&rft.aulast=Mitzman&rft.aufirst=Danny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-33149580&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLogre2011" class="citation news cs1">Logre, Sonia (25 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sg.news.yahoo.com/sikhs-rescue-italys-parmesan-cheese-001050329.html">"Sikhs rescue Italy's Parmesan cheese"</a>. <i>Yahoo</i>. <q>Manjit Singh is part of a large community of Sikhs in northern Italy who are shoring up an industry under threat of extinction</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yahoo&rft.atitle=Sikhs+rescue+Italy%27s+Parmesan+cheese&rft.date=2011-10-25&rft.aulast=Logre&rft.aufirst=Sonia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsg.news.yahoo.com%2Fsikhs-rescue-italys-parmesan-cheese-001050329.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://barusahib.org/general/italian-sikhs/">"Italians Thank Sikhs for Their Contribution in transforming their economy!"</a>. <i>BaruSahib</i>. 23 December 2014. <q>The owners of the cheese factories state they are glad to have Sikhs as their workers because Sikhs are trustworthy and hand working.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BaruSahib&rft.atitle=Italians+Thank+Sikhs+for+Their+Contribution+in+transforming+their+economy%21&rft.date=2014-12-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbarusahib.org%2Fgeneral%2Fitalian-sikhs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edtimes.in/italian-cheese-not-made-by-italians/">"The Italian Cheese Is Not Made By The Italians: There's An Indian Connection To It"</a>. <i>Ed Times</i>. 8 July 2017. <q>It left the Italian cheese to be at a significantly dangerous position. What came to rescue were the Sikh immigrants from Punjab who were masters of the agricultural and cattle process.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ed+Times&rft.atitle=The+Italian+Cheese+Is+Not+Made+By+The+Italians%3A+There%27s+An+Indian+Connection+To+It&rft.date=2017-07-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedtimes.in%2Fitalian-cheese-not-made-by-italians%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://britishsikhreport.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/British-Sikh-Report-2016.pdf">"An Insight into the British Sikh Community"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>British Sikh Report 2016</i>: 9. <q>As a result, Sikhs make up a large number of workers in many of the Mozzarella and Parmesan dairies in Northern and Central Italy. It is remarkable to think that a significant portion of these and other world famous Italian cheeses are now produced by Sikhs. The influx of diligent Sikh migrant workers has rescued the trade as many younger Italians have sought vocations away from these traditional industries.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Sikh+Report+2016&rft.atitle=An+Insight+into+the+British+Sikh+Community&rft.pages=9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbritishsikhreport.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2016%2F03%2FBritish-Sikh-Report-2016.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journalismfund.eu/supported-projects/trapped-debt-punjabi-workers-lured-trafficking-and-exploited-italy">"TRAPPED BY THE DEBT: PUNJABI WORKERS LURED INTO TRAFFICKING AND EXPLOITED IN ITALY"</a>. <i>JournalismFund Europe</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=JournalismFund+Europe&rft.atitle=TRAPPED+BY+THE+DEBT%3A+PUNJABI+WORKERS+LURED+INTO+TRAFFICKING+AND+EXPLOITED+IN+ITALY&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.journalismfund.eu%2Fsupported-projects%2Ftrapped-debt-punjabi-workers-lured-trafficking-and-exploited-italy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnnibale2016" class="citation news cs1">Annibale, Federico (22 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://novaramedia.com/2016/11/22/sikh-farmers-in-the-agro-pontino/">"Sikh Farmers in the Agro Pontino"</a>. <i>Novara Media</i>. <q>Marco worked undercover on a farm in the area for three months, experiencing first hand how hard it is working in the fields. "The vast majority of Sikhs who live in the area work in the fields, and almost all of them work in degrading conditions. Salaries are well below the legal minimum wage, and there is violence and intimidation towards farmers who rebel.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Novara+Media&rft.atitle=Sikh+Farmers+in+the+Agro+Pontino&rft.date=2016-11-22&rft.aulast=Annibale&rft.aufirst=Federico&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnovaramedia.com%2F2016%2F11%2F22%2Fsikh-farmers-in-the-agro-pontino%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBacchi2017" class="citation news cs1">Bacchi, Umberto (19 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.trust.org/item/20170719050300-ut4bn/">"Opium numbs the pain for Indian pickers exploited on Italian farms"</a>. Reuters.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Opium+numbs+the+pain+for+Indian+pickers+exploited+on+Italian+farms&rft.date=2017-07-19&rft.aulast=Bacchi&rft.aufirst=Umberto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.trust.org%2Fitem%2F20170719050300-ut4bn%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLionel2023" class="citation web cs1">Lionel, Jessica (18 October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theneweuropean.co.uk/the-indian-slaves-growing-italys-crops/">"The Indian slaves growing Italy's crops"</a>. <i>The New European</i>. <q>On the outskirts of the capital, Punjabi-Sikhs are being forced to work in brutal conditions.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+European&rft.atitle=The+Indian+slaves+growing+Italy%27s+crops&rft.date=2023-10-18&rft.aulast=Lionel&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theneweuropean.co.uk%2Fthe-indian-slaves-growing-italys-crops%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thewire.in/rights/marco-omizzolo-the-italian-activist-sikh-immigrants-hail-as-sent-by-god">"Marco Omizzolo: The Italian Activist Punjabi Immigrants Hail as 'Sent by God'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Wire</i>. 17 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wire&rft.atitle=Marco+Omizzolo%3A+The+Italian+Activist+Punjabi+Immigrants+Hail+as+%27Sent+by+God%27&rft.date=2023-04-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthewire.in%2Frights%2Fmarco-omizzolo-the-italian-activist-sikh-immigrants-hail-as-sent-by-god&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/program/people-power/2020/8/20/italys-sikh-slaves">"Italy's Sikh Slaves"</a>. <i>Al Jazeera</i>. <q>face abuse and exploitation from both profit-driven agri-businesses and organised crime – labouring for pitiful wages, often without official documentation, and trapped in a system from which there is no escape.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Italy%27s+Sikh+Slaves&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fprogram%2Fpeople-power%2F2020%2F8%2F20%2Fitalys-sikh-slaves&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2017/dec/22/sikhs-secretly-exploited-in-italy-migrant-workers">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'An employer? No, we have a master': the Sikhs secretly exploited in Italy"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 22 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27An+employer%3F+No%2C+we+have+a+master%27%3A+the+Sikhs+secretly+exploited+in+Italy&rft.date=2017-12-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fglobal-development%2F2017%2Fdec%2F22%2Fsikhs-secretly-exploited-in-italy-migrant-workers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaikia2022" class="citation web cs1">Saikia, Pari (12 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vice.com/en/article/3adkp8/exploitation-punjabi-women-italy">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'For Them I Am a Prey': The Hidden Exploitation of Punjabi Women in Italy"</a>. <i>Vice</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vice&rft.atitle=%27For+Them+I+Am+a+Prey%27%3A+The+Hidden+Exploitation+of+Punjabi+Women+in+Italy&rft.date=2022-08-12&rft.aulast=Saikia&rft.aufirst=Pari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vice.com%2Fen%2Farticle%2F3adkp8%2Fexploitation-punjabi-women-italy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2019" class="citation news cs1">Williams, Meghan (28 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/sikh-workers-farms-italy-exploitation-1.5112131">"Despite threats from bosses and fear of reprisal, 4,000 Sikhs marched through the provincial capital of Latina to protest pay and conditions"</a>. <i>CBC Canada</i>. <q>Despite threats from bosses and fear of reprisal, 4,000 Sikhs marched through the provincial capital of Latina to protest pay and conditions. Last September, they organized another protest where representatives from Italy's largest workers' unions joined 1,500 Sikhs.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+Canada&rft.atitle=Despite+threats+from+bosses+and+fear+of+reprisal%2C+4%2C000+Sikhs+marched+through+the+provincial+capital+of+Latina+to+protest+pay+and+conditions.&rft.date=2019-04-28&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Meghan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fsikh-workers-farms-italy-exploitation-1.5112131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newindianexpress.com/world/2021/jul/11/six-years-a-slave-indian-farm-workers-exploited-in-italy-2328625.html">"Six years a slave: Indian farm workers exploited in Italy"</a>. <i>Indian Times</i>. <q>The UN's special rapporteur on contemporary forms of slavery estimated in 2018 that more than 400,000 agricultural workers in Italy risk being exploited and almost 100,000 likely face "inhumane conditions".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Indian+Times&rft.atitle=Six+years+a+slave%3A+Indian+farm+workers+exploited+in+Italy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newindianexpress.com%2Fworld%2F2021%2Fjul%2F11%2Fsix-years-a-slave-indian-farm-workers-exploited-in-italy-2328625.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cesnur-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cesnur_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cesnur.com/gruppi-di-origine-sikh/la-religione-sikh">Le religioni in Italia</a>, <a href="/wiki/CESNUR" title="CESNUR">CESNUR</a>, 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2017/dec/22/sikhs-secretly-exploited-in-italy-migrant-workers">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'An employer? No, we have a master': the Sikhs secretly exploited in Italy"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <q>According to labour unions and community leaders, Italy's largely hidden community of Sikh migrant workers</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27An+employer%3F+No%2C+we+have+a+master%27%3A+the+Sikhs+secretly+exploited+in+Italy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fglobal-development%2F2017%2Fdec%2F22%2Fsikhs-secretly-exploited-in-italy-migrant-workers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSirohi2006" class="citation web cs1">Sirohi, Seema (21 June 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hwpi.harvard.edu/pluralismarchive/news/sikhs-italy">"Sikhs in Italy"</a>. <q>More than 50,000 of them, mostly Sikhs, are spread across towns such as Reggio Emilia, Casina, Bergamo and Brescia</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sikhs+in+Italy&rft.date=2006-06-21&rft.aulast=Sirohi&rft.aufirst=Seema&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhwpi.harvard.edu%2Fpluralismarchive%2Fnews%2Fsikhs-italy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallo2012" class="citation book cs1">Gallo, Ester (2012). "Creating Gurdwaras, Narrating Histories: Perspectives on the Sikh Diaspora in Italy". <i>Revisiting Space and Place: South Asian Migrations in Perspective</i>. <q>The number of Sikh Punjabis is estimated at about 115,000 and represents the largest Indian community.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Creating+Gurdwaras%2C+Narrating+Histories%3A+Perspectives+on+the+Sikh+Diaspora+in+Italy&rft.btitle=Revisiting+Space+and+Place%3A+South+Asian+Migrations+in+Perspective&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Gallo&rft.aufirst=Ester&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/amritsar/all-white-band-captures-baisakhi-flavour-in-italy/articleshow/51818150.cms">"All-white band captures Baisakhi flavour in Italy"</a>. <i>Times of India</i>. <q>Italy has 1.14 lakh Sikh population and 60 gurdwaras.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+of+India&rft.atitle=All-white+band+captures+Baisakhi+flavour+in+Italy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Famritsar%2Fall-white-band-captures-baisakhi-flavour-in-italy%2Farticleshow%2F51818150.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/photos/world-news/photos-the-indian-hands-behind-italy-s-famed-parmigiano-reggiano/photo-ySXtdxGvHoJRfTUIDIz5RL-1.html">"The Indian hands behind Italy's famed Parmigiano-Reggiano"</a>. <i>Hindustan Times</i>. 4 September 2018. <q>There are an estimated 200,000 Sikhs in Italy, agricultural and dairy workers forming a large part of that number. While official recognition of the religion has been slow, the community has woven itself in to the social fabric</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=The+Indian+hands+behind+Italy%27s+famed+Parmigiano-Reggiano&rft.date=2018-09-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Fphotos%2Fworld-news%2Fphotos-the-indian-hands-behind-italy-s-famed-parmigiano-reggiano%2Fphoto-ySXtdxGvHoJRfTUIDIz5RL-1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geo.tv/latest/415781-over-40000-sikhs-vote-in-secessionist-khalistan-referendum-in-italy">"Over 40,000 Sikhs vote in secessionist Referendum in Italy"</a>. <i>Geo News</i>. <q>it had chosen the city of Brixia because Italy had over 200,000 Sikhs living in the county with a majority in Brescia.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geo+News&rft.atitle=Over+40%2C000+Sikhs+vote+in+secessionist+Referendum+in+Italy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geo.tv%2Flatest%2F415781-over-40000-sikhs-vote-in-secessionist-khalistan-referendum-in-italy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.dailypakistan.com.pk/09-May-2022/around-45-000-sikhs-vote-in-khalistan-referendum-in-italy">"Around 45,000 Sikhs vote in Referendum in Italy"</a>. <i>Daily Pakistan</i>. <q>That it had chosen the city of Brixia because Italy had over 200,000 Sikhs living in it with a majority in Brescia</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Pakistan&rft.atitle=Around+45%2C000+Sikhs+vote+in+Referendum+in+Italy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.dailypakistan.com.pk%2F09-May-2022%2Faround-45-000-sikhs-vote-in-khalistan-referendum-in-italy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nation.com.pk/05-Jul-2022/sikhs-vote-in-referendum-in-rome-for-freedom-of-khalistan">"Sikhs vote in referendum in Rome"</a>. <i>The Nation</i>. <q>About 200,000 Sikhs live in different cities of Italy.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Nation&rft.atitle=Sikhs+vote+in+referendum+in+Rome&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nation.com.pk%2F05-Jul-2022%2Fsikhs-vote-in-referendum-in-rome-for-freedom-of-khalistan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bolnews.com/2022/05/08/italy/thousands-of-sikhs-attend-parade-in-italy-ahead-of-khalistan-referendum/index.html">"Thousands of Sikhs attend parade in Italy"</a>. <i>Bol News</i>. <q>Italy has over 200,000 Sikhs who are active members of the Italian population, which is why this city was chosen</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bol+News&rft.atitle=Thousands+of+Sikhs+attend+parade+in+Italy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bolnews.com%2F2022%2F05%2F08%2Fitaly%2Fthousands-of-sikhs-attend-parade-in-italy-ahead-of-khalistan-referendum%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCecco2023" class="citation news cs1">Cecco, Leyland (8 October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/08/sikh-activists-hardeep-singh-nijjar-killing">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Police said I'm in danger': Sikh activists on edge worldwide after Vancouver killing"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <q>of Italy's 220,000 Sikhs</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%E2%80%98Police+said+I%27m+in+danger%E2%80%99%3A+Sikh+activists+on+edge+worldwide+after+Vancouver+killing&rft.date=2023-10-08&rft.aulast=Cecco&rft.aufirst=Leyland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2023%2Foct%2F08%2Fsikh-activists-hardeep-singh-nijjar-killing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-now-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-now_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nriinternet.com/EUROPE/ITALY/2004/111604Gurdwara.htm">Now, Sikhs do a Canada in Italy</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rm.coe.int/16805e55c1">"Religious groups"</a>. <i>Novellara (Council of Europe)</i>. <q>Every Sunday around 4000 people are gathering in the Gurdwara, but the number of devotees can reach around 10.000 people during the Vaisakhi, the main Sikh celebration marking the harvest festival of the Punjab region, the Punjabi New Year and the birth of the Khalsa.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Novellara+%28Council+of+Europe%29&rft.atitle=Religious+groups&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frm.coe.int%2F16805e55c1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsweek.com/sikh-migrants-keeping-italys-mozzarella-industry-alive-327179">"The Sikh migrants keeping Italy's mozzarella industry alive"</a>. <i>NewsWeek</i>. <q>There are roughly 60,000 Sikhs living in the area, the second largest cluster in Italy. Roughly 800 of them work in the 2,000 dairy farms</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NewsWeek&rft.atitle=The+Sikh+migrants+keeping+Italy%27s+mozzarella+industry+alive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Fsikh-migrants-keeping-italys-mozzarella-industry-alive-327179&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sbs.com.au/language/punjabi/en/article/sikh-farmers-keeping-cheese-industry-alive-in-italy/qgh2y1q4m">"Sikh Farmers keeping Cheese Industry alive in Italy"</a>. <i>SBS Punjabi</i>. <q>There are roughly 60,000 Sikhs living in the area and roughly 800 out of them work in 2,000 dairy farms that specialize in producing mozzarella and buffalo milk</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SBS+Punjabi&rft.atitle=Sikh+Farmers+keeping+Cheese+Industry+alive+in+Italy.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sbs.com.au%2Flanguage%2Fpunjabi%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fsikh-farmers-keeping-cheese-industry-alive-in-italy%2Fqgh2y1q4m&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/sgpc-hails-italian-court-verdict-allowing-sikhs-to-wear-kirpan/story-WGxfPA5BxYqdKTt223bzrN.html">"SGPC to approach int'l court against Italian court ruling"</a>. <i>The Tribune</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Tribune&rft.atitle=SGPC+to+approach+int%27l+court+against+Italian+court+ruling&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Fpunjab%2Fsgpc-hails-italian-court-verdict-allowing-sikhs-to-wear-kirpan%2Fstory-WGxfPA5BxYqdKTt223bzrN.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.singhsabhabergamo.com.nu">Gurdwara Cortenuova</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2023" class="citation interview cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Jasbeer_Singh" title="Jasbeer Singh">Singh, Jasbeer</a> (10 March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cuneocronaca.it/hockey-la-braidese-jasbeer-singh-ho-solo-il-rimpianto-di-non-aver-visto-giocare-mio-padre">"Hockey, la braidese Jasbeer Singh: "Ho solo il rimpianto di non aver visto giocare mio padre"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> [Hockey, the Brai player Jasbeer Singh: "I only regret not having seen my father play"] (Interview) (in Italian). Interviewed by Fiorella Avalle Nemolis. <a href="/wiki/Bra,_Piedmont" title="Bra, Piedmont">Bra, Piedmont</a>: Cuneocronaca.it<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hockey%2C+la+braidese+Jasbeer+Singh%3A+%22Ho+solo+il+rimpianto+di+non+aver+visto+giocare+mio+padre%22&rft.place=Bra%2C+Piedmont&rft.pub=Cuneocronaca.it&rft.date=2023-03-10&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Jasbeer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cuneocronaca.it%2Fhockey-la-braidese-jasbeer-singh-ho-solo-il-rimpianto-di-non-aver-visto-giocare-mio-padre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sikhsinhockey.com/Default.aspx?id=729040">"Sikhs in Hockey in Italy"</a>. <i>Sikhs in Hockey</i>. <q>Kulwant Singh, who represented India at Munich 1972 Olympic Games, also went and settled in Italy. Kulwant won Italian National Championship with HC Bra and CUS Torino.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sikhs+in+Hockey&rft.atitle=Sikhs+in+Hockey+in+Italy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sikhsinhockey.com%2FDefault.aspx%3Fid%3D729040&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikhism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhism_in_Italy&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=frOl9mO7q6o"><span class="plainlinks">European Journal: Italy: Sikh Cheese Producers</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sikhism_in_Europe" title="Template:Sikhism in Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Sikhism_in_Europe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Sikhism in Europe (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sikhism_in_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sikhism in Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sikhism_in_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Sikhism in Europe</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhism_in_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sikhism in Albania (page does not exist)">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhism_in_Andorra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sikhism in Andorra (page does not exist)">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhism_in_Armenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sikhism in Armenia (page does not exist)">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Austria" title="Sikhism in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhism_in_Azerbaijan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sikhism in Azerbaijan (page does not exist)">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhism_in_Belarus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sikhism in Belarus (page does not exist)">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Belgium" title="Sikhism in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhism_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sikhism in Bosnia and Herzegovina (page does not exist)">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhism_in_Bulgaria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sikhism in Bulgaria (page does not exist)">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhism_in_Croatia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sikhism in Croatia (page does not exist)">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Cyprus" title="Sikhism in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhism_in_the_Czech_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sikhism in the Czech Republic (page does not exist)">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Denmark" title="Sikhism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhism_in_Estonia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sikhism in Estonia (page does not exist)">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Finland" title="Sikhism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_France" title="Sikhism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Sikhism in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Germany" title="Sikhism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Greece" title="Sikhism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhism_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sikhism in Hungary (page does not exist)">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Iceland" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikhism in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Sikhism in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhism_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sikhism in Kazakhstan (page does not exist)">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhism_in_Latvia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sikhism in Latvia (page does not exist)">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhism_in_Liechtenstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sikhism in Liechtenstein (page does not exist)">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhism_in_Lithuania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sikhism in Lithuania (page does not exist)">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhism_in_Luxembourg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sikhism in Luxembourg (page does not exist)">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhism_in_Malta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sikhism in Malta (page does not exist)">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhism_in_Moldova&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sikhism in Moldova (page does not exist)">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhism_in_Monaco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sikhism in Monaco (page does not exist)">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhism_in_Montenegro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sikhism in Montenegro (page does not exist)">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Sikhism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhism_in_North_Macedonia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sikhism in North Macedonia (page does not exist)">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Norway" title="Sikhism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Poland" title="Sikhism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Portugal" title="Sikhism in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhism_in_Romania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sikhism in Romania (page does not exist)">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Russia" title="Sikhism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhism_in_San_Marino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sikhism in San Marino (page does not exist)">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhism_in_Serbia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sikhism in Serbia (page does not exist)">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhism_in_Slovakia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sikhism in Slovakia (page does not exist)">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhism_in_Slovenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sikhism in Slovenia (page does not exist)">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Spain" title="Sikhism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Sweden" title="Sikhism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Switzerland" title="Sikhism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhism_in_Turkey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sikhism in Turkey (page does not exist)">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhism_in_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sikhism in Ukraine (page does not exist)">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Sikhism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_England" title="Sikhism in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Sikhism in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Scotland" title="Sikhism in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Wales" title="Sikhism in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhism_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sikhism in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhism_in_Kosovo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sikhism in Kosovo (page does not exist)">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhism_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sikhism in Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhism_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sikhism in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhism_in_Transnistria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sikhism in Transnistria (page does not exist)">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhism_in_%C3%85land&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sikhism in Åland (page does not exist)">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhism_in_the_Faroe_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sikhism in the Faroe Islands (page does not exist)">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhism_in_Gibraltar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sikhism in Gibraltar (page does not exist)">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhism_in_Guernsey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sikhism in Guernsey (page does not exist)">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhism_in_the_Isle_of_Man&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sikhism in the Isle of Man (page does not exist)">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhism_in_Jersey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sikhism in Jersey (page does not exist)">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikhism_in_Svalbard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sikhism in Svalbard (page does not exist)">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Religion_in_Italy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Religion_in_Italy" title="Template:Religion in Italy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Religion_in_Italy" title="Template talk:Religion in Italy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Religion_in_Italy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Religion in Italy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religion_in_Italy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Italy" title="Religion in Italy">Religion in Italy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Italy" title="Christianity in Italy">Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Italy" title="Catholic Church in Italy">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Italy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in Italy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Italy" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Italy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Italy" title="Protestantism in Italy">Protestantism</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Italy.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Italy"><img alt="Flag of Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/103px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="103" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/155px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/206px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other religions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_Italy" title="Baháʼí Faith in Italy">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Italy" title="Buddhism in Italy">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Italy" title="Hinduism in Italy">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Italy" title="Islam in Italy">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy" title="History of the Jews in Italy">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neopaganism_in_Italy" title="Neopaganism in Italy">Neopaganism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sikhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eight_per_thousand" title="Eight per thousand">Eight per thousand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Italy" title="Freedom of religion in Italy">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Italy" title="Irreligion in Italy">Irreligion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sikhism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFC600"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sikhism" title="Template:Sikhism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sikhism" title="Template talk:Sikhism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sikhism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sikhism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sikhism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#FFC600;font-weight:bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Sikhism" title="Glossary of Sikhism">Glossary</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Sikhism" title="History of Sikhism">History</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_gurus" title="Sikh gurus">Gurus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak">Guru Nanak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Angad" title="Guru Angad">Guru Angad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Amar_Das" title="Guru Amar Das">Guru Amar Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Ram_Das" title="Guru Ram Das">Guru Ram Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Arjan" title="Guru Arjan">Guru Arjan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Hargobind" title="Guru Hargobind">Guru Hargobind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Har_Rai" title="Guru Har Rai">Guru Har Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Har_Krishan" title="Guru Har Krishan">Guru Har Krishan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Tegh_Bahadur" title="Guru Tegh Bahadur">Guru Tegh Bahadur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh">Guru Gobind Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a> (Sikh holy book)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh philosophy">Beliefs and principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Maneyo_Granth" title="Guru Maneyo Granth">Guru Maneyo Granth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Rehat_Maryada" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh Rehat Maryada">Sikh Rehat Maryada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_52_Hukams_of_Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="The 52 Hukams of Guru Gobind Singh">The 52 Hukams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibitions_in_Sikhism" title="Prohibitions in Sikhism">Prohibitions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_and_Sikhism" title="Cannabis and Sikhism">Cannabis and Sikhism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Sikhism" title="Diet in Sikhism">Diet in Sikhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_practices" title="Category:Sikh practices">Practices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_practices" title="Sikh practices">Sikh practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_rites" title="Sikh rites">Sikh rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ard%C4%81s" title="Ardās">Ardās</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">Kirtan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langar_(Sikhism)" title="Langar (Sikhism)">Langar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naam_Karan" title="Naam Karan">Naam Karan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anand_Karaj" title="Anand Karaj">Anand Karaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amrit_Sanchar" class="mw-redirect" title="Amrit Sanchar">Amrit Sanchar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amrit_Vel%C4%81" title="Amrit Velā">Amrit Velā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antam_Sanskar" title="Antam Sanskar">Antam Sanskar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_pillars_of_Sikhism" title="Three pillars of Sikhism">Three Pillars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Karo" title="Kirat Karo">Kirat Karo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naam_Japo" title="Naam Japo">Naam Japo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vand_Chhako" title="Vand Chhako">Vand Chhako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Five_Ks" class="mw-redirect" title="The Five Ks">The Five Ks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simran" title="Simran">Simran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seva_(Indian_religions)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seva (Indian religions)">Sewa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charhdi_Kala" class="mw-redirect" title="Charhdi Kala">Charhdi Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasvand" class="mw-redirect" title="Dasvand">Dasvand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhatka" title="Jhatka">Jhatka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_scripture" title="Category:Sikh scripture">Scripture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasam_Granth" title="Dasam Granth">Dasam Granth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarbloh_Granth" title="Sarbloh Granth">Sarbloh Granth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurbani" title="Gurbani">Gurbani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mul_Mantar" title="Mul Mantar">Mul Mantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japji_Sahib" title="Japji Sahib">Japji Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaupai_(Sikhism)" title="Chaupai (Sikhism)">Chaupai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaap_Sahib" title="Jaap Sahib">Jaap Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehras" title="Rehras">Rehras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhmani_Sahib" title="Sukhmani Sahib">Sukhmani Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tav-Prasad_Savaiye" class="mw-redirect" title="Tav-Prasad Savaiye">Tav-Prasad Savaiye</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_architecture" title="Sikh architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gurdwara" title="Gurdwara">Gurdwara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Temple" title="Golden Temple">Harmandir Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurdwara_Janam_Asthan" title="Gurdwara Janam Asthan">Janam Asthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurdwara_Darbar_Sahib_Kartarpur" title="Gurdwara Darbar Sahib Kartarpur">Darbar Sahib Kartarpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gurdwaras" title="List of gurdwaras">List</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gurdwaras#Africa" title="List of gurdwaras">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gurdwaras#Asia" title="List of gurdwaras">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gurdwaras#Europe" title="List of gurdwaras">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gurdwaras#North_America" title="List of gurdwaras">North America</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahadurgarh_Fort" title="Bahadurgarh Fort">Bahadurgarh Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fateh_Burj" title="Fateh Burj">Fateh Burj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazuri_Bagh_Baradari" title="Hazuri Bagh Baradari">Hazuri Bagh Baradari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kesgarh_Qila" class="mw-redirect" title="Kesgarh Qila">Kesgarh Qila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanda_museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanda museum">Khanda museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moti_Bagh_Palace" title="Moti Bagh Palace">Moti Bagh Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanak_Shahi_bricks" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanak Shahi bricks">Nanak Shahi bricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pul_Kanjri" title="Pul Kanjri">Pul Kanjri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qila_Mubarak,_Patiala" title="Qila Mubarak, Patiala">Qila Mubarak, Patiala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramgarhia_Bunga" title="Ramgarhia Bunga">Ramgarhia Bunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi_of_Ranjit_Singh" title="Samadhi of Ranjit Singh">Samadhi of Ranjit Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well_of_Dina_Nath" title="Well of Dina Nath">Well of Dina Nath</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_by_country" title="Sikhism by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_diaspora" title="Sikh diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Sikhism in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Australia" title="Sikhism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Austria" title="Sikhism in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Bangladesh" title="Sikhism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Belgium" title="Sikhism in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Canada" title="Sikhism in Canada">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Greater_Vancouver" title="Sikhism in Greater Vancouver">Vancouver</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_China" title="Sikhism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Denmark" title="Sikhism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Fiji" title="Sikhism in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Finland" title="Sikhism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_France" title="Sikhism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Germany" title="Sikhism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Greece" title="Sikhism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_India" title="Sikhism in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Sikhism in Jammu and Kashmir">Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Sikhs" title="Cochin Sikhs">Kochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Punjab,_India#Sikhism_in_Punjab" title="Demographics of Punjab, India">Punjab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Indonesia" title="Sikhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Iran" title="Sikhism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Iraq" title="Sikhism in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Japan" title="Sikhism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Malaysia" title="Sikhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Nepal" title="Sikhism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Sikhism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Sikhism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Niue" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikhism in Niue">Niue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Norway" title="Sikhism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Pakistan" title="Sikhism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Panama" title="Sikhism in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Poland" title="Sikhism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Singapore" title="Sikhism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_South_Africa" title="Sikhism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_South_Korea" title="Sikhism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Sweden" title="Sikhism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Switzerland" title="Sikhism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Thailand" title="Sikhism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Sikhism in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Sikhism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_England" title="Sikhism in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Scotland" title="Sikhism in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Wales" title="Sikhism in Wales">Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Sikhism in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_United_States" title="Sikhism in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikhs_in_the_United_States_military" title="Sikhs in the United States military">U.S. Military</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Groups, sects<br />and communities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sects_of_Sikhism" title="Sects of Sikhism">Sects of Sikhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mina_(Sikhism)" title="Mina (Sikhism)">Mina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namdhari" title="Namdhari">Namdhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanakpanthi" title="Nanakpanthi">Nanakpanthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihang" title="Nihang">Nihang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirankari" title="Nirankari">Nirankari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewapanthi" title="Sewapanthi">Sewapanthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirmala_(sect)" title="Nirmala (sect)">Nirmala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramraiya" title="Ramraiya">Ramraiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udasi" title="Udasi">Udasi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazhabi_Sikh" title="Mazhabi Sikh">Mazhabi Sikh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piara_Singh_Bhaniara" title="Piara Singh Bhaniara">Piara Singh Bhaniara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrahari_Sikh" title="Agrahari Sikh">Agrahari Sikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatha" title="Jatha">Jatha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Damdami_Taksal" title="Damdami Taksal">Damdami Taksal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhand_Kirtani_Jatha" title="Akhand Kirtani Jatha">Akhand Kirtani Jatha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singh_Sabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Singh Sabha">Singh Sabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Sant_Mat_movements" title="Contemporary Sant Mat movements">Contemporary Sant Mat movements</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3HO" title="3HO">3HO</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sikh_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFC600"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sikh_Empire" title="Template:Sikh Empire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sikh_Empire" title="Template talk:Sikh Empire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sikh_Empire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sikh Empire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sikh_Empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Rulers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ranjit_Singh" title="Ranjit Singh">Ranjit Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharak_Singh" title="Kharak Singh">Kharak Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nau_Nihal_Singh" title="Nau Nihal Singh">Nau Nihal Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chand_Kaur" title="Chand Kaur">Chand Kaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sher_Singh" title="Sher Singh">Sher Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jind_Kaur" title="Jind Kaur">Jind Kaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duleep_Singh" title="Duleep Singh">Duleep Singh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Military<br />conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mughal-Sikh_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal-Sikh Wars">Mughal-Sikh Wars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bhangani" title="Battle of Bhangani">Battle of Bhangani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nadaun" title="Battle of Nadaun">Nadaun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Basoli" title="Battle of Basoli">Basoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Anandpur" class="mw-redirect" title="First Battle of Anandpur">1st Anandpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Anandpur" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Battle of Anandpur">2nd Anandpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chamkaur_(1704)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Chamkaur (1704)">Chamkaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarsa" title="Battle of Sarsa">Sarsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Muktsar" title="Battle of Muktsar">Muktsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sonepat" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Sonepat">Sonepat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Samana" title="Battle of Samana">Samana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sirhind" title="Siege of Sirhind">Sirhind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sadhaura" title="Battle of Sadhaura">Sadhaura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chappar_Chiri" title="Battle of Chappar Chiri">Chappar Chiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rahon_(1710)" title="Battle of Rahon (1710)">Rahon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lohgarh" title="Battle of Lohgarh">Lohgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jalalabad_(1710)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Jalalabad (1710)">Jalalabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jammu" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Jammu">Jammu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gurdas_Nangal" title="Battle of Gurdas Nangal">Gurdas Nangal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Delhi_(1783)" title="Battle of Delhi (1783)">Delhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afghan%E2%80%93Sikh_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghan–Sikh wars">Afghan–Sikh wars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Attock" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Attock">Battle of Attock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Multan" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Multan">Battle of Multan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shopian" title="Battle of Shopian">Battle of Shopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nowshera" title="Battle of Nowshera">Battle of Nowshera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Peshawar_(1834)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Peshawar (1834)">Battle of Peshawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jamrud" title="Battle of Jamrud">Battle of Jamrud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Anglo-Sikh War">First Anglo-Sikh War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mudki" title="Battle of Mudki">Battle of Mudki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ferozeshah" title="Battle of Ferozeshah">Battle of Ferozeshah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aliwal" title="Battle of Aliwal">Battle of Aliwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sobraon" title="Battle of Sobraon">Battle of Sobraon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Anglo-Sikh War">Second Anglo-Sikh War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ramnagar" title="Battle of Ramnagar">Battle of Ramnagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chillianwala" title="Battle of Chillianwala">Battle of Chillianwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Multan_(1848%E2%80%931849)" title="Siege of Multan (1848–1849)">Siege of Multan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gujrat" title="Battle of Gujrat">Battle of Gujrat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Nepal%E2%80%93Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepal–Sikh War">Nepal–Sikh War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dogra%E2%80%93Tibetan_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogra–Tibetan War">Sino-Sikh war</a>, Katoch–Sikh War, <a href="/wiki/Hill_States%E2%80%93Sikh_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Hill States–Sikh Wars">Hill States–Sikh Wars</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Panchayati_Revolution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Panchayati Revolution (page does not exist)">Panchayati Revolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_involving_the_Sikh_Empire" title="List of battles involving the Sikh Empire">List of battles involving the Sikh Empire</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Military forces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Khalsa_Army" title="Sikh Khalsa Army">Sikh Khalsa Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauj-i-Khas" title="Fauj-i-Khas">Fauj-i-Khas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauj-i-Ain" title="Fauj-i-Ain">Fauj-i-Ain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampu-i-mu%27alla" title="Kampu-i-mu'alla">Kampu-i-mu'alla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Adversaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Afghanistan" title="Emirate of Afghanistan">Emirate of Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">British East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Kingdom of Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_States_of_India" title="Hill States of India">Hill States Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mankera" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Mankera">Kingdom of Mankera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namgyal_dynasty_of_Ladakh" title="Namgyal dynasty of Ladakh">Namgyal dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barakzai_dynasty" title="Barakzai dynasty">Barakzai dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudhan" title="Sudhan">Sudhans</a> of Poonch</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqpon_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Maqpon Dynasty">Maqpon Dynasty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Forts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jamrud_Fort" title="Jamrud Fort">Jamrud Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multan_Fort" title="Multan Fort">Multan Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harkishangarh" class="mw-redirect" title="Harkishangarh">Harkishangarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Fort" title="Lahore Fort">Lahore Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zorawar_Fort" title="Zorawar Fort">Zorawar Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahu_Fort" title="Bahu Fort">Bahu Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobindgarh_Fort" title="Gobindgarh Fort">Gobindgarh Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillaur_Fort" title="Phillaur Fort">Phillaur Fort</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Officials and warriors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Natives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhian_Singh" title="Dhian Singh">Dhian Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Dina_Nath" title="Diwan Dina Nath">Diwan Dina Nath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Bhawani_Das" title="Diwan Bhawani Das">Diwan Bhawani Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Buta_Singh" title="Diwan Buta Singh">Diwan Buta Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratap_Singh_(Sikh_prince)" title="Pratap Singh (Sikh prince)">Pratap Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misr_Diwan_Chand" title="Misr Diwan Chand">Misr Diwan Chand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Mulraj_Chopra" title="Diwan Mulraj Chopra">Diwan Mulraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hari_Singh_Nalwa" title="Hari Singh Nalwa">Hari Singh Nalwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahan_Singh_Mirpuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahan Singh Mirpuri">Mahan Singh Mirpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewan_Mokham_Chand" title="Dewan Mokham Chand">Dewan Mokham Chand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khushal_Singh_Jamadar" title="Khushal Singh Jamadar">Khushal Singh Jamadar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zorawar_Singh_(Dogra_general)" title="Zorawar Singh (Dogra general)">Zorawar Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tej_Singh" title="Tej Singh">Tej Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Singh" title="Lal Singh">Lal Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulab_Singh" title="Gulab Singh">Gulab Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balbhadra_Kunwar" title="Balbhadra Kunwar">Balbhadra Kunwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawahar_Singh_(wazir)" title="Jawahar Singh (wazir)">Jawahar Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehta_Basti_Ram" title="Mehta Basti Ram">Mehta Basti Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sham_Singh_Attariwalla" class="mw-redirect" title="Sham Singh Attariwalla">Sham Singh Attariwalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sher_Singh_Attariwalla" title="Sher Singh Attariwalla">Sher Singh Attariwalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattar_Singh_Attariwalla" title="Chattar Singh Attariwalla">Chattar Singh Attariwalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desa_Singh_Majithia" title="Desa Singh Majithia">Desa Singh Majithia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amar_Singh_Majithia" title="Amar Singh Majithia">Amar Singh Majithia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehna_Singh_Majithia" title="Lehna Singh Majithia">Lehna Singh Majithia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranjodh_Singh_Majithia" title="Ranjodh Singh Majithia">Ranjodh Singh Majithia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surat_Singh" title="Surat Singh">Surat Singh Majithia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangal_Singh_Ramgarhia" title="Mangal Singh Ramgarhia">Mangal Singh Ramgarhia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akali_Phula_Singh" title="Akali Phula Singh">Akali Phula Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandu_Lal" title="Chandu Lal">Chandu Lal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajit_Singh_Sandhawalia" title="Ajit Singh Sandhawalia">Ajit Singh Sandhawalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahan_Singh_Nakai" title="Kahan Singh Nakai">Kahan Singh Nakai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangat_Singh_Saini" title="Sangat Singh Saini">Sangat Singh Saini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardar_Hukma_Singh" title="Sardar Hukma Singh">Hukma Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veer_Singh_Dhillon" title="Veer Singh Dhillon">Veer Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarnail_Ghaus_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jarnail Ghaus Khan">Jarnail Ghaus Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilahi_Bakhsh" title="Ilahi Bakhsh">Ilahi Bakhsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakir_Azizuddin" title="Fakir Azizuddin">Fakir Azizuddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Mahmud_Khan" title="Sultan Mahmud Khan">Sultan Mahmud Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malik_Fateh_Khan_Tiwana" title="Malik Fateh Khan Tiwana">Malik Fateh Khan Tiwana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sohan_Lal_Suri" title="Sohan Lal Suri">Sohan Lal Suri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moti_Ram" title="Moti Ram">Moti Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Ram_Dayal" title="Diwan Ram Dayal">Diwan Ram Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Kirpa_Ram" title="Diwan Kirpa Ram">Diwan Kirpa Ram</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Foreigners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Allard" title="Jean-François Allard">Jean-François Allard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Ventura" title="Jean-Baptiste Ventura">Jean-Baptiste Ventura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Auguste_Court" title="Claude Auguste Court">Claude Auguste Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Henri_Mouton" title="François Henri Mouton">François Henri Mouton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gardner_(soldier)" title="Alexander Gardner (soldier)">Alexander Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Avitabile" title="Paolo Avitabile">Paolo Avitabile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Harlan" title="Josiah Harlan">Josiah Harlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Martin_Honigberger" title="Johann Martin Honigberger">Johann Martin Honigberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Lawrence_(Indian_Army_officer)" title="Henry Lawrence (Indian Army officer)">Henry Lawrence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Influential families</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sandhawalia" title="Sandhawalia">Sandhawalia family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majithia_family" title="Majithia family">Majithia family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwana_family_of_Shahpur" title="Tiwana family of Shahpur">Tiwana family</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amritsar_(1809)" title="Treaty of Amritsar (1809)">Treaty of Amritsar (1809)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Treaty_(1838)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripartite Treaty (1838)">Tripartite Treaty (1838)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Chushul" title="Treaty of Chushul">Treaty of Chushul (1842)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lahore" title="Treaty of Lahore">Treaty of Lahore (1846)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amritsar_(1846)" title="Treaty of Amritsar (1846)">Treaty of Amritsar (1846)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalsa_Darbar_records" title="Khalsa Darbar records">Khalsa Darbar records</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh festivals">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandi_Chhor_Divas" title="Bandi Chhor Divas">Bandi Chhor Divas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hola_Mohalla" title="Hola Mohalla">Hola Mohalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghi" title="Maghi">Maghi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mela_Maghi" title="Mela Maghi">Mela Maghi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikhism" title="Category:Sikhism">Other topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sikhism" title="History of Sikhism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_culture" title="Sikh culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_art" title="Sikh art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_music" title="Sikh music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ik_Onkar" title="Ik Onkar">Ik Onkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waheguru" title="Waheguru">Waheguru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanda_(Sikh_symbol)" title="Khanda (Sikh symbol)">Khanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panj_Pyare" title="Panj Pyare">Panj Pyare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Films_about_Sikhism" title="Category:Films about Sikhism">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_literature" title="Category:Sikh literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_music" title="Category:Sikh music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_names" title="Sikh names">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_places" title="Category:Sikh places">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_politics" title="Category:Sikh politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhs_in_the_British_Indian_Army" title="Sikhs in the British Indian Army">Sikhs in the British Indian Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/11th_Sikh_Regiment" title="11th Sikh Regiment">11th Sikh Regiment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Regiment" title="Sikh Regiment">Sikh Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Light_Infantry" title="Sikh Light Infantry">Sikh Light Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanakshahi_calendar" title="Nanakshahi calendar">Nanakshahi calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramananda" title="Ramananda">Ramananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fariduddin_Ganjshakar" class="mw-redirect" title="Fariduddin Ganjshakar">Fariduddin Ganjshakar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardar" title="Sardar">Sardar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dastar" title="Dastar">Dastar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharamyudh_(Sikhism)" title="Dharamyudh (Sikhism)">Dharamyudh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Sikhism" title="Islam and Sikhism">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_Sikhism" title="Jainism and Sikhism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Sikhism" title="Hinduism and Sikhism">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rama_in_Sikhism" title="Rama in Sikhism">Rama</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikhs" title="Category:Sikhs">Sikhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidassia" title="Ravidassia">Ravidassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Sikhism" title="Women in Sikhism">Women in Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_and_sexual_orientation" title="Sikhism and sexual orientation">Sikhism and sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fiction_about_Sikhism" title="Category:Fiction about Sikhism">In Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idolatry_in_Sikhism" title="Idolatry in Sikhism">Idolatry in Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Sikhism" title="Criticism of Sikhism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Punjab" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Punjab">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabis" title="Punjabis">Punjabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi language</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurmukhi script">Gurmukhī</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_trees_in_Sikhism" title="Sacred trees in Sikhism">Sacred trees</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Panj_Takht" title="Panj Takht">Takht</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akal_Takht" title="Akal Takht">Akal Takht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht_Sri_Damdama_Sahib" title="Takht Sri Damdama Sahib">Damdama Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht_Kesgarh_Sahib" title="Takht Kesgarh Sahib">Kesgarh Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazur_Sahib_Nanded" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazur Sahib Nanded">Hazur Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht_Sri_Patna_Sahib" title="Takht Sri Patna Sahib">Patna Sahib</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" 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