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id="toc-History_and_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Antiquity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Medieval</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renaissance_and_Baroque_periods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renaissance_and_Baroque_periods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Renaissance and Baroque periods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renaissance_and_Baroque_periods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romantic_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romantic_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Romantic period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romantic_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Modern development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Construction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Construction</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Construction-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Construction subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pipes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pipes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Pipes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pipes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Action" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Action"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Action</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Action-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wind_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wind_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Wind system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wind_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stops" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stops"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Stops</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stops-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Console" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Console"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Console</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Console-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Keyboards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Keyboards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.1</span> <span>Keyboards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Keyboards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Couplers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Couplers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.2</span> <span>Couplers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Couplers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enclosure_and_expression_pedals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enclosure_and_expression_pedals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.3</span> <span>Enclosure and expression pedals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enclosure_and_expression_pedals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Combination_action" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Combination_action"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.4</span> <span>Combination action</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Combination_action-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Casing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Casing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Casing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tuning_and_regulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tuning_and_regulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Tuning and regulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tuning_and_regulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Repertoire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Repertoire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Repertoire</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Repertoire-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Repertoire subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Repertoire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Early music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Common_practice_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_practice_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Common practice period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Common_practice_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_and_contemporary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_and_contemporary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Modern and contemporary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_and_contemporary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Databases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Databases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Databases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Databases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resources_for_pipe_organ_video_recordings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resources_for_pipe_organ_video_recordings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Resources for pipe organ video recordings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resources_for_pipe_organ_video_recordings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pipe organ</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 85 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-85" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">85 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draaiorrel" title="Draaiorrel – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Draaiorrel" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orgel" title="Orgel – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Orgel" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%BA%D9%86_%D8%B0%D9%88_%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A8" title="أرغن ذو أنابيب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أرغن ذو أنابيب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organo_(instrumento_musical)" title="Organo (instrumento musical) – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Organo (instrumento musical)" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%B0%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Երգեհոն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Երգեհոն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%94rga" title="Ôrga – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Ôrga" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AA_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="পাইপ অর্গান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পাইপ অর্গান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Арган – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Арган" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Арган – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Арган" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%8A%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Тръбен орган – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тръбен орган" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orgulje" title="Orgulje – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Orgulje" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orgue" title="Orgue – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Orgue" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varhany" title="Varhany – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Varhany" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_(offeryn_cerdd)" title="Organ (offeryn cerdd) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Organ (offeryn cerdd)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orgel" title="Orgel – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Orgel" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orgel" title="Orgel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Orgel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orel" title="Orel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Orel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BA%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BF" title="Εκκλησιαστικό όργανο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εκκλησιαστικό όργανο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93rgano_(instrumento_musical)" title="Órgano (instrumento musical) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Órgano (instrumento musical)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orgeno" title="Orgeno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Orgeno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organo_(musika)" title="Organo (musika) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Organo (musika)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%AF_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="ارگ بادی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ارگ بادی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orgue" title="Orgue – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Orgue" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Org%C3%A1n_(ceol)" title="Orgán (ceol) – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Orgán (ceol)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92rgan" title="Òrgan – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Òrgan" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93rgano_(instrumento_musical)" title="Órgano (instrumento musical) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Órgano (instrumento musical)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%B4%ED%94%84_%EC%98%A4%EB%A5%B4%EA%B0%84" title="파이프 오르간 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="파이프 오르간" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%B0%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Երգեհոն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Երգեհոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orgulje" title="Orgulje – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Orgulje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orgeno" title="Orgeno – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Orgeno" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_pipa" title="Organ pipa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Organ pipa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organo_(instrumento_musical)" title="Organo (instrumento musical) – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Organo (instrumento musical)" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%ADpuorgel" title="Pípuorgel – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Pípuorgel" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organo_a_canne" title="Organo a canne – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Organo a canne" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%92%D7%91" title="עוגב – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עוגב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Or%C9%A9g%C9%A9" title="Orɩgɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Orɩgɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98)" title="ორგანი (საკრავი) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ორგანი (საკრავი)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92rgan%C3%AB" title="Òrganë – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Òrganë" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Орган – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Орган" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinanda_cha_filimbi" title="Kinanda cha filimbi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kinanda cha filimbi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Орган – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Орган" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organum_(instrumentum_musicum)" title="Organum (instrumentum musicum) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Organum (instrumentum musicum)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%92r%C4%A3eles" title="Ērģeles – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ērģeles" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uergel" title="Uergel – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Uergel" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vargonai" title="Vargonai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vargonai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orghen_(str%C3%BCm%C3%A8nt)" title="Orghen (strümènt) – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Orghen (strümènt)" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orgona_(hangszer)" title="Orgona (hangszer) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Orgona (hangszer)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Оргули – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Оргули" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%94rga" title="Ôrga – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ôrga" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%93%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%BB_(%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82)" title="ഓർഗൻ (സംഗീതോപകരണം) – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഓർഗൻ (സംഗീതോപകരണം)" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A8" title="اورج انابيب – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اورج انابيب" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_paip" title="Organ paip – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Organ paip" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%A1%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%82%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="ပြွန်အော်ဂင် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပြွန်အော်ဂင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pijporgel" title="Pijporgel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pijporgel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96rgel" title="Örgel – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Örgel" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%82%A4%E3%83%97%E3%82%AA%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AC%E3%83%B3" title="パイプオルガン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パイプオルガン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipeorgel" title="Pipeorgel – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pipeorgel" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipeorgel" title="Pipeorgel – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Pipeorgel" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92rgue" title="Òrgue – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Òrgue" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ" title="Organ – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Organ" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orgel" title="Orgel – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Orgel" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organy" title="Organy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Organy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93rg%C3%A3o_(instrumento_musical)" title="Órgão (instrumento musical) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Órgão (instrumento musical)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Org%C4%83" title="Orgă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Orgă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puywanku" title="Puywanku – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Puywanku" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Органы – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Органы" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82)" title="Орган (музыкальный инструмент) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Орган (музыкальный инструмент)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oargel" title="Oargel – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Oargel" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipe_organ" title="Pipe organ – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pipe organ" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ" title="Organ – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Organ" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orgle" title="Orgle – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Orgle" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%86%D8%B1%DA%AF%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%86%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="ئۆرگنی بۆری – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئۆرگنی بۆری" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%99%D0%B5" title="Оргуље – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Оргуље" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orgulje" title="Orgulje – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Orgulje" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urut" title="Urut – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Urut" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orgel" title="Orgel – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Orgel" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%99" title="ออร์แกน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ออร์แกน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borulu_org" title="Borulu org – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Borulu org" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82)" title="Орган (музичний інструмент) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Орган (музичний інструмент)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92rgano_(m%C3%B9zega)" title="Òrgano (mùzega) – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Òrgano (mùzega)" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about organs that produce sound by driving wind through various pipes. For an overview of related instruments, see <a href="/wiki/Organ_(music)#Overview" title="Organ (music)">Organ (music) § Overview</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Pipe organ</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Neunkirchen_am_Brand_Kirche_Orgel-20210411-RM-155230.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Neunkirchen_am_Brand_Kirche_Orgel-20210411-RM-155230.jpg/300px-Neunkirchen_am_Brand_Kirche_Orgel-20210411-RM-155230.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Neunkirchen_am_Brand_Kirche_Orgel-20210411-RM-155230.jpg/450px-Neunkirchen_am_Brand_Kirche_Orgel-20210411-RM-155230.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Neunkirchen_am_Brand_Kirche_Orgel-20210411-RM-155230.jpg/600px-Neunkirchen_am_Brand_Kirche_Orgel-20210411-RM-155230.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9841" data-file-height="7006" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Pipe organ in the collegiate church of St. Michael in <a href="/wiki/Neunkirchen_am_Brand" title="Neunkirchen am Brand">Neunkirchen am Brand</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #f0e68c"><a href="/wiki/Keyboard_instrument" title="Keyboard instrument">Keyboard instrument</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left">Organ, Church organ (used only for organs in houses of worship)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument_classification" title="Musical instrument classification">Classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left"><span></span> <a href="/wiki/Aerophone" title="Aerophone">Aerophone</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Hornbostel%E2%80%93Sachs" title="Hornbostel–Sachs">Hornbostel–Sachs classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flue_pipe" title="Flue pipe">422.222.11 <small>(flue pipes)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reed_pipe" title="Reed pipe">422.122 <small>(beating reed pipes)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reed_pipe#Free_reeds" title="Reed pipe">422.132 <small>(free reed pipes)</small></a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Inventor(s)</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Ctesibius" title="Ctesibius">Ctesibius</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Developed</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/3rd_century_BC" title="3rd century BC">3rd century BC</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #f0e68c"><a href="/wiki/Range_(music)" title="Range (music)">Playing range</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span></span> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Organ_Range.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Organ_Range.svg/210px-Organ_Range.svg.png" decoding="async" width="210" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Organ_Range.svg/315px-Organ_Range.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Organ_Range.svg/420px-Organ_Range.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #f0e68c"><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">Related instruments</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span></span> see <a href="/wiki/Organ_(music)" title="Organ (music)">Organ</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #f0e68c">Builders</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span></span> see <a href="/wiki/List_of_pipe_organ_builders" title="List of pipe organ builders">List of pipe organ builders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Pipe_organ_builders" title="Category:Pipe organ builders">Category:Pipe organ builders</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #f0e68c">Sound sample</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span></span> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="106" data-mwtitle="06_Auszug_e.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:06_Auszug_e.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/06_Auszug_e.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5c/06_Auszug_e.ogg/06_Auszug_e.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption>Improvisation in E, played on the organ located in the St. George's Minster in the town of <a href="/wiki/Dinkelsb%C3%BChl" title="Dinkelsbühl">Dinkelsbühl</a>.</figcaption></figure></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>pipe organ</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">musical instrument</a> that produces sound by driving pressurised air (called <i>wind</i>) through the <a href="/wiki/Organ_pipe" title="Organ pipe">organ pipes</a> selected from a <a href="/wiki/Musical_keyboard" title="Musical keyboard">keyboard</a>. Because each pipe produces a single pitch, the pipes are provided in sets called <i>ranks</i>, each of which has a common <a href="/wiki/Timbre" title="Timbre">timbre</a>, volume, and construction throughout the keyboard <a href="/wiki/Compass_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Compass (music)">compass</a>. Most organs have many ranks of pipes of differing pitch, timbre, and volume that the player can employ singly or in combination through the use of controls called <a href="/wiki/Organ_stop" title="Organ stop">stops</a>. </p><p>A pipe organ has one or more keyboards (called <i><a href="/wiki/Manual_(music)" title="Manual (music)">manuals</a></i>) played by the hands, and a <a href="/wiki/Pedal_keyboard" title="Pedal keyboard">pedal clavier</a> played by the feet; each keyboard controls its own division (group of stops). The keyboard(s), pedalboard, and stops are housed in the organ's <a href="/wiki/Organ_console" title="Organ console"><i>console</i></a>. The organ's continuous supply of wind allows it to sustain notes for as long as the corresponding keys are pressed, unlike the piano and <a href="/wiki/Harpsichord" title="Harpsichord">harpsichord</a> whose sound begins to dissipate immediately after a key is depressed. The smallest portable pipe organs may have only one or two dozen pipes and one manual; the largest organs may have over 33,000 pipes and as many as seven manuals.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A list of some of the most notable and largest pipe organs in the world can be viewed at <a href="/wiki/List_of_pipe_organs" title="List of pipe organs">List of pipe organs</a>. A ranking of the largest organs in the world—based on the criterion constructed by <a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Szostak" title="Michał Szostak">Michał Szostak</a>, i.e. 'the number of ranks and additional equipment managed from a single console'—can be found in the quarterly magazine <i>The Organ</i><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the online journal <i>Vox Humana</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The origins of the pipe organ can be traced back to the <a href="/wiki/Water_organ" title="Water organ">hydraulis</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a>, in the 3rd century BC,<sup id="cite_ref-origin_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-origin-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which the wind supply was created by the weight of displaced water in an airtight container. By the 6th or 7th century AD, <a href="/wiki/Bellows" title="Bellows">bellows</a> were used to supply Byzantine organs with wind.<sup id="cite_ref-origin_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-origin-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dalby,_Andrew_2010_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dalby,_Andrew_2010-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A pipe organ with "great leaden pipes" was sent to the West by the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantine_V" title="Constantine V">Constantine V</a> as a gift to <a href="/wiki/Pepin_the_Short" title="Pepin the Short">Pepin the Short</a>, King of the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a>, in 757.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pepin's son <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> requested a similar organ for his chapel in <a href="/wiki/Aachen" title="Aachen">Aachen</a> in 812, beginning the pipe organ's establishment in Western European church music.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In England, "The first organ of which any detailed record exists was built in Winchester Cathedral in the 10th century. It was a huge machine with 400 pipes, which needed two men to play it and 70 men to blow it, and its sound could be heard throughout the city."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beginning in the 12th century, the organ began to evolve into a complex instrument capable of producing different <a href="/wiki/Timbre" title="Timbre">timbres</a>. By the 17th century, most of the sounds available on the modern classical organ had been developed.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At that time, the pipe organ was the most complex human-made device<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—a distinction it retained until it was displaced by the <a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">telephone exchange</a> in the late 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pipe organs are installed in churches, synagogues, concert halls, schools, mansions, other public buildings and in private properties. They are used in the performance of classical music, <a href="/wiki/Religious_music" title="Religious music">sacred music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Secular_music" title="Secular music">secular music</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Popular_music" title="Popular music">popular music</a>. In the early 20th century, pipe organs were <a href="/wiki/Theatre_organ" title="Theatre organ">installed in theaters</a> to accompany the screening of films during the <a href="/wiki/Silent_film" title="Silent film">silent movie</a> era; in municipal auditoria, where orchestral <a href="/wiki/Transcription_(music)" title="Transcription (music)">transcriptions</a> were popular; and in the homes of the wealthy.<sup id="cite_ref-Rollin_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rollin-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The beginning of the 21st century has seen a resurgence in installations in concert halls. A substantial <a href="/wiki/Organ_repertoire" title="Organ repertoire">organ repertoire</a> spans over 500 years.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_development">History and development<span id="History"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pipe_organ&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History and development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquity">Antiquity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pipe_organ&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Antiquity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dion654a_ancient_organ.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Dion654a_ancient_organ.jpg/130px-Dion654a_ancient_organ.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Dion654a_ancient_organ.jpg/195px-Dion654a_ancient_organ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Dion654a_ancient_organ.jpg/260px-Dion654a_ancient_organ.jpg 2x" data-file-width="955" data-file-height="1746" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hydraulis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulis">Hydraulis</a> from the 1st century BC, oldest organ found to date, <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Museum_of_Dion" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeological Museum of Dion">Museum of Dion</a>, Greece<sup id="cite_ref-Heritage_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heritage-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosaic_of_the_Female_Musicians.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Mosaic_of_the_Female_Musicians.jpg/220px-Mosaic_of_the_Female_Musicians.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Mosaic_of_the_Female_Musicians.jpg/330px-Mosaic_of_the_Female_Musicians.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Mosaic_of_the_Female_Musicians.jpg/440px-Mosaic_of_the_Female_Musicians.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1678" data-file-height="1180" /></a><figcaption>4th century AD "Mosaic of the Female Musicians" from a <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> villa in <a href="/wiki/Maryamin,_Hama" class="mw-redirect" title="Maryamin, Hama">Maryamin</a>, Syria.<sup id="cite_ref-Ring_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ring-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The organ is one of the oldest instruments still used in European classical music that has commonly been credited as having derived from Greece. Its earliest predecessors were built in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a> in the 3rd century BC. The word <i>organ</i> is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ὄργανον</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">órganon</i></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a generic term for an instrument or a tool,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> via the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Organum_(musical_instrument)" class="mw-redirect" title="Organum (musical instrument)">organum</a></i></span>, an instrument similar to a <a href="/wiki/Portative_organ" title="Portative organ">portative organ</a> used in ancient Roman circus games. </p><p>The Greek engineer <a href="/wiki/Ctesibius" title="Ctesibius">Ctesibius of Alexandria</a> is credited with inventing the organ in the 3rd century BC. He devised an instrument called the <a href="/wiki/Hydraulis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulis">hydraulis</a>, which delivered a wind supply maintained through water pressure to a set of pipes.<sup id="cite_ref-hydraulis_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hydraulis-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hydraulis was played in the arenas of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. The pumps and water regulators of the hydraulis were replaced by an inflated leather bag in the 2nd century AD,<sup id="cite_ref-hydraulis_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hydraulis-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and true <a href="/wiki/Bellows" title="Bellows">bellows</a> began to appear in the Eastern Roman Empire in the 6th or 7th century AD.<sup id="cite_ref-origin_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-origin-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some 400 pieces of a hydraulis from the year 228 AD were revealed during the 1931 archaeological excavations in the former Roman town <a href="/wiki/Aquincum" title="Aquincum">Aquincum</a>, province of <a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonia</a> (present day <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>), which was used as a music instrument by the Aquincum fire dormitory; a modern replica produces an enjoyable sound. </p><p>The 9th century <a href="/wiki/Persian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persian</a> geographer <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khordadbeh" title="Ibn Khordadbeh">Ibn Khurradadhbih</a> (d. 913), in his lexicographical discussion of instruments, cited the <span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">urghun</i></span> (organ) as one of the typical instruments of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_(Byzantine)_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire">Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kartomi124_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kartomi124-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was often used in the <a href="/wiki/Hippodrome_of_Constantinople" title="Hippodrome of Constantinople">Hippodrome</a> in the imperial capital of <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>. A Syrian visitor describes a pipe organ powered by two servants pumping "bellows like a blacksmith's" played while guests ate at the emperor's Christmas dinner in Constantinople in 911.<sup id="cite_ref-Dalby,_Andrew_2010_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dalby,_Andrew_2010-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first Western European pipe organ with "great leaden pipes" was sent from Constantinople to the West by the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantine_V" title="Constantine V">Constantine V</a> as a gift to <a href="/wiki/Pepin_the_Short" title="Pepin the Short">Pepin the Short</a> King of the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> in 757. Pepin's son <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> requested a similar organ for his chapel in <a href="/wiki/Aachen" title="Aachen">Aachen</a> in 812, beginning its establishment in Western European church music.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval">Medieval</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pipe_organ&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Medieval"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Utrechts-Psalter_CANTICUM-16_organ_sheep_angel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Utrechts-Psalter_CANTICUM-16_organ_sheep_angel.jpg/220px-Utrechts-Psalter_CANTICUM-16_organ_sheep_angel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Utrechts-Psalter_CANTICUM-16_organ_sheep_angel.jpg/330px-Utrechts-Psalter_CANTICUM-16_organ_sheep_angel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Utrechts-Psalter_CANTICUM-16_organ_sheep_angel.jpg/440px-Utrechts-Psalter_CANTICUM-16_organ_sheep_angel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1859" data-file-height="1204" /></a><figcaption>9th century image of an organ, from the <a href="/wiki/Utrecht_Psalter" title="Utrecht Psalter">Utrecht Psalter</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>From 800 to the 1400s, the use and construction of organs developed in significant ways, from the invention of the portative and positive organs to the installation of larger organs in major churches such as the cathedrals of <a href="/wiki/Winchester_Cathedral" title="Winchester Cathedral">Winchester</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Paris" title="Notre-Dame de Paris">Notre Dame</a> of Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this period, organs began to be used in secular and religious settings. The introduction of organ into religious settings is ambiguous, most likely because the original position of the Church was that instrumental music was not to be allowed.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 12th century there is evidence for permanently installed organs existing in religious settings such as the <a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_F%C3%A9camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbey of Fécamp">Abbey of Fécamp</a> and other locations throughout Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kevelaer-StMarien-Chororgel-1-Asio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Kevelaer-StMarien-Chororgel-1-Asio.jpg/220px-Kevelaer-StMarien-Chororgel-1-Asio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Kevelaer-StMarien-Chororgel-1-Asio.jpg/330px-Kevelaer-StMarien-Chororgel-1-Asio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Kevelaer-StMarien-Chororgel-1-Asio.jpg/440px-Kevelaer-StMarien-Chororgel-1-Asio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Positive_organ" title="Positive organ">Positive organ</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Several innovations occurred to organs in the Middle Ages, such as the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Portative_organ" title="Portative organ">portative</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Positive_organ" title="Positive organ">positive</a> organ. The portative organs were small and created for secular use and made of light weight delicate materials that would have been easy for one individual to transport and play on their own.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The portative organ was a "flue-piped keyboard instrument, played with one hand while the other operated the bellows."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its portability made the portative useful for the accompaniment of both sacred and secular music in a variety of settings. The positive organ was larger than the portative organ but was still small enough to be portable and used in a variety of settings like the portative organ. Toward the middle of the 13th century, the portatives represented in the <a href="/wiki/Miniature_(illuminated_manuscript)" title="Miniature (illuminated manuscript)">miniatures of illuminated manuscripts</a> appear to have real keyboards with balanced keys, as in the <a href="/wiki/Cantigas_de_Santa_Maria" title="Cantigas de Santa Maria">Cantigas de Santa Maria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is difficult to directly determine when larger organs were first installed in Europe. An early detailed eyewitness account from <a href="/wiki/Wulfstan_of_Winchester" class="mw-redirect" title="Wulfstan of Winchester">Wulfstan of Winchester</a> gives an idea of what organs were like prior to the 13th century, after which more records of large church organs exist.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his account, he describes the sound of the organ: "among them bells outstanding in tone and size, and an organ [sounding] through bronze pipes prepared according to the musical proportions."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is one of the earliest accounts of organs in Europe and also indicates that the organ was large and more permanent than other evidence would suggest.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first organ documented to have been permanently installed was one installed in 1361 in <a href="/wiki/Halberstadt" title="Halberstadt">Halberstadt</a>, Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-oxforddict_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxforddict-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first documented permanent organ installation likely prompted <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_de_Machaut" title="Guillaume de Machaut">Guillaume de Machaut</a> to describe the organ as "the king of instruments", a characterization still frequently applied.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Halberstadt organ was the first instrument to use a <a href="/wiki/Chromatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromatic">chromatic</a> key layout across its three manuals and pedalboard, although the keys were wider than on modern instruments.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The width of the keys was slightly over two and a half inches, wide enough to be struck down by the fist, as the early keys are reported to have invariably been manipulated.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It had twenty bellows operated by ten men, and the wind pressure was so high that the player had to use the full strength of their arm to hold down a key.<sup id="cite_ref-oxforddict_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxforddict-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Records of other organs permanently installed and used in worship services in the late 13th and 14th centuries are found in large cathedrals such as <a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Paris" title="Notre-Dame de Paris">Notre Dame</a>, the latter documenting organists hired to by the church and the installation of larger and permanent organs.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest is a payment in 1332 from the clergy of Notre Dame to an organist to perform on the feasts St. Louis and St. Michael.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Notre Dame School also shows how organs could have been used within the increased use of polyphony, which would have allowed for the use of more instrumental voices within the music.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to documentation from the 9th century by Walafrid Strabo, the organ was also used for music during other parts of the church service—the prelude and postlude the main examples—and not just for the effect of polyphony with the choir. Other possible instances of this were short interludes played on the organ either in between parts of the church service or during choral songs, but they were not played at the same time as the choir was singing.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This shows that by this point in time organs were fully used within church services and not just in secular settings. Organs from earlier in the medieval period are evidenced by surviving keyboards and casings, but no pipes.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until the mid-15th century, organs had no stop controls. Each manual controlled ranks at many pitches, known as the "Blockwerk."<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 1450, controls were designed that allowed the ranks of the Blockwerk to be played individually. These devices were the forerunners of modern stop actions.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The higher-pitched ranks of the Blockwerk remained grouped together under a single stop control; these stops developed into <a href="/wiki/Mixture_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixture (music)">mixtures</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="baroque_organ"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renaissance_and_Baroque_periods">Renaissance and Baroque periods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pipe_organ&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Renaissance and Baroque periods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roskilde_Dom_Innen_Orgel_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Roskilde_Dom_Innen_Orgel_2.JPG/170px-Roskilde_Dom_Innen_Orgel_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Roskilde_Dom_Innen_Orgel_2.JPG/255px-Roskilde_Dom_Innen_Orgel_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Roskilde_Dom_Innen_Orgel_2.JPG/340px-Roskilde_Dom_Innen_Orgel_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1572" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Baroque_music" title="Baroque music">baroque</a> organ in <a href="/wiki/Roskilde_Cathedral" title="Roskilde Cathedral">Roskilde Cathedral</a>, Denmark<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_music" title="Renaissance music">Renaissance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baroque_music" title="Baroque music">Baroque</a> periods, the organ's tonal colors became more varied. Organ builders fashioned stops that imitated various instruments, such as the <a href="/wiki/Krummhorn" class="mw-redirect" title="Krummhorn">krummhorn</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Viol" title="Viol">viola da gamba</a>. Builders such as <a href="/wiki/Arp_Schnitger" title="Arp Schnitger">Arp Schnitger</a>, Jasper Johannsen, <a href="/wiki/Zacharias_Hildebrandt" title="Zacharias Hildebrandt">Zacharias Hildebrandt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Silbermann" title="Gottfried Silbermann">Gottfried Silbermann</a> constructed instruments that were in themselves artistic, displaying both exquisite craftsmanship and beautiful sound. These organs featured well-balanced mechanical key actions, giving the organist precise control over the pipe speech. Schnitger's organs featured particularly distinctive reed timbres and large Pedal and Rückpositiv divisions.<sup id="cite_ref-Webber_222_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Webber_222-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Different national styles of organ building began to develop, often due to changing political climates.<sup id="cite_ref-Randel_585_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Randel_585-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Netherlands, the organ became a large instrument with several divisions, doubled ranks, and mounted cornets. The organs of northern Germany also had more divisions, and independent pedal divisions became increasingly common.<sup id="cite_ref-Randel_585_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Randel_585-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Organ makers began designing their cases in such a way that the divisions of the organ were visibly discernible. Twentieth-century musicologists have retroactively labelled this the <i>Werkprinzip</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monasterio_de_Santa_Cruz,_Co%C3%ADmbra,_Portugal,_2012-05-10,_DD_09_organ_edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Monasterio_de_Santa_Cruz%2C_Co%C3%ADmbra%2C_Portugal%2C_2012-05-10%2C_DD_09_organ_edit.jpg/220px-Monasterio_de_Santa_Cruz%2C_Co%C3%ADmbra%2C_Portugal%2C_2012-05-10%2C_DD_09_organ_edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Monasterio_de_Santa_Cruz%2C_Co%C3%ADmbra%2C_Portugal%2C_2012-05-10%2C_DD_09_organ_edit.jpg/330px-Monasterio_de_Santa_Cruz%2C_Co%C3%ADmbra%2C_Portugal%2C_2012-05-10%2C_DD_09_organ_edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Monasterio_de_Santa_Cruz%2C_Co%C3%ADmbra%2C_Portugal%2C_2012-05-10%2C_DD_09_organ_edit.jpg/440px-Monasterio_de_Santa_Cruz%2C_Co%C3%ADmbra%2C_Portugal%2C_2012-05-10%2C_DD_09_organ_edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3649" data-file-height="4175" /></a><figcaption>Baroque pipe organ of the 18th century at <a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_Santa_Cruz_(Coimbra)" class="mw-redirect" title="Monastery of Santa Cruz (Coimbra)">Monastery of Santa Cruz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coimbra" title="Coimbra">Coimbra</a>, Portugal</figcaption></figure> <p>In France, as in Italy, Spain and Portugal, organs were primarily designed to play <a href="/wiki/Alternatim" title="Alternatim">alternatim</a> verses rather than accompany <a href="/wiki/Hymns" class="mw-redirect" title="Hymns">congregational singing</a>. The <i>French Classical Organ</i> became remarkably consistent throughout France over the course of the Baroque era, more so than any other style of organ building in history, and standardized registrations developed.<sup id="cite_ref-Thistlethwaite,_12_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thistlethwaite,_12-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This type of instrument was elaborately described by <a href="/wiki/Dom_B%C3%A9dos_de_Celles" title="Dom Bédos de Celles">Dom Bédos de Celles</a> in his treatise <i>L'art du facteur d'orgues</i> (<i>The Art of Organ Building</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Italian Baroque organ was often a single-manual instrument, without pedals.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was built on a full diapason chorus of octaves and fifths. The stop-names indicated the pitch relative to the fundamental ("Principale") and typically reached extremely short nominal pipe-lengths (for example, if the Principale were 8', the "Vigesimanona" was ½'). The highest ranks "broke back", their smallest pipes replaced by pipes pitched an octave lower to produce a kind of composite treble mixture. </p><p>In England, many pipe organs were destroyed or removed from churches during the <a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">English Reformation</a> of the 16th century and the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England" title="Commonwealth of England">Commonwealth</a> period. Some were relocated to private homes. At the <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Restoration" title="Stuart Restoration">Restoration</a>, organ builders such as <a href="/wiki/Renatus_Harris" title="Renatus Harris">Renatus Harris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Smith_(organ_builder)" title="Bernard Smith (organ builder)">"Father" Bernard Smith</a> brought new organ-building ideas from continental Europe. English organs evolved from small one- or two-manual instruments into three or more divisions disposed in the French manner with grander reeds and mixtures, though still without pedal keyboards.<sup id="cite_ref-England_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-England-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Echo division began to be enclosed in the early 18th century, and in 1712, Abraham Jordan claimed his "swelling organ" at <a href="/wiki/St_Magnus-the-Martyr" class="mw-redirect" title="St Magnus-the-Martyr">St Magnus-the-Martyr</a> to be a new invention.<sup id="cite_ref-Thistlethwaite,_12_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thistlethwaite,_12-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Swell_box" title="Swell box">swell box</a> and the independent pedal division appeared in English organs beginning in the 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-England_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-England-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romantic_period">Romantic period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pipe_organ&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Romantic period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the Romantic period, the organ became more symphonic, capable of creating a gradual crescendo. This was made possible by voicing stops in such a way that families of tone that historically had only been used separately could now be used together, creating an entirely new way of approaching organ registration. New technologies and the work of organ builders such as <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eberhard_Friedrich_Walcker" class="extiw" title="de:Eberhard Friedrich Walcker">Eberhard Friedrich Walcker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aristide_Cavaill%C3%A9-Coll" title="Aristide Cavaillé-Coll">Aristide Cavaillé-Coll</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Willis_%26_Sons" title="Henry Willis & Sons">Henry Willis</a> made it possible to build larger organs with more stops, more variation in sound and timbre, and more divisions.<sup id="cite_ref-England_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-England-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, as early as in 1808, the first 32' contre-bombarde was installed in the great organ of Nancy Cathedral, France. Enclosed divisions became common, and registration aids were developed to make it easier for the organist to manage the great number of stops. The desire for louder, grander organs required that the stops be voiced on a higher wind pressure than before. As a result, a greater force was required to overcome the wind pressure and depress the keys. To solve this problem, Cavaillé-Coll configured the English "<a href="/wiki/Barker_lever" title="Barker lever">Barker lever</a>" to assist in operating the key action. This is, essentially, a servomechanism that uses wind pressure from the air plenum, to augment the force that is exerted by the player's fingers.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Organ builders began to prefer specifications with fewer mixtures and high-pitched stops, more 8′ and 16′ stops and wider pipe scales.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These practices created a warmer, richer sound than was common in the 18th century. Organs began to be built in concert halls (such as the organ at the <a href="/wiki/Trocad%C3%A9ro,_Paris" title="Trocadéro, Paris">Palais du Trocadéro</a> in Paris), and composers such as <a href="/wiki/Camille_Saint-Sa%C3%ABns" title="Camille Saint-Saëns">Camille Saint-Saëns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Gustav Mahler</a> used the organ in their orchestral works. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yoke.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A typical modern 20th-century console, located in St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin"><img alt="A typical modern 20th-century console, located in St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Yoke.JPG/200px-Yoke.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Yoke.JPG/300px-Yoke.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Yoke.JPG/400px-Yoke.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1738" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A typical modern 20th-century console, located in <a href="/wiki/St_Patrick%27s_Cathedral,_Dublin" title="St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin">St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Basilica_of_Saint_Denis_Organ,_Paris,_France_-_Diliff.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The organ of the Cathedral-Basilica of Saint-Denis (France), first organ of Aristide Cavaille-Coll containing numerous innovations, and especially the first Barker lever."><img alt="The organ of the Cathedral-Basilica of Saint-Denis (France), first organ of Aristide Cavaille-Coll containing numerous innovations, and especially the first Barker lever." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Basilica_of_Saint_Denis_Organ%2C_Paris%2C_France_-_Diliff.jpg/197px-Basilica_of_Saint_Denis_Organ%2C_Paris%2C_France_-_Diliff.jpg" decoding="async" width="197" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Basilica_of_Saint_Denis_Organ%2C_Paris%2C_France_-_Diliff.jpg/295px-Basilica_of_Saint_Denis_Organ%2C_Paris%2C_France_-_Diliff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Basilica_of_Saint_Denis_Organ%2C_Paris%2C_France_-_Diliff.jpg/394px-Basilica_of_Saint_Denis_Organ%2C_Paris%2C_France_-_Diliff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3046" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The organ of the Cathedral-<a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint-Denis" title="Basilica of Saint-Denis">Basilica of Saint-Denis</a> (France), first organ of <a href="/wiki/Aristide_Cavaille-Coll" class="mw-redirect" title="Aristide Cavaille-Coll">Aristide Cavaille-Coll</a> containing numerous innovations, and especially the first <a href="/wiki/Barker_lever" title="Barker lever">Barker lever</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Buffet_grand-orgue.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Cavaillé-Coll organ of the cathedral of Nancy, featured the first 32' Bombarde in France. (France)"><img alt="The Cavaillé-Coll organ of the cathedral of Nancy, featured the first 32' Bombarde in France. (France)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Buffet_grand-orgue.jpg/200px-Buffet_grand-orgue.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Buffet_grand-orgue.jpg/300px-Buffet_grand-orgue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Buffet_grand-orgue.jpg/400px-Buffet_grand-orgue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Great_organ_of_Nancy_Cathedral" title="Great organ of Nancy Cathedral">The Cavaillé-Coll organ of the cathedral of Nancy, featured the first 32' Bombarde in France.</a> (France)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_development">Modern development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pipe_organ&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Modern development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:D%C3%BClmen,_St.-Viktor-Kirche,_Innenansicht_--_2018_--_0661.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/D%C3%BClmen%2C_St.-Viktor-Kirche%2C_Innenansicht_--_2018_--_0661.jpg/220px-D%C3%BClmen%2C_St.-Viktor-Kirche%2C_Innenansicht_--_2018_--_0661.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/D%C3%BClmen%2C_St.-Viktor-Kirche%2C_Innenansicht_--_2018_--_0661.jpg/330px-D%C3%BClmen%2C_St.-Viktor-Kirche%2C_Innenansicht_--_2018_--_0661.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/D%C3%BClmen%2C_St.-Viktor-Kirche%2C_Innenansicht_--_2018_--_0661.jpg/440px-D%C3%BClmen%2C_St.-Viktor-Kirche%2C_Innenansicht_--_2018_--_0661.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4731" data-file-height="3628" /></a><figcaption>The pipe organ in the Organ of the St Viktor Church, Dülmen, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, exhibits a modern façade.</figcaption></figure> <p>The development of pneumatic and electro-pneumatic key actions in the late 19th century made it possible to locate the console independently of the pipes, greatly expanding the possibilities in organ design. Electric stop actions were also developed, which allowed sophisticated combination actions to be created.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beginning in the early 20th century in Germany and in the mid-20th century in the United States, organ builders began to build <a href="/wiki/Historically_informed_performance" title="Historically informed performance">historically inspired</a> instruments modeled on Baroque organs. They returned to building mechanical key actions, voicing with lower wind pressures and thinner pipe scales, and designing specifications with more mixture stops.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This became known as the <a href="/wiki/Organ_Reform_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ Reform Movement">Organ Reform Movement</a>. </p><p>In the late 20th century, organ builders began to incorporate digital components into their key, stop, and combination actions. Besides making these mechanisms simpler and more reliable, this also makes it possible to record and play back an organist's performance using the <a href="/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI">MIDI</a> protocol.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, some organ builders have incorporated digital (electronic) stops into their pipe organs. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Electronic_organ" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic organ">electronic organ</a> developed throughout the 20th century. Some pipe organs were replaced by digital organs because of their lower purchase price, smaller physical size, and minimal maintenance requirements. In the early 1970s, <a href="/wiki/Rodgers_Instruments" title="Rodgers Instruments">Rodgers Instruments</a> pioneered the <i>hybrid</i> organ, an electronic instrument that incorporates real pipes; other builders such as <a href="/wiki/Allen_Organs" class="mw-redirect" title="Allen Organs">Allen Organs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Johannus_Orgelbouw" class="mw-redirect" title="Johannus Orgelbouw">Johannus Orgelbouw</a> have since built hybrid organs. Allen Organs first introduced the electronic organ in 1937 and in 1971 created the first digital organ using CMOS technology borrowed from NASA which created the digital pipe organ using sound recorded from actual speaking pipes and incorporating the sounds electronically within the memory of the digital organ thus having real pipe organ sound without the actual organ pipes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Construction">Construction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pipe_organ&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A pipe organ contains one or more sets of pipes, a wind system, and one or more keyboards. The pipes produce sound when pressurized air produced by the wind system passes through them. An action connects the keyboards to the pipes. <a href="/wiki/Organ_stop" title="Organ stop">Stops</a> allow the organist to control which ranks of pipes sound at a given time. The organist operates the stops and the keyboards from the <a href="/wiki/Organ_console" title="Organ console">console</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pipes">Pipes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pipe_organ&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Pipes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Organ_pipe" title="Organ pipe">Organ pipe</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Salt_Lake_City_Organ.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Salt_Lake_City_Organ.jpg/220px-Salt_Lake_City_Organ.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Salt_Lake_City_Organ.jpg/330px-Salt_Lake_City_Organ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Salt_Lake_City_Organ.jpg/440px-Salt_Lake_City_Organ.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="851" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_Tabernacle_organ" title="Salt Lake Tabernacle organ">Salt Lake Tabernacle organ</a> found at the <a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_Tabernacle" title="Salt Lake Tabernacle">Salt Lake Tabernacle</a> in <a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_City" title="Salt Lake City">Salt Lake City</a>, Utah, has 11,623 pipes and accompanies <a href="/wiki/The_Tabernacle_Choir_at_Temple_Square" class="mw-redirect" title="The Tabernacle Choir at Temple Square">The Tabernacle Choir at Temple Square</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orchestra_at_Temple_Square" title="Orchestra at Temple Square">Orchestra at Temple Square</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Organ pipes are made from either wood or metal and produce sound ("speak") when air under pressure ("wind") is directed through them.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As one pipe produces a single <a href="/wiki/Pitch_(music)" title="Pitch (music)">pitch</a>, multiple pipes are necessary to accommodate the <a href="/wiki/Musical_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical scale">musical scale</a>. The greater the length of the pipe, the lower its resulting pitch will be.<sup id="cite_ref-randel579_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-randel579-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Timbre" title="Timbre">timbre</a> and volume of the sound produced by a pipe depends on the volume of air delivered to the pipe and the manner in which it is constructed and voiced, the latter adjusted by the <a href="/wiki/Organ_building" title="Organ building">builder</a> to produce the desired tone and volume. Hence a pipe's volume cannot be readily changed while playing.<sup id="cite_ref-randel579_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-randel579-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spain_Andalusia_Seville_BW_2015-10-23_12-30-25_stitch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Spain_Andalusia_Seville_BW_2015-10-23_12-30-25_stitch.jpg/220px-Spain_Andalusia_Seville_BW_2015-10-23_12-30-25_stitch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="340" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Spain_Andalusia_Seville_BW_2015-10-23_12-30-25_stitch.jpg/330px-Spain_Andalusia_Seville_BW_2015-10-23_12-30-25_stitch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Spain_Andalusia_Seville_BW_2015-10-23_12-30-25_stitch.jpg/440px-Spain_Andalusia_Seville_BW_2015-10-23_12-30-25_stitch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3333" data-file-height="5154" /></a><figcaption>Interior of the <a href="/wiki/Seville_Cathedral" title="Seville Cathedral">Seville Cathedral</a>, showing the pipes of the organ.</figcaption></figure> <p>Organ pipes are divided into <a href="/wiki/Flue_pipe" title="Flue pipe">flue pipes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reed_pipe" title="Reed pipe">reed pipes</a> according to their design and timbre. Flue pipes produce sound by forcing air through a <a href="/wiki/Fipple" title="Fipple">fipple</a>, like that of a <a href="/wiki/Recorder_(musical_instrument)" title="Recorder (musical instrument)">recorder</a>, whereas reed pipes produce sound via a beating <a href="/wiki/Reed_(instrument)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reed (instrument)">reed</a>, like that of a clarinet or saxophone.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pipes are arranged by timbre and pitch into ranks. A rank is a set of pipes of the same timbre but multiple pitches (one for each note on the keyboard), which is mounted (usually vertically) onto a <a href="#Wind_system">windchest</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bicknell_20_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bicknell_20-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Organ_stop#Mechanics" title="Organ stop">stop mechanism</a> admits air to each rank. For a given pipe to sound, the stop governing the pipe's rank must be engaged, and the key corresponding to its pitch must be depressed. Ranks of pipes are organized into groups called divisions. Each division generally is played from its own keyboard and conceptually comprises an individual instrument within the organ.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Action">Action</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pipe_organ&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Action"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An organ contains two actions, or systems of moving parts: the keys, and the stops. The key action causes wind to be admitted into an organ pipe while a key is depressed. The stop action causes a rank of pipes to be engaged (i.e. playable by the keys) while a stop is in its "on" position. An action may be mechanical, pneumatic, or electrical (or some combination of these, such as electro-pneumatic).<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The key action is independent of the stop action, allowing an organ to combine a mechanical key action with an electric stop action. </p><p>A key action in which the keys are connected to the windchests by only rods and levers is a mechanical or <a href="/wiki/Tracker_action" title="Tracker action">tracker action</a>. When the organist depresses a key, the corresponding rod (called a tracker) pulls open its pallet, allowing wind to enter the pipe.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pipe_organ_in_Honduras.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Immaculate Conception Cathedral, Comayagua" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Pipe_organ_in_Honduras.jpg/220px-Pipe_organ_in_Honduras.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Pipe_organ_in_Honduras.jpg/330px-Pipe_organ_in_Honduras.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Pipe_organ_in_Honduras.jpg/440px-Pipe_organ_in_Honduras.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5152" data-file-height="3432" /></a><figcaption>Pipes from the organ of the <a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception_Cathedral,_Comayagua" title="Immaculate Conception Cathedral, Comayagua">Comayagua Cathedral</a> in Honduras.</figcaption></figure> <p>In a mechanical stop action, each stop control operates a valve for a whole rank of pipes. When the organist selects a stop, the valve allows wind to reach the selected rank.<sup id="cite_ref-Bicknell_20_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bicknell_20-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first kind of control used for this purpose was a draw <a href="/wiki/Organ_stop" title="Organ stop">stop knob</a>, which the organist selects by pulling (or drawing) toward himself/herself. Pulling all of the knobs thus activates all available pipes, and is the origin of the idiom "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pull_out_all_the_stops" class="extiw" title="wikt:pull out all the stops">to pull out all the stops</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More modern stop selectors, utilized in electric actions, are ordinary electrical switches and/or magnetic valves operated by a rocker tab.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tracker action has been used from antiquity to modern times. Before the pallet opens, wind pressure augments tension of the pallet spring, but once the pallet opens, only the spring tension is felt at the key. This sudden decrease of key pressure against the finger provides a "breakaway" feel.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A later development was the <a href="/wiki/Tubular-pneumatic_action" title="Tubular-pneumatic action">tubular-pneumatic action</a>, which uses changes of pressure within lead tubing to operate pneumatic valves throughout the instrument. This allowed a lighter touch, and more flexibility in the location of the console, within a roughly 50-foot (15-m) limit. This type of construction was used in the late 19th century and early 20th century, and has had only rare application since the 1920s.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A more recent development is the electric action, which uses low voltage DC to control the key and/or stop mechanisms. Electricity may control the action indirectly by activating air pressure valves (pneumatics), in which case the action is <a href="/wiki/Electro-pneumatic_action" title="Electro-pneumatic action">electro-pneumatic</a>. In such actions, an electromagnet attracts a small pilot valve which lets wind go to a bellows (the "pneumatic" component) which opens the pallet. When electricity operates the action directly without the assistance of pneumatics, it is commonly referred to as <a href="/wiki/Direct_electric_action" title="Direct electric action">direct electric action</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this type, the electromagnet's armature carries a disc pallet. </p><p>When electrical wiring alone is used to connect the console to the windchest, electric actions allow the console to be separated at any practical distance from the rest of the organ, and to be movable.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Electric stop actions can be controlled at the console by stop knobs, by pivoted tilting tablets, or rocker tabs. These are simple switches, like wall switches for room lights. Some may include electromagnets for automatic setting or resetting when combinations are selected. </p><p>Computers have made it possible to connect the console and windchests using narrow data cables instead of the much larger bundles of simple electric cables. Embedded computers in the console and near the windchests communicate with each other via various complex multiplexing syntaxes, comparable to MIDI. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SommierOrgue.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cross-section of one note of a mechanical-action windchest. Trackers attach to the wires hanging through the bottom board at the left. A wire pulls down on the pallet (valve) against the tension of the V-shaped spring. Wind under pressure surrounds the pallet, and when it is pulled down, the wide rectangular chamber above the pallet feeds wind to all pipes of this note and stop; note the cutaway passages at the top."><img alt="Cross-section of one note of a mechanical-action windchest. Trackers attach to the wires hanging through the bottom board at the left. A wire pulls down on the pallet (valve) against the tension of the V-shaped spring. Wind under pressure surrounds the pallet, and when it is pulled down, the wide rectangular chamber above the pallet feeds wind to all pipes of this note and stop; note the cutaway passages at the top." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/SommierOrgue.jpg/200px-SommierOrgue.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/SommierOrgue.jpg/300px-SommierOrgue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/SommierOrgue.jpg/400px-SommierOrgue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1483" data-file-height="1008" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cross-section of one note of a mechanical-action windchest. Trackers attach to the wires hanging through the bottom board at the left. A wire pulls down on the pallet (valve) against the tension of the V-shaped spring. Wind under pressure surrounds the pallet, and when it is pulled down, the wide rectangular chamber above the pallet feeds wind to all pipes of this note and stop; note the cutaway passages at the top.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cradley_Heath_Baptist_Church_Organ_A01.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Interior of the organ at Cradley Heath Baptist Church showing the tracker action. The black rods, called rollers, rotate to transmit movement sideways to line up with the pipes."><img alt="Interior of the organ at Cradley Heath Baptist Church showing the tracker action. The black rods, called rollers, rotate to transmit movement sideways to line up with the pipes." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Cradley_Heath_Baptist_Church_Organ_A01.JPG/200px-Cradley_Heath_Baptist_Church_Organ_A01.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Cradley_Heath_Baptist_Church_Organ_A01.JPG/300px-Cradley_Heath_Baptist_Church_Organ_A01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Cradley_Heath_Baptist_Church_Organ_A01.JPG/400px-Cradley_Heath_Baptist_Church_Organ_A01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Interior of the organ at <a href="/wiki/Cradley_Heath_Baptist_Church" title="Cradley Heath Baptist Church">Cradley Heath Baptist Church</a> showing the tracker action. The black rods, called rollers, rotate to transmit movement sideways to line up with the pipes.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Schleiflade_Tontraktur_Animation.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Schematic animation of a mechanical-action windchest with three ranks of pipes"><img alt="Schematic animation of a mechanical-action windchest with three ranks of pipes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Schleiflade_Tontraktur_Animation.gif/200px-Schleiflade_Tontraktur_Animation.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Schleiflade_Tontraktur_Animation.gif/300px-Schleiflade_Tontraktur_Animation.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Schleiflade_Tontraktur_Animation.gif/400px-Schleiflade_Tontraktur_Animation.gif 2x" data-file-width="765" data-file-height="639" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Schematic animation of a mechanical-action windchest with three ranks of pipes</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Guercino_-_St._Cecilia_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Saint Cecilia, patron saint of music, depicted playing the pipe organ"><img alt="Saint Cecilia, patron saint of music, depicted playing the pipe organ" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Guercino_-_St._Cecilia_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/140px-Guercino_-_St._Cecilia_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Guercino_-_St._Cecilia_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/210px-Guercino_-_St._Cecilia_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Guercino_-_St._Cecilia_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/280px-Guercino_-_St._Cecilia_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3785" data-file-height="4591" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Cecilia" title="Saint Cecilia">Saint Cecilia</a>, patron saint of music, depicted playing the pipe organ</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wind_system">Wind system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pipe_organ&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Wind system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Detall_orgue_7.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Detall_orgue_7.JPG/220px-Detall_orgue_7.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Detall_orgue_7.JPG/330px-Detall_orgue_7.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Detall_orgue_7.JPG/440px-Detall_orgue_7.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Bellows of a pipe organ at <a href="/wiki/Museu_de_la_M%C3%BAsica_de_Barcelona" title="Museu de la Música de Barcelona">Museu de la Música de Barcelona</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The wind system consists of the parts that produce, store, and deliver wind to the pipes. Pipe organ wind pressures are on the order of 0.10 psi (0.69 kPa). Organ builders traditionally measure organ wind using a water U-tube <a href="/wiki/Liquid_Column" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid Column">manometer</a>, which gives the pressure as the difference in water levels in the two legs of the manometer. The difference in water level is proportional to the difference in pressure between the wind and the atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 0.10 psi above would register as 2.75 <a href="/wiki/Inch_of_water" title="Inch of water">inches of water</a> (70 <a href="/wiki/Centimetre_of_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Centimetre of water">mmAq</a>). An Italian organ from the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_music" title="Renaissance music">Renaissance period</a> may be on only 2.2 inches (56 mm),<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while (in the extreme) solo stops in some large 20th-century organs may require up to 50 inches (1,300 mm). In isolated, extreme cases, some stops have been voiced on 100 inches (2,500 mm).<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the exception of <a href="/wiki/Water_organ" title="Water organ">water organs</a>, playing the organ before the invention of <a href="/wiki/Motors" class="mw-redirect" title="Motors">motors</a> required at least one person to operate the <a href="/wiki/Bellows" title="Bellows">bellows</a>. When signaled by the organist, a <i>calcant</i> would operate a set of bellows, supplying the organ with wind.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rather than hire a calcant, an organist might practise on some other instrument such as a <a href="/wiki/Clavichord" title="Clavichord">clavichord</a> or <a href="/wiki/Harpsichord" title="Harpsichord">harpsichord</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the mid-19th-century bellows were also operated by <a href="/wiki/Water_engine" title="Water engine">water engines</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> steam engines or gasoline engines.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Starting in the 1860s bellows were gradually replaced by rotating turbines which were later directly connected to electrical motors.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This made it possible for organists to practice regularly on the organ. Most organs, both new and historic, have electric <a href="/wiki/Centrifugal_fan" title="Centrifugal fan">blowers</a>, although some can still be operated manually.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wind supplied is stored in one or more regulators to maintain a constant pressure in the <i>windchests</i> until the action allows it to flow into the pipes.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stops">Stops</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pipe_organ&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Stops"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Organ_stop" title="Organ stop">Organ stop</a></div> <p>Each stop usually controls one rank of pipes, although <a href="/wiki/Mixture_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixture (music)">mixtures</a> and undulating stops (such as the <a href="/wiki/Voix_c%C3%A9leste" title="Voix céleste">Voix céleste</a>) control multiple ranks.<sup id="cite_ref-Bicknell_26-27_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bicknell_26-27-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name of the stop reflects not only the stop's timbre and construction, but also the style of the organ in which it resides. For example, the names on an organ built in the north German Baroque style generally will be derived from the German language, while the names of similar stops on an organ in the French Romantic style will usually be French. Most countries tend to use only their own languages for stop nomenclature. English-speaking nations as well as Japan are more receptive to foreign nomenclature.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Stop names are not standardized: two otherwise identical stops from different organs may have different names.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To facilitate a large range of timbres, organ stops exist at different pitch levels. A stop that sounds at <a href="/wiki/Unison" title="Unison">unison pitch</a> when a key is depressed is called an 8′ (pronounced "eight-foot") pitch. This refers to the speaking length of the lowest-sounding pipe in that rank, which is approximately eight feet (2.4 m). For the same reason, a stop that sounds an octave higher is at 4′ pitch, and one that sounds two octaves higher is at 2′ pitch. Likewise, a stop that sounds an octave lower than unison pitch is at 16′ pitch, and one that sounds two octaves lower is at 32′ pitch.<sup id="cite_ref-Bicknell_26-27_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bicknell_26-27-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stops of different pitch levels are designed to be played simultaneously. </p><p>The label on a stop knob or rocker tab indicates the stop's name and its pitch in feet. Stops that control multiple ranks display a Roman numeral indicating the number of ranks present, instead of pitch.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, a stop labelled "Open Diapason 8′ " is a single-rank <a href="/wiki/Open_diapason" class="mw-redirect" title="Open diapason">diapason</a> stop sounding at 8′ pitch. A stop labelled "Mixture V" is a five-rank mixture. </p><p>Sometimes, a single rank of pipes may be able to be controlled by several stops, allowing the rank to be played at multiple pitches or on multiple manuals. Such a rank is said to be <i>unified</i> or <i>borrowed</i>. For example, an 8′ Diapason rank may also be made available as a 4′ Octave. When both of these stops are selected and a key (for example, c′)<sup id="cite_ref-Helmholtz_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Helmholtz-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is pressed, two pipes of the same rank will sound: the pipe normally corresponding to the key played (c′), and the pipe one octave above that (c′′). Because the 8′ rank does not have enough pipes to sound the top octave of the keyboard at 4′ pitch, it is common for an extra octave of pipes used only for the borrowed 4′ stop to be added. In this case, the full rank of pipes (now an <i>extended rank</i>) is one octave longer than the keyboard.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Special unpitched stops also appear in some organs. Among these are the <a href="/wiki/Zimbelstern" title="Zimbelstern">Zimbelstern</a> (a wheel of rotating bells), the nightingale (a pipe submerged in a small pool of water, creating the sound of a bird warbling when wind is admitted),<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <i>effet d'orage</i> ("thunder effect", a device that sounds the lowest bass pipes simultaneously). Standard orchestral percussion instruments such as the drum, <a href="/wiki/Tubular_bell" class="mw-redirect" title="Tubular bell">chimes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celesta" title="Celesta">celesta</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Harp" title="Harp">harp</a> have also been imitated in organ building.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Weingarten_Basilika_Gabler-Orgel_Register_rechts.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stop knobs of the Baroque organ in Weingarten, Germany"><img alt="Stop knobs of the Baroque organ in Weingarten, Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Weingarten_Basilika_Gabler-Orgel_Register_rechts.jpg/150px-Weingarten_Basilika_Gabler-Orgel_Register_rechts.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Weingarten_Basilika_Gabler-Orgel_Register_rechts.jpg/225px-Weingarten_Basilika_Gabler-Orgel_Register_rechts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Weingarten_Basilika_Gabler-Orgel_Register_rechts.jpg/300px-Weingarten_Basilika_Gabler-Orgel_Register_rechts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stop knobs of the Baroque organ in <a href="/wiki/Organ_of_the_Basilica_of_St._Martin_(Weingarten)" title="Organ of the Basilica of St. Martin (Weingarten)">Weingarten</a>, Germany</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:M.P._M%C3%B6ller_Chapel_Pipe_Organ_1936.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="M.P. Möller three-rank chapel organ (1936)"><img alt="M.P. Möller three-rank chapel organ (1936)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/M.P._M%C3%B6ller_Chapel_Pipe_Organ_1936.jpg/200px-M.P._M%C3%B6ller_Chapel_Pipe_Organ_1936.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/M.P._M%C3%B6ller_Chapel_Pipe_Organ_1936.jpg/300px-M.P._M%C3%B6ller_Chapel_Pipe_Organ_1936.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/M.P._M%C3%B6ller_Chapel_Pipe_Organ_1936.jpg/400px-M.P._M%C3%B6ller_Chapel_Pipe_Organ_1936.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3640" data-file-height="3616" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">M.P. Möller three-rank chapel organ (1936)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Console">Console</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pipe_organ&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Console"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Organ_console" title="Organ console">Organ console</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Usnaconsole2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Usnaconsole2.jpg/220px-Usnaconsole2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Usnaconsole2.jpg/330px-Usnaconsole2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Usnaconsole2.jpg/440px-Usnaconsole2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="391" /></a><figcaption>The five-manual, 522-stop detached console at the <a href="/wiki/Naval_Academy_Chapel" title="Naval Academy Chapel">United States Naval Academy Chapel</a> crafted by R. A. Colby, Inc.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The controls available to the organist, including the <a href="#Keyboards">keyboards</a>, <a href="#Couplers">couplers</a>, <a href="#Enclosure_and_expression_pedals">expression pedals</a>, stops, and <a href="#Combination_action">registration aids</a> are accessed from the console.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The console is either built into the <a href="#Casing">organ case</a> or detached from it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Keyboards">Keyboards</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pipe_organ&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Keyboards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Keyboards played by the hands are known as <i><a href="/wiki/Manual_(music)" title="Manual (music)">manuals</a></i> (from the <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/manus">mănus</a></i></span></i>, meaning "hand"). The keyboard played by the feet is a <i><a href="/wiki/Pedal_keyboard" title="Pedal keyboard">pedalboard</a></i> (from the <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pes#Latin">pēs</a>, pĕdis</i></span></i>, meaning "foot"). Every organ has at least one manual (most have two or more), and most have a pedalboard. Each keyboard is named for a particular division of the organ (a group of ranks) and generally controls only the stops from that division. The <a href="/wiki/Range_(music)" title="Range (music)">range</a> of the keyboards has varied widely across time and between countries. Most current specifications call for two or more manuals with sixty-one notes (five octaves, from C to c″″) and a pedalboard with thirty or thirty-two notes (two and a half octaves, from C to f′ or g′).<sup id="cite_ref-Helmholtz_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Helmholtz-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Couplers">Couplers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pipe_organ&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Couplers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <i>coupler</i> allows the stops of one division to be played from the keyboard of another division. For example, a coupler labelled "Swell to Great" allows the stops drawn in the Swell division to be played on the Great manual. This coupler is a unison coupler, because it causes the pipes of the Swell division to sound at the same pitch as the keys played on the Great manual. Coupling allows stops from different divisions to be combined to create various tonal effects. It also allows every stop of the organ to be played simultaneously from one manual.<sup id="cite_ref-crumhorn_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crumhorn-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Octave couplers</i>, which add the pipes an octave above (super-octave) or below (sub-octave) each note that is played, may operate on one division only (for example, the Swell super octave, which adds the octave above what is played on the Swell to itself), or act as a coupler to another keyboard (for example, the Swell super-octave to Great, which adds to the Great manual the ranks of the Swell division an octave above what is played).<sup id="cite_ref-crumhorn_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crumhorn-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, larger organs may use <i><a href="/wiki/Unison" title="Unison">unison</a> off</i> couplers, which prevent the stops pulled in a particular division from sounding at their normal pitch. These can be used in combination with octave couplers to create innovative aural effects, and can also be used to rearrange the order of the manuals to make specific pieces easier to play.<sup id="cite_ref-crumhorn_88-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crumhorn-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Enclosure_and_expression_pedals">Enclosure and expression pedals</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pipe_organ&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Enclosure and expression pedals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Expression_pedal" title="Expression pedal">Expression pedal</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Salemer_M%C3%BCnster_Orgel_Spieltisch_und_Pedal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Salemer_M%C3%BCnster_Orgel_Spieltisch_und_Pedal.jpg/220px-Salemer_M%C3%BCnster_Orgel_Spieltisch_und_Pedal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Salemer_M%C3%BCnster_Orgel_Spieltisch_und_Pedal.jpg/330px-Salemer_M%C3%BCnster_Orgel_Spieltisch_und_Pedal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Salemer_M%C3%BCnster_Orgel_Spieltisch_und_Pedal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="483" /></a><figcaption>The console of the organ in <a href="/wiki/Salem_Abbey" title="Salem Abbey">Salem Minster</a> in <a href="/wiki/Salem,_Bodensee" class="mw-redirect" title="Salem, Bodensee">Salem</a>, Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The expression pedal is visible directly above the pedalboard.</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Enclosure</i> refers to a system that allows for the <a href="/wiki/Dynamics_(music)" title="Dynamics (music)">control of volume</a> without requiring the addition or subtraction of stops. In a two-manual organ with Great and Swell divisions, the Swell will be enclosed. In larger organs, parts or all of the Choir and Solo divisions may also be enclosed.<sup id="cite_ref-swell_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-swell-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pipes of an enclosed division are placed in a chamber generally called the <i>swell box</i>. At least one side of the box is constructed from horizontal or vertical palettes known as <i>swell shades</i>, which operate in a similar way to <a href="/wiki/Window_blind" title="Window blind">Venetian blinds</a>; their position can be adjusted from the console. When the swell shades are open, more sound is heard than when they are closed.<sup id="cite_ref-swell_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-swell-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes the shades are exposed, but they are often concealed behind a row of facade-pipes or a grill. </p><p>The most common method of controlling the louvers is the <a href="/wiki/Expression_pedal#Balanced_swell_pedal" title="Expression pedal">balanced swell pedal</a>. This device is usually placed above the centre of the pedalboard and is configured to rotate away from the organist from a near-vertical position (in which the shades are closed) to a near-horizontal position (in which the shades are open).<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An organ may also have a similar-looking <a href="/wiki/Crescendo_pedal" title="Crescendo pedal">crescendo pedal</a>, found alongside any expression pedals. Pressing the crescendo pedal forward cumulatively activates the stops of the organ, starting with the softest and ending with the loudest; pressing it backward reverses this process.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Combination_action">Combination action</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pipe_organ&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Combination action"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Combination_action" class="mw-redirect" title="Combination action">Combination action</a></div> <p>Organ stops can be combined in many permutations, resulting in a great variety of sounds. A combination action can be used to switch instantly from one combination of stops (called a <i>registration</i>) to another. Combination actions feature small buttons called <i>pistons</i> that can be pressed by the organist, generally located beneath the keys of each manual (thumb pistons) or above the pedalboard (toe pistons).<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pistons may be <i>divisional</i> (affecting only a single division) or <i>general</i> (affecting all the divisions), and are either preset by the organ builder or can be altered by the organist. Modern combination actions operate via computer memory, and can store several channels of registrations.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Casing">Casing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pipe_organ&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Casing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Erfurt_St._Severi_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Erfurt_St._Severi_01.jpg/170px-Erfurt_St._Severi_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Erfurt_St._Severi_01.jpg/255px-Erfurt_St._Severi_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Erfurt_St._Severi_01.jpg/340px-Erfurt_St._Severi_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4903" data-file-height="5386" /></a><figcaption>The organ of the Severikirche in <a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a>, Thuringia, Germany has a highly decorative case with ornate carvings and cherubs.</figcaption></figure> <p>The pipes, action, and wind system are almost always contained in a case, the design of which also may incorporate the console. The case blends the organ's sound and aids in projecting it into the room.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The case is often designed to complement the building's architectural style and it may contain ornamental carvings and other decorations. The visible portion of the case, called the <i>façade</i>, will most often contain pipes, which may be either sounding pipes or dummy pipes solely for decoration. The façade pipes may be plain, <a href="/wiki/Burnishing_(metal)" title="Burnishing (metal)">burnished</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gilding" title="Gilding">gilded</a>, or painted<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and are usually referred to as <i>(en) <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montre_(orgue)" class="extiw" title="fr:Montre (orgue)">montre</a></i> within the context of the <a href="/wiki/French_organ_school" title="French organ school">French organ school</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Organ cases occasionally feature a few ranks of pipes protruding horizontally from the case in the manner of a row of trumpets. These are referred to as pipes <i><a href="/wiki/En_chamade" title="En chamade">en chamade</a></i> and are particularly common in organs of the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberian peninsula">Iberian peninsula</a> and large 20th-century instruments.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many organs, particularly those built in the early 20th century, are contained in one or more rooms called organ chambers. Because sound does not project from a chamber into the room as clearly as from a freestanding organ case, enchambered organs may sound muffled and distant.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For this reason, some modern builders, particularly those building instruments specializing in polyphony rather than Romantic compositions, avoid this unless the architecture of the room makes it necessary. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tuning_and_regulation">Tuning and regulation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pipe_organ&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Tuning and regulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pipe_organ_tuning" title="Pipe organ tuning">Pipe organ tuning</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cradley_Heath_Baptist_Church_Organ_A03.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Cradley_Heath_Baptist_Church_Organ_A03.JPG/170px-Cradley_Heath_Baptist_Church_Organ_A03.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Cradley_Heath_Baptist_Church_Organ_A03.JPG/255px-Cradley_Heath_Baptist_Church_Organ_A03.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Cradley_Heath_Baptist_Church_Organ_A03.JPG/340px-Cradley_Heath_Baptist_Church_Organ_A03.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Tracker action showing adjusters on tracker ends which engage with the keys of the great organ</figcaption></figure> <p>The goal of tuning a pipe organ is to adjust the pitch of each pipe so that they all sound in tune with each other. How the pitch of each pipe is adjusted depends on the type and construction of that pipe. </p><p>Regulation adjusts the action so that all pipes sound correctly. If the regulation is wrongly set, the keys may be at different heights, some pipes may sound when the keys are not pressed (a "cipher"), or pipes may not sound when a key is pressed. Tracker action, for example in the organ of <a href="/wiki/Cradley_Heath_Baptist_Church" title="Cradley Heath Baptist Church">Cradley Heath Baptist Church</a>, includes adjustment nuts on the wire ends of the wooden trackers, which have the effect of changing the effective length of each tracker. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Repertoire">Repertoire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pipe_organ&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Repertoire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Organ_repertoire" title="Organ repertoire">Organ repertoire</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_organ_composers" title="List of organ composers">List of organ composers</a></div> <p>The main development of organ repertoire has progressed along with that of the organ itself, leading to distinctive national styles of composition. Because organs are commonly found in churches and synagogues, the organ repertoire includes a large amount of <a href="/wiki/Religious_music" title="Religious music">sacred music</a>, which is accompanimental (choral <a href="/wiki/Anthem" title="Anthem">anthems</a>, congregational <a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">hymns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">liturgical</a> elements, etc.) as well as solo in nature (<a href="/wiki/Chorale_prelude" title="Chorale prelude">chorale preludes</a>, hymn versets designed for <i><a href="/wiki/Alternatim" title="Alternatim">alternatim</a></i> use, etc.).<sup id="cite_ref-Rollin_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rollin-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The organ's <a href="/wiki/Secular_music" title="Secular music">secular</a> repertoire includes <a href="/wiki/Prelude_(music)" title="Prelude (music)">preludes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fugue" title="Fugue">fugues</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sonata_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonata (music)">sonatas</a>, organ symphonies, suites, and <a href="/wiki/Transcription_(music)" title="Transcription (music)">transcriptions</a> of orchestral works. </p><p>Although most countries whose music falls into the Western tradition have contributed to the organ repertoire, France and Germany in particular have produced exceptionally large amounts of organ music. There is also an extensive repertoire from the Netherlands, England, and the United States. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Johann_Sebastian_Bach.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The organ music of Johann Sebastian Bach (by Haussmann, c. 1748) forms an important part of the instrument's repertoire."><img alt="The organ music of Johann Sebastian Bach (by Haussmann, c. 1748) forms an important part of the instrument's repertoire." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Johann_Sebastian_Bach.jpg/162px-Johann_Sebastian_Bach.jpg" decoding="async" width="162" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Johann_Sebastian_Bach.jpg/244px-Johann_Sebastian_Bach.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Johann_Sebastian_Bach.jpg/325px-Johann_Sebastian_Bach.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="591" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The organ music of <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Johann Sebastian Bach</a> (by <a href="/wiki/Elias_Gottlob_Haussmann" title="Elias Gottlob Haussmann">Haussmann</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1748</span>) forms an important part of the instrument's repertoire.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cesar_Franck_At_Organ.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="César Franck (by Rongier, 1888) at the console of the organ at Saint Clotilde, Paris"><img alt="César Franck (by Rongier, 1888) at the console of the organ at Saint Clotilde, Paris" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Cesar_Franck_At_Organ.jpg/171px-Cesar_Franck_At_Organ.jpg" decoding="async" width="171" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Cesar_Franck_At_Organ.jpg/257px-Cesar_Franck_At_Organ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Cesar_Franck_At_Organ.jpg/342px-Cesar_Franck_At_Organ.jpg 2x" data-file-width="786" data-file-height="918" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Franck" title="César Franck">César Franck</a> (by <a href="/wiki/Jeanne_Rongier" title="Jeanne Rongier">Rongier</a>, 1888) at the console of the organ at <a href="/wiki/Basilique_Ste-Clotilde,_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilique Ste-Clotilde, Paris">Saint Clotilde</a>, Paris</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CSaint-Saens.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Camille Saint-Saëns (by Nadar) famously included a prominent organ part in his Symphony No. 3, which is thus sometimes known as the Organ Symphony"><img alt="Camille Saint-Saëns (by Nadar) famously included a prominent organ part in his Symphony No. 3, which is thus sometimes known as the Organ Symphony" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/CSaint-Saens.jpg/140px-CSaint-Saens.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/CSaint-Saens.jpg/210px-CSaint-Saens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/CSaint-Saens.jpg/280px-CSaint-Saens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2268" data-file-height="3242" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Camille_Saint-Sa%C3%ABns" title="Camille Saint-Saëns">Camille Saint-Saëns</a> (by <a href="/wiki/Nadar" title="Nadar">Nadar</a>) famously included a prominent organ part in his <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._3_(Saint-Sa%C3%ABns)" title="Symphony No. 3 (Saint-Saëns)">Symphony No. 3</a>, which is thus sometimes known as the <i>Organ Symphony</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Olivier_Messiaen_(1986).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The composer Olivier Messiaen (1986) championed an innovative and unprecedented approach to organ music"><img alt="The composer Olivier Messiaen (1986) championed an innovative and unprecedented approach to organ music" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Olivier_Messiaen_%281986%29.jpg/150px-Olivier_Messiaen_%281986%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Olivier_Messiaen_%281986%29.jpg/225px-Olivier_Messiaen_%281986%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Olivier_Messiaen_%281986%29.jpg/300px-Olivier_Messiaen_%281986%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1757" data-file-height="2342" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The composer <a href="/wiki/Olivier_Messiaen" title="Olivier Messiaen">Olivier Messiaen</a> (1986) championed an innovative and unprecedented approach to organ music</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_music">Early music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pipe_organ&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Early music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before the Baroque era, keyboard music generally was not written for one instrument or another, but rather was written to be played on <i>any</i> keyboard instrument. For this reason, much of the organ's repertoire through the Renaissance period is the same as that of the <a href="/wiki/Harpsichord" title="Harpsichord">harpsichord</a>. Pre-Renaissance keyboard music is found in compiled manuscripts that may include compositions from a variety of regions. The oldest of these sources is the <a href="/wiki/Robertsbridge_Codex" title="Robertsbridge Codex">Robertsbridge Codex</a>, dating from about 1360.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Buxheimer Orgelbuch, which dates from about 1470 and was compiled in Germany, includes <a href="/wiki/Intabulation" title="Intabulation">intabulations</a> of vocal music by the English composer <a href="/wiki/John_Dunstaple" title="John Dunstaple">John Dunstaple</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest Italian organ music is found in the <a href="/wiki/Faenza_Codex" class="mw-redirect" title="Faenza Codex">Faenza Codex</a>, dating from 1420.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Renaissance period, Dutch composers such as <a href="/wiki/Jan_Pieterszoon_Sweelinck" title="Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck">Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck</a> composed both <a href="/wiki/Fantasia_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasia (music)">fantasias</a> and psalm settings. Sweelinck in particular developed a rich collection of keyboard figuration that influenced subsequent composers.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Italian composer <a href="/wiki/Claudio_Merulo" title="Claudio Merulo">Claudio Merulo</a> wrote in the typical Italian genres of the <a href="/wiki/Toccata" title="Toccata">toccata</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Canzona" title="Canzona">canzona</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Ricercar" title="Ricercar">ricercar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Spain, the works of <a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Cabez%C3%B3n" title="Antonio de Cabezón">Antonio de Cabezón</a> began the most prolific period of Spanish organ composition,<sup id="cite_ref-c1750_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c1750-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which culminated with <a href="/wiki/Juan_Cabanilles" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan Cabanilles">Juan Cabanilles</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Common_practice_period">Common practice period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pipe_organ&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Common practice period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Robert_Huw_Morgan_Bach_FugueG.ogv/220px--Robert_Huw_Morgan_Bach_FugueG.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="577" data-mwtitle="Robert_Huw_Morgan_Bach_FugueG.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Robert_Huw_Morgan_Bach_FugueG.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/19/Robert_Huw_Morgan_Bach_FugueG.ogv/Robert_Huw_Morgan_Bach_FugueG.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="220" data-height="166" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Robert_Huw_Morgan_Bach_FugueG.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="220" data-height="165" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/19/Robert_Huw_Morgan_Bach_FugueG.ogv/Robert_Huw_Morgan_Bach_FugueG.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="220" data-height="166" /></video></span><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Robert_Huw_Morgan" title="Robert Huw Morgan">Robert Huw Morgan</a> plays Bach's <a href="/wiki/Great_Fantasia_and_Fugue_in_G_minor,_BWV_542" title="Great Fantasia and Fugue in G minor, BWV 542">Fantasia and Fugue in G minor</a> on the Fisk-Nanney organ at the <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Memorial_Church" title="Stanford Memorial Church">Stanford Memorial Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Stanford,_California" title="Stanford, California">Stanford, California</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Early Baroque organ music in Germany was highly <a href="/wiki/Counterpoint" title="Counterpoint">contrapuntal</a>. Sacred organ music was based on chorales: composers such as <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Scheidt" title="Samuel Scheidt">Samuel Scheidt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Scheidemann" title="Heinrich Scheidemann">Heinrich Scheidemann</a> wrote chorale preludes, <a href="/wiki/Chorale_fantasia" title="Chorale fantasia">chorale fantasias</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chorale_motet" title="Chorale motet">chorale motets</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-c1750_106-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c1750-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Near the end of the Baroque era, the chorale prelude and the partita became mixed, forming the <a href="/wiki/Chorale_partita" title="Chorale partita">chorale partita</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This genre was developed by <a href="/wiki/Georg_B%C3%B6hm" title="Georg Böhm">Georg Böhm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Pachelbel" title="Johann Pachelbel">Johann Pachelbel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dieterich_Buxtehude" title="Dieterich Buxtehude">Dieterich Buxtehude</a>. The primary type of free-form piece in this period was the <a href="/wiki/Prelude_(music)" title="Prelude (music)">praeludium</a>, as exemplified in the works of <a href="/wiki/Matthias_Weckmann" title="Matthias Weckmann">Matthias Weckmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Bruhns" title="Nicolaus Bruhns">Nicolaus Bruhns</a>, Böhm, and Buxtehude.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The organ music of <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Johann Sebastian Bach</a> fused characteristics of every national tradition and historical style in his large-scale preludes and fugues and chorale-based works.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel" title="George Frideric Handel">George Frideric Handel</a> composed the first <a href="/wiki/Organ_concerto" title="Organ concerto">organ concertos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In France, organ music developed during the Baroque era through the music of <a href="/wiki/Jean_Titelouze" title="Jean Titelouze">Jean Titelouze</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Couperin" title="François Couperin">François Couperin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_de_Grigny" title="Nicolas de Grigny">Nicolas de Grigny</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because the French organ of the 17th and early 18th centuries was very standardized, a conventional set of <a href="/wiki/Registration_(organ)" title="Registration (organ)">registrations</a> developed for its repertoire. The music of French composers (and Italian composers such as <a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Frescobaldi" title="Girolamo Frescobaldi">Girolamo Frescobaldi</a>) was written for use during the <a href="/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)" title="Mass (liturgy)">Mass</a>. Very little secular organ music was composed in France and Italy during the Baroque period; the written repertoire is almost exclusively intended for liturgical use.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In England, composers such as <a href="/wiki/John_Blow" title="John Blow">John Blow</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Stanley_(composer)" title="John Stanley (composer)">John Stanley</a> wrote multi-sectional free works for liturgical use called <i><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_(music)" title="Voluntary (music)">voluntaries</a></i> through the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Organ music was seldom written in the Classical era, as composers preferred the piano with its ability to create dynamics.<sup id="cite_ref-romantic_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-romantic-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Germany, the <a href="/wiki/Organ_sonatas_op._65_(Mendelssohn)" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ sonatas op. 65 (Mendelssohn)">six sonatas op. 65</a> of <a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Felix Mendelssohn</a> (published 1845) marked the beginning of a renewed interest in composing for the organ. Inspired by the newly built <a href="/wiki/Cavaill%C3%A9-Coll" class="mw-redirect" title="Cavaillé-Coll">Cavaillé-Coll</a> organs, the French organist-composers <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Franck" title="César Franck">César Franck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Guilmant" title="Alexandre Guilmant">Alexandre Guilmant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles-Marie_Widor" title="Charles-Marie Widor">Charles-Marie Widor</a> led organ music into the symphonic realm.<sup id="cite_ref-romantic_115-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-romantic-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The development of symphonic organ music continued with <a href="/wiki/Louis_Vierne" title="Louis Vierne">Louis Vierne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Tournemire" title="Charles Tournemire">Charles Tournemire</a>. Widor and Vierne wrote large-scale, multi-movement works called <i><a href="/wiki/Organ_Symphony" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ Symphony">organ symphonies</a></i> that exploited the full possibilities of the symphonic organ,<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as Widor's <a href="/wiki/Symphony_for_Organ_No._6" title="Symphony for Organ No. 6">Symphony for Organ No. 6</a> and Vierne's <a href="/wiki/Organ_Symphony_No._3_(Vierne)" title="Organ Symphony No. 3 (Vierne)">Organ Symphony No. 3</a>. <a href="/wiki/Max_Reger" title="Max Reger">Max Reger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sigfrid_Karg-Elert" title="Sigfrid Karg-Elert">Sigfrid Karg-Elert</a>'s symphonic works made use of the abilities of the large Romantic organs then built in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-romantic_115-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-romantic-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_2" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flight_of_the_Bumblebee_on_Pipe_Organ_Pedals.webm/220px--Flight_of_the_Bumblebee_on_Pipe_Organ_Pedals.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="164" data-durationhint="142" data-mwtitle="Flight_of_the_Bumblebee_on_Pipe_Organ_Pedals.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Flight_of_the_Bumblebee_on_Pipe_Organ_Pedals.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Flight_of_the_Bumblebee_on_Pipe_Organ_Pedals.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="426" data-height="318" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/79/Flight_of_the_Bumblebee_on_Pipe_Organ_Pedals.webm/Flight_of_the_Bumblebee_on_Pipe_Organ_Pedals.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="426" data-height="318" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/79/Flight_of_the_Bumblebee_on_Pipe_Organ_Pedals.webm/Flight_of_the_Bumblebee_on_Pipe_Organ_Pedals.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/79/Flight_of_the_Bumblebee_on_Pipe_Organ_Pedals.webm/Flight_of_the_Bumblebee_on_Pipe_Organ_Pedals.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="322" data-height="240" /></video></span><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Carol_Williams_(organist)" title="Carol Williams (organist)">Carol Williams</a> performs "<a href="/wiki/Flight_of_the_Bumblebee" title="Flight of the Bumblebee">Flight of the Bumblebee</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Rimsky-Korsakov" title="Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov">Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov</a> at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">United States Military Academy</a> <a href="/wiki/West_Point_Cadet_Chapel" title="West Point Cadet Chapel">West Point Cadet Chapel</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 19th and 20th centuries, organ builders began to build instruments in concert halls and other large secular venues, allowing the organ to be used as part of an orchestra, as in Saint-Saëns' <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._3_(Saint-Sa%C3%ABns)" title="Symphony No. 3 (Saint-Saëns)">Symphony No. 3</a> (sometimes known as the <i>Organ Symphony</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-romantic_115-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-romantic-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Frequently the organ is given a soloistic part, such as in <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Jongen" title="Joseph Jongen">Joseph Jongen</a>'s <i>Symphonie Concertante for Organ & Orchestra</i>, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Poulenc" title="Francis Poulenc">Francis Poulenc</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Organ_Concerto_in_G_minor_(Poulenc)" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ Concerto in G minor (Poulenc)">Concerto for Organ, Strings and Tympani</a></i>, and Frigyes Hidas' Organ Concerto. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_and_contemporary">Modern and contemporary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pipe_organ&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Modern and contemporary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other composers who have used the organ prominently in orchestral music include <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Holst" title="Gustav Holst">Gustav Holst</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Richard Strauss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottorino_Respighi" title="Ottorino Respighi">Ottorino Respighi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Gustav Mahler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner">Anton Bruckner</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Vaughan_Williams" title="Ralph Vaughan Williams">Ralph Vaughan Williams</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because these concert hall instruments could approximate the sounds of symphony orchestras, <a href="/wiki/Transcription_(music)" title="Transcription (music)">transcriptions</a> of orchestral works found a place in the organ repertoire.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As <a href="/wiki/Silent_film" title="Silent film">silent films</a> became popular, <a href="/wiki/Theatre_organ" title="Theatre organ">theatre organs</a> were installed in <a href="/wiki/Movie_theater" title="Movie theater">theatres</a> to provide accompaniment for the films.<sup id="cite_ref-romantic_115-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-romantic-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 20th-century symphonic repertoire, both sacred and secular,<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> continued to progress through the music of <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Dupr%C3%A9" title="Marcel Dupré">Marcel Dupré</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Durufl%C3%A9" title="Maurice Duruflé">Maurice Duruflé</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Howells" title="Herbert Howells">Herbert Howells</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-romantic_115-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-romantic-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other composers, such as <a href="/wiki/Olivier_Messiaen" title="Olivier Messiaen">Olivier Messiaen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Ligeti" title="György Ligeti">György Ligeti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jehan_Alain" title="Jehan Alain">Jehan Alain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Langlais" title="Jean Langlais">Jean Langlais</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gerd_Zacher" title="Gerd Zacher">Gerd Zacher</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Petr_Eben" title="Petr Eben">Petr Eben</a>, wrote post-tonal organ music.<sup id="cite_ref-romantic_115-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-romantic-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Messiaen's music in particular redefined many of the traditional notions of organ registration and technique.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Albert_Schweitzer" title="Albert Schweitzer">Albert Schweitzer</a> was an organist who studied the music of German composer Johann Sebastian Bach and influenced the <a href="/wiki/Organ_reform_movement" title="Organ reform movement">Organ reform movement</a>. </p><p>Music director <a href="/wiki/Hans_Zimmer" title="Hans Zimmer">Hans Zimmer</a> used pipe organ in the movie <i><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_(film)" title="Interstellar (film)">Interstellar</a></i> for the leading background score. The final recording took place in London's Temple Church on 1926 four-manual Harrison and Harrison organ.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pipe_organ&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pipe_organ&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Boardwalk_Hall_Auditorium_Organ" title="Boardwalk Hall Auditorium Organ">Boardwalk Hall Auditorium Organ</a> in <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic City">Atlantic City</a> has four stops on 100 inches and ten stops on 50. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oddmusic.com/gallery/om02700.html">Atlantic City Convention Hall Organ</a>. Oddmusic.com. Retrieved on 4 July 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Helmholtz-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Helmholtz_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Helmholtz_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">This article uses the <a href="/wiki/Helmholtz_pitch_notation" title="Helmholtz pitch notation">Helmholtz pitch notation</a> to indicate specific pitches.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The purpose of extended ranks and of their being borrowed is to save on the number of pipes. For example, without unification, three stops may use 183 pipes. With unification three stops may borrow one extended rank of 85 pipes. That's 98 fewer pipes used for those three stops.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Organ built by <a href="/wiki/M._P._Moller" title="M. P. Moller">M. P. Moller</a>, 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Organ built by Wilhelm Schwarz, 1901</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pipe_organ&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Willey, David (2001). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071208171132/http://www.ondamar.demon.co.uk/lists/big1.htm">The World's Largest Organs</a>". Retrieved on 3 March 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSzostak2017–2018" class="citation journal cs1">Szostak, Michał (November 2017 – January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theorganmag.com/issues/382.html">"The World's Largest Organs"</a>. <i>The Organ</i>. <b>382</b>. The Musical Opinion Ltd: 12–28. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0030-4883">0030-4883</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190125080613/http://www.theorganmag.com/issues/382.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Organ&rft.atitle=The+World%27s+Largest+Organs&rft.volume=382&rft.pages=12-28&rft.date=2017-11%2F2018-01&rft.issn=0030-4883&rft.aulast=Szostak&rft.aufirst=Micha%C5%82&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theorganmag.com%2Fissues%2F382.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APipe+organ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzostak2018" class="citation journal cs1">Szostak, Michał (30 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voxhumanajournal.com/szostak2018.html">"The Largest Pipe Organs in the World"</a>. <i>Vox Humana</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201107161622/http://www.voxhumanajournal.com/szostak2018.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vox+Humana&rft.atitle=The+Largest+Pipe+Organs+in+the+World&rft.date=2018-09-30&rft.aulast=Szostak&rft.aufirst=Micha%C5%82&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voxhumanajournal.com%2Fszostak2018.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APipe+organ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-origin-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-origin_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-origin_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-origin_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Randel "Organ", 583.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dalby,_Andrew_2010-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dalby,_Andrew_2010_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dalby,_Andrew_2010_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dalby, Andrew <i>Taste of Byzantium</i>. IB Tauris, 2010, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781848851658" title="Special:BookSources/9781848851658">9781848851658</a>, p. 118. "the narrative of the Syrian hostage Harun Ibn Yahya...'This is what happens at Christmas...they bring what is called an <i>organon.</i> It is a remarkable wooden object like an oil-press, and covered with solid leather. Sixty copper pipes are placed in it, so that they project above the leather, and where they are visible above the leather they are gilded. You can only see a small part of some of them, as they are of different lengths. On one side of this structure there is a hole in which they place a bellows like a blacksmith's. three crosses are placed at the two extremities and in the middle of the <i>organon</i>. Two men come in to work the bellows, and the master stands and bidding to press on the pipes, and each pipe, according to its tuning and the master's playing, sounds the parsed of the Emperor. The guests are meanwhile seated at their tables, and twenty men enter with cymbals in their hands. The miscue continues while the guests continue their meal.' "</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Willis, Henry. "The Organ, Its History and Development." Proceedings of the Royal Musical Association. Vol. 73. No. 1. Taylor & Francis Group, 1946. p. 60</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Douglas Bush and Richard Kassel eds., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cgDJaeFFUPoC&pg=PA327">"The Organ, an Encyclopedia."</a> Routledge. 2006. p. 327.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Winchester Cathedral <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.winchester-cathedral.org.uk/worship-and-music/music-choir/the-cathedral-organ/">http://www.winchester-cathedral.org.uk/worship-and-music/music-choir/the-cathedral-organ/</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170929231648/http://www.winchester-cathedral.org.uk/worship-and-music/music-choir/the-cathedral-organ/">Archived</a> 29 September 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Randel "Organ", 584–585.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Woods, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lists.wu-wien.ac.at/pipermail/earlym-l/2006-March/003169.html">"Strange ills afflict pipe organs of Europe".</a> <i>Post-Gazette</i>, 26 April 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120222231705/https://lists.wu-wien.ac.at/pipermail/earlym-l/2006-March/003169.html">Archived</a> 22 February 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">N. Pippenger, "Complexity Theory", <i>Scientific American</i>, 239:90–100 (1978).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rollin-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rollin_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rollin_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1998" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Rollin (1998). <i>The Aeolian pipe organ and its music</i>. Richmond VA USA: The Organ Historical Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-913499-16-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-913499-16-1"><bdi>0-913499-16-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Aeolian+pipe+organ+and+its+music&rft.place=Richmond+VA+USA&rft.pub=The+Organ+Historical+Society&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-913499-16-1&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Rollin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APipe+organ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas, Steve, 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lawrencephelps.com/Documents/Articles/Beginner/pipeorgans101.html">Pipe organs 101: an introduction to pipe organ basics</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061026141858/http://www.lawrencephelps.com/Documents/Articles/Beginner/pipeorgans101.html">Archived</a> 26 October 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved on 6 May 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heritage-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Heritage_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180418170400/http://www.macedonian-heritage.gr/Museums/Archaeological_and_Byzantine/Arx_Diou.html">"The Museums of Macedonia:Archaeological Museum of Dion"</a>. Macedonian Heritage. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.macedonian-heritage.gr/Museums/Archaeological_and_Byzantine/Arx_Diou.html">the original</a> on 18 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Museums+of+Macedonia%3AArchaeological+Museum+of+Dion&rft.pub=Macedonian+Heritage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.macedonian-heritage.gr%2FMuseums%2FArchaeological_and_Byzantine%2FArx_Diou.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APipe+organ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ring-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ring_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRing1994" class="citation cs2">Ring, Trudy (1994), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R44VRnNCzAYC&q=mariamin+hama"><i>International Dictionary of Historic Places: Middle East and Africa</i></a>, vol. 4, Taylor & Francis, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1884964036" title="Special:BookSources/1884964036"><bdi>1884964036</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230221143620/https://books.google.com/books?id=R44VRnNCzAYC&q=mariamin+hama">archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Dictionary+of+Historic+Places%3A+Middle+East+and+Africa&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=1884964036&rft.aulast=Ring&rft.aufirst=Trudy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR44VRnNCzAYC%26q%3Dmariamin%2Bhama&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APipe+organ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harper, Douglas (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=organum&searchmode=none">Organ</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081207201913/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=organum&searchmode=none">Archived</a> 7 December 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a></i>. Retrieved on 10 February 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Liddell, Henry George & Scott, Robert (1940). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2374753">Organon</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230221143621/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2374753&redirect=true">Archived</a> 21 February 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>A Greek-English Lexicon</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-864226-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-864226-1">0-19-864226-1</a>. Perseus. Retrieved on 9 February 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hydraulis-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hydraulis_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hydraulis_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Randel "Hydraulis", 385.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kartomi124-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kartomi124_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKartomi1990" class="citation cs2">Kartomi, Margaret J. (1990), <i>On Concepts and Classifications of Musical Instruments</i>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>, p. 124, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-42548-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-42548-7"><bdi>0-226-42548-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Concepts+and+Classifications+of+Musical+Instruments&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-226-42548-7&rft.aulast=Kartomi&rft.aufirst=Margaret+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APipe+organ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Douglas Bush and Richard Kassel eds., "The Organ, an Encyclopedia." Routledge. 2006. p. 327. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cgDJaeFFUPoC&pg=PA327">Extract of page 327</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerrot1971" class="citation book cs1">Perrot, Jean (1971). <i>The Organ from its invention in the Hellenistic period to the end of the thirteenth century</i>. University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Organ+from+its+invention+in+the+Hellenistic+period+to+the+end+of+the+thirteenth+century&rft.pub=University+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Perrot&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APipe+organ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright1989" class="citation book cs1">Wright, Craig (1989). <i>Music and Ceremony at Notre Dame of Paris</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+and+Ceremony+at+Notre+Dame+of+Paris&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Craig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APipe+organ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBridges1992" class="citation journal cs1">Bridges, Geoffrey (1992). "Medieval Portatives". <i>The Galpin Society Journal</i>. <b>45</b>: 107–108. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F842265">10.2307/842265</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/842265">842265</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Galpin+Society+Journal&rft.atitle=Medieval+Portatives&rft.volume=45&rft.pages=107-108&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F842265&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F842265%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Bridges&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APipe+organ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBridges1991" class="citation journal cs1">Bridges, Geoffrey (1991). "Medieval Portatives: Some Technical Comments". <i>The Galpin Society Journal</i>. <b>44</b>: 103–116. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F842212">10.2307/842212</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/842212">842212</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Galpin+Society+Journal&rft.atitle=Medieval+Portatives%3A+Some+Technical+Comments&rft.volume=44&rft.pages=103-116&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F842212&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F842212%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Bridges&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APipe+organ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Riaño, J. F. (1887). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/criticalbibliogr00riauoft">Critical and Bibliographical Notes on Early Spanish Music</a> (PDF). London: Quaritch, 119–127. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-70193-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-70193-6">0-306-70193-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1994" class="citation journal cs1">Williams, Peter (1994). "Difficulties in Understanding the Earliest Organs". <i>Festschrift Series</i>: 167–195.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Festschrift+Series&rft.atitle=Difficulties+in+Understanding+the+Earliest+Organs&rft.pages=167-195&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APipe+organ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaldwell1966" class="citation journal cs1">Caldwell, John (1966). "The Organ in the Medieval Latin Liturgy, 800–1500". <i>Proceedings of the Musical Association</i>. <b>93</b>: 11–24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjrma%2F93.1.11">10.1093/jrma/93.1.11</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Musical+Association&rft.atitle=The+Organ+in+the+Medieval+Latin+Liturgy%2C+800%E2%80%931500&rft.volume=93&rft.pages=11-24&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjrma%2F93.1.11&rft.aulast=Caldwell&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APipe+organ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oxforddict-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oxforddict_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oxforddict_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kennedy, Michael (Ed.) (2002). "Organ". In <i>The Oxford Dictionary of Music</i>, p. 644. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sumner "The Organ", 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/315885/keyboard-instrument">Keyboard instrument</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080702232804/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/315885/keyboard-instrument">Archived</a> 2 July 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (2008). In <i>Encyclopædia Britannica Online</i> (subscription required, though relevant reference is viewable in concise article). Retrieved on 26 January 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAudsley1965" class="citation book cs1">Audsley, George Ashdown (1965). <i>The Art of Organ Building</i> (2nd ed.). Dover Publications. pp. Volume II, page 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-21315-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-21315-3"><bdi>0-486-21315-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Organ+Building&rft.pages=Volume+II%2C+page+61&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=1965&rft.isbn=0-486-21315-3&rft.aulast=Audsley&rft.aufirst=George+Ashdown&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APipe+organ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1997" class="citation journal cs1">Williams, Peter (1997). "Further on The Organ in Western Culture 750–1250". <i>The Organ Yearbook</i>. <b>27</b>: 133–141.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Organ+Yearbook&rft.atitle=Further+on+The+Organ+in+Western+Culture+750%E2%80%931250&rft.volume=27&rft.pages=133-141&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APipe+organ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bowles, E. A. (1962). The Organ in the Medieval Liturgical Service. Revue Belge de Musicologie / Belgisch Tijdschrift Voor Muziekwetenschap, 16(1/4), 13–29. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.2307/3686069">https://doi.org/10.2307/3686069</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGwynn2015" class="citation journal cs1">Gwynn, Dominic (2015). "The Mediaeval Tradition in English Organ Building". <i>Organists' Review</i>. <b>101</b>: 41–45.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Organists%27+Review&rft.atitle=The+Mediaeval+Tradition+in+English+Organ+Building&rft.volume=101&rft.pages=41-45&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Gwynn&rft.aufirst=Dominic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APipe+organ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Douglass, 10–12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thistlethwaite, 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Phelps, Lawrence (1973). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lawrencephelps.com/Documents/Articles/Phelps/abrieflook.shtml">A brief look at the French Classical organ, its origins and German counterpart</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060907041150/http://www.lawrencephelps.com/Documents/Articles/Phelps/abrieflook.shtml">Archived</a> 7 September 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". Steve Thomas. Retrieved on 7 May 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Organ by Hermean Raphaelis, 1554. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://copenhagenet.dk/CPH-Roskilde.htm">Copenhagen Portal: Roskilde Cathedral</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080105153651/http://www.copenhagenet.dk/CPH-Roskilde.htm">Archived</a> 5 January 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. GBM MARKETING ApS. Retrieved on 13 May 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Webber_222-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Webber_222_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Webber, 222.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Randel_585-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Randel_585_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Randel_585_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Randel "Organ", 585.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bicknell "The organ case", 66–71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thistlethwaite,_12-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thistlethwaite,_12_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thistlethwaite,_12_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Thistlethwaite, 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Douglass, 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> Bédos de Celles, Dom François (1766). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.synec-doc.be/musique/dbedos/dbedos.htm">Extraits de l'Art du facteur d'orgues</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071011041127/http://synec-doc.be/musique/dbedos/dbedos.htm">Archived</a> 11 October 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>. Ferguson (Tr.) (1977). Retrieved on 7 May 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1980" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Peter (1980). <i>A New History of the Organ</i>. 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Retrieved on 4 March 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agohq.org/guide/pages/pages_9_10/console.html">Pipe Organ Guide</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080801202709/http://www.agohq.org/guide/pages/pages_9_10/console.html">Archived</a> 1 August 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agohq.org/">American Guild of Organists</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000706193712/http://www.agohq.org/guide/pages/pages_9_10/console.html">Archived</a> 6 July 2000 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved on 13 August 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agohq.org/guide/pages/pages_5_5/frameset01.html">Pipe Organ Guide</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927154656/http://www.agohq.org/guide/pages/pages_5_5/frameset01.html">Archived</a> 27 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Guild_of_Organists" title="American Guild of Organists">American Guild of Organists</a>. Retrieved on 25 June 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-crumhorn-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-crumhorn_88-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crumhorn_88-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crumhorn_88-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080410182430/http://www.crumhorn-labs.com/Documentation/CurrentUserGuide/HTML/HauptwerkInstallUserGuideFiles/TourOfAPipeOrgan.html">"A brief tour of a pipe organ"</a>. Crumhorn Labs. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crumhorn-labs.com/Documentation/CurrentUserGuide/HTML/HauptwerkInstallUserGuideFiles/TourOfAPipeOrgan.html">the original</a> on 10 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+brief+tour+of+a+pipe+organ&rft.pub=Crumhorn+Labs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crumhorn-labs.com%2FDocumentation%2FCurrentUserGuide%2FHTML%2FHauptwerkInstallUserGuideFiles%2FTourOfAPipeOrgan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APipe+organ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-swell-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-swell_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-swell_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wicks "Swell division", "Swell shades".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wicks "Expression pedals".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wicks "Crescendo pedal".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agohq.org/guide/pages/pages_16_17/frameset01.html">Pipe Organ Guide</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100707005342/http://www.agohq.org/guide/pages/pages_16_17/frameset01.html">Archived</a> 7 July 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agohq.org/">American Guild of Organists</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000706193712/http://www.agohq.org/guide/pages/pages_9_10/console.html">Archived</a> 6 July 2000 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved on 13 August 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.toff.org.uk/CONSOLE/electronicsetter.html">Electronic setter</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090511210128/http://www.toff.org.uk/CONSOLE/electronicsetter.html">Archived</a> 11 May 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. The Cinema Organ Society. Retrieved on 7 July 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Randel "Organ", 580.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kassel, 146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Williams, <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Owen_(organist)" title="Barbara Owen (organist)">Barbara Owen</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians" class="mw-redirect" title="New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</a>, <i>ORGAN STOP</i>: Montre (Fr.). The case pipes of the French organ, corresponding to the English Open Diapason, the German Prestant, the Italian Principale, etc. Early alternative names were ‘le principal de devant’, ‘devanture en monstre’ (Reims Cathedral, 1570). The tone of the classical French Montre was somewhat more fluty than the various English Open Diapason types or German Principals.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G.A. AUDSLEY <i>Art of Organ-Building</i>, Vol. I, p.544 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-21314-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-21314-5">0-486-21314-5</a>: <i>MONTRE</i>, Fr. -The name commonly applied by the French organ builders to such foundations and organ-toned metal stops as may be mounted or displayed in the buffet or case of an organ; accordingly, the MONTRES, which are usually of burnished tin, may be of 32 ft., 16 ft., and 8 ft. speaking lengths, as in the Organ in the Royal Church at Saint Denis near Paris. Sometimes the name is applied to the PRESTANT 4 ft., when its pipes are mounted. All the MONTRES are most carefully fashioned and finished, producing, when of tin brightly burnished, a beautiful effect in combination with the dark wood-work of the case.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bicknell "The organ case", 66–67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wicks "Organ Chamber".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Caldwell, John (2007). "Sources of keyboard music to 1660, §2: Individual sources". In L. Macy (Ed.), <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grovemusic.com/">Grove Music Online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080516041031/http://www.grovemusic.com/">Archived</a> 16 May 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> (subscription required). Retrieved on 7 May 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cox, 190.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stembridge, 148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Webber, 224.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stembridge, 160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-c1750-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-c1750_106-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-c1750_106-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Caldwell, John (2007). "Keyboard music, §I: Keyboard music to c1750". In L. Macy (Ed.), <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grovemusic.com/">Grove Music Online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080516041031/http://www.grovemusic.com/">Archived</a> 16 May 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> (subscription required). Retrieved on 8 May 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McLean, Hugh J. (2007). "Böhm, Georg". In L. Macy (Ed.), <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grovemusic.com/">Grove Music Online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080516041031/http://www.grovemusic.com/">Archived</a> 16 May 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> (subscription required). Retrieved on 8 May 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ledbetter, David (2007). "Prelude". In L. Macy (Ed.), <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grovemusic.com/">Grove Music Online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080516041031/http://www.grovemusic.com/">Archived</a> 16 May 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> (subscription required). Retrieved on 8 May 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yearsley, David (1999). "The organ music of J. S. Bach". In Nicholas Thistlethwaite & Geoffrey Webber (Eds.), <i><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Companions_to_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge Companions to Music">The Cambridge Companion to the Organ</a></i>, p. 236. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lang, Paul Henry (1971). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/740880">Michael Haydn: Duo Concertante for viola and organ. Joseph Haydn: Organ Concerto in C major</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160422133020/http://www.jstor.org/stable/740880">Archived</a> 22 April 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". <i>The Musical Quarterly</i> <b>57</b> (1). Retrieved on 10 July 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Higginbottom, 177, 189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Higginbottom, 178–181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cox, 198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McCrea, 279.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-romantic-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-romantic_115-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-romantic_115-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-romantic_115-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-romantic_115-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-romantic_115-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-romantic_115-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-romantic_115-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Owen, Barbara (2007). "Keyboard music, §II: Organ music from c1750". In L. Macy (Ed.), <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grovemusic.com/">Grove Music Online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080516041031/http://www.grovemusic.com/">Archived</a> 16 May 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> (subscription required). Retrieved on 8 May 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brooks, Gerard (1999). "French and Belgian organ music after 1800". In Nicholas Thistlethwaite & Geoffrey Webber (Eds.), <i>The Cambridge Companion to the Organ</i>, pp. 274–275. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barone, Michael (2004). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050326113612/http://pipedreams.publicradio.org/articles/0503_what_to_play.shtml">Pipe organs are popping up in concert halls nationwide. Now—what to play on them?</a>". <i>Symphony magazine</i>, Nov–Dec 2004. Retrieved on 7 May 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lozenz, James Edward (2006). "Organ Transcriptions and the Late Romantic Period". In <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-04052006-155413/unrestricted/LORENZTREATISE.pdf">An Organ Transcription of the Messe in C, op. 169 by Josef Gabriel Rheinberger</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927154753/http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-04052006-155413/unrestricted/LORENZTREATISE.pdf">Archived</a> 27 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> (PDF). Florida State University College of Music. Retrieved on 19 June 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Glück, Sebastian Matthäus (2003). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.albany.edu/piporg-l/FS/sg.html">Literature-based reed assignment in organ design</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070312010745/http://www.albany.edu/piporg-l/FS/sg.html">Archived</a> 12 March 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". PIPORG-L. Retrieved on 19 June 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Galuska, Andrew R. (2001). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uh.edu/~tkoozin/projects/galuska/andrewgaluska.html">Messiaen's organ registration</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070903113448/http://www.uh.edu/~tkoozin/projects/galuska/andrewgaluska.html">Archived</a> 3 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". Moore's School of Music: University of Houston. Retrieved on 19 June 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.classicfm.com/composers/zimmer/church-organ-interstellar-theme-makes-world-feel-tiny/">"Church organ playing Hans Zimmer's epic 'Interstellar' theme makes our world feel tiny"</a>. <i>Classic FM</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220608100747/https://www.classicfm.com/composers/zimmer/church-organ-interstellar-theme-makes-world-feel-tiny/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Classic+FM&rft.atitle=Church+organ+playing+Hans+Zimmer%27s+epic+%27Interstellar%27+theme+makes+our+world+feel+tiny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.classicfm.com%2Fcomposers%2Fzimmer%2Fchurch-organ-interstellar-theme-makes-world-feel-tiny%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APipe+organ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pipe_organ&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Ahrens, Christian (2006). In Bush, Douglas & Kassel, Richard (Eds.), The Organ: an Encyclopedia, pp. 399–499. New York: Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-94174-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-94174-1">0-415-94174-1</a></li> <li>Audsley, G.A. <i>Art of Organ-Building</i> New York: Dover Publications. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-21314-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-21314-5">0-486-21314-5</a>:</li> <li>Bicknell, Stephen (1999). "Organ building today". In Thistlethwaite, Nicholas & Webber, Geoffrey (Eds.), <i>The Cambridge Companion to the Organ</i>, pp. 82–92. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-57584-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-57584-2">0-521-57584-2</a></li> <li>Bicknell, Stephen (1999). "Organ construction". In Thistlethwaite, Nicholas & Webber, Geoffrey (Eds.), <i>The Cambridge Companion to the Organ</i>, pp. 18–30. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-57584-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-57584-2">0-521-57584-2</a></li> <li>Bicknell, Stephen (1999). "The organ case". In Thistlethwaite, Nicholas & Webber, Geoffrey (Eds.), <i>The Cambridge Companion to the Organ</i>, pp. 55–81. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-57584-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-57584-2">0-521-57584-2</a></li> <li>Cox, Geoffrey (1999). "English organ music to c1700". In Thistlethwaite, Nicholas & Webber, Geoffrey (Eds.), <i>The Cambridge Companion to the Organ</i>, pp. 109–203. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-57584-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-57584-2">0-521-57584-2</a></li> <li>Dalton, James (1999). "Iberian organ music before 1700". In Thistlethwaite, Nicholas & Webber, Geoffrey (Eds.), <i>The Cambridge Companion to the Organ</i>, pp. 165–175. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-57584-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-57584-2">0-521-57584-2</a></li> <li>Douglass, Fenner (1995). <i>The Language of the Classical French Organ</i>. New Haven: Yale University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-06426-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-06426-1">978-0-300-06426-1</a></li> <li>Gleason, Harold (1988). <i>Method of Organ Playing</i> (7th ed.). Edited by Catherine Crozier Gleason. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-579459-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-579459-5">0-13-579459-5</a></li> <li>Higginbottom, Edward (1999). "The French classical organ school". In Thistlethwaite, Nicholas & Webber, Geoffrey (Eds.), <i>The Cambridge Companion to the Organ</i>, pp. 176–189. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-57584-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-57584-2">0-521-57584-2</a></li> <li>Kassel, Richard (2006). <i>Display pipes</i>. In Bush, Douglas & Kassel, Richard (Eds.), The Organ: an Encyclopedia, pp. 145–146. New York: Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-94174-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-94174-1">0-415-94174-1</a></li> <li>Kassel, Richard (2006). <i>Sound effects</i>. In Bush, Douglas & Kassel, Richard (Eds.), The Organ: an Encyclopedia, pp. 526–527. New York: Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-94174-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-94174-1">0-415-94174-1</a></li> <li>McCrea, Andrew (1999). "British organ music after 1800". In Thistlethwaite, Nicholas & Webber, Geoffrey (Eds.), <i>The Cambridge Companion to the Organ</i>, pp. 279–298. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-57584-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-57584-2">0-521-57584-2</a></li> <li>Randel, Don Michael (Ed.) (1986). <i>The New Harvard Dictionary of Music</i>. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-61525-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-61525-5">0-674-61525-5</a></li> <li>Sefl, Alfred (2006). <i>Blower</i>. In Bush, Douglas & Kassel, Richard (Eds.), The Organ: an Encyclopedia, pp. 70–71. New York: Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-94174-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-94174-1">0-415-94174-1</a></li> <li>Stembridge, Christopher (1999). <i>Italian organ music to Frescobaldi</i>. In Thistlethwaite, Nicholas & Webber, Geoffrey (Eds.), <i>The Cambridge Companion to the Organ</i>, pp. 148–163. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-57584-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-57584-2">0-521-57584-2</a></li> <li>Sumner, William Leslie (1973). <i>The Organ: Its Evolution, Principles of Construction and Use</i>. London: Macdonald. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-356-04162-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-356-04162-X">0-356-04162-X</a></li> <li>Thistlethwaite, Nicholas (1999). "Origins and development of the organ". In Thistlethwaite, Nicholas & Webber, Geoffrey (Eds.), <i>The Cambridge Companion to the Organ</i>, pp. 1–17. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-57584-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-57584-2">0-521-57584-2</a></li> <li>Webber, Geoffrey (1999). "The north German organ school". In Thistlethwaite, Nicholas & Webber, Geoffrey (Eds.), <i>The Cambridge Companion to the Organ</i>, pp. 219–235. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-57584-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-57584-2">0-521-57584-2</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pipe_organ&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Adlung, Jacob (1768). <i><a href="/wiki/Musica_mechanica_organoedi" class="mw-redirect" title="Musica mechanica organoedi">Musica mechanica organoedi</a>.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/zeabook/6/">English translation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120118072743/http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/zeabook/6/">Archived</a> 18 January 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Q. Faulkner, trans (2011). Lincoln, NE: Zea E-Books.</li> <li>Bédos de Celles, Dom François (1768). <i>L'art du facteur d'orgues</i>. Charles Ferguson (Trans.) (1977). <i>The Organ-Builder</i>. Raleigh, NC: Sunbury Press.</li> <li>Bush, Douglas and Kassel, Richard (Ed.) (2006). <i>The Organ: An Encyclopedia</i>. New York: Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-94174-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-94174-7">978-0-415-94174-7</a></li> <li>Klotz, Hans (1969). <i>The Organ Handbook</i>. St. Louis: Concordia. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-570-01306-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-570-01306-8">978-0-570-01306-8</a></li> <li>Ochse, Orpha (1975). <i>The History of the Organ in the United States.</i> Bloomington: Indiana University Press.</li> <li>Praetorius, Michael (1619). <i>De Organographia, Parts III – V with Index</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/zeabook/24/">(English translation) </a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140826115600/http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/zeabook/24/">Archived</a> 26 August 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Soderlund, Sandra (1994). <i>A Guide to the Pipe Organ for Composers and Others</i>. Colfax, North Carolina: Wayne Leupold Editions. No ISBN.</li> <li>Sumner, William L. (1973). <i>The Organ: Its evolution, principles of construction and use</i> (4th ed.). London: MacDonald. No ISBN.</li> <li>Williams, Peter (1966). <i>The European Organ, 1458–1850.</i> Bloomington: Indiana University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-32083-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-32083-6">0-253-32083-6</a></li> <li>Williams, Peter (1980). <i>A New History of the Organ from the Greeks to the Present Day</i>. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-15704-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-15704-1">978-0-253-15704-1</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pipe_organ&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Pipe_organ" class="extiw" title="commons:Pipe organ"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Pipe organ</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Organ" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Organ">Organ</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ibiblio.org/pipeorgan/">The Pipe Organ</a>, a basic overview of the organ</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theorganmag.com/">The Organ</a>, quarterly UK publication about pipe organs</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ellykooiman.com/">ellykooiman.com</a>, pipe organ website with information and detailed photos of various organs</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1">Sonderlund, Sandra. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131220205013/http://www.agohq.org/guide/pages/index1.html">"A Young Person's Guide to the Pipe Organ"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://agohq.org/guide/pages/index1.html">the original</a> on 20 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Young+Person%27s+Guide+to+the+Pipe+Organ&rft.aulast=Sonderlund&rft.aufirst=Sandra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fagohq.org%2Fguide%2Fpages%2Findex1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APipe+organ" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rjweisen.50megs.com/fluepipe1_001.htm">Flue Pipe Acoustics</a>, a scholarly description of flue pipe physics</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927154753/http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-04052006-155413/unrestricted/LORENZTREATISE.pdf">Organ transcriptions and the Late Romantic Period</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140515172810/http://www.musiqueorguequebec.ca/orgues.html">Organs and Organists</a>, a repository of information on significant organs and organ builders</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151223151950/https://winterfeldt.de/orgel/">Orgelgalerie</a>, a gallery of over 2000 pipe organ pictures from many different countries</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://organstops.org/">Encyclopedia of Organ Stops</a>, a comprehensive database of over 2500 stops with descriptions, pictures, and sound clips</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nersp.osg.ufl.edu/~bodinew/">An introductory site to the organ</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160520221430/http://nersp.osg.ufl.edu/~bodinew/">Archived</a> 20 May 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> particularly this <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nersp.osg.ufl.edu/~bodinew/Pages/Glossary.html">Glossary</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304231058/http://nersp.osg.ufl.edu/~bodinew/Pages/Glossary.html">Archived</a> 4 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> of Organ Terms</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Databases">Databases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pipe_organ&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Databases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iof.pipechat.org/">International Organ Foundation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180717061148/http://iof.pipechat.org/">Archived</a> 17 July 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, an online pipe organ database with specifications of more than 10,000 organs in 95 countries</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://database.organsociety.org/">Organ Historical Society Pipe Organ Database</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sacredclassics.com/bigpipes.htm">The Top 20 – The World's Largest Pipe Organs</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.npor.org.uk/">National Pipe Organ Register</a>, featuring history and specifications of 28,000 pipe organs in the United Kingdom</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://die-orgelseite.de/index_e.html">Die Orgelseite</a>, photos and specifications of some of the world's most interesting organs (subscription required for some content)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orgbase.nl/">Organ Database</a>, stoplists, pictures and information about some 33,500 pipe organs around the world</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nycago.org/organs/nyc/">The New York City Organ Project</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180420153858/http://www.nycago.org/organs/nyc/">Archived</a> 20 April 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> documents organs present and past in the five boroughs of New York City</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://musiconis-dev.huma-num.fr/fr/results.html?query=orgue">Musiconis Database</a>, an online database of medieval musical iconography (featuring images of medieval organs)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ohta.org.au/wp-content/uploads/Stiller-documentation-index-Australia-New-Zealand.pdf">Pipe Organ Documentation Project</a>, list of organs in Australia and New Zealand investigated by John Stiller, Research Officer, <a href="/wiki/Organ_Historical_Trust_of_Australia" title="Organ Historical Trust of Australia">Organ Historical Trust of Australia</a>, 1978–1986.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resources_for_pipe_organ_video_recordings">Resources for pipe organ video recordings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pipe_organ&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Resources for pipe organ video recordings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>"TourBus to the King of Instruments" – video series with <a href="/wiki/Carol_Williams_(organist)" title="Carol Williams (organist)">Carol Williams (organist)</a> about the large & small, famous & unique pipe organs of the world. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://melcot.com/recordings.html">American Video & Audio Production Company</a></li> <li>"The Joy of Music" – television series with <a href="/wiki/Diane_Bish" title="Diane Bish">Diane Bish</a> about large pipe organs in USA and in Europe.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pipe_organs_(list)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pipe_organs" title="Template:Pipe organs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Pipe_organs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Pipe organs (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pipe_organs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pipe organs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pipe_organs_(list)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pipe organs</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_pipe_organs" title="List of pipe organs">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organ_building" title="Organ building">Construction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pipe_organ_builders" title="List of pipe organ builders">Builders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_console" title="Organ console">Console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight-foot_pitch" title="Eight-foot pitch">Eight-foot pitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manual_(music)" title="Manual (music)">Manual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedal_keyboard" title="Pedal keyboard">Pedals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crescendo_pedal" title="Crescendo pedal">Crescendo pedal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expression_pedal" title="Expression pedal">Expression pedal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tremulant" title="Tremulant">Tremulant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swell_box" title="Swell box">Swell box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracker_action" title="Tracker action">Tracker</a></li> <li>Combination action <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electro-pneumatic_action" title="Electro-pneumatic action">Electro-pneumatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubular-pneumatic_action" title="Tubular-pneumatic action">Tubular-pneumatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_action_magnet" title="Stop action magnet">Stop</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organ_pipe" title="Organ pipe">Pipes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/En_chamade" title="En chamade">En chamade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flue_pipe" title="Flue pipe">Flue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organ_flue_pipe_scaling" title="Organ flue pipe scaling">Scaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voicing_(pipe_organ)" class="mw-redirect" title="Voicing (pipe organ)">Voicing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reed_pipe" title="Reed pipe">Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipe_organ_tuning" title="Pipe organ tuning">Tuning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organ_stop" title="Organ stop">Stops</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_pipe_organ_stops" title="List of pipe organ stops">List</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bourdon_(organ_pipe)" title="Bourdon (organ pipe)">Bourdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibia_(organ_pipe)" title="Tibia (organ pipe)">Tibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibia_Clausa" title="Tibia Clausa">Tibia Clausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornet_(organ_stop)" title="Cornet (organ stop)">Cornet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gedackt" title="Gedackt">Gedackt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixture_(organ_stop)" title="Mixture (organ stop)">Mixture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophicleide_(organ_stop)" title="Ophicleide (organ stop)">Ophicleide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plein-jeu" class="mw-redirect" title="Plein-jeu">Plein-jeu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Registration_(organ)" title="Registration (organ)">Registration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trompette_militaire" title="Trompette militaire">Trompette militaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voix_c%C3%A9leste" title="Voix céleste">Voix céleste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vox_humana" title="Vox humana">Vox humana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbelstern" title="Zimbelstern">Zimbelstern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barrel_organ" title="Barrel organ">Barrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_crawl" title="Organ crawl">Crawl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairground_organ" title="Fairground organ">Fairground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_organ_school" title="French organ school">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_organ_schools" title="German organ schools">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_Historical_Society" title="Organ Historical Society">Historical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portative_organ" title="Portative organ">Portative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_organ" title="Positive organ">Positive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_repertoire" title="Organ repertoire">Repertoire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_shoes" title="Organ shoes">Shoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_organ" title="Theatre organ">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_organ" title="Water organ">Water</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Musical_and_keyboard_instruments" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Musical_keyboards" title="Template:Musical keyboards"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Musical_keyboards" title="Template talk:Musical keyboards"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Musical_keyboards" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Musical keyboards"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Musical_and_keyboard_instruments" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Musical_keyboard" title="Musical keyboard">Musical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Keyboard_instrument" title="Keyboard instrument">keyboard instruments</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Instruments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bowed_clavier" title="Bowed clavier">Bowed clavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calliope_(music)" title="Calliope (music)">Calliope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carillon" title="Carillon">Carillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celesta" title="Celesta">Celesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chime_(bell_instrument)" title="Chime (bell instrument)">Chime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clavichord" title="Clavichord">Clavichord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clavicytherium" title="Clavicytherium">Clavicytherium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claviharp" title="Claviharp">Claviharp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_keyboard" title="Electronic keyboard">Electronic keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortepiano" title="Fortepiano">Fortepiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonichord" title="Harmonichord">Harmonichord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpsichord" title="Harpsichord">Harpsichord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keytar" title="Keytar">Keytar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melodica" title="Melodica">Melodica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_(music)" title="Organ (music)">Organ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hammond_organ" title="Hammond organ">Hammond organ</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pipe organ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reed_organ" class="mw-redirect" title="Reed organ">Reed organ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_organ" title="Theatre organ">Theatre organ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphica" title="Orphica">Orphica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano" title="Piano">Piano</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_piano" title="Digital piano">Digital piano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_piano" title="Electric piano">Electric piano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_accordion" title="Piano accordion">Piano accordion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinet" title="Spinet">Spinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthesizer" title="Synthesizer">Synthesizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginals" title="Virginals">Virginal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Layouts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enharmonic_keyboard" title="Enharmonic keyboard">Enharmonic keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalized_keyboard" title="Generalized keyboard">Generalized keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isomorphic_keyboard" title="Isomorphic keyboard">Isomorphic keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jank%C3%B3_keyboard" title="Jankó keyboard">Jankó keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_octave" title="Short octave">Short octave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Key_(instrument)" title="Key (instrument)">Keys</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piano_key_frequencies" title="Piano key frequencies">Frequencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manual_(music)" title="Manual (music)">Manual keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_sharp" title="Split sharp">Split sharp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Piano_pedals" title="Piano pedals">Pedals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expression_pedal" title="Expression pedal">Expression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_pedal" title="Soft pedal">Soft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustain_pedal" title="Sustain pedal">Sustain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedal_keyboard" title="Pedal keyboard">Pedal keyboard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Piano construction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piano_acoustics" title="Piano acoustics">Acoustics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innovations_in_the_piano" title="Innovations in the piano">Innovations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_wire" title="Piano wire">Wiring</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aliquot_stringing" title="Aliquot stringing">Aliquot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-stringing" title="Cross-stringing">Cross</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Piano_maintenance" title="Piano maintenance">Maintenance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_(piano)" title="Action (piano)">Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_Technicians_Guild" title="Piano Technicians Guild">Piano Technicians Guild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_tuning" title="Piano tuning">Tuning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tuning_wrench" title="Tuning wrench">Wrench</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Amplifiers, speakers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keyboard_amplifier" title="Keyboard amplifier">Keyboard amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_speaker" title="Leslie speaker">Leslie speaker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prepared_piano" title="Prepared piano">Prepared piano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q281460#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q281460#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q281460#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4043844-2">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="varhany"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph126989&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/instrument/39d85868-3476-45cc-94d0-3d43e3135921">MusicBrainz instrument</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pipe_organ&oldid=1252475138">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pipe_organ&oldid=1252475138</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a 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