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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Features</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Architecture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Registers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Registers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Registers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Registers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Instruction_formats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Instruction_formats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Instruction formats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Instruction_formats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Instructions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Instructions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Instructions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Instructions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Loads_and_stores" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Loads_and_stores"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Loads and stores</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Loads_and_stores-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ALU_operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ALU_operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>ALU operations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ALU_operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Branching" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Branching"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3</span> <span>Branching</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Branching-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Large_constants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Large_constants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.4</span> <span>Large constants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Large_constants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Synthetic_instructions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synthetic_instructions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Synthetic instructions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synthetic_instructions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-SPARC_architecture_licensees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SPARC_architecture_licensees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>SPARC architecture licensees</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SPARC_architecture_licensees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Implementations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Implementations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Implementations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Implementations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operating_system_support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operating_system_support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Operating system support</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operating_system_support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Open_source_implementations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Open_source_implementations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Open source implementations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Open_source_implementations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supercomputers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supercomputers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Supercomputers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supercomputers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> 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Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83" title="سبارك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سبارك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPARC" title="SPARC – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="SPARC" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPARC" title="SPARC – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="SPARC" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPARC" title="SPARC – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="SPARC" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPARC" title="SPARC – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="SPARC" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPARC" title="SPARC – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="SPARC" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPARC-Architektur" title="SPARC-Architektur – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="SPARC-Architektur" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPARC" title="SPARC – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="SPARC" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPARC" title="SPARC – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="SPARC" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_SPARC" title="Sun SPARC – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sun SPARC" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="اسپارک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اسپارک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_SPARC" title="Architecture SPARC – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Architecture SPARC" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPARC" title="SPARC – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="SPARC" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPARC" title="SPARC – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="SPARC" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPARC" title="SPARC – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="SPARC" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPARC" title="SPARC – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="SPARC" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPARC" title="SPARC – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="SPARC" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPARC" title="SPARC – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="SPARC" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPARC" title="SPARC – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="SPARC" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPARC" title="SPARC – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="SPARC" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPARC" title="SPARC – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="SPARC" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPARC" title="SPARC – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="SPARC" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPARC" title="SPARC – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="SPARC" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPARC" title="SPARC – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="SPARC" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPARC" title="SPARC – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="SPARC" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPARC" title="SPARC – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="SPARC" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPARC" title="SPARC – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="SPARC" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPARC" title="SPARC – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="SPARC" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPARC" title="SPARC – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="SPARC" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPARC" title="SPARC – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="SPARC" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPARC" title="SPARC – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="SPARC" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPARC" title="SPARC – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="SPARC" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96l%C3%A7eklenebilir_%C4%B0%C5%9Flemci_Mimarisi" title="Ölçeklenebilir İşlemci Mimarisi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ölçeklenebilir İşlemci Mimarisi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPARC" title="SPARC – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="SPARC" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPARC" title="SPARC – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="SPARC" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPARC" title="SPARC – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="SPARC" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">RISC instruction set architecture</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/SPARC_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="SPARC (disambiguation)">SPARC (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">SPARC</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Sparc-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Sparc-logo.svg/220px-Sparc-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Sparc-logo.svg/330px-Sparc-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Sparc-logo.svg/440px-Sparc-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="472" data-file-height="216" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun Microsystems</a> (acquired by <a href="/wiki/Oracle_Corporation" title="Oracle Corporation">Oracle Corporation</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-cpushack_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cpushack-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-timeline_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timeline-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Bits</th><td class="infobox-data">64-bit (32 → 64)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Introduced</th><td class="infobox-data">1986<span class="noprint">; 38 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1986</span>)</span> (production)<br />1987<span class="noprint">; 37 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1987</span>)</span> (shipments)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Version</th><td class="infobox-data">V9 (1993) / OSA2017</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Computer_architecture" title="Computer architecture">Design</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Reduced_instruction_set_computer" title="Reduced instruction set computer">RISC</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Load%E2%80%93store" class="mw-redirect" title="Load–store">Load–store</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Instruction_set" class="mw-redirect" title="Instruction set">Encoding</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Fixed</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Branch_(computer_science)" title="Branch (computer science)">Branching</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Status_register" title="Status register">Condition code</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Endianness" title="Endianness">Endianness</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bi-endian" class="mw-redirect" title="Bi-endian">Bi</a> (Big → Bi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Page size</th><td class="infobox-data">8 KB (4 KB → 8 KB)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Extensions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Visual_Instruction_Set" title="Visual Instruction Set">VIS</a> 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Open</th><td class="infobox-data">Yes, and royalty free</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Processor_register" title="Processor register">Registers</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/General-purpose_register" class="mw-redirect" title="General-purpose register">General-purpose</a></th><td class="infobox-data">31 (G0 = 0; non-global registers use <a href="/wiki/Register_window" title="Register window">register windows</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Floating_point" class="mw-redirect" title="Floating point">Floating point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">32 (usable as 32 single-precision, 32 double-precision, or 16 quad-precision)</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sun_UltraSPARCII.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Sun_UltraSPARCII.jpg/220px-Sun_UltraSPARCII.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Sun_UltraSPARCII.jpg/330px-Sun_UltraSPARCII.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Sun_UltraSPARCII.jpg/440px-Sun_UltraSPARCII.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun</a> <a href="/wiki/UltraSPARC_II" title="UltraSPARC II">UltraSPARC II</a> microprocessor (1997)</figcaption></figure> <p><b>SPARC</b> (<b>Scalable Processor ARChitecture</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Reduced_instruction_set_computer" title="Reduced instruction set computer">reduced instruction set computer</a> (RISC) <a href="/wiki/Instruction_set_architecture" title="Instruction set architecture">instruction set architecture</a> originally developed by <a href="/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun Microsystems</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cpushack_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cpushack-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-timeline_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timeline-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its design was strongly influenced by the experimental <a href="/wiki/Berkeley_RISC" title="Berkeley RISC">Berkeley RISC</a> system developed in the early 1980s. First developed in 1986 and released in 1987,<sup id="cite_ref-cpu-collection_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cpu-collection-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-timeline_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timeline-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SPARC was one of the most successful early commercial RISC systems, and its success led to the introduction of similar RISC designs from many vendors through the 1980s and 1990s. </p><p>The first implementation of the original <a href="/wiki/32-bit_computing" title="32-bit computing">32-bit</a> architecture (SPARC V7) was used in Sun's <a href="/wiki/Sun-4" title="Sun-4">Sun-4</a> computer <a href="/wiki/Workstation" title="Workstation">workstation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Server_(computing)" title="Server (computing)">server</a> systems, replacing their earlier <a href="/wiki/Sun-3" title="Sun-3">Sun-3</a> systems based on the <a href="/wiki/Motorola_68000_series" title="Motorola 68000 series">Motorola 68000 series</a> of processors. SPARC V8 added a number of improvements that were part of the <a href="/wiki/SuperSPARC" title="SuperSPARC">SuperSPARC</a> series of processors released in 1992. SPARC V9, released in 1993, introduced a <a href="/wiki/64-bit_computing" title="64-bit computing">64-bit</a> architecture and was first released in Sun's <a href="/wiki/UltraSPARC" title="UltraSPARC">UltraSPARC</a> processors in 1995. Later, SPARC processors were used in <a href="/wiki/Symmetric_multiprocessing" title="Symmetric multiprocessing">symmetric multiprocessing</a> (SMP) and <a href="/wiki/Non-uniform_memory_access" title="Non-uniform memory access">non-uniform memory access</a> (<a href="/wiki/CC-NUMA" class="mw-redirect" title="CC-NUMA">CC-NUMA</a>) servers produced by Sun, <a href="/wiki/Solbourne_Computer" title="Solbourne Computer">Solbourne</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fujitsu" title="Fujitsu">Fujitsu</a>, among others. </p><p>The design was turned over to the SPARC International trade group in 1989, and since then its architecture has been developed by its members. SPARC International is also responsible for licensing and promoting the SPARC architecture, managing SPARC trademarks (including SPARC, which it owns), and providing <a href="/wiki/Conformance_testing" title="Conformance testing">conformance testing</a>. SPARC International was intended to grow the SPARC architecture to create a larger ecosystem; SPARC has been licensed to several manufacturers, including <a href="/wiki/Atmel" title="Atmel">Atmel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bipolar_Integrated_Technology" title="Bipolar Integrated Technology">Bipolar Integrated Technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cypress_Semiconductor" title="Cypress Semiconductor">Cypress Semiconductor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fujitsu" title="Fujitsu">Fujitsu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panasonic" title="Panasonic">Matsushita</a> and <a href="/wiki/Texas_Instruments" title="Texas Instruments">Texas Instruments</a>. Due to SPARC International, SPARC is fully open, non-proprietary and royalty-free. </p><p>As of 2024, the latest commercial high-end SPARC processors are <a href="/wiki/Fujitsu" title="Fujitsu">Fujitsu</a>'s <a href="/wiki/SPARC64_V#SPARC64_XII" title="SPARC64 V">SPARC64 XII</a> (introduced in September 2017 for its SPARC M12 server) and <a href="/wiki/Oracle_Corporation" title="Oracle Corporation">Oracle</a>'s <a href="/wiki/SPARC_M8" class="mw-redirect" title="SPARC M8">SPARC M8</a> introduced in September 2017 for its high-end servers. </p><p>On September 1, 2017, after a round of layoffs that started in Oracle Labs in November 2016, Oracle terminated SPARC design after completing the M8. Much of the processor core development group in Austin, Texas, was dismissed, as were the teams in Santa Clara, California, and Burlington, Massachusetts.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fujitsu will also discontinue their SPARC production (has already shifted to producing their own <a href="/wiki/ARM_architecture_family" title="ARM architecture family">ARM</a>-based CPUs), after two "enhanced" versions of Fujitsu's older SPARC M12 server in 2020–22 (formerly planned for 2021) and again in 2026–27, end-of-sale in 2029, of UNIX servers and a year later for their <a href="/wiki/Mainframe_computer" title="Mainframe computer">mainframe</a> and end-of-support in 2034 "to promote customer modernization".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Features">Features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SPARC&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The SPARC architecture was heavily influenced by the earlier RISC designs, including the <a href="/wiki/Berkeley_RISC" title="Berkeley RISC">RISC</a> I and II from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a> and the <a href="/wiki/IBM_801" title="IBM 801">IBM 801</a>. These original RISC designs were minimalist, including as few features or op-codes as possible and aiming to execute instructions at a rate of almost one instruction per <a href="/wiki/Clock_signal" title="Clock signal">clock cycle</a>. This made them similar to the <a href="/wiki/MIPS_architecture" title="MIPS architecture">MIPS architecture</a> in many ways, including the lack of instructions such as multiply or divide. Another feature of SPARC influenced by this early RISC movement is the <a href="/wiki/Branch_delay_slot" class="mw-redirect" title="Branch delay slot">branch delay slot</a>. </p><p>The SPARC processor usually contains as many as 160 <a href="/wiki/Processor_register" title="Processor register">general-purpose registers</a>. According to the "Oracle SPARC Architecture 2015" specification an "implementation may contain from 72 to 640 general-purpose 64-bit" registers.<sup id="cite_ref-SPARC_2015_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SPARC_2015-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At any point, only 32 of them are immediately visible to software — 8 are a set of global registers (one of which, <b>g0</b>, is hard-wired to zero, so only seven of them are usable as registers) and the other 24 are from the <a href="/wiki/Stack_(abstract_data_type)" title="Stack (abstract data type)">stack</a> of registers. These 24 registers form what is called a <a href="/wiki/Register_window" title="Register window">register window</a>, and at function call/return, this window is moved up and down the register stack. Each window has eight local registers and shares eight registers with each of the adjacent windows. The shared registers are used for passing function parameters and returning values, and the local registers are used for retaining local values across function calls. </p><p>The "scalable" in SPARC comes from the fact that the SPARC specification allows implementations to scale from embedded processors up through large server processors, all sharing the same core (non-privileged) instruction set. One of the architectural parameters that can scale is the number of implemented register windows; the specification allows from three to 32 windows to be implemented, so the implementation can choose to implement all 32 to provide maximum <a href="/wiki/Call_stack" title="Call stack">call stack</a> efficiency, or to implement only three to reduce cost and complexity of the design, or to implement some number between them. Other architectures that include similar <a href="/wiki/Register_file" title="Register file">register file</a> features include <a href="/wiki/Intel_i960" title="Intel i960">Intel i960</a>, <a href="/wiki/IA-64" title="IA-64">IA-64</a>, and <a href="/wiki/AMD_29000" class="mw-redirect" title="AMD 29000">AMD 29000</a>. </p><p>The architecture has gone through several revisions. It gained hardware multiply and divide functionality in version 8.<sup id="cite_ref-gcc-doc_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gcc-doc-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-osnews-gcc_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osnews-gcc-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/64-bit_computing" title="64-bit computing">64-bit</a> (addressing and data) were added to the version 9 SPARC specification published in 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-sparc-v9-whitepaper_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sparc-v9-whitepaper-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In SPARC version 8, the <a href="/wiki/Floating-point_arithmetic" title="Floating-point arithmetic">floating-point</a> register file has 16 <a href="/wiki/Double-precision_floating-point_format" title="Double-precision floating-point format">double-precision</a> registers. Each of them can be used as two <a href="/wiki/Single-precision_floating-point_format" title="Single-precision floating-point format">single-precision</a> registers, providing a total of 32 single-precision registers. An odd–even number pair of double-precision registers can be used as a <a href="/wiki/Quadruple-precision_floating-point_format" title="Quadruple-precision floating-point format">quad-precision</a> register, thus allowing 8 quad-precision registers. SPARC Version 9 added 16 more double-precision registers (which can also be accessed as 8 quad-precision registers), but these additional registers can not be accessed as single-precision registers. No SPARC CPU implements quad-precision operations in hardware as of 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tagged_architecture" title="Tagged architecture">Tagged</a> add and subtract instructions perform adds and subtracts on values checking that the bottom two bits of both operands are 0 and reporting overflow if they are not. This can be useful in the implementation of the <a href="/wiki/Run-time_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Run-time system">run time</a> for <a href="/wiki/ML_(programming_language)" title="ML (programming language)">ML</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">Lisp</a>, and similar languages that might use a tagged integer format. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Endianness" title="Endianness">endianness</a> of the <a href="/wiki/32-bit_computing" title="32-bit computing">32-bit</a> SPARC V8 architecture is purely big-endian. The 64-bit SPARC V9 architecture uses big-endian instructions, but can access data in either big-endian or little-endian byte order, chosen either at the application instruction (<a href="/wiki/Load%E2%80%93store_unit" title="Load–store unit">load–store</a>) level or at the <a href="/wiki/Paging" class="mw-redirect" title="Paging">memory page</a> level (via an MMU setting). The latter is often used for accessing data from inherently little-endian devices, such as those on PCI buses. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SPARC&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There have been three major revisions of the architecture. The first published version was the 32-bit <i>SPARC version 7</i> (V7) in 1986. <i>SPARC version 8</i> (V8), an enhanced SPARC architecture definition, was released in 1990. The main differences between V7 and V8 were the addition of integer multiply and divide instructions, and an upgrade from 80-bit "extended-precision" floating-point arithmetic to 128-bit "<a href="/wiki/Quadruple-precision_floating-point_format" title="Quadruple-precision floating-point format">quad-precision</a>" arithmetic. SPARC V8 served as the basis for IEEE Standard 1754-1994, an <a href="/wiki/IEEE" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE">IEEE</a> standard for a 32-bit microprocessor architecture. </p><p><i>SPARC version 9</i>, the 64-bit SPARC architecture, was released by SPARC International in 1993. It was developed by the SPARC Architecture Committee consisting of <a href="/wiki/Amdahl_Corporation" title="Amdahl Corporation">Amdahl Corporation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fujitsu" title="Fujitsu">Fujitsu</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Computers_Limited" title="International Computers Limited">ICL</a>, <a href="/wiki/LSI_Logic" class="mw-redirect" title="LSI Logic">LSI Logic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panasonic" title="Panasonic">Matsushita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philips" title="Philips">Philips</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ross_Technology" title="Ross Technology">Ross Technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun Microsystems</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Texas_Instruments" title="Texas Instruments">Texas Instruments</a>. Newer specifications always remain compliant with the full SPARC V9 Level 1 specification. </p><p>In 2002, the SPARC <i>Joint Programming Specification 1</i> (JPS1) was released by Fujitsu and Sun, describing processor functions which were identically implemented in the CPUs of both companies ("Commonality"). The first CPUs conforming to JPS1 were the UltraSPARC III by Sun and the SPARC64 V by Fujitsu. Functionalities which are not covered by JPS1 are documented for each processor in "Implementation Supplements". </p><p>At the end of 2003, JPS2 was released to support multicore CPUs. The first CPUs conforming to JPS2 were the UltraSPARC IV by Sun and the SPARC64 VI by Fujitsu. </p><p>In early 2006, Sun released an extended architecture specification, <i>UltraSPARC Architecture 2005</i>. This includes not only the non-privileged and most of the privileged portions of SPARC V9, but also all the architectural extensions developed through the processor generations of UltraSPARC III, IV, and IV+, as well as CMT extensions starting with the <a href="/wiki/UltraSPARC_T1" title="UltraSPARC T1">UltraSPARC T1</a> implementation: </p> <ul><li>the <a href="/wiki/Visual_Instruction_Set" title="Visual Instruction Set">VIS</a> 1 and VIS 2 instruction set extensions and the associated GSR register</li> <li>multiple levels of global registers, controlled by the GL register</li> <li>Sun's 64-bit MMU architecture</li> <li>privileged instructions ALLCLEAN, OTHERW, NORMALW, and INVALW</li> <li>access to the VER register is now hyperprivileged</li> <li>the SIR instruction is now hyperprivileged</li></ul> <p>In 2007, Sun released an updated specification, <i>UltraSPARC Architecture 2007</i>, to which the <a href="/wiki/UltraSPARC_T2" title="UltraSPARC T2">UltraSPARC T2</a> implementation complied. </p><p>In December 2007, Sun also made the <a href="/wiki/UltraSPARC_T2" title="UltraSPARC T2">UltraSPARC T2</a> processor's RTL available via the <a href="/wiki/OpenSPARC" title="OpenSPARC">OpenSPARC</a> project.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also released under the GNU General public license v2.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> OpenSPARC T2 is 8 cores, 16 pipelines with 64 threads. </p><p>In August 2012, Oracle Corporation made available a new specification, <i>Oracle SPARC Architecture 2011</i>, which besides the overall update of the reference, adds the VIS 3 instruction set extensions and <a href="/wiki/Logical_Domains" class="mw-redirect" title="Logical Domains">hyperprivileged mode</a> to the 2007 specification.<sup id="cite_ref-sparc-arch-2011_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sparc-arch-2011-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2015, Oracle released SPARC M7, the first processor based on the new <i>Oracle SPARC Architecture 2015</i> specification.<sup id="cite_ref-SPARC_2015_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SPARC_2015-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This revision includes VIS 4 instruction set extensions and hardware-assisted encryption and silicon secured memory (SSM).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>SPARC architecture has provided continuous application binary compatibility from the first SPARC V7 implementation in 1987 through the Sun UltraSPARC Architecture implementations. </p><p>Among various implementations of SPARC, Sun's SuperSPARC and UltraSPARC-I were very popular, and were used as reference systems for <a href="/wiki/Standard_Performance_Evaluation_Corporation" title="Standard Performance Evaluation Corporation">SPEC</a> CPU95 and CPU2000 benchmarks. The 296 MHz UltraSPARC-II is the reference system for the SPEC CPU2006 benchmark. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SPARC&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>SPARC is a <a href="/wiki/Load%E2%80%93store_architecture" title="Load–store architecture">load–store architecture</a> (also known as a <i>register–register architecture</i>); except for the <a href="/wiki/Load/store_instructions" class="mw-redirect" title="Load/store instructions">load/store instructions</a> used to access <a href="/wiki/Computer_memory" title="Computer memory">memory</a>, all instructions operate on the registers, in accordance with the RISC design principles. </p><p>A SPARC processor includes an integer unit (IU) that performs integer load, store, and arithmetic operations.<sup id="cite_ref-sparc-v8-whitepaper_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sparc-v8-whitepaper-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 9">: 9 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sparc-v9-whitepaper_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sparc-v9-whitepaper-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 15–16">: 15–16 </span></sup> It may include a floating-point unit (FPU) that performs floating-point operations<sup id="cite_ref-sparc-v8-whitepaper_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sparc-v8-whitepaper-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 9">: 9 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sparc-v9-whitepaper_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sparc-v9-whitepaper-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 15–16">: 15–16 </span></sup> and, for SPARC V8, may include a co-processor (CP) that performs co-processor-specific operations; the architecture does not specify what functions a co-processor would perform, other than load and store operations.<sup id="cite_ref-sparc-v8-whitepaper_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sparc-v8-whitepaper-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 9">: 9 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Registers">Registers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SPARC&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Registers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The SPARC architecture has an overlapping register window scheme. At any instant, 32 general-purpose registers are visible. A Current Window Pointer (<i>CWP</i>) variable in the hardware points to the current set. The total size of the register file is not part of the architecture, allowing more registers to be added as the technology improves, up to a maximum of 32 windows in SPARC V7 and V8 as <i>CWP</i> is 5 bits and is part of the <i>PSR</i> register. </p><p>In SPARC V7 and V8 <i>CWP</i> will usually be decremented by the SAVE instruction (used by the SAVE instruction during the procedure call to open a new stack frame and switch the register window), or incremented by the RESTORE instruction (switching back to the call before returning from the procedure). Trap events (<a href="/wiki/Interrupt" title="Interrupt">interrupts</a>, exceptions or TRAP instructions) and RETT instructions (returning from traps) also change the <i>CWP</i>. For SPARC V9, CWP register is decremented during a RESTORE instruction, and incremented during a SAVE instruction. This is the opposite of PSR.CWP's behavior in SPARC V8. This change has no effect on nonprivileged instructions. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Window Addressing </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Register group</th> <th>Mnemonic</th> <th>Register address</th> <th>Availability </th></tr> <tr> <td>global</td> <td>G0...G7</td> <td>R[<span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>0]...R[<span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>7]</td> <td>always the same ones, G0 being zero always </td></tr> <tr> <td>out</td> <td>O0...O7</td> <td>R[<span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>8]...R[15]</td> <td>to be handed over to, and returned from, the called subroutine, as its "in" </td></tr> <tr> <td>local</td> <td>L0...L7</td> <td>R[16]...R[23]</td> <td>truly local to the current subroutine </td></tr> <tr> <td>in</td> <td>I0...I7</td> <td>R[24]...R[31]</td> <td>handed over from the caller, and returned to the caller, as its "out" </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>SPARC registers are shown in the figure above. </p><p>There is also a non-windowed Y register, used by the multiply-step, integer multiply, and integer divide instructions.<sup id="cite_ref-sparc-v8-whitepaper_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sparc-v8-whitepaper-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 32">: 32 </span></sup> </p><p>A SPARC V8 processor with an FPU includes 32 32-bit floating-point registers, each of which can hold one single-precision <a href="/wiki/IEEE_754" title="IEEE 754">IEEE 754</a> floating-point number. An even–odd pair of floating-point registers can hold one double-precision IEEE 754 floating-point number, and a quad-aligned group of four floating-point registers can hold one quad-precision IEEE 754 floating-point number.<sup id="cite_ref-sparc-v8-whitepaper_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sparc-v8-whitepaper-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 10">: 10 </span></sup> </p><p>A SPARC V9 processor with an FPU includes:<sup id="cite_ref-sparc-v9-whitepaper_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sparc-v9-whitepaper-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 36–40">: 36–40 </span></sup> </p> <ul><li>32 32-bit floating-point registers, each of which can hold one single-precision IEEE 754 floating-point number;</li> <li>32 64-bit floating-point registers, each of which can hold one double-precision IEEE 754 floating-point number;</li> <li>16 128-bit floating-point registers, each of which can hold one quad-precision IEEE 754 floating-point number.</li></ul> <p>The registers are organized as a set of 64 32-bit registers, with the first 32 being used as the 32-bit floating-point registers, even–odd pairs of all 64 registers being used as the 64-bit floating-point registers, and quad-aligned groups of four floating-point registers being used as the 128-bit floating-point registers. </p><p>Floating-point registers are not windowed; they are all global registers.<sup id="cite_ref-sparc-v9-whitepaper_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sparc-v9-whitepaper-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 36–40">: 36–40 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Instruction_formats">Instruction formats</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SPARC&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Instruction formats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All SPARC instructions occupy a full 32-bit word and start on a word boundary. Four formats are used, distinguished by the first two bits. All arithmetic and logical instructions have 2 source operands and 1 destination operand.<sup id="cite_ref-ncsu_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncsu-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> RD is the "destination register", where the output of the operation is deposited. The majority of SPARC instructions have at least this register, so it is placed near the "front" of the instruction format. RS1 and RS2 are the "source registers", which may or may not be present, or replaced by a constant. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>SPARC instruction formats </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Type </th> <th colspan="32">Bit </th></tr> <tr> <th>31</th> <th>30</th> <th>29</th> <th>28</th> <th>27</th> <th>26</th> <th>25</th> <th>24</th> <th>23</th> <th>22</th> <th>21</th> <th>20</th> <th>19</th> <th>18</th> <th>17</th> <th>16</th> <th>15</th> <th>14</th> <th>13</th> <th>12</th> <th>11</th> <th>10</th> <th>9</th> <th>8</th> <th>7</th> <th>6</th> <th>5</th> <th>4</th> <th>3</th> <th>2</th> <th>1</th> <th>0 </th></tr> <tr> <td>SETHI format</td> <td colspan="2">00</td> <td colspan="5">RD</td> <td colspan="3">100</td> <td colspan="22">Immediate constant 22 bits </td></tr> <tr> <td>I Branch format</td> <td colspan="2">00</td> <td>A</td> <td colspan="4">icc</td> <td colspan="3">010</td> <td colspan="22">Displacement constant 22 bits </td></tr> <tr> <td>F Branch format</td> <td colspan="2">00</td> <td>A</td> <td colspan="4">fcc</td> <td colspan="3">110</td> <td colspan="22">Displacement constant 22 bits </td></tr> <tr> <td>C Branch format</td> <td colspan="2">00</td> <td>A</td> <td colspan="4">ccc</td> <td colspan="3">111</td> <td colspan="22">Displacement constant 22 bits </td></tr> <tr> <td>CALL disp</td> <td colspan="2">01</td> <td colspan="30">PC-relative displacement </td></tr> <tr> <td>Arithmetic register</td> <td colspan="2">10</td> <td colspan="5">RD</td> <td colspan="6">opcode</td> <td colspan="5">RS1</td> <td>0</td> <td colspan="8">0</td> <td colspan="5">RS2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Arithmetic immediate</td> <td colspan="2">10</td> <td colspan="5">RD</td> <td colspan="6">opcode</td> <td colspan="5">RS1</td> <td>1</td> <td colspan="13">Immediate constant 13 bits </td></tr> <tr> <td>FPU operation</td> <td colspan="2">10</td> <td colspan="5">FD</td> <td colspan="6">110100/110101</td> <td colspan="5">FS1</td> <td colspan="9">opf</td> <td colspan="5">FS2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>CP operation</td> <td colspan="2">10</td> <td colspan="5">RD</td> <td colspan="6">110110/110111</td> <td colspan="5">RS1</td> <td colspan="9">opc</td> <td colspan="5">RS2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>JMPL register</td> <td colspan="2">10</td> <td colspan="5">RD</td> <td colspan="6">111000</td> <td colspan="5">RS1</td> <td>0</td> <td colspan="8">0</td> <td colspan="5">RS2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>JMPL immediate</td> <td colspan="2">10</td> <td colspan="5">RD</td> <td colspan="6">111000</td> <td colspan="5">RS1</td> <td>1</td> <td colspan="13">Immediate constant 13 bits </td></tr> <tr> <td>LD/ST register</td> <td colspan="2">11</td> <td colspan="5">RD</td> <td colspan="6">opcode</td> <td colspan="5">RS1</td> <td>0</td> <td colspan="8">0</td> <td colspan="5">RS2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>LD/ST immediate</td> <td colspan="2">11</td> <td colspan="5">RD</td> <td colspan="6">opcode</td> <td colspan="5">RS1</td> <td>1</td> <td colspan="13">Immediate constant 13 bits </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Instructions">Instructions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SPARC&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Instructions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Loads_and_stores">Loads and stores</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SPARC&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Loads and stores"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Load and store instructions have a three-operand format, in that they have two operands representing values for the address and one operand for the register to read or write to. The address is created by adding the two address operands to produce an address. The second address operand may be a constant or a register. Loads take the value at the address and place it in the register specified by the third operand, whereas stores take the value in the register specified by the first operand and place it at the address. To make this more obvious, the <a href="/wiki/Assembler_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Assembler language">assembler language</a> indicates address operands using square brackets with a plus sign separating the operands, instead of using a comma-separated list. Examples:<sup id="cite_ref-ncsu_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncsu-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <pre>ld [%L1+%L2],%L3 !load the 32-bit value at address %L1+%L2 and put the value into %L3 ld [%L1+8],%L2 !load the value at %L1+8 into %L2 ld [%L1],%L2 !as above, but no offset, which is the same as +%G0 st %L1,[%I2] !store the value in %L1 into the location stored in %I2 st %G0,[%I1+8] !clear the memory at %I1+8 </pre> <p>Due to the widespread use of non-32-bit data, such as 16-bit or 8-bit integral data or 8-bit bytes in strings, there are instructions that load and store 16-bit half-words and 8-bit bytes, as well as instructions that load 32-bit words. During a load, those instructions will read only the byte or half-word at the indicated location and then either fill the rest of the target register with zeros (unsigned load) or with the value of the uppermost bit of the byte or half-word (signed load). During a store, those instructions discard the upper bits in the register and store only the lower bits. There are also instructions for loading double-precision values used for <a href="/wiki/Floating-point_arithmetic" title="Floating-point arithmetic">floating-point arithmetic</a>, reading or writing eight bytes from the indicated register and the "next" one, so if the destination of a load is L1, L1 and L2 will be set. The complete list of load and store instructions for the general-purpose registers in 32-bit SPARC is <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">LD</code>, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">ST</code>, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">LDUB</code> (unsigned byte), <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">LDSB</code> (signed byte), <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">LDUH</code> (unsigned half-word), <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">LDSH</code> (signed half-word), <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">LDD</code> (load double), <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">STB</code> (store byte), <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">STH</code> (store half-word), <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">STD</code> (store double).<sup id="cite_ref-ncsu_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncsu-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In SPARC V9, registers are 64-bit, and the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">LD</code> instruction, renamed <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">LDUW</code>, clears the upper 32 bits in the register and loads the 32-bit value into the lower 32 bits, and the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">ST</code> instruction, renamed <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">STW</code>, discards the upper 32 bits of the register and stores only the lower 32 bits. The new <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">LDSW</code> instruction sets the upper bits in the register to the value of the uppermost bit of the word and loads the 32-bit value into the lower bits. The new <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">LDX</code> instruction loads a 64-bit value into the register, and the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">STX</code> instruction stores all 64 bits of the register. </p><p>The <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">LDF</code>, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">LDDF</code>, and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">LDQF</code> instructions load a single-precision, double-precision, or quad-precision value from memory into a floating-point register; the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">STF</code>, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">STDF</code>, and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">STQF</code> instructions store a single-precision, double-precision, or quad-precision floating-point register into memory. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Memory_barrier" title="Memory barrier">memory barrier</a> instruction, MEMBAR, serves two interrelated purposes: it articulates order constraints among memory references and facilitates explicit control over the completion of memory references. For example, all effects of the stores that appear prior to the MEMBAR instruction must be made visible to all processors before any loads following the MEMBAR can be executed.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="ALU_operations">ALU operations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SPARC&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: ALU operations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Arithmetic and logical instructions also use a three-operand format, with the first two being the operands and the last being the location to store the result. The middle operand can be a register or a 13-bit signed integer constant; the other operands are registers. Any of the register operands may point to G0; pointing the result to G0 discards the results, which can be used for tests. Examples include:<sup id="cite_ref-ncsu_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncsu-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <pre>add %L1,%L2,%L3 !add the values in %L1 and %L2 and put the result in %L3 add %L1,1,%L1 !increment %L1 add %G0,%G0,%L4 !clear any value in %L4 </pre> <p>The list of mathematical instructions is <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">ADD</code>, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">SUB</code>, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">AND</code>, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">OR</code>, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">XOR</code>, and negated versions <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">ANDN</code>, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">ORN</code>, and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">XNOR</code>. One quirk of the SPARC design is that most arithmetic instructions come in pairs, with one version setting the NZVC condition code bits in the <a href="/wiki/Status_register" title="Status register">status register</a>, and the other not setting them, with the default being <i>not</i> to set the codes. This is so that the compiler has a way to move instructions around when trying to fill delay slots. If one wants the condition codes to be set, this is indicated by adding <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">cc</code> to the instruction:<sup id="cite_ref-ncsu_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncsu-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <pre>subcc %L1,10,%G0 !compare %L1 to 10 and ignore the result, but set the flags </pre> <p>add and sub also have another modifier, X, which indicates whether the operation should set the carry bit: </p> <pre>addx %L1,100,%L1 !add 100 to the value in %L1 and track carry </pre> <p>SPARC V7 does not have multiplication or division instructions, but it does have <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">MULSCC</code>, which does one step of a multiplication testing one bit and conditionally adding the multiplicand to the product. This was because <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">MULSCC</code> can complete over one clock cycle in keeping with the RISC philosophy. SPARC V8 added <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">UMUL</code> (unsigned multiply), <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">SMUL</code> (signed multiply), <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">UDIV</code> (unsigned divide), and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">SDIV</code> (signed divide) instructions, with both versions that do not update the condition codes and versions that do. <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">MULSCC</code> and the multiply instructions use the Y register to hold the upper 32 bits of the product; the divide instructions use it to hold the upper 32 bits of the dividend. The <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">RDY</code> instruction reads the value of the Y register into a general-purpose register; the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">WRY</code> instruction writes the value of a general-purpose register to the Y register.<sup id="cite_ref-sparc-v8-whitepaper_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sparc-v8-whitepaper-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 32">: 32 </span></sup> SPARC V9 added <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">MULX</code>, which multiplies two 64-bit values and produces a 64-bit result, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">SDIVX</code>, which divides a 64-bit signed dividend by a 64-bit signed divisor and produces a 64-bit signed quotient, and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">UDIVX</code>, which divides a 64-bit unsigned dividend by a 64-bit unsigned divisor and produces a 64-bit signed quotient; none of those instructions use the Y register.<sup id="cite_ref-sparc-v9-whitepaper_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sparc-v9-whitepaper-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 199">: 199 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Branching">Branching</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SPARC&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Branching"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Conditional branches test condition codes in a <a href="/wiki/Status_register" title="Status register">status register</a>, as seen in many instruction sets such the <a href="/wiki/IBM_System/360_architecture" title="IBM System/360 architecture">IBM System/360 architecture</a> and successors and the <a href="/wiki/X86" title="X86">x86</a> architecture. This means that a test and branch is normally performed with two instructions; the first is an ALU instruction that sets the condition codes, followed by a branch instruction that examines one of those flags. The SPARC does not have specialized test instructions; tests are performed using normal ALU instructions with the destination set to %G0. For instance, to test if a register holds the value 10 and then branch to code that handles it, one would: </p> <pre>subcc %L1,10,%G0 !subtract 10 from %L1, setting the zero flag if %L1 is 10 be WASEQUAL !if the zero flag is set, branch to the address marked WASEQUAL </pre> <p>In a conditional branch instruction, the <b>icc</b> or <b>fcc</b> field specifies the condition being tested. The 22-bit displacement field is the address, relative to the current PC, of the target, in words, so that conditional branches can go forward or backward up to 8 megabytes. The <i>ANNUL</i> (A) bit is used to get rid of some delay slots. If it is 0 in a conditional branch, the delay slot is executed as usual. If it is 1, the delay slot is only executed if the branch is taken. If it is not taken, the instruction following the conditional branch is skipped. </p><p>There are a wide variety of conditional branches: <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">BA</code> (branch always, essentially a jmp), <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">BN</code> (branch never), <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">BE</code> (equals), <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">BNE</code> (not equals), <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">BL</code> (less than), <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">BLE</code> (less or equal), <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">BLEU</code> (less or equal, unsigned), <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">BG</code> (greater), <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">BGE</code> (greater or equal), <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">BGU</code> (greater unsigned), <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">BPOS</code> (positive), <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">BNEG</code> (negative), <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">BCC</code> (carry clear), <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">BCS</code> (carry set), <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">BVC</code> (overflow clear), <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">BVS</code> (overflow set).<sup id="cite_ref-sparc-v8-whitepaper_17-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sparc-v8-whitepaper-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 119–120">: 119–120 </span></sup> </p><p>The FPU and CP have sets of condition codes separate from the integer condition codes and from each other; two additional sets of branch instructions were defined to test those condition codes. Adding an F to the front of the branch instruction in the list above performs the test against the FPU's condition codes,<sup id="cite_ref-sparc-v8-whitepaper_17-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sparc-v8-whitepaper-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 121–122">: 121–122 </span></sup> while, in SPARC V8, adding a C tests the flags in the otherwise undefined CP.<sup id="cite_ref-sparc-v8-whitepaper_17-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sparc-v8-whitepaper-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 123–124">: 123–124 </span></sup> </p><p>The <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">CALL</code> (jump to subroutine) instruction uses a 30-bit <a href="/wiki/Program_counter" title="Program counter">program counter</a>-relative <i>word</i> offset. As the target address is specifying the start of a word, not a byte, 30-bits is all that is needed to reach any address in the 4 gigabyte address space.<sup id="cite_ref-ncsu_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncsu-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CALL instruction deposits the return address in register R15, also known as output register O7. </p><p>The <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">JMPL</code> (jump and link) instruction is a three-operand instruction, with two operands representing values for the target address and one operand for a register in which to deposit the return address. The address is created by adding the two address operands to produce a 32-bit address. The second address operand may be a constant or a register. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Large_constants">Large constants</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SPARC&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Large constants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the instruction opcode takes up some bits of the 32-bit instruction word, there is no way to load a 32-bit constant using a single instruction. This is significant because addresses are manipulated through registers and they are 32-bits. To ease this, the special-purpose <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">SETHI</code> instruction copies its 22-bit immediate operand into the high-order 22 bits of any specified register, and sets each of the low-order 10 bits to 0. In general use, SETHI is followed by an or instruction with only the lower 10 bits of the value set. To ease this, the assembler includes the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">%hi(X)</code> and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">%lo(X)</code> macros. For example:<sup id="cite_ref-ncsu_18-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncsu-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <pre>sethi %hi(0x89ABCDEF),%L1 !sets the upper 22 bits of L1 or %L1,%lo(0x89ABCDEF),%L1 !sets the lower 10 bits of L1 by ORing </pre> <p>The hi and lo macros are performed at assembly time, not runtime, so it has no performance hit yet makes it clearer that L1 is set to a single value, not two unrelated ones. To make this even easier, the assembler also includes a "synthetic instruction", <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">set</code>, that performs these two operations in a single line: </p> <pre>set 0x89ABCDEF,% L1 </pre> <p>This outputs the two instructions above if the value is larger than 13 bits, otherwise it will emit a single <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">ld</code> with the value.<sup id="cite_ref-ncsu_18-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncsu-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Synthetic_instructions">Synthetic instructions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SPARC&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Synthetic instructions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As noted earlier, the SPARC assembler uses "synthetic instructions" to ease common coding tasks. Additional examples include (among others):<sup id="cite_ref-ncsu_18-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncsu-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>SPARC synthetic instructions </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>mnemonic </th> <th>actual output </th> <th>purpose </th></tr> <tr> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-asm mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="nf">nop</span></code></td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-asm mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="nf">sethi</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nv">%g0</span></code></td> <td>do nothing </td></tr> <tr> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-asm mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="nf">clr</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">%reg</span></code></td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-asm mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="nf">or</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">%g0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nv">%g0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nv">%reg</span></code></td> <td>set a register to zero </td></tr> <tr> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-asm mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="nf">clr</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="no">address</span><span class="p">]</span></code></td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-asm mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="nf">st</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">%g0</span><span class="p">,[</span><span class="no">address</span><span class="p">]</span></code></td> <td>set a memory address to zero </td></tr> <tr> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-asm mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="nf">clrh</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="no">address</span><span class="p">]</span></code></td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-asm mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="nf">sth</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">%g0</span><span class="p">,[</span><span class="no">address</span><span class="p">]</span></code></td> <td>set the half-word at memory address to zero </td></tr> <tr> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-asm mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="nf">clrb</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="no">address</span><span class="p">]</span></code></td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-asm mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="nf">stb</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">%g0</span><span class="p">,[</span><span class="no">address</span><span class="p">]</span></code></td> <td>set the byte at memory address to zero </td></tr> <tr> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-asm mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="nf">cmp</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">%reg1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nv">%reg2</span></code></td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-asm mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="nf">subcc</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">%reg1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nv">%reg2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nv">%g0</span></code></td> <td>compare two registers, set codes, discard results </td></tr> <tr> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-asm mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="nf">cmp</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">%reg</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="no">const</span></code></td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-asm mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="nf">subcc</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">%reg</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="no">const</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nv">%g0</span></code></td> <td>compare register with constant </td></tr> <tr> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-asm mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="nf">mov</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">%reg1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nv">%reg2</span></code></td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-asm mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="nf">or</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">%g0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nv">%reg1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nv">%reg2</span></code></td> <td>copy value from one register to another </td></tr> <tr> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-asm mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="nf">mov</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="no">const</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nv">%reg</span></code></td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-asm mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="nf">or</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">%g0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="no">const</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nv">%reg</span></code></td> <td>copy constant value into a register </td></tr> <tr> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-asm mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="nf">inc</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">%reg</span></code></td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-asm mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="nf">add</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">%reg</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nv">%reg</span></code></td> <td>increment a register </td></tr> <tr> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-asm mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="nf">inccc</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">%reg</span></code></td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-asm mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="nf">addcc</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">%reg</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nv">%reg</span></code></td> <td>increment a register, set conditions </td></tr> <tr> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-asm mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="nf">dec</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">%reg</span></code></td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-asm mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="nf">sub</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">%reg</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nv">%reg</span></code></td> <td>decrement a register </td></tr> <tr> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-asm mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="nf">deccc</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">%reg</span></code></td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-asm mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="nf">subcc</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">%reg</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nv">%reg</span></code></td> <td>decrement a register, set conditions </td></tr> <tr> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-asm mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="nf">not</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">%reg</span></code></td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-asm mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="nf">xnor</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">%reg</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nv">%g0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nv">%reg</span></code></td> <td>flip the bits in a register </td></tr> <tr> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-asm mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="nf">neg</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">%reg</span></code></td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-asm mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="nf">sub</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">%g0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nv">%reg</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nv">%reg</span></code></td> <td>two's complement a register </td></tr> <tr> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-asm mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="nf">tst</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">%reg</span></code></td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-asm mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="nf">orcc</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">%reg</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nv">%g0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nv">%g0</span></code></td> <td>test whether the value in a register is > 0, 0, or < 0 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="SPARC_architecture_licensees">SPARC architecture licensees</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SPARC&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: SPARC architecture licensees"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a> was the <a href="/wiki/80386" class="mw-redirect" title="80386">80386</a>'s only producer, which made it very expensive and caused the industry to be wary of <a href="/wiki/Sole_source" class="mw-redirect" title="Sole source">sole sourced</a> CPUs. When Sun announced SPARC in 1987, the company stated that it would be available from multiple sources. Fujitsu was the first SPARC vendor, and Cypress Semiconductor was the second licensee; as of February 1989<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SPARC&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> their SPARC CPUs were available, as was Texas Instruments's FPU.<sup id="cite_ref-byte198902_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-byte198902-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following organizations have licensed the SPARC architecture: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afara_Websystems" title="Afara Websystems">Afara Websystems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_Integrated_Technology" title="Bipolar Integrated Technology">Bipolar Integrated Technology</a> (BIT)<sup id="cite_ref-byte198902_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-byte198902-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypress_Semiconductor" title="Cypress Semiconductor">Cypress Semiconductor</a><sup id="cite_ref-byte198902_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-byte198902-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Research_and_Technology_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="European Space Research and Technology Center">European Space Research and Technology Center</a> (ESTEC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujitsu" title="Fujitsu">Fujitsu</a><sup id="cite_ref-byte198902_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-byte198902-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (and its Fujitsu Microelectronics subsidiary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaisler_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaisler Research">Gaisler Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HAL_Computer_Systems" title="HAL Computer Systems">HAL Computer Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyundai_Group" title="Hyundai Group">Hyundai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LSI_Logic" class="mw-redirect" title="LSI Logic">LSI Logic</a><sup id="cite_ref-byte198902_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-byte198902-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harris_Corporation" title="Harris Corporation">Matra Harris Semiconductors</a> (MHS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panasonic" title="Panasonic">Matsushita Electrical Industrial Co.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiko_Scientific" title="Meiko Scientific">Meiko Scientific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaflow_Technologies" title="Metaflow Technologies">Metaflow Technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philips_Electronics" class="mw-redirect" title="Philips Electronics">Philips Electronics</a></li> <li>Prisma</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Technology" title="Ross Technology">Ross Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solbourne_Computer" title="Solbourne Computer">Solbourne Computer</a></li> <li>Systems & Processes Engineering Corporation (SPEC)</li> <li>TEMIC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Instruments" title="Texas Instruments">Texas Instruments</a><sup id="cite_ref-byte198902_20-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-byte198902-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weitek" title="Weitek">Weitek</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implementations">Implementations</h2><span 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tr:only-child::before,html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.sort-under-center.sortable.wikitable thead tr:only-child::before{padding-bottom:1.4em}}}</style> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-datatable sort-under mw-collapsible sticky-header" style="font-size: 85%;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <th>Name (codename) </th> <th>Model </th> <th abbr="Frequency">Frequency (MHz) </th> <th abbr="Architecture">Arch. version </th> <th>Year </th> <th abbr="Threads">Total threads<sup id="cite_ref-threads_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-threads-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th abbr="Process">Process (nm) </th> <th abbr="Transistors">Transistors (millions) </th> <th abbr="Size">Die size (mm<sup>2</sup>) </th> <th>IO pins </th> <th abbr="Power">Power (W) </th> <th abbr="Voltage">Voltage (V) </th> <th abbr="Data cache">L1 Dcache (KB) </th> <th abbr="Instruction cache">L1 Icache (KB) </th> <th abbr="L2 Cache">L2 cache (KB) </th> <th abbr="L3 Cache">L3 cache (KB) </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/MB86900" title="MB86900">SPARC MB86900</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Fujitsu" title="Fujitsu">Fujitsu</a><sup id="cite_ref-cpushack_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cpushack-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cpu-collection_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cpu-collection-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-timeline_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timeline-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>14.28–33</td> <td>V7</td> <td>1986</td> <td>1×1=1</td> <td>1300</td> <td>0.11</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>256</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td colspan="2">0–128 (unified)</td> <td style="background: #EEE; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-cast">none</td> <td style="background: #EEE; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-cast">none </td></tr> <tr> <th>SPARC </th> <td>Various<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>14.28–40</td> <td>V7</td> <td>1989–1992</td> <td>1×1=1</td> <td>800–1300</td> <td>~0.1–1.8</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>160–256</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td colspan="2">0–128 (unified)</td> <td style="background: #EEE; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-cast">none</td> <td style="background: #EEE; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-cast">none </td></tr> <tr> <th>MN10501 (KAP) </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Solbourne_Computer" title="Solbourne Computer">Solbourne Computer</a>, <p>Matsushita<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td> <td>33–36 </td> <td>V8 </td> <td>1990–1991 </td> <td>1x1=1 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>1.0<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>8 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>0–256 </td> <td style="background: #EEE; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-cast">none </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/MicroSPARC" title="MicroSPARC">microSPARC</a> I (Tsunami) </th> <td>TI TMS390S10 </td> <td>40–50</td> <td>V8</td> <td>1992</td> <td>1×1=1</td> <td>800</td> <td>0.8</td> <td>225?</td> <td>288</td> <td>2.5</td> <td>5</td> <td>2</td> <td>4</td> <td style="background: #EEE; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-cast">none</td> <td style="background: #EEE; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-cast">none </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/SuperSPARC" title="SuperSPARC">SuperSPARC</a> I (Viking) </th> <td>TI TMX390Z50 / Sun STP1020 </td> <td>33–60</td> <td>V8</td> <td>1992</td> <td>1×1=1</td> <td>800</td> <td>3.1</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>293</td> <td>14.3</td> <td>5</td> <td>16</td> <td>20</td> <td>0–2048</td> <td style="background: #EEE; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-cast">none </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/SPARClite" title="SPARClite">SPARClite</a> </th> <td>Fujitsu MB8683x </td> <td>66–108</td> <td>V8E</td> <td>1992</td> <td>1×1=1</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>144, 176</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>2.5/3.3–5.0 V, 2.5–3.3 V</td> <td>1, 2, 8, 16</td> <td>1, 2, 8, 16</td> <td style="background: #EEE; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-cast">none</td> <td style="background: #EEE; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-cast">none </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/HyperSPARC" title="HyperSPARC">hyperSPARC</a> (Colorado 1) </th> <td>Ross RT620A </td> <td>40–90</td> <td>V8</td> <td>1993</td> <td>1×1=1</td> <td>500</td> <td>1.5</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>5?</td> <td>0</td> <td>8</td> <td>128–256</td> <td style="background: #EEE; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-cast">none </td></tr> <tr> <th>microSPARC II (Swift) </th> <td>Fujitsu MB86904 / Sun STP1012 </td> <td>60–125</td> <td>V8</td> <td>1994</td> <td>1×1=1</td> <td>500</td> <td>2.3</td> <td>233</td> <td>321</td> <td>5</td> <td>3.3</td> <td>8</td> <td>16</td> <td style="background: #EEE; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-cast">none</td> <td style="background: #EEE; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-cast">none </td></tr> <tr> <th>hyperSPARC (Colorado 2) </th> <td>Ross RT620B </td> <td>90–125</td> <td>V8</td> <td>1994</td> <td>1×1=1</td> <td>400</td> <td>1.5</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>3.3</td> <td>0</td> <td>8</td> <td>128–256</td> <td style="background: #EEE; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-cast">none </td></tr> <tr> <th>SuperSPARC II (Voyager) </th> <td>Sun STP1021 </td> <td>75–90</td> <td>V8</td> <td>1994</td> <td>1×1=1</td> <td>800</td> <td>3.1</td> <td>299</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>16</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>16</td> <td>20</td> <td>1024–2048</td> <td style="background: #EEE; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-cast">none </td></tr> <tr> <th>hyperSPARC (Colorado 3) </th> <td>Ross RT620C </td> <td>125–166</td> <td>V8</td> <td>1995</td> <td>1×1=1</td> <td>350</td> <td>1.5</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>3.3</td> <td>0</td> <td>8</td> <td>512–1024</td> <td style="background: #EEE; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-cast">none </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/TurboSPARC" title="TurboSPARC">TurboSPARC</a> </th> <td>Fujitsu MB86907 </td> <td>160–180</td> <td>V8</td> <td>1996</td> <td>1×1=1</td> <td>350</td> <td>3.0</td> <td>132</td> <td>416</td> <td>7</td> <td>3.5</td> <td>16</td> <td>16</td> <td>512</td> <td style="background: #EEE; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-cast">none </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/UltraSPARC" title="UltraSPARC">UltraSPARC</a> (Spitfire) </th> <td>Sun STP1030 </td> <td>143–167</td> <td>V9</td> <td>1995</td> <td>1×1=1</td> <td>470</td> <td>3.8</td> <td>315</td> <td>521</td> <td>30<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>3.3</td> <td>16</td> <td>16</td> <td>512–1024</td> <td style="background: #EEE; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-cast">none </td></tr> <tr> <th>UltraSPARC (Hornet) </th> <td>Sun STP1030 </td> <td>200</td> <td>V9</td> <td>1995</td> <td>1×1=1</td> <td>420</td> <td>5.2</td> <td>265</td> <td>521</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>3.3</td> <td>16</td> <td>16</td> <td>512–1024</td> <td style="background: #EEE; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-cast">none </td></tr> <tr> <th>hyperSPARC (Colorado 4) </th> <td>Ross RT620D </td> <td>180–200</td> <td>V8</td> <td>1996</td> <td>1×1=1</td> <td>350</td> <td>1.7</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>3.3</td> <td>16</td> <td>16</td> <td>512</td> <td style="background: #EEE; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-cast">none </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/HAL_SPARC64" title="HAL SPARC64">SPARC64</a> </th> <td>Fujitsu (HAL) </td> <td>101–118</td> <td>V9</td> <td>1995</td> <td>1×1=1</td> <td>400</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>Multichip</td> <td>286</td> <td>50</td> <td>3.8</td> <td>128</td> <td>128</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/HAL_SPARC64#SPARC64_II" title="HAL SPARC64">SPARC64 II</a> </th> <td>Fujitsu (HAL) </td> <td>141–161</td> <td>V9</td> <td>1996</td> <td>1×1=1</td> <td>350</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>Multichip</td> <td>286</td> <td>64</td> <td>3.3</td> <td>128</td> <td>128</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/HAL_SPARC64#SPARC64_GP" title="HAL SPARC64">SPARC64 III</a> </th> <td>Fujitsu (HAL) MBCS70301 </td> <td>250–330</td> <td>V9</td> <td>1998</td> <td>1×1=1</td> <td>240</td> <td>17.6</td> <td>240</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>2.5</td> <td>64</td> <td>64</td> <td>8192</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/UltraSPARC_II" title="UltraSPARC II">UltraSPARC IIs</a> (Blackbird) </th> <td>Sun STP1031 </td> <td>250–400</td> <td>V9</td> <td>1997</td> <td>1×1=1</td> <td>350</td> <td>5.4</td> <td>149</td> <td>521</td> <td>25<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>2.5</td> <td>16</td> <td>16</td> <td>1024 or 4096</td> <td style="background: #EEE; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-cast">none </td></tr> <tr> <th>UltraSPARC IIs (Sapphire-Black) </th> <td>Sun STP1032 / STP1034 </td> <td>360–480</td> <td>V9</td> <td>1999</td> <td>1×1=1</td> <td>250</td> <td>5.4</td> <td>126</td> <td>521</td> <td>21<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>1.9</td> <td>16</td> <td>16</td> <td>1024–8192</td> <td style="background: #EEE; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-cast">none </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/UltraSPARC_IIi" class="mw-redirect" title="UltraSPARC IIi">UltraSPARC IIi</a> (Sabre) </th> <td>Sun SME1040 </td> <td>270–360</td> <td>V9</td> <td>1997</td> <td>1×1=1</td> <td>350</td> <td>5.4</td> <td>156</td> <td>587</td> <td>21</td> <td>1.9</td> <td>16</td> <td>16</td> <td>256–2048</td> <td style="background: #EEE; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-cast">none </td></tr> <tr> <th>UltraSPARC IIi (Sapphire-Red) </th> <td>Sun SME1430 </td> <td>333–480</td> <td>V9</td> <td>1998</td> <td>1×1=1</td> <td>250</td> <td>5.4</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>587</td> <td>21<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>1.9</td> <td>16</td> <td>16</td> <td>2048</td> <td style="background: #EEE; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-cast">none </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/UltraSPARC_IIe" class="mw-redirect" title="UltraSPARC IIe">UltraSPARC IIe</a> (Hummingbird) </th> <td>Sun SME1701 </td> <td>400–500</td> <td>V9</td> <td>1999</td> <td>1×1=1</td> <td>180 Al</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>370</td> <td>13<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>1.5–1.7</td> <td>16</td> <td>16</td> <td>256</td> <td style="background: #EEE; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-cast">none </td></tr> <tr> <th>UltraSPARC IIi (IIe+) (Phantom) </th> <td>Sun SME1532 </td> <td>550–650</td> <td>V9</td> <td>2000</td> <td>1×1=1</td> <td>180 Cu</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>370</td> <td>17.6</td> <td>1.7</td> <td>16</td> <td>16</td> <td>512</td> <td style="background: #EEE; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-cast">none </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/HAL_SPARC64#SPARC64_GP" title="HAL SPARC64">SPARC64 GP</a> </th> <td>Fujitsu SFCB81147 </td> <td>400–563</td> <td>V9</td> <td>2000</td> <td>1×1=1</td> <td>180</td> <td>30.2</td> <td>217</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>1.8</td> <td>128</td> <td>128</td> <td>8192</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/HAL_SPARC64#SPARC64_GP" title="HAL SPARC64">SPARC64 GP</a> </th> <td>-- </td> <td>600–810</td> <td>V9</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>1×1=1</td> <td>150</td> <td>30.2</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>1.5</td> <td>128</td> <td>128</td> <td>8192</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <th>SPARC64 IV </th> <td>Fujitsu MBCS80523 </td> <td>450–810</td> <td>V9</td> <td>2000</td> <td>1×1=1</td> <td>130</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>128</td> <td>128</td> <td>2048</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/UltraSPARC_III" title="UltraSPARC III">UltraSPARC III</a> (Cheetah) </th> <td>Sun SME1050 </td> <td>600</td> <td>JPS1</td> <td>2001</td> <td>1×1=1</td> <td>180 Al</td> <td>29</td> <td>330</td> <td>1368</td> <td>53</td> <td>1.6</td> <td>64</td> <td>32</td> <td>8192</td> <td style="background: #EEE; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-cast">none </td></tr> <tr> <th>UltraSPARC III (Cheetah) </th> <td>Sun SME1052 </td> <td>750–900</td> <td>JPS1</td> <td>2001</td> <td>1×1=1</td> <td>130 Al</td> <td>29</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>1368</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>1.6</td> <td>64</td> <td>32</td> <td>8192</td> <td style="background: #EEE; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-cast">none </td></tr> <tr> <th>UltraSPARC III Cu (Cheetah+) </th> <td>Sun SME1056 </td> <td>900–1200</td> <td>JPS1</td> <td>2001</td> <td>1×1=1</td> <td>130 Cu</td> <td>29</td> <td>232</td> <td>1368</td> <td>50<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>1.6</td> <td>64</td> <td>32</td> <td>8192</td> <td style="background: #EEE; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-cast">none </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/UltraSPARC_IIIi" class="mw-redirect" title="UltraSPARC IIIi">UltraSPARC IIIi</a> (Jalapeño) </th> <td>Sun SME1603 </td> <td>1064–1593</td> <td>JPS1</td> <td>2003</td> <td>1×1=1</td> <td>130</td> <td>87.5</td> <td>206</td> <td>959</td> <td>52</td> <td>1.3</td> <td>64</td> <td>32</td> <td>1024</td> <td style="background: #EEE; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-cast">none </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/SPARC64_V" title="SPARC64 V">SPARC64 V</a> (Zeus) </th> <td>Fujitsu </td> <td>1100–1350</td> <td>JPS1</td> <td>2003</td> <td>1×1=1</td> <td>130</td> <td>190</td> <td>289</td> <td>269</td> <td>40</td> <td>1.2</td> <td>128</td> <td>128</td> <td>2048</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/SPARC64_V#SPARC64_V+" title="SPARC64 V">SPARC64 V+</a> (Olympus-B) </th> <td>Fujitsu </td> <td>1650–2160</td> <td>JPS1</td> <td>2004</td> <td>1×1=1</td> <td>90</td> <td>400</td> <td>297</td> <td>279</td> <td>65</td> <td>1</td> <td>128</td> <td>128</td> <td>4096</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/UltraSPARC_IV" title="UltraSPARC IV">UltraSPARC IV</a> (Jaguar) </th> <td>Sun SME1167 </td> <td>1050–1350</td> <td>JPS2</td> <td>2004</td> <td>1×2=2</td> <td>130</td> <td>66</td> <td>356</td> <td>1368</td> <td>108</td> <td>1.35</td> <td>64</td> <td>32</td> <td>16384</td> <td style="background: #EEE; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-cast">none </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/UltraSPARC_IV%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="UltraSPARC IV+">UltraSPARC IV+</a> (Panther) </th> <td>Sun SME1167A </td> <td>1500–2100</td> <td>JPS2</td> <td>2005</td> <td>1×2=2</td> <td>90</td> <td>295</td> <td>336</td> <td>1368</td> <td>90</td> <td>1.1</td> <td>64</td> <td>64</td> <td>2048</td> <td>32768 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/UltraSPARC_T1" title="UltraSPARC T1">UltraSPARC T1</a> (Niagara) </th> <td>Sun SME1905 </td> <td>1000–1400</td> <td>UA2005</td> <td>2005</td> <td>4×8=32</td> <td>90</td> <td>300</td> <td>340</td> <td>1933</td> <td>72</td> <td>1.3</td> <td>8</td> <td>16</td> <td>3072</td> <td style="background: #EEE; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-cast">none </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/SPARC64_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="SPARC64 VI">SPARC64 VI</a> (Olympus-C) </th> <td>Fujitsu </td> <td>2150–2400</td> <td>JPS2</td> <td>2007</td> <td>2×2=4</td> <td>90</td> <td>540</td> <td>422</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>120–150</td> <td>1.1</td> <td>128×2</td> <td>128×2</td> <td>4096–6144</td> <td style="background: #EEE; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-cast">none </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/UltraSPARC_T2" title="UltraSPARC T2">UltraSPARC T2</a> (Niagara 2) </th> <td>Sun SME1908A </td> <td>1000–1600</td> <td>UA2007</td> <td>2007</td> <td>8×8=64</td> <td>65</td> <td>503</td> <td>342</td> <td>1831</td> <td>95</td> <td>1.1–1.5</td> <td>8</td> <td>16</td> <td>4096</td> <td style="background: #EEE; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-cast">none </td></tr> <tr> <th>UltraSPARC T2 Plus (Victoria Falls) </th> <td>Sun SME1910A </td> <td>1200–1600</td> <td>UA2007</td> <td>2008</td> <td>8×8=64</td> <td>65</td> <td>503</td> <td>342</td> <td>1831</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>8</td> <td>16</td> <td>4096</td> <td style="background: #EEE; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-cast">none </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/SPARC64_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="SPARC64 VII">SPARC64 VII</a> (Jupiter)<sup id="cite_ref-fujitsu-fx1-promo_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fujitsu-fx1-promo-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td>Fujitsu </td> <td>2400–2880</td> <td>JPS2</td> <td>2008</td> <td>2×4=8</td> <td>65</td> <td>600</td> <td>445</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>150</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>64×4</td> <td>64×4</td> <td>6144</td> <td style="background: #EEE; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-cast">none </td></tr> <tr> <th>UltraSPARC "RK" (<a href="/wiki/Rock_(processor)" title="Rock (processor)">Rock</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-sun-rock-whitepaper_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sun-rock-whitepaper-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td>Sun SME1832 </td> <td>2300</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">????</td> <td>canceled<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes-rock-canceled_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes-rock-canceled-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>2×16=32</td> <td>65</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td>396</td> <td>2326</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td>32</td> <td>32</td> <td>2048</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">? </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/SPARC64_VIIIfx" class="mw-redirect" title="SPARC64 VIIIfx">SPARC64 VIIIfx</a> (Venus)<sup id="cite_ref-heise-fujitsu-s64vii_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heise-fujitsu-s64vii-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-inquirer-fujitsu-fastest_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inquirer-fujitsu-fastest-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td>Fujitsu </td> <td>2000</td> <td>JPS2 / HPC-ACE</td> <td>2009</td> <td>1×8=8</td> <td>45</td> <td>760</td> <td>513</td> <td>1271</td> <td>58</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td>32×8</td> <td>32×8</td> <td>6144</td> <td style="background: #EEE; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-cast">none </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/LEON" title="LEON">LEON2FT</a> </th> <td>Atmel AT697F </td> <td>100</td> <td>V8</td> <td>2009</td> <td>1×1=1</td> <td>180</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>196</td> <td>1</td> <td>1.8/3.3</td> <td>16</td> <td>32</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—|none </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/SPARC_T3" title="SPARC T3">SPARC T3</a> (Rainbow Falls) </th> <td>Oracle/Sun </td> <td>1650</td> <td>UA2007</td> <td>2010</td> <td>8×16=128</td> <td>40<sup id="cite_ref-oracle-t3-whitepaper_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oracle-t3-whitepaper-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">????</td> <td>371</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td>139</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td>8</td> <td>16</td> <td>6144</td> <td style="background: #EEE; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-cast">none </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/FeiTeng" title="FeiTeng">Galaxy FT-1500</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Defense_Technology" title="National University of Defense Technology">NUDT</a> (China) </td> <td>1800</td> <td>UA2007?</td> <td>201?</td> <td>8×16=128</td> <td>40</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">????</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">???</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td>65</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td>16×16</td> <td>16×16</td> <td>512×16</td> <td>4096 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/SPARC64_VII%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="SPARC64 VII+">SPARC64 VII+</a> (Jupiter-E <small><i>or</i></small> M3)<sup id="cite_ref-register-t4-next-year_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-register-t4-next-year-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fujitsu-m-whitepaper_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fujitsu-m-whitepaper-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td>Fujitsu </td> <td>2667–3000</td> <td>JPS2</td> <td>2010</td> <td>2×4=8</td> <td>65</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>160</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>64×4</td> <td>64×4</td> <td>12288</td> <td style="background: #EEE; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-cast">none </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/LEON" title="LEON">LEON3FT</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Cobham_plc" class="mw-redirect" title="Cobham plc">Cobham Gaisler</a> GR712RC </td> <td>100</td> <td>V8E</td> <td>2011</td> <td>1×2=2</td> <td>180</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>1.5<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>1.8/3.3</td> <td>4x4Kb</td> <td>4x4Kb</td> <td style="background: #EEE; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-cast">none</td> <td style="background: #EEE; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-cast">none </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/MCST-R1000" title="MCST-R1000">R1000</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Center_of_SPARC_Technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow Center of SPARC Technologies">MCST</a> (Russia) </td> <td>1000</td> <td>JPS2</td> <td>2011</td> <td>1×4=4</td> <td>90</td> <td>180</td> <td>128</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>15</td> <td>1, 1.8, 2.5</td> <td>32</td> <td>16</td> <td>2048</td> <td style="background: #EEE; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-cast">none </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/SPARC_T4" title="SPARC T4">SPARC T4</a> (Yosemite Falls)<sup id="cite_ref-register-oracle-t4_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-register-oracle-t4-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td>Oracle </td> <td>2850–3000</td> <td>OSA2011</td> <td>2011</td> <td>8×8=64</td> <td>40</td> <td>855</td> <td>403</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td>240</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td>16×8</td> <td>16×8</td> <td>128×8</td> <td>4096 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/SPARC64_VI#SPARC64_IXfx" class="mw-redirect" title="SPARC64 VI">SPARC64 IXfx</a><sup id="cite_ref-fujitsu-s64ixfx_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fujitsu-s64ixfx-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fujitsu-fx10-launch_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fujitsu-fx10-launch-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td>Fujitsu </td> <td>1850</td> <td>JPS2 / HPC-ACE</td> <td>2012</td> <td>1x16=16</td> <td>40</td> <td>1870</td> <td>484</td> <td>1442</td> <td>110</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td>32×16</td> <td>32×16</td> <td>12288</td> <td style="background: #EEE; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-cast">none </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/SPARC64_X" class="mw-redirect" title="SPARC64 X">SPARC64 X</a> (Athena)<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td>Fujitsu </td> <td>2800</td> <td>OSA2011 / HPC-ACE</td> <td>2012</td> <td>2×16=32</td> <td>28</td> <td>2950</td> <td>587.5</td> <td>1500</td> <td>270</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td>64×16</td> <td>64×16</td> <td>24576</td> <td style="background: #EEE; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-cast">none </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/SPARC_T5" title="SPARC T5">SPARC T5</a> </th> <td>Oracle </td> <td>3600</td> <td>OSA2011</td> <td>2013</td> <td>8×16=128</td> <td>28</td> <td>1500</td> <td>478</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td>16×16</td> <td>16×16</td> <td>128×16</td> <td>8192 </td></tr> <tr> <th>SPARC M5<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td>Oracle </td> <td>3600</td> <td>OSA2011</td> <td>2013</td> <td>8×6=48</td> <td>28</td> <td>3900</td> <td>511</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td>16×6</td> <td>16×6</td> <td>128×6</td> <td>49152 </td></tr> <tr> <th>SPARC M6<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td>Oracle </td> <td>3600</td> <td>OSA2011</td> <td>2013</td> <td>8×12=96</td> <td>28</td> <td>4270</td> <td>643</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td>16×12</td> <td>16×12</td> <td>128×12</td> <td>49152 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/SPARC64_X%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="SPARC64 X+">SPARC64 X+</a> (Athena+)<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td>Fujitsu </td> <td>3200–3700</td> <td>OSA2011 / HPC-ACE</td> <td>2014</td> <td>2×16=32</td> <td>28</td> <td>2990</td> <td>600</td> <td>1500</td> <td>392</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td>64×16</td> <td>64×16</td> <td>24M</td> <td style="background: #EEE; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-cast">none </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/SPARC64_VI#SPARC64_XIfx" class="mw-redirect" title="SPARC64 VI">SPARC64 XIfx</a><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td>Fujitsu </td> <td>2200</td> <td>JPS2 / HPC-ACE2</td> <td>2014</td> <td>1×(32+2)=34</td> <td>20</td> <td>3750</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td>1001</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td>64×34</td> <td>64×34</td> <td>12M×2</td> <td style="background: #EEE; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-cast">none </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/SPARC_M7" class="mw-redirect" title="SPARC M7">SPARC M7</a><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td>Oracle </td> <td>4133</td> <td>OSA2015</td> <td>2015</td> <td>8×32=256</td> <td>20</td> <td>>10,000</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td>16×32</td> <td>16×32</td> <td>256×24</td> <td>65536 </td></tr> <tr> <th>SPARC S7<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td>Oracle </td> <td>4270</td> <td>OSA2015</td> <td>2016</td> <td>8×8=64</td> <td>20</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">????</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td>16×8</td> <td>16×8</td> <td>256×2+256×4</td> <td>16384 </td></tr> <tr> <th>SPARC64 XII<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td>Fujitsu </td> <td>4250</td> <td>OSA201? / HPC-ACE</td> <td>2017</td> <td>8×12=96</td> <td>20</td> <td>5500</td> <td>795</td> <td>1860</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td>64×12</td> <td>64×12</td> <td>512×12</td> <td>32768 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/SPARC_M8" class="mw-redirect" title="SPARC M8">SPARC M8</a><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td>Oracle </td> <td>5000</td> <td>OSA2017</td> <td>2017</td> <td>8×32=256</td> <td>20</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td>32×32</td> <td>16×32</td> <td>128×32+256×8</td> <td>65536 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/LEON" title="LEON">LEON4</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Cobham_plc" class="mw-redirect" title="Cobham plc">Cobham Gaisler</a> GR740 </td> <td>250<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>V8E</td> <td>2017</td> <td>1×4=4</td> <td>32</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>1.2/2.5/3.3</td> <td>4x4</td> <td>4x4</td> <td>2048</td> <td style="background: #EEE; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-cast">none </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/MCST-R2000" title="MCST-R2000">R2000</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Center_of_SPARC_Technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow Center of SPARC Technologies">MCST</a> (Russia) </td> <td>2000</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td>2018</td> <td>1×8=8</td> <td>28</td> <td>500</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td style="background: #EEE; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-cast">none </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/LEON" title="LEON">LEON5</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Cobham_plc" class="mw-redirect" title="Cobham plc">Cobham Gaisler</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>V8E</td> <td>2019</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td>16–8192</td> <td style="background: #EEE; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-cast">none </td></tr> <tr> <th>Name (codename) </th> <th>Model </th> <th abbr="Frequency">Frequency (MHz) </th> <th abbr="Architecture">Arch. version </th> <th>Year </th> <th abbr="Threads">Total threads<sup id="cite_ref-threads_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-threads-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th abbr="Process">Process (nm) </th> <th abbr="Transistors">Transistors (millions) </th> <th abbr="Size">Die size (mm<sup>2</sup>) </th> <th>IO pins </th> <th abbr="Power">Power (W) </th> <th abbr="Voltage">Voltage (V) </th> <th abbr="Data cache">L1 Dcache (KB) </th> <th abbr="Instruction cache">L1 Icache (KB) </th> <th abbr="L2 Cache">L2 cache (KB) </th> <th abbr="L3 Cache">L3 cache (KB) </th></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Notes</b>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-threads-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-threads_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-threads_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Threads per core × number of cores</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Various SPARC V7 implementations were produced by Fujitsu, <a href="/wiki/LSI_Logic" class="mw-redirect" title="LSI Logic">LSI Logic</a>, Weitek, Texas Instruments, Cypress and Temic. A SPARC V7 processor generally consisted of several discrete chips, usually comprising an integer unit (IU), a <a href="/wiki/Floating-point_unit" title="Floating-point unit">floating-point unit</a> (FPU), a <a href="/wiki/Memory_management_unit" title="Memory management unit">memory management unit</a> (MMU) and cache memory. Conversely, the Atmel (now Microchip Technology) TSC695 is a single-chip SPARC V7 implementation.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">@167 MHz</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">@250 MHz</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">@400 MHz</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">@440 MHz</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">max. @500 MHz</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">@1200 MHz</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">excluding I/O buses</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">nominal; specification from 100 to 424 MHz depending on attached RAM capabilities</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operating_system_support">Operating system support</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SPARC&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Operating system support"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>SPARC machines have generally used Sun's <a href="/wiki/SunOS" title="SunOS">SunOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solaris_(operating_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Solaris (operating system)">Solaris</a>, <a href="/wiki/JavaOS" title="JavaOS">JavaOS</a>, or <a href="/wiki/OpenSolaris" title="OpenSolaris">OpenSolaris</a> including derivatives <a href="/wiki/Illumos" title="Illumos">illumos</a> and <a href="/wiki/OpenIndiana" title="OpenIndiana">OpenIndiana</a>, but other <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a> have also been used, such as <a href="/wiki/NeXTSTEP" title="NeXTSTEP">NeXTSTEP</a>, <a href="/wiki/RTEMS" title="RTEMS">RTEMS</a>, <a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a>, <a href="/wiki/OpenBSD" title="OpenBSD">OpenBSD</a>, <a href="/wiki/NetBSD" title="NetBSD">NetBSD</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>. </p><p>In 1993, <a href="/wiki/Intergraph" title="Intergraph">Intergraph</a> announced a port of <a href="/wiki/Windows_NT" title="Windows NT">Windows NT</a> to the SPARC architecture,<sup id="cite_ref-sunflash-nt_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sunflash-nt-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it was later cancelled. </p><p>In October 2015, Oracle announced a "Linux for SPARC reference platform".<sup id="cite_ref-sparclinux_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sparclinux-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Open_source_implementations">Open source implementations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SPARC&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Open source implementations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several fully <a href="/wiki/Open-source_hardware" title="Open-source hardware">open source</a> implementations of the SPARC architecture exist: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LEON" title="LEON">LEON</a>, a 32-bit <a href="/wiki/Radiation_hardening" title="Radiation hardening">radiation-tolerant</a>, SPARC V8 implementation, designed especially for space use. <a href="/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">Source code</a> is written in <a href="/wiki/VHSIC_Hardware_Description_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="VHSIC Hardware Description Language">VHDL</a>, and licensed under the <a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GPL</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenSPARC" title="OpenSPARC">OpenSPARC</a> <a href="/wiki/UltraSPARC_T1" title="UltraSPARC T1">T1</a>, released in 2006, a 64-bit, 32-thread implementation conforming to the UltraSPARC Architecture 2005 and to SPARC Version 9 (Level 1). Source code is written in <a href="/wiki/Verilog" title="Verilog">Verilog</a>, and licensed under many licenses. Most OpenSPARC T1 source code is licensed under the GPL. Source based on existent open source projects will continue to be licensed under their current licenses. Binary programs are licensed under a binary <a href="/wiki/Software_license_agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Software license agreement">software license agreement</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S1_Core" title="S1 Core">S1</a>, a 64-bit Wishbone compliant CPU core based on the OpenSPARC T1 design. It is a single UltraSPARC V9 core capable of 4-way SMT. Like the T1, the source code is licensed under the GPL.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenSPARC" title="OpenSPARC">OpenSPARC</a> <a href="/wiki/UltraSPARC_T2" title="UltraSPARC T2">T2</a>, released in 2008, a 64-bit, 64-thread implementation conforming to the UltraSPARC Architecture 2007 and to SPARC Version 9 (Level 1). Source code is written in Verilog, and licensed under many licenses. Most OpenSPARC T2 source code is licensed under the GPL. Source based on existing open source projects will continue to be licensed under their current licenses. Binary programs are licensed under a binary Software License Agreement.</li></ul> <p>A fully <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open source</a> simulator for the SPARC architecture also exists: </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160529045508/https://sites.google.com/site/rampgold/">RAMP Gold</a>, a 32-bit, 64-thread SPARC Version 8 implementation, designed for FPGA-based architecture simulation. RAMP Gold is written in ~36,000 lines of <a href="/wiki/SystemVerilog" title="SystemVerilog">SystemVerilog</a>, and licensed under the <a href="/wiki/BSD_licenses" title="BSD licenses">BSD licenses</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Supercomputers">Supercomputers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SPARC&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Supercomputers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For HPC loads Fujitsu builds specialized <a href="/wiki/SPARC64_VI#HPC_specialized_processors_.28fx.29" class="mw-redirect" title="SPARC64 VI">SPARC64 fx</a> processors with a new instruction extensions set, called HPC-ACE (High Performance Computing – Arithmetic Computational Extensions). </p><p>Fujitsu's <a href="/wiki/K_computer" title="K computer">K computer</a> ranked No. 1 in the <a href="/wiki/TOP500" title="TOP500">TOP500</a> June 2011 and November 2011 lists. It combines 88,128 SPARC64 <a href="/wiki/SPARC64_VI#SPARC64_VIIIfx" class="mw-redirect" title="SPARC64 VI">VIIIfx</a> CPUs, each with eight cores, for a total of 705,024 cores—almost twice as many as any other system in the <a href="/wiki/TOP500" title="TOP500">TOP500</a> at that time. The K Computer was more powerful than the next five systems on the list combined, and had the highest performance-to-power ratio of any supercomputer system.<sup id="cite_ref-top500-2011-06_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-top500-2011-06-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also ranked No. 6 in the <a href="/wiki/Green500" title="Green500">Green500</a> June 2011 list, with a score of 824.56 MFLOPS/W.<sup id="cite_ref-green500-2011-06_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-green500-2011-06-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the November 2012 release of <a href="/wiki/TOP500" title="TOP500">TOP500</a>, the K computer ranked No. 3, using by far the most power of the top three.<sup id="cite_ref-top500-2012-11_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-top500-2012-11-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It ranked No. 85 on the corresponding <a href="/wiki/Green500" title="Green500">Green500</a> release.<sup id="cite_ref-green500-2012-11_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-green500-2012-11-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Newer HPC processors, <a href="/wiki/SPARC64_VI#SPARC64_IXfx" class="mw-redirect" title="SPARC64 VI">IXfx</a> and <a href="/wiki/SPARC64_VI#SPARC64_XIfx" class="mw-redirect" title="SPARC64 VI">XIfx</a>, were included in recent <a href="/wiki/PRIMEHPC_FX10" title="PRIMEHPC FX10">PRIMEHPC FX10</a> and FX100 supercomputers. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tianhe-2" title="Tianhe-2">Tianhe-2</a> (<a href="/wiki/TOP500" title="TOP500">TOP500</a> No. 1 as of November 2014<sup id="cite_ref-top500-2014-11_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-top500-2014-11-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) has a number of nodes with <a href="/wiki/FeiTeng" title="FeiTeng">Galaxy FT-1500</a> <a href="/wiki/OpenSPARC" title="OpenSPARC">OpenSPARC</a>-based processors developed in China. However, those processors did not contribute to the <a href="/wiki/LINPACK" title="LINPACK">LINPACK</a> score.<sup id="cite_ref-nvidia-fastest-tianhe-1_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nvidia-fastest-tianhe-1-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cw_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cw-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SPARC&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ERC32" title="ERC32">ERC32</a> — based on SPARC V7 specification</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Technology,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Ross Technology, Inc.">Ross Technology, Inc.</a> — a SPARC microprocessor developer during the 1980s and 1990s</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparcle" title="Sparcle">Sparcle</a> — a modified SPARC with multiprocessing support used by the MIT Alewife project</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LEON" title="LEON">LEON</a> — a space rated SPARC V8 processor.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MCST-4R" class="mw-redirect" title="MCST-4R">R1000</a> — a Russian quad-core microprocessor based on SPARC V9 specification</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FeiTeng#Galaxy_FT-1500" title="FeiTeng">Galaxy FT-1500</a> — a Chinese 16-core <a href="/wiki/OpenSPARC" title="OpenSPARC">OpenSPARC</a>-based processor</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SPARC&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-cpushack-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cpushack_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cpushack_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cpushack_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cpushack.com/2016/06/21/fujitsu-to-take-arm-into-the-realm-of-super/">"Fujitsu to take ARM into the realm of Super"</a>. <i>The CPU Shack Museum</i>. June 21, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630094926/http://www.cpushack.com/2016/06/21/fujitsu-to-take-arm-into-the-realm-of-super/">Archived</a> from the original on June 30, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 28,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=U.S.+says+China+building+%27entirely+indigenous%27+supercomputer&rft.date=2010-11-04&rft.aulast=Thibodeau&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerworld.com%2Fs%2Farticle%2F9194799%2FU.S._says_China_building_entirely_indigenous_supercomputer_&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASPARC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SPARC&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media 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data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:SPARC_microprocessors" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:SPARC microprocessors">SPARC microprocessors</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sparc.org/">SPARC International, Inc.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191013102714/http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/server-storage/sun-sparc-enterprise/documentation/sparc-processor-2516655.html">Oracle SPARC Processor Documentation</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived October 13, 2019)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sparc.org/technical-documents/">SPARC Technical Documents</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/systems/opensparc/">OpenSPARC Architecture specification</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sun4v.github.io/">Hypervisor/Sun4v Reference Materials</a></li> <li>Fujitsu SPARC64 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190403225509/http://www.fujitsu.com/global/solutions/business-technology/tc/catalog/">V, VI, VII, VIIIfx, IXfx Extensions</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived April 3, 2019), and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fujitsu.com/global/products/computing/servers/unix/sparc/downloads/documents/">X / X+ Specification</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100114162013/http://www.sun.com/processors/documentation.html">Sun – UltraSPARC Processors Documentation</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived January 14, 2010)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111209011516/http://wikis.sun.com/display/FOSSdocs/Home">Sun – FOSS Open Hardware Documentation</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived December 9, 2011)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110227003720/http://www.opensparc.net/">OpenSPARC</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived February 27, 2011)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180525101430/http://www.oracle.com/us/products/servers-storage/servers/sparc/oracle-sparc/sparc-roadmap-slide-2076743.pdf">Oracle SPARC and Solaris Public Roadmap</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived May 25, 2018)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fujitsu.com/global/products/computing/servers/unix/sparc/key-reports/roadmap/">Fujitsu SPARC Roadmap</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cpu-collection.de/?tn=1&l0=cl&l1=SPARC">SPARC processor images and descriptions</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mbus.sunhelp.org"><i>The Rough Guide to MBus Modules</i></a> (SuperSPARC, hyperSPARC)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=juTFKbQSFYs"><span class="plainlinks">SPARC Version 9, lecture by David Ditzel</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oscomp.hu/bgafc/oses4sparc64.php">A quite an extensive list of operating systems supporting SPARC64 processors</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Reduced_instruction_set_computer_(RISC)_architectures" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:RISC_architectures" title="Template:RISC architectures"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:RISC_architectures" title="Template talk:RISC architectures"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:RISC_architectures" title="Special:EditPage/Template:RISC architectures"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Reduced_instruction_set_computer_(RISC)_architectures" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Reduced_instruction_set_computer" title="Reduced instruction set computer">Reduced instruction set computer</a> (RISC) architectures</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Origins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_801" title="IBM 801">IBM 801</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkeley_RISC" title="Berkeley RISC">Berkeley RISC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_MIPS" title="Stanford MIPS">Stanford MIPS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In active development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analog_Devices" title="Analog Devices">Analog Devices</a> <a href="/wiki/Blackfin" title="Blackfin">Blackfin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARC_(processor)" title="ARC (processor)">ARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARM_architecture_family" title="ARM architecture family">ARM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AVR_microcontrollers" title="AVR microcontrollers">AVR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESi-RISC" title="ESi-RISC">eSi-RISC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LatticeMico8" title="LatticeMico8">LatticeMico8</a>, <a href="/wiki/LatticeMico32" title="LatticeMico32">LatticeMico32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIPS_architecture" title="MIPS architecture">MIPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenRISC" title="OpenRISC">OpenRISC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_ISA" title="Power ISA">Power ISA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renesas_Electronics" title="Renesas Electronics">Renesas</a> <a href="/wiki/M32R" title="M32R">M32R</a>, <a href="/wiki/SuperH" title="SuperH">SuperH</a>, <a href="/wiki/V850" title="V850">V850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RISC-V" title="RISC-V">RISC-V</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">SPARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunway_(processor)" title="Sunway (processor)">Sunway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicore" title="Unicore">Unicore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xilinx" title="Xilinx">Xilinx</a> <a href="/wiki/MicroBlaze" title="MicroBlaze">MicroBlaze</a>, <a href="/wiki/PicoBlaze" title="PicoBlaze">PicoBlaze</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Development discontinued</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DEC_Alpha" title="DEC Alpha">Alpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMD_Am29000" title="AMD Am29000">AMD Am29000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_PRISM" title="Apollo PRISM">Apollo PRISM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmel" title="Atmel">Atmel</a> <a href="/wiki/AVR32" title="AVR32">AVR32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clipper_architecture" title="Clipper architecture">Clipper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CompactRISC" title="CompactRISC">CR16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Hobbit" title="AT&T Hobbit">CRISP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DEC_PRISM" title="DEC PRISM">DEC PRISM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_i860" title="Intel i860">Intel i860</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intel_i960" title="Intel i960">i960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagination_META" title="Imagination META">META</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIPS-X" title="MIPS-X">MIPS-X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorola_88000" title="Motorola 88000">Motorola 88000</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C2%B7CORE" title="M·CORE">M·CORE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PA-RISC" title="PA-RISC">PA-RISC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_POWER_architecture" title="IBM POWER architecture">POWER</a>, <a href="/wiki/PowerPC" title="PowerPC">PowerPC</a> <i>(active use in space exploration as <a href="/wiki/RAD750" title="RAD750">RAD750</a>)</i>, <a href="/wiki/IBM_ROMP" title="IBM ROMP">ROMP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sun_Microsystems" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sun_Microsystems" title="Template:Sun Microsystems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sun_Microsystems" title="Template talk:Sun Microsystems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sun_Microsystems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sun Microsystems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sun_Microsystems" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun Microsystems</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Acquisition_of_Sun_Microsystems_by_Oracle_Corporation" title="Acquisition of Sun Microsystems by Oracle Corporation">Acquired by Oracle</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hardware</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sun-1" title="Sun-1">Sun-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun-2" title="Sun-2">Sun-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun-3" title="Sun-3">Sun-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun386i" title="Sun386i">Sun386i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun-4" title="Sun-4">Sun-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARCstation" title="SPARCstation">SPARCstation/server/center</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SPARCstation_1" title="SPARCstation 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARCstation_2" title="SPARCstation 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARCstation_4" class="mw-redirect" title="SPARCstation 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARCstation_5" title="SPARCstation 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARCstation_10" title="SPARCstation 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARCstation_20" title="SPARCstation 20">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARCstation_IPC" title="SPARCstation IPC">IPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARCstation_IPX" title="SPARCstation IPX">IPX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARCstation_LX" title="SPARCstation LX">LX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARCstation_ZX" title="SPARCstation ZX">ZX</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARCclassic" title="SPARCclassic">SPARCclassic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Netra" title="Sun Netra">Netra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Ultra" title="Sun Ultra">Ultra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_1" title="Ultra 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultra 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_5/10" title="Ultra 5/10">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_5/10" title="Ultra 5/10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_24" title="Ultra 24">24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_30" title="Ultra 30">30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_60" title="Ultra 60">60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_80" title="Ultra 80">80</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Enterprise" title="Sun Enterprise">Enterprise</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Enterprise_10000" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun Enterprise 10000">10000</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Blade" title="Sun Blade">Blade server</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Blade_(workstation)" title="Sun Blade (workstation)">Blade workstation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Fire" title="Sun Fire">Fire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Fire_12K" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun Fire 12K">12K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Fire_15K" title="Sun Fire 15K">15K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Fire_E25K" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun Fire E25K">E25K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Fire_T2000" title="Sun Fire T2000">T2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Fire_X4500" title="Sun Fire X4500">X4500</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARC_Enterprise" title="SPARC Enterprise">SPARC Enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JavaStation" title="JavaStation">JavaStation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Java_Workstation" title="Sun Java Workstation">Java Workstation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Ray" title="Sun Ray">Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt_Qube" title="Cobalt Qube">Cobalt Qube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt_RaQ" title="Cobalt RaQ">Cobalt RaQ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">SPARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MB86900" title="MB86900">MB86900</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MicroSPARC" title="MicroSPARC">microSPARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SuperSPARC" title="SuperSPARC">SuperSPARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UltraSPARC" title="UltraSPARC">UltraSPARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UltraSPARC_II" title="UltraSPARC II">UltraSPARC II</a> <ul><li>UltraSPARC IIe</li> <li>UltraSPARC IIi</li> <li>Gemini</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UltraSPARC_III" title="UltraSPARC III">UltraSPARC III</a> <ul><li>UltraSPARC III Cu</li> <li>UltraSPARC IIIi</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UltraSPARC_IV" title="UltraSPARC IV">UltraSPARC IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UltraSPARC_T1" title="UltraSPARC T1">UltraSPARC T1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UltraSPARC_T2" title="UltraSPARC T2">UltraSPARC T2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARC_T3" title="SPARC T3">SPARC T3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARC_T4" title="SPARC T4">SPARC T4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARC_T5" title="SPARC T5">SPARC T5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_(processor)" title="Rock (processor)">Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAJC" title="MAJC">MAJC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sun4d" title="Sun4d">Sun4d</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SBus" title="SBus">SBus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireplane" title="Fireplane">Fireplane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LOM_port" title="LOM port">LOM port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MBus_(SPARC)" title="MBus (SPARC)">MBus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Modular_Datacenter" title="Sun Modular Datacenter">Modular Datacenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Neptune" title="Sun Neptune">Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_Service_Processor" title="System Service Processor">System Service Processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARC_T_series" title="SPARC T series">SPARC T series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_SPOT" title="Sun SPOT">SPOT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_Port_Architecture" title="Ultra Port Architecture">Ultra Port Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Instruction_Set" title="Visual Instruction Set">Visual Instruction Set</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Sun-Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sun Microsystems logo"><img alt="Sun Microsystems logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Sun-Logo.svg/110px-Sun-Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Sun-Logo.svg/165px-Sun-Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Sun-Logo.svg/220px-Sun-Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="129" data-file-height="56" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SunOS" title="SunOS">SunOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_Solaris" title="Oracle Solaris">Solaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_Information_Service" title="Network Information Service">NIS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NIS%2B" title="NIS+">NIS+</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_File_System" title="Network File System">NFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_ZFS" title="Oracle ZFS">ZFS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ZFS%2B" title="ZFS+">ZFS+</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SunView" title="SunView">SunView</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NeWS" title="NeWS">NeWS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenWindows" title="OpenWindows">OpenWindows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_Desktop_System" title="Java Desktop System">Java Desktop System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_Developer_Studio" title="Oracle Developer Studio">Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_(software_platform)" title="Java (software platform)">Java</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StarOffice" title="StarOffice">StarOffice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPlanet" title="IPlanet">iPlanet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Java_System" title="Sun Java System">Java System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_Secure_Global_Desktop" title="Oracle Secure Global Desktop">Sun Secure Global Desktop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MySQL" title="MySQL">MySQL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_xVM" title="Sun xVM">xVM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GlassFish" title="GlassFish">GlassFish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VirtualBox" title="VirtualBox">VirtualBox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Storage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sun_StorageTek_5800_System" title="Sun StorageTek 5800 System">StorageTek 5800 System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_StorageTek_SL8500" title="Sun StorageTek SL8500">StorageTek SL8500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Open_Storage" title="Sun Open Storage">Open Storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QFS" title="QFS">QFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_ZFS" title="Oracle ZFS">ZFS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Performance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Cloud" title="Sun Cloud">Cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Constellation_System" title="Sun Constellation System">Constellation System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Visualization_System" title="Sun Visualization System">Visualization System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_Grid_Engine" title="Oracle Grid Engine">Grid Engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lustre_(file_system)" title="Lustre (file system)">Lustre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_Labs" title="Oracle Labs">Sun Microsystems Laboratories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PicoJava" title="PicoJava">picoJava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortress_(programming_language)" title="Fortress (programming language)">Fortress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Looking_Glass" title="Project Looking Glass">Project Looking Glass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_Certification_Program" title="Oracle Certification Program">SCPs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BlueJ" title="BlueJ">BlueJ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Community</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_Development_and_Distribution_License" title="Common Development and Distribution License">Common Development and Distribution License</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_Community_Process" title="Java Community Process">Java Community Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetBeans" title="NetBeans">NetBeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenOffice.org" title="OpenOffice.org">OpenOffice.org</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenSolaris" title="OpenSolaris">OpenSolaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenSPARC" title="OpenSPARC">OpenSPARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenJDK" title="OpenJDK">OpenJDK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Source_University_Meetup" title="Open Source University Meetup">Open Source University Meetup</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sun_Microsystems_employees" title="List of Sun Microsystems employees">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Joy" title="Bill Joy">Bill Joy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Bechtolsheim" title="Andy Bechtolsheim">Andy Bechtolsheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_McNealy" title="Scott McNealy">Scott McNealy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinod_Khosla" title="Vinod Khosla">Vinod Khosla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Acquisitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afara_Websystems" title="Afara Websystems">Afara Websystems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt_Networks" title="Cobalt Networks">Cobalt Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gridware" class="mw-redirect" title="Gridware">Gridware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighthouse_Design" title="Lighthouse Design">Lighthouse Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montalvo_Systems" title="Montalvo Systems">Montalvo Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MySQL_AB" title="MySQL AB">MySQL AB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixo" title="Pixo">Pixo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procom_Technology" title="Procom Technology">Procom Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SavaJe" title="SavaJe">SavaJe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StorageTek" title="StorageTek">StorageTek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarantella,_Inc." title="Tarantella, Inc.">Tarantella</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Slogans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Network_is_the_Computer" title="The Network is the Computer">The Network is the Computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Write_once,_run_anywhere" title="Write once, run anywhere">Write once, run anywhere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Category:Sun_Microsystems" title="Category:Sun Microsystems">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Oracle_Corporation" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Oracle" title="Template:Oracle"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Oracle" title="Template talk:Oracle"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Oracle" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Oracle"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Oracle_Corporation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Oracle_Corporation" title="Oracle Corporation">Oracle Corporation</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Corporate directors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeffrey_Berg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jeffrey Berg (page does not exist)">Jeffrey Berg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=H._Raymond_Bingham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="H. Raymond Bingham (page does not exist)">H. Raymond Bingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Boskin" title="Michael Boskin">Michael Boskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safra_Catz" title="Safra Catz">Safra Catz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Ellison" title="Larry Ellison">Larry Ellison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9ctor_Garc%C3%ADa-Molina" title="Héctor García-Molina">Héctor García-Molina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Grundfest" title="Joseph Grundfest">Joseph Grundfest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_O._Henley" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeffrey O. Henley">Jeffrey O. Henley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Hurd" title="Mark Hurd">Mark Hurd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Kemp" title="Jack Kemp">Jack F. Kemp</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Donald_L._Lucas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Donald L. Lucas (page does not exist)">Donald L. Lucas</a></li> <li>Naomi O. Seligman</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Acquisitions (<a href="/wiki/List_of_acquisitions_by_Oracle" title="List of acquisitions by Oracle">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PeopleSoft" title="PeopleSoft">PeopleSoft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperion_Solutions" title="Hyperion Solutions">Hyperion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siebel_Systems" title="Siebel Systems">Siebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BEA_Systems" title="BEA Systems">BEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JD_Edwards" title="JD Edwards">JD Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RightNow_Technologies" title="RightNow Technologies">RightNow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_Iron" title="Virtual Iron">Virtual Iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TimesTen" title="TimesTen">TimesTen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunopsis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sunopsis (page does not exist)">Sunopsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetSuite" title="NetSuite">NetSuite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerner" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerner">Cerner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Databases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_Database" title="Oracle Database">Oracle Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MySQL" title="MySQL">MySQL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InnoDB" title="InnoDB">InnoDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkeley_DB" title="Berkeley DB">Berkeley DB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TimesTen" title="TimesTen">TimesTen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_Rdb" title="Oracle Rdb">Rdb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essbase" title="Essbase">Essbase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Programming languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PL/SQL" title="PL/SQL">PL/SQL</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Integrated development environment">IDEs</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JDeveloper" title="JDeveloper">JDeveloper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_Forms" title="Oracle Forms">Forms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetBeans" title="NetBeans">NetBeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_Application_Express" title="Oracle Application Express">Apex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_SQL_Developer" title="Oracle SQL Developer">SQL Developer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_Developer_Studio" title="Oracle Developer Studio">Developer Studio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middleware</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_Fusion_Middleware" title="Oracle Fusion Middleware">Fusion Middleware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_WebCenter" title="Oracle WebCenter">WebCenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_SOA_Suite" title="Oracle SOA Suite">SOA Suite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_WebLogic_Server" title="Oracle WebLogic Server">WebLogic Server</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_Coherence" title="Oracle Coherence">Coherence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuxedo_(software)" title="Tuxedo (software)">Tuxedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GlassFish" title="GlassFish">GlassFish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operating systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_Linux" title="Oracle Linux">Oracle Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_Solaris" title="Oracle Solaris">Oracle Solaris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Computer hardware</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Fire" title="Sun Fire">Sun Fire</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">SPARC</a> (<a href="/wiki/SPARC_T-Series" class="mw-redirect" title="SPARC T-Series">T-Series</a>, <a href="/wiki/SPARC_Enterprise" title="SPARC Enterprise">Enterprise</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storage_Technology_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Storage Technology Corporation">StorageTek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Computer appliances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_Exadata" title="Oracle Exadata">Oracle Exadata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_Exalogic" title="Oracle Exalogic">Oracle Exalogic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_Big_Data_Appliance" title="Oracle Big Data Appliance">Big Data Appliance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education and recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_Certification_Program" title="Oracle Certification Program">Oracle Certification Program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Processor_technologies" title="Template:Processor technologies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Processor_technologies" title="Template talk:Processor technologies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Processor_technologies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Processor technologies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Processor_technologies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Processor_(computing)" title="Processor (computing)">Processor technologies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Model_of_computation" title="Model of computation">Models</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_machine" title="Abstract machine">Abstract machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stored-program_computer" title="Stored-program computer">Stored-program computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finite-state_machine" title="Finite-state machine">Finite-state machine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finite-state_machine_with_datapath" class="mw-redirect" title="Finite-state machine with datapath">with datapath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchical_state_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Hierarchical state machine">Hierarchical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deterministic_finite_automaton" title="Deterministic finite automaton">Deterministic finite automaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queue_automaton" title="Queue automaton">Queue automaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_automaton" title="Cellular automaton">Cellular automaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_cellular_automaton" title="Quantum cellular automaton">Quantum cellular automaton</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turing_machine" title="Turing machine">Turing machine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternating_Turing_machine" title="Alternating Turing machine">Alternating Turing machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Turing_machine" title="Universal Turing machine">Universal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93Turing_machine" title="Post–Turing machine">Post–Turing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_Turing_machine" title="Quantum Turing machine">Quantum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondeterministic_Turing_machine" title="Nondeterministic Turing machine">Nondeterministic Turing machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probabilistic_Turing_machine" title="Probabilistic Turing machine">Probabilistic Turing machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypercomputation" title="Hypercomputation">Hypercomputation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_machine" title="Zeno machine">Zeno machine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_general-purpose_CPUs#Belt_machine_architecture" title="History of general-purpose CPUs">Belt machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stack_machine" title="Stack machine">Stack machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Register_machine" title="Register machine">Register machines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counter_machine" title="Counter machine">Counter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pointer_machine" title="Pointer machine">Pointer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Random-access_machine" title="Random-access machine">Random-access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Random-access_stored-program_machine" title="Random-access stored-program machine">Random-access stored program</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_architecture" title="Computer architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microarchitecture" title="Microarchitecture">Microarchitecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Von_Neumann_architecture" title="Von Neumann architecture">Von Neumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_architecture" title="Harvard architecture">Harvard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modified_Harvard_architecture" title="Modified Harvard architecture">modified</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dataflow_architecture" title="Dataflow architecture">Dataflow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_triggered_architecture" title="Transport triggered architecture">Transport-triggered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_architecture" title="Cellular architecture">Cellular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endianness" title="Endianness">Endianness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage">Memory access</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Non-uniform_memory_access" title="Non-uniform memory access">NUMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_memory_access" title="Uniform memory access">HUMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Load%E2%80%93store_architecture" title="Load–store architecture">Load–store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Register%E2%80%93memory_architecture" title="Register–memory architecture">Register/memory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cache_hierarchy" title="Cache hierarchy">Cache hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_hierarchy" title="Memory hierarchy">Memory hierarchy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_memory" title="Virtual memory">Virtual memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_storage" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary storage">Secondary storage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterogeneous_System_Architecture" title="Heterogeneous System Architecture">Heterogeneous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabric_computing" title="Fabric computing">Fabric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiprocessing" title="Multiprocessing">Multiprocessing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_computing" title="Cognitive computing">Cognitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuromorphic_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuromorphic engineering">Neuromorphic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Instruction_set_architecture" title="Instruction set architecture">Instruction set<br />architectures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthogonal_instruction_set" title="Orthogonal instruction set">Orthogonal instruction set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complex_instruction_set_computer" title="Complex instruction set computer">CISC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reduced_instruction_set_computer" title="Reduced instruction set computer">RISC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Application-specific_instruction_set_processor" title="Application-specific instruction set processor">Application-specific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explicit_data_graph_execution" title="Explicit data graph execution">EDGE</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TRIPS_architecture" title="TRIPS architecture">TRIPS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Very_long_instruction_word" title="Very long instruction word">VLIW</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Explicitly_parallel_instruction_computing" title="Explicitly parallel instruction computing">EPIC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimal_instruction_set_computer" title="Minimal instruction set computer">MISC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-instruction_set_computer" title="One-instruction set computer">OISC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_instruction_set_computing" title="No instruction set computing">NISC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_instruction_set_computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Zero instruction set computer">ZISC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VISC_architecture" title="VISC architecture">VISC architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_computing" title="Quantum computing">Quantum computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_instruction_set_architectures" title="Comparison of instruction set architectures">Comparison</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addressing_mode" title="Addressing mode">Addressing modes</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Instruction<br />sets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motorola_68000_series" title="Motorola 68000 series">Motorola 68000 series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VAX" title="VAX">VAX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDP-11_architecture" title="PDP-11 architecture">PDP-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X86" title="X86">x86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARM_architecture_family" title="ARM architecture family">ARM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_MIPS" title="Stanford MIPS">Stanford MIPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIPS_architecture" title="MIPS architecture">MIPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIPS-X" title="MIPS-X">MIPS-X</a></li> <li>Power <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_POWER_architecture" title="IBM POWER architecture">POWER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PowerPC" title="PowerPC">PowerPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_ISA" title="Power ISA">Power ISA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clipper_architecture" title="Clipper architecture">Clipper architecture</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">SPARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SuperH" title="SuperH">SuperH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DEC_Alpha" title="DEC Alpha">DEC Alpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ETRAX_CRIS" title="ETRAX CRIS">ETRAX CRIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M32R" title="M32R">M32R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicore" title="Unicore">Unicore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IA-64" title="IA-64">Itanium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenRISC" title="OpenRISC">OpenRISC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RISC-V" title="RISC-V">RISC-V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MicroBlaze" title="MicroBlaze">MicroBlaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_man_computer" title="Little man computer">LMC</a></li> <li>System/3x0 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_System/360_architecture" title="IBM System/360 architecture">S/360</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_System/370" title="IBM System/370">S/370</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_System/390" title="IBM System/390">S/390</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z/Architecture" title="Z/Architecture">z/Architecture</a></li></ul></li> <li>Tilera ISA</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VISC_architecture" title="VISC architecture">VISC architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adapteva#Products" class="mw-redirect" title="Adapteva">Epiphany architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_instruction_set_architectures" title="Comparison of instruction set architectures">Others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Instruction_cycle" title="Instruction cycle">Execution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Instruction_pipelining" title="Instruction pipelining">Instruction pipelining</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pipeline_stall" title="Pipeline stall">Pipeline stall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operand_forwarding" title="Operand forwarding">Operand forwarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classic_RISC_pipeline" title="Classic RISC pipeline">Classic RISC pipeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hazard_(computer_architecture)" title="Hazard (computer architecture)">Hazards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Data_dependency" title="Data dependency">Data dependency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_hazard" class="mw-redirect" title="Structural hazard">Structural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_hazard" class="mw-redirect" title="Control hazard">Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_sharing" title="False sharing">False sharing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Out-of-order_execution" title="Out-of-order execution">Out-of-order</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scoreboarding" title="Scoreboarding">Scoreboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomasulo%27s_algorithm" title="Tomasulo's algorithm">Tomasulo's algorithm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reservation_station" title="Reservation station">Reservation station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Re-order_buffer" title="Re-order buffer">Re-order buffer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Register_renaming" title="Register renaming">Register renaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide-issue" title="Wide-issue">Wide-issue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Speculative_execution" title="Speculative execution">Speculative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Branch_predictor" title="Branch predictor">Branch prediction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_dependence_prediction" title="Memory dependence prediction">Memory dependence prediction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Parallel_computing" title="Parallel computing">Parallelism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Level</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bit-level_parallelism" title="Bit-level parallelism">Bit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bit-serial_architecture" title="Bit-serial architecture">Bit-serial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_(computer_architecture)" title="Word (computer architecture)">Word</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instruction-level_parallelism" title="Instruction-level parallelism">Instruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instruction_pipelining" title="Instruction pipelining">Pipelining</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scalar_processor" title="Scalar processor">Scalar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superscalar_processor" title="Superscalar processor">Superscalar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Task_parallelism" title="Task parallelism">Task</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thread_(computing)" title="Thread (computing)">Thread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_(computing)" title="Process (computing)">Process</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_parallelism" title="Data parallelism">Data</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vector_processor" title="Vector processor">Vector</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory-level_parallelism" title="Memory-level parallelism">Memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Distributed architecture">Distributed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multithreading_(computer_architecture)" title="Multithreading (computer architecture)">Multithreading</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_multithreading" title="Temporal multithreading">Temporal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simultaneous_multithreading" title="Simultaneous multithreading">Simultaneous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyper-threading" title="Hyper-threading">Hyperthreading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simultaneous_and_heterogeneous_multithreading" title="Simultaneous and heterogeneous multithreading">Simultaneous and heterogenous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speculative_multithreading" title="Speculative multithreading">Speculative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preemption_(computing)" title="Preemption (computing)">Preemptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_multitasking" title="Cooperative multitasking">Cooperative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Flynn%27s_taxonomy" title="Flynn's taxonomy">Flynn's taxonomy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_instruction,_single_data" title="Single instruction, single data">SISD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_instruction,_multiple_data" title="Single instruction, multiple data">SIMD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_instruction,_multiple_threads" title="Single instruction, multiple threads">Array processing (SIMT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flynn%27s_taxonomy#Pipelined_processor" title="Flynn's taxonomy">Pipelined processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flynn%27s_taxonomy#Associative_processor" title="Flynn's taxonomy">Associative processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SWAR" title="SWAR">SWAR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_instruction,_single_data" title="Multiple instruction, single data">MISD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_instruction,_multiple_data" title="Multiple instruction, multiple data">MIMD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_program,_multiple_data" title="Single program, multiple data">SPMD</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_performance" title="Computer performance">Processor<br />performance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transistor_count" title="Transistor count">Transistor count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instructions_per_cycle" title="Instructions per cycle">Instructions per cycle</a> (IPC) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cycles_per_instruction" title="Cycles per instruction">Cycles per instruction</a> (CPI)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instructions_per_second" title="Instructions per second">Instructions per second</a> (IPS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FLOPS" class="mw-redirect" title="FLOPS">Floating-point operations per second</a> (FLOPS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transactions_per_second" title="Transactions per second">Transactions per second</a> (TPS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SUPS" title="SUPS">Synaptic updates per second</a> (SUPS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_per_watt" title="Performance per watt">Performance per watt</a> (PPW)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cache_performance_measurement_and_metric" title="Cache performance measurement and metric">Cache performance metrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_performance_by_orders_of_magnitude" title="Computer performance by orders of magnitude">Computer performance by orders of magnitude</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Processor_(computing)" title="Processor (computing)">Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">Central processing unit</a> (CPU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">Graphics processing unit</a> (GPU) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General-purpose_computing_on_graphics_processing_units" title="General-purpose computing on graphics processing units">GPGPU</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vector_processor" title="Vector processor">Vector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrel_processor" title="Barrel processor">Barrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_processing" title="Stream processing">Stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tile_processor" title="Tile processor">Tile processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coprocessor" title="Coprocessor">Coprocessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmable_Array_Logic" title="Programmable Array Logic">PAL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Application-specific_integrated_circuit" title="Application-specific integrated circuit">ASIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field-programmable_gate_array" title="Field-programmable gate array">FPGA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field-programmable_object_array" title="Field-programmable object array">FPOA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complex_programmable_logic_device" title="Complex programmable logic device">CPLD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-chip_module" title="Multi-chip module">Multi-chip module</a> (MCM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_in_a_package" title="System in a package">System in a package</a> (SiP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Package_on_a_package" title="Package on a package">Package on a package</a> (PoP)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By application</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">Embedded system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">Microprocessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microcontroller" title="Microcontroller">Microcontroller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_processor" title="Mobile processor">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-low-voltage_processor" title="Ultra-low-voltage processor">Ultra-low-voltage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Application-specific_instruction_set_processor" title="Application-specific instruction set processor">ASIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_microprocessor" title="Soft microprocessor">Soft microprocessor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Systems<br />on chip</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/System_on_a_chip" title="System on a chip">System on a chip</a> (SoC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiprocessor_system_on_a_chip" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiprocessor system on a chip">Multiprocessor</a> (MPSoC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypress_PSoC" title="Cypress PSoC">Cypress PSoC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_on_a_chip" title="Network on a chip">Network on a chip</a> (NoC)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hardware_acceleration" title="Hardware acceleration">Hardware<br />accelerators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coprocessor" title="Coprocessor">Coprocessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AI_accelerator" title="AI accelerator">AI accelerator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">Graphics processing unit</a> (GPU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_processor" title="Image processor">Image processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_processing_unit" title="Vision processing unit">Vision processing unit</a> (VPU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physics_processing_unit" title="Physics processing unit">Physics processing unit</a> (PPU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_signal_processor" title="Digital signal processor">Digital signal processor</a> (DSP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tensor_Processing_Unit" title="Tensor Processing Unit">Tensor Processing Unit</a> (TPU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secure_cryptoprocessor" title="Secure cryptoprocessor">Secure cryptoprocessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_processor" title="Network processor">Network processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseband_processor" title="Baseband processor">Baseband processor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Word_(computer_architecture)" title="Word (computer architecture)">Word size</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1-bit_computing" title="1-bit computing">1-bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-bit_computing" title="4-bit computing">4-bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8-bit_computing" title="8-bit computing">8-bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12-bit_computing" title="12-bit computing">12-bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Guidance_Computer" title="Apollo Guidance Computer">15-bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16-bit_computing" title="16-bit computing">16-bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/24-bit_computing" title="24-bit computing">24-bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/32-bit_computing" title="32-bit computing">32-bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/48-bit_computing" title="48-bit computing">48-bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/64-bit_computing" title="64-bit computing">64-bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/128-bit_computing" title="128-bit computing">128-bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/256-bit_computing" title="256-bit computing">256-bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/512-bit_computing" title="512-bit computing">512-bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bit_slicing" title="Bit slicing">bit slicing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_(computer_architecture)#Table_of_word_sizes" title="Word (computer architecture)">others</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Word_(computer_architecture)#Variable-word_architectures" title="Word (computer architecture)">variable</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Core count</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single-core" title="Single-core">Single-core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-core_processor" title="Multi-core processor">Multi-core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manycore_processor" title="Manycore processor">Manycore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterogeneous_computing" title="Heterogeneous computing">Heterogeneous architecture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">Core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cache_(computing)" title="Cache (computing)">Cache</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CPU_cache" title="CPU cache">CPU cache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scratchpad_memory" title="Scratchpad memory">Scratchpad memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_cache" class="mw-redirect" title="Data cache">Data cache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instruction_cache" class="mw-redirect" title="Instruction cache">Instruction cache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cache_replacement_policies" title="Cache replacement policies">replacement policies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cache_coherence" title="Cache coherence">coherence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_(computing)" title="Bus (computing)">Bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clock_rate" title="Clock rate">Clock rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clock_signal" title="Clock signal">Clock signal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIFO_(computing_and_electronics)" title="FIFO (computing and electronics)">FIFO</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Execution_unit" title="Execution unit">Functional<br />units</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arithmetic_logic_unit" title="Arithmetic logic unit">Arithmetic logic unit</a> (ALU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Address_generation_unit" title="Address generation unit">Address generation unit</a> (AGU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floating-point_unit" title="Floating-point unit">Floating-point unit</a> (FPU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_management_unit" title="Memory management unit">Memory management unit</a> (MMU) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Load%E2%80%93store_unit" title="Load–store unit">Load–store unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translation_lookaside_buffer" title="Translation lookaside buffer">Translation lookaside buffer</a> (TLB)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branch_predictor" title="Branch predictor">Branch predictor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branch_target_predictor" title="Branch target predictor">Branch target predictor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_controller" title="Memory controller">Integrated memory controller</a> (IMC) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memory_management_unit" title="Memory management unit">Memory management unit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instruction_decoder" class="mw-redirect" title="Instruction decoder">Instruction decoder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Logic_gate" title="Logic gate">Logic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Combinational_logic" title="Combinational logic">Combinational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sequential_logic" title="Sequential logic">Sequential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glue_logic" title="Glue logic">Glue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic_gate" title="Logic gate">Logic gate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_logic_gate" title="Quantum logic gate">Quantum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gate_array" title="Gate array">Array</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hardware_register" title="Hardware register">Registers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Processor_register" title="Processor register">Processor register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_register" title="Status register">Status register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stack_register" title="Stack register">Stack register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Register_file" title="Register file">Register file</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_buffer_register" title="Memory buffer register">Memory buffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_address_register" title="Memory address register">Memory address register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Program_counter" title="Program counter">Program counter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Control_unit" title="Control unit">Control unit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hardwired_control_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Hardwired control unit">Hardwired control unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instruction_unit" title="Instruction unit">Instruction unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_buffer" title="Data buffer">Data buffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Write_buffer" title="Write buffer">Write buffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microcode" title="Microcode">Microcode</a> <a href="/wiki/ROM_image" title="ROM image">ROM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter_(digital)" title="Counter (digital)">Counter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Datapath" title="Datapath">Datapath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiplexer" title="Multiplexer">Multiplexer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demultiplexer" class="mw-redirect" title="Demultiplexer">Demultiplexer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adder_(electronics)" title="Adder (electronics)">Adder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binary_multiplier" title="Binary multiplier">Multiplier</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CPU_multiplier" title="CPU multiplier">CPU</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binary_decoder" title="Binary decoder">Binary decoder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Address_decoder" title="Address decoder">Address decoder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sum-addressed_decoder" title="Sum-addressed decoder">Sum-addressed decoder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrel_shifter" title="Barrel shifter">Barrel shifter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electronic_circuit" title="Electronic circuit">Circuitry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">Integrated circuit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three-dimensional_integrated_circuit" title="Three-dimensional integrated circuit">3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-signal_integrated_circuit" title="Mixed-signal integrated circuit">Mixed-signal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_management_integrated_circuit" title="Power management integrated circuit">Power management</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boolean_circuit" title="Boolean circuit">Boolean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_(computer_science)" title="Circuit (computer science)">Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analogue_electronics" title="Analogue electronics">Analog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_circuit" title="Quantum circuit">Quantum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switch#Electronic_switches" title="Switch">Switch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Power_management" title="Power management">Power<br />management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Power_Management_Unit" title="Power Management Unit">PMU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Power_Management" title="Advanced Power Management">APM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACPI" title="ACPI">ACPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_frequency_scaling" title="Dynamic frequency scaling">Dynamic frequency scaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_voltage_scaling" title="Dynamic voltage scaling">Dynamic voltage scaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clock_gating" title="Clock gating">Clock gating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_per_watt" title="Performance per watt">Performance per watt</a> (PPW)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_general-purpose_CPUs" title="History of general-purpose CPUs">History of general-purpose CPUs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microprocessor_chronology" title="Microprocessor chronology">Microprocessor chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Processor_design" title="Processor design">Processor design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_electronics" title="Digital electronics">Digital electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_security_module" title="Hardware security module">Hardware security module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device_fabrication" title="Semiconductor device fabrication">Semiconductor device fabrication</a></li> <li><a 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