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<span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> 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id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Water organ</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulis" title="Hydraulis – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hydraulis" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulis" title="Hydraulis – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hydraulis" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesiorel" title="Vesiorel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vesiorel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%8E%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%82" title="Ύδραυλις – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ύδραυλις" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulis" title="Hydraulis – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hydraulis" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akvoorgeno" title="Akvoorgeno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Akvoorgeno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulis" title="Hydraulis – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Hydraulis" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orgue_hydraulique" title="Orgue hydraulique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Orgue hydraulique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiodr%C3%A1lais" title="Hiodrálais – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Hiodrálais" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterorgel_(instrument)" title="Waterorgel (instrument) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Waterorgel (instrument)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vannorgel" title="Vannorgel – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vannorgel" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gidravlos" title="Gidravlos – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gidravlos" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93rg%C3%A3o_hidr%C3%A1ulico" title="Órgão hidráulico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Órgão hidráulico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Гидравлос – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гидравлос" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_organ" title="Water organ – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Water organ" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesiurut" title="Vesiurut – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vesiurut" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vattenorgel" title="Vattenorgel – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vattenorgel" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q918236#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> 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nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Pipe organ using water as power source</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Hydraulophone" title="Hydraulophone">Hydraulophone</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sea_organ" title="Sea organ">Sea organ</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_footnotes_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-More_footnotes_needed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a list of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#General_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">general references</a>, but <b>it lacks sufficient corresponding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosaique_Zliten.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Mosaique_Zliten.jpg/220px-Mosaique_Zliten.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Mosaique_Zliten.jpg/330px-Mosaique_Zliten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Mosaique_Zliten.jpg/440px-Mosaique_Zliten.jpg 2x" data-file-width="511" data-file-height="354" /></a><figcaption>Musicians with <a href="/wiki/Cornu_(horn)" title="Cornu (horn)">cornua</a> and a water organ, detail from the <a href="/wiki/Zliten_mosaic" title="Zliten mosaic">Zliten mosaic</a>, 2nd century CE</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>water organ</b> or <b>hydraulic organ</b> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">ὕδραυλις</span>) (early types are sometimes called <b>hydraulos</b>, <b>hydraulus</b> or <b>hydraula</b>) is a type of <a href="/wiki/Pipe_organ" title="Pipe organ">pipe organ</a> blown by air, where the power source pushing the air is derived by water from a natural source (e.g. by a <a href="/wiki/Waterfall" title="Waterfall">waterfall</a>) or by a manual pump. Consequently, the water organ lacks a <a href="/wiki/Bellows" title="Bellows">bellows</a>, blower, or <a href="/wiki/Gas_compressor" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas compressor">compressor</a>. </p><p>The hydraulic organ is often confused with the hydraulis. The hydraulis is the name of a Greek instrument created by <a href="/wiki/Ctesibius_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ctesibius of Alexandria">Ctesibius of Alexandria</a>. The hydraulis has a reservoir of air which is inserted into a cistern of water. The air is pushed into the reservoir with hand pumps, and exits the reservoir as pressurized air to blow through the pipes. The reservoir is open on the bottom, allowing water to maintain the pressure on the air as the air supply fluctuates from either the pumps pushing more air in, or the pipes letting air out.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the water organ, since the 15th century, the water is also used as a source of power to drive a mechanism similar to that of the <a href="/wiki/Barrel_organ" title="Barrel organ">barrel organ</a>, which has a pinned barrel that contains a specific song to be played. The hydraulis in ancient Greek is often imagined as an automatic organ, but there is no source evidence for it.<sup id="cite_ref-Utrecht1994_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Utrecht1994-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hydraulis">Hydraulis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_organ&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Hydraulis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dion654a_ancient_organ.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Dion654a_ancient_organ.jpg/170px-Dion654a_ancient_organ.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Dion654a_ancient_organ.jpg/255px-Dion654a_ancient_organ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Dion654a_ancient_organ.jpg/340px-Dion654a_ancient_organ.jpg 2x" data-file-width="955" data-file-height="1746" /></a><figcaption>Hydraulis, 1st century BCE, <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Museum_of_Dion" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeological Museum of Dion">Archaeological Museum of Dion</a>, Greece</figcaption></figure> <p>A hydraulis is an early type of <a href="/wiki/Pipe_organ" title="Pipe organ">pipe organ</a> that operated by converting the dynamic energy of water (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">ὕδωρ</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">húdōr</i></span>) into air pressure to drive the pipes (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Aulos" title="Aulos">αὐλός</a></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">aulós</i></span>). Hence its name hydraulis, literally "water (driven) pipe (instrument)." It is attributed to the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic">Hellenistic</a> scientist <a href="/wiki/Ctesibius_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ctesibius of Alexandria">Ctesibius of Alexandria</a>, an engineer of the 3rd century <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">BCE</a>. The hydraulis was the world's first keyboard instrument and was the predecessor of the modern church organ. Unlike the instrument of the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> period, which is the main subject of the article on the pipe organ, the ancient hydraulis was played by hand, not automatically by the water-flow; the keys were balanced and could be played with a light touch, as is clear from the reference in a Latin poem by <a href="/wiki/Claudian" title="Claudian">Claudian</a> (late 4th century), who uses this very phrase (<i>magna levi detrudens murmura tactu... intonet</i>, “let him thunder forth as he presses out mighty roarings with a light touch”) (<i>Paneg. Manlio Theodoro,</i> 320–22). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mechanics">Mechanics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_organ&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Mechanics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Typically, water is supplied from some height above the instrument through a pipe, and air is introduced into the water stream by aspiration (using the <a href="/wiki/Bernoulli%27s_principle" title="Bernoulli's principle">Bernoulli effect</a>) into the main pipe from a side-pipe holding its top above the water source. Both water and air arrive together in the <i>camera aeolis</i> (wind chamber). Here, water and air separate and the compressed air is driven into a wind-trunk on top of the camera aeolis, to blow the organ pipes. Two perforated ‘splash plates’ or ‘diaphragms’ prevent water spray from getting into the organ pipes. </p><p>The water, having been separated from the air, leaves the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camera_aeolis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Camera aeolis (page does not exist)">camera aeolis</a></i> at the same rate as it enters. It then drives a water wheel, which in turn drives the musical cylinder and the movements attached. To start the organ, the tap above the entry pipe is turned on and, given a continuous flow of water, the organ plays until the tap is closed again. </p><p>Many water organs had simple water-pressure regulating devices. At the <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_del_Quirinale" class="mw-redirect" title="Palazzo del Quirinale">Palazzo del Quirinale</a>, the water flows from a hilltop spring (once abundant, now only sufficient to play the organ for about 30 minutes at a time), coursing through the palace itself into a stabilizing ‘room’ some 18 metres (59 feet) above the <i>camera aeolis</i> in the organ grotto. This drop provides sufficient wind to power the restored six-stop instrument. </p><p>Among <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> writers on the water organ, <a href="/wiki/Salomon_de_Caus" title="Salomon de Caus">Salomon de Caus</a> is particularly informative. His book of 1615 includes a short treatise on making water organs, advice on tuning and registration, and many fine engravings showing the instruments, their mechanisms and scenes in which they were used. It also includes an example of suitable music for water organ, the madrigal <i>Chi farà fed' al cielo</i> by <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Striggio" title="Alessandro Striggio">Alessandro Striggio</a>, arranged by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Philips" title="Peter Philips">Peter Philips</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_organ&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heron%27s_Windwheel.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Heron%27s_Windwheel.png/170px-Heron%27s_Windwheel.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Heron%27s_Windwheel.png/255px-Heron%27s_Windwheel.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Heron%27s_Windwheel.png/340px-Heron%27s_Windwheel.png 2x" data-file-width="1473" data-file-height="1527" /></a><figcaption>A modern reconstruction of the wind organ and wind wheel of Heron of Alexandria</figcaption></figure> <p>Water organs were described in the numerous writings of the famous <a href="/wiki/Ctesibius" title="Ctesibius">Ctesibius</a> (3rd century BCE), <a href="/wiki/Philo_of_Byzantium" title="Philo of Byzantium">Philo of Byzantium</a> (3rd century BCE) and <a href="/wiki/Hero_of_Alexandria" title="Hero of Alexandria">Hero of Alexandria</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 62</span> CE). Like the <a href="/wiki/Water_clock" title="Water clock">water clocks</a> (clepsydra) of Plato's time, they were not regarded as playthings but might have had a particular significance in Greek philosophy, which made use of models and simulacra of this type. Hydraulically blown organ pipes were used to imitate birdsong, and musicologists <a href="/wiki/Susi_Jeans" title="Susi Jeans">Susi Jeans</a> and Arthur W.J.G. Ord-Hume have suggested that it was used to create the sounds of the <a href="/wiki/Colossi_of_Memnon#Sounds" title="Colossi of Memnon">Vocal Memnon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Water_organ_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Water_organ-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the latter, solar heat was used to syphon water from one closed tank into another, thereby producing compressed air for sounding the pipes. </p><p>Characteristics of the hydraulis have been inferred from mosaics, paintings, literary references, and partial remains. In 1931, the remains of a hydraulis were discovered in <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, with an inscription dating it to 228 CE. The leather and wood of the instrument had decomposed, but the surviving metal parts made it possible to reconstruct a working replica now in the Aquincum Museum in <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exact mechanism of wind production is debated, and almost nothing is known about the music played on the hydraulis, but the tone of the pipes can be studied.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> mentions the instrument as having been played in the <a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Jerusalem Temple</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hydraulis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Hydraulis.jpg/170px-Hydraulis.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Hydraulis.jpg/255px-Hydraulis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Hydraulis.jpg/340px-Hydraulis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="988" data-file-height="1356" /></a><figcaption>Reconstruction of hydraulic organ</figcaption></figure> <p>After its invention by the Greeks, the hydraulis continued to be used through antiquity in the Roman world. In the Middle Ages, Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire, <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Medieval Europe</a> and Muslim world further developed these instruments.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A well-known instance of an early positive or <a href="/wiki/Portable_organ" class="mw-redirect" title="Portable organ">portable organ</a> of the 4th century occurs on the <a href="/wiki/Obelisk_of_Theodosius" title="Obelisk of Theodosius">obelisk</a> erected to the memory of <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a> on his death in 395 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the <a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">illuminated manuscripts</a> of the British Museum there are many miniatures representing interesting varieties of the portable organ of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> used in European churches. The <i>Pippin's organ of 757</i> was a hydraulic organ sent as a gift to the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian empire</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantine_V" title="Constantine V">Constantine V</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A long-distance hydraulic organ that could be heard from sixty miles away was described in <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> texts and attributed to an ancient Greek figure called <a href="/wiki/Muristus" title="Muristus">Muristus</a>; this individual's identity is unknown, but is sometimes suggested to be an Arabized version of the name Ctesibius.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the end of the 12th century <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_automata" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic automata">hydraulic automata</a> were often seen in Italy and the rest of Western Europe. During the Renaissance, water organs again acquired magical and metaphysical connotations among followers of the hermetic and esoteric sciences. Organs were placed in gardens, <a href="/wiki/Grotto" title="Grotto">grottoes</a> and conservatories of royal palaces and the mansions of rich patricians to delight onlookers not only with music but also with displays of automata – dancing figurines, wing-flapping birds and hammering <a href="/wiki/Cyclopes" title="Cyclopes">cyclopes</a> – all operated by projections on the musical cylinder. Other types of water organ were played out of sight and were used to simulate musical instruments apparently being played by statues in mythological scenes such as '<a href="/wiki/Orpheus" title="Orpheus">Orpheus</a> playing the <a href="/wiki/Viol" title="Viol">viol</a>', 'The contest between <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marsyas" title="Marsyas">Marsyas</a>' and 'Apollo and the nine <a href="/wiki/Muses" title="Muses">Muses</a>'. </p><p>The most famous water organ of the 16th century was at the <a href="/wiki/Villa_d%27Este" title="Villa d'Este">Villa d'Este</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tivoli,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Tivoli, Italy">Tivoli</a>. Built about 1569–1572 by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucha_Clericho&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lucha Clericho (page does not exist)">Lucha Clericho</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Luc_de_Clerc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luc de Clerc (page does not exist)">Luc de Clerc</a>; completed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Claude_Venard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Claude Venard (page does not exist)">Claude Venard</a>), it stood about six metres high under an arch, and was fed by a magnificent waterfall; it was described by <a href="/wiki/Mario_Cartaro" title="Mario Cartaro">Mario Cartaro</a> in 1575 as playing '<a href="/wiki/Madrigal_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Madrigal (music)">madrigals</a> and many other things'. <a href="/w/index.php?title=G._M._Zappi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="G. M. Zappi (page does not exist)">G. M. Zappi</a> (Annalie memorie de Tivoli, 1576) wrote: 'When somebody gives the order to play, at first one hears trumpets which play a while and then there is a consonance .... Countless gentlemen could not believe that this organ played by itself, according to the registers, with water, but they rather thought that there was somebody inside'. Besides automatically playing at least three pieces of music, it is now known that the organ was also provided with a keyboard. </p><p>Other Italian gardens with water organs were at <a href="/wiki/Pratolino" class="mw-redirect" title="Pratolino">Pratolino</a>, near Florence (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1575</span>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isola_de_Belvedere&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isola de Belvedere (page does not exist)">Isola de Belvedere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferrara" title="Ferrara">Ferrara</a> (before 1599), <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_del_Quirinale" class="mw-redirect" title="Palazzo del Quirinale">Palazzo del Quirinale</a>, Rome (built by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Luca_Biagi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luca Biagi (page does not exist)">Luca Biagi</a> in 1598, restored 1990), <a href="/wiki/Villa_Aldobrandini" title="Villa Aldobrandini">Villa Aldobrandini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frascati" title="Frascati">Frascati</a> (1620), one of the Royal Palaces at Naples (1746), <a href="/wiki/Villa_Doria_Pamphili" title="Villa Doria Pamphili">Villa Doria Pamphili</a>, Rome (1758–1759). Of these only the one at the Palazzo del Quirinale has survived. <a href="/wiki/Kircher" title="Kircher">Kircher</a>'s illustration in <i><a href="/wiki/Musurgia_universalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Musurgia universalis">Musurgia universalis</a></i> (1650), long thought to be a fanciful representation of a hypothetical possibility, has been found to be accurate in every detail when compared to the organ grotto at the Quirinale, except that it was reversed left to right. There are still traces of the instrument at the Villa d'Este but the mineral-rich water of the river which cascades through the organ grotto has caused accretions which have hidden most of the evidence from view. </p><p>In the early 17th century, water organs were built in England; <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Drebbel" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornelius Drebbel">Cornelius Drebbel</a> built one for King James I (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harstoffer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harstoffer (page does not exist)">Harstoffer</a>, 1651), and <a href="/wiki/Salomon_de_Caus" title="Salomon de Caus">Salomon de Caus</a> built several at Richmond while in the service of Prince Henry. There was one in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bagnigge_Vale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bagnigge Vale (page does not exist)">Bagnigge Vale</a>, London, the summer home of <a href="/wiki/Nell_Gwynn" class="mw-redirect" title="Nell Gwynn">Nell Gwynn</a> (1650–1687), and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Winstanley" title="Henry Winstanley">Henry Winstanley</a> (1644–1703), the designer of the <a href="/wiki/Eddystone_Lighthouse" title="Eddystone Lighthouse">Eddystone Lighthouse</a>, who is thought to have built one at his home in <a href="/wiki/Saffron_Walden" title="Saffron Walden">Saffron Walden</a>, Essex. After the marriage of Princess Elizabeth to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elector_Palatine_Prince_Friedrich_V&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elector Palatine Prince Friedrich V (page does not exist)">Elector Palatine Prince Friedrich V</a>, de Caus laid out for them the gardens at <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_Castle" title="Heidelberg Castle">Heidelberg Castle</a> which became famous for their beautiful and intricate waterworks. A water organ survives in the gardens at <a href="/wiki/Heilbronn" title="Heilbronn">Heilbronn</a>, <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Württemberg">Württemberg</a>, and parts of one at the <a href="/wiki/Wilhelmsh%C3%B6he" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelmshöhe">Wilhelmshöhe</a> gardens in <a href="/wiki/Kassel" title="Kassel">Kassel</a>. The brothers <a href="/wiki/Francini" title="Francini">Francini</a> constructed waterworks and organs at <a href="/wiki/Saint_Germain-en-Laye" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Germain-en-Laye">Saint Germain-en-Laye</a> and <a href="/wiki/Versailles_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Versailles (city)">Versailles</a>, which reached new heights of splendour and extravagance. </p><p>By the end of the 17th century, however, interest in water organs had waned. As their upkeep was costly they were left to decay and were soon forgotten; by 1920 not one survived (the so-called water organ at Hellbrunn Castle, Salzburg, is a pneumatic organ driven by hydraulically operated bellows). </p><p>Their mechanism was subsequently misunderstood until the Dutch engineer Van Dijk pointed out in 1954 that air was supplied to the water organ by aspiration, which was the same method used in forges and smelting works in the 16th and 17th centuries. Aspiration is the process by which air is drawn into an opening into which water flows. For the water organ, a small pipe is arranged so that one end is open to the air and the other extends into a larger pipe that contains flowing water supplied by a stream, pond or stabilizing reservoir. The longer the vertical drop of the water, the more forceful the suction will be and the greater the volume of air sucked in. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_hydraulis_of_Dion">The hydraulis of Dion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_organ&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The hydraulis of Dion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hydraulis_of_Dion" title="Hydraulis of Dion">Hydraulis of Dion</a></div> <p>In 1992, the remains of a 1st-century BCE pipe organ were found at <a href="/wiki/Dion,_Pieria" title="Dion, Pieria">Dion</a>, an ancient Macedonian city near <a href="/wiki/Mount_Olympus" title="Mount Olympus">Mount Olympus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, during excavations under <a href="/wiki/Dimitrios_Pandermalis" title="Dimitrios Pandermalis">Dimitrios Pandermalis</a>. This instrument consisted of 24 open pipes of different height with a conical lower ending. The first 19 pipes have a height from 89 to 22 cm (35.0 to 8.7 in). Their inner diameter gradually decreases from 2 to 1.5 cm. These 19 pipes correspond to the "<i>perfect system</i>" of the ancient Greek music which consisted of one <a href="/wiki/Chromatic_scale" title="Chromatic scale">chromatic</a> and one <a href="/wiki/Diatonic_scale" title="Diatonic scale">diatonic scale</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. The pipes No. 20 to 24 are smaller and almost equal in height and they seem to form an extension of the diatonic scale. The conical end of the pipes is inserted in a metal plate. At a point just before the narrowing part of every pipe there is an opening producing the turbulence of the pressurized air and the sound. The pipes are stabilized by two metal plates. The one facing outwards has decorative motifs. The instrument had one row of keys.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lower part of the organ, with the air-pressing system, was missing. </p><p>In 1995, a reconstruction project started, and by 1999 a working replica of hydraulis was made based on the archaeological finding and on ancient descriptions. The remains of the ancient hydraulis are exhibited at the <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Museum_of_Dion" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeological Museum of Dion">Archaeological Museum of Dion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_organ&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calliope_(music)" title="Calliope (music)">Calliope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulophone" title="Hydraulophone">Hydraulophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muristus" title="Muristus">Muristus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_(music)" title="Organ (music)">Organ (music)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_organ&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMcKinnon2016" class="citation book cs1">McKinnon, James W. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/13639"><i>"Hydraulis."Groves Dictionary of Music and Musicians</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press – via Online Portal to Oxford Music Online.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Hydraulis.%22Groves+Dictionary+of+Music+and+Musicians&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=McKinnon&rft.aufirst=James+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordmusiconline.com%2Fsubscriber%2Farticle%2Fgrove%2Fmusic%2F13639&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+organ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Utrecht1994-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Utrecht1994_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaspels,_Dr._Jan_Jaap1994" class="citation cs2">Haspels, Dr. Jan Jaap (1994), <i>Musical Automata. 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Macy (Ed.), <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grovemusic.com">Grove Music Online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080516041031/http://www.grovemusic.com/">Archived</a> 2008-05-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> (subscription required). Retrieved on 2006-11-28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walcker-Mayer, Werner (1972), <i>The Roman Organ of Aquincum,</i> Ludwigsburg, Muiskwissenschaftliche Verlag.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zoltán, Horváth. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aquincum.hu/orgona/orgonaangol.htm">Aquincum Museum</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071231171604/http://www.aquincum.hu/orgona/orgonaangol.htm">Archived</a> 2007-12-31 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". Retrieved on 2007-05-07.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080122155903/http://www.cummingfirst.com/organ.html">"New pipe organ at Cumming First United Methodist Church"</a>. Cumming First United Methodist Church, Georgia. Archived from the original on January 22, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+pipe+organ+at+Cumming+First+United+Methodist+Church&rft.pub=Cumming+First+United+Methodist+Church%2C+Georgia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cummingfirst.com%2Forgan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+organ" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPettigrew2002" class="citation web cs1">Pettigrew, Richard (March 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archaeologychannel.org/audio-guide/audio-interviews/307-about-the-ancient-hydraulis">"About the Ancient Hydraulis"</a>. The Archaeology Channel<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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William Reeves Bookseller Ltd. pp. 114–116.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Organ+of+the+Ancients+from+Eastern+Sources&rft.pages=114-116&rft.pub=William+Reeves+Bookseller+Ltd&rft.date=1931&rft.au=Henry+George+Farmer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+organ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/articles/place/constantinople-istanbul/constantinople-photos/constantinople-hippodrome/constantinople-hippodrome-obelisk-of-theodosius/">"Constantinople, Hippodrome, Obelisk of Theodosius - Livius"</a>. <i>www.livius.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.livius.org&rft.atitle=Constantinople%2C+Hippodrome%2C+Obelisk+of+Theodosius+-+Livius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livius.org%2Farticles%2Fplace%2Fconstantinople-istanbul%2Fconstantinople-photos%2Fconstantinople-hippodrome%2Fconstantinople-hippodrome-obelisk-of-theodosius%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+organ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSorek2010" class="citation book cs1">Sorek, Susan (2010-03-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/liverpool-scholarship-online/book/43406/chapter/363226977">"From Rome to Constantinople"</a>. <i>The Emperors' Needles</i>. pp. 107–114. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5949%2Fliverpool%2F9781904675518.003.0014">10.5949/liverpool/9781904675518.003.0014</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781904675518" title="Special:BookSources/9781904675518"><bdi>9781904675518</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=From+Rome+to+Constantinople&rft.btitle=The+Emperors%27+Needles&rft.pages=107-114&rft.date=2010-03-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5949%2Fliverpool%2F9781904675518.003.0014&rft.isbn=9781904675518&rft.aulast=Sorek&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fliverpool-scholarship-online%2Fbook%2F43406%2Fchapter%2F363226977&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+organ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrkvenjakov" class="citation journal cs1">Crkvenjakov, Vladimir. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/31085772">"The Obelisk of Theodosius in Constantinople"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Obelisk+of+Theodosius+in+Constantinople&rft.aulast=Crkvenjakov&rft.aufirst=Vladimir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F31085772&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+organ" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenry_George_Farmer1931" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_George_Farmer" title="Henry George Farmer">Henry George Farmer</a> (1931). <i>The Organ of the Ancients from Eastern Sources</i>. William Reeves Bookseller Ltd. pp. 79–80.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Organ+of+the+Ancients+from+Eastern+Sources&rft.pages=79-80&rft.pub=William+Reeves+Bookseller+Ltd&rft.date=1931&rft.au=Henry+George+Farmer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+organ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenry_George_Farmer1931" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_George_Farmer" title="Henry George Farmer">Henry George Farmer</a> (1931). <i>The Organ of the Ancients from Eastern Sources</i>. William Reeves Bookseller Ltd. pp. 127–128.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Organ+of+the+Ancients+from+Eastern+Sources&rft.pages=127-128&rft.pub=William+Reeves+Bookseller+Ltd&rft.date=1931&rft.au=Henry+George+Farmer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+organ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevens2001" class="citation journal cs1">Stevens, Clare (September–October 2001). "Dion's Treasure". <i>Choir & Organ</i>: 56.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Choir+%26+Organ&rft.atitle=Dion%27s+Treasure&rft.pages=56&rft.date=2001-09%2F2001-10&rft.aulast=Stevens&rft.aufirst=Clare&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+organ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160110143823/https://orca.byu.edu/Journals/2003%20Final%20reports/_fac/macdonald.pdf">"Macdonald D.M. (undated) Building a working model 1st-century Hydraulis"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://orca.byu.edu/Journals/2003%20Final%20reports/_fac/macdonald.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2016-01-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-01-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Macdonald+D.M.+%28undated%29+Building+a+working+model+1st-century+Hydraulis.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Forca.byu.edu%2FJournals%2F2003%2520Final%2520reports%2F_fac%2Fmacdonald.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+organ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120609001057/http://www.tmth.edu.gr/aet/thematic_areas/p315.html">"Lazos Ch. (1999) The ancient hydraulis of Dion (in Greek language)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tmth.edu.gr/aet/thematic_areas/p315.html">the original</a> on 2012-06-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-01-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lazos+Ch.+%281999%29+The+ancient+hydraulis+of+Dion+%28in+Greek+language%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tmth.edu.gr%2Faet%2Fthematic_areas%2Fp315.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+organ" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_organ&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hydraulis.de">Reconstruction of a Roman hydraulis by Justus Willberg and Martin Braun</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.musica-romana.de">Musica Romana: Ensemble for ancient music</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061005205839/http://www.culture.gr/2/23/232/epked/en/00_standard_menu/00a_ydraulis/00a.htm">Hydraulis : The Ancient Hydraulis and its Reconstruction</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.ipa.net/~tanker/organs.htm">Hydraulus</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927190815/http://users.ipa.net/~tanker/organs.htm">Archived</a> 2007-09-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071226152613/http://www.ondamar.demon.co.uk/literat/classicl.htm">The Organ in Classic Literature</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120211222238/http://www.history.rochester.edu/steam/hero/section76.html">The Pneumatics of Hero of Alexandria: The construction of a hydraulic organ.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090418035545/http://www.westfield.org/curious.htm">Curious facts from the organ's history</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wearcam.org/acmmm2005funtain.pdf">ACM Multimedia 2005 paper on the hydraulophone</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120127044953/http://en.history-of-physics.com/antike/griechenland_wasserorgel.htm">Shockwave-Animation: Vitruv's hydraulis</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_organ&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerrot1971" class="citation book cs1">Perrot, Jean (1971). <i>The organ, from its invention in the Hellenistic period to the end of the thirteenth century</i>. London: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-318418-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-318418-4"><bdi>0-19-318418-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+organ%2C+from+its+invention+in+the+Hellenistic+period+to+the+end+of+the+thirteenth+century&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=0-19-318418-4&rft.aulast=Perrot&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+organ" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_organ&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Water_organs" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Water organs">Water organs</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archaeologychannel.org/video-guide/video-guide-menu/video-guide-summary/109-the-ancient-hydraulis">Hydraulis video</a> (click "The Ancient Hydraulis" in the second paragraph to watch)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=1123879890935821663">A Bach piece being played on a hydraulophone pipe organ (video)</a> <a 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Greek_musical_instruments" title="Template:Greek musical instruments"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Greek_musical_instruments" title="Template talk:Greek musical instruments"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Greek_musical_instruments" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Greek musical instruments"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Greek_musical_instruments" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Greek_musical_instruments" title="Greek musical instruments">Greek musical instruments</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="String" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/String_instrument" title="String instrument">String</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Pandura" title="Pandura">Pandura</a></dd></dl> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lyre" title="Lyre">Lyre</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Barbiton" title="Barbiton">Barbiton</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chelys" title="Chelys">Chelys</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kithara" title="Kithara">Kithara</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Phorminx" title="Phorminx">Phorminx</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_harps" title="Ancient Greek harps">Harp</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epigonion" title="Epigonion">Epigonion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magadis" title="Magadis">Magadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambuca_(instrument)" title="Sambuca (instrument)">Sambuca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trigonon" title="Trigonon">Trigonon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aerophones" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerophones">Wind</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Aulos" title="Aulos">Aulos</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pan_flute" title="Pan flute">Pan flute</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Salpinx" title="Salpinx">Salpinx</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Percussion_instrument" title="Percussion instrument">Percussion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Cochilia" title="Cochilia">Cochilia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Crotalum" title="Crotalum">Crotalum</a></dd> <dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Water organ</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sistrum" title="Sistrum">Sistrum</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_lyra" title="Byzantine lyra">Byzantine lyra</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Organ_(music)" title="Organ (music)">Organon</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">String</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bowed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Cretan_lyra" title="Cretan lyra">Cretan lyra</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kemen%C3%A7e_of_the_Black_Sea" title="Kemençe of the Black Sea">Pontic lyra</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Classical_kemen%C3%A7e" title="Classical kemençe">Politiki lyra</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_lyra" title="Macedonian lyra">Macedonian lyra</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Calabrian_lira" title="Calabrian lira">Calabrian lira</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plucked</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Bouzouki" title="Bouzouki">Bouzouki</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Guitar" title="Guitar">Guitar</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Laouto" title="Laouto">Laouto</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mandola" title="Mandola">Mandola</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mandolin" title="Mandolin">Mandolin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Oudola" title="Oudola">Oudola</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Psaltery" title="Psaltery">Psaltery</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tambouras" title="Tambouras">Tambouras</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thaboura" title="Thaboura">Thaboura</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Struck</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Santur" title="Santur">Santouri</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wind</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Askomandoura" title="Askomandoura">Askomandoura</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gaida" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaida">Gaida</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tsampouna" title="Tsampouna">Tsampouna</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Floghera" title="Floghera">Floghera</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Karamuza" title="Karamuza">Karamuza</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lalitsa" title="Lalitsa">Lalitsa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mantura" title="Mantura">Mantura</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Souravli" title="Souravli">Souravli</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Percussion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Membranophones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Tambourine" title="Tambourine">Tambourine</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Toubeleki" title="Toubeleki">Toubeleki</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tympanum_(hand_drum)" title="Tympanum (hand drum)">Tympano</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Idiophones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Koudounia" title="Koudounia">Koudounia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stamna_(musical_instrument)" title="Stamna (musical instrument)">Stamna</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trigono_(musical_instrument)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trigono (musical instrument) (page does not exist)">Trigono</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Zill" title="Zill">Zilia</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Greece" title="Music of Greece">Music of Greece</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Greek_folk_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek folk music">Greek folk music</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_music" title="Byzantine music">Byzantine music</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nisiotika" title="Nisiotika">Nisiotika</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Greek_dances" title="Greek dances">Greek dances</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pipe_organs_(list)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pipe_organs" title="Template:Pipe organs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Pipe_organs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Pipe organs (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pipe_organs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pipe organs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pipe_organs_(list)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pipe_organ" title="Pipe organ">Pipe organs</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_pipe_organs" title="List of pipe organs">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organ_building" title="Organ building">Construction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pipe_organ_builders" title="List of pipe organ builders">Builders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_console" title="Organ console">Console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight-foot_pitch" title="Eight-foot pitch">Eight-foot pitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manual_(music)" title="Manual (music)">Manual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedal_keyboard" title="Pedal keyboard">Pedals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crescendo_pedal" title="Crescendo pedal">Crescendo pedal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expression_pedal" title="Expression pedal">Expression pedal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tremulant" title="Tremulant">Tremulant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swell_box" title="Swell box">Swell box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracker_action" title="Tracker action">Tracker</a></li> <li>Combination action <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electro-pneumatic_action" title="Electro-pneumatic action">Electro-pneumatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubular-pneumatic_action" title="Tubular-pneumatic action">Tubular-pneumatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_action_magnet" title="Stop action magnet">Stop</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organ_pipe" title="Organ pipe">Pipes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/En_chamade" title="En chamade">En chamade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flue_pipe" title="Flue pipe">Flue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organ_flue_pipe_scaling" title="Organ flue pipe scaling">Scaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voicing_(pipe_organ)" class="mw-redirect" title="Voicing (pipe organ)">Voicing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reed_pipe" title="Reed pipe">Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipe_organ_tuning" title="Pipe organ tuning">Tuning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organ_stop" title="Organ stop">Stops</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_pipe_organ_stops" title="List of pipe organ stops">List</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bourdon_(organ_pipe)" title="Bourdon (organ pipe)">Bourdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibia_(organ_pipe)" title="Tibia (organ pipe)">Tibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibia_Clausa" title="Tibia Clausa">Tibia Clausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornet_(organ_stop)" title="Cornet (organ stop)">Cornet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gedackt" title="Gedackt">Gedackt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixture_(organ_stop)" title="Mixture (organ stop)">Mixture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophicleide_(organ_stop)" title="Ophicleide (organ stop)">Ophicleide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plein-jeu" class="mw-redirect" title="Plein-jeu">Plein-jeu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Registration_(organ)" title="Registration (organ)">Registration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trompette_militaire" title="Trompette militaire">Trompette militaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voix_c%C3%A9leste" title="Voix céleste">Voix céleste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vox_humana" title="Vox humana">Vox humana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbelstern" title="Zimbelstern">Zimbelstern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barrel_organ" title="Barrel organ">Barrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_crawl" title="Organ crawl">Crawl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairground_organ" title="Fairground organ">Fairground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_organ_school" title="French organ school">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_organ_schools" title="German organ schools">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_Historical_Society" title="Organ Historical Society">Historical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portative_organ" title="Portative organ">Portative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_organ" title="Positive organ">Positive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_repertoire" title="Organ repertoire">Repertoire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_shoes" title="Organ shoes">Shoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_organ" title="Theatre organ">Theatre</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Water</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918236#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" 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