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Dit is egter nie verpligtend nie. [o]" accesskey="o"> Meld aan</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Bladsye vir uitgemelde redakteurs <a href="/wiki/Hulp:Inleiding" aria-label="Leer meer oor redigering">leer meer</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybydrae" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Bydraes</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybespreking" title="Bespreking oor bydraes van hierdie IP-adres [n]" accesskey="n">Bespreking</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Werf"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Inhoud" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Inhoud</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">versteek</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inleiding</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etimologie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etimologie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Etimologie </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etimologie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geskiedenis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geskiedenis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Geskiedenis </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geskiedenis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Wissel Geskiedenis subafdeling </button> <ul id="toc-Geskiedenis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Oorsprong" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oorsprong"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Oorsprong </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oorsprong-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opkoms_in_die_Laat_Bronstydperk_(1479-1200_v.C.)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opkoms_in_die_Laat_Bronstydperk_(1479-1200_v.C.)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Opkoms in die Laat Bronstydperk (1479-1200 v.C.) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opkoms_in_die_Laat_Bronstydperk_(1479-1200_v.C.)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opkoms_en_hoogtepunt_(1200-800_v.C.)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opkoms_en_hoogtepunt_(1200-800_v.C.)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Opkoms en hoogtepunt (1200-800 v.C.) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opkoms_en_hoogtepunt_(1200-800_v.C.)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stigting_van_Kartago" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stigting_van_Kartago"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Stigting van Kartago </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stigting_van_Kartago-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assiriese_en_Babiloniese_vasalstate_(858-538_v.C.)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assiriese_en_Babiloniese_vasalstate_(858-538_v.C.)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Assiriese en Babiloniese vasalstate (858-538 v.C.) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assiriese_en_Babiloniese_vasalstate_(858-538_v.C.)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persiese_tydperk_(539-332_v.C.)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persiese_tydperk_(539-332_v.C.)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Persiese tydperk (539-332 v.C.) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persiese_tydperk_(539-332_v.C.)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hellenistiese_tydperk_(332-152_v.C.)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hellenistiese_tydperk_(332-152_v.C.)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Hellenistiese tydperk (332-152 v.C.) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hellenistiese_tydperk_(332-152_v.C.)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demografie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demografie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Demografie </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demografie-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Wissel Demografie subafdeling </button> <ul id="toc-Demografie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Genetiese_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetiese_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Genetiese studies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetiese_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ekonomie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ekonomie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Ekonomie </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ekonomie-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Wissel Ekonomie subafdeling </button> <ul id="toc-Ekonomie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Handel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Handel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Handel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Handel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nywerheid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nywerheid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Nywerheid </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nywerheid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tiriese_pers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tiriese_pers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 Tiriese pers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tiriese_pers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mynbou" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mynbou"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.2 Mynbou </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mynbou-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wynbou" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wynbou"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.3 Wynbou </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wynbou-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Skeepsbou" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skeepsbou"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.4 Skeepsbou </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skeepsbou-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Belangrike_stede_en_kolonies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belangrike_stede_en_kolonies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Belangrike stede en kolonies </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Belangrike_stede_en_kolonies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Wissel Belangrike stede en kolonies subafdeling </button> <ul id="toc-Belangrike_stede_en_kolonies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fenisiese_kolonisasie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fenisiese_kolonisasie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Fenisiese kolonisasie </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fenisiese_kolonisasie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gemeenskap_en_kultuur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gemeenskap_en_kultuur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Gemeenskap en kultuur </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Gemeenskap_en_kultuur-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Wissel Gemeenskap en kultuur subafdeling </button> <ul id="toc-Gemeenskap_en_kultuur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Politiek_en_regering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politiek_en_regering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Politiek en regering </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politiek_en_regering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reg_en_administrasie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reg_en_administrasie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Reg en administrasie </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reg_en_administrasie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Taal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alfabet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alfabet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.1 Alfabet </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alfabet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kuns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kuns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Kuns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kuns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vroue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vroue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Vroue </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vroue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Godsdiens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Godsdiens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Godsdiens </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Godsdiens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verwysings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verwysings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Verwysings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verwysings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bronne" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bronne"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Bronne </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bronne-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nog_leesstof" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nog_leesstof"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Nog leesstof </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nog_leesstof-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Skakels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skakels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Skakels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skakels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Wissel die inhoudsopgawe" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Wissel die inhoudsopgawe </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Fenisië</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gaan na 'n artikel in 'n ander taal. Beskikbaar in 100 tale" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-100" aria-hidden="true" > 100 tale </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%8A%E1%8A%95%E1%89%84" title="ፊንቄ – Amharies" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፊንቄ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharies" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="فينيقيا – Arabies" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فينيقيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabies" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="فينيقيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فينيقيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenicia" title="Fenicia – Asturies" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Fenicia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finikiya" title="Finikiya – Azerbeidjans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Finikiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidjans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D8%B1" title="فنیقی‌لر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فنیقی‌لر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Финикия – Baskir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Финикия" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Baskir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Фінікія – Belarussies" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Фінікія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Финикия – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Финикия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="ফিনিশিয়া – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ফিনিশিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenikia" title="Fenikia – Bretons" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Fenikia" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Bretons" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenikija" title="Fenikija – Bosnies" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Fenikija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Финики – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Финики" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fen%C3%ADcia" title="Fenícia – Katalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fenícia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%AD-n%C3%A0%CC%A4-g%C4%AD" title="Pĭ-nà̤-gĭ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Pĭ-nà̤-gĭ" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penisya" title="Penisya – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Penisya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9nicie" title="Fénicie – Tsjeggies" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Fénicie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjeggies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ffenicia" title="Ffenicia – Wallies" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ffenicia" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Wallies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B8nikien" title="Fønikien – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fønikien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%B6nizien" title="Phönizien – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Phönizien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Phoenicia" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenicio" title="Fenicio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fenicio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenicia" title="Fenicia – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fenicia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foiniikia" title="Foiniikia – Estnies" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Foiniikia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estnies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenizia" title="Fenizia – Baskies" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Fenizia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7" title="فنیقی‌ها – Persies" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فنیقی‌ها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persies" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foinikia" title="Foinikia – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Foinikia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%A9nicie" title="Phénicie – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Phénicie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenysje" title="Fenysje – Fries" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Fenysje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Fh%C3%A9in%C3%ADc" title="An Fhéiníc – Iers" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Fhéiníc" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Iers" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenicios" title="Fenicios – Galisies" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Fenicios" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Phoenicia" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%94" title="פיניקיה – Hebreeus" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פיניקיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeus" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="फ़ोनीशिया – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फ़ोनीशिया" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenicija" title="Fenicija – Kroaties" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Fenicija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B6n%C3%ADcia" title="Fönícia – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fönícia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Փյունիկիա – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Փյունիկիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A7" title="Փիւնիկէ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Փիւնիկէ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangsa_Fenisia" title="Bangsa Fenisia – Indonesies" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bangsa Fenisia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B6n%C3%ADka" title="Föníka – Yslands" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Föníka" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Yslands" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenicia" title="Fenicia – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fenicia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A7%E3%83%8B%E3%82%AD%E3%82%A2" title="フェニキア – Japannees" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フェニキア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japannees" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangsa_Fenisia" title="Bangsa Fenisia – Javaans" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Bangsa Fenisia" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ფინიკია – Georgies" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფინიკია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgies" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifniqen" title="Ifniqen – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Ifniqen" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Финикия – Kazaks" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Финикия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazaks" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8E%98%EB%8B%88%ED%82%A4%EC%95%84" title="페니키아 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="페니키아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%AEn%C3%AEkya" title="Fînîkya – Koerdies" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Fînîkya" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Koerdies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Финикия – Kirgisies" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Финикия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgisies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenices" title="Phoenices – Latyn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Phoenices" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenisia" title="Fenisia – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Fenisia" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finikija" title="Finikija – Litaus" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Finikija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litaus" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feni%C4%B7ija" title="Feniķija – Letties" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Feniķija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Letties" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenisia" title="Fenisia – Malgassies" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fenisia" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malgassies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Феникија – Masedonies" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Феникија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Masedonies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="ഫിനീഷ്യൻ സംസ്കാരം – Malabaars" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഫിനീഷ്യൻ സംസ്കാരം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malabaars" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Финик – Mongools" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Финик" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongools" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="फिनीशिया – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="फिनीशिया" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Phoenicia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feni%C4%8Bi" title="Feniċi – Maltees" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Feniċi" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltees" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C%D9%87" title="فینیقیه – Masanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="فینیقیه" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Masanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenici%C3%AB" title="Fenicië – Nederlands" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Fenicië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Nederlands" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B8nikia" title="Fønikia – Nuwe Noors" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Fønikia" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nuwe Noors" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B8nikia" title="Fønikia – Boeknoors" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fønikia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Boeknoors" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenicia" title="Fenicia – Oksitaans" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Fenicia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Oksitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiinishiyaa" title="Fiinishiyaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Fiinishiyaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86" title="ਫੋਨੀਸ਼ੀਆ – Pandjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਫੋਨੀਸ਼ੀਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Pandjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenicja" title="Fenicja – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Fenicja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C" title="فونیقی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="فونیقی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86" title="فینیکیان – Pasjtoe" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="فینیکیان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pasjtoe" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fen%C3%ADcia" title="Fenícia – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fenícia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenicia" title="Fenicia – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Fenicia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Финикия – Russies" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Финикия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fen%C3%ACtzios" title="Fenìtzios – Sardinies" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Fenìtzios" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finici" title="Finici – Sisiliaans" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Finici" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sisiliaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenicie" title="Phoenicie – Skots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Phoenicie" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Skots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenikija" title="Fenikija – Serwo-Kroaties" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Fenikija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serwo-Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="පීනිෂියාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පීනිෂියාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Phoenicia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feni%C4%8Dania" title="Feničania – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Feničania" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenicija" title="Fenicija – Sloweens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Fenicija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloweens" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenikasit" title="Fenikasit – Albanees" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Fenikasit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanees" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Феникија – Serwies" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Феникија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serwies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenicien" title="Fenicien – Sweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fenicien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finisia" title="Finisia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Finisia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="போனீசியா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="போனீசியா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="ฟินิเชีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฟินิเชีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Phoenicia" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenikeliler" title="Fenikeliler – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Fenikeliler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Фінікія – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фінікія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C" title="فونیقی – Oerdoe" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فونیقی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Oerdoe" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finikiya" title="Finikiya – Oezbeeks" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Finikiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Oezbeeks" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenici" title="Fenici – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Fenici" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia – Viëtnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phoenicia" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Viëtnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenisya" title="Fenisya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Fenisya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%85%93%E5%B0%BC%E5%9F%BA" title="腓尼基 – Wu-Sjinees" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="腓尼基" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ფინიკია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ფინიკია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%85%93%E5%B0%BC%E5%9F%BA" title="腓尼基 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="腓尼基" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia – Min Nan-Sjinees" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Phoenicia" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Min Nan-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%85%93%E5%B0%BC%E5%9F%BA" title="腓尼基 – Kantonees" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="腓尼基" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonees" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q41642#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Wysig skakels tussen tale" class="wbc-editpage">Wysig skakels</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Naamruimtes"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Fenisi%C3%AB" title="Bekyk die inhoudbladsy [c]" accesskey="c">Bladsy</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bespreking:Fenisi%C3%AB" rel="discussion" title="Bespreking oor die inhoudbladsy [t]" accesskey="t">Bespreking</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Verander taalvariant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Afrikaans </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Weergawes"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Fenisi%C3%AB">Lees</a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenisi%C3%AB&veaction=edit" title="Redigeer hierdie bladsy [v]" accesskey="v">Wysig</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenisi%C3%AB&action=edit" title="Wysig die bladsy se bonkode [e]" accesskey="e">Wysig bron</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenisi%C3%AB&action=history" title="Ouer weergawes van hierdie bladsy [h]" accesskey="h">Wys geskiedenis</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gereedskap" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Gereedskap </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Gereedskap</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">versteek</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Fenisi%C3%AB">Lees</a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenisi%C3%AB&veaction=edit" title="Redigeer hierdie bladsy [v]" accesskey="v">Wysig</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenisi%C3%AB&action=edit" title="Wysig die bladsy se bonkode [e]" accesskey="e">Wysig bron</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenisi%C3%AB&action=history">Wys geskiedenis</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Algemeen </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Skakels_hierheen/Fenisi%C3%AB" title="'n Lys bladsye wat hierheen skakel [j]" accesskey="j">Skakels hierheen</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:OnlangseVeranderingsMetSkakels/Fenisi%C3%AB" rel="nofollow" title="Onlangse wysigings aan bladsye wat vanaf hierdie bladsy geskakel is [k]" accesskey="k">Verwante veranderings</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Spesiale_bladsye" title="'n Lys van al die spesiale bladsye [q]" accesskey="q">Spesiale bladsye</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenisi%C3%AB&oldid=2631906" title="'n Permanente skakel na hierdie weergawe van die bladsy">Permanente skakel</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenisi%C3%AB&action=info" title="More information about this page">Bladinligting</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:CiteThisPage&page=Fenisi%C3%AB&id=2631906&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Inligting oor hoe u hierdie bladsy kan verwys">Haal dié blad aan</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Faf.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFenisi%25C3%25AB">Kry verkorte URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Faf.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFenisi%25C3%25AB">Laai QR-kode af</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Druk/uitvoer </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Boek&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Fenisi%C3%AB">Skep boek</a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:DownloadAsPdf&page=Fenisi%C3%AB&action=show-download-screen">Laai af as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenisi%C3%AB&printable=yes" title="Drukbare weergawe van hierdie bladsy [p]" accesskey="p">Drukbare weergawe</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Ander projekte </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Phoenicia" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q41642" title="Skakel na gekonnekteerde databank item [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata-item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Voorkoms"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Voorkoms</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">versteek</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">in Wikipedia, die vrye ensiklopedie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="af" dir="ltr"><div style="background: var(--background-color-base); color: var(--color-base); float: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; width: auto; text-align: center; font-size: 90%; line-height: 1.4em;"> <div style="border:1px solid #ccd2d9; width:24.5em; background: var(--background-color-base); color: var(--color-base); text-align:left; padding:0.5em 1em 0.5em 1em; text-align:center;"> <table style="v.C.transparent; text-align:left; table-layout:auto; border-collapse:collapse; padding:0; font-size:100%;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <caption style="margin-left:inherit; font-size:135%; padding-bottom:0.5em; line-height:1.1em;"> Fenisië </caption> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="border-top:solid 1px #ccd2d9"> <table width="275" style="text-align:center; margin:0 auto; background:var(--background-color-base); color:inherit;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="50px" style="border:0; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/Kana%C3%A4n" title="Kanaän">←</a> <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_None.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag"><img alt="Flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_None.svg/30px-Flag_of_None.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_None.svg/45px-Flag_of_None.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_None.svg/60px-Flag_of_None.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="225" data-file-height="150" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hetiete" title="Hetiete">←</a> <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_None.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag"><img alt="Flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_None.svg/30px-Flag_of_None.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_None.svg/45px-Flag_of_None.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_None.svg/60px-Flag_of_None.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="225" data-file-height="150" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Nuwe_Ryk_van_Egipte" title="Nuwe Ryk van Egipte">←</a> <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_None.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag"><img alt="Flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_None.svg/30px-Flag_of_None.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_None.svg/45px-Flag_of_None.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_None.svg/60px-Flag_of_None.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="225" data-file-height="150" /></a> </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-base); color: var(--color-base); vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; font-size:105%;"><a href="/wiki/2500_v.C." class="mw-redirect" title="2500 v.C.">2500 v.C.</a> – <a href="/wiki/64_v.C." title="64 v.C.">64 v.C.</a> </td> <td width="50px" style="border:0; vertical-align:middle;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #ccd2d9"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="border-top:solid 1px #ccd2d9; vertical-align:top; text-align:center; font-size:95%; padding:0.4em 0 0.4em 0"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Phoenicia_map-en.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ligging of Fenisië"><img alt="Ligging of Fenisië" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Phoenicia_map-en.svg/250px-Phoenicia_map-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Phoenicia_map-en.svg/375px-Phoenicia_map-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Phoenicia_map-en.svg/500px-Phoenicia_map-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="405" /></a><figcaption>Ligging of Fenisië</figcaption></figure>'n Kaart van die Fenisiese streek in groen. </td></tr> <tr> <td width="50%" style="border-top:solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding:0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align:top"><a href="/wiki/Hoofstad" title="Hoofstad">Hoofstad</a> </td> <td width="50%" style="border-top:solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding:0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align:top">Geen; belangrike stede was <a href="/wiki/Bublos" title="Bublos">Bublos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tirus" title="Tirus">Tirus</a> en <a href="/wiki/Kartago" title="Kartago">Kartago</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding:0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align:top; text-align:left;">Taal/Tale </td> <td style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding:0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align:top"><a href="/wiki/Fenisies" title="Fenisies">Fenisies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punies" title="Punies">Punies</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top:solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding:0.4em 1em 0 0; vertical-align:top; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Regering" title="Regering">Regering</a> </td> <td style="border-top:solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding:0.4em 1em 0 0; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Monargie" title="Monargie">Monargie</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0 1em 0.2em 0; text-align:left; vertical-align:top">Bekende konings van Fenisiese stede </td> <td style="padding:0 1em 0.2em 0; text-align:left; vertical-align:top"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0 1em 0.2em 0; text-align:left; vertical-align:top"> - ca. 1000 v.C. </td> <td style="padding:0 1em 0.2em 0; text-align:left; vertical-align:top">Ahiram </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0 1em 0.2em 0; text-align:left; vertical-align:top"> - 969–936 n.C. </td> <td style="padding:0 1em 0.2em 0; text-align:left; vertical-align:top"><a href="/wiki/Hiram_I" title="Hiram I">Hiram I</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0 1em 0.2em 0; text-align:left; vertical-align:top"> - 820–774 n.C. </td> <td style="padding:0 1em 0.2em 0; text-align:left; vertical-align:top"><a href="/wiki/Pigmalion" title="Pigmalion">Pigmalion</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top:solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding:0.4em 1em 0 0; vertical-align:top; text-align:left;">Historiese tydperk </td> <td style="border-top:solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding:0.4em 1em 0 0; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Mesopotami%C3%AB" title="Mesopotamië">Mesopotamië</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0em 1em 0.2em 0; vertical-align:top"> - Gevestig</td> <td><a href="/wiki/2500_v.C." class="mw-redirect" title="2500 v.C.">2500 v.C.</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0em 1em 0.2em 0; vertical-align:top"> - Stigting</td> <td><a href="/wiki/2500_v.C." class="mw-redirect" title="2500 v.C.">2500 v.C.</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0em 1em 0.2em 0; vertical-align:top"> - Tirus, onder die regering van Hiram I, word die dominante stadstaat</td> <td><a href="/wiki/969_v.C." class="mw-redirect" title="969 v.C.">969 v.C.</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0em 1em 0.2em 0; vertical-align:top"> - Pigmalion stig Kartago (legendaries)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/814_v.C." class="mw-redirect" title="814 v.C.">814 v.C.</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0em 1em 0.2em 0; vertical-align:top"> - <a href="/wiki/Pompeius" title="Pompeius">Pompeius</a> verower Fenisië en die res van die <a href="/wiki/Seleukidiese_Ryk" title="Seleukidiese Ryk">Seleukidiese Ryk</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/64_v.C." title="64 v.C.">64 v.C.</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0em 1em 0.2em 0; vertical-align:top"> - Ontbind</td> <td><a href="/wiki/64_v.C." title="64 v.C.">64 v.C.</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> </div> Fenisië (van die <a href="/wiki/Griekse" class="mw-redirect" title="Griekse">Griekse</a> Φοινίκη, Phoiníkē; <a href="/wiki/Arabies" title="Arabies">Arabies</a>: فينيقية, Fīnīqīyah) was ’n antieke <a href="/wiki/Semitiese_tale" class="mw-redirect" title="Semitiese tale">Semitiessprekende</a>, <a href="/wiki/See" title="See">seevarende</a> beskawing in die westelike kusstreke van die <a href="/wiki/Vrugbare_Halfmaan" title="Vrugbare Halfmaan">Vrugbare Halfmaan</a> wat aan die kuslyn van die moderne <a href="/wiki/Libanon" title="Libanon">Libanon</a> gesentreer was.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Al die groot Fenisiese stede was aan die kus van die <a href="/wiki/Middellandse_See" title="Middellandse See">Middellandse See</a> geleë. Die gebied van die Fenisiese stadstate het deur die geskiedenis uitgebrei en gekrimp. Die kernstreek waarin die Fenisiese kultuur ontwikkel en floreer het, het gestrek van <a href="/wiki/Bublos" title="Bublos">Bublos</a> in Noord-<a href="/wiki/Libanon" title="Libanon">Libanon</a> tot <a href="/wiki/Karmelberg" title="Karmelberg">Karmelberg</a> in die hedendaagse <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>. Op die hoogtepunt van sy bestaan het Fenisië se grondgebied in die oostelike Mediterreense streek gestrek van die <a href="/wiki/Orontes" title="Orontes">Orontesriviermond</a> tot by <a href="/wiki/Ashkelon" title="Ashkelon">Ashkelon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Buite sy tuisgebied het die Fenisiese beskawing gestrek tot by die Middellandse See, van <a href="/wiki/Siprus" title="Siprus">Siprus</a> tot die <a href="/wiki/Iberiese_Skiereiland" title="Iberiese Skiereiland">Iberiese Skiereiland</a>. Die Fenisiërs was 'n Semitiessprekende volk van ietwat onbekende oorsprong wat omstreeks 3000 v.C. in die <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> ontstaan het.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Die term "Fenisië" is 'n antieke Griekse, nie-inheemse naam wat waarskynlik een van hulle belangrikste uitvoergoedere beskryf het: 'n kleursel ook bekend as <a href="/wiki/Tiriese_pers" title="Tiriese pers">Tiriese pers</a>. Die term beskryf nie nie 'n samehangende kultuur of gemeenskap nie, want antieke bronne dui nie aan dat die Fenisiërs hulself voor die <a href="/wiki/Laat_Oudheid" title="Laat Oudheid">Laat Oudheid</a> as van dieselde identiteit, afkoms of tuisland beskou het nie.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Columns_at_Al_Mina_site,_Tyre,_Lebanon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Columns_at_Al_Mina_site%2C_Tyre%2C_Lebanon.jpg/220px-Columns_at_Al_Mina_site%2C_Tyre%2C_Lebanon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Columns_at_Al_Mina_site%2C_Tyre%2C_Lebanon.jpg/330px-Columns_at_Al_Mina_site%2C_Tyre%2C_Lebanon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Columns_at_Al_Mina_site%2C_Tyre%2C_Lebanon.jpg/440px-Columns_at_Al_Mina_site%2C_Tyre%2C_Lebanon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Ruïnes van Tirus.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Sidon_College_site.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Sidon_College_site.jpg/220px-Sidon_College_site.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Sidon_College_site.jpg/330px-Sidon_College_site.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Sidon_College_site.jpg/440px-Sidon_College_site.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="543" /></a><figcaption>Sidon.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Byblos_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Byblos_1.jpg/220px-Byblos_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Byblos_1.jpg/330px-Byblos_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Byblos_1.jpg/440px-Byblos_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1832" /></a><figcaption>Bublos.</figcaption></figure> Daar word gedebatteer of die Fenisiërs wel afsonderlik van die breër groep Semitiessprekende volke was wat as die <a href="/wiki/Kana%C3%A4n" title="Kanaän">Kanaäniete</a> bekend staan.<a href="#cite_note-John_C._Scott_CCR-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinn201724,_204-7">[7]</a> Die historikus Robert Drews glo "Kanaäniete" was die naam van die etniese groep wat deur die antieke Grieke die "Fenisiërs" genoem is,<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> maar volgens die argeoloog Jonathan N. Tubb het die <a href="/wiki/Ammoniet" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammoniet">Ammoniete</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moabiete" class="mw-redirect" title="Moabiete">Moabiete</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israeliete</a> en Fenisiërs elk hulle eie kulturele identiteit gehad, hoewel hulle etnies Kanaäniete was, "dieselfde mense wat hulle in die 8ste millennium v.C. in boerderynedersettings in die streek gevestig het".<a href="#cite_note-JonTubb-9">[9]</a>:13–14 Die Fenisiërs het in die middel 12de eeu v.C. 'n opkoms gemaak ná die agteruitgang van die invloedrykste kulture in die <a href="/wiki/Verval_van_die_Bronstydperk" title="Verval van die Bronstydperk">verval van die Bronstydperk</a>. Hulle was onder die mense van hulle tyd bekend as bekwame handelaars en seevaarders, en het deur die grootste deel van die klassieke oudheid die oorheersende kommersiële mag geword. Die Fenisiërs het 'n uitgebreide seehandelsnetwerk ontwikkel wat langer as 'n millennium geduur het. Hulle het gehelp om kulture, idees en kennis uit te ruil tussen groot bakermatte van die beskawing soos <a href="/wiki/Griekeland" title="Griekeland">Griekeland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antieke_Egipte" title="Antieke Egipte">Egipte</a> en <a href="/wiki/Mesopotami%C3%AB" title="Mesopotamië">Mesopotamië</a>. Ná sy hoogtepunt in die 9de eeu v.C. het die Fenisiese beskawing in die oostelike Mediterreense streek stadigaan agteruitgegaan weens buitelandse invloed en mededinging; in die sentrale en westelike Mediterreense streek het sy invloed voortgeduur tot in die middel van die 2de eeu v.C. Die Fenisiërs was in stadstate georganiseer, nes dié in <a href="/wiki/Antieke_Griekeland" title="Antieke Griekeland">antieke Griekeland</a>, waarvan die noemenswaardigstes <a href="/wiki/Tirus" title="Tirus">Tirus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a> en <a href="/wiki/Bublos" title="Bublos">Bublos</a> was.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAubet200117-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Elke stadstaat was polities onafhanklik, en daar is geen bewyse dat die Fenisiërs aan hulleself as 'n enkele nasionaliteit gedink het nie.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinn2017201–203-12">[12]</a> Die Fenisiërs het kolonies en handelsposte oor die hele Mediterreense streek gevestig. <a href="/wiki/Kartago" title="Kartago">Kartago</a>, 'n nedersetting in Noordwes-<a href="/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika">Afrika</a>, het in die 7de eeu v.C. 'n groot beskawing uit eie reg geword. Die Fenisiese gemeenskap en kultuurlewe was gesentreer om handel en seevaart. Terwyl die meeste stadstate deur die een of ander soort koning regeer is, het handelaarsfamilies waarskynlik groot invloed uitgeoefen. Die Fenisiërs is lank as 'n verlore beskawing beskou weens die gebrek aan inheemse geskrewe rekords. Eers teen die middel 20ste eeu het historici en argeoloë 'n idee begin vorm van die komplekse en invloedryke beskawing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkoe200010–12-13">[13]</a> Hulle beste nalatenskap was die wêreld se <a href="/wiki/Fenisiese_alfabet" title="Fenisiese alfabet">oudste geverifieerde alfabet</a>, waarvan die oorsprong verbind word aan dié van die <a href="/wiki/Hebreeuse_alfabet" title="Hebreeuse alfabet">Hebreeuse skrif</a> via die <a href="/wiki/Proto-Sina%C3%AFtiese_alfabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Sinaïtiese alfabet">Proto-Sinaïtiese alfabet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoulmas1996-14">[14]</a> Dit is deur die Mediterreense streek versprei en gebruik om die <a href="/wiki/Arabiese_alfabet" title="Arabiese alfabet">Arabiese</a> en <a href="/wiki/Griekse_alfabet" title="Griekse alfabet">Griekse alfabet</a> te ontwikkel en daarna weer die <a href="/wiki/Latynse_alfabet" title="Latynse alfabet">Latynse alfabet</a> en <a href="/wiki/Cyrilliese_skrif" title="Cyrilliese skrif">Cyrilliese skrif</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkoe2000111-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fischer_2004_90-16">[16]</a> Hulle kry ook die eer vir innovasies in skeepsbou, navigasie, nywerheid, landbou en regering. Daar word geglo hulle internasionale handelsnetwerk het die ekonomiese, politieke en kulturele fondamente gelê van die klassieke <a href="/wiki/Westerse_beskawing" class="mw-redirect" title="Westerse beskawing">Westerse beskawing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hans_G._Niemeyer_2004-17">[17]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etimologie">Etimologie</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenisi%C3%AB&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Wysig afdeling: Etimologie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenisi%C3%AB&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Etimologie">wysig bron</a>]</div> Die Fenisiërs was 'n gemeenskap van onafhanklike stadstate en het blykbaar nie 'n term gehad vir Fenisië as geheel nie.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> In plaas daarvan sou hulle name gehad het vir die inwoners van elke spesifieke stad, soos "Sidoniërs" vir die inwoners van Sidon, ens. As die Fenisiërs wel 'n naam vir die hele streek gehad het, sou dit waarskynlik "Kanaän" gewees het en sou hulle na hulleself as "Kanaäniete" verwys het.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Die naam "Fenisiërs" kom, nes die <a href="/wiki/Latyn" title="Latyn">Latynse</a> Poenī (adjektief poenicus, later pūnicus), van die antieke Griekse Φοινίκη (Phoiníkē). Die woord φοῖνιξ (phoînix) beteken "Fenisiër", "<a href="/wiki/Tiriese_pers" title="Tiriese pers">Tiriese pers</a>" of "<a href="/wiki/Dadelpalm" title="Dadelpalm">dadelpalm</a>." <a href="/wiki/Homeros" title="Homeros">Homeros</a> het dit in elk van dié betekenisse gebruik.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> (Die mitiese voël <a href="/wiki/Feniks" title="Feniks">Feniks</a> het ook dié naam, maar dit kom eers eeue later voor.) Dit is moeilik om te bepaal watter betekenis eerste was, maar dit is verstaanbaar dat die Grieke die karmosynrooi of pers kleur van dadels en kleurstof met die handelaars van albei dié produkte vereenselwig het. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geskiedenis">Geskiedenis</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenisi%C3%AB&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Wysig afdeling: Geskiedenis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenisi%C3%AB&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Geskiedenis">wysig bron</a>]</div> Omdat min Fenisiese rekords bewaar gebly het, kom die meeste van die kennis oor hulle oorsprong en geskiedenis uit die geskrifte van ander beskawings wat deur die hele Mediterreense streek opgegrawe word. Die geleerdes stem saam dat Fenisië se vooruitstrewendste tydperk van 1200 v.C. tot aan die einde van die <a href="/wiki/Persi%C3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Persië">Persiese tydperk</a> (332 v.C.) was.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Die Fenisiese <a href="/wiki/Bronstydperk" title="Bronstydperk">Bronstydperk</a> is grootliks onbekend.<a href="#cite_note-Jig2021_18-22">[22]</a> Die belangrikste twee terreine is Bublos en Sidon-Dakerman (naby Sidon). In 2021 was daar egter steeds meer as honderd terreine wat opgegrawe moes word, terwyl ander nog nie heeltemal ontleed was nie.<a href="#cite_note-Jig2021_18-22">[22]</a> Die Middel-Bronstydperk was oor die algemeen 'n vreedsame tyd van toenemende bevolkings, handel en vooruitgang, hoewel daar om natuurlike hulpbronne meegeding is.<a href="#cite_note-Jig2021_20-23">[23]</a> In die Laat Bronstyd het die mededinging tussen Egipte, <a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a>, die <a href="/wiki/Hetiete" title="Hetiete">Hetiete</a> en <a href="/wiki/Assiri%C3%AB" title="Assirië">Assirië</a> 'n groot impak op Fenisiese stede gehad.<a href="#cite_note-Jig2021_20-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oorsprong">Oorsprong</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenisi%C3%AB&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Wysig afdeling: Oorsprong" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenisi%C3%AB&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Oorsprong">wysig bron</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Antarados_sarkophagus_face.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Antarados_sarkophagus_face.JPG/180px-Antarados_sarkophagus_face.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Antarados_sarkophagus_face.JPG/270px-Antarados_sarkophagus_face.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Antarados_sarkophagus_face.JPG/360px-Antarados_sarkophagus_face.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>’n Fenisiese sarkofaag by Antarados, Noord-Libanon, 480-450 v.C.</figcaption></figure> Die Kanaänitiese kultuur waaruit die Fenisiërs ontstaan het, het blykbaar op die plek ontwikkel uit die vroeëre Ghassuliese <a href="/wiki/Kopersteentydperk" title="Kopersteentydperk">Kopersteentydperkkultuur</a>. Die staat <a href="/wiki/Oegarit" title="Oegarit">Oegarit</a> uit die Laat Bronstydperk word argeologies ook as Kanaänities beskou,<a href="#cite_note-tubb-24">[24]</a> hoewel <a href="/wiki/Oegarities" title="Oegarities">Oegarities</a> nie tot die Kanaänitiese tale behoort nie.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-NavehJ1987-26">[26]</a> Die Griekse historikus <a href="/wiki/Herodotos" title="Herodotos">Herodotos</a> en ander het ander teorieë gehad oor plekke van waar die Fenisiërs gekom het.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bowersock-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rice-29">[29]</a> Sommige argeoloë het al 'n migrasie voorgestel wat verband hou met die verval van 'n beskawing omstreeks 1750 v.C.<a href="#cite_note-Bowersock-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rice-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Donkin-30">[30]</a> Die meeste geleerdes verwerp egter die idee van 'n migrasie; argeologiese en historiese bewyse dui daarop dat die streek millenniums lank aaneen bewoon is, en onlangse <a href="/wiki/Genetika" title="Genetika">genetiese</a> navorsing dui aan hedendaagse <a href="/wiki/Libanon" title="Libanon">Libanese</a> kry die grootste deel van hulle afkoms (meer as 90%) van 'n Kanaänitiesverwante bevolking.<a href="#cite_note-Habercetera-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opkoms_in_die_Laat_Bronstydperk_(1479-1200_v.C.)">Opkoms in die Laat Bronstydperk (1479-1200 v.C.)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenisi%C3%AB&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Wysig afdeling: Opkoms in die Laat Bronstydperk (1479-1200 v.C.)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenisi%C3%AB&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Opkoms in die Laat Bronstydperk (1479-1200 v.C.)">wysig bron</a>]</div> Die eerste bekende aantekeninge oor die Fenisiërs hou verband met die verowerings van <a href="/wiki/Farao" title="Farao">farao</a> <a href="/wiki/Toetmoses_III" title="Toetmoses III">Toetmoses III</a> (1479-1425 v.C.). Die Egiptenare het kusstede geteiken wat volgens hulle behoort het aan die Fenekhu, "skrynwerkers", soos Bublos, Arwad en Ullasa. Die stede het aan die Egiptenare toegang verleen tot die Mesopotamiese handel en groot hoeveelhede van die streek se inheemse sederhout, waarvan daar geen ekviwalent in Egipte was nie.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkoe20001–19-32">[32]</a> Teen die 14de eeu v.C. het die Egiptenare die Fenisiese stadstate as "gunstelingstede" beskou. <a href="/wiki/Tirus" title="Tirus">Tirus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beiroet" title="Beiroet">Beiroet</a> en <a href="/wiki/Bublos" title="Bublos">Bublos</a> is as die belangrikstes gereken. Die Fenisiërs het aansienlike outonomie gehad en hulle stede was redelik goed ontwikkel en vooruitstrewend. Bublos was die belangrikste stad; dit was 'n sentrum vir bronsvervaardiging en die primêre sentrum van waardevolle items soos <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a> en <a href="/wiki/Lasuursteen" title="Lasuursteen">lasuursteen</a> van so ver oos as <a href="/wiki/Afganistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Afganistan">Afganistan</a>. Die Egiptiese amptenare het ook belanggestel in Sidon en Tirus, en dit het 'n patroon van mededinging begin wat oor die volgende millennium sou voortduur. In die <a href="/wiki/Amarna-briewe" title="Amarna-briewe">Amarna-briewe</a> word vertel die naburige <a href="/wiki/Amoriete" title="Amoriete">Amoriete</a> en Hetiete het Fenisiese stede van 1350 tot 1300 v.C. verower, veral in die noorde. Egipte het eindelik sy kusgebiede van Oegarit in Noord-<a href="/wiki/Siri%C3%AB" title="Sirië">Sirië</a> tot by Bublos naby Sentraal-Libanon verloor. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opkoms_en_hoogtepunt_(1200-800_v.C.)">Opkoms en hoogtepunt (1200-800 v.C.)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenisi%C3%AB&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Wysig afdeling: Opkoms en hoogtepunt (1200-800 v.C.)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenisi%C3%AB&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Opkoms en hoogtepunt (1200-800 v.C.)">wysig bron</a>]</div> Tussen 1200 en 1150 v.C. het die verval van die Bronstydperk gelei tot die verswakking of vernietiging van die meeste beskawings in die streek, insluitende die Egiptenare en Hetiete. Dit lyk of die Fenisiërs die toets van die tyd deurstaan het, want hulle het in 1230 v.C. as 'n afsonderlike en georganiseerde beskawing verrys. Dié tydperk word soms die "Fenisiese renaissance" genoem.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Hulle het die magsleemte gevul wat deur die ander beskawings gelaat is deur die enigste handels- en seemag in die streek te word, 'n status wat hulle eeue lank sou volhou.<a href="#cite_note-John_C._Scott_CCR-6">[6]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:ClayRider_500-400BC_Tyre_BritishMuseum_GaryTodd13062018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/ClayRider_500-400BC_Tyre_BritishMuseum_GaryTodd13062018.jpg/180px-ClayRider_500-400BC_Tyre_BritishMuseum_GaryTodd13062018.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/ClayRider_500-400BC_Tyre_BritishMuseum_GaryTodd13062018.jpg/270px-ClayRider_500-400BC_Tyre_BritishMuseum_GaryTodd13062018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/ClayRider_500-400BC_Tyre_BritishMuseum_GaryTodd13062018.jpg/360px-ClayRider_500-400BC_Tyre_BritishMuseum_GaryTodd13062018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="6000" /></a><figcaption>'n Kleiruiter uit Tirus, 500-400 v.C. <a href="/wiki/Britse_Museum" title="Britse Museum">Britse Museum</a>.</figcaption></figure> Die herstel van die Mediterreense ekonomie is waarskynlik te danke aan Fenisiese handelaars en seevaarders wat die langafstandhandel tussen Egipte en Mesopotamië in die 10de eeu v.C. herstel het.<a href="#cite_note-Jerry_H._Bentley_1999-34">[34]</a> Vroeg in die <a href="/wiki/Ystertydperk" title="Ystertydperk">Ystertydperk</a> het die Fenisiërs hawens, pakkamers, markte en nedersettings oor die hele Mediterreense streek en tot by die suidelike <a href="/wiki/Swartsee" title="Swartsee">Swartsee</a> gevestig. Kolonies is gestig op <a href="/wiki/Siprus" title="Siprus">Siprus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sardini%C3%AB" title="Sardinië">Sardinië</a>, die <a href="/wiki/Baleariese_Eilande" title="Baleariese Eilande">Baleariese Eilande</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sisili%C3%AB" title="Sisilië">Sisilië</a> en <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>, sowel as aan die kus van Noord-Afrika en die Iberiese Skiereiland.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Fenisiese <a href="/wiki/Silwer" title="Silwer">silwer</a> uit dié tyd wat as betaalmiddele gebruik is, bevat <a href="/wiki/Lood" title="Lood">loodisotoopverhoudings</a> wat ooreenstem met dié van lood in Sardinië en <a href="/wiki/Spanje" title="Spanje">Spanje</a>, wat dui op hoe uitgebrei die Fenisiese handelsnetwerk was.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Teen die 10de eeu v.C. het <a href="/wiki/Tirus" title="Tirus">Tirus</a> die rykste en magtigste Fenisiese stadstaat geword, veral tydens die bewind van <a href="/wiki/Hiram_I" title="Hiram I">Hiram I</a> (c. 969-936 v.C.). Tydens die bewind van die priester <a href="/wiki/Etba%C3%A4l_I" title="Etbaäl I">Etbaäl</a> (887-856 v.C.) het Tirus sy grondgebied uitgebrei tot so ver noord as Beiroet en tot in 'n deel van <a href="/wiki/Siprus" title="Siprus">Siprus</a>. Dié ongewone daad van aggressie was die naaste wat die Fenisiërs daaraan gekom het om 'n verenigde staat te vorm. Toe sy ryk sy grootste gebiedsomvang bereik, het Etbaäl hom verklaar tot "koning van die Sidoniërs", 'n titel wat ook deur sy opvolgers gebruik is en in beide Griekse en <a href="/wiki/Jood" class="mw-redirect" title="Jood">Joodse</a> geskrifte genoem is.<a href="#cite_note-:02-37">[37]</a> In die Laat Ystertydperk was die Fenisiese boot-, handels- en kulturele bedrywighede op hulle hoogtepunt, veral tussen 750 en 650 v.C. Die Fenisiese invloed was duidelik in die "oriëntalisasie" van Griekse kultuur- en kunskonvensies.<a href="#cite_note-John_C._Scott_CCR-6">[6]</a> Onder hulle gewildste goedere was fyn <a href="/wiki/Tekstiel" title="Tekstiel">tekstiel</a>, gewoonlik gekleur met <a href="/wiki/Tiriese_pers" title="Tiriese pers">Tiriese pers</a>. <a href="/wiki/Homeros" title="Homeros">Homeros</a> se <a href="/wiki/Ilias" title="Ilias">Ilias</a>, wat in dié tyd geskryf is, verwys na die gehalte van Fenisiese <a href="/wiki/Klere" title="Klere">klere</a> en <a href="/wiki/Metaal" title="Metaal">metaalgoedere</a>.<a href="#cite_note-John_C._Scott_CCR-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stigting_van_Kartago">Stigting van Kartago</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenisi%C3%AB&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Wysig afdeling: Stigting van Kartago" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenisi%C3%AB&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Stigting van Kartago">wysig bron</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Kartago" title="Kartago">Kartago</a> is gestig deur Fenisiërs wat van Tirus af gekom het, moontlik aanvanklik as 'n stasie in die metaalhandel met die suidelike Iberiese Skiereiland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarmington1964-38">[38]</a> Die stad se naam in <a href="/wiki/Punies" title="Punies">Punies</a>, 𐤒𐤓𐤕 𐤇𐤃𐤔𐤕 (Qart-Ḥadašt), beteken "Nuwe Stad".<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Sommige bronne noem 'n vroeë stigtingsdatum soos 1215 v.C. – voor die <a href="/wiki/Trojaanse_Oorlog" title="Trojaanse Oorlog">val van Troje</a> in 1180 v.C. Die Griekse geskiedkundige Timeus reken egter die stigting van Kartago was in 814 v.C., die datum wat deur die meeste geskiedkundiges aanvaar word.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Volgens <a href="/wiki/Legende" title="Legende">legendes</a>, insluitende <a href="/wiki/Vergilius" title="Vergilius">Vergilius</a> se <a href="/wiki/Ene%C3%AFde" title="Eneïde">Eneïde</a>, is die stad deur koningin <a href="/wiki/Dido" title="Dido">Dido</a> gestig. Kartago sou groei tot 'n veeletniese ryk wat gestrek het oor Noord-Afrika, Sardinië, Sisilië, Malta, die Baleariese Eilande en Suid-Iberië, maar dit sou eindelik in die <a href="/wiki/Puniese_Oorlo%C3%AB" title="Puniese Oorloë">Puniese Oorloë</a> (264-146 v.C.) deur <a href="/wiki/Romeinse_Ryk" title="Romeinse Ryk">Rome</a> verwoes word voordat dit as 'n Romeinse stad herbou is. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assiriese_en_Babiloniese_vasalstate_(858-538_v.C.)">Assiriese en Babiloniese vasalstate (858-538 v.C.)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenisi%C3%AB&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Wysig afdeling: Assiriese en Babiloniese vasalstate (858-538 v.C.)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenisi%C3%AB&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Assiriese en Babiloniese vasalstate (858-538 v.C.)">wysig bron</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Assyrian_-_Fragments_of_Bands_from_a_Gate_-_Walters_542335_-_View_A.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Assyrian_-_Fragments_of_Bands_from_a_Gate_-_Walters_542335_-_View_A.jpg/240px-Assyrian_-_Fragments_of_Bands_from_a_Gate_-_Walters_542335_-_View_A.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Assyrian_-_Fragments_of_Bands_from_a_Gate_-_Walters_542335_-_View_A.jpg/360px-Assyrian_-_Fragments_of_Bands_from_a_Gate_-_Walters_542335_-_View_A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Assyrian_-_Fragments_of_Bands_from_a_Gate_-_Walters_542335_-_View_A.jpg/480px-Assyrian_-_Fragments_of_Bands_from_a_Gate_-_Walters_542335_-_View_A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1251" /></a><figcaption>Twee bronsfragmente van die Assiriese paleispoort met beelde van die insameling van heffings van die Fenisiese stede Tirus en Sidon (859-824 v.C.). <a href="/wiki/Britse_Museum" title="Britse Museum">Britse Museum</a>.</figcaption></figure> As 'n handelsmag wat op 'n nou kusstrook gekonsentreer was, het die Fenisiërs nie genoeg mense gehad vir 'n sterk weermag nie. Namate buurstate begin sterker raak het, het die Fenisiërs al hoe meer onder die mag gekom van buitelandse heersers, wat hulle outonomie in 'n wisselende mate erken het.<a href="#cite_note-:02-37">[37]</a> Die <a href="/wiki/Assiri%C3%AB" title="Assirië">Assiriese</a> verowering van Fenisië het onder koning <a href="/w/index.php?title=Salmaneser_III&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salmaneser III (bladsy bestaan nie)">Salmaneser III</a> begin. Hy het in 858 v.C. aan die bewind gekom en 'n reeks veldtogte teen buurstate begin voer. Die Fenisiese stadstate het onder sy mag gekom en hulle moes heffings betaal in geld, goedere en natuurlike hulpbronne. Aanvanklik was hulle <a href="/wiki/Vasalstaat" title="Vasalstaat">vasalstate</a> met 'n sekere mate van vryheid.<a href="#cite_note-:02-37">[37]</a> Dit het in 744 v.C. verander met die troonbestyging van <a href="/wiki/Tiglat-Pileser_III" title="Tiglat-Pileser III">Tiglat-Pileser III</a>. Teen 738 v.C. was die grootste deel van die <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>, insluitende Noord-Fenisië, geannekseer. Net Tirus en Bublos, die magtigste stadstate, het vasalstate buite direkte Assiriese beheer gebly. Tirus, Bublos en Sidon het almal teen die Assiriese bewind in opstand gekom. In 721 v.C. het <a href="/wiki/Sargon_II" title="Sargon II">Sargon II</a> Tirus angeval en die rebellie onderdruk. Sy opvolger, <a href="/wiki/Sanherib" title="Sanherib">Sanherib</a>, het nog rebellies in die streek onderdruk. In die 7de eeu v.C. het Sidon gerebelleer en is dit deur <a href="/wiki/Esarhaddon" title="Esarhaddon">Esarhaddon</a> verwoes. Hy het slawe van die inwoners gemaak en 'n nuwe stad op die ruïnes gebou. Aan die einde van die eeu was die Assiriërs verswak weens opeenvolgende opstande, en dit het daartoe gelei dat dit deur die <a href="/wiki/Mede" title="Mede">Mediese Ryk</a> verwoes is. Die Babiloniërs, voormalige vasale van die Assiriërs, het die val van die ryk uitgebuit en in opstand gekom. Kort daarna het hulle die <a href="/wiki/Nieu-Babiloniese_Ryk" title="Nieu-Babiloniese Ryk">Nieu-Babiloniese Ryk</a> in sy plek gestig. Fenisiese stede het verskeie kere tydens die bewind van die eerste Babiloniese koning, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nabopolassar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nabopolassar (bladsy bestaan nie)">Nabopolassar</a> (626-605 v.C.), en sy seun, <a href="/wiki/Nebukadnesar_II" title="Nebukadnesar II">Nebukadnesar II</a> (omstreeks 605-562 v.C.), gerebelleer. In 587 v.C. het Nebukadnesar Tirus aangeval. Die stad het 13 jaar lank weerstand gebied, maar eindelik onder "gunstige terme" oorgegee.<a href="#cite_note-britannica.com-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persiese_tydperk_(539-332_v.C.)">Persiese tydperk (539-332 v.C.)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenisi%C3%AB&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Wysig afdeling: Persiese tydperk (539-332 v.C.)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenisi%C3%AB&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Persiese tydperk (539-332 v.C.)">wysig bron</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Construction_of_Xerxes_Bridge_of_boats_by_Phoenician_sailors.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Construction_of_Xerxes_Bridge_of_boats_by_Phoenician_sailors.jpg/220px-Construction_of_Xerxes_Bridge_of_boats_by_Phoenician_sailors.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Construction_of_Xerxes_Bridge_of_boats_by_Phoenician_sailors.jpg/330px-Construction_of_Xerxes_Bridge_of_boats_by_Phoenician_sailors.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Construction_of_Xerxes_Bridge_of_boats_by_Phoenician_sailors.jpg/440px-Construction_of_Xerxes_Bridge_of_boats_by_Phoenician_sailors.jpg 2x" data-file-width="763" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Fenisiërs bou <a href="/wiki/Pontonbrug" title="Pontonbrug">pontbrûe</a> vir <a href="/wiki/Ahasveros" title="Ahasveros">Ahasveros</a> tydens die tweede Persiese inval van <a href="/wiki/Griekeland" title="Griekeland">Griekeland</a> in 480 v.C. (1915-tekening deur A.C. Weatherstone).</figcaption></figure> In 539 v.C het <a href="/wiki/Kores_die_Grote" title="Kores die Grote">Kores die Grote</a>, die koning en stigter van die Persiese <a href="/wiki/Achaemenidiese_Ryk" title="Achaemenidiese Ryk">Achaemenidiese Ryk</a>, Babilon verower.<a href="#cite_note-:7-42">[42]</a> Terwyl Kores die state oor die hele <a href="/wiki/Antieke_Nabye_Ooste" title="Antieke Nabye Ooste">Nabye Ooste</a> begin konsolideer het, het die Fenisiërs blykbaar besluit om "hulle aan die Perse oor te gee".<a href="#cite_note-:8-43">[43]</a> Die grootste deel van die Levant is deur Kores in 'n enkele <a href="/wiki/Satraap" title="Satraap">satrapie</a> (provinsie) gekonsolideer en gedwing om 'n jaarlikse heffing te betaal.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Die Fenisiese streek is later in vier vasalkoninkryke ingedeel: Sidon, Tirus, Arwad en Bublos. Hulle het aansienlike outonomie gehad. Anders as in ander dele van die ryk is daar geen rekords van Persiese administrateurs wat in die Fenisiese stadstate regeer het nie. Plaaslike Fenisiese konings is toegelaat om aan die bewind te bly en het dieselfde regte as Persiese <a href="/wiki/Satraap" title="Satraap">satrape</a> (goewerneurs) gehad, soos die oorerwing van die amp en die munt van geld.<a href="#cite_note-:7-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Coin_of_Abdashtart_I,_Achaemenid_Phoenicia_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Coin_of_Abdashtart_I%2C_Achaemenid_Phoenicia_%282%29.jpg/240px-Coin_of_Abdashtart_I%2C_Achaemenid_Phoenicia_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Coin_of_Abdashtart_I%2C_Achaemenid_Phoenicia_%282%29.jpg/360px-Coin_of_Abdashtart_I%2C_Achaemenid_Phoenicia_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Coin_of_Abdashtart_I%2C_Achaemenid_Phoenicia_%282%29.jpg/480px-Coin_of_Abdashtart_I%2C_Achaemenid_Phoenicia_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>'n Muntstuk uit die Achaemenidiese Ryk van Straton I van Sidon, wat regs te sien is agter die strydwa en die Persiese koning.</figcaption></figure> Fenisië was 'n belangrike bate van die Achaemenidiese Ryk, veral danksy hulle kennis van skeepstegnologie en navigasie.<a href="#cite_note-:7-42">[42]</a> Hulle het die grootste deel van die Persiese vloot se bote gelewer tydens die <a href="/wiki/Grieks-Persiese_Oorlo%C3%AB" title="Grieks-Persiese Oorloë">ryk se oorloë met Griekeland</a> in die laat 5de eeu v.C.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Fenisiërs onder <a href="/wiki/Ahasveros" title="Ahasveros">Ahasveros</a> het die Xerxeskanaal gebou, asook die <a href="/wiki/Pontonbrug" title="Pontonbrug">pontbrûe</a> waaroor die ryk se soldate die Griekse vasteland binnegegaan het.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Die Persiese koning het hulle egter swaar gestraf ná die nederlaag in die Slag van Salamis, wat hy toegeskryf het aan die Fenisiërs se lafhartigheid en onbekwaamheid.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> In die middel van die 4de eeu v.C. het koning Tennes van Sidon 'n mislukte rebellie teen Artaxerxes III gelei. Hulle het die hulp ingewin van die Egiptenare, wat daarna in 'n oorlog met Persië betrokke geraak het.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Die verwoesting van Sidon daarna het gelei tot die heropkoms van Tirus, wat vir twee dekades die oorheersende Fenisiese stad gebly het tot met die aankoms van Alexander die Grote. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hellenistiese_tydperk_(332-152_v.C.)">Hellenistiese tydperk (332-152 v.C.)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenisi%C3%AB&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Wysig afdeling: Hellenistiese tydperk (332-152 v.C.)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenisi%C3%AB&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Hellenistiese tydperk (332-152 v.C.)">wysig bron</a>]</div> Fenisië was een van die eerste streke wat deur <a href="/wiki/Alexander_die_Grote" title="Alexander die Grote">Alexander die Grote</a> verower is tydens sy militêre veldtogte in <a href="/wiki/Wes-Asi%C3%AB" title="Wes-Asië">Wes-Asië</a>. Alexander se hoofteiken in die Persiese Levant was <a href="/wiki/Tirus" title="Tirus">Tirus</a>, wat nou die streek se grootste en belangrikste stad was. Die stad het oorgegee ná 'n beleg van rofweg sewe maande, waartydens sy inwoners na Kartago gevlug het.<a href="#cite_note-:9-50">[50]</a> Tirus se weiering om Alexander toe te laat om die stad se tempel aan <a href="/wiki/Melqart" title="Melqart">Melqart</a> te besoek, wat gelei het tot die moord op sy gesante, het 'n wrede vergelding tot gevolg gehad: 2 000 van sy belangrikste inwoners is <a href="/wiki/Kruisiging" title="Kruisiging">gekruisig</a> en 'n strooipophandlanger is aangestel.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Die res van Fenisië het maklik onder Alexander se beheer gekom en Sidon het vreedsaam oorgegee.<a href="#cite_note-:10-52">[52]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:A_naval_action_during_the_siege_of_Tyre_by_Andre_Castaigne_(1898-1899).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/A_naval_action_during_the_siege_of_Tyre_by_Andre_Castaigne_%281898-1899%29.jpg/200px-A_naval_action_during_the_siege_of_Tyre_by_Andre_Castaigne_%281898-1899%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/A_naval_action_during_the_siege_of_Tyre_by_Andre_Castaigne_%281898-1899%29.jpg/300px-A_naval_action_during_the_siege_of_Tyre_by_Andre_Castaigne_%281898-1899%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/A_naval_action_during_the_siege_of_Tyre_by_Andre_Castaigne_%281898-1899%29.jpg/400px-A_naval_action_during_the_siege_of_Tyre_by_Andre_Castaigne_%281898-1899%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1539" data-file-height="2227" /></a><figcaption>'n Vlootoptrede tydens Alexander die Grote se aanval op Tirus in 332 v.C. Tekening deur Andre Castaigne, 1888-'89.</figcaption></figure> Alexander se ryk het 'n beleid van Hellenisasie gehad, waardeur die Griekse kultuur en godsdiens deur die verowerde gebiede versprei is. Grieks is egter nie oral afgedwing nie en was soms net 'n taal vir administrasiedoeleindes. Die meeste plekname is in Grieks verander,<a href="#cite_note-:9-50">[50]</a> maar in Fenisië het al die plekke buiten twee hulle inheemse name behou, en dit lyk of die Griekse administrasie hier baie beperk was.<a href="#cite_note-:9-50">[50]</a> Die Fenisiërs het handels- en kulturele bande met hulle westelike bure behou. Die Griekse historikus Polibius vertel hoe die Seleukidiese koning Demetrius I uit Rome ontsnap het op 'n skip van Kartago wat goedere na Tirus vervoer het.<a href="#cite_note-:9-50">[50]</a> Die aanpassing by die <a href="/wiki/Masedoni%C3%AB_(streek)" title="Masedonië (streek)">Masedoniese</a> heerskappy is waarskynlik vergemaklik deur die Fenisiërs se historiese bande met die Grieke, met wie hulle 'n paar <a href="/wiki/Mitologie" title="Mitologie">mitologiese</a> stories en figure deel; die twee volke word selfs soms as "familie" beskou.<a href="#cite_note-:9-50">[50]</a> Toe Alexander se ryk ná sy dood in 323 v.C. inmekaarstort, het die Fenisiërs onder die bewind van die grootste van sy opvolgers, die <a href="/wiki/Seleukidiese_Ryk" title="Seleukidiese Ryk">Seleukiede</a>, gekom. Die <a href="/wiki/Ptoleme%C3%AFese_Ryk" title="Ptolemeïese Ryk">Ptolemeïese Ryk</a> van Egipte het voortdurend om die Fenisiese streek gewedywer tydens die 40-jarige Siriese Oorloë en die gebied het in die 3de eeu v.C. onder Ptolemeïese heerskappy gekom.<a href="#cite_note-britannica.com-41">[41]</a> Die Seleukiede het dit die volgende eeu teruggewen en beheer daaroor uitgevoer tot in die middel van die 2de eeu v.C. Onder hulle heerskappy het die Fenisiërs 'n aansienlike mate van outonomie en selfregering gehad.<a href="#cite_note-britannica.com-41">[41]</a> Tyens die Seleukidiese Dinastiese Oorloë (157-63 v.C.) was die Fenisiese stede hoofsaaklik selfregerend. Die Seleukidiese Ryk, insluitende Fenisië, is in 82 v.C. deur <a href="/wiki/Tigranes_die_Grote" title="Tigranes die Grote">Tigranes die Grote</a> van <a href="/wiki/Armeni%C3%AB" title="Armenië">Armenië</a> verower, en daarmee het die Hellenistiese invloed oor die streek tot 'n einde gekom. Met hulle strategies waardevolle bufferstaat wat in 'n mededingende mag opgeneem is, het die Romeine tussenbeide getree en die gebied in 62 v.C. verower. Kort daarna is dit opgeneem in die <a href="/wiki/Syria_(Romeinse_provinsie)" title="Syria (Romeinse provinsie)">Romeinse provinsie Syria</a>. Fenisië het in die 3de eeu n.C. 'n aparte Romeinse provinsie geword. Onder die Romeinse heerskappy het die Fenisiërs enige mate van outonomie verloor en die streek is verromeins. Die Romeinse Ryk het oor die gebied regeer tot in die 640's n.C., toe die <a href="/wiki/Moslem" title="Moslem">Moslemse</a> <a href="/wiki/Arabiere" title="Arabiere">Arabiere</a> dit verower het. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demografie">Demografie</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenisi%C3%AB&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Wysig afdeling: Demografie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenisi%C3%AB&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Demografie">wysig bron</a>]</div> Die volk wat nou as die Fenisiërs bekend is, was nes die naburige <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israeliete</a> en <a href="/wiki/Moabiete" class="mw-redirect" title="Moabiete">Moabiete</a> 'n <a href="/wiki/Kana%C3%A4n" title="Kanaän">Kanaänitiese</a> volk. Hulle was 'n groep antieke <a href="/wiki/Semitiese_tale" class="mw-redirect" title="Semitiese tale">Semitiessprekende</a> volke wat op die laatste in die 3de millennium v.C. in die <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> verskyn het.<a href="#cite_note-John_C._Scott_CCR-6">[6]</a> Fenisiërs het hulleself nie so genoem nie en sou eerder na hulleself verwys het as Kenaʿani, "Kanaäniete".<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> In 'n studie in 2018 met <a href="/wiki/Mitochondriale_DNS" title="Mitochondriale DNS">mitochondriale DNS</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sardini%C3%AB" title="Sardinië">Sardinië</a> is bevind die Fenisiërs was "inklusief en multikultureel, en het aansienlike vroulike mobiliteit gehad", met bewyse van inheemse, "vreedsame en permanente" Sardiniese integrasie in Semitiese Fenisiese setlaars. Die studie het ook bewyse gevind dat Suid-Europeërs hulle dalk in die gebied van die moderne <a href="/wiki/Libanon" title="Libanon">Libanon</a> gevestig het.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetiese_studies">Genetiese studies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenisi%C3%AB&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Wysig afdeling: Genetiese studies" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenisi%C3%AB&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Genetiese studies">wysig bron</a>]</div> In 'n studie in 2008 onder Pierre Zalloua is bevind ses subklades van die <a href="/wiki/Haplogroep" title="Haplogroep">haplogroep</a> J-M172 (J2) – wat vermoedelik tussen die <a href="/wiki/Kaukasus" title="Kaukasus">Kaukasusberge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesopotami%C3%AB" title="Mesopotamië">Mesopotamië</a> en die <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> ontstaan het – het 'n "Fenisiese handtekening" gehad en verteenwoordig onder die mans bevolkings van Libanese kusstreke sowel as die groter Levant (die "Fenisiese buiterand"), gevolg deur ander gebiede van historiese Fenisiese besetting, van <a href="/wiki/Siprus" title="Siprus">Siprus</a> tot <a href="/wiki/Marokko" title="Marokko">Marokko</a>. Die navorsers het voorgestel die genetiese handtekening is die gevolg van 'n "gedeelde bron van verwante lyne wat in Libanon gewortel is".<a href="#cite_note-Zalloua_2008-55">[55]</a> Nog 'n studie in 2006 het bewyse gevind van die genetiese teenwoordigheid van Fenisiërs op die Spaanse eiland <a href="/wiki/Ibiza" title="Ibiza">Ibiza</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> In 2016 het die <a href="/wiki/Skelet" title="Skelet">skelet</a> van 'n 2 500 jaar oue man van Kartago wat in <a href="/wiki/Tunisi%C3%AB" title="Tunisië">Tunisië</a> ontdek is, getoon dit bevat die seldsame moederlike haplogroep U5b2c1. Die lyn van dié "Jong Man van Byrsa" verteenwoordig vermoedelik vroeë geenvloei van <a href="/wiki/Iberi%C3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberië">Iberië</a> na die <a href="/wiki/Magreb" title="Magreb">Magreb</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Volgens 'n studie van 2017 wat deur die American Journal of Human Genetics gepubliseer is, kry hedendaagse Libanese die grootste deel van hulle herkoms van 'n bevolking wat aan die Kanaäniete verwant is, en dit dui op 'n aansienlike genetiese aaneenlopendheid in die Levant sedert minstens die <a href="/wiki/Bronstydperk" title="Bronstydperk">Bronstydperk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Die Britse genetikus Chris Tyler-Smith en sy span het verder "antieke DNS van vyf Kanaänitiese volke wat 3 750 en 3 650 jaar gelede gelewe het", met dié van moderne mense vergelyk en onthul dat 93% van die genetiese herkoms van mense in Libanon van die Kanaäniete kom (die ander 7% was van 'n bevolking op die <a href="/wiki/Eurasi%C3%AB" title="Eurasië">Eurasiese</a> <a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">steppe</a>).<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> In 'n studie in 2020 wat in die American Journal of Human Genetics gepubliseer is, het navorsers gewys daar is 'n aansienlike genetiese aaneenlopendheid in Libanon sedert die Bronstydperk wat deur drie groot vermengingsvoorvalle onderbreek is: in die <a href="/wiki/Ystertydperk" title="Ystertydperk">Yster-</a>, Hellenistiese en <a href="/wiki/Ottomaanse_Ryk" title="Ottomaanse Ryk">Ottomaanse</a> tydperk, wat elk 3-11% van die nieplaaslike gene tot die bevolking bygedra het.<a href="#cite_note-doi_10.1016/j.ajhg.2020.05.008-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ekonomie">Ekonomie</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenisi%C3%AB&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Wysig afdeling: Ekonomie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenisi%C3%AB&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Ekonomie">wysig bron</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Handel">Handel</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenisi%C3%AB&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Wysig afdeling: Handel" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenisi%C3%AB&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Handel">wysig bron</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Phoenician_trade_routes_(eng).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Phoenician_trade_routes_%28eng%29.svg/400px-Phoenician_trade_routes_%28eng%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Phoenician_trade_routes_%28eng%29.svg/600px-Phoenician_trade_routes_%28eng%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Phoenician_trade_routes_%28eng%29.svg/800px-Phoenician_trade_routes_%28eng%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2042" data-file-height="917" /></a><figcaption>Die groot Fenisiese handelsnetwerk (omstreeks 1200-800 v.C.).</figcaption></figure> Die Fenisiërs was tussengangers tussen die uiteenlopende bevolkings in die Mediterreense streek en Nabye Ooste. Hulle het die uitruil van goedere, kennis, kultuur en godsdienstradisies aangehelp. Hulle uitgebreide en langdurige handelsnetwerk het die fondament gelê vir 'n ekonomies en kultureel samehangende Mediterreense streek, wat deur die Grieke en veral die Romeinse voortgesit is.<a href="#cite_note-Jerry_H._Bentley_1999-34">[34]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:MuseoArqueologicoCadiz-P1050192.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/MuseoArqueologicoCadiz-P1050192.JPG/220px-MuseoArqueologicoCadiz-P1050192.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/MuseoArqueologicoCadiz-P1050192.JPG/330px-MuseoArqueologicoCadiz-P1050192.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/MuseoArqueologicoCadiz-P1050192.JPG/440px-MuseoArqueologicoCadiz-P1050192.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Fenisiese sarkofae wat in Cádiz, Spanje, ontdek is. Hulle is vermoedelik na Sidon uitgevoer.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Argeologiese Museum van Cádiz.</figcaption></figure> Fenisiese bande met die Grieke was diepgewortel. Dit het blykbaar in die <a href="/wiki/Mino%C3%AFese_beskawing" title="Minoïese beskawing">Minoïese beskawing</a> op <a href="/wiki/Kreta" title="Kreta">Kreta</a> (1950-1450 v.C.) begin, wat saam met die <a href="/wiki/Miceense_Griekeland" title="Miceense Griekeland">Miceense beskawing</a> (1600-1100 v.C.) as die voorlopers van klassieke Griekeland beskou word.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Argeologiese bewyse dui daarop dat die Miceense Grieke geleidelik goedere, kunsstyle en gebruike via die Fenisiërs uit die Nabye Ooste ingevoer het. Aan die Egiptenare het die Fenisiërs sederhout teen aansienlike pryse verkoop,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECunliffe2008241–2-66">[66]</a> asook <a href="/wiki/Wyn" title="Wyn">wyn</a> van die 8ste eeu v.C. af. Die wynhandel met Egipte is goed gedokumenteer deur skeepswrakke wat in 1997 in die oop see 50 km wes van <a href="/wiki/Ashkelon" title="Ashkelon">Ashkelon</a>, Israel, ontdek is.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Groot houers van <a href="/wiki/Terracotta" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Terracotta">terracotta</a> uit Tirus en Sarepta is gebruik vir die vervoer van die wyn. Die Fenisiërs het weer van die Egiptenare <a href="/wiki/Nubi%C3%AB" title="Nubië">Nubiese</a> <a href="/wiki/Goud" title="Goud">goud</a> gekoop. Van elders het hulle ander materiale gekry, waarvan die belangrikste seker <a href="/wiki/Silwer" title="Silwer">silwer</a> was, soos van <a href="/wiki/Sardini%C3%AB" title="Sardinië">Sardinië</a> en die <a href="/wiki/Iberiese_Skiereiland" title="Iberiese Skiereiland">Iberiese Skiereiland</a>. Tin vir die maak van <a href="/wiki/Brons" title="Brons">brons</a> is dalk van <a href="/wiki/Galisi%C3%AB" title="Galisië">Galisië</a> in Suid-Spanje gekry, of van <a href="/wiki/Noord-Europa" title="Noord-Europa">Noord-Europa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a> of <a href="/wiki/Historiese_Bretagne" title="Historiese Bretagne">Bretagne</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkoe2000103-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nywerheid">Nywerheid</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenisi%C3%AB&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Wysig afdeling: Nywerheid" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenisi%C3%AB&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Nywerheid">wysig bron</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Phoenician_-_Bowl_with_Hunting_Scene_-_Walters_57705.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Phoenician_-_Bowl_with_Hunting_Scene_-_Walters_57705.jpg/220px-Phoenician_-_Bowl_with_Hunting_Scene_-_Walters_57705.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Phoenician_-_Bowl_with_Hunting_Scene_-_Walters_57705.jpg/330px-Phoenician_-_Bowl_with_Hunting_Scene_-_Walters_57705.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Phoenician_-_Bowl_with_Hunting_Scene_-_Walters_57705.jpg/440px-Phoenician_-_Bowl_with_Hunting_Scene_-_Walters_57705.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1776" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>'n Fenisiese metaalbak met 'n <a href="/wiki/Jag" title="Jag">jagtoneel</a> (8ste eeu v.C.). Die klere en haarstyl van die figure is Egipties, maar die onderwerp van die middelste toneel is die Mesopotamiese tema van die stryd tussen mens en dier. Fenisiese kunstenaars het dikwels die style van naburige kulture oorgeneem.</figcaption></figure> Fenisië het min ander natuurlike hulpbronne as sy sederhout gehad. Hout was waarskynlik hulle eerste en grootste bron van rykdom; nie Egipte of Mesopotamië het genoeg houtbronne gehad nie. Die Fenisiërs kon egter nie van dié beperkte inkomste alleen lewe nie en het 'n nywerheidsbasis begin wat geskoei was op die vervaardiging van goedere vir alledaagse en luuksegebruik.<a href="#cite_note-John_C._Scott_CCR-6">[6]</a> Hulle het tegnieke soos glas-, graveer- en metaalwerk uitgevind of bemeester.<a href="#cite_note-:42-69">[69]</a> Die Fenisiërs was vroeë pioniers in massaproduksie en het baie goedere in grootmaat verkoop. Hulle het die belangrikste bron van glasware in die oudheid geword en het duisende flesse, krale en ander glasvoorwerpe oor die Middellandse See versprei.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Uitgrawings in Spanje dui daarop dat hulle ook die pottebakkerswiel gebruik het.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Hulle blootstelling aan 'n groot verskeidenheid kulture het hulle in staat gestel om goedere vir spesifieke markte te vervaardig.<a href="#cite_note-:42-69">[69]</a> Uit die <a href="/wiki/Ilias" title="Ilias">Ilias</a> blyk dit dat Fenisiese klere en metaalgoedere hoog deur die Grieke aangeslaan is.<a href="#cite_note-John_C._Scott_CCR-6">[6]</a> Gespesialiseerde items is spesiaal vir ryker klante ontwerp, insluitende reliëfs van <a href="/wiki/Ivoor" title="Ivoor">ivoor</a> en geverfde <a href="/wiki/Volstruis" title="Volstruis">volstruiseiers</a> met fyn detail. <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Contemporary_portrayal_of_a_toga_picta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Contemporary_portrayal_of_a_toga_picta.jpg/180px-Contemporary_portrayal_of_a_toga_picta.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Contemporary_portrayal_of_a_toga_picta.jpg/270px-Contemporary_portrayal_of_a_toga_picta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Contemporary_portrayal_of_a_toga_picta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="560" /></a><figcaption>'n <a href="/wiki/Etruskers" title="Etruskers">Etruskiese</a> graf (omstreeks 350 v.C.) wat 'n man met 'n <a href="/wiki/Pers" title="Pers">pers</a> <a href="/wiki/Toga" title="Toga">toga</a> uitbeeld.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tiriese_pers">Tiriese pers</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenisi%C3%AB&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Wysig afdeling: Tiriese pers" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenisi%C3%AB&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Tiriese pers">wysig bron</a>]</div> Die waardevolste Fenisiese goedere was materiaal wat gekleur was met <a href="/wiki/Tiriese_pers" title="Tiriese pers">Tiriese pers</a>, wat vir 'n groot deel van die Fenisiese rykdom verantwoordelik was. Dit is 'n afskeiding deur verskeie spesies seeslakke van die genus Murex. Hulle was volop in die Oos-Middellandse See, maar is so oorbenut dat hulle plaaslik uitgesterf het. Fenisiërs kon die kleurstof in 1750 v.C. al ontdek het.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Hulle het 'n tweede vervaardigingsentrum daarvoor gevestig in Mogador, in die hedendaagse <a href="/wiki/Marokko" title="Marokko">Marokko</a>.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Die Fenisiërs se eksklusiewe beheer oor die vervaardiging van die kleurstof asook die arbeidsintensiewe ekstraksieproses het dit baie duur gemaak. Tiriese pers is dus later met die rykes verbind. Dit was gou 'n statussimbool in sekere beskawings, veral onder jong Romeine. Assiriese bestellingsrekords van die Fenisiërs sluit in "klere van helder gekleurde stof", wat waarskynlik Tiriese pers insluit. Hoewel die ontwerpe en borduurwerk in Fenisiese tekstiele hoog aangeslaan is, ontbreek inligting oor die tegnieke en spesifieke beskrywings.<a href="#cite_note-:42-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mynbou">Mynbou</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenisi%C3%AB&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Wysig afdeling: Mynbou" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenisi%C3%AB&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Mynbou">wysig bron</a>]</div> Mynbou in die Fenisiese tuisland was beperk; <a href="/wiki/Yster" title="Yster">yster</a> was die enigste <a href="/wiki/Metaal" title="Metaal">metaal</a> van enige nut. Die eerste grootskaalse mybou-operasies het waarskynlik in <a href="/wiki/Siprus" title="Siprus">Siprus</a> voorgekom, hoofsaaklik vir <a href="/wiki/Koper" title="Koper">koper</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sardini%C3%AB" title="Sardinië">Sardinië</a> is dalk uitsluitlik vir sy <a href="/wiki/Mineraal" title="Mineraal">mineralebronne</a> gekoloniseer; Fenisiese nedersettings was gekonsentreer in die suidelike dele van die eiland, naby bronne van koper en <a href="/wiki/Lood" title="Lood">lood</a>. Die <a href="/wiki/Iberiese_Skiereiland" title="Iberiese Skiereiland">Iberiese Skiereiland</a> was die rykste bron van verskeie metale, insluitend <a href="/wiki/Goud" title="Goud">goud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silwer" title="Silwer">silwer</a>, koper, yster, <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a> en lood.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERawlinson1889-74">[74]</a> Die aansienlike opbrengs van dié metale tydens die besetting deur Fenisië en Kartago dui op grootskaalse mynbou.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERawlinson1889-74">[74]</a> Kartago het na berig word van <a href="/wiki/Slaaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Slaaf">slawe</a> gebruik gemaak vir mynbou, maar dit is onbekend of die Fenisiërs dieselfde gedoen het.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERawlinson1889-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wynbou">Wynbou</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenisi%C3%AB&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Wysig afdeling: Wynbou" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenisi%C3%AB&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Wynbou">wysig bron</a>]</div> Die merkwaardigste landbouproduk was <a href="/wiki/Wyn" title="Wyn">wyn</a>, wat die Fenisiërs oor die Middellandse See help versprei het.<a href="#cite_note-:22-75">[75]</a> Die <a href="/wiki/Vitis_vinifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitis vinifera">gewone wynstok</a> is dalk deur die Fenisiërs of Kanaäniete gedomestikeer, hoewel dit waarskynlik van die Suid-<a href="/wiki/Kaukasus" title="Kaukasus">Kaukasus</a> gekom het via handelsroetes oor <a href="/wiki/Mesopotami%C3%AB" title="Mesopotamië">Mesopotamië</a> of die <a href="/wiki/Swartsee" title="Swartsee">Swartsee</a>. Wingerde het geredelik in die Levant se kusstreke gegroei, en wyn is in die tyd van die <a href="/wiki/Ou_Ryk_van_Egipte" title="Ou Ryk van Egipte">Ou Ryk</a> (2686-2134 v.C.) reeds na Egipte uitgevoer. Wyn het 'n belangrike rol in die Fenisiese godsdiens gespeel; dit was die hoofdrankie vir offerandes.<a href="#cite_note-:22-75">[75]</a> Opgrawings op 'n klein Fenisiese dorp suid van Sidon het 'n wynfabriek ontbloot wat minstens van die 7de eeu v.C. al gebruik is en vermoedelik op 'n oorsese mark gemik was.<a href="#cite_note-:22-75">[75]</a> Om <a href="/wiki/Oksidasie" title="Oksidasie">oksidasie</a> te voorkom is houers met 'n laag <a href="/wiki/Olyf" title="Olyf">olyfolie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denneboom" title="Denneboom">dennehout</a> en <a href="/wiki/Hars" title="Hars">hars</a> verseël. Die Fenisiërs het wingerde en wynkelders in hulle kolonies in <a href="/wiki/Noord-Afrika" title="Noord-Afrika">Noord-Afrika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sisili%C3%AB" title="Sisilië">Sisilië</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frankryk" title="Frankryk">Frankryk</a> en <a href="/wiki/Spanje" title="Spanje">Spanje</a> gevestig,<a href="#cite_note-:22-75">[75]</a> en het dalk wynmakery aan van hulle handelsvennote geleer. Die antieke Iberiërs het begin om wyn van plaaslike druifvariëteite te vervaardig ná hulle interaksie met die Fenisiërs. Iberiese kultivars het daarna die basis van die meeste <a href="/wiki/Wes-Europa" title="Wes-Europa">Wes-Europese</a> wyne gevorm.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Skeepsbou">Skeepsbou</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenisi%C3%AB&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Wysig afdeling: Skeepsbou" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenisi%C3%AB&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Skeepsbou">wysig bron</a>]</div> <div class="thumb tright" style="width: 349px;"> <div class="thumbinner"> <div style="float: left; margin: 1px; width: 171px"> <div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:AssyrianWarship.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Oorlogskepe met twee rye spane. 'n Reliëf uit Nineve."><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/AssyrianWarship.jpg/169px-AssyrianWarship.jpg" decoding="async" width="169" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/AssyrianWarship.jpg/254px-AssyrianWarship.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/AssyrianWarship.jpg/338px-AssyrianWarship.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1197" data-file-height="874" /></a> </div> <div class="thumbcaption" style="clear:left">Oorlogskepe met twee rye spane. 'n Reliëf uit <a href="/wiki/Nineve" title="Nineve">Nineve</a>. </div> </div><div style="float: left; margin: 1px; width: 166px"> <div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Eastern_Antiquities_in_the_Louvre_-_Room_4,_05.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Die Houtvervoerreliëf in die Louvre."><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Eastern_Antiquities_in_the_Louvre_-_Room_4%2C_05.JPG/164px-Eastern_Antiquities_in_the_Louvre_-_Room_4%2C_05.JPG" decoding="async" width="164" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Eastern_Antiquities_in_the_Louvre_-_Room_4%2C_05.JPG/246px-Eastern_Antiquities_in_the_Louvre_-_Room_4%2C_05.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Eastern_Antiquities_in_the_Louvre_-_Room_4%2C_05.JPG/328px-Eastern_Antiquities_in_the_Louvre_-_Room_4%2C_05.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a> </div><div class="thumbcaption" style="clear:left">Die Houtvervoerreliëf in die <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a>. </div> </div><div class="thumbcaption" style="clear: left; text-align: left; background: transparent; color:inherit">Twee Assiriese voorstellings van skepe, dalk van Fenisiese bote. </div> </div> </div> Die Fenisiërs het reeds sedert 1200 v.C. groot handelsbote gebou. In die Bronstydperk het hulle die <a href="/wiki/Kiel" title="Kiel">kiel</a> ontwikkel. Hulle was waarskynlik die eerste volk wat die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bireem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bireem (bladsy bestaan nie)">bireem</a> gebruik het, omstreeks 700 v.C.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Hulle het waarskynlik ook die <a href="/wiki/Trireem" class="mw-redirect" title="Trireem">trireem</a> ontwikkel wat beskou is as die gevorderdste en magtigste vaartuig in die antieke Mediterreense wêreld en wat eindelik deur die Grieke gebruik is.<a href="#cite_note-:02-37">[37]</a> Die Fenisiërs was vir verskeie ander seevaartuitvindsels verantwoordelik. Die <a href="/wiki/Amfoor" title="Amfoor">amfoor</a>, 'n soort houer wat vir beide droë goedere en vloeistof gebruik is, was 'n antieke Fenisiese uitvindsel wat vir byna 2 000 jaar 'n gestandaardiseerde volumemaat geword het. Die oorblyfsels van kunsmatige hawens wat self skoon word, is in Sidon, Tirus, Atlit en <a href="/wiki/Akko" title="Akko">Akko</a> ontdek.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Die eerste voorbeeld van <a href="/w/index.php?title=Seereg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seereg (bladsy bestaan nie)">seereg</a> was ook in die Levant.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Die Fenisiërs het tot in die Ystertydperk tot <a href="/wiki/Kartografie" title="Kartografie">kartografie</a> bygedra.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> In 2014 is 'n Fenisiese handelskip van sowat 15 m naby Gozo-eiland in <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> ontdek. Dit kom uit 700 v.C. en is een van die oudste wrakke wat nog in die Middellandse See ontdek is.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Belangrike_stede_en_kolonies">Belangrike stede en kolonies</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenisi%C3%AB&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Wysig afdeling: Belangrike stede en kolonies" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenisi%C3%AB&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: Belangrike stede en kolonies">wysig bron</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Griechischen_und_ph%C3%B6nizischen_Kolonien.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Griechischen_und_ph%C3%B6nizischen_Kolonien.jpg/640px-Griechischen_und_ph%C3%B6nizischen_Kolonien.jpg" decoding="async" width="640" height="365" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Griechischen_und_ph%C3%B6nizischen_Kolonien.jpg/960px-Griechischen_und_ph%C3%B6nizischen_Kolonien.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Griechischen_und_ph%C3%B6nizischen_Kolonien.jpg/1280px-Griechischen_und_ph%C3%B6nizischen_Kolonien.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2836" data-file-height="1616" /></a><figcaption>'n Duitse kaart van Fenisië (in geel) en Griekse kolonies (in rooi) omstreeks die 8ste tot 6de eeu v.C.</figcaption></figure> Fenisië was in onafhanklike stadstate georganiseer met 'n gemeenskaplike <a href="/wiki/Taal" title="Taal">taal</a> en <a href="/wiki/Kultuur" title="Kultuur">kultuur</a>. Die belangrikste stede was Tirus, Sidon en Bublos. Mededinging was te wagte, maar gewapende konflik was skaars. Talle ander stede het net in die Levant bestaan, waarvan baie waarskynlik onbekend was, soos Beiroeta (die moderne <a href="/wiki/Beiroet" title="Beiroet">Beiroet</a>), Ampi, Amia, Arqa, Baalbek, Botrys, Sarepta en Tripolis. Van die laat 10de eeu v.C. af het die Fenisiërs handelsbuiteposte deur die hele Mediterreense gebied gevestig: Tirus het kolonies gestig op Siprus, Sardinië, Iberië, die Baleariese Eilande, Sisilië, Malta en in Noord-Afrika. Latere kolonies is gestig aan die <a href="/wiki/Atlantiese_Oseaan" title="Atlantiese Oseaan">Atlantiese</a> kus van Iberië. Die Fenisiërs het ook dalk die kus van die <a href="/wiki/Kanariese_Eilande" title="Kanariese Eilande">Kanariese Eilande</a> en <a href="/wiki/Brittanje" class="mw-redirect" title="Brittanje">Brittanje</a> verken.<a href="#cite_note-John_C._Scott_CCR-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fenisiese_kolonisasie">Fenisiese kolonisasie</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenisi%C3%AB&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Wysig afdeling: Fenisiese kolonisasie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenisi%C3%AB&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section's source code: Fenisiese kolonisasie">wysig bron</a>]</div> Om handel te bevorder het die Fenisiërs talle <a href="/wiki/Kolonie" title="Kolonie">kolonies</a> en handelsposte aan die kus van die Middellandse See gevestig. Fenisiese stadstate het gewoonlik te min mense en geen begeerte gehad nie om hulle gebied oorsee uit te brei. Min kolonies het meer as 1 000 inwoners gehad; net Kartago en 'n paar nedersetting in die westelike Mediterreense gebied het groter geword.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> 'n Groot motiveringsfaktor was mededinging met die <a href="/wiki/Grieke" title="Grieke">Grieke</a>, wat in dieselfde tyd oor die Middellandse See begin uitbrei het.<a href="#cite_note-ClineGraham2011-83">[83]</a> Hoewel hulle grootliks vreedsame mededingers was, het hulle onderskeie nedersettings op <a href="/wiki/Sisili%C3%AB" title="Sisilië">Sisilië</a> en <a href="/wiki/Kreta" title="Kreta">Kreta</a> van tyd tot tyd gebots.<a href="#cite_note-SacksMurray2009-84">[84]</a> Die vroegste Fenisiese nedersettings buite die Levant was op Kreta en Siprus, en dit het geleidelik weswaarts uitgebrei na <a href="/wiki/Korsika" title="Korsika">Korsika</a>, die <a href="/wiki/Baleariese_Eilande" title="Baleariese Eilande">Baleariese Eilande</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sardini%C3%AB" title="Sardinië">Sardinië</a> en <a href="/wiki/Sisili%C3%AB" title="Sisilië">Sisilië</a>, sowel as op die Europese vasteland in <a href="/wiki/Genua" title="Genua">Genua</a> en <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WaldmanMason2006-85">[85]</a> Tirus het die toon aangegee in die besetting van en beheer oor die kusstreke.<a href="#cite_note-Naylor2009-86">[86]</a> Fenisiese kolonies was taamlik outonoom. Daar is hoogstens verwag dat hulle jaarlikse heffings na hulle moederstad moes stuur, gewoonlik in die vorm van godsdienstige offerandes. In die 7de eeu v.C. het die westelike kolonies egter onder beheer gekom van Kartago,<a href="#cite_note-SwartzDumett1980-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-GarnseyWhittaker2007-88">[88]</a> wat magistrate aangestel het.<a href="#cite_note-Roberts20042-89">[89]</a> Kartago het vir 'n tyd ná sy onafhanklikwording steeds jaarlikse heffings na Tirus gestuur. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gemeenskap_en_kultuur">Gemeenskap en kultuur</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenisi%C3%AB&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Wysig afdeling: Gemeenskap en kultuur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenisi%C3%AB&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section's source code: Gemeenskap en kultuur">wysig bron</a>]</div> Aangesien baie min Fenisiese geskrifte bewaar gebly het, kom baie van die kennis oor hulle kultuur en gemeenskap van wat ander beskawings oor hulle geskryf het en van argeologiese ontdekkings. Die Fenisiërs het baie in gemeen gehad met ander Kanaäniete, soos taal, godsdiens, sosiale gebruike en 'n <a href="/wiki/Monargie" title="Monargie">monargale</a> politieke stelsel wat om stadstate gesentreer was. Hulle het egter teen die Vroeë Ystertydperk (rofweg 1300 v.C.) 'n afsonderlike volk begin word. Hulle kultuur, ekonomie en daaglikse lewe was gesentreer om handel en seevaart. Laasgenoemde het hulle in kontak met talle ander beskawings gebring. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politiek_en_regering">Politiek en regering</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenisi%C3%AB&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Wysig afdeling: Politiek en regering" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenisi%C3%AB&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section's source code: Politiek en regering">wysig bron</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:King_Hiram_Of_Tyre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/King_Hiram_Of_Tyre.jpg/220px-King_Hiram_Of_Tyre.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/King_Hiram_Of_Tyre.jpg/330px-King_Hiram_Of_Tyre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/King_Hiram_Of_Tyre.jpg/440px-King_Hiram_Of_Tyre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2434" data-file-height="1622" /></a><figcaption>Die graftombe van koning Hiram I van Tirus op die dorp Hanaouay in Suid-Libanon.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Phoenician_Merchants_and_Traders.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Phoenician_Merchants_and_Traders.jpg/220px-Phoenician_Merchants_and_Traders.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Phoenician_Merchants_and_Traders.jpg/330px-Phoenician_Merchants_and_Traders.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Phoenician_Merchants_and_Traders.jpg/440px-Phoenician_Merchants_and_Traders.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1954" data-file-height="1388" /></a><figcaption>'n 19de-eeuse uitbeelding van Fenisiese matrose en handelaars. Die belangrikheid van handel vir die Fenisiese ekonomie het gelei tot 'n geleidelike magsdeling tussen die koning en rade van handelaarsfamilies.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:PhoenicianStela-4cBC-Tyre-NationalMuseumOfBeirut_03102019RomanDeckert.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/PhoenicianStela-4cBC-Tyre-NationalMuseumOfBeirut_03102019RomanDeckert.jpg/220px-PhoenicianStela-4cBC-Tyre-NationalMuseumOfBeirut_03102019RomanDeckert.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/PhoenicianStela-4cBC-Tyre-NationalMuseumOfBeirut_03102019RomanDeckert.jpg/330px-PhoenicianStela-4cBC-Tyre-NationalMuseumOfBeirut_03102019RomanDeckert.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/PhoenicianStela-4cBC-Tyre-NationalMuseumOfBeirut_03102019RomanDeckert.jpg/440px-PhoenicianStela-4cBC-Tyre-NationalMuseumOfBeirut_03102019RomanDeckert.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3641" data-file-height="2349" /></a><figcaption>'n <a href="/wiki/Stele" title="Stele">Stele</a> van Tirus met Fenisiese inskripsies (omstreeks die 4de eeu v.C.). Nasionale Museum van Beiroet.</figcaption></figure> Die Fenisiese stadstate was baie onafhanklik en formele bondgenootskappe tussen hulle was skaars. Die relatiewe mag en invloed van die stadstate het van tyd tot tyd gewissel. Sidon het tussen die 12de en 11de eeu v.C. oorheers en sy bure beïnvloed. Teen die 10de eeu v.C. het Tirus die magtigste stad geword. Konings wat die troon geërf het, het veral in die begin met <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monargie" title="Absolute monargie">absolute mag</a> regeer. Hulle het dikwels op senior amptenare uit die adel- en handelsklasse staatgemaak. Die priesters was 'n uitsonderlike klas, gewoonlik van koninklike afkoms of uit belangrike handelaarsfamilies. Die koning is beskou as 'n verteenwoordiger van die <a href="/wiki/Godheid" title="Godheid">gode</a> en het baie verpligtinge gehad wat betref die godsdiensoptogte en -rituele. Priesters was dus baie invloedryk en het dikwels met die koninklike familie verweef geraak. Konings het nie hulle bewind met standbeelde en monumente gevier nie. Hulle rykdom, mag en prestasies is gewoonlik oorgedra deur versierde sakrofae. Die Fenisiërs het rekord gehou van hulle heersers met graftombe-inskripsies, wat onder die min primêre bronne is wat bewaar gebly het. Historici het 'n duidelike lyn van opvolging bepaal van sekere stadstate, veral Bublos en Tirus. Reeds van die 15de eeu v.C. af is Fenisiese leiers "geadviseer deur rade wat al hoe groter mag gekry het".<a href="#cite_note-:10-52">[52]</a> In die 6de eeu v.C., tydens die Babiloniese heerskappy, het Tirus vir 'n kort ruk 'n regeringstelsel van regters gehad wie se mag rofweg met dié van <a href="/wiki/Konsul_(Rome)" title="Konsul (Rome)">Romeinse konsuls</a> ooreengestem het. Hulle was bekend as sufetes en is vir kort termyne uit die magtigste adellike families gekies.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-:10-52">[52]</a> In die 4de eeu v.C., toe die leërs van <a href="/wiki/Alexander_die_Grote" title="Alexander die Grote">Alexander die Grote</a> Tirus genader het, is hulle nie deur die koning ontmoet nie, maar deur verteenwoordigers van die stad se statebond. Historici van destyds het ook geskryf dat die "inwoners" van Sidon vrede met Alexander gesluit het.<a href="#cite_note-:10-52">[52]</a> Toe die Masedoniërs 'n nuwe koning oor Sidon wou aanstel, het die burgers hulle kandidaat benoem.<a href="#cite_note-:10-52">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reg_en_administrasie">Reg en administrasie</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenisi%C3%AB&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Wysig afdeling: Reg en administrasie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenisi%C3%AB&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section's source code: Reg en administrasie">wysig bron</a>]</div> Naas die koning en raad was die belangrikste twee posisies in byna elke Fenisiese stadstaat die goewerneur en leërbevelvoerder. Besonderhede oor die pligte van dié amptenare is skaars. Dit is egter bekend dat die goewerneur verantwoordelik was vir die insameling van <a href="/wiki/Belasting" title="Belasting">belasting</a>, om verordeninge in werking te stel, toesig oor regters te hou en die administrasie van die reg te beheer.<a href="#cite_note-:02-37">[37]</a> Omdat oorloë skaars was, was die plig van die leërbevelvoerder gewoonlik die verdediging van die stadstaat en sy agterlande. Die Fenisiërs het 'n stelsel van regters en howe gehad wat dispute opgelos en misdade gestraf het volgens 'n stel wette en tradisies. Wette is deur die staat in werking gestel en was die verantwoordelikheid van die heerser en sekere aangewese amptenare. Nes in die res van die Levant was die wette streng en partydig, en het dit die sosiale lae van die gemeenskap weerspieël. Die moord op 'n gewone burger is in 'n minder ernstige lig beskou as dié op 'n edelman, en die hoër stande het die meeste regte gehad. Die rykes het gewoonlik 'n straf vrygespring deur 'n boete te betaal. Vrye burgers van enige klas kon hulleself in die hof verdedig en het meer regte as vroue en kinders gehad, terwyl slawe geen regte gehad het nie. Mans kon hulle straf oordra aan hulle vroue, kinders en slawe, en kon hulle selfs hulle vonnisse namens hulle laat uitdien. Soos in naburige gemeenskappe van die tyd was die straf vir misdade dikwels swaar, en dit het dikwels die beginsel van vergelding behels – as 'n slaaf vermoor is, kon die daad gestraf word met die moord op 'n slaaf van die oortreder. Gevangenisstraf was skaars, en straf het dikwels boetes, verbanning, en teregstelling behels. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taal">Taal</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenisi%C3%AB&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Wysig afdeling: Taal" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenisi%C3%AB&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section's source code: Taal">wysig bron</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Fenisies" title="Fenisies">Fenisies</a> was lid van die Kanaänitiese tak van die <a href="/wiki/Semitiese_taalfamilie" title="Semitiese taalfamilie">Noordwes-Semitiese tale</a>. Die taal wat daaruit voortgevloei het en in die Kartaagse Ryk gepraat is, word <a href="/wiki/Punies" title="Punies">Punies</a> genoem. Punies is nog in die 5de eeu n.C. gepraat. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Alfabet">Alfabet</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenisi%C3%AB&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Wysig afdeling: Alfabet" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenisi%C3%AB&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section's source code: Alfabet">wysig bron</a>]</div> <dl><dd><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Die hoofartikel vir hierdie afdeling is: <a href="/wiki/Fenisiese_alfabet" title="Fenisiese alfabet">Fenisiese alfabet</a>.</div></dd></dl> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Ahiram_sarcophag_from_Biblos_XIII-XBC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Ahiram_sarcophag_from_Biblos_XIII-XBC.jpg/220px-Ahiram_sarcophag_from_Biblos_XIII-XBC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Ahiram_sarcophag_from_Biblos_XIII-XBC.jpg/330px-Ahiram_sarcophag_from_Biblos_XIII-XBC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Ahiram_sarcophag_from_Biblos_XIII-XBC.jpg/440px-Ahiram_sarcophag_from_Biblos_XIII-XBC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5299" data-file-height="3656" /></a><figcaption>Die sarkofaag van koning Ahiram van Bublos, wat die oudste bekende inskripsie in die Fenisiese alfabet bevat. (Nasionale Museum van Beiroet.)</figcaption></figure> Omstreeks 1050 v.C.<a href="#cite_note-NavehJ1987-26">[26]</a> het die Fenisiërs 'n skrif ontwikkel om hulle taal in te skryf. Die Kanaänities-Fenisiese alfabet het 22 letters gehad, alles <a href="/wiki/Konsonant" title="Konsonant">konsonante</a> (en was dus streng gesproke 'n <a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">abjad</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Fischer_2004_90-16">[16]</a> Dit het vermoedelik ontstaan uit die <a href="/wiki/Proto-Sina%C3%AFtiese_skrif" title="Proto-Sinaïtiese skrif">Proto-Sinaïtiese skrif</a> (of Proto-Kanaänitiese skrif) wat in die Laat Bronstydperk in <a href="/wiki/Sinai" title="Sinai">Sinai</a> en <a href="/wiki/Kana%C3%A4n" title="Kanaän">Kanaän</a> gebruik is.<a href="#cite_note-Cross1980-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Deur middel van hulle seehandel het hulle die alfabet na <a href="/wiki/Anatoli%C3%AB" title="Anatolië">Anatolië</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noord-Afrika" title="Noord-Afrika">Noord-Afrika</a> en <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europa</a> versprei.<a href="#cite_note-John_C._Scott_CCR-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Die naam "Fenisies" word gewoonlik gegee aan inskripsies van ná omstreeks 1050 v.C., want Fenisies, <a href="/wiki/Hebreeus" title="Hebreeus">Hebreeus</a> en ander Kanaänitiese dialekte was tot in dié tyd grootliks ononderskeidbaar.<a href="#cite_note-NavehJ1987-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkoe2000111-15">[15]</a> Fenisiese inskripsies van tot die vroeë <a href="/wiki/Christelike" class="mw-redirect" title="Christelike">Christelike</a> tydperk is in <a href="/wiki/Libanon" title="Libanon">Libanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siri%C3%AB" title="Sirië">Sirië</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palestina" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestina">Palestina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siprus" title="Siprus">Siprus</a> en op ander plekke ontdek. Die alfabet is moontlik in die 8ste eeu v.C. deur die <a href="/wiki/Grieke" title="Grieke">Grieke</a> aangeneem en aangepas. Dit het waarskynlik geleidelik gebeur danksy kommersiële handelstransaksies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoscati1965-94">[94]</a> Fenisiese handelaars het die alfabet vermoedelik na <a href="/wiki/Kreta" title="Kreta">Kreta</a> gebring,<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> van waar dit geleidelik noordwaarts versprei het. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kuns">Kuns</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenisi%C3%AB&veaction=edit&section=26" title="Wysig afdeling: Kuns" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenisi%C3%AB&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section's source code: Kuns">wysig bron</a>]</div> Fenisiese kuns het gewoonlik ornamente behels, veral <a href="/wiki/Juweliersware" title="Juweliersware">juweliersware</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erdeware" title="Erdeware">erdeware</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glas" title="Glas">glasware</a> en reliëfwerk.<a href="#cite_note-Phoenician_Art-96">[96]</a> Groot beelde was skaars. Fenisiese kunsvoorwerpe is al ontdek van <a href="/wiki/Spanje" title="Spanje">Spanje</a> en <a href="/wiki/Marokko" title="Marokko">Marokko</a> tot <a href="/wiki/Rusland" title="Rusland">Rusland</a> en <a href="/wiki/Irak" title="Irak">Irak</a>. Baie van wat oor Fenisiese kuns bekend is, is danksy ontdekkings van buite Fenisië. Die kuns is in 'n groot mate beïnvloed deur baie kulture, veral van <a href="/wiki/Antieke_Egipte" title="Antieke Egipte">Egipte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antieke_Griekeland" title="Antieke Griekeland">Griekeland</a> en <a href="/wiki/Assiri%C3%AB" title="Assirië">Assirië</a>. Griekse invloede was veral merkbaar in erdewerk, terwyl Egiptiese style te sien is in ivoorwerk.<a href="#cite_note-Phoenician_Art-96">[96]</a> Die Fenisiese kuns word ook van dié van ander streke onderskei deurdat daar 'n voortsetting van konvensies uit die Bronstydperk was tot ver in die <a href="/wiki/Ystertydperk" title="Ystertydperk">Ystertydperk</a>, soos <a href="/wiki/Masker" title="Masker">maskers</a> van <a href="/wiki/Terracotta" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Terracotta">terracotta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-97">[97]</a> Fenisiërs was veral vaardig met <a href="/wiki/Hout" title="Hout">hout</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivoor" title="Ivoor">ivoor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brons" title="Brons">brons</a> en <a href="/wiki/Tekstiel" title="Tekstiel">tekstiele</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> In die <a href="/wiki/Ou_Testament" title="Ou Testament">Ou Testament</a> is 'n vakman van Tirus in diens geneem om die legendariese <a href="/wiki/Salomo_se_Tempel" title="Salomo se Tempel">Salomo se Tempel</a> in Jerusalem te bou en versier (<a href="/wiki/1_Konings" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Konings">1 Konings</a>), wat dui op 'n "goed ontwikkelde en hoogs gerespekteerde vaknywerheid in die middel van die 10de eeu v.C. in Fenisië".<a href="#cite_note-:3-97">[97]</a> Die <a href="/wiki/Ilias" title="Ilias">Ilias</a> beskryf die geborduurde rokke van <a href="/wiki/Priamos" title="Priamos">Priamos</a> se vrou, Hekabe, as "die werk van vroue van Sidon". Dit lyk of die Assiriërs veral Fenisiese ivoorwerk hoog aangeslaan het en groot hoeveelhede daarvan in hulle paleise gebruik het.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> Dit lyk of die Fenisiërs hulle kuns aan kommersiële belange gekoppel het.<a href="#cite_note-:42-69">[69]</a> Hulle het kunswerke gemaak om in die smaak van spesifieke handelsvennote te val: Hulle het nie net verskillende kulture in ag geneem nie, maar ook sosio-ekonomiese statusklasse.<a href="#cite_note-:42-69">[69]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Phoenician,_Iraq,_Nimrud,_9th-8th_Century_BC_-_Decorative_Plaque-_Man;_and_Griffin_in_Combat_-_1968.45_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif" class="mw-file-description" title="'n Versierde gedenkplaat met 'n vegtende man en griffioen; 900-800 v.C."><img alt="'n Versierde gedenkplaat met 'n vegtende man en griffioen; 900-800 v.C." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Phoenician%2C_Iraq%2C_Nimrud%2C_9th-8th_Century_BC_-_Decorative_Plaque-_Man%3B_and_Griffin_in_Combat_-_1968.45_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-151px-Phoenician%2C_Iraq%2C_Nimrud%2C_9th-8th_Century_BC_-_Decorative_Plaque-_Man%3B_and_Griffin_in_Combat_-_1968.45_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="151" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Phoenician%2C_Iraq%2C_Nimrud%2C_9th-8th_Century_BC_-_Decorative_Plaque-_Man%3B_and_Griffin_in_Combat_-_1968.45_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-227px-Phoenician%2C_Iraq%2C_Nimrud%2C_9th-8th_Century_BC_-_Decorative_Plaque-_Man%3B_and_Griffin_in_Combat_-_1968.45_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Phoenician%2C_Iraq%2C_Nimrud%2C_9th-8th_Century_BC_-_Decorative_Plaque-_Man%3B_and_Griffin_in_Combat_-_1968.45_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-302px-Phoenician%2C_Iraq%2C_Nimrud%2C_9th-8th_Century_BC_-_Decorative_Plaque-_Man%3B_and_Griffin_in_Combat_-_1968.45_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3463" data-file-height="3896" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">'n Versierde gedenkplaat met 'n vegtende man en <a href="/wiki/Griffioen" title="Griffioen">griffioen</a>; 900-800 v.C.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Oinochoe_MET_DP279075.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="'n Wynhouer; 800-700 v.C."><img alt="'n Wynhouer; 800-700 v.C." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Oinochoe_MET_DP279075.jpg/127px-Oinochoe_MET_DP279075.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Oinochoe_MET_DP279075.jpg/191px-Oinochoe_MET_DP279075.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Oinochoe_MET_DP279075.jpg/255px-Oinochoe_MET_DP279075.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">'n Wynhouer; 800-700 v.C.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Glass_face_bead_MET_DP121044.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="'n Kraal met 'n gesig; middel 4de-3de eeu v.C."><img alt="'n Kraal met 'n gesig; middel 4de-3de eeu v.C." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Glass_face_bead_MET_DP121044.jpg/127px-Glass_face_bead_MET_DP121044.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Glass_face_bead_MET_DP121044.jpg/191px-Glass_face_bead_MET_DP121044.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Glass_face_bead_MET_DP121044.jpg/255px-Glass_face_bead_MET_DP121044.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2882" data-file-height="3842" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">'n Kraal met 'n gesig; middel 4de-3de eeu v.C.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Pair_of_gold_earrings_with_four_relief_faces_MET_sf19992896ab2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Een oorring van 'n paar, elk met vier reliëfgesigte; laat 4de-3de eeu v.C."><img alt="Een oorring van 'n paar, elk met vier reliëfgesigte; laat 4de-3de eeu v.C." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Pair_of_gold_earrings_with_four_relief_faces_MET_sf19992896ab2.jpg/121px-Pair_of_gold_earrings_with_four_relief_faces_MET_sf19992896ab2.jpg" decoding="async" width="121" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Pair_of_gold_earrings_with_four_relief_faces_MET_sf19992896ab2.jpg/182px-Pair_of_gold_earrings_with_four_relief_faces_MET_sf19992896ab2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Pair_of_gold_earrings_with_four_relief_faces_MET_sf19992896ab2.jpg/243px-Pair_of_gold_earrings_with_four_relief_faces_MET_sf19992896ab2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="643" data-file-height="900" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Een oorring van 'n paar, elk met vier reliëfgesigte; laat 4de-3de eeu v.C. </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vroue">Vroue</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenisi%C3%AB&veaction=edit&section=27" title="Wysig afdeling: Vroue" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenisi%C3%AB&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section's source code: Vroue">wysig bron</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:FemaleFigurines-Tyre-IronAge-II_NationalMuseumOfBeirut_06102019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/FemaleFigurines-Tyre-IronAge-II_NationalMuseumOfBeirut_06102019.jpg/220px-FemaleFigurines-Tyre-IronAge-II_NationalMuseumOfBeirut_06102019.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/FemaleFigurines-Tyre-IronAge-II_NationalMuseumOfBeirut_06102019.jpg/330px-FemaleFigurines-Tyre-IronAge-II_NationalMuseumOfBeirut_06102019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/FemaleFigurines-Tyre-IronAge-II_NationalMuseumOfBeirut_06102019.jpg/440px-FemaleFigurines-Tyre-IronAge-II_NationalMuseumOfBeirut_06102019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3207" data-file-height="2299" /></a><figcaption>Vrouebeeldjies uit Tirus, omstreeks 1000-550 v.C. (Nasionale Museum van Beiroet.)</figcaption></figure> Vroue in Fenisië het aan openbare geleenthede en godsdiensoptogte deelgeneem en op bankette saam met mans gesit, gedans en musiek gemaak.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolst201131-100">[100]</a> In die meeste gevalle is egter van vroue verwag om nederiger as mans op te tree en aan te trek; vrouebeeldjies beeld vroue gewoonlik uit as aangetrek van kop tot tone, met die arms ook soms bedek. Hoewel vroue selde politieke mag gehad het, het hulle aan gemeenskapsbedrywighede deelgeneem. Hulle het 'n sê in die volksvergaderings gehad wat in sommige stadstate hulle verskyning gemaak het.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolst201144-101">[101]</a> Minstens een vrou, Unmiashtart, het in die 5de eeu v.C. oor Sidon regeer.<a href="#cite_note-:02-37">[37]</a> Die bekendste twee Fenisiese vroue was politieke figure: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isebel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isebel (bladsy bestaan nie)">Isebel</a>, in die <a href="/wiki/Bybel" title="Bybel">Bybel</a> uitgebeeld as die selfgeldende prinses van Sidon (1 Konings), en <a href="/wiki/Dido" title="Dido">Dido</a>, die halflegendariese stigter en eerste koningin van Kartago. In <a href="/wiki/Vergilius" title="Vergilius">Vergilius</a> se epiese gedig die <a href="/wiki/Ene%C3%AFde" title="Eneïde">Eneïde</a> word Dido beskryf as die medeheerser van Tirus wat op 'n slim manier ontsnap van die tirannie van haar broer <a href="/wiki/Pigmalion" title="Pigmalion">Pigmalion</a> en 'n terrein vir die bou van Kartago verseker. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Godsdiens">Godsdiens</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenisi%C3%AB&veaction=edit&section=28" title="Wysig afdeling: Godsdiens" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenisi%C3%AB&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section's source code: Godsdiens">wysig bron</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Baal_Ugarit_Louvre_AO17329.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Baal_Ugarit_Louvre_AO17329.jpg/150px-Baal_Ugarit_Louvre_AO17329.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Baal_Ugarit_Louvre_AO17329.jpg/225px-Baal_Ugarit_Louvre_AO17329.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Baal_Ugarit_Louvre_AO17329.jpg/300px-Baal_Ugarit_Louvre_AO17329.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1658" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ba%C3%A4l" title="Baäl">Baäl</a> met sy een arm opgelig, 14de-12de eeu v.C., ontdek in die antieke <a href="/wiki/Oegarit" title="Oegarit">Oegarit</a>, 'n stad in die verre noorde van die Fenisiese kus (<a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a>).</figcaption></figure> Die godsdienspraktyke en geloofsoortuigings van die Fenisiërs was oor die algemeen dieselfde as dié van hulle bure in <a href="/wiki/Kana%C3%A4n" title="Kanaän">Kanaän</a>, wat ook ooreengestem het met dié deur die hele <a href="/wiki/Semitiese_taalfamilie" title="Semitiese taalfamilie">antieke Semitiese wêreld</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoscati1957e.g.,_p._40_&_113-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith19561–15-103">[103]</a> Godsdiensrituele was hoofsaaklik vir die doeleindes van die stadstate; belasting was in die vorm van godsdiensofferandes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaster1965113–143,_114–5-104">[104]</a> Ongelukkig het die Fenisiese heilige geskrifte wat aan die antieke wêreld bekend was, verlore gegaan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarden196283–4-105">[105]</a> Verskeie Kanaänitiese praktyke word in antieke bronne en deur geleerdes genoem, soos <a href="/wiki/Tempelprostitusie" title="Tempelprostitusie">tempelprostitusie</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandon1970512–513-106">[106]</a> en kinderofferandes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandon1970448-107">[107]</a> Spesiale terreine wat "Tofet" genoem is en waar Fenisiërs na bewering "hulle seuns en dogters in die vuur geoffer het", word in die Bybel deur die Here veroordeel, veral in <a href="/wiki/Jeremia" title="Jeremia">Jeremia</a> 7:30-32 en in <a href="/wiki/2_Konings" class="mw-redirect" title="2 Konings">2 Konings</a> 23:10 en 17:17. Die Kanaänitiese <a href="/wiki/Mitologie" title="Mitologie">mitologie</a> was blykbaar nie so uitgebrei as by hulle Semitiese bure in <a href="/wiki/Mesopotami%C3%AB" title="Mesopotamië">Mesopotamië</a> nie. Die hoofgod in Kanaän was <a href="/w/index.php?title=El_(god)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="El (god) (bladsy bestaan nie)">El</a> (𐤀𐤋, "god").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandon1970258_("El")-108">[108]</a> Die seun van El was <a href="/wiki/Ba%C3%A4l" title="Baäl">Baäl</a> (𐤁𐤏𐤋, "meester"), 'n magtige weergod wat telkens gesterf en weer opgestaan het. Ander gode het koninklike titels gehad, soos <a href="/wiki/Melqart" title="Melqart">Melqart</a>, wat "koning van die stad" beteken,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoscati1957113–4-109">[109]</a> of <a href="/wiki/Adonis" title="Adonis">Adonis</a> vir "heer".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandon197029–30-110">[110]</a> Dit was dalk dikwels plaaslike name vir dieselfde gode. Daar was baie gode in die Semitiese <a href="/wiki/Panteon" title="Panteon">panteon</a>; watter god die hoofgod was, het blykbaar afgehang van 'n spesifieke stadstaat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandon1970173,_501-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> Melqart was prominent in Fenisië en oorsee, nes <a href="/w/index.php?title=Astarte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Astarte (bladsy bestaan nie)">Astarte</a>, 'n vrugbaarheidsgodin met koninklike en moederlike eienskappe. Godsdiensinstelling in Tirus wat marzeh (𐤌𐤓𐤆𐤄, "plek van reünie") genoem is, het saambinding en lojaliteit aangehelp. Marzeh het op feesdae bankette vir hulle lede gehou en baie het tot elitistiese broederskappe ontwikkel. Elke marzeh het geesverwantskap en 'n gemeenskapsgevoel aangewakker met 'n reeks etes wat vir getroue lede gehou is ter ere van vergoddelikte voorouers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkoe2000120-113">[113]</a> In Kartago, wat 'n ingewikkelde republikeinse regeringstelsel ontwikkel het, het die marzeh dalk 'n rol gespeel om sosiale en politieke sienings onder burgers te versprei; die burgers is in verskillende instellings verdeel wat deur feeste en bankette gesolidariseer is. Sulke feesgroepe kon dalk selfs die stemgroepe saamgestel het vir die stadstaat se volksvergadering.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarmington1964148-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith195633–43-115">[115]</a> Die Fenisiërs het offerandes aan hulle gode gebring in die vorm van beeldjies en erdeware.<a href="#cite_note-:21-116">[116]</a> Honderde beeldjies en potskerwe is in die Middellandse See ontdek wat waarskynlik in die see gegooi is om veilige reise te verseker.<a href="#cite_note-:21-116">[116]</a> Omdat die Fenisiërs seevaarders was, word gespekuleer dat baie van hulle rituele ter see of op skepe plaasgevind het. Die spesifieke aard van dié praktyke is egter onbekend. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verwysings">Verwysings</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenisi%C3%AB&veaction=edit&section=29" title="Wysig afdeling: Verwysings" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenisi%C3%AB&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section's source code: Verwysings">wysig bron</a>]</div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-3" style="-moz-column-count: 3; -webkit-column-count: 3; column-count: 3; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2205490">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:12px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFKitto1851" class="citation book cs1">Kitto, John (1851). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9oHbdzSawj0C&q=phoenicia+lebanon&pg=PA528">A Cyclopedia of Biblical Literature</a>. Adan and Charles Black.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Cyclopedia+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.pub=Adan+and+Charles+Black&rft.date=1851&rft.aulast=Kitto&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9oHbdzSawj0C%26q%3Dphoenicia%2Blebanon%26pg%3DPA528&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AFenisi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFMalaspina2009" class="citation book cs1">Malaspina, Ann (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Pfop0v79y7gC&q=phoenicia+lebanon&pg=PA19">Lebanon</a>. Infobase Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-1-4381-0579-6" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-1-4381-0579-6"><bdi>978-1-4381-0579-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lebanon&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-0579-6&rft.aulast=Malaspina&rft.aufirst=Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPfop0v79y7gC%26q%3Dphoenicia%2Blebanon%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AFenisi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFMeir_Edrey2019" class="citation book cs1">Meir Edrey (2019). Phoenician Identity in Context: Material Cultural Koiné in the Iron Age Levant. Alter Orient und Altes Testament. Vol. 469. Germany: Ugarit-Verlag – Buch- und Medienhandel Münster. pp. 23–24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-3-86835-282-5" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-3-86835-282-5"><bdi>978-3-86835-282-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Phoenician+Identity+in+Context%3A+Material+Cultural+Koin%C3%A9+in+the+Iron+Age+Levant&rft.place=Germany&rft.series=Alter+Orient+und+Altes+Testament&rft.pages=23-24&rft.pub=Ugarit-Verlag+%E2%80%93+Buch-+und+Medienhandel+M%C3%BCnster&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-3-86835-282-5&rft.au=Meir+Edrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AFenisi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Phoenicia">"Phoenicia | Definition, Location, History, Religion, & Facts"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica (in Engels). Besoek op 29 Augustus 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Phoenicia+%7C+Definition%2C+Location%2C+History%2C+Religion%2C+%26+Facts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FPhoenicia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AFenisi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historytoday.com/reviews/who-were-phoenicians">"Who Were The Phoenicians? | History Today"</a>. www.historytoday.com. Besoek op 20 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.historytoday.com&rft.atitle=Who+Were+The+Phoenicians%3F+%7C+History+Today&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historytoday.com%2Freviews%2Fwho-were-phoenicians&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AFenisi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-John_C._Scott_CCR-6">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-John_C._Scott_CCR_6-0">6,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-John_C._Scott_CCR_6-1">6,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-John_C._Scott_CCR_6-2">6,2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-John_C._Scott_CCR_6-3">6,3</a> <a href="#cite_ref-John_C._Scott_CCR_6-4">6,4</a> <a href="#cite_ref-John_C._Scott_CCR_6-5">6,5</a> <a href="#cite_ref-John_C._Scott_CCR_6-6">6,6</a> <a href="#cite_ref-John_C._Scott_CCR_6-7">6,7</a> <a href="#cite_ref-John_C._Scott_CCR_6-8">6,8</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFScott2018" class="citation journal cs1">Scott, John C (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/ccr/vol78/iss78/4">"The Phoenicians and the Formation of the Western World"</a>. Comparative Civilizations Review. 78 (78).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Civilizations+Review&rft.atitle=The+Phoenicians+and+the+Formation+of+the+Western+World&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=78&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=John+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarsarchive.byu.edu%2Fccr%2Fvol78%2Fiss78%2F4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AFenisi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinn201724,_204-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuinn201724,_204_7-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuinn2017">Quinn (2017)</a>, pp. 24, 204. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFDrews1998" class="citation journal cs1">Drews, Robert (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/030908929802308104">"Canaanites and Philistines"</a>. Journal for the Study of the Old Testament. 23 (81): 39–61. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F030908929802308104">10.1177/030908929802308104</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144074940">144074940</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+Study+of+the+Old+Testament&rft.atitle=Canaanites+and+Philistines&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=81&rft.pages=39-61&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F030908929802308104&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144074940%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Drews&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1177%2F030908929802308104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AFenisi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JonTubb-9"><a href="#cite_ref-JonTubb_9-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFTubb1998" class="citation book cs1">Tubb, Johnathan N. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/canaanites00tubb">Canaanites; In:British Museum People of the Past</a>. University of Oklahoma Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/9780806131085" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/9780806131085"><bdi>9780806131085</bdi></a>. Besoek op 9 Oktober 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canaanites%3B+In%3ABritish+Museum+People+of+the+Past&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780806131085&rft.aulast=Tubb&rft.aufirst=Johnathan+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcanaanites00tubb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AFenisi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAubet200117-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAubet200117_10-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFAubet2001">Aubet (2001)</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a> <cite style="font-style:normal"> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/phoenicia/">Phoenicia</a>". World History Encyclopedia.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rft.type=encyclopediaArticle&rft.title=Phoenicia&rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2Fphoenicia%2F&rft.source=World+History+Encyclopedia">  </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinn2017201–203-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuinn2017201–203_12-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuinn2017">Quinn (2017)</a>, pp. 201–203. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkoe200010–12-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarkoe200010–12_13-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarkoe2000">Markoe (2000)</a>, pp. 10–12. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoulmas1996-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoulmas1996_14-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFCoulmas1996">Coulmas 1996</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkoe2000111-15">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarkoe2000111_15-0">15,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarkoe2000111_15-1">15,1</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarkoe2000">Markoe (2000)</a>, p. 111. </li> <li id="cite_note-Fischer_2004_90-16">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Fischer_2004_90_16-0">16,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fischer_2004_90_16-1">16,1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFFischer2004" class="citation book cs1">Fischer, Steven Roger (2004). A history of writing. Reaktion Books. p. 90.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+writing&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Fischer&rft.aufirst=Steven+Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AFenisi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hans_G._Niemeyer_2004-17"><a href="#cite_ref-Hans_G._Niemeyer_2004_17-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFNiemeyer2004" class="citation book cs1">Niemeyer, Hans G. (2004). "The Phoenicians and the Birth of a Multinational Mediterranean Society". In Rollinger, Robert; Ulf, Christoph (reds.). Commerce and Monetary Systems in the Ancient World. Stuttgart: Franz Stiener Verlag. pp. 246, 250.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Phoenicians+and+the+Birth+of+a+Multinational+Mediterranean+Society&rft.btitle=Commerce+and+Monetary+Systems+in+the+Ancient+World&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pages=246%2C+250&rft.pub=Franz+Stiener+Verlag&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Niemeyer&rft.aufirst=Hans+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AFenisi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a> Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art. “The Phoenicians (1500–300 B.C.).” In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/phoe/hd_phoe.htm">http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/phoe/hd_phoe.htm</a> (October 2004) </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a> Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Phoenicia". Encyclopedia Britannica, 20 Augustus 2020, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Phoenicia">https://www.britannica.com/place/Phoenicia</a>. Besoek op 9 Januarie 2022. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=foi=nic">"Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, φοῖνιξ"</a>. www.perseus.tufts.edu. Besoek op 3 Februarie 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.perseus.tufts.edu&rft.atitle=Henry+George+Liddell%2C+Robert+Scott%2C+A+Greek-English+Lexicon%2C+%CF%86%CE%BF%E1%BF%96%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dfoi%3Dnic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AFenisi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFJigoulov2021"> Jigoulov 2021</a>, p. 13 </li> <li id="cite_note-Jig2021_18-22">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Jig2021_18_22-0">22,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jig2021_18_22-1">22,1</a> <a href="#CITEREFJigoulov2021"> Jigoulov 2021</a>, p. 18 </li> <li id="cite_note-Jig2021_20-23">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Jig2021_20_23-0">23,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jig2021_20_23-1">23,1</a> <a href="#CITEREFJigoulov2021"> Jigoulov 2021</a>, pp. 18–9 </li> <li id="cite_note-tubb-24"><a href="#cite_ref-tubb_24-0">↑</a> Tubb, Jonathan N. (1998), "Canaanites" (British Museum People of the Past) </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFWoodard2008" class="citation book cs1">Woodard, Roger (2008). The Ancient Languages of Syria-Palestine and Arabia. New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-521-68498-9" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-521-68498-9"><bdi>978-0-521-68498-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Languages+of+Syria-Palestine+and+Arabia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-521-68498-9&rft.aulast=Woodard&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AFenisi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NavehJ1987-26">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-NavehJ1987_26-0">26,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NavehJ1987_26-1">26,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NavehJ1987_26-2">26,2</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFNaveh1987" class="citation book cs1">Naveh, Joseph (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientisraelite00unse">"Proto-Canaanite, Archaic Greek, and the Script of the Aramaic Text on the Tell Fakhariyah Statue"</a>. In Miller; et al. (reds.). Ancient Israelite Religion. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-8006-0831-3" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-8006-0831-3"><bdi>0-8006-0831-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Proto-Canaanite%2C+Archaic+Greek%2C+and+the+Script+of+the+Aramaic+Text+on+the+Tell+Fakhariyah+Statue&rft.btitle=Ancient+Israelite+Religion&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-8006-0831-3&rft.aulast=Naveh&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fancientisraelite00unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AFenisi%C3%AB" class="Z3988">. <a href="#CITEREFCoulmas1996">Coulmas (1996)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a> Herodotos Histories 1.1, 2.44 & 7.89; Strabo, Geography 16.3.4. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bowersock-28">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Bowersock_28-0">28,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bowersock_28-1">28,1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFBowersock,_G.W.1986" class="citation book cs1">Bowersock, G.W. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2hmbc9evgB0C&pg=PA401">"Tylos and Tyre. Bahrain in the Graeco-Roman World"</a>. In Khalifa, Haya Ali; Rice, Michael (reds.). Bahrain Through The Ages – the Archaeology. Routledge. pp. 401–2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-7103-0112-X" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-7103-0112-X"><bdi>0-7103-0112-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tylos+and+Tyre.+Bahrain+in+the+Graeco-Roman+World&rft.btitle=Bahrain+Through+The+Ages+%E2%80%93+the+Archaeology&rft.pages=401-2&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-7103-0112-X&rft.au=Bowersock%2C+G.W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2hmbc9evgB0C%26pg%3DPA401&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AFenisi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rice-29">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Rice_29-0">29,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rice_29-1">29,1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFRice,_Michael1994" class="citation book cs1">Rice, Michael (1994). The Archaeology of the Arabian Gulf. Routledge. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-415-03268-7" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-415-03268-7"><bdi>0-415-03268-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archaeology+of+the+Arabian+Gulf&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-415-03268-7&rft.au=Rice%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AFenisi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Donkin-30"><a href="#cite_ref-Donkin_30-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFR.A._Donkin1998" class="citation book cs1">R.A. Donkin (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=leHFqMQ9mw8C&pg=PA48">Beyond Price: Pearls and Pearl-fishing : Origins to the Age of Discoveries, Volume 224</a>. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-87169-224-4" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-87169-224-4"><bdi>0-87169-224-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+Price%3A+Pearls+and+Pearl-fishing+%3A+Origins+to+the+Age+of+Discoveries%2C+Volume+224&rft.pages=48&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-87169-224-4&rft.au=R.A.+Donkin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DleHFqMQ9mw8C%26pg%3DPA48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AFenisi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Habercetera-31"><a href="#cite_ref-Habercetera_31-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFHaberDoumet-SerhalScheibXue2017" class="citation journal cs1">Haber, Marc; Doumet-Serhal, Claude; Scheib, Christiana; Xue, Yali; Danecek, Petr; Mezzavilla, Massimo; Youhanna, Sonia; Martiniano, Rui; Prado-Martinez, Javier; Szpak, Michał; Matisoo-Smith, Elizabeth; Schutkowski, Holger; Mikulski, Richard; Zalloua, Pierre; Kivisild, Toomas; Tyler-Smith, Chris (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5544389">"Continuity and Admixture in the Last Five Millennia of Levantine History from Ancient Canaanite and Present-Day Lebanese Genome Sequences"</a>. American Journal of Human Genetics. 101 (2): 274–282. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ajhg.2017.06.013">10.1016/j.ajhg.2017.06.013</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5544389">5544389</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28757201">28757201</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=Continuity+and+Admixture+in+the+Last+Five+Millennia+of+Levantine+History+from+Ancient+Canaanite+and+Present-Day+Lebanese+Genome+Sequences&rft.volume=101&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=274-282&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5544389%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28757201&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ajhg.2017.06.013&rft.aulast=Haber&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft.au=Doumet-Serhal%2C+Claude&rft.au=Scheib%2C+Christiana&rft.au=Xue%2C+Yali&rft.au=Danecek%2C+Petr&rft.au=Mezzavilla%2C+Massimo&rft.au=Youhanna%2C+Sonia&rft.au=Martiniano%2C+Rui&rft.au=Prado-Martinez%2C+Javier&rft.au=Szpak%2C+Micha%C5%82&rft.au=Matisoo-Smith%2C+Elizabeth&rft.au=Schutkowski%2C+Holger&rft.au=Mikulski%2C+Richard&rft.au=Zalloua%2C+Pierre&rft.au=Kivisild%2C+Toomas&rft.au=Tyler-Smith%2C+Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5544389&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AFenisi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkoe20001–19-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarkoe20001–19_32-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarkoe2000">Markoe (2000)</a>, pp. 1–19. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFStieglitz1990" class="citation journal cs1">Stieglitz, Robert (1990). "The Geopolitics of the Phoenician Littoral in the Early Iron Age". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 129 (9).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+American+Schools+of+Oriental+Research&rft.atitle=The+Geopolitics+of+the+Phoenician+Littoral+in+the+Early+Iron+Age&rft.volume=129&rft.issue=9&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Stieglitz&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AFenisi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jerry_H._Bentley_1999-34">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Jerry_H._Bentley_1999_34-0">34,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jerry_H._Bentley_1999_34-1">34,1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFBentley1999" class="citation journal cs1">Bentley, Jerry H. (1999). "Sea and Ocean Basins as Frameworks for Historical Analysis". Geographical Review. 89 (2): 215–219. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1931-0846.1999.tb00214.x">10.1111/j.1931-0846.1999.tb00214.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geographical+Review&rft.atitle=Sea+and+Ocean+Basins+as+Frameworks+for+Historical+Analysis&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=215-219&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1931-0846.1999.tb00214.x&rft.aulast=Bentley&rft.aufirst=Jerry+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AFenisi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFBarnes1991" class="citation book cs1">Barnes, William H. (1991). Studies in the Chronology of the Divided Monarchy of Israel. Atlanta: Scholars Press. pp. 29–55.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+the+Chronology+of+the+Divided+Monarchy+of+Israel&rft.place=Atlanta&rft.pages=29-55&rft.pub=Scholars+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AFenisi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFChamorro1987" class="citation journal cs1">Chamorro, Javier G. (1987). "Survey of Archaeological Research on Tartessos". American Journal of Archaeology. 91 (2): 197–232. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F505217">10.2307/505217</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/505217">505217</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:191378720">191378720</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Survey+of+Archaeological+Research+on+Tartessos&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=197-232&rft.date=1987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A191378720%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F505217%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F505217&rft.aulast=Chamorro&rft.aufirst=Javier+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AFenisi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-37">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_37-0">37,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_37-1">37,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_37-2">37,2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_37-3">37,3</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_37-4">37,4</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_37-5">37,5</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFHistory2019" class="citation book cs1">History, Captivating (2019). "The Phoenicians: A Captivating Guide to the History of Phoenicia and the Impact Made by One of the Greatest Trading Civilizations of the Ancient World". Captivating History. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/9781647482053" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/9781647482053"><bdi>9781647482053</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Phoenicians%3A+A+Captivating+Guide+to+the+History+of+Phoenicia+and+the+Impact+Made+by+One+of+the+Greatest+Trading+Civilizations+of+the+Ancient+World&rft.btitle=Captivating+History&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781647482053&rft.aulast=History&rft.aufirst=Captivating&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AFenisi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarmington1964-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarmington1964_38-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFWarmington1964">Warmington (1964)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFCharles-PicardPicard1968" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Charles-Picard, Gilbert; Picard, Colette (1968). Vie et Mort de Carthage [The Life and Death of Carthage] (in Frans). Paris: Hachett. pp. 28–35.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vie+et+Mort+de+Carthage&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=28-35&rft.pub=Hachett&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Charles-Picard&rft.aufirst=Gilbert&rft.au=Picard%2C+Colette&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AFenisi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFLancel1995" class="citation book cs1">Lancel, Serge (1995). Carthage. Vertaal deur Antonia Nevill. Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 20–23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carthage&rft.pages=20-23&rft.pub=Oxford%3A+Blackwell&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Lancel&rft.aufirst=Serge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AFenisi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica.com-41">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-britannica.com_41-0">41,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannica.com_41-1">41,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannica.com_41-2">41,2</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Lebanon">"Lebanon – Assyrian and Babylonian domination of Phoenicia"</a> [Lebanon - Assiriese en Babiloniese dominasie van Fenisië]. <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia Britannica">Encyclopedia Britannica</a> (in Engels). Besoek op 22 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Lebanon+%E2%80%93+Assyrian+and+Babylonian+domination+of+Phoenicia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FLebanon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AFenisi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-42">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_42-0">42,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_42-1">42,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_42-2">42,2</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFKatzenstein1979" class="citation journal cs1">Katzenstein, Jacob (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3209545">"Tyre in the Early Persian Period (539-486 B.C.E.)"</a>. The Biblical Archaeologist. 42 (1): 31. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3209545">10.2307/3209545</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3209545">3209545</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:165757132">165757132</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Biblical+Archaeologist&rft.atitle=Tyre+in+the+Early+Persian+Period+%28539-486+B.C.E.%29&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=31&rft.date=1979&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A165757132%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3209545%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3209545&rft.aulast=Katzenstein&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3209545&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AFenisi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-43"><a href="#cite_ref-:8_43-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFHerodotus" class="citation book cs1">Herodotus. The Histories, Book III. pp. §19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Histories%2C+Book+III&rft.pages=%C2%A719&rft.au=Herodotus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AFenisi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFHerodotus" class="citation book cs1">Herodotus. The Histories, Book III. pp. 218, §91.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Histories%2C+Book+III&rft.pages=218%2C+%C2%A791&rft.au=Herodotus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AFenisi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFMAMcIntosh2018" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">MAMcIntosh (29 Augustus 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brewminate.com/a-history-of-phoenician-civilization/">"A History of Phoenician Civilization"</a>. Brewminate (in Engels (VSA)). Besoek op 20 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brewminate&rft.atitle=A+History+of+Phoenician+Civilization&rft.date=2018-08-29&rft.au=MAMcIntosh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrewminate.com%2Fa-history-of-phoenician-civilization%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AFenisi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFHerodotus" class="citation book cs1">Herodotus. The Histories, Book V. pp. §109.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Histories%2C+Book+V&rft.pages=%C2%A7109&rft.au=Herodotus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AFenisi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFHerodotus" class="citation book cs1">Herodotus. The Histories, Book VII. pp. §23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Histories%2C+Book+VII&rft.pages=%C2%A723&rft.au=Herodotus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AFenisi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFHerodotus" class="citation book cs1">Herodotus. The Histories, Book VIII. pp. §90.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Histories%2C+Book+VIII&rft.pages=%C2%A790&rft.au=Herodotus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AFenisi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/16C*.html">"LacusCurtius • Diodorus Siculus — Book XVI Chapters 40‑65"</a>. penelope.uchicago.edu. Besoek op 20 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=penelope.uchicago.edu&rft.atitle=LacusCurtius+%E2%80%A2+Diodorus+Siculus+%E2%80%94+Book+XVI+Chapters+40%E2%80%9165&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FRoman%2FTexts%2FDiodorus_Siculus%2F16C%2A.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AFenisi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-50">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_50-0">50,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_50-1">50,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_50-2">50,2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_50-3">50,3</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_50-4">50,4</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFMillar2006" class="citation book cs1">Millar, Fergus (2006). "The Phoenician Cities". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5149/9780807876657_millar.8">The Phoenician Cities: A Case-Study of Hellenisation</a>. University of North Carolina Press. pp. 32–50. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5149%2F9780807876657_millar.8">10.5149/9780807876657_millar.8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/9780807830307" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/9780807830307"><bdi>9780807830307</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5149/9780807876657_millar.8">10.5149/9780807876657_millar.8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Phoenician+Cities&rft.btitle=The+Phoenician+Cities%3A+A+Case-Study+of+Hellenisation&rft.pages=32-50&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.5149%2F9780807876657_millar.8%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5149%2F9780807876657_millar.8&rft.isbn=9780807830307&rft.aulast=Millar&rft.aufirst=Fergus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.5149%2F9780807876657_millar.8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AFenisi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/article/107/alexanders-siege-of-tyre-332-bce/">"Alexander's Siege of Tyre, 332 BCE"</a>. World History Encyclopedia. Besoek op 7 Maart 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Alexander%27s+Siege+of+Tyre%2C+332+BCE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2Farticle%2F107%2Falexanders-siege-of-tyre-332-bce%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AFenisi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-52">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:10_52-0">52,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_52-1">52,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_52-2">52,2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_52-3">52,3</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_52-4">52,4</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFStockwell2010" class="citation journal cs1">Stockwell, Stephen (2010). "Before Athens: Early Popular Government in Phoenician and Greek City States". Geopolitics, History, and International Relations (2): 128–129.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geopolitics%2C+History%2C+and+International+Relations&rft.atitle=Before+Athens%3A+Early+Popular+Government+in+Phoenician+and+Greek+City+States&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=128-129&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Stockwell&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AFenisi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Phoenicia">"Phoenicia"</a>. britannica.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=britannica.com&rft.atitle=Phoenicia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FPhoenicia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AFenisi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Cite_web" title="Sjabloon:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: AS1-onderhoud: url-status (<a href="/wiki/Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud:_url-status" title="Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud: url-status">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cosmosmagazine.com/biology/ancient-phoenician-life-was-mixed-and-multicultural">"Ancient Phoenician life was mixed and multicultural"</a>. Cosmos Magazine (in Engels). 10 Januarie 2018. Besoek op 25 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cosmos+Magazine&rft.atitle=Ancient+Phoenician+life+was+mixed+and+multicultural&rft.date=2018-01-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcosmosmagazine.com%2Fbiology%2Fancient-phoenician-life-was-mixed-and-multicultural&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AFenisi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zalloua_2008-55"><a href="#cite_ref-Zalloua_2008_55-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFZalloua2008" class="citation journal cs1">Zalloua, Pierre A.; et al. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2668035">"Identifying Genetic Traces of Historical Expansions: Phoenician Footprints in the Mediterranean"</a>. American Journal of Human Genetics. 83 (5): 633–642. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ajhg.2008.10.012">10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.10.012</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2668035">2668035</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18976729">18976729</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=Identifying+Genetic+Traces+of+Historical+Expansions%3A+Phoenician+Footprints+in+the+Mediterranean&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=633-642&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2668035%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18976729&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ajhg.2008.10.012&rft.aulast=Zalloua&rft.aufirst=Pierre+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2668035&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AFenisi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFTomàs2006" class="citation journal cs1">Tomàs, Carme (2006). "Differential maternal and paternal contributions to the genetic pool of Ibiza Island, Balearic Archipelago". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 129 (2): 268–278. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajpa.20273">10.1002/ajpa.20273</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16323196">16323196</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Physical+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Differential+maternal+and+paternal+contributions+to+the+genetic+pool+of+Ibiza+Island%2C+Balearic+Archipelago&rft.volume=129&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=268-278&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fajpa.20273&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16323196&rft.aulast=Tom%C3%A0s&rft.aufirst=Carme&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AFenisi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFMatisoo-SmithGoslingBoocockKardailsky2016" class="citation journal cs1">Matisoo-Smith, Elizabeth A.; Gosling, Anna L.; Boocock, James; Kardailsky, Olga; Kurumilian, Yara; Roudesli-Chebbi, Sihem; et al. (25 Mei 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4880306">"A European Mitochondrial Haplotype Identified in Ancient Phoenician Remains from Carthage, North Africa"</a>. PLoS ONE. 11 (5): e0155046. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PLoSO..1155046M">2016PLoSO..1155046M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0155046">10.1371/journal.pone.0155046</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4880306">4880306</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27224451">27224451</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLoS+ONE&rft.atitle=A+European+Mitochondrial+Haplotype+Identified+in+Ancient+Phoenician+Remains+from+Carthage%2C+North+Africa&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=e0155046&rft.date=2016-05-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4880306%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27224451&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0155046&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016PLoSO..1155046M&rft.aulast=Matisoo-Smith&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+A.&rft.au=Gosling%2C+Anna+L.&rft.au=Boocock%2C+James&rft.au=Kardailsky%2C+Olga&rft.au=Kurumilian%2C+Yara&rft.au=Roudesli-Chebbi%2C+Sihem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4880306&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AFenisi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFHarb2017" class="citation journal cs1">Harb, Marc; et al. (Julie 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5544389">"Continuity and Admixture in the Last Five Millennia of Levantine History from Ancient Canaanite and Present-Day Lebanese Genome Sequences"</a>. American Journal of Human Genetics. 101 (2): 274–282. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ajhg.2017.06.013">10.1016/j.ajhg.2017.06.013</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5544389">5544389</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28757201">28757201</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=Continuity+and+Admixture+in+the+Last+Five+Millennia+of+Levantine+History+from+Ancient+Canaanite+and+Present-Day+Lebanese+Genome+Sequences&rft.volume=101&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=274-282&rft.date=2017-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5544389%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28757201&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ajhg.2017.06.013&rft.aulast=Harb&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5544389&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AFenisi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFAbed2017" class="citation news cs1">Abed, Mira (27 Julie 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-canaanite-lebanese-genetics-20170727-story.html">"The DNA of ancient Canaanites lives on in modern-day Lebanese, genetic analysis shows"</a>. Los Angeles Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=The+DNA+of+ancient+Canaanites+lives+on+in+modern-day+Lebanese%2C+genetic+analysis+shows&rft.date=2017-07-27&rft.aulast=Abed&rft.aufirst=Mira&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fscience%2Fsciencenow%2Fla-sci-sn-canaanite-lebanese-genetics-20170727-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AFenisi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFZarley2017" class="citation web cs1">Zarley, Kermit (4 Augustus 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.patheos.com/blogs/kermitzarleyblog/2017/08/palestinians-may-philistines-since-lebanese-dna-93-canaanite/">"Palestinians May Be Philistines Since Lebanese DNA Is 93% Canaanite"</a>. Patheos. Besoek op 5 Augustus 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Patheos&rft.atitle=Palestinians+May+Be+Philistines+Since+Lebanese+DNA+Is+93%25+Canaanite&rft.date=2017-08-04&rft.aulast=Zarley&rft.aufirst=Kermit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.patheos.com%2Fblogs%2Fkermitzarleyblog%2F2017%2F08%2Fpalestinians-may-philistines-since-lebanese-dna-93-canaanite%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AFenisi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Cite_web" title="Sjabloon:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: AS1-onderhoud: url-status (<a href="/wiki/Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud:_url-status" title="Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud: url-status">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFAbed2017" class="citation web cs1">Abed, Mira (27 Julie 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-canaanite-lebanese-genetics-20170727-story.html">"The DNA of ancient Canaanites lives on in modern-day Lebanese, genetic analysis shows"</a>. Los Angeles Times. Besoek op 5 Augustus 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=The+DNA+of+ancient+Canaanites+lives+on+in+modern-day+Lebanese%2C+genetic+analysis+shows&rft.date=2017-07-27&rft.aulast=Abed&rft.aufirst=Mira&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fscience%2Fsciencenow%2Fla-sci-sn-canaanite-lebanese-genetics-20170727-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AFenisi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Cite_web" title="Sjabloon:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: AS1-onderhoud: url-status (<a href="/wiki/Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud:_url-status" title="Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud: url-status">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-doi_10.1016/j.ajhg.2020.05.008-62"><a href="#cite_ref-doi_10.1016/j.ajhg.2020.05.008_62-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFHaberNassarAlmarriSaupe2020" class="citation journal cs1">Haber, Marc; Nassar, Joyce; Almarri, Mohamed A.; Saupe, Tina; Saag, Lehti; Griffith, Samuel J.; Doumet-Serhal, Claude; Chanteau, Julien; Saghieh-Beydoun, Muntaha; Xue, Yali; Scheib, Christiana L.; Tyler-Smith, Chris (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7332655">"A Genetic History of the Near East from an aDNA Time Course Sampling Eight Points in the Past 4,000 Years"</a>. American Journal of Human Genetics. 107 (1): 149–157. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ajhg.2020.05.008">10.1016/j.ajhg.2020.05.008</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7332655">7332655</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32470374">32470374</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=A+Genetic+History+of+the+Near+East+from+an+aDNA+Time+Course+Sampling+Eight+Points+in+the+Past+4%2C000+Years&rft.volume=107&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=149-157&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7332655%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32470374&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ajhg.2020.05.008&rft.aulast=Haber&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft.au=Nassar%2C+Joyce&rft.au=Almarri%2C+Mohamed+A.&rft.au=Saupe%2C+Tina&rft.au=Saag%2C+Lehti&rft.au=Griffith%2C+Samuel+J.&rft.au=Doumet-Serhal%2C+Claude&rft.au=Chanteau%2C+Julien&rft.au=Saghieh-Beydoun%2C+Muntaha&rft.au=Xue%2C+Yali&rft.au=Scheib%2C+Christiana+L.&rft.au=Tyler-Smith%2C+Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7332655&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AFenisi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">↑</a> A. B. Freijeiro, R. Corzo Sánchez, Der neue anthropoide Sarkophag von Cadiz. In: Madrider Mitteilungen 22, 1981. </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFLapuenteRodàGutiérrez_Garcia‐MBrilli2021" class="citation journal cs1">Lapuente, P.; Rodà, I.; Gutiérrez Garcia‐M, A.; Brilli, M. (Junie 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zaguan.unizar.es/record/108415">"Addressing the controversial origin of the marble source used in the Phoenician anthropoid sarcophagi of Gadir (Cadiz, Spain)"</a>. Archaeometry. 63 (3): 467–480. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Farcm.12623">10.1111/arcm.12623</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225150177">225150177</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaeometry&rft.atitle=Addressing+the+controversial+origin+of+the+marble+source+used+in+the+Phoenician+anthropoid+sarcophagi+of+Gadir+%28Cadiz%2C+Spain%29&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=467-480&rft.date=2021-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Farcm.12623&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A225150177%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Lapuente&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=Rod%C3%A0%2C+I.&rft.au=Guti%C3%A9rrez+Garcia%E2%80%90M%2C+A.&rft.au=Brilli%2C+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fzaguan.unizar.es%2Frecord%2F108415&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AFenisi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFBraudel2001" class="citation book cs1">Braudel, Fernand (2001). Memory and Mediterranean. Vertaal deur Reynolds, Sian. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. pp. 112–113.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memory+and+Mediterranean&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=112-113&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Braudel&rft.aufirst=Fernand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AFenisi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECunliffe2008241–2-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunliffe2008241–2_66-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFCunliffe2008">Cunliffe (2008)</a>, pp. 241–2. </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFStager2003" class="citation book cs1">Stager, L. E. (2003). "Phoenician shipwrecks in the deep sea". Sea routes: From Sidon to Huelva: Interconnections in the Mediterranean, 16th–6th c. BC. pp. 233–248. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-960-7064-40-0" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-960-7064-40-0"><bdi>978-960-7064-40-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Phoenician+shipwrecks+in+the+deep+sea&rft.btitle=Sea+routes%3A+From+Sidon+to+Huelva%3A+Interconnections+in+the+Mediterranean%2C+16th%E2%80%936th+c.+BC&rft.pages=233-248&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-960-7064-40-0&rft.aulast=Stager&rft.aufirst=L.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AFenisi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkoe2000103-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarkoe2000103_68-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarkoe2000">Markoe (2000)</a>, p. 103. </li> <li id="cite_note-:42-69">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:42_69-0">69,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:42_69-1">69,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:42_69-2">69,2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:42_69-3">69,3</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:42_69-4">69,4</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFMarkoeMcGovern1990" class="citation journal cs1">Markoe, Glenn; McGovern, Patrick E. (Maart 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41765806">"A Nation of Artisans"</a>. Archaeology. 43 (2): 32–33. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41765806">41765806</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaeology&rft.atitle=A+Nation+of+Artisans&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=32-33&rft.date=1990-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41765806%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Markoe&rft.aufirst=Glenn&rft.au=McGovern%2C+Patrick+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41765806&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AFenisi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFHerm1975" class="citation book cs1">Herm, Gerhard (1975). The Phoenicians. Vertaal deur Hiller, Catherine. New York: William Morrow. p. 80.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Phoenicians&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=William+Morrow&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Herm&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AFenisi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFMooreLewis1999" class="citation book cs1">Moore, Karl; Lewis, David (1999). Birth of the Multinational. Copenhagen: Copenhagen Business School Press. p. 85.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Birth+of+the+Multinational&rft.place=Copenhagen&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=Copenhagen+Business+School+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft.au=Lewis%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AFenisi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFSt._Clair2016" class="citation book cs1">St. Clair, Kassia (2016). The Secret Lives of Colour. London: John Murray. pp. 162–164.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Secret+Lives+of+Colour&rft.place=London&rft.pages=162-164&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=St.+Clair&rft.aufirst=Kassia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AFenisi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFHistory2019" class="citation book cs1">History, Captivating (2019). The Phoenicians: A Captivating Guide to the History of Phoenicia and the Impact Made by One of the Greatest Trading Civilizations of the Ancient World. p. 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-1647482053" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-1647482053"><bdi>978-1647482053</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Phoenicians%3A+A+Captivating+Guide+to+the+History+of+Phoenicia+and+the+Impact+Made+by+One+of+the+Greatest+Trading+Civilizations+of+the+Ancient+World&rft.pages=60&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1647482053&rft.aulast=History&rft.aufirst=Captivating&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AFenisi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERawlinson1889-74">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERawlinson1889_74-0">74,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERawlinson1889_74-1">74,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERawlinson1889_74-2">74,2</a> <a href="#CITEREFRawlinson1889">Rawlinson (1889)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-75">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:22_75-0">75,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_75-1">75,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_75-2">75,2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_75-3">75,3</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/2020/09/2600-year-old-wine-factory-unearthed-lebanon/">"2,600-year-old wine 'factory' unearthed in Lebanon"</a>. History & Culture (in Engels). 14 September 2020. Besoek op 15 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+%26+Culture&rft.atitle=2%2C600-year-old+wine+%27factory%27+unearthed+in+Lebanon&rft.date=2020-09-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fhistory%2F2020%2F09%2F2600-year-old-wine-factory-unearthed-lebanon%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AFenisi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFSechrist" class="citation book cs1">Sechrist, Robert. Planet of the Grapes: A Geography of Wine. pp. 6–7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Planet+of+the+Grapes%3A+A+Geography+of+Wine&rft.pages=6-7&rft.aulast=Sechrist&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AFenisi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/technology/galley-ship">"Galley | ship"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica (in Engels). Besoek op 19 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Galley+%7C+ship&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftechnology%2Fgalley-ship&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AFenisi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFHaggi2010" class="citation journal cs1">Haggi, Arad (2010). "Report on Underwater Excavation at the Phoenician Harbour, Atlit, Israel". International Journal of Nautical Archaeology (39): 283.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Nautical+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Report+on+Underwater+Excavation+at+the+Phoenician+Harbour%2C+Atlit%2C+Israel&rft.issue=39&rft.pages=283&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Haggi&rft.aufirst=Arad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AFenisi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFWachsmann1998" class="citation book cs1">Wachsmann, Shelley (1998). Seagoing Ships & Seamanship in the Bronze Age Levant. College Station, TX: Texas A & M University Press. pp. 300, 51, 323–325, 332.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seagoing+Ships+%26+Seamanship+in+the+Bronze+Age+Levant&rft.place=College+Station%2C+TX&rft.pages=300%2C+51%2C+323-325%2C+332&rft.pub=Texas+A+%26+M+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Wachsmann&rft.aufirst=Shelley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AFenisi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFWoolmer2011" class="citation book cs1">Woolmer, Mark (2011). Ancient Phoenicia: An Introduction. London: Bristol Classical Press. p. 84.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Phoenicia%3A+An+Introduction&rft.place=London&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=Bristol+Classical+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Woolmer&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AFenisi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFKlein" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Klein, Christopher. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/news/2700-year-old-phoenician-shipwreck-discovered">"2,700-Year-Old Phoenician Shipwreck Discovered"</a>. HISTORY (in Engels). Besoek op 23 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HISTORY&rft.atitle=2%2C700-Year-Old+Phoenician+Shipwreck+Discovered&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fnews%2F2700-year-old-phoenician-shipwreck-discovered&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AFenisi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFHansen2000" class="citation book cs1">Hansen, Mogens Herman (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8qvY8pxVxcwC">"Conclusion: The Impact of City-State Cultures on World History"</a>. A Comparative Study of Thirty City-state Cultures: An Investigation. Kgl. Danske Videnskabernes Selskab. pp. 601–602. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-87-7876-177-4" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-87-7876-177-4"><bdi>978-87-7876-177-4</bdi></a>. Besoek op 5 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Conclusion%3A+The+Impact+of+City-State+Cultures+on+World+History&rft.btitle=A+Comparative+Study+of+Thirty+City-state+Cultures%3A+An+Investigation&rft.pages=601-602&rft.pub=Kgl.+Danske+Videnskabernes+Selskab&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-87-7876-177-4&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.aufirst=Mogens+Herman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8qvY8pxVxcwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AFenisi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ClineGraham2011-83"><a href="#cite_ref-ClineGraham2011_83-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFEric_H._ClineMark_W._Graham2011" class="citation book cs1">Eric H. Cline; Mark W. Graham (27 Junie 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1eRb5h7ATbsC">Ancient Empires: From Mesopotamia to the Rise of Islam</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-521-88911-7" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-521-88911-7"><bdi>978-0-521-88911-7</bdi></a>. Besoek op 24 Februarie 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Empires%3A+From+Mesopotamia+to+the+Rise+of+Islam&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011-06-27&rft.isbn=978-0-521-88911-7&rft.au=Eric+H.+Cline&rft.au=Mark+W.+Graham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1eRb5h7ATbsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AFenisi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SacksMurray2009-84"><a href="#cite_ref-SacksMurray2009_84-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_SacksOswyn_MurrayLisa_R._Brody2009" class="citation book cs1">David Sacks; Oswyn Murray; Lisa R. Brody (1 Januarie 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yyrao0dadqAC">Encyclopedia of the Ancient Greek World</a>. Infobase Publishing. p. 76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-1-4381-1020-2" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-1-4381-1020-2"><bdi>978-1-4381-1020-2</bdi></a>. Besoek op 3 Maart 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Ancient+Greek+World&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2009-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-1020-2&rft.au=David+Sacks&rft.au=Oswyn+Murray&rft.au=Lisa+R.+Brody&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dyyrao0dadqAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AFenisi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WaldmanMason2006-85"><a href="#cite_ref-WaldmanMason2006_85-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFWaldmanMason2006" class="citation book cs1">Waldman, Carl; Mason, Catherine (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kfv6HKXErqAC">Encyclopedia of European Peoples</a>. Infobase Publishing. p. 586. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-1-4381-2918-1" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-1-4381-2918-1"><bdi>978-1-4381-2918-1</bdi></a>. Besoek op 23 Februarie 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+European+Peoples&rft.pages=586&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-2918-1&rft.aulast=Waldman&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft.au=Mason%2C+Catherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dkfv6HKXErqAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AFenisi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Naylor2009-86"><a href="#cite_ref-Naylor2009_86-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFNaylor2009" class="citation book cs1">Naylor, Phillip Chiviges (1 Julie 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a1jfzkJTAZgC">North Africa: A History from Antiquity to the Present</a>. University of Texas Press. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-292-77878-8" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-292-77878-8"><bdi>978-0-292-77878-8</bdi></a>. Besoek op 23 Februarie 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=North+Africa%3A+A+History+from+Antiquity+to+the+Present&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2009-07-01&rft.isbn=978-0-292-77878-8&rft.aulast=Naylor&rft.aufirst=Phillip+Chiviges&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da1jfzkJTAZgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AFenisi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SwartzDumett1980-87"><a href="#cite_ref-SwartzDumett1980_87-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFSwartzDumett1980" class="citation book cs1">Swartz, B. K.; Dumett, Raymond E. (1 Januarie 1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8_Z5N0gmNlsC">West African Culture Dynamics: Archaeological and Historical Perspectives</a>. Walter de Gruyter. p. 236. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-3-11-080068-5" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-3-11-080068-5"><bdi>978-3-11-080068-5</bdi></a>. Besoek op 17 Februarie 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=West+African+Culture+Dynamics%3A+Archaeological+and+Historical+Perspectives&rft.pages=236&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1980-01-01&rft.isbn=978-3-11-080068-5&rft.aulast=Swartz&rft.aufirst=B.+K.&rft.au=Dumett%2C+Raymond+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8_Z5N0gmNlsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AFenisi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GarnseyWhittaker2007-88"><a href="#cite_ref-GarnseyWhittaker2007_88-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFGarnseyWhittaker2007" class="citation book cs1">Garnsey, P. D. A.; Whittaker, C. R. (15 Februarie 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=01c6sUSS24oC">Imperialism in the Ancient World: The Cambridge University Research Seminar in Ancient History</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-521-03390-9" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-521-03390-9"><bdi>978-0-521-03390-9</bdi></a>. Besoek op 22 Februarie 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperialism+in+the+Ancient+World%3A+The+Cambridge+University+Research+Seminar+in+Ancient+History&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007-02-15&rft.isbn=978-0-521-03390-9&rft.aulast=Garnsey&rft.aufirst=P.+D.+A.&rft.au=Whittaker%2C+C.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D01c6sUSS24oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AFenisi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roberts20042-89"><a href="#cite_ref-Roberts20042_89-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFP._Roberts2004" class="citation book cs1">P. Roberts (1 Oktober 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Krh7n9AyS40C">HSC Ancient History</a>. Pascal Press. p. 64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-1-74125-179-1" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-1-74125-179-1"><bdi>978-1-74125-179-1</bdi></a>. Besoek op 17 Februarie 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=HSC+Ancient+History&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=Pascal+Press&rft.date=2004-10-01&rft.isbn=978-1-74125-179-1&rft.au=P.+Roberts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKrh7n9AyS40C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AFenisi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFCrawley_Quinn2018" class="citation book cs1">Crawley Quinn, Josephine (2018). "A New Phoenician World". In Search of the Phoenicians. Princeton University Press. pp. 153–175. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvc77kkd.13">10.2307/j.ctvc77kkd.13</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/9780691195964" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/9780691195964"><bdi>9780691195964</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvc77kkd.13">j.ctvc77kkd.13</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+New+Phoenician+World&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+the+Phoenicians&rft.pages=153-175&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctvc77kkd.13%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctvc77kkd.13&rft.isbn=9780691195964&rft.aulast=Crawley+Quinn&rft.aufirst=Josephine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AFenisi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cross1980-91"><a href="#cite_ref-Cross1980_91-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFCross1980" class="citation journal cs1">Cross, Frank Moore (1980). "Newly Found Inscriptions in Old Canaanite and Early Phoenician Scripts". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. The University of Chicago Press on behalf of The American Schools of Oriental Research. 238 (238 (Lente 1980)): 1–20. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1356511">10.2307/1356511</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1356511">1356511</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:222445150">222445150</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+American+Schools+of+Oriental+Research&rft.atitle=Newly+Found+Inscriptions+in+Old+Canaanite+and+Early+Phoenician+Scripts&rft.volume=238&rft.issue=238+%28Lente+1980%29&rft.pages=1-20&rft.date=1980&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A222445150%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1356511%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1356511&rft.aulast=Cross&rft.aufirst=Frank+Moore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AFenisi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFMillard1986" class="citation journal cs1">Millard, A. R. (1986). "The Infancy of the Alphabet". World Archaeology. 17 (3): 390–398. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00438243.1986.9979978">10.1080/00438243.1986.9979978</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Archaeology&rft.atitle=The+Infancy+of+the+Alphabet&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=390-398&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00438243.1986.9979978&rft.aulast=Millard&rft.aufirst=A.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AFenisi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFBeckBlackKriegerNaylor1999" class="citation book cs1">Beck, Roger B.; Black, Linda; Krieger, Larry S.; Naylor, Phillip C.; Shabaka, Dahia Ibo (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mcdougallittellw00beck">World History: Patterns of Interaction</a>. Evanston, IL: McDougal Littell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-395-87274-1" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-395-87274-1"><bdi>978-0-395-87274-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+History%3A+Patterns+of+Interaction&rft.place=Evanston%2C+IL&rft.pub=McDougal+Littell&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-395-87274-1&rft.aulast=Beck&rft.aufirst=Roger+B.&rft.au=Black%2C+Linda&rft.au=Krieger%2C+Larry+S.&rft.au=Naylor%2C+Phillip+C.&rft.au=Shabaka%2C+Dahia+Ibo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmcdougallittellw00beck&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AFenisi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoscati1965-94"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoscati1965_94-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoscati1965">Moscati (1965)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFJeffery1976" class="citation book cs1">Jeffery, L. H. (1976). The Archaic Greece: The Greek city-states 700–500 BC. Ernest Benn Ltd & Tonnbridge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archaic+Greece%3A+The+Greek+city-states+700%E2%80%93500+BC&rft.pub=Ernest+Benn+Ltd+%26+Tonnbridge&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Jeffery&rft.aufirst=L.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AFenisi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Phoenician_Art-96">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Phoenician_Art_96-0">96,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Phoenician_Art_96-1">96,1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Phoenician_Art/">"Phoenician Art"</a>. World History Encyclopedia. Besoek op 19 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Phoenician+Art&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2FPhoenician_Art%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AFenisi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-97">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_97-0">97,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_97-1">97,1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFMarkoe1990" class="citation journal cs1">Markoe, Glenn E. (Augustus 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1357205">"The Emergence of Phoenician Art"</a>. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research (279): 13–26. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1357205">10.2307/1357205</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1357205">1357205</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163353156">163353156</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+American+Schools+of+Oriental+Research&rft.atitle=The+Emergence+of+Phoenician+Art&rft.issue=279&rft.pages=13-26&rft.date=1990-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163353156%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1357205%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1357205&rft.aulast=Markoe&rft.aufirst=Glenn+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1357205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AFenisi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/phoe/hd_phoe.htm">"The Phoenicians (1500–300 B.C.)"</a>. www.metmuseum.org. Besoek op 19 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.metmuseum.org&rft.atitle=The+Phoenicians+%281500%E2%80%93300+B.C.%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Ftoah%2Fhd%2Fphoe%2Fhd_phoe.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AFenisi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/325564">"Furniture plaque carved in high relief with two Egyptianizing figures flanking a volute tree, c. 9th–8th century B.C."</a> www.metmuseum.org. Besoek op 19 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.metmuseum.org&rft.atitle=Furniture+plaque+carved+in+high+relief+with+two+Egyptianizing+figures+flanking+a+volute+tree%2C+c.+9th%E2%80%938th+century+B.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Fart%2Fcollection%2Fsearch%2F325564&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AFenisi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolst201131-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolst201131_100-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFHolst2011">Holst (2011)</a>, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolst201144-101"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolst201144_101-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFHolst2011">Holst (2011)</a>, p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoscati1957e.g.,_p._40_&_113-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoscati1957e.g.,_p._40_&_113_102-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoscati1957">Moscati (1957)</a>, e.g., p. 40 & 113. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith19561–15-103"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith19561–15_103-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith1956">Smith (1956)</a>, pp. 1–15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaster1965113–143,_114–5-104"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaster1965113–143,_114–5_104-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFGaster1965">Gaster (1965)</a>, pp. 113–143, 114–5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarden196283–4-105"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarden196283–4_105-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarden1962">Harden (1962)</a>, pp. 83–4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandon1970512–513-106"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrandon1970512–513_106-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrandon1970">Brandon (1970)</a>, pp. 512–513. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandon1970448-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrandon1970448_107-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrandon1970">Brandon (1970)</a>, p. 448. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandon1970258_("El")-108"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrandon1970258_("El")_108-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrandon1970">Brandon (1970)</a>, p. 258 ("El"). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoscati1957113–4-109"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoscati1957113–4_109-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoscati1957">Moscati (1957)</a>, pp. 113–4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandon197029–30-110"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrandon197029–30_110-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrandon1970">Brandon (1970)</a>, pp. 29–30. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandon1970173,_501-111"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrandon1970173,_501_111-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrandon1970">Brandon (1970)</a>, pp. 173, 501. </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFCarlyon1981" class="citation book cs1">Carlyon, Richard (1981). A Guide to the Gods. New York. pp. 311–333.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Guide+to+the+Gods&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=311-333&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Carlyon&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AFenisi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Cite_book" title="Sjabloon:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: AS1-onderhoud: plek sonder uitgewer (<a href="/wiki/Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud:_plek_sonder_uitgewer" title="Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud: plek sonder uitgewer">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkoe2000120-113"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarkoe2000120_113-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarkoe2000">Markoe (2000)</a>, p. 120. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarmington1964148-114"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarmington1964148_114-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFWarmington1964">Warmington (1964)</a>, p. 148. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith195633–43-115"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith195633–43_115-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith1956">Smith (1956)</a>, pp. 33–43. </li> <li id="cite_note-:21-116">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:21_116-0">116,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_116-1">116,1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/figurines-forgotten-in-haifa-for-decades-tell-tale-of-phoenician-cult-641482">"Long-lost Phoenician figurines could reveal secrets to ancient cult"</a>. The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. Besoek op 11 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post+%7C+JPost.com&rft.atitle=Long-lost+Phoenician+figurines+could+reveal+secrets+to+ancient+cult&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2Fisrael-news%2Ffigurines-forgotten-in-haifa-for-decades-tell-tale-of-phoenician-cult-641482&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AFenisi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bronne">Bronne</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenisi%C3%AB&veaction=edit&section=30" title="Wysig afdeling: Bronne" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenisi%C3%AB&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section's source code: Bronne">wysig bron</a>]</div> <div style="font-size:90%; -moz-column-count:3; -webkit-column-count:3; column-count:3;margin-left:1.5em;"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFAubet2001" class="citation book cs1">Aubet, Maria Eugenia (2001). The Phoenicians and the West: Politics, Colonies and Trade. Vertaal deur Turton, Mary. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-521-79543-2" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-521-79543-2"><bdi>978-0-521-79543-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Phoenicians+and+the+West%3A+Politics%2C+Colonies+and+Trade&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-521-79543-2&rft.aulast=Aubet&rft.aufirst=Maria+Eugenia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AFenisi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"> See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180522021430/http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2003/2003-12-17.html">Resensie deur Roger Wright</a>, Universiteit van Liverpool.</li> <li>Bondi, S.F. 1988. "The Course of History." In The Phoenicians, red. Sabatino Moscati, 38–45. Milaan: Gruppo Editoriale Fabbri.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFBrandon1970" class="citation book cs1">Brandon, S.G.F., red. (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofcomp00bran/page/n5">Dictionary of Comparative Religion</a>. New York City: Charles Scribner’s Son. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/9780684310091" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/9780684310091"><bdi>9780684310091</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Comparative+Religion&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%E2%80%99s+Son&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=9780684310091&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdictionaryofcomp00bran%2Fpage%2Fn5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AFenisi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFCharles-PicardPicard1968" class="citation book cs1">Charles-Picard, Gilbert; Picard, Colette (1968). The Life and Death of Carthage. New York City: Taplinger.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+and+Death+of+Carthage&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Taplinger&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Charles-Picard&rft.aufirst=Gilbert&rft.au=Picard%2C+Colette&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AFenisi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFCoulmas1996" class="citation book cs1">Coulmas, Florian (1996). The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Writing Systems. Oxford: Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-631-21481-6" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-631-21481-6"><bdi>978-0-631-21481-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Encyclopedia+of+Writing+Systems&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-631-21481-6&rft.aulast=Coulmas&rft.aufirst=Florian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AFenisi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFCross1973" class="citation book cs1">Cross, Frank M. (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-eOycxXAoHMC">Canaanite Myth and Hebrew Epic</a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/9780674091764" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/9780674091764"><bdi>9780674091764</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canaanite+Myth+and+Hebrew+Epic&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=9780674091764&rft.aulast=Cross&rft.aufirst=Frank+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-eOycxXAoHMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AFenisi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFCunliffe2008" class="citation book cs1">Cunliffe, Barry (2008). Europe Between the Oceans; 9000 BC-AD 1000. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe+Between+the+Oceans%3B+9000+BC-AD+1000&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Cunliffe&rft.aufirst=Barry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AFenisi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Elayi, J. 2013. Histoire de la Phénicie. Parys: Perrin</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFGaster1965" class="citation book cs1">Gaster, Theodor H. (1965). "The Religion of the Canaanites". In Ferm, Vergilius (red.). Ancient Religions. New York City: Citadel Pres.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Religion+of+the+Canaanites&rft.btitle=Ancient+Religions&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Citadel+Pres&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Gaster&rft.aufirst=Theodor+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AFenisi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFHarden1962" class="citation book cs1">Harden, Donald (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/phoenicians00hard">The Phoenicians</a>. New York, NY: Frederick A. Praeger.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Phoenicians&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Frederick+A.+Praeger&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Harden&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fphoenicians00hard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AFenisi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFJigoulov2021" class="citation book cs1">Jigoulov, Vadim S. (2021). The Phoenicians: Lost Civilizations. London: Reaktion Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-1-789-14478-9" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-1-789-14478-9"><bdi>978-1-789-14478-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Phoenicians%3A+Lost+Civilizations&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-789-14478-9&rft.aulast=Jigoulov&rft.aufirst=Vadim+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AFenisi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFLancel1995" class="citation book cs1">Lancel, Serge (1995). Carthage. A History. Oxford: Blackwell.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carthage.+A+History&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Lancel&rft.aufirst=Serge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AFenisi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFMarkoe2000" class="citation book cs1">Markoe, Glenn E. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=smPZ-ou74EwC&pg=PA13">Peoples of the Past: Phoenicians</a>. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-520-22614-2" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-520-22614-2"><bdi>978-0-520-22614-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peoples+of+the+Past%3A+Phoenicians&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+CA&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-520-22614-2&rft.aulast=Markoe&rft.aufirst=Glenn+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsmPZ-ou74EwC%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AFenisi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFMoscati1957" class="citation book cs1">Moscati, Sabatino (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.6873">Ancient Semitic Civilizations</a>. Londen, Engeland: Elek Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Semitic+Civilizations&rft.place=Londen%2C+Engeland&rft.pub=Elek+Books&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Moscati&rft.aufirst=Sabatino&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.gov.ignca.6873&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AFenisi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFMoscati1965" class="citation book cs1">Moscati, Sabatino (1965). The World of the Phoenicians. New York, NY: Frederick A. Praeger.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+of+the+Phoenicians&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Frederick+A.+Praeger&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Moscati&rft.aufirst=Sabatino&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AFenisi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFQuinn2017" class="citation book cs1">Quinn, Josephine Crawley (2017). In Search of the Phoenicians. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-1-4008-8911-2" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-1-4008-8911-2"><bdi>978-1-4008-8911-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+the+Phoenicians&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-8911-2&rft.aulast=Quinn&rft.aufirst=Josephine+Crawley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AFenisi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFRawlinson1889" class="citation book cs1">Rawlinson, George (1889). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.upenn.edu/webbin/gutbook/lookup?num=2331">The History of Phoenicia</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Phoenicia&rft.date=1889&rft.aulast=Rawlinson&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.upenn.edu%2Fwebbin%2Fgutbook%2Flookup%3Fnum%3D2331&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AFenisi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"></li> <li>W. Röllig (1995), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/propylaeumdok/volltexte/2011/1102">Phoenician and the Phoenicians in the context of the Ancient Near East</a>, in S. Moscati (red.), I Fenici ieri oggi domani : ricerche, scoperte, progetti, Roma, p. 203-214</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1956" class="citation book cs1">Smith, W. Robertson (1956) [A. & C. Black, Edinburgh, 1889]. Lectures on the Religion of the Semites. New York: Meridian Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lectures+on+the+Religion+of+the+Semites&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Meridian+Library&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=W.+Robertson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AFenisi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFSorenKhaderSlim1990" class="citation book cs1">Soren, David; Khader, Aicha B.; Slim, Hedi (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/carthageuncoveri00sore">Carthage</a>. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/9780671669027" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/9780671669027"><bdi>9780671669027</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carthage&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9780671669027&rft.aulast=Soren&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Khader%2C+Aicha+B.&rft.au=Slim%2C+Hedi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcarthageuncoveri00sore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AFenisi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFWarmington1964" class="citation book cs1">Warmington, Brian H. (1964). Carthage. Penguin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carthage&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Warmington&rft.aufirst=Brian+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AFenisi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nog_leesstof">Nog leesstof</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenisi%C3%AB&veaction=edit&section=31" title="Wysig afdeling: Nog leesstof" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenisi%C3%AB&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section's source code: Nog leesstof">wysig bron</a>]</div> <ul><li>Carayon, Nicolas, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/28/32/10/PDF/3vol.pdf">Les ports phéniciens et puniques</a>, PhD-tesis, 2008, Straatsburg, Frankryk.</li> <li>Cerqueiro, Daniel, Las Naves de Tarshis o quiénes fueron los Fenicios, Buenos Aires, red. Peq. Venecia, 2002, <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/987-9239-13-X" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/987-9239-13-X">ISBN 987-9239-13-X</a>.</li> <li>Cioffi, Robert L., "A Palm Tree, a Colour and a Mythical Bird" (resensie van Josephine Quinn, In Search of the Phoenicians, Princeton, 2017, 360 pp., <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978_0_691_17527_0" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978 0 691 17527 0">ISBN 978 0 691 17527 0</a>), London Review of Books, vol. 41, no. 1 (3 Januarie 2019), pp. 15–16.</li> <li>Thiollet, Jean-Pierre, Je m'appelle Byblos, voorwoord deur Guy Gay-Para, H & D, Paris, 2005, <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/2-914266-04-9" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/2-914266-04-9">ISBN 2-914266-04-9</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFToddAndrew_Fleming1987" class="citation book cs1">Todd, Malcolm; Andrew Fleming (1987). The South West to AD 1,000 (Regional history of England series No.:8). Harlow, Essex: Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-582-49274-5" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-582-49274-5"><bdi>978-0-582-49274-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+South+West+to+AD+1%2C000+%28Regional+history+of+England+series+No.%3A8%29&rft.place=Harlow%2C+Essex&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-582-49274-5&rft.aulast=Todd&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft.au=Andrew+Fleming&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AFenisi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Silva, Diógenes. "La literatura sobre fenicios en el territorio brasileño: orígenes y razones", PhD-tesis, Madrid - 2016. Beskikbaar by <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://eprints.ucm.es/39468/">https://eprints.ucm.es/39468/</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Skakels">Skakels</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenisi%C3%AB&veaction=edit&section=32" title="Wysig afdeling: Skakels" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenisi%C3%AB&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section's source code: Skakels">wysig bron</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03szw8l">BBC Radio4 – "In Our Time: The Phoenicians"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090110073346/http://www.nowlebanon.com/NewsArticleDetails.aspx?ID=69741&MID=123&PID=2">"The quest for the Phoenicians in South Lebanon"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.omniglot.com/writing/phoenician.htm">"Phoenician Alphabet"</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFSam_Haselby" class="citation web cs1">Sam Haselby (red.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aeon.co/essays/phoenicia-an-imaginary-friend-to-nations-in-need-of-ancestors">"Phoenicia: An imaginary friend to nations in need of ancestors"</a>. Josephine Quinn, associate professor in ancient history at Worcester College, University of Oxford]. Aeon.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Josephine+Quinn%2C+associate+professor+in+ancient+history+at+Worcester+College%2C+University+of+Oxford%5D&rft.atitle=Phoenicia%3A+An+imaginary+friend+to+nations+in+need+of+ancestors&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faeon.co%2Fessays%2Fphoenicia-an-imaginary-friend-to-nations-in-need-of-ancestors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AFenisi%C3%AB" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikimedia Commons logo"><img alt="Wikimedia Commons logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 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