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href="#Reign_of_Ashoka_the_Great"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Reign of Ashoka the Great</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reign_of_Ashoka_the_Great-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_Period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_Period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Medieval Period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_Period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Modern history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Anglo-Nepalese_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anglo-Nepalese_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.1</span> <span>Anglo-Nepalese War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anglo-Nepalese_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_Districts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_Districts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.2</span> <span>Historical Districts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_Districts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Valleys" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Valleys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Valleys</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Valleys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dang-Deukhuri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dang-Deukhuri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Dang-Deukhuri</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dang-Deukhuri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Forests</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mountains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mountains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Mountains</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mountains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protected_areas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protected_areas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Protected areas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protected_areas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lakes_and_Rivers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lakes_and_Rivers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Lakes and Rivers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lakes_and_Rivers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethnicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Ethnicity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_subdivisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_subdivisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Administrative subdivisions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Administrative_subdivisions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Administrative subdivisions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Administrative_subdivisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Districts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Districts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Districts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Districts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Municipality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Municipality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Municipality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Municipality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Government</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Government subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Provincial_Assembly" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Provincial_Assembly"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Provincial Assembly</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Provincial_Assembly-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Agriculture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Industry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Tourism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Tourism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lumbini" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lumbini"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Lumbini</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lumbini-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kapilvastu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kapilvastu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Kapilvastu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kapilvastu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ramagrama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ramagrama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Ramagrama</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ramagrama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dhaulagiri_circuit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dhaulagiri_circuit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Dhaulagiri circuit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dhaulagiri_circuit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_Parks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Parks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>National Parks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Parks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_Heritage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_Heritage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.6</span> <span>Cultural Heritage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_Heritage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Infrastructure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Infrastructure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Health</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Communication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Energy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.5</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Roadways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roadways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.5.1</span> <span>Roadways</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roadways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air_Travel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air_Travel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.5.2</span> <span>Air Travel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air_Travel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Lumbini Province</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" 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Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6" title="লুম্বিনী প্রদেশ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লুম্বিনী প্রদেশ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumbini_S%C3%A9ng" title="Lumbini Séng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lumbini Séng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6" title="लुंबिनी प्रदेश – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="लुंबिनी प्रदेश" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinz_Lumbini" title="Provinz Lumbini – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Provinz Lumbini" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6" title="लुम्बिनी प्रदेश – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="लुम्बिनी प्रदेश" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincia_de_Lumbini" title="Provincia de Lumbini – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Provincia de Lumbini" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinco_5" title="Provinco 5 – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Provinco 5" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87_%DB%B5" title="استان شماره ۵ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="استان شماره ۵" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumbini_(province)" title="Lumbini (province) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lumbini (province)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A3%B8%EB%B9%84%EB%8B%88%EC%A3%BC" title="룸비니주 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="룸비니주" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6" title="लुम्बिनी प्रदेश – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लुम्बिनी प्रदेश" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinsi_Lumbini" title="Provinsi Lumbini – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Provinsi Lumbini" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumbini_Pradesh" title="Lumbini Pradesh – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lumbini Pradesh" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6" title="लुम्बिनी प्रदेश – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="लुम्बिनी प्रदेश" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF" title="ലുംബിനി പ്രവിശ്യ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ലുംബിനി പ്രവിശ്യ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6" title="लुम्बिनी प्रदेश – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="लुम्बिनी प्रदेश" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AB%E3%83%B3%E3%83%93%E3%83%8B%E5%B7%9E" title="ルンビニ州 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ルンビニ州" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prov%C3%ADncia_de_Lumbini" title="Província de Lumbini – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Província de Lumbini" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumbini_(il)" title="Lumbini (il) – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Lumbini (il)" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8-%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%88" title="Лумбини-Прадеш – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лумбини-Прадеш" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%A4_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A5" title="ᱞᱩᱢᱵᱤᱱᱤ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱞᱩᱢᱵᱤᱱᱤ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumbini_Province" title="Lumbini Province – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Lumbini Province" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8E%D8%B2%DA%AF%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C" title="پارێزگای لومبینی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پارێزگای لومبینی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="லும்பினி மாநிலம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="லும்பினி மாநிலம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/5_%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8C" title="5 нче номерлы Вилаять – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="5 нче номерлы Вилаять" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5" title="รัฐลุมพินี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รัฐลุมพินี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumbini_(il)" title="Lumbini (il) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Lumbini (il)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%81_%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C" title="صوبہ لمبینی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="صوبہ لمبینی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%94%E7%9C%81" title="第五省 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="第五省" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 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.ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Lumbini Province</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-other-name">Lumbini Pradesh</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Nepal" title="Provinces of Nepal">Province</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">- transcription(s)</th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Nepali</th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="ne">लुम्बिनी प्रदेश</span></span><br /><i>Lumbinī pradēśa</i></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="background-color:black;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid black;width:275px;display:table;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:1px 0 0 1px"><div style="display:table;background-color:black;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lumbini_Buddhist_pilgrimage_IMG_0678_18.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Lumbini_Buddhist_pilgrimage_IMG_0678_18.jpg/275px-Lumbini_Buddhist_pilgrimage_IMG_0678_18.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Lumbini_Buddhist_pilgrimage_IMG_0678_18.jpg/413px-Lumbini_Buddhist_pilgrimage_IMG_0678_18.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Lumbini_Buddhist_pilgrimage_IMG_0678_18.jpg/550px-Lumbini_Buddhist_pilgrimage_IMG_0678_18.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:black;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dhorpatan.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Dhorpatan.png/275px-Dhorpatan.png" decoding="async" width="275" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Dhorpatan.png/413px-Dhorpatan.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Dhorpatan.png/550px-Dhorpatan.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:black;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rukum_east_Himalayas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Rukum_east_Himalayas.jpg/275px-Rukum_east_Himalayas.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Rukum_east_Himalayas.jpg/413px-Rukum_east_Himalayas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Rukum_east_Himalayas.jpg/550px-Rukum_east_Himalayas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1851" data-file-height="843" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:black;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rani_Mahal_at_Palpa.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Rani_Mahal_at_Palpa.JPG/137px-Rani_Mahal_at_Palpa.JPG" decoding="async" width="137" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Rani_Mahal_at_Palpa.JPG/206px-Rani_Mahal_at_Palpa.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Rani_Mahal_at_Palpa.JPG/274px-Rani_Mahal_at_Palpa.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bageshwori_Temple_Nepalgunj.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Bageshwori_Temple_Nepalgunj.JPG/137px-Bageshwori_Temple_Nepalgunj.JPG" decoding="async" width="137" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Bageshwori_Temple_Nepalgunj.JPG/206px-Bageshwori_Temple_Nepalgunj.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Bageshwori_Temple_Nepalgunj.JPG/274px-Bageshwori_Temple_Nepalgunj.JPG 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:black;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bengal_Tiger_Bardiya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Bengal_Tiger_Bardiya.jpg/275px-Bengal_Tiger_Bardiya.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Bengal_Tiger_Bardiya.jpg/413px-Bengal_Tiger_Bardiya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Bengal_Tiger_Bardiya.jpg/550px-Bengal_Tiger_Bardiya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4940" data-file-height="2434" /></a></span></div></div></div></div></div></div> <div style="font-size:95%">From Top left to right <br /><a href="/wiki/World_Peace_Pagoda,_Lumbini" title="World Peace Pagoda, Lumbini">World Peace Pagoda</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lumbini" title="Lumbini">Lumbini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dhorpatan_Hunting_Reserve" title="Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve">Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dhaulagiri" title="Dhaulagiri">Dhaulagiri</a> <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a> in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Rukum" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Rukum">Eastern Rukum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ranighat_Palace" title="Ranighat Palace">Ranighat Palace</a> in <a href="/wiki/Palpa_District" title="Palpa District">Palpa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bageshwori_Temple" title="Bageshwori Temple">Bageshwori Temple</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Bengal_tiger" title="Bengal tiger">Bengal tiger</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bardiya_National_Park" title="Bardiya National Park">Bardiya National Park</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Lumbini_Pradesh.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Official seal of Lumbini Province"><img alt="Official seal of Lumbini Province" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a3/Emblem_of_Lumbini_Pradesh.png/100px-Emblem_of_Lumbini_Pradesh.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a3/Emblem_of_Lumbini_Pradesh.png/150px-Emblem_of_Lumbini_Pradesh.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a3/Emblem_of_Lumbini_Pradesh.png/200px-Emblem_of_Lumbini_Pradesh.png 2x" data-file-width="323" data-file-height="309" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Seal</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nepal_Lumbini_Pradesh.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Lumbini Province"><img alt="Location of Lumbini Province" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Nepal_Lumbini_Pradesh.svg/300px-Nepal_Lumbini_Pradesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Nepal_Lumbini_Pradesh.svg/450px-Nepal_Lumbini_Pradesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Nepal_Lumbini_Pradesh.svg/600px-Nepal_Lumbini_Pradesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="971" data-file-height="563" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Location of Lumbini Province</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="center"><div role="img" class="noresize" style="width: 290px; font-size: 70%; line-height: 1; text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff; position: relative;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nepal_Lumbini_adm_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Nepal_Lumbini_adm_location_map.svg/290px-Nepal_Lumbini_adm_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Nepal_Lumbini_adm_location_map.svg/435px-Nepal_Lumbini_adm_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Nepal_Lumbini_adm_location_map.svg/580px-Nepal_Lumbini_adm_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="809" data-file-height="519" /></a></span> <div style="position:absolute; left:31.7px; top:61.6px"><a href="/wiki/Bardiya_District" title="Bardiya District">Bardiya</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:66.5px; top:90.6px"><a href="/wiki/Banke_District" title="Banke District">Banke</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:124.5px; top:102.2px"><a href="/wiki/Dang_District,_Nepal" title="Dang District, Nepal">Dang</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:144.8px; top:58.7px"><a href="/wiki/Rolpa_District" title="Rolpa District">Rolpa</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:156.4px; top:21px"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Rukum_District" title="Eastern Rukum District">Eastern<br />Rukum</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:156.4px; top:83.35px"><a href="/wiki/Pyuthan_District" title="Pyuthan District">Pyuthan</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:214.4px; top:93.5px"><a href="/wiki/Gulmi_District" title="Gulmi District">Gulmi</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:185.4px; top:106.55px"><a href="/wiki/Arghakhanchi_District" title="Arghakhanchi District">Argha<br />khanchi</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:173.8px; top:134.1px"><a href="/wiki/Kapilvastu_District" title="Kapilvastu District">Kapil<br />vastu</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:231.8px; top:116.7px"><a href="/wiki/Palpa_District" title="Palpa District">Palpa</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:212.95px; top:137px"><a href="/wiki/Rupandehi_District" title="Rupandehi District">Rupan<br />dehi</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:243.4px; top:137px"><a href="/wiki/Parasi_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasi District">NP<br />West</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:100%; left:81px; top:35.5px"><a href="/wiki/Karnali_Province" title="Karnali Province">Karnali<br />Province</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:110%; left:23px; top:166px"><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">India (Uttar Pradesh)</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:100%; left:226px; top:50px"><a href="/wiki/Gandaki_Province" title="Gandaki Province">Gandaki<br />Province</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:100%; left:-0.2px; top:21px"><a href="/wiki/Sudurpashchim_Province" title="Sudurpashchim Province">Sudur<br />Province</a></div> </div></div><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Divisions of Lumbini</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lumbini_Province&params=27_39_33.13_N_83_26_18.3_E_scale:1600000_type:country_region:NP"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">27°39′33.13″N</span> <span class="longitude">83°26′18.3″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">27.6592028°N 83.438417°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">27.6592028; 83.438417</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Country</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/16px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/25px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/33px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="885" /></span></span>   </span><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data">20 September 2015</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Deukhuri" title="Deukhuri">Deukhuri</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest City</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ghorahi" title="Ghorahi">Ghorahi</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Nepal" title="List of districts of Nepal">Districts</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><b></b><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Lumbini_Province" title="List of districts of Lumbini Province">12</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">Self governing province</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Provincial_governments_of_Nepal" title="Provincial governments of Nepal">Government of Lumbini Pradesh</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Lumbini_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Lumbini Province">Governor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krishna_Bahadur_Gharti_Magar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Krishna Bahadur Gharti Magar (page does not exist)">Krishna Bahadur Gharti Magar</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_Lumbini_Province" title="Chief Minister of Lumbini Province">Chief Minister</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chet_Narayan_Acharya" title="Chet Narayan Acharya">Chet Narayan Acharya</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • High Court</th><td class="infobox-data">Tulsipur High Court</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Provincial_Assembly_of_Province_No._5" class="mw-redirect" title="Provincial Assembly of Province No. 5">Provincial Assembly</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Unicameralism" title="Unicameralism">Unicameral</a> (87 seats)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Nepal)" title="House of Representatives (Nepal)">Parliamentary constituency</a></th><td class="infobox-data">26</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">22,288 km<sup>2</sup> (8,605 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Nepal#List_of_provinces_of_Nepal" title="Provinces of Nepal">3rd</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (<a href="/wiki/Putha_Hiunchuli" title="Putha Hiunchuli">Putha Hiunchuli</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">7,246 m (23,773 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Lowest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (Rupandehi)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">90 m (300 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2021)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">5,124,225</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nepalese_provinces_by_Population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Nepalese provinces by Population">3rd</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">230/km<sup>2</sup> (600/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">  • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nepalese_provinces_by_Population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Nepalese provinces by Population">3rd</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B5:45" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+5:45">UTC+5:45</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nepal_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepal Time">NST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geocode" title="Geocode">Geocode</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname">NP-FI</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Nepal" title="Languages of Nepal">Official language</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a> (51.6%)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Nepal" title="Languages of Nepal">Other Official language(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1. <a href="/wiki/Tharu_languages" title="Tharu languages">Tharu (Dangaura)</a><br />2. <a href="/wiki/Awadhi_language" title="Awadhi language">Awadhi</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.563 (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#fc0">medium</span>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">Literacy</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 80.1% (2024)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_sex_ratio" title="Human sex ratio">Sex ratio</a></th><td class="infobox-data">90.43 <a href="/wiki/Males" class="mw-redirect" title="Males">♂</a> /100 <a href="/wiki/Females" class="mw-redirect" title="Females">♀</a> (2011)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP">GDP</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5 billion USD</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nepalese_provinces_by_GDP" title="List of Nepalese provinces by GDP">GDP rank</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nepalese_provinces_by_GDP" title="List of Nepalese provinces by GDP">3rd</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://ocmcm.p5.gov.np/">http://ocmcm.p5.gov.np/</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Lumbini Province</b> (<a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a>: <span lang="ne">लुम्बिनी प्रदेश</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Nepali-language romanization"><i lang="ne-Latn">Lumbinī pradēśa</i></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Nepal" title="Provinces of Nepal">province</a> in western <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>. The country's <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Nepal" title="Provinces of Nepal">third largest province in terms of area</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nepalese_provinces_by_population" title="List of Nepalese provinces by population">population</a>, Lumbini is home to the <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lumbini" title="Lumbini">Lumbini</a>, where according to the Buddhist tradition, the founder of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a> was born.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lumbini borders <a href="/wiki/Gandaki_Province" title="Gandaki Province">Gandaki Province</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karnali_Province" title="Karnali Province">Karnali Province</a> to the north, <a href="/wiki/Sudurpashchim_Province" title="Sudurpashchim Province">Sudurpashchim Province</a> to the west, and <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a> of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> to the south. Lumbini's capital, <a href="/wiki/Deukhuri" title="Deukhuri">Deukhuri</a>, is near the geographic center of the province; it is a small town which is currently being developed to meet the prerequisite of a provincial capital. The major cities in the province are <a href="/wiki/Butwal" title="Butwal">Butwal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siddharthanagar" title="Siddharthanagar">Siddharthanagar</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rupandehi_District" title="Rupandehi District">Rupandehi</a> district, <a href="/wiki/Nepalgunj" title="Nepalgunj">Nepalgunj</a> in <a href="/wiki/Banke_District" title="Banke District">Banke</a> district, <a href="/wiki/Tansen,_Nepal" title="Tansen, Nepal">Tansen</a> in <a href="/wiki/Palpa_District" title="Palpa District">Palpa</a> district, and <a href="/wiki/Ghorahi" title="Ghorahi">Ghorahi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tulsipur,_Dang" title="Tulsipur, Dang">Tulsipur</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dang_District,_Nepal" title="Dang District, Nepal">Dang</a> district. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumbini_Province&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Lumbini province is named after the holy <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_pilgrimage" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist pilgrimage">pilgrimage</a> site of <a href="/wiki/Lumbini" title="Lumbini">Lumbini</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rupandehi_District" title="Rupandehi District">Rupandehi</a> district, the birthplace of <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a> – the founder of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>. The Provincial Assembly adopted Lumbini Province as the permanent name by replacing its initial name <i><b>Province No. 5</b></i> on 6 October 2020 and <a href="/wiki/Deukhuri" title="Deukhuri">Deukhuri</a> was declared the provincial capital.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumbini_Province&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-history">Pre-history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumbini_Province&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pre-history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Churiya range linked with the <a href="/wiki/Dang_District,_Nepal" title="Dang District, Nepal">Dang</a> valley of Lumbini province has been archaeologically considered very ancient with the existence of <a href="/wiki/Sivapithecus" title="Sivapithecus">Sivapithecus</a><i>,</i> a link between man <i>a</i>nd ape. The pre-historic studies of the valley have been carried out extensively since the last century; by Tribhuvan University since 1966, <a href="/wiki/American_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="American Museum of Natural History">American Museum of Natural History</a> and the Department of Mines of then His Majesty's Government of Nepal from 1976, as well as the paleolithic study of Dang valley by <a href="/wiki/University_of_Erlangen-Nuremberg" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Erlangen-Nuremberg">University of Erlangen-Nuremberg</a> of <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> in 1984, among others. These researches have pointed out that Dang valley was a lake approximately 2.5 to 1 million years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, <a href="/wiki/Hand_axe" title="Hand axe">Hand axes</a> and other artefacts dated to early <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a> (1.8 million to 100,000 years ago) have been found in alluvial deposits along the <a href="/wiki/Babai_River" title="Babai River">Babai River</a> in Dang Valley, which have been classified as <a href="/wiki/Acheulean" title="Acheulean">Acheulean</a> or second-generation tools that succeed the oldest <a href="/wiki/Olduwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Olduwan">Olduwan</a>. Also along the <a href="/wiki/Babai_River" title="Babai River">Babai River</a>, there have been discoveries of archeological sites dated to <a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper Paleolithic</a>/<a href="/wiki/Late_Pleistocene" title="Late Pleistocene">Late Pleistocene</a> (about 50,000 to 10,000 years ago). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shakya-era">Shakya-era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumbini_Province&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Shakya-era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As per the Buddhist tradition, Queen <a href="/wiki/Maya_(mother_of_Buddha)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maya (mother of Buddha)">Maya Devi</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kapilavastu_(ancient_city)" title="Kapilavastu (ancient city)">Kapilavastu</a> was traveling to her father's <a href="/wiki/Koliya" title="Koliya">Koliya</a> kingdom in Devdaha to give birth to her child as was the <a href="/wiki/Shakya" title="Shakya">Shakya</a> tradition. However, on the way she stopped near the garden of Lumbini to rest and went into labour thus giving birth to the future Buddha under a <a href="/wiki/Shorea_robusta" title="Shorea robusta">sal tree</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a> was born in 623 BC in Lumbini, testified by the inscription on the pillar erected by the Mauryan Emperor <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a> in 249 BC which marks the spot as the birthplace of <i><a href="/wiki/Buddha_Shakyamuni" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha Shakyamuni">Buddha Shakyamuni</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The inscription mentions, as translated by Paranavitana:<sup id="cite_ref-:8_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>When King Devanampriya Priyadarsin had been anointed twenty years, he came himself and worshipped (this spot) because the <a href="/wiki/Buddha_Shakyamuni" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha Shakyamuni">Buddha Shakyamuni</a> was born here. (He) both caused to be made a stone bearing a horse and caused a stone pillar to be set up, (in order to show) that the Blessed One was born here. (He) made the village of Lumbini free of taxes, and paying (only) an eighth share (of the produce).</p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Birth_of_Buddha_at_Lumbini.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Birth_of_Buddha_at_Lumbini.jpg/220px-Birth_of_Buddha_at_Lumbini.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Birth_of_Buddha_at_Lumbini.jpg/330px-Birth_of_Buddha_at_Lumbini.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Birth_of_Buddha_at_Lumbini.jpg/440px-Birth_of_Buddha_at_Lumbini.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1941" data-file-height="1239" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a>'s s birth in Lumbini (His mother <a href="/wiki/Maya_(mother_of_Buddha)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maya (mother of Buddha)">Maya Dev</a>i depicted holding a branch of <a href="/wiki/Shorea_robusta" title="Shorea robusta">sal tree</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Buddhist texts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a> was born as a prince in a royal <a href="/wiki/Shakya" title="Shakya">Shakya</a> clan reigning over the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Kapilavastu_(ancient_city)" title="Kapilavastu (ancient city)">Kapilavastu</a>. This ancient city has been widely identified as Tilaurakot of present <a href="/wiki/Kapilvastu_District" title="Kapilvastu District">Kapilvastu</a> district where ruins of the ancient fortified city have been found.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gautama was a prince of <a href="/wiki/Kapilavastu_(ancient_city)" title="Kapilavastu (ancient city)">Kapilavastu</a> until the age of 29, after which he left the palace behind and wandered throughout the Ganges plain as an ascetic – learning yoga and related concepts from various teachers.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gautama became the <a href="/wiki/Buddha_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha (title)">Buddha</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Enlightened One</a> after several years of his wandering, one day under the <a href="/wiki/Bodhi_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodhi tree">Bodhi tree</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bodh_Gaya" title="Bodh Gaya">Bodh Gaya</a>. After enlightenment, he began his teachings and travelled extensively throughout the Ganges plain. The original teachings of Buddha later culminated into <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, spreading through much of <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> then and the world at present. </p><p>After the death of <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a>, eight princes out of sixteen <a href="/wiki/Mahajanapada" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahajanapada">mahājanapadās</a> received Buddha's relics, one of them a <a href="/wiki/Koliya" title="Koliya">Koliyan</a> king of <a href="/wiki/Parasi,_Nepal" title="Parasi, Nepal">Rāmagrāma</a> (present <a href="/wiki/Parasi_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasi District">Parasi</a> district) who built a stupa enshrining the relic. <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Buddhist texts</a> point out the princes constructed a stupa at or near their capital city and enshrined Buddha's relics.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The site has the only undisturbed original stupa containing the relic of <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a> in the world,<sup id="cite_ref-:3_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was added to the <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage</a> Tentative List by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> on 23 May 1996. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reign_of_Ashoka_the_Great">Reign of Ashoka the Great</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumbini_Province&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Reign of Ashoka the Great"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BRP_Lumbini_Ashoka_pillar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BRP_Lumbini_Ashoka_pillar.jpg/116px-BRP_Lumbini_Ashoka_pillar.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BRP_Lumbini_Ashoka_pillar.jpg/174px-BRP_Lumbini_Ashoka_pillar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BRP_Lumbini_Ashoka_pillar.jpg/232px-BRP_Lumbini_Ashoka_pillar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2458" data-file-height="4211" /></a><figcaption>Ashoka pillar of <a href="/wiki/Lumbini" title="Lumbini">Lumbini</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>Emperor <a href="/wiki/Ashoka_The_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashoka The Great">Ashoka The Great</a>, having converted to <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> after being victorious in brutal wars, devoted himself to the spread of <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Buddha</a>'s teachings and erected monolithic columns known as <a href="/wiki/Pillars_of_Ashoka" title="Pillars of Ashoka">Pillars of Ashoka</a> at sites associated with the life of <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a>. One such pillar was erected by Ashoka in <a href="/wiki/Lumbini" title="Lumbini">Lumbini</a> in 249 BC, commemorating the sacred site of <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a>'s birth and declared the village free of taxation.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In dedication to the two <a href="/wiki/Buddha_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha (title)">Buddhas</a> of the past, Ashoka also set up a stone pillar and enlarged the stupa marking the birthplace of <a href="/wiki/Kanakamuni_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanakamuni Buddha">Buddha Kanakamuni</a> at <a href="/wiki/Nigali_Sagar" title="Nigali Sagar">Nigali Sagar</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kapilvastu_District" title="Kapilvastu District">Kapilvastu District</a>. Another pillar, also in <a href="/wiki/Kapilvastu_District" title="Kapilvastu District">Kapilvastu District</a>, was erected commemorating <a href="/wiki/Kakusandha_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Kakusandha Buddha">Kakusandha Buddha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_Period">Medieval Period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumbini_Province&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Medieval Period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the medieval period after the 11th century, <a href="/wiki/Khasa_Kingdom" title="Khasa Kingdom">Khasa Kingdom</a> dominated much of western Nepal and western <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> which was initially oriented towards <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> and Shamanism, and at their peak encompassed <a href="/wiki/Guge" title="Guge">Guge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Burang_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Burang Town">Purang</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> and western Nepal up to Kaskikot. King Ripumalla, one of the initial <a href="/wiki/Khasa_Kingdom" title="Khasa Kingdom">Khasa</a> rulers, left an inscription on the Ashoka pillar with six-syllable <a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">mantra</a> of Buddhism and his wish <i>"</i><a href="/wiki/Om_mani_padme_hum" title="Om mani padme hum">Om mani padme hum</a>: May Prince Ripu Malla be long victorious<i>",</i> dated around 1312 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lumbini_pillar_Medieval_inscription.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Lumbini_pillar_Medieval_inscription.jpg/189px-Lumbini_pillar_Medieval_inscription.jpg" decoding="async" width="189" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Lumbini_pillar_Medieval_inscription.jpg/284px-Lumbini_pillar_Medieval_inscription.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Lumbini_pillar_Medieval_inscription.jpg/378px-Lumbini_pillar_Medieval_inscription.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2041" data-file-height="1320" /></a><figcaption>The Lumbini pillar inscription of <a href="/wiki/Khasa_Kingdom" title="Khasa Kingdom">Khas</a> King Ripu Malla: <i>"<a href="/wiki/Om_mani_padme_hum" title="Om mani padme hum">Om mani padme hum</a>, May Prince Ripu Malla be long victorious.</i>"(1312 CE)</figcaption></figure> <p>After the late 13th century, Khasa kingdom disintegrated into numerous principalities each with its own ruler. In the 18th century, King <a href="/wiki/Prithvi_Narayan_Shah" title="Prithvi Narayan Shah">Prithvi Narayan Shah</a>, born from the marriage of king <a href="/wiki/Nara_Bhupal_Shah" title="Nara Bhupal Shah">Nara Bhupal Shah</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Gorkha_Kingdom" title="Gorkha Kingdom">Gorkha Kingdom</a> and Queen <a href="/wiki/Kaushalyavati_Devi" title="Kaushalyavati Devi">Kaushalyavati Devi</a>, the princess of the <a href="/wiki/Palpa_District" title="Palpa District">Palpa</a> kingdom; set out on a conquest to unify the region into modern Nepal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_history">Modern history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumbini_Province&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Modern history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Anglo-Nepalese_War">Anglo-Nepalese War</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumbini_Province&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Anglo-Nepalese War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Nepalese_War" title="Anglo-Nepalese War">Anglo-Nepalese War</a> (1814–1816) took place between the <a href="/wiki/Gorkhali_army" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorkhali army">Gorkhali army</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Kingdom of Nepal</a> and the British forces of the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> for two years leading to the <a href="/wiki/Sugauli_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugauli Treaty">Sugauli Treaty</a> in 1816 which demarcated the boundary of the Kingdom of Nepal. Among the prominent battles during the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Nepalese_War" title="Anglo-Nepalese War">Anglo-Nepalese War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jitgadhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Jitgadhi">Battle of Jitgadhi</a> - fought in January 1815 and again in April 1815 - was marked by the victory of the <a href="/wiki/Gorkhali_army" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorkhali army">Gorkhali army</a>. The Nepalese Colonel <a href="/wiki/Ujir_Singh_Thapa" title="Ujir Singh Thapa">Ujir Singh Thapa</a>, who led the kingdom of Nepal to victory in this battle, is revered as one of the national heroes in the military history of Nepal.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <p><b>Battle of Jit Gadhi</b> </p><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ujir_Singh_Thapa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Ujir_Singh_Thapa.jpg/126px-Ujir_Singh_Thapa.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/Ujir_Singh_Thapa.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="175" /></a><figcaption>Colonel <a href="/wiki/Ujir_Singh_Thapa" title="Ujir Singh Thapa">Ujir Singh Thapa</a> stood victorious against the English troops</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jitgadi_Fort.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Jitgadi_Fort.png/194px-Jitgadi_Fort.png" decoding="async" width="194" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Jitgadi_Fort.png/291px-Jitgadi_Fort.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Jitgadi_Fort.png/388px-Jitgadi_Fort.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="499" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jit_Gadhi" title="Jit Gadhi">Jit Gadhi</a> fort - used by the victorious Nepalese troops in the battle against the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> (1815 AD)</figcaption></figure> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Kingdom of Nepal</a> outright refused the proposal of British <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> which wanted to claim its sovereignty in the territories of Butwal and Sheoraj, General John Sullivan Wood of the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> led an offensive column to the fort of <a href="/wiki/Jit_Gadhi" title="Jit Gadhi">Jit Gadhi</a> in January 1815 AD. The frontier fort, which was surrounded by dense forest and situated on the west bank of the river <a href="/wiki/Tinau" title="Tinau">Tinau</a> on a primary route to <a href="/wiki/Tansen,_Nepal" title="Tansen, Nepal">Tansen</a>, was being held by Nepalese Colonel <a href="/wiki/Ujir_Singh_Thapa" title="Ujir Singh Thapa">Ujir Singh Thapa</a> - the nephew of Nepalese Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Mukhtiyar" title="Mukhtiyar">Mukhtiyar</a> <a href="/wiki/Bhimsen_Thapa" title="Bhimsen Thapa">Bhimsen Thapa</a>. </p><p>Although low in number and acutely inferior in firepower, the strong resistance put forward by Colonel <a href="/wiki/Ujir_Singh_Thapa" title="Ujir Singh Thapa">Ujir Singh Thapa</a> thwarted the incursion of the British forces into Nepal twice in January 1815 and April 1815. The battle established Colonel Thapa as a national military hero and forced the English troops to withdraw.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Historical_Districts">Historical Districts</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumbini_Province&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Historical Districts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the Rana regime, the region was politically divided into administrative districts Butwal, Palpa, Deukhuri, Sallyana, Banke, Bardiya and Pyuthan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumbini_Province&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lumbini, with an area of 22,288 square kilometers (8,605.44 sq. mi) covers about 15.1% of the country's total area. Lumbini Province is almost the size of <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">US</a> state of <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>. The province extends 150 km (93 mi) north to south and about 300 km (186 mi) east to west at its maximum width. It shares 413.14 km (256 mi) of border with India (states of Bihar and Uttar Pradesh).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Province is geographically bordered with Gandaki Province to the east and north, by Karnali province to the north and west, by Sudurpaschim Province to the west and by India to the south. There are three ecological regions of Mountains, Hills and Terai; each occupying 3.1%, 69.3% and 27.6% of the province respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:Red; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 1589.4544843865px; border-left-color:Blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Blue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 791.58150883059px; border-left-color:Brown"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Brown"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Brown"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 212.51081731572px; border-left-color:lime"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:lime"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:lime"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 106.48918403248px; border-left-color:Black"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Black"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Black"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:99.802672842827px 6.2790519529313px 0 0; border-top-color:Yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Yellow"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 307.76835371753px 100px 0; border-right-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:Green"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p><b>Land Utilization in Lumbini</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Green; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Forest" title="Forest">Forest</a> (45%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Yellow; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">Agriculture</a> (29%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Black; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Housing" title="Housing">Housing</a> (14%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:lime; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Grassland" title="Grassland">Grassland</a> (5%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Brown; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Barren_vegetation" title="Barren vegetation">Barren vegetation</a> (5%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Blue; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">Water</a> (1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Red; color:black;"> </span> Others (1%)</div> </div> </div></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Ecological regions of Lumbini Province </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Ecological regions </th> <th>Percentage of territory </th></tr> <tr> <td>Mountains </td> <td>3.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hills </td> <td>69.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Terai (plain) </td> <td>27.6% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumbini_Province&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lumbini has a humid subtropical climate and experiences four seasons. The winter in January and February is followed by summer between March and May and the monsoon season between June and September.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In winter, it's sunny and mild, pleasantly warm during the day but cool at night, sometimes even cold. The average temperature in January is around 15 °C (59 °F). But the northern parts of the province get colder and can experience snowfall. By March, the temperature rises considerably and it begins to be hot, while from April to June it's scorching hot, and highs can reach or exceed 40 °C (104 °F) in southern plains. </p><p>In June, the summer <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a> arrives, characterized by heavy rains, in the form of downpours and thunderstorms. The monsoon arrives first in the east, in early June, while in the west it comes in the middle of the month or so. The temperature decreases, with the maximum dropping to around 32 °C (90 °F) in July and August, but the humidity increases, making the heat muggy. The rains are heavy, especially in July and August, when they exceed 300 millimeters (12 inches) per month, but in certain areas at the foot of the mountains, they can exceed 600 mm (23.5 in) per month.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The monsoon starts to withdraw by early October in the west, and about a week later in the east. The weather returns to be sunny, and even though October is still a hot month, the humidity decreases, and the night temperature becomes a bit cooler. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto;"> <caption>Average temperatures and precipitation for selected communities in Lumbini<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Location </th> <th>August <p>(°F) </p> </th> <th>August <p>(°C) </p> </th> <th>January <p>(°F) </p> </th> <th>January <p>(°C) </p> </th> <th>Annual <p>Precipitation </p><p>(mm/in) </p> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Butwal" title="Butwal">Butwal</a> </td> <td>79 </td> <td>26.1 </td> <td>55.6 </td> <td>13.1 </td> <td>1827.2/71.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gulariya" title="Gulariya">Gulariya</a> </td> <td>84.4 </td> <td>29.1 </td> <td>59.4 </td> <td>15.2 </td> <td>1503.7/59.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nepalgunj" title="Nepalgunj">Nepalgunj</a> </td> <td>84.4 </td> <td>29.1 </td> <td>59.5 </td> <td>15.3 </td> <td>1302.1/51.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Siddharthanagar" title="Siddharthanagar">Siddharthanagar</a> </td> <td>79.7 </td> <td>29 </td> <td>55.4 </td> <td>15.9 </td> <td>1762.7/69.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sitganga" title="Sitganga">Sitganga</a> </td> <td>75.6 </td> <td>24.2 </td> <td>51.8 </td> <td>11 </td> <td>1633.2/64.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tansen,_Nepal" title="Tansen, Nepal">Tansen</a> </td> <td>76.8 </td> <td>24.9 </td> <td>53.4 </td> <td>11.9 </td> <td>1949.3/76.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tulsipur,_Dang" title="Tulsipur, Dang">Tulsipur</a> </td> <td>79.7 </td> <td>26.5 </td> <td>55.4 </td> <td>13 </td> <td>1495.4/58.9 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Valleys">Valleys</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumbini_Province&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Valleys"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dang-Deukhuri">Dang-Deukhuri</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumbini_Province&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Dang-Deukhuri"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dang and Deukhuri valleys, 10 km apart, are located in the <a href="/wiki/Dang_Deukhuri_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Dang Deukhuri District">Dang Deukhuri District</a>. The Dang Valley lies between the Mahabharat Range in the north and the <a href="/wiki/Sivalik_Hills" title="Sivalik Hills">Churia Range</a> in the south. It forms a nearly 1,000 km<sup>2</sup> (390 sq mi) plain within a local <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">drainage basin</a> of less than 3,000 km<sup>2</sup> (1,200 sq mi). It is drained by the <a href="/wiki/Babai_River" title="Babai River">Babai River</a>, and is one of the largest <a href="/wiki/Inner_Terai_Valleys_of_Nepal" title="Inner Terai Valleys of Nepal">Inner Terai valleys</a>. Deukhuri Valley is southeast of the Dang Valley and extends about 60 km (37 mi) in WNW-ESE direction with a maximum width of 20 km (12 mi), and is surrounded by <a href="/wiki/Sivalik_Hills" title="Sivalik Hills">Sivalik Hills</a> on all sides. It forms a nearly 600 km<sup>2</sup> (230 sq mi) plain within a drainage basin of 6,100 km<sup>2</sup> (2,400 sq mi). The valley is drained by the <a href="/wiki/West_Rapti_River" title="West Rapti River">West Rapti River</a>. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Landscape_in_Dang_district,_view_from_Ghorahi,_Nepal_2015-10-30_B.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Landscape_in_Dang_district%2C_view_from_Ghorahi%2C_Nepal_2015-10-30_B.jpg/260px-Landscape_in_Dang_district%2C_view_from_Ghorahi%2C_Nepal_2015-10-30_B.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Landscape_in_Dang_district%2C_view_from_Ghorahi%2C_Nepal_2015-10-30_B.jpg/390px-Landscape_in_Dang_district%2C_view_from_Ghorahi%2C_Nepal_2015-10-30_B.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Landscape_in_Dang_district%2C_view_from_Ghorahi%2C_Nepal_2015-10-30_B.jpg/520px-Landscape_in_Dang_district%2C_view_from_Ghorahi%2C_Nepal_2015-10-30_B.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1440" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dang_Deukhuri_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Dang Deukhuri District">Dang</a> valley is one of the largest <a href="/wiki/Inner_Terai_Valleys_of_Nepal" title="Inner Terai Valleys of Nepal">Inner Terai valleys</a> of Nepal</figcaption></figure> <p>The elevations of Dang and Deukhuri valleys are 700 meters and 300 meters from sea level respectively. Late <a href="/wiki/Cenozoic" title="Cenozoic">Cenozoic</a> sedimentary sequences are well exposed along the southern part of Dang and all sides of Deukhuri valley, and mostly consist of deformed rocks resulting from the persistence of shortening between <a href="/wiki/India_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="India Plate">Indian Plate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasian Plate">Eurasian Plate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two valleys have been considered a vital location of <a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a> archeology in South <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> due to the abundant presence of ancient <a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a> tool sites.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other small valleys of the province are located in districts like Arghakhanchi (<a href="/wiki/Inner_Terai_Valleys_of_Nepal" title="Inner Terai Valleys of Nepal">Rapti</a>), Palpa (<a href="/wiki/Rampur,_Palpa" title="Rampur, Palpa">Rampur</a>), Gulmi (<a href="/wiki/Marbhung-1,_Simaltari,_Gulmi" title="Marbhung-1, Simaltari, Gulmi">Simaltari</a>), Pyuthan (<a href="/wiki/Bangesal" title="Bangesal">Darban</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gothibang" title="Gothibang">Bajipur</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forests">Forests</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumbini_Province&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Forests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bardiya_National_Park.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Bardiya_National_Park.jpg/261px-Bardiya_National_Park.jpg" decoding="async" width="261" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Bardiya_National_Park.jpg/392px-Bardiya_National_Park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Bardiya_National_Park.jpg/522px-Bardiya_National_Park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3849" data-file-height="2565" /></a><figcaption>Forest zone in <a href="/wiki/Bardiya_District" title="Bardiya District">Bardiya</a> district</figcaption></figure> <p>About 15% of the total land is covered in <a href="/wiki/Nature_reserve" title="Nature reserve">protected forest</a> in the province. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto;"> <caption>Forest area by districts in the province.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Districts </th> <th>Forest (%) </th> <th>Area (ha.th.) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arghakhanchi_District" title="Arghakhanchi District">Arghakhanchi</a> </td> <td>59.69 </td> <td>73.96 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Banke_District" title="Banke District">Banke</a> </td> <td>62.70 </td> <td>117.91 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bardiya_District" title="Bardiya District">Bardiya</a> </td> <td>56.82 </td> <td>113.69 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dang_District,_Nepal" title="Dang District, Nepal">Dang</a> </td> <td>65.60 </td> <td>200.72 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gulmi_District" title="Gulmi District">Gulmi</a> </td> <td>41.83 </td> <td>46.34 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kapilvastu_District" title="Kapilvastu District">Kapilvastu</a> </td> <td>36.92 </td> <td>60.97 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Parasi_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasi District">Parasi</a> </td> <td>81.30 </td> <td>22 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Palpa_District" title="Palpa District">Palpa</a> </td> <td>56.62 </td> <td>82.77 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pyuthan_District" title="Pyuthan District">Pyuthan</a> </td> <td>48.95 </td> <td>64.67 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rolpa_District" title="Rolpa District">Rolpa</a> </td> <td>52.82 </td> <td>99.60 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rukum_District" title="Rukum District">Rukum</a> </td> <td>39.39 </td> <td>66.25 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rupandehi_District" title="Rupandehi District">Rupandehi</a> </td> <td>19.54 </td> <td>25.51 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Total</b> </td> <td><b>50.43</b> </td> <td><b>974.38</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mountains">Mountains</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumbini_Province&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Mountains"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mt_Sisne,_Rukum.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Mt_Sisne%2C_Rukum.JPG/220px-Mt_Sisne%2C_Rukum.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Mt_Sisne%2C_Rukum.JPG/330px-Mt_Sisne%2C_Rukum.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Mt_Sisne%2C_Rukum.JPG/440px-Mt_Sisne%2C_Rukum.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3890" data-file-height="2423" /></a><figcaption>Mountains in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Rukum_District" title="Eastern Rukum District">Eastern Rukum</a>; Dhaulagiri <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a> in the background</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mount_Putha_Rukum_east.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Mount_Putha_Rukum_east.png/220px-Mount_Putha_Rukum_east.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Mount_Putha_Rukum_east.png/330px-Mount_Putha_Rukum_east.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Mount_Putha_Rukum_east.png/440px-Mount_Putha_Rukum_east.png 2x" data-file-width="454" data-file-height="264" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Putha_Hiunchuli" title="Putha Hiunchuli">Putha Himchuli</a> (Dhaulagiri VII), <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Rukum_District" title="Eastern Rukum District">East Rukum</a></figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alonzo-Lyons-Sisne-Rukum-Nepal-IMG_6287.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Alonzo-Lyons-Sisne-Rukum-Nepal-IMG_6287.jpg/220px-Alonzo-Lyons-Sisne-Rukum-Nepal-IMG_6287.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Alonzo-Lyons-Sisne-Rukum-Nepal-IMG_6287.jpg/330px-Alonzo-Lyons-Sisne-Rukum-Nepal-IMG_6287.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Alonzo-Lyons-Sisne-Rukum-Nepal-IMG_6287.jpg/440px-Alonzo-Lyons-Sisne-Rukum-Nepal-IMG_6287.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="331" /></a><figcaption>Mount Sisne, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Rukum_District" title="Eastern Rukum District">East Rukum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Being the only mountain district of Lumbini province, most of the prominent peaks of the province lie in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Rukum_District" title="Eastern Rukum District">Eastern Rukum District</a> along the Dhaulagiri range.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tallest mountain of Lumbini Province in Eastern Rukum, <a href="/wiki/Putha_Hiunchuli" title="Putha Hiunchuli">Putha Himchuli</a> also known as Mount Dhaulagiri VII, has an altitude of 7,246 meters and is one of the popular trekking peak of the Dhaulagiri region.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The mountain was first ascended jointly by British explorer J.O.M Roberts and Nepalese climber Ang Nyima Sherpa in 1954.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mount Sisne I remained an unclimbed summit until 2013, and the first successful ascent was made by a mountaineering team led by Man Bahadur Khatri.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>List of highest peaks of Lumbini<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>S/N </th> <th>Mountains </th> <th>Elevation <p>(meters) </p> </th> <th>District </th> <th>Range </th> <th>Additional <p>Information </p> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Putha_Hiunchuli" title="Putha Hiunchuli">Mount Putha I</a> </td> <td>7,246 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Rukum_District" title="Eastern Rukum District">Eastern Rukum District</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dhaulagiri" title="Dhaulagiri">Dhaulagiri Range</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest_mountains_on_Earth" title="List of highest mountains on Earth">95th highest</a> in the world. <p>Date of first ascent: 1954 AD </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Putha_Hiunchuli" title="Putha Hiunchuli">Mount Putha II</a> (Putha shoulder) </td> <td>6,598 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Rukum_District" title="Eastern Rukum District">Eastern Rukum District</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dhaulagiri" title="Dhaulagiri">Dhaulagiri Range</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td>Mount Dogari (South) </td> <td>6,315 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Rukum_District" title="Eastern Rukum District">Eastern Rukum District</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dhaulagiri" title="Dhaulagiri">Dhaulagiri Range</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td>Mount Samjang </td> <td>5,924 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Rukum_District" title="Eastern Rukum District">Eastern Rukum District</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dhaulagiri" title="Dhaulagiri">Dhaulagiri Range</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td>Hiunchuli Patan </td> <td>5,916 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Rukum_District" title="Eastern Rukum District">Eastern Rukum District</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dhaulagiri" title="Dhaulagiri">Dhaulagiri Range</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td>Mount Nimku </td> <td>5,864 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Rukum_District" title="Eastern Rukum District">Eastern Rukum District</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dhaulagiri" title="Dhaulagiri">Dhaulagiri Range</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td>Mount Sisne II </td> <td>5,854 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Rukum_District" title="Eastern Rukum District">Eastern Rukum District</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dhaulagiri" title="Dhaulagiri">Dhaulagiri Range</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td>Mount Sisne I </td> <td>5,849 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Rukum_District" title="Eastern Rukum District">Eastern Rukum District</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dhaulagiri" title="Dhaulagiri">Dhaulagiri Range</a> </td> <td>Date of first ascent: <p>26 May 2021 AD<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A recent 2023 study in the highland community areas of the Himalayan region in Eastern Rukum has shown their disproportionate impact to <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> crisis, such as changes in rainfall patterns, droughts, unpredictable seasonal changes and absence of snow.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The direct impacts are being felt more severely by pastoral communities due to depleting grasslands. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_in_Nepal" title="United Nations Mission in Nepal">UN Mission in Nepal</a> (UNMIN) is operational in eastern Rukum, and is a development partner in areas such as climate vulnerability, sustainable environmental and economical development, among others.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protected_areas">Protected areas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumbini_Province&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Protected areas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gharial_(Gavialis_gangeticus)_female_and_juvenile.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Gharial_%28Gavialis_gangeticus%29_female_and_juvenile.jpg/267px-Gharial_%28Gavialis_gangeticus%29_female_and_juvenile.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Gharial_%28Gavialis_gangeticus%29_female_and_juvenile.jpg/401px-Gharial_%28Gavialis_gangeticus%29_female_and_juvenile.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Gharial_%28Gavialis_gangeticus%29_female_and_juvenile.jpg/534px-Gharial_%28Gavialis_gangeticus%29_female_and_juvenile.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5752" data-file-height="2416" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gharial" title="Gharial">Gharials</a> (Gavialis gangeticus) sun basking in <a href="/wiki/Bardiya_National_Park" title="Bardiya National Park">Bardiya National Park</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Three regions of the province have been designated as protected; two national parks in the <a href="/wiki/Terai" title="Terai">Terai</a> lowlands of <a href="/wiki/Banke_District" title="Banke District">Banke</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bardiya_District" title="Bardiya District">Bardiya</a> - namely <a href="/wiki/Banke_National_Park" title="Banke National Park">Banke National Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bardiya_National_Park" title="Bardiya National Park">Bardiya National Park</a> which constitute the Tiger Conservation Unit of Nepal and a hunting reserve in the north of the province called <a href="/wiki/Dhorpatan_Hunting_Reserve" title="Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve">Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve</a> in <a href="/wiki/East_Rukum_District" class="mw-redirect" title="East Rukum District">Eastern Rukum</a> which is the only hunting reserve in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lakes_and_Rivers">Lakes and Rivers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumbini_Province&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Lakes and Rivers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With a multi-altitudinal variation in regional landscape stretching from high mountains in the north, to the hills in the middle and to the plains of the south; Lumbini province has 97 lakes with the plains of <a href="/wiki/Terai" title="Terai">Terai</a> constituting 92% of all the lakes of the province. The hilly and the mountain region constitute 6% and 2% of all the lakes respectively. District-wise, <a href="/wiki/Rupandehi_District" title="Rupandehi District">Rupandehi</a> has 28 lakes making it the district with the largest number of lakes of the province; followed by <a href="/wiki/Kapilvastu_District" title="Kapilvastu District">Kapilvastu</a> (24), <a href="/wiki/Parasi_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasi District">Parasi</a> (21), <a href="/wiki/Dang_District,_Nepal" title="Dang District, Nepal">Dang</a> (8), <a href="/wiki/Banke_District" title="Banke District">Banke</a> (4), <a href="/wiki/Bardiya_District" title="Bardiya District">Bardiya</a> (3), <a href="/wiki/Arghakhanchi_District" title="Arghakhanchi District">Arghakhanchi</a> (2), <a href="/wiki/Palpa_District" title="Palpa District">Palpa</a> (2),<a href="/wiki/Pyuthan_District" title="Pyuthan District">Pyuthan</a> (2), <a href="/wiki/East_Rukum_District" class="mw-redirect" title="East Rukum District">Eastern Rukum</a> (2) and <a href="/wiki/Rolpa_District" title="Rolpa District">Rolpa</a> (2).<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the most popular lakes of the province are <a href="/wiki/Barhakune_Daha" title="Barhakune Daha">Bahrakune</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jakhera_Tal" title="Jakhera Tal">Jakhera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gajedi_Taal" title="Gajedi Taal">Gajedi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taalpokhara" title="Taalpokhara">Taalpokhara</a>. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Babai_River_07.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Babai_River_07.jpg/270px-Babai_River_07.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Babai_River_07.jpg/405px-Babai_River_07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Babai_River_07.jpg/540px-Babai_River_07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Babai_River" title="Babai River">Babai River</a> of Lumbini Province is a site of <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a> <a href="/wiki/Hand_axe" title="Hand axe">Hand axes</a>, dated (1.8 million to 100,000 years ago)</figcaption></figure> <p>One of the five sacred rivers of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, the ancient Airavati river now known as the <a href="/wiki/West_Rapti_River" title="West Rapti River">West Rapti River</a>, has its drainage source in the lesser Himalayas of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Rukum_District" title="Eastern Rukum District">Eastern Rukum</a> in the north of the province.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The river flows traversing the districts of <a href="/wiki/East_Rukum_District" class="mw-redirect" title="East Rukum District">Eastern Rukum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rolpa_District" title="Rolpa District">Rolpa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arghakhanchi_District" title="Arghakhanchi District">Arghakhanchi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyuthan_District" title="Pyuthan District">Pyuthan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dang_District,_Nepal" title="Dang District, Nepal">Dang</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Banke_District" title="Banke District">Banke</a>. The river then flows to the <a href="/wiki/Sravasti" class="mw-redirect" title="Sravasti">Sravasti</a> district of <a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">Indian State</a> of <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a> - one of the ancient and most sacred city of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> where <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a> spent most of his life after enlightenment.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Rohni_River" title="Rohni River">Rohini River</a>, one of the prominent river flowing through <a href="/wiki/Kapilvastu_District" title="Kapilvastu District">Kapilvastu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rupandehi_District" title="Rupandehi District">Rupandehi</a>, is a left tributary of the <a href="/wiki/West_Rapti_River" title="West Rapti River">West Rapti River</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gandaki_River" title="Gandaki River">Gandaki River</a>, on the north-east, marks the boundary of Lumbini province with <a href="/wiki/Gandaki_Province" title="Gandaki Province">Gandaki Province</a>. </p><p>Another river called <a href="/wiki/Babai_River" title="Babai River">Babai River</a> draining the inner Terai of <a href="/wiki/Dang_District,_Nepal" title="Dang District, Nepal">Dang Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salyan_District,_Nepal" title="Salyan District, Nepal">Salyan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bardiya_District" title="Bardiya District">Bardiya</a> remains a river of particular international archeological interest. The discovery of ancient <a href="/wiki/Hand_axe" title="Hand axe">Hand axes</a> and other artifacts on the deposits along the river in <a href="/wiki/Dang_District,_Nepal" title="Dang District, Nepal">Dang Valley</a> have marked the region as prehistoric. The artifacts have been dated to early <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a> (1.8 million to 100,000 years ago) and are classified as <a href="/wiki/Acheulean" title="Acheulean">Acheulean</a> or second-generation tools that succeed the oldest <a href="/wiki/Olduwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Olduwan">Olduwan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumbini_Province&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2021 Lumbini had a census population of 5,122,078 with 1,141,902 households.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnicity">Ethnicity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumbini_Province&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Ethnicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The province is very ethnically diverse. The largest group is the <a href="/wiki/Magars" title="Magars">Magar</a> with 14.58% of the population. The second largest is <a href="/wiki/Tharu_people" title="Tharu people">Tharu</a> with 14.30%. The <a href="/wiki/Khas" class="mw-redirect" title="Khas">Khas</a>/<a href="/wiki/Chhetri" title="Chhetri">Chhetri</a> (14.24%), <a href="/wiki/Bahun" title="Bahun">Hill Brahmin</a> (11.27%), <a href="/wiki/Kami_(caste)" title="Kami (caste)">Kami</a> (6.01%), <a href="/wiki/Damai" title="Damai">Damai</a> (1.93%), <a href="/wiki/Kurmi" title="Kurmi">Kurmi</a>(1.73%), <a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Muslims" title="Nepalese Muslims">Musalman</a> (6.93%), <a href="/wiki/Yadav" title="Yadav">Yadav</a> (4.01%), <a href="/wiki/Chamar" title="Chamar">Chamar</a> (2.01%), 1.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:whiteyellow; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 12.696777513935px; border-left-color:darkblue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:darkblue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:darkblue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 1.7594734150939px; border-left-color:lavender"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:lavender"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:lavender"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:99.463081199143px 10.348694525042px 0 0; border-top-color:hotpink"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:hotpink"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:97.367446884726px 22.794303831221px 0 0; border-top-color:skyblue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:skyblue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:88.610652730061px 46.348163100089px 0 0; border-top-color:black"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:black"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:65.278619607158px 75.754219830871px 0 0; border-top-color:green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:green"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:27.234742186543px 96.219898243724px 0 0; border-top-color:orange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:orange"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 216.73765366717px 100px 0; border-right-color:red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:red"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 24.873486083626px 100px 0; border-right-color:darkgreen"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:darkgreen"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:20.677417580356px; border-width:0 0 79.322582419644px 60.892757519091px; border-bottom-color:brown"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Ethnicities/castes of Lumbini </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:brown; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Magars" title="Magars">Magar</a> (14.58%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:darkgreen; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Tharu_people" title="Tharu people">Tharu</a> (14.30%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:red; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Chhetri" title="Chhetri">Chhetri</a> (14.24%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:orange; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Bahun" title="Bahun">Hill Brahmin</a> (11.27%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:green; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Muslims" title="Nepalese Muslims">Musalman</a> (6.93%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:black; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Kami_(caste)" title="Kami (caste)">Kami</a> (6.01%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:skyblue; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Yadav" title="Yadav">Yadav</a> (4.01%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:hotpink; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Chamar" title="Chamar">Chamar</a> (2.01%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:lavender; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Damai" title="Damai">Damai</a> (1.93%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:darkblue; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Kurmi" title="Kurmi">Kurmi</a> (1.73%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:whiteyellow; color:;"> </span> Others (23.00%)</div> </div> </div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumbini_Province&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> The majority of population in the province practices <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, followed by <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>. Among these, almost 90% of the people identify themselves as Hindus and 7% identify themselves as Muslims, 3% as Buddhists and 1% as Christians. Often cited as an example of social harmony, the majority population of Hindus and Muslims of <a href="/wiki/Lumbini" title="Lumbini">Lumbini</a> and the surrounding villages have safeguarded and promoted the Buddhist heritage sites together in unison.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:Black; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 7957.3282711643px; border-left-color:Blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Blue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 1323.7769652808px; border-left-color:Yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Yellow"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 361.07774271147px; border-left-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Green"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 117.83254560581px; border-left-color:Orange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Orange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Orange"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Religion in Lumbini </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Orange; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Nepal" title="Hinduism in Nepal">Hinduism</a> (88.8%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Green; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Nepal" title="Islam in Nepal">Islam</a> (6.9%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Yellow; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Nepal" title="Buddhism in Nepal">Buddhism</a> (3.1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Blue; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Nepal" title="Christianity in Nepal">Christianity</a> (1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Black; color:white;"> </span> Other or <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Nepal" title="Irreligion in Nepal">not religious</a> (0.3%)</div> </div> </div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumbini_Province&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Lumbini_Province&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Languages of Lumbini Province (page does not exist)">Languages of Lumbini Province</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a> is the most spoken language of the province, but is also a home to <a href="/wiki/Tharu_people" title="Tharu people">Tharu</a> community and '<a href="/wiki/Tharu_languages" title="Tharu languages">Tharu language</a>' with 600,000 speakers. The province also has many speakers of <a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_language" title="Bhojpuri language">Bhojpuri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Awadhi_language" title="Awadhi language">Awadhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magar_language" title="Magar language">Magar</a> languages.<sup id="cite_ref-NepalMap_profile:_Province_No._5_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NepalMap_profile:_Province_No._5-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Language_Commission_(Nepal)" title="Language Commission (Nepal)">Language Commission of Nepal</a> has recommended <a href="/wiki/Tharu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tharu language">Tharu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Awadhi_language" title="Awadhi language">Awadhi</a> as official language in the province. The commission has also recommended <a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_language" title="Bhojpuri language">Bhojpuri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magar_language" title="Magar language">Magar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maithili_language" title="Maithili language">Maithili</a> to be additional official languages, for specific regions and purposes in the province.<sup id="cite_ref-langcomreport_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-langcomreport-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Languages of Lumbini (2011)<sup id="cite_ref-NepalMap_profile:_Province_No._5_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NepalMap_profile:_Province_No._5-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Languages </th> <th>Percentage Speakers </th> <th>Number of Speakers </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a> </td> <td>50.09% </td> <td>2,273,980 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tharu_languages" title="Tharu languages">Tharu</a> </td> <td>13.3% </td> <td>595,304 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_language" title="Bhojpuri language">Bhojpuri</a> </td> <td>11.4% </td> <td>508,630 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Awadhi_language" title="Awadhi language">Awadhi</a> </td> <td>11.2% </td> <td>497,701 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> </td> <td>5.1% </td> <td>228,371 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Magar_language" title="Magar language">Magar</a> </td> <td>4.6% </td> <td>204,034 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Maithili_language" title="Maithili language">Maithili</a> </td> <td>1.2% </td> <td>54,135 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Newar_language" title="Newar language">Nepal Bhasa</a> </td> <td>0.6% </td> <td>27,413 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gurung_language" title="Gurung language">Gurung</a> </td> <td>0.4% </td> <td>19,520 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other </td> <td>1.3% </td> <td>56,097 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administrative_subdivisions">Administrative subdivisions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumbini_Province&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Administrative subdivisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Districts of Nepal">Districts of Nepal</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Nepal" title="List of cities in Nepal">List of cities in Nepal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_gaupalikas_of_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="List of gaupalikas of Nepal">List of gaupalikas of Nepal</a></div><p> There is a total of 109 local administrative units in the province which include four sub-metropolitan cities, 32 urban municipalities, and 73 rural municipalities.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Districts_of_Lumbini.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Districts_of_Lumbini.png/258px-Districts_of_Lumbini.png" decoding="async" width="258" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Districts_of_Lumbini.png/387px-Districts_of_Lumbini.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Districts_of_Lumbini.png/516px-Districts_of_Lumbini.png 2x" data-file-width="1618" data-file-height="896" /></a><figcaption>Districts of Lumbini</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Districts">Districts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumbini_Province&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Districts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Districts_of_Lumbini" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Districts of Lumbini">List of Districts of Lumbini</a></div> <p>Districts in Nepal are the second level of administrative divisions after <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Nepal" title="Provinces of Nepal">provinces</a>. Lumbini Province is divided into 12 districts, which are listed below. A district is administered by the head of the <a href="/wiki/District_Coordination_Committee" title="District Coordination Committee">District Coordination Committee</a> and the District Administration Officer. The districts are further divided into municipalities or rural municipalities. </p><p>After the state's reconstruction of administrative divisions, <a href="/wiki/Nawalparasi_District" title="Nawalparasi District">Nawalparasi District</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rukum_District" title="Rukum District">Rukum District</a> were divided into <a href="/wiki/Parasi_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasi District">Parasi District</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nawalpur_District" title="Nawalpur District">Nawalpur District</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Rukum_District" title="Eastern Rukum District">Eastern Rukum District</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Rukum_District" title="Western Rukum District">Western Rukum District</a> respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto;"> <caption>Districts of Lumbini Province </caption> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <th>Districts </th> <th>Nepali </th> <th>Headquarters </th> <th>Area (km<sup>2</sup>.) </th> <th>Population (2011)<sup id="cite_ref-cbs_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbs-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Official Website </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kapilvastu_District" title="Kapilvastu District">Kapilvastu District</a> </td> <td>कपिलवस्तु जिल्ला </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Taulihawa,_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Taulihawa, Nepal">Taulihawa</a> </td> <td align="right">1,738 </td> <td align="right">571,936 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.ddckapilvastu.gov.np">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Parasi_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasi District">Parasi District</a> </td> <td>परासी जिल्ला </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ramgram,_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramgram, Nepal">Ramgram</a> </td> <td align="right">634.88 </td> <td align="right">321,058 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.ddcnawalparasi.gov.np">[2]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rupandehi_District" title="Rupandehi District">Rupandehi District</a> </td> <td>रुपन्देही जिल्ला </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Siddharthanagar" title="Siddharthanagar">Siddharthanagar</a> </td> <td align="right">1,360 </td> <td align="right">880,196 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.ddcrupandehi.gov.np">[3]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arghakhanchi_District" title="Arghakhanchi District">Arghakhanchi District</a> </td> <td>अर्घाखाँची जिल्ला </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sandhikharka" title="Sandhikharka">Sandhikharka</a> </td> <td align="right">1,193 </td> <td align="right">197,632 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.ddcarghakhanchi.gov.np">[4]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gulmi_District" title="Gulmi District">Gulmi District</a> </td> <td>गुल्मी जिल्ला </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tamghas" title="Tamghas">Tamghas</a> </td> <td align="right">1,149 </td> <td align="right">280,160 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.ddcgulmi.gov.np">[5]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Palpa_District" title="Palpa District">Palpa District</a> </td> <td>पाल्पा जिल्ला </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tansen,_Nepal" title="Tansen, Nepal">Tansen</a> </td> <td align="right">1,373 </td> <td align="right">261,180 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.ddcpalpa.gov.np">[6]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dang_District,_Nepal" title="Dang District, Nepal">Dang District</a> </td> <td>दाङ देउखुरी जिल्ला </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ghorahi" title="Ghorahi">Ghorahi</a> </td> <td align="right">2,955 </td> <td align="right">552,583 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.ddcdang.gov.np">[7]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pyuthan_District" title="Pyuthan District">Pyuthan District</a> </td> <td>प्युठान जिल्ला </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pyuthan_Municipality" title="Pyuthan Municipality">Pyuthan</a> </td> <td align="right">1,309 </td> <td align="right">228,102 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.ddcpyuthan.gov.np">[8]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rolpa_District" title="Rolpa District">Rolpa District</a> </td> <td>रोल्पा जिल्ला </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Liwang,_Rolpa" title="Liwang, Rolpa">Liwang</a> </td> <td align="right">1,879 </td> <td align="right">224,506 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.ddcrolpa.gov.np">[9]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/East_Rukum_District" class="mw-redirect" title="East Rukum District">Eastern Rukum District</a> </td> <td>पूर्वी रूकुम जिल्ला </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rukumkot" title="Rukumkot">Rukumkot</a> </td> <td align="right">1,161.13 </td> <td align="right">53,018 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.ddcrukum.gov.np">[10]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Banke_District" title="Banke District">Banke District</a> </td> <td>बाँके जिल्ला </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nepalgunj" title="Nepalgunj">Nepalganj</a> </td> <td align="right">2,337 </td> <td align="right">491,313 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.ddcbanke.gov.np">[11]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bardiya_District" title="Bardiya District">Bardiya District</a> </td> <td>बर्दिया जिल्ला </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gulariya_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulariya Nepal">Gulariya</a> </td> <td align="right">2,025 </td> <td align="right">426,576 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.ddcbardiya.gov.np">[12]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><b>Lumbini Province</b> </th> <th><b>लुम्बिनी प्रदेश</b> </th> <th><b><a href="/wiki/Deukhuri" title="Deukhuri">Deukhuri</a></b> </th> <th><b>22,288 km<sup>2</sup></b> </th> <th><b>4,499,272</b> </th> <th><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.p5.gov.np">[13]</a> </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Municipality">Municipality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumbini_Province&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Municipality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cities and villages are governed by municipalities in <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>. A district may have one or more municipalities. Lumbini has two types of municipalities. </p> <ol><li>Urban Municipality <i><span style="font-size:85%;">(Urban Municipality has three levels):</span></i> <ol><li>Metropolitan city (<i>Mahanagarpalika</i>)</li> <li>Sub-metropolitan city (<i>Upa-mahanagarpalika</i>) and</li> <li>Municipality (<i>Nagarpalika</i>)</li></ol></li> <li>Rural Municipality (<a href="/wiki/Gaunpalika" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaunpalika">Gaunpalika</a>)</li></ol> <p>The government of Nepal has set out a minimum criteria to meet city and towns. These criteria include a certain population, infrastructure and revenues. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> </p> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><div style="float:left; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;"><span style="font-size:110%;">Largest cities or towns in Lumbini Province</span><br /><div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;">Central Bureau of Statistics <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://cbs.gov.np/image/data/2017/Population_Ward_Level_753_Local_Unit.pdf">[14]</a></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>Rank </th> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Nepal" title="List of districts of Nepal">District</a> </th> <th>Pop. </th> <th>Rank </th> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Nepal" title="List of districts of Nepal">District</a> </th> <th>Pop.</th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:World%27s_largest_trident(Trishul).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ghorahi"><img alt="Ghorahi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/World%27s_largest_trident%28Trishul%29.jpg/120px-World%27s_largest_trident%28Trishul%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/World%27s_largest_trident%28Trishul%29.jpg/180px-World%27s_largest_trident%28Trishul%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/World%27s_largest_trident%28Trishul%29.jpg/240px-World%27s_largest_trident%28Trishul%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Ghorahi" title="Ghorahi">Ghorahi</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ghorahi" title="Ghorahi">Ghorahi</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dang_District,_Nepal" title="Dang District, Nepal">Dang</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">156,164</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">11</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Shivaraj_Municipality" title="Shivaraj Municipality">Shivaraj</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kapilvastu_District" title="Kapilvastu District">Kapilvastu</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">66,781 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nepalgunj_skyline.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nepalgunj"><img alt="Nepalgunj" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Nepalgunj_skyline.jpg/120px-Nepalgunj_skyline.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Nepalgunj_skyline.jpg/180px-Nepalgunj_skyline.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Nepalgunj_skyline.jpg/240px-Nepalgunj_skyline.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3228" data-file-height="1681" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Nepalgunj" title="Nepalgunj">Nepalgunj</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Evening_View_of_Butwal_from_Nuwakot.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Butwal"><img alt="Butwal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Evening_View_of_Butwal_from_Nuwakot.jpg/120px-Evening_View_of_Butwal_from_Nuwakot.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Evening_View_of_Butwal_from_Nuwakot.jpg/180px-Evening_View_of_Butwal_from_Nuwakot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Evening_View_of_Butwal_from_Nuwakot.jpg/240px-Evening_View_of_Butwal_from_Nuwakot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6240" data-file-height="4160" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Butwal" title="Butwal">Butwal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tulsipur,_Dang" title="Tulsipur, Dang">Tulsipur</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dang_District,_Nepal" title="Dang District, Nepal">Dang</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">141,528</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">12</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Gulariya" title="Gulariya">Gulariya</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bardiya_District" title="Bardiya District">Bardiya</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">66,679 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nepalgunj" title="Nepalgunj">Nepalgunj</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Banke_District" title="Banke District">Banke</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">138,951</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">13</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Buddhabhumi" title="Buddhabhumi">Buddhabhumi</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kapilvastu_District" title="Kapilvastu District">Kapilvastu</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">64,949 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Butwal" title="Butwal">Butwal</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Rupandehi_District" title="Rupandehi District">Rupandehi</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">138,741</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">14</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Siddharthanagar" title="Siddharthanagar">Siddharthanagar</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Rupandehi_District" title="Rupandehi District">Rupandehi</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">63,483 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tilottama,_Rupandehi" title="Tilottama, Rupandehi">Tilottama</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Rupandehi_District" title="Rupandehi District">Rupandehi</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">100,149</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">15</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Krishnanagar,_Nepal" title="Krishnanagar, Nepal">Krishnanagar</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kapilvastu_District" title="Kapilvastu District">Kapilvastu</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">65,602 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kapilvastu_Municipality" title="Kapilvastu Municipality">Kapilvastu</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kapilvastu_District" title="Kapilvastu District">Kapilvastu</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">76,394</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">16</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Rajapur,_Nepal" title="Rajapur, Nepal">Rajapur</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bardiya_District" title="Bardiya District">Bardiya</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">59,553 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Banganga,_Nepal" title="Banganga, Nepal">Banganga</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kapilvastu_District" title="Kapilvastu District">Kapilvastu</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">75,242</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">17</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ramgram,_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramgram, Nepal">Ramgram</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Parasi_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasi District">Parasi</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">59,455 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Lumbini_Sanskritik" title="Lumbini Sanskritik">Lumbini Sanskritik</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Rupandehi_District" title="Rupandehi District">Rupandehi</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">72,497</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">18</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bansgadhi" title="Bansgadhi">Bansgadhi</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bardiya_District" title="Bardiya District">Bardiya</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">55,875 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kohalpur" title="Kohalpur">Kohalpur</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Banke_District" title="Banke District">Banke</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">70,647</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">19</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sainamaina" title="Sainamaina">Sainamaina</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Rupandehi_District" title="Rupandehi District">Rupandehi</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">55,822 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Barbardiya" title="Barbardiya">Barbardiya</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bardiya_District" title="Bardiya District">Bardiya</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">68,012</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">20</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sunwal" title="Sunwal">Sunwal</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Parasi_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasi District">Parasi</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">55,424 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumbini_Province&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Provincial_governments_of_Nepal" title="Provincial governments of Nepal">Provincial governments of Nepal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dilli_Bahadur_Chaudhary_cabinet" title="Dilli Bahadur Chaudhary cabinet"> Cabinet of Lumbini Province</a></div> <p>The Governor acts as the head of the province, while the Chief Minister is the head of the provincial government. The Chief Judge of the Tulsipur High Court is the head of the judiciary.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Speaker of the Assembly is Purna Bahadur Gharti.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Umakanta Jha is the first Governor of Lumbini Province.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Current Governor Dharma Nath Yadav was appointed on 4 November 2019 by the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Nepal" title="President of Nepal">President of Nepal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Provincial_Assembly">Provincial Assembly</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumbini_Province&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Provincial Assembly"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Provincial_Assembly_of_Lumbini_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Provincial Assembly of Lumbini Province">Provincial Assembly of Lumbini Province</a></div><p>Lumbini provincial assembly is the <a href="/wiki/Unicameral" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicameral">unicameral</a> <a href="/wiki/Legislative_assembly" title="Legislative assembly">legislative assembly</a> consisting of 87 members. Candidates for each <a href="/wiki/Constituency" class="mw-redirect" title="Constituency">constituency</a> are chosen by the <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Nepal" title="List of political parties in Nepal">political parties</a> or stand as independents. Each constituency elects one member under the <a href="/wiki/First_past_the_post" class="mw-redirect" title="First past the post">first past the post</a> (FPTP) system of election. The current constitution specifies that sixty percent of the members should be elected from the <a href="/wiki/First_past_the_post" class="mw-redirect" title="First past the post">first past the post</a> system and forty percent through the <a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">party-list proportional representation</a> (PR) system. Women should account for one-third of total members elected from each party. If one-third percentage are not elected, the party that fails to ensure so shall have to elect one-third of the total number as women through the <a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">party-list proportional representation</a>. </p><table class="wikitable" style="text-align:left"> <caption><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Nepal_Lumbini_ProvincialAssembly_2022.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Nepal_Lumbini_ProvincialAssembly_2022.svg/229px-Nepal_Lumbini_ProvincialAssembly_2022.svg.png" decoding="async" width="229" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Nepal_Lumbini_ProvincialAssembly_2022.svg/344px-Nepal_Lumbini_ProvincialAssembly_2022.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Nepal_Lumbini_ProvincialAssembly_2022.svg/458px-Nepal_Lumbini_ProvincialAssembly_2022.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Party </th> <th>Parliamentary party leader </th> <th>Seats<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#DC241F"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/CPN_(UML)" class="mw-redirect" title="CPN (UML)">CPN (UML)</a> </td> <td>Lila Giri </td> <td>29 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="green"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nepali_Congress" title="Nepali Congress">Nepali Congress</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dilli_Bahadur_Chaudhary" title="Dilli Bahadur Chaudhary">Dilli Bahadur Chaudhary</a> </td> <td>27 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#8B0000"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/CPN_(Maoist_Centre)" class="mw-redirect" title="CPN (Maoist Centre)">CPN (Maoist Centre)</a> </td> <td>Jokh Bahadur Mahara </td> <td>10 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#8FBC8F"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nagrik_Unmukti_Party" title="Nagrik Unmukti Party">Nagrik Unmukti Party</a> </td> <td>Dharma Bahadur Chaudhary </td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="gold"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rastriya_Prajatantra_Party" title="Rastriya Prajatantra Party">Rastriya Prajatantra Party</a> </td> <td>Ashish Kumar Chaudhary </td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#fe0000"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Janamat_Party" title="Janamat Party">Janamat Party</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chandrakesh_Gupta" title="Chandrakesh Gupta">Chandrakesh Gupta</a> </td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#c7f884"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Loktantrik_Samajwadi_Party,_Nepal" title="Loktantrik Samajwadi Party, Nepal">Loktantrik Samajwadi Party</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Santosh_Kumar_Pandeya" title="Santosh Kumar Pandeya">Santosh Kumar Pandeya</a> </td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#FFC0CB"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Party,_Nepal_(2020)" title="People's Socialist Party, Nepal (2020)">People's Socialist Party</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#f4230c"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/CPN_(Unified_Socialist)" class="mw-redirect" title="CPN (Unified Socialist)">CPN (Unified Socialist)</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="firebrick"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rastriya_Janamorcha" title="Rastriya Janamorcha">Rastriya Janamorcha</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#DCDCDC"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Total </th> <th>87 </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumbini_Province&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Evening_View_of_Butwal_from_Nuwakot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Butwal is major financial city of Lumbini." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Evening_View_of_Butwal_from_Nuwakot.jpg/269px-Evening_View_of_Butwal_from_Nuwakot.jpg" decoding="async" width="269" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Evening_View_of_Butwal_from_Nuwakot.jpg/404px-Evening_View_of_Butwal_from_Nuwakot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Evening_View_of_Butwal_from_Nuwakot.jpg/538px-Evening_View_of_Butwal_from_Nuwakot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6240" data-file-height="4160" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Butwal" title="Butwal">Butwal</a> is considered the financial capital of Lumbini.</figcaption></figure> <p>As of 2021, Lumbini Province is the 2nd fastest growing province in Nepal after <a href="/wiki/Bagmati_Province" title="Bagmati Province">Bagmati Province</a> and is third out of the <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Nepal" title="Provinces of Nepal">seven provinces</a> in terms of its contribution to the <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> (14% as of 2021).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two major custom points of Nepal, <a href="/wiki/Nepalgunj" title="Nepalgunj">Nepalganj</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siddharthanagar" title="Siddharthanagar">Siddharthanagar</a> (Bhairahawa) are situated in the south of the province, and are major transit zones of trade and transport through India.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rapidly expanding cities in Lumbini province, <a href="/wiki/Butwal" title="Butwal">Butwal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siddharthanagar" title="Siddharthanagar">Siddharthanagar</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rupandehi_District" title="Rupandehi District">Rupandehi District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghorahi" title="Ghorahi">Ghorahi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tulsipur,_Dang" title="Tulsipur, Dang">Tulsipur</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dang_District,_Nepal" title="Dang District, Nepal">Dang District</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nepalgunj" title="Nepalgunj">Nepalgunj</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kohalpur" title="Kohalpur">Kohalpur</a> in <a href="/wiki/Banke_District" title="Banke District">Banke District</a> are major industrial centers.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ranking 2nd in the number of banks and financial institutions in Nepal after <a href="/wiki/Bagmati_Province" title="Bagmati Province">Bagmati Province</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-:4_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> several projects have been launched in the province to boost economic growth. Construction of the <a href="/wiki/Gautam_Buddha_Airport" title="Gautam Buddha Airport">Gautam Buddha International Airport</a>, upgrade of the <a href="/wiki/Nepalgunj_Airport" title="Nepalgunj Airport">Nepalgunj Airport</a> into an international airport as per the 20-years master plan, establishment of industrial units in <a href="/wiki/Special_economic_zone" title="Special economic zone">Special economic zone</a>, and the opening of new hotels are expected to spur further economic growth in the province.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The national pride projects which have been initiated in the province include:<sup id="cite_ref-:4_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>National Pride Projects in Lumbini Province </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Project </th> <th>Investment (NPR) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sikta_Irrigation_Project" title="Sikta Irrigation Project">Sikta Irrigation Project</a> </td> <td>25.2 Billion </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Babai_Irrigation_Project" title="Babai Irrigation Project">Babai Irrigation Project</a> </td> <td>18 Billion </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bheri_Babai_Diversion_Multipurpose_Project" title="Bheri Babai Diversion Multipurpose Project">Bheri-Babai Diversion Multipurpose Project</a> (including Karnali Province) </td> <td>33 Billion </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gautam_Buddha_Airport" title="Gautam Buddha Airport">Gautam Buddha International Airport</a> </td> <td>6 Billion </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lumbini_Development_Trust" title="Lumbini Development Trust">Lumbini Development Trust</a> </td> <td>7.5 Billion </td></tr> <tr> <td>Electricity Transmission Project (including Bagmati Province) </td> <td>61 Billion </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Karnali_Highway" title="Karnali Highway">North-South (Karnali) Highway</a> (including Karnali Province) </td> <td>4.1 Billion </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumbini_Province&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Agriculture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The province has both <a href="/wiki/Temperate_climate" title="Temperate climate">temperate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tropical_climate" title="Tropical climate">tropical</a> climates and is diverse in terms of agriculture crop production potentialities. The province is best suited for agriculture production with five core terai districts, one inner terai, and 6 other hill districts. The land is very fertile and a good source of irrigation prevails. <a href="/wiki/Sikta_Irrigation_Project" title="Sikta Irrigation Project">Sikta Irrigation Project</a> and <a href="/wiki/Babai_Irrigation_Project" title="Babai Irrigation Project">Babai Diversion and Irrigation project</a> have benefited the agricultural production. The major crops are paddy, mustard, wheat, maize, sugarcane, vegetables, potato, lentils and cotton.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lumbini is self-sufficient in milk, cereal crops and pulses. </p> <div style="display:inline-block;border-style: solid;padding: 3px;border-color: green;border-width: 2px;background-color: white;color: black;margin: 3px;float: left;">The total land used for agriculture in Lumbini is 889,219 hectares. Land Holding for agriculture in the province is 484,678 hectares.</div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto;"> <caption>Agriculture land use area in Lumbini<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Land use </th> <th>Percentage </th> <th>Area (Hectares) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arable_land" title="Arable land">Arable land</a> </td> <td>45.5% </td> <td>404,541 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/knowledge4policy/glossary/temporary-crops_en#:~:text=Crops%20are%20divided%20into%20temporary,year%2C%20sometimes%20more%20than%20once.">Temporary Crops</a> </td> <td>44.9% </td> <td>398,849 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Permanent_crop" title="Permanent crop">Permanent crops</a> </td> <td>5% </td> <td>44,388 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Woodland" title="Woodland">Woodland</a>/<a href="/wiki/Forest" title="Forest">Forest</a> </td> <td>0.9% </td> <td>8,343 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Meadow" title="Meadow">Meadows</a>/<a href="/wiki/Pasture" title="Pasture">Pasture</a> </td> <td>0.6% </td> <td>5,561 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fallow" title="Fallow">Temporary Fallow</a> </td> <td>0.5% </td> <td>4,389 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Meadow" title="Meadow">Temporary Meadows</a> </td> <td>0.2% </td> <td>1,303 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pond" title="Pond">Pondes</a> </td> <td>0.1% </td> <td>828 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other </td> <td>2.4% </td> <td>21,017 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industry">Industry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumbini_Province&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lumbini province ranks 2nd in the country after <a href="/wiki/Bagmati_Province" title="Bagmati Province">Bagmati Province</a> in the share of small, cottage and micro-level industries numbering 81,164 that create an estimated 493,686 employment.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The province also ranks 2nd nationally, after Bagmati, in the share of manufacturing industry output.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2021, there were 16,549 registered companies in the province. In 2022, <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Electronics" title="Samsung Electronics">Samsung Electronics</a> inaugurated a television assembly plant in <a href="/wiki/Parasi_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasi District">Nawalparasi.</a><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Making the country self-sufficient in cement, Lumbini has the largest number of cement industries and constitutes 75% of total national production.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samsung_Electronics_logo_(english).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Samsung_Electronics_logo_%28english%29.svg/156px-Samsung_Electronics_logo_%28english%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="156" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Samsung_Electronics_logo_%28english%29.svg/234px-Samsung_Electronics_logo_%28english%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Samsung_Electronics_logo_%28english%29.svg/312px-Samsung_Electronics_logo_%28english%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="385" data-file-height="102" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Samsung_Electronics" title="Samsung Electronics">Samsung Electronics</a> has television assembly plant in Lumbini province</figcaption></figure> <p>Two of the prime industrial estates of Nepal in Lumbini Province - Nepalgunj industrial estate (district), the oldest industrial estate of the province, was established in 1973 AD and Butwal industrial estate was established in 1975 AD. Combined, the two industrial estates have about a hundred industries in the zone and are a significant source of revenue of the country. Post-promulgation of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Nepal" title="Constitution of Nepal">Constitution of Nepal</a> in 2015, further industrial estates were declared in the province by the Council of Ministers of the Government of Nepal: Motipur industrial estate in <a href="/wiki/Rupandehi_District" title="Rupandehi District">Rupandehi</a> and Naubasta industrial estate in <a href="/wiki/Banke_District" title="Banke District">Banke</a> districts.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, Dang industrial estate has been declared in <a href="/wiki/Dang_Deukhuri_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Dang Deukhuri District">Dang</a> district.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, tourism industry is a massively growing industry in Lumbini province, welcoming the largest numbers of tourists in Nepal from about 113 countries worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tourism">Tourism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumbini_Province&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Tourism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Lumbini_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourism in Lumbini Province">Tourism in Lumbini Province</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lumbini">Lumbini</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumbini_Province&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Lumbini"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Lumbini" title="Lumbini">Lumbini</a>, considered one of the holiest place in <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> associated with the <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Buddha</a>'s birth, is a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> and the most visited place in Nepal with 1.5 million tourist arriving annually.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lumbini has a number of older temples, including the <a href="/wiki/Maya_Devi_Temple,_Lumbini" title="Maya Devi Temple, Lumbini">Mayadevi Temple</a> - a site traditionally considered to be the birthplace of the Buddha, and various new temples funded by Buddhist organizations from various countries that have been completed or are still under construction. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BRP_Lumbini_Mayadevi_temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/BRP_Lumbini_Mayadevi_temple.jpg/260px-BRP_Lumbini_Mayadevi_temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/BRP_Lumbini_Mayadevi_temple.jpg/390px-BRP_Lumbini_Mayadevi_temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/BRP_Lumbini_Mayadevi_temple.jpg/520px-BRP_Lumbini_Mayadevi_temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4093" data-file-height="2143" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Maya_Devi_Temple,_Lumbini" title="Maya Devi Temple, Lumbini">Mayadevi Temple</a> marking the <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Buddha</a>'s birthplace</figcaption></figure> <p>The ancient ruins of complex structures have been conserved in the area including the Shakya tank – the remains within the Mayadevi Temple with brick structures and cross-wall system that have been dated from the 3rd century BC, <a href="/wiki/Pillars_of_Ashoka" title="Pillars of Ashoka">Ashoka pillar</a>, excavated remains of Buddhist monasteries of the 3rd century BC to the 5th century AD and the remains of Buddhist stupas (memorial shrines) dated between the 3rd century BC to the 15th century AD.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to the ruins of ancient monasteries, there is a sacred <a href="/wiki/Bodhi_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodhi tree">Bodhi tree</a> and an ancient bathing pond. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:French_monastery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/French_monastery.jpg/257px-French_monastery.jpg" decoding="async" width="257" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/French_monastery.jpg/386px-French_monastery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/French_monastery.jpg/514px-French_monastery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8169" data-file-height="5311" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French</a> monastery in Lumbini complex</figcaption></figure> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Thai_Monastery,_Lumbini.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Royal Thai monastery"><img alt="Royal Thai monastery" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Royal_Thai_Monastery%2C_Lumbini.jpg/120px-Royal_Thai_Monastery%2C_Lumbini.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Royal_Thai_Monastery%2C_Lumbini.jpg/180px-Royal_Thai_Monastery%2C_Lumbini.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Royal_Thai_Monastery%2C_Lumbini.jpg/240px-Royal_Thai_Monastery%2C_Lumbini.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4624" data-file-height="3472" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Royal Thai monastery</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stupa_in_Lumbini.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="South Korean Stupa"><img alt="South Korean Stupa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Stupa_in_Lumbini.jpg/120px-Stupa_in_Lumbini.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Stupa_in_Lumbini.jpg/180px-Stupa_in_Lumbini.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Stupa_in_Lumbini.jpg/240px-Stupa_in_Lumbini.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">South Korean Stupa</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2015-03-16_Lumbini%EF%BC%88Sri_Lanka_temple%EF%BC%89%E3%83%AB%E3%83%B3%E3%83%93%E3%83%8B%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B9%E3%83%AA%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AB%E5%AF%BA_DSCF1296.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sri Lankan Temple"><img alt="Sri Lankan Temple" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/2015-03-16_Lumbini%EF%BC%88Sri_Lanka_temple%EF%BC%89%E3%83%AB%E3%83%B3%E3%83%93%E3%83%8B%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B9%E3%83%AA%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AB%E5%AF%BA_DSCF1296.jpg/120px-2015-03-16_Lumbini%EF%BC%88Sri_Lanka_temple%EF%BC%89%E3%83%AB%E3%83%B3%E3%83%93%E3%83%8B%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B9%E3%83%AA%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AB%E5%AF%BA_DSCF1296.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/2015-03-16_Lumbini%EF%BC%88Sri_Lanka_temple%EF%BC%89%E3%83%AB%E3%83%B3%E3%83%93%E3%83%8B%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B9%E3%83%AA%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AB%E5%AF%BA_DSCF1296.jpg/180px-2015-03-16_Lumbini%EF%BC%88Sri_Lanka_temple%EF%BC%89%E3%83%AB%E3%83%B3%E3%83%93%E3%83%8B%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B9%E3%83%AA%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AB%E5%AF%BA_DSCF1296.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/2015-03-16_Lumbini%EF%BC%88Sri_Lanka_temple%EF%BC%89%E3%83%AB%E3%83%B3%E3%83%93%E3%83%8B%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B9%E3%83%AA%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AB%E5%AF%BA_DSCF1296.jpg/240px-2015-03-16_Lumbini%EF%BC%88Sri_Lanka_temple%EF%BC%89%E3%83%AB%E3%83%B3%E3%83%93%E3%83%8B%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B9%E3%83%AA%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AB%E5%AF%BA_DSCF1296.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sri Lankan Temple</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Garden_of_Field_of_Stupas_(German_Monastery)_-_Lumbini_Development_Zone_-_Lumbini_-_Nepal_(13848651175).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="German monastery"><img alt="German monastery" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Garden_of_Field_of_Stupas_%28German_Monastery%29_-_Lumbini_Development_Zone_-_Lumbini_-_Nepal_%2813848651175%29.jpg/120px-Garden_of_Field_of_Stupas_%28German_Monastery%29_-_Lumbini_Development_Zone_-_Lumbini_-_Nepal_%2813848651175%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Garden_of_Field_of_Stupas_%28German_Monastery%29_-_Lumbini_Development_Zone_-_Lumbini_-_Nepal_%2813848651175%29.jpg/180px-Garden_of_Field_of_Stupas_%28German_Monastery%29_-_Lumbini_Development_Zone_-_Lumbini_-_Nepal_%2813848651175%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Garden_of_Field_of_Stupas_%28German_Monastery%29_-_Lumbini_Development_Zone_-_Lumbini_-_Nepal_%2813848651175%29.jpg/240px-Garden_of_Field_of_Stupas_%28German_Monastery%29_-_Lumbini_Development_Zone_-_Lumbini_-_Nepal_%2813848651175%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">German monastery</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Austrian_monastery_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Austrian monastery"><img alt="Austrian monastery" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Austrian_monastery_2.jpg/120px-Austrian_monastery_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Austrian_monastery_2.jpg/180px-Austrian_monastery_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Austrian_monastery_2.jpg/240px-Austrian_monastery_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8256" data-file-height="5504" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Austrian monastery</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zhong_Hua_Chinese_Buddhist_Monastery,_Lumbini,_Nepal.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chinese Monastery"><img alt="Chinese Monastery" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Zhong_Hua_Chinese_Buddhist_Monastery%2C_Lumbini%2C_Nepal.jpg/120px-Zhong_Hua_Chinese_Buddhist_Monastery%2C_Lumbini%2C_Nepal.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Zhong_Hua_Chinese_Buddhist_Monastery%2C_Lumbini%2C_Nepal.jpg/180px-Zhong_Hua_Chinese_Buddhist_Monastery%2C_Lumbini%2C_Nepal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Zhong_Hua_Chinese_Buddhist_Monastery%2C_Lumbini%2C_Nepal.jpg/240px-Zhong_Hua_Chinese_Buddhist_Monastery%2C_Lumbini%2C_Nepal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="3216" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chinese Monastery</div> </li> </ul> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_Peace_Pagoda,_Lumbini.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/World_Peace_Pagoda%2C_Lumbini.jpg/231px-World_Peace_Pagoda%2C_Lumbini.jpg" decoding="async" width="231" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/World_Peace_Pagoda%2C_Lumbini.jpg/347px-World_Peace_Pagoda%2C_Lumbini.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/World_Peace_Pagoda%2C_Lumbini.jpg/462px-World_Peace_Pagoda%2C_Lumbini.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="3364" /></a><figcaption>World Peace Pagoda, Lumbini</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shanti_dip,_Lumbini.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Shanti_dip%2C_Lumbini.jpg/141px-Shanti_dip%2C_Lumbini.jpg" decoding="async" width="141" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Shanti_dip%2C_Lumbini.jpg/211px-Shanti_dip%2C_Lumbini.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Shanti_dip%2C_Lumbini.jpg/281px-Shanti_dip%2C_Lumbini.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1341" data-file-height="1705" /></a><figcaption>Eternal Peace Flame (Shanti dip), <a href="/wiki/Lumbini" title="Lumbini">Lumbini</a></figcaption></figure><p>Lumbini complex is divided into three areas: Sacred garden, Monastic zone, Cultural center and new Lumbini village. The sacred garden is the epicenter of the complex which is centered around the birthplace of <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Buddha</a> and consists of the Mayadevi Temple, the Asoka Pillar, the Marker Stone, the Nativity Sculpture, Sacred Pond (Puskarini), and many structural ruins including Buddhist Viharas & Stupas.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The monastic zone is divided into east and west each reflecting two different schools of Buddhism. As a centre of pilgrimage, many countries have established their monasteries in the complex reflecting their own cultural design and spirituality. In the large monastic zone only monasteries can be built; no shops, hotels or restaurants are allowed. The zone is divided into an eastern and western monastic zone, the eastern having the <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravadin</a> monasteries, the western having the <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> monasteries. The Cultural Center consists of museums, Lumbini International Research Institute (LIRI), administration complex etc. and the New Lumbini Village has the World Peace Pagoda and the Lumbini Crane Sanctuary. World Peace Pagoda lies at the northern end of the Lumbini complex and was designed by Japanese buddhists to represent universal peace. </p><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruins_within_Maya_Devi_Temple_Complex.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ruins within Maya Devi Temple complex"><img alt="Ruins within Maya Devi Temple complex" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Ruins_within_Maya_Devi_Temple_Complex.jpg/120px-Ruins_within_Maya_Devi_Temple_Complex.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Ruins_within_Maya_Devi_Temple_Complex.jpg/180px-Ruins_within_Maya_Devi_Temple_Complex.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Ruins_within_Maya_Devi_Temple_Complex.jpg/240px-Ruins_within_Maya_Devi_Temple_Complex.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ruins within Maya Devi Temple complex</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lumbini,The_Birth_Place_Of_Gautam_Buddha.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sacred Pond adjacent to Temple"><img alt="Sacred Pond adjacent to Temple" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Lumbini%2CThe_Birth_Place_Of_Gautam_Buddha.jpg/120px-Lumbini%2CThe_Birth_Place_Of_Gautam_Buddha.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Lumbini%2CThe_Birth_Place_Of_Gautam_Buddha.jpg/180px-Lumbini%2CThe_Birth_Place_Of_Gautam_Buddha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Lumbini%2CThe_Birth_Place_Of_Gautam_Buddha.jpg/240px-Lumbini%2CThe_Birth_Place_Of_Gautam_Buddha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sacred Pond adjacent to Temple</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_little_Buddha_statue_at_Maya_Devi_Temple,_Lumbini,.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Little Buddha Statue"><img alt="Little Buddha Statue" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/The_little_Buddha_statue_at_Maya_Devi_Temple%2C_Lumbini%2C.jpg/120px-The_little_Buddha_statue_at_Maya_Devi_Temple%2C_Lumbini%2C.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/The_little_Buddha_statue_at_Maya_Devi_Temple%2C_Lumbini%2C.jpg/180px-The_little_Buddha_statue_at_Maya_Devi_Temple%2C_Lumbini%2C.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/The_little_Buddha_statue_at_Maya_Devi_Temple%2C_Lumbini%2C.jpg/240px-The_little_Buddha_statue_at_Maya_Devi_Temple%2C_Lumbini%2C.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="3120" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Little Buddha Statue</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shanti_stupa,_World_Peace_Pagoda,_Lumbini.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="World Peace Stupa gate"><img alt="World Peace Stupa gate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Shanti_stupa%2C_World_Peace_Pagoda%2C_Lumbini.jpg/120px-Shanti_stupa%2C_World_Peace_Pagoda%2C_Lumbini.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Shanti_stupa%2C_World_Peace_Pagoda%2C_Lumbini.jpg/180px-Shanti_stupa%2C_World_Peace_Pagoda%2C_Lumbini.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Shanti_stupa%2C_World_Peace_Pagoda%2C_Lumbini.jpg/240px-Shanti_stupa%2C_World_Peace_Pagoda%2C_Lumbini.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">World Peace Stupa gate</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kapilvastu">Kapilvastu</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumbini_Province&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Kapilvastu"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Widely attributed as the hometown of <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kapilvastu_District" title="Kapilvastu District">Kapilvastu District</a> of present-day Nepal has more than 130 archaeological sites, primarily concentrated in Tilaurakot, Kudan, Gotihawa, Niglihawa, Araurakot, Sagarhawa and Sisaniya. The region is also considered the hometown of two previous <a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhas</a> before Gautama: <a href="/wiki/Kakusandha_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Kakusandha Buddha">Kakusandha Buddha</a> who was born in Gotihawa and <a href="/wiki/Ko%E1%B9%87%C4%81gamana_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Koṇāgamana Buddha">Koṇāgamana Buddha</a> who was born in Niglihawa.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among three Ashoka pillars in Nepal, two are situated in Gotihawa and Niglihawa erected during King Ashoka's visit to ancient Kapilvastu. <a href="/wiki/Tilaurakot" title="Tilaurakot">Tilaurakot</a>, considered the cardinal point of the ancient Shakyan city of Kapilavastu where <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a> spent 29 years of his lifetime, was added to the <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage</a> Tentative List by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> in 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tilaurakot,_Taulihawa_Kapilbastu_Lumbini_Zone_Western_Nepal_2,_Rajesh_Dhungana.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ruins of ancient Kapilavastu at Tilaurakot"><img alt="Ruins of ancient Kapilavastu at Tilaurakot" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Tilaurakot%2C_Taulihawa_Kapilbastu_Lumbini_Zone_Western_Nepal_2%2C_Rajesh_Dhungana.jpg/120px-Tilaurakot%2C_Taulihawa_Kapilbastu_Lumbini_Zone_Western_Nepal_2%2C_Rajesh_Dhungana.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Tilaurakot%2C_Taulihawa_Kapilbastu_Lumbini_Zone_Western_Nepal_2%2C_Rajesh_Dhungana.jpg/180px-Tilaurakot%2C_Taulihawa_Kapilbastu_Lumbini_Zone_Western_Nepal_2%2C_Rajesh_Dhungana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Tilaurakot%2C_Taulihawa_Kapilbastu_Lumbini_Zone_Western_Nepal_2%2C_Rajesh_Dhungana.jpg/240px-Tilaurakot%2C_Taulihawa_Kapilbastu_Lumbini_Zone_Western_Nepal_2%2C_Rajesh_Dhungana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8113" data-file-height="5206" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ruins of ancient <a href="/wiki/Kapilavastu_(ancient_city)" title="Kapilavastu (ancient city)">Kapilavastu</a> at Tilaurakot</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gotihawa_Ashok_Pillar_Buddha_Kapilvastu_Lumbini_Zone_Nepal_Rajesh_Dhungana_(5).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kakusandha Buddha Ashoka Pillar"><img alt="Kakusandha Buddha Ashoka Pillar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Gotihawa_Ashok_Pillar_Buddha_Kapilvastu_Lumbini_Zone_Nepal_Rajesh_Dhungana_%285%29.jpg/120px-Gotihawa_Ashok_Pillar_Buddha_Kapilvastu_Lumbini_Zone_Nepal_Rajesh_Dhungana_%285%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Gotihawa_Ashok_Pillar_Buddha_Kapilvastu_Lumbini_Zone_Nepal_Rajesh_Dhungana_%285%29.jpg/180px-Gotihawa_Ashok_Pillar_Buddha_Kapilvastu_Lumbini_Zone_Nepal_Rajesh_Dhungana_%285%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Gotihawa_Ashok_Pillar_Buddha_Kapilvastu_Lumbini_Zone_Nepal_Rajesh_Dhungana_%285%29.jpg/240px-Gotihawa_Ashok_Pillar_Buddha_Kapilvastu_Lumbini_Zone_Nepal_Rajesh_Dhungana_%285%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5785" data-file-height="3657" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Kakusandha_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Kakusandha Buddha">Kakusandha Buddha</a> Ashoka Pillar</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ko%E1%B9%87%C4%81gamana_Buddha_Ashoka_(1).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Koṇāgamana Buddha Ashoka Pillar"><img alt="Koṇāgamana Buddha Ashoka Pillar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Ko%E1%B9%87%C4%81gamana_Buddha_Ashoka_%281%29.JPG/120px-Ko%E1%B9%87%C4%81gamana_Buddha_Ashoka_%281%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Ko%E1%B9%87%C4%81gamana_Buddha_Ashoka_%281%29.JPG/180px-Ko%E1%B9%87%C4%81gamana_Buddha_Ashoka_%281%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Ko%E1%B9%87%C4%81gamana_Buddha_Ashoka_%281%29.JPG/240px-Ko%E1%B9%87%C4%81gamana_Buddha_Ashoka_%281%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ko%E1%B9%87%C4%81gamana_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Koṇāgamana Buddha">Koṇāgamana Buddha</a> Ashoka Pillar</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ramagrama">Ramagrama</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumbini_Province&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Ramagrama"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ramagrama_stupa" title="Ramagrama stupa">Ramagrama stupa</a></div> <p>After the death of <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a>, his relics were divided among eight princes out of sixteen <a href="/wiki/Mahajanapada" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahajanapada">mahājanapadās</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Koliya" title="Koliya">Koliyan</a> king of <a href="/wiki/Parasi,_Nepal" title="Parasi, Nepal">Rāmagrāma</a> (present <a href="/wiki/Parasi_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasi District">Parasi</a> district), built a stupa enshrining one relic.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Known as the only undisturbed original relic of Buddha in the world,<sup id="cite_ref-:3_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the site of stupa was added to the <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage</a> Tentative List by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> on 23 May 1996. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dhaulagiri_circuit">Dhaulagiri circuit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumbini_Province&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Dhaulagiri circuit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sundaha_in_Eastern_Rukum_by_Hemanta_Rai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Sundaha_in_Eastern_Rukum_by_Hemanta_Rai.jpg/241px-Sundaha_in_Eastern_Rukum_by_Hemanta_Rai.jpg" decoding="async" width="241" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Sundaha_in_Eastern_Rukum_by_Hemanta_Rai.jpg/362px-Sundaha_in_Eastern_Rukum_by_Hemanta_Rai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Sundaha_in_Eastern_Rukum_by_Hemanta_Rai.jpg/482px-Sundaha_in_Eastern_Rukum_by_Hemanta_Rai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1845" data-file-height="1078" /></a><figcaption>Lower Himalayan lake, known as Sun Daha, in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Rukum_District" title="Eastern Rukum District">Eastern Rukum</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mountain_Sisne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Mountain_Sisne.jpg/245px-Mountain_Sisne.jpg" decoding="async" width="245" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Mountain_Sisne.jpg/368px-Mountain_Sisne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Mountain_Sisne.jpg/490px-Mountain_Sisne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1834" data-file-height="871" /></a><figcaption>Mount Sisne (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Rukum_District" title="Eastern Rukum District">Eastern Rukum</a>) along the mountain range</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jaljala_view_point.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Jaljala_view_point.jpg/248px-Jaljala_view_point.jpg" decoding="async" width="248" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Jaljala_view_point.jpg/372px-Jaljala_view_point.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Jaljala_view_point.jpg/496px-Jaljala_view_point.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3666" data-file-height="2711" /></a><figcaption>Hills and <a href="/wiki/Himalaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Himalaya">Himalayas</a> of Northern Lumbini Province</figcaption></figure> <p>The Dhaulagiri circuit in Eastern Rukum encompasses the <a href="/wiki/Dhaulagiri" title="Dhaulagiri">Dhaulagiri</a> mountain range of the northern Lumbini Province. The Dhaulagiri mountain range extends from the northwest to the northeast of Eastern Rukum district and then continues eastward to its tallest peak at Dhaulagiri I. <a href="/wiki/Putha_Hiunchuli" title="Putha Hiunchuli">Putha Hiunchuli</a> (Dhaulagiri VII), one of the most popular 7,000-metre mountains, was first climbed by British explorer <a href="/wiki/J._O._M._Roberts" title="J. O. M. Roberts">J. O. M. Roberts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sherpa_people" title="Sherpa people">Sherpa</a> Ang Nyima in 1954.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rukum_east_Himalayas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Rukum_east_Himalayas.jpg/589px-Rukum_east_Himalayas.jpg" decoding="async" width="589" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Rukum_east_Himalayas.jpg/884px-Rukum_east_Himalayas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Rukum_east_Himalayas.jpg/1178px-Rukum_east_Himalayas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1851" data-file-height="843" /></a><figcaption>Dhaulagiri Mountain Range in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Rukum_District" title="Eastern Rukum District">Eastern Rukum</a> features some of the most popular 7,000-meter mountains of the <a href="/wiki/Himalaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Himalaya">Himalayas</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The West Dhaulagiri circuit is a tourist trekking circuit close to the Dhaulagiri mountain range and <a href="/wiki/Magars" title="Magars">Magar</a>-majority villages, with a distinct preserved Kham <a href="/wiki/Magars" title="Magars">Magar</a> culture of the northern Lumbini province.The circuit's eastern portion is situated along the Dhorpatan reserve of Eastern Rukum, which was designated to preserve high-altitude ecosystems in western Nepal in 1983.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reserve harbours alpine, sub-alpine and high temperate vegetation and 137 species of birds. Endangered animals in the reserve include the <a href="/wiki/Musk_deer" title="Musk deer">musk deer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf">wolf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_panda" title="Red panda">red panda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cheer_pheasant" title="Cheer pheasant">cheer pheasant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Danphe" class="mw-redirect" title="Danphe">danphe</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_Parks">National Parks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumbini_Province&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: National Parks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Bardiya_National_Park" title="Bardiya National Park">Bardiya National Park</a> is the largest national park in the lowland Terai, covering 968 square kilometres. It was established in 1976 to protect the representative ecosystem, habitats of <a href="/wiki/Bengal_tiger" title="Bengal tiger">tigers</a> and their prey species. As a beautiful, unspoiled wilderness of <a href="/wiki/Shorea_robusta" title="Shorea robusta">sal</a> forest, grassland, and alluvial washes cut by the many fingers of the <a href="/wiki/Ghaghara" title="Ghaghara">Karnali River</a>, it is a popular tourist destination, offering elephant rides and wilderness sight-seeing of Gangetic dolphins, tigers, rhinos and elephants. </p><p>In 1997, a buffer zone of 327 square kilometres surrounding the park was declared, consisting of forests and private lands. The buffer zone is jointly managed by the local communities and the park and community development and resource management is carried out jointly.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Babai valley, which is rich in biodiversity, was added to the park in 1984. The zone has wooded grassland and riverine forest and its water is home to Gharial crocodile. More than 30 different mammals, 513 species of birds and several species of snakes, lizard and fishes have been recorded in the park area.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="display:inline-block;border-style: solid;padding: 3px;border-color: black;border-width: 2px;background-color: white;color: black;margin: 3px;"><i>A tiger monitoring study conducted (July 2016) in Bardiya National Park in Nepal's Terai Arc Landscape has estimated 56 wild tigers, an increase of six from the 2013 estimate for the national park.</i> —<a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature" title="World Wide Fund for Nature">WWF</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sunset_bardiya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Sunset_bardiya.jpg/248px-Sunset_bardiya.jpg" decoding="async" width="248" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Sunset_bardiya.jpg/372px-Sunset_bardiya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Sunset_bardiya.jpg/496px-Sunset_bardiya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Sunset at <a href="/wiki/Bardiya_National_Park" title="Bardiya National Park">Bardiya National Park</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:One_horned_rhino_at_Bardiya_national_pak.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/One_horned_rhino_at_Bardiya_national_pak.JPG/244px-One_horned_rhino_at_Bardiya_national_pak.JPG" decoding="async" width="244" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/One_horned_rhino_at_Bardiya_national_pak.JPG/366px-One_horned_rhino_at_Bardiya_national_pak.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/One_horned_rhino_at_Bardiya_national_pak.JPG/488px-One_horned_rhino_at_Bardiya_national_pak.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1360" /></a><figcaption>One horned Rhino, <a href="/wiki/Bardiya_National_Park" title="Bardiya National Park">Bardiya National Park</a></figcaption></figure> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bardia_forest.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Forest trees of Bardiya National Park"><img alt="Forest trees of Bardiya National Park" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Bardia_forest.jpg/120px-Bardia_forest.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Bardia_forest.jpg/180px-Bardia_forest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Bardia_forest.jpg/240px-Bardia_forest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="311" data-file-height="234" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Forest trees of Bardiya National Park</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Banke_National_Park.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Banke National Park"><img alt="Banke National Park" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Banke_National_Park.jpg/120px-Banke_National_Park.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Banke_National_Park.jpg/180px-Banke_National_Park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Banke_National_Park.jpg/240px-Banke_National_Park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Banke National Park</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Deers_at_Bardiya_National_Park.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Deers at Bardiya National Park"><img alt="Deers at Bardiya National Park" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Deers_at_Bardiya_National_Park.jpg/120px-Deers_at_Bardiya_National_Park.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Deers_at_Bardiya_National_Park.jpg/180px-Deers_at_Bardiya_National_Park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Deers_at_Bardiya_National_Park.jpg/240px-Deers_at_Bardiya_National_Park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Deers at Bardiya National Park</div> </li> </ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Banke_National_Park" title="Banke National Park">Banke National Park</a>, adjacent to the Bardiya National Park with the coherent protected area of 1,518 km<sup>2</sup> (586 sq mi), represents the Tiger Conservation Unit (TCU). The national park was established in 2010 and is a protected area of <a href="/wiki/Bengal_tiger" title="Bengal tiger">tiger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Four-horned_antelope" title="Four-horned antelope">four-horned antelopes</a>. The park extends over 550 square kilometers in Banke district of the province. Banke National Park is connected with Bardiya National Park in the west and wildlife sanctuary and forests of India in the south. The protected zone is an important component of Terai Arc Landscape (TAL) that provides habitat for tigers. The park has eight ecosystem types: Sal forest, deciduous Riverine forest, savannahs and grasslands, mixed hardwood forest, flood plain community, Bhabar and foothills of Chure range. It is home to 124 plants, 34 mammals, more than 300 birds, 24 reptiles, 7 amphibians and 58 fish species. Under the National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act 1973, 3 species of mammals (tiger, striped hyaena, four-horned antelope), 4 species of birds (giant hornbill, black stork, Bengal florican, and lesser florican) and 2 species of reptiles (gharial crocodile and python) are protected in the park.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_Heritage">Cultural Heritage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumbini_Province&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Cultural Heritage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Religious sites</b></p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World%27s_largest_trident(Trishul).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/World%27s_largest_trident%28Trishul%29.jpg/240px-World%27s_largest_trident%28Trishul%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/World%27s_largest_trident%28Trishul%29.jpg/360px-World%27s_largest_trident%28Trishul%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/World%27s_largest_trident%28Trishul%29.jpg/480px-World%27s_largest_trident%28Trishul%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>World's largest trident (<a href="/wiki/Trishula" title="Trishula">Trishula</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Dang_Deukhuri_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Dang Deukhuri District">Dang</a> valley believed to be where five <a href="/wiki/Pandava" title="Pandava">Pandavas</a> brother prayed to Lord <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Goraksh_or_Ratnanath_or_Choughara_Temple_Chaughara_Ghorahi_Dang_Nepal_Rajesh_Dhungana_(33).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Goraksh_or_Ratnanath_or_Choughara_Temple_Chaughara_Ghorahi_Dang_Nepal_Rajesh_Dhungana_%2833%29.jpg/161px-Goraksh_or_Ratnanath_or_Choughara_Temple_Chaughara_Ghorahi_Dang_Nepal_Rajesh_Dhungana_%2833%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="161" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Goraksh_or_Ratnanath_or_Choughara_Temple_Chaughara_Ghorahi_Dang_Nepal_Rajesh_Dhungana_%2833%29.jpg/242px-Goraksh_or_Ratnanath_or_Choughara_Temple_Chaughara_Ghorahi_Dang_Nepal_Rajesh_Dhungana_%2833%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Goraksh_or_Ratnanath_or_Choughara_Temple_Chaughara_Ghorahi_Dang_Nepal_Rajesh_Dhungana_%2833%29.jpg/322px-Goraksh_or_Ratnanath_or_Choughara_Temple_Chaughara_Ghorahi_Dang_Nepal_Rajesh_Dhungana_%2833%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8256" data-file-height="5504" /></a><figcaption>Ancient <a href="/wiki/Gorakhnath" title="Gorakhnath">Gorakhnath</a> Temple in <a href="/wiki/Dang_Deukhuri_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Dang Deukhuri District">Dang district</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The culture of the province has been shaped by multi-religious and multi-ethnic demography as well as the historical development of the Indian sub-continent. <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="Hinduism in Tamil Nadu">Hinduism</a>, the dominant religion of the province and the cultural sacred sites related to it, are prevalent throughout the province. Hinduism flourished overwhelmingly in <a href="/wiki/Dang_Deukhuri_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Dang Deukhuri District">Dang valley</a> where the cultural centers of the Hindu <a href="/wiki/Nath" class="mw-redirect" title="Nath">Nath tradition</a> connected to Yogi <a href="/wiki/Gorakhnath" title="Gorakhnath">Gorakhnath</a> were established long before the creation of modern Nepal. A prominent <a href="/wiki/Gorakhnath" title="Gorakhnath">Gorakhnath</a> temple in <a href="/wiki/Dang_Deukhuri_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Dang Deukhuri District">Dang district</a>, also known as Ratnanath temple, remained an ancient temple which was respected and protected by the ruling kings of the region throughout - including the later kings of the <a href="/wiki/Shah_dynasty" title="Shah dynasty">Shah dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jama_Masjid_Rahmaniya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Jama_Masjid_Rahmaniya.jpg/157px-Jama_Masjid_Rahmaniya.jpg" decoding="async" width="157" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Jama_Masjid_Rahmaniya.jpg/236px-Jama_Masjid_Rahmaniya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Jama_Masjid_Rahmaniya.jpg/314px-Jama_Masjid_Rahmaniya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jama_Masjid_Rahmaniya,_Bhairahawa_(Nepal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jama Masjid Rahmaniya, Bhairahawa (Nepal)">Jama Masjid Rahmaniya</a>, one of the oldest mosque of Nepal</figcaption></figure> <p>Further popular Hindu sites in Dang district include <a href="/wiki/Ambikeshwori_Temple" title="Ambikeshwori Temple">Ambikeshwori Temple</a> with a deity of <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> and Goddess <a href="/wiki/Sati_(goddess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sati (goddess)">Sati Devi</a>; and Pandaveswor temple which has the world's largest trident and believed to be where the five <a href="/wiki/Pandava" title="Pandava">Pandavas</a> brother prayed to Lord <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To the south-western region of Lumbini province, <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> and Goddess <a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a> are worshipped in <a href="/wiki/Bageshwori_Temple" title="Bageshwori Temple">Bageshwori Temple</a> in <a href="/wiki/Banke_District" title="Banke District">Banke District</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other prominent temples of the province include <a href="/wiki/Bhairabsthan_Temple" title="Bhairabsthan Temple">Bhairabsthan Temple</a> of <a href="/wiki/Palpa_District" title="Palpa District">Palpa</a> where Lord <a href="/wiki/Bhairava" title="Bhairava">Bhairava</a> is worshipped as a deity and <a href="/wiki/Swargadwari" title="Swargadwari">Swargadwari</a> temple of <a href="/wiki/Pyuthan_District" title="Pyuthan District">Pyuthan</a> which has the deities of <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lumbini,_Buddhist_pilgrims_2,_Tree,_Nepal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Lumbini%2C_Buddhist_pilgrims_2%2C_Tree%2C_Nepal.jpg/233px-Lumbini%2C_Buddhist_pilgrims_2%2C_Tree%2C_Nepal.jpg" decoding="async" width="233" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Lumbini%2C_Buddhist_pilgrims_2%2C_Tree%2C_Nepal.jpg/350px-Lumbini%2C_Buddhist_pilgrims_2%2C_Tree%2C_Nepal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Lumbini%2C_Buddhist_pilgrims_2%2C_Tree%2C_Nepal.jpg/466px-Lumbini%2C_Buddhist_pilgrims_2%2C_Tree%2C_Nepal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> pilgrims resting on a tree in <a href="/wiki/Lumbini" title="Lumbini">Lumbini</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, the second-most followed religion of the province, is mostly distributed in the southern districts bordering India. <a href="/wiki/Kapilvastu_District" title="Kapilvastu District">Kapilvastu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banke_District" title="Banke District">Banke</a> districts have one of the largest Muslim population of Nepal and along with <a href="/wiki/Rupandehi_District" title="Rupandehi District">Rupandehi</a>, constitute almost half of all the Muslims in Nepal.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the oldest mosque of Nepal established in 1950 AD, <a href="/wiki/Jama_Masjid_Rahmaniya,_Bhairahawa_(Nepal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jama Masjid Rahmaniya, Bhairahawa (Nepal)">Jama Masjid Rahmaniya</a>, is situated in <a href="/wiki/Rupandehi_District" title="Rupandehi District">Rupandehi District</a>. </p><p>Within and around <a href="/wiki/Lumbini" title="Lumbini">Lumbini</a>, sacred sites related to the birth and childhood of <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a> are pilgrimage centers for <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhists</a> throughout the world. Lumbini Development Trust, an autonomous and non-profit organization manages the Buddhist sites in <a href="/wiki/Lumbini" title="Lumbini">Lumbini</a> and the master plan is initiated together with the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> to ensure long-term safeguarding of the archeological sites of global importance.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Rani Mahal</b> </p><p> After being forced to drop his royal titles, <a href="/wiki/Khadga_Shamsher_Jang_Bahadur_Rana" class="mw-redirect" title="Khadga Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana">General Khadga Shumsher</a> was sent to <a href="/wiki/Palpa_District" title="Palpa District">Palpa</a> as a Commander in Chief of Nepal where his beloved youngest wife, Rani Tej Kumari Devi, died. The General constructed a grand palace and named it after his wife as <a href="/wiki/Ranighat_Palace" title="Ranighat Palace">Rani Mahal</a> ("Queen's Palace") in 1893 AD. He also named the nearby forest around the palace as Rani ban ("Queen's forest").<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The palace is at the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Gandaki_River" title="Gandaki River">Kali Gandaki River</a>. </p><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rani_Mahal_at_Palpa.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Rani_Mahal_at_Palpa.JPG/168px-Rani_Mahal_at_Palpa.JPG" decoding="async" width="168" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Rani_Mahal_at_Palpa.JPG/252px-Rani_Mahal_at_Palpa.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Rani_Mahal_at_Palpa.JPG/336px-Rani_Mahal_at_Palpa.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ranighat_Palace" title="Ranighat Palace">Rani Mahal</a> at <a href="/wiki/Palpa_District" title="Palpa District">Palpa</a></figcaption></figure><p><b>Supa Deurali Temple</b></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0_01.JPG/220px-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0_01.JPG/330px-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0_01.JPG/440px-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Supa_Deurali_Temple" title="Supa Deurali Temple">Supa Deurali Temple</a> in <a href="/wiki/Arghakhanchi_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Arghakhanchi district">Arghakhanchi</a> </figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Supa_Deurali_Temple" title="Supa Deurali Temple">Supa Deurali Temple</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindu</a> temple located in <a href="/wiki/Sandhikharka" title="Sandhikharka">Sandhikharka</a> municipality, <a href="/wiki/Arghakhanchi_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Arghakhanchi district">Arghakhanchi district</a> of Nepal.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It lies at an altitude of about 4,500 feet. Supadevi is considered to fulfill the wishes of devotees.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to goddess Bhagavati, there are idols of Ganesh, Mahakali, Mahalaxmi and Shiva in the temple.<sup id="cite_ref-gp01_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gp01-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The donation received from the devotee is used to run two local schools. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumbini_Province&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Infrastructure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Universal_College_of_Medical_Sciences_and_Teaching_Hospital_(UCMS).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Universal_College_of_Medical_Sciences_and_Teaching_Hospital_%28UCMS%29.jpg/221px-Universal_College_of_Medical_Sciences_and_Teaching_Hospital_%28UCMS%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="221" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Universal_College_of_Medical_Sciences_and_Teaching_Hospital_%28UCMS%29.jpg/332px-Universal_College_of_Medical_Sciences_and_Teaching_Hospital_%28UCMS%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Universal_College_of_Medical_Sciences_and_Teaching_Hospital_%28UCMS%29.jpg/442px-Universal_College_of_Medical_Sciences_and_Teaching_Hospital_%28UCMS%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8000" data-file-height="6000" /></a><figcaption>Universal College of Medical Sciences, <a href="/wiki/Siddharthanagar" title="Siddharthanagar">Siddharthanagar</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumbini_Province&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As per the 2021 census, Lumbini's literacy rate was above the national average at 78.1%, the national average being 76.2%.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The breakdown of the data showed that the male literacy stood at 85.2% while female literacy stood at 71.7% in the province. District-wise, <a href="/wiki/Palpa_District" title="Palpa District">Palpa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dang_District,_Nepal" title="Dang District, Nepal">Dang</a> were the best performers with literacy rate of 83.7% and 81.4% respectively, followed by <a href="/wiki/Rupandehi_District" title="Rupandehi District">Rupandehi</a> at 81.2%. Nationally, <a href="/wiki/Palpa_District" title="Palpa District">Palpa</a> was also among the top five districts of Nepal with highest literacy rate alongside <a href="/wiki/Kathmandu_District" title="Kathmandu District">Kathmandu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lalitpur_District,_Nepal" title="Lalitpur District, Nepal">Lalitpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhaktapur_District" title="Bhaktapur District">Bhaktapur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kaski_District" title="Kaski District">Kaski</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 2014, <a href="/wiki/Palpa_District" title="Palpa District">Palpa District</a> was one of the first 4 "fully literate" districts of Nepal, achieving a literacy rate of over 95%.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2018, further districts of Lumbini province namely, <a href="/wiki/Arghakhanchi_District" title="Arghakhanchi District">Arghakhanchi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gulmi_District" title="Gulmi District">Gulmi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyuthan_District" title="Pyuthan District">Pyuthan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dang_District,_Nepal" title="Dang District, Nepal">Dang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parasi_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasi District">Parasi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rupandehi_District" title="Rupandehi District">Rupandehi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rolpa_District" title="Rolpa District">Rolpa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bardiya_District" title="Bardiya District">Bardiya</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Rukum_District" class="mw-redirect" title="East Rukum District">Eastern Rukum District</a> were classified as fully literate districts of Nepal.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Universities</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Sanskrit_University" title="Nepal Sanskrit University">Nepal Sanskrit University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapti_Academy_of_Health_Sciences" title="Rapti Academy of Health Sciences">Rapti Academy of Health Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumbini_Bauddha_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Lumbini Bauddha University">Lumbini Bauddha University</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumbini_Technological_University&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lumbini Technological University (page does not exist)">Lumbini Technological University</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumbini_Province&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Health"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shree_Tinau_International_Hospital,_Butwal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Shree_Tinau_International_Hospital%2C_Butwal.jpg/220px-Shree_Tinau_International_Hospital%2C_Butwal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Shree_Tinau_International_Hospital%2C_Butwal.jpg/330px-Shree_Tinau_International_Hospital%2C_Butwal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Shree_Tinau_International_Hospital%2C_Butwal.jpg/440px-Shree_Tinau_International_Hospital%2C_Butwal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4008" data-file-height="2191" /></a><figcaption>Tinau International Hospital in <a href="/wiki/Butwal" title="Butwal">Butwal</a></figcaption></figure> <p>According to the National Demographic Health Survey (NDHS) 2016, the Province's <a href="/wiki/Infant" title="Infant">Neonatal Mortality</a> (per 1000 live births) stands at 30 and <a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality" title="Infant mortality">Infant mortality rate</a> (per 1000 live births) stands at 42, both of which are higher than the national average of 21 and 32 respectively. The province has 670 public health facilities, including four hub hospitals, 18 hospitals, two regional medical stores, 31 primary health care centers, 570 health posts, 27 urban health centers, 15 community health units and 9 other health facilities.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communication">Communication</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumbini_Province&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Communication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Lumbini province, 49.2% of the population have radio access and followed by 30.4% have access to TV, and only 1.3% have access to the internet. Similarly, 4.4% of the population have access to landline telephone, while 65.8% have access to mobile phone. There are three major cell phone providers in Lumbini Province. They are <a href="/wiki/Nepal_Telecom" title="Nepal Telecom">Nepal Doorsanchar Company Limited (NTC)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ncell" title="Ncell">Ncell Axiata Limited (NCELL)</a> and <a href="/wiki/SmartCell" title="SmartCell">Smart Cell</a>. The coverage of Smart Cell providers is only in 5 districts. </p><p>There are 66 newspaper channels in Lumbini Province with national, provincial, and local outreach. As per the classification, some of the top-ranking newspapers are Gorachya Dainik, Dainik Nepalgunj, and Mechikali Sandesh Dainik. There are a total of 63 radio stations in the province, such as <a href="/wiki/Radio_Lumbini" title="Radio Lumbini">Radio Lumbini</a>, Radio Tulsipur, Bheri F.M., etc.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy">Energy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumbini_Province&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Energy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80.jpg/222px-%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80.jpg" decoding="async" width="222" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80.jpg/333px-%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80.jpg/444px-%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1936" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tinau_Hydropower_Plant" title="Tinau Hydropower Plant">Tinau Hydropower Plant</a></figcaption></figure> <p>91% of the population has access to electricity in the province. Of the 12 districts in Lumbini Province, <a href="/wiki/Parasi_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasi District">Parasi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kapilvastu_District" title="Kapilvastu District">Kapilvastu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bardiya_District" title="Bardiya District">Bardiya</a> have been electrified by more than 99 percent. <a href="/wiki/Gulmi_District" title="Gulmi District">Gulmi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arghakhanchi_District" title="Arghakhanchi District">Arghakhanchi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rupandehi_District" title="Rupandehi District">Rupandehi</a> have more than 95 percent electrification and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Rukum_District" title="Eastern Rukum District">Rukum East</a> has the lowest electrification of 11.25 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lumbini generates 21.2 <a href="/wiki/MegaWatt" class="mw-redirect" title="MegaWatt">MW</a> of electricity from <a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">hydropower</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Total number of electricity consumers in the province is 457992, consuming 370.8 Million MWh of energy annually. According to <a href="/wiki/Nepal_Electricity_Authority" title="Nepal Electricity Authority">NEA</a>, Distribution and Consumer Service Directorate 93% of consumers are domestic users; loss of electricity in the province is 12.17% for the year 2076/77 (2020 AD). Out of the total loss in distribution provincial office, <a href="/wiki/Gulariya" title="Gulariya">Gularia</a> contributes the highest loss percentage of 25.02%. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Butwal_Solar_PV_Project.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Butwal_Solar_PV_Project.png/270px-Butwal_Solar_PV_Project.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Butwal_Solar_PV_Project.png/405px-Butwal_Solar_PV_Project.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Butwal_Solar_PV_Project.png/540px-Butwal_Solar_PV_Project.png 2x" data-file-width="754" data-file-height="414" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Butwal_Solar_PV_Project" title="Butwal Solar PV Project">Butwal Solar PV Project</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Butwal_Solar_PV_Project" title="Butwal Solar PV Project">Butwal Solar PV Project</a>, Nepal's first private grid-connected solar power plant, was connected to national transmission line in October 2020. Ridi Hydropower Company has constructed the power plant in <a href="/wiki/Tilottama,_Rupandehi" title="Tilottama, Rupandehi">Tilottama</a> of <a href="/wiki/Rupandehi_District" title="Rupandehi District">Rupendehi District</a>. With over 32,000 solar panels of 330 watts each, the plant can generate 8.5 <a href="/wiki/MegaWatt" class="mw-redirect" title="MegaWatt">MW</a> of electricity.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Butwal-Bhairahawa_Road.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Siddhartha Highway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Butwal-Bhairahawa_Road.png/268px-Butwal-Bhairahawa_Road.png" decoding="async" width="268" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Butwal-Bhairahawa_Road.png/402px-Butwal-Bhairahawa_Road.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Butwal-Bhairahawa_Road.png/536px-Butwal-Bhairahawa_Road.png 2x" data-file-width="1003" data-file-height="621" /></a><figcaption>Butwal-Bhairahawa road (<a href="/wiki/Siddhartha_Highway" title="Siddhartha Highway">H10</a>)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transportation">Transportation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumbini_Province&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Roadways">Roadways</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumbini_Province&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Roadways"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Transportation routes in Lumbini evolved since <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NPL_H01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/NPL_H01.svg/30px-NPL_H01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/NPL_H01.svg/45px-NPL_H01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/NPL_H01.svg/60px-NPL_H01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="350" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Mahendra_Highway" title="Mahendra Highway">H01</a>. Lumbini has two major routes, <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NPL_H01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/NPL_H01.svg/30px-NPL_H01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/NPL_H01.svg/45px-NPL_H01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/NPL_H01.svg/60px-NPL_H01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="350" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Mahendra_Highway" title="Mahendra Highway">H01</a> and <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NPL_H10.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/NPL_H10.svg/30px-NPL_H10.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/NPL_H10.svg/45px-NPL_H10.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/NPL_H10.svg/60px-NPL_H10.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="350" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Siddhartha_Highway" title="Siddhartha Highway">H10</a> both intersecting in <a href="/wiki/Butwal" title="Butwal">Butwal</a>. 8,931 km of road is constructed in the Province. Out of which 5,293 km is blacktopped. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rapti_Bridge,_Nepal_second_longest_bridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Rapti_Bridge%2C_Nepal_second_longest_bridge.jpg/264px-Rapti_Bridge%2C_Nepal_second_longest_bridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="264" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Rapti_Bridge%2C_Nepal_second_longest_bridge.jpg/396px-Rapti_Bridge%2C_Nepal_second_longest_bridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Rapti_Bridge%2C_Nepal_second_longest_bridge.jpg/528px-Rapti_Bridge%2C_Nepal_second_longest_bridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="3120" /></a><figcaption>Rapti bridge, Nepal's second longest bridge over West Rapti river in <a href="/wiki/Dang_Deukhuri_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Dang Deukhuri District">Dang</a> district<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>All 12 districts of the province are connected via blacktopped roads. Major highways of the province are as follows: </p> <ol><li><b>Mahendra Highway</b>: <a href="/wiki/Mahendra_Highway" title="Mahendra Highway">Mahendra Highway</a>(<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NPL_H01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/NPL_H01.svg/30px-NPL_H01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/NPL_H01.svg/45px-NPL_H01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/NPL_H01.svg/60px-NPL_H01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="350" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Mahendra_Highway" title="Mahendra Highway">H01)</a> traverses districts of Bardiya, Banke, Dang, Kapilvastu, Rupandehi, Parasi latitudinally. It connects to <a href="/wiki/Bagmati_Province" title="Bagmati Province">Bagmati</a> to east and <a href="/wiki/Sudurpashchim_Province" title="Sudurpashchim Province">Sudurpaschim</a> to the west.</li> <li><b>Ratna Highway</b>: <a href="/wiki/Ratna_Highway" title="Ratna Highway">Ratna Highway</a> (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NPL_H12.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/NPL_H12.svg/30px-NPL_H12.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/NPL_H12.svg/45px-NPL_H12.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/NPL_H12.svg/60px-NPL_H12.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="350" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Ratna_Highway" title="Ratna Highway">H12)</a> to Karnali Province. It starts at Nepal- India border in <a href="/wiki/Nepalgunj" title="Nepalgunj">Nepalgunj</a> and terminates at Birendranagar, Surkhet. The highway transition into the Karnali Highway system from the point it terminates.</li> <li><b>Rapti Highway</b>: <a href="/wiki/Rapti_Highway" title="Rapti Highway">Rapti Highway</a> (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NPL_H11.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/NPL_H11.svg/30px-NPL_H11.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/NPL_H11.svg/45px-NPL_H11.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/NPL_H11.svg/60px-NPL_H11.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="350" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Rapti_Highway" title="Rapti Highway">H11)</a> starts from Ameliya, <a href="/wiki/Dang_District,_Nepal" title="Dang District, Nepal">Dang</a> and terminates at <a href="/wiki/Musikot,_Western_Rukum" title="Musikot, Western Rukum">Musikot</a> West Rukum. This highway makes hilly regions of Rolpa, Salyan West Rukum and east Rukum accessible.</li> <li><b>Siddhartha Highway</b>: <a href="/wiki/Siddhartha_Highway" title="Siddhartha Highway">Siddhartha Highway</a>(<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NPL_H10.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/NPL_H10.svg/30px-NPL_H10.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/NPL_H10.svg/45px-NPL_H10.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/NPL_H10.svg/60px-NPL_H10.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="350" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Siddhartha_Highway" title="Siddhartha Highway">H10)</a> highway starts at Nepal-India Border in Siddharthanagar and terminates at Prithivi chowk, Pokhara. The major settlements on the highway are Siddharthanagar, Butwal, Tansen, Waling, Putalibazar, Syangja and Pokhara.</li> <li><b>Hulaki Highway</b>: <a href="/wiki/Postal_Highway" title="Postal Highway">Postal Highway</a>(<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NPL_H17.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/NPL_H17.svg/30px-NPL_H17.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/NPL_H17.svg/45px-NPL_H17.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/NPL_H17.svg/60px-NPL_H17.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="350" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Postal_Highway" title="Postal Highway">H17)</a></li></ol> <p><a href="/wiki/Bhairahawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhairahawa">Bhairahawa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nepalgunj" title="Nepalgunj">Nepalgunj</a> have always been major trade routes with <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. Lumbini has no railways but <a href="/wiki/East-West_Railway" title="East-West Railway">East West railway</a>, <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Nepal_railway" title="China–Nepal railway">Kathmandu-Lumbini railway</a> and several other routes connecting Indian cities are planned.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Air_Travel">Air Travel</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumbini_Province&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Air Travel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Gautam_Buddha_Airport" title="Gautam Buddha Airport">Gautam Buddha International Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepalgunj_Airport" title="Nepalgunj Airport">Nepalgunj Airport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dang_Airport" title="Dang Airport">Dang Airport</a> are major airstrips in the province. <a href="/wiki/Nepalgunj_Airport" title="Nepalgunj Airport">Nepalgunj Airport</a>, Nepal's second most busiest airport after Tribhuwan International Airport, is being upgraded to an international airport as per the 20 year master plan.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Being mostly flat land air travel isn't preferable but <a href="/wiki/Nepalgunj_Airport" title="Nepalgunj Airport">Nepalgunj Airport</a> serves as hub for most of the airports in <a href="/wiki/Karnali_Province" title="Karnali Province">Karnali Province</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sudurpashchim_Province" title="Sudurpashchim Province">Sudurpaschim Province</a> and is a transit point for tourists heading to <a href="/wiki/Lake_Manasarovar" title="Lake Manasarovar">Lake Manasarovar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Kailash" title="Mount Kailash">Mount Kailash</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New airports are under construction in <a href="/wiki/Resunga_Municipality" title="Resunga Municipality">Resunga</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gulmi_District" title="Gulmi District">Gulmi District</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Sandhikharka" title="Sandhikharka">Sandhikharka</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arghakhanchi_District" title="Arghakhanchi District">Arghakhanchi District</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nepalgunj_AIrport_.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nepalgunj Airport is Nepal's second-most busiest airport after TIA"><img alt="Nepalgunj Airport is Nepal's second-most busiest airport after TIA" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Nepalgunj_AIrport_.jpg/200px-Nepalgunj_AIrport_.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Nepalgunj_AIrport_.jpg/300px-Nepalgunj_AIrport_.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Nepalgunj_AIrport_.jpg/400px-Nepalgunj_AIrport_.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Nepalgunj_Airport" title="Nepalgunj Airport">Nepalgunj Airport</a> is Nepal's second-most busiest airport after TIA</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gautam_Buddha_International_Airport.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lumbini hosts Nepal's second international airport - Gautam Buddha International Airport"><img alt="Lumbini hosts Nepal's second international airport - Gautam Buddha International Airport" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Gautam_Buddha_International_Airport.jpg/200px-Gautam_Buddha_International_Airport.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Gautam_Buddha_International_Airport.jpg/300px-Gautam_Buddha_International_Airport.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Gautam_Buddha_International_Airport.jpg/400px-Gautam_Buddha_International_Airport.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lumbini hosts Nepal's second international airport - <a href="/wiki/Gautam_Buddha_Airport" title="Gautam Buddha Airport">Gautam Buddha International Airport</a> </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumbini_Province&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Nepal" title="Provinces of Nepal">List of provinces of Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Nepal" title="List of districts of Nepal">List of districts of Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_municipalities_in_Nepal" title="List of mayors of municipalities in Nepal">List of mayors of municipalities in Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Lumbini_Province" title="List of districts of Lumbini Province">List of districts of Lumbini Province</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumbini_Province&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 33em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.unesco.org/silkroad/silk-road-themes/world-heritage-sites/lumbini-birthplace-lord-buddha#:~:text=The%20Lord%20Buddha%20was%20born,Emperor%20Asoka%20in%20249%20BC.">"Lumbini, the Birthplace of the Lord Buddha | Silk Roads Programme"</a>. UNESCO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211111175656/https://en.unesco.org/silkroad/silk-road-themes/world-heritage-sites/lumbini-birthplace-lord-buddha#:~:text=The%20Lord%20Buddha%20was%20born,Emperor%20Asoka%20in%20249%20BC.">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lumbini%2C+the+Birthplace+of+the+Lord+Buddha+%7C+Silk+Roads+Programme&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.unesco.org%2Fsilkroad%2Fsilk-road-themes%2Fworld-heritage-sites%2Flumbini-birthplace-lord-buddha%23%3A~%3Atext%3DThe%2520Lord%2520Buddha%2520was%2520born%2CEmperor%2520Asoka%2520in%2520249%2520BC.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALumbini+Province" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.onlinekhabar.com/its-official-now-dang-is-capital-of-province-5-renamed-as-lumbini.html">"It's official now: Dang is capital of Province 5, renamed as Lumbini"</a>. OnlineKhabar. 6 October 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210121114724/https://english.onlinekhabar.com/its-official-now-dang-is-capital-of-province-5-renamed-as-lumbini.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=It%27s+official+now%3A+Dang+is+capital+of+Province+5%2C+renamed+as+Lumbini&rft.pub=OnlineKhabar&rft.date=2020-10-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.onlinekhabar.com%2Fits-official-now-dang-is-capital-of-province-5-renamed-as-lumbini.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALumbini+Province" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/province-5-to-be-named-lumbini-dang-s-bhalubang-permanent-capital/">"Province 5 to be named Lumbini, Dang's Deukhuri permanent capital"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Republica_(newspaper)" title="Republica (newspaper)">MyRepública</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201127201149/https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/province-5-to-be-named-lumbini-dang-s-bhalubang-permanent-capital/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MyRep%C3%BAblica&rft.atitle=Province+5+to+be+named+Lumbini%2C+Dang%27s+Deukhuri+permanent+capital&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmyrepublica.nagariknetwork.com%2Fnews%2Fprovince-5-to-be-named-lumbini-dang-s-bhalubang-permanent-capital%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALumbini+Province" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ajakonepal.com/2020/10/06/lumbiniprovince/">"Province 5 named Lumbini Province after 79/83 votes"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft.atitle=Ramagrama%2C+the+relic+stupa+of+Lord+Buddha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Ftentativelists%2F843%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALumbini+Province" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lumbinidevtrust.gov.np/en/greater-lumbini-area/content/73">"Lumbini Development Trust- Birthplace of Buddha, Historical Place of Nepal, The World Heritage SiteLumbini Development Trust"</a>. <i>lumbinidevtrust.gov.np</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210116060955/http://lumbinidevtrust.gov.np/en/greater-lumbini-area/content/73">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lumbinidevtrust.gov.np&rft.atitle=Lumbini+Development+Trust-+Birthplace+of+Buddha%2C+Historical+Place+of+Nepal%2C+The+World+Heritage+SiteLumbini+Development+Trust&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flumbinidevtrust.gov.np%2Fen%2Fgreater-lumbini-area%2Fcontent%2F73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALumbini+Province" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.asianart.com/articles/khasa/index.html">"Ian Alsop: The Metal Sculpture of the Khasa Mallas"</a>. <i>asianart.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211112093949/https://www.asianart.com/articles/khasa/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=asianart.com&rft.atitle=Ian+Alsop%3A+The+Metal+Sculpture+of+the+Khasa+Mallas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.asianart.com%2Farticles%2Fkhasa%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALumbini+Province" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tibetmuseum.app/index.php?w=coll&cat=P&id=78">"King Ripumalla – ruler of the Khasa Malla kingdom"</a>. <i>tibetmuseum.app</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211112093950/https://tibetmuseum.app/index.php?w=coll&cat=P&id=78">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tibetmuseum.app&rft.atitle=King+Ripumalla+%E2%80%93+ruler+of+the+Khasa+Malla+kingdom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftibetmuseum.app%2Findex.php%3Fw%3Dcoll%26cat%3DP%26id%3D78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALumbini+Province" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucci1956" class="citation book cs1">Tucci, Giuseppe (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.6480"><i>Preliminary report on two scientific expeditions in Nepal</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Preliminary+report+on+two+scientific+expeditions+in+Nepal&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Tucci&rft.aufirst=Giuseppe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.gov.ignca.6480&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALumbini+Province" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:10_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nma.nepalarmy.mil.np/page/history">"Nepali Military Academy | नेपाली सैनिक प्रतिष्ठान"</a>. <i>nma.nepalarmy.mil.np</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/21px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/28px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Sudurpashchim_Province" title="Sudurpashchim Province">Sudurpashchim</a></td> <td style="width:33%;"> <div style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="West"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/17px-Pfeil_links.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/25px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/34px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span><b style="display:inline-block; vertical-align:middle; margin:0.75em 1em">Lumbini</b><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="East"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/17px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/25px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/34px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Gandaki_Province" title="Gandaki Province">Gandaki</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="South"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/14px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/21px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/28px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>, <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>, <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Provinces_of_Nepal" title="Template:Provinces of Nepal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Provinces_of_Nepal" title="Template talk:Provinces of Nepal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Provinces_of_Nepal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Provinces of Nepal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Provinces_of_Nepal" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_provinces_of_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="List of provinces of Nepal">Provinces of</a> <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Koshi_Province" title="Koshi Province">Koshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhesh_Province" title="Madhesh Province">Madhesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagmati_Province" title="Bagmati Province">Bagmati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandaki_Province" title="Gandaki Province">Gandaki</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lumbini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnali_Province" title="Karnali Province">Karnali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudurpashchim_Province" title="Sudurpashchim Province">Sudurpashchim </a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span 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class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Provinces_and_Districts_of_Nepal" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Provinces_and_districts_of_Nepal" title="Template:Provinces and districts of Nepal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Provinces_and_districts_of_Nepal" title="Template talk:Provinces and districts of Nepal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Provinces_and_districts_of_Nepal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Provinces and districts of Nepal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Provinces_and_Districts_of_Nepal" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Nepal" title="Provinces of Nepal">Provinces</a> and <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Districts of Nepal">Districts</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Koshi_Province" title="Koshi Province">Koshi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhojpur_District,_Nepal" title="Bhojpur District, Nepal">Bhojpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhankuta_District" title="Dhankuta District">Dhankuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilam_District" title="Ilam District">Ilam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhapa_District" title="Jhapa District">Jhapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khotang_District" title="Khotang District">Khotang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morang_District" title="Morang District">Morang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okhaldhunga_District" title="Okhaldhunga District">Okhaldhunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchthar_District" title="Panchthar District">Panchthar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankhuwasabha_District" title="Sankhuwasabha District">Sankhuwasabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solukhumbu_District" title="Solukhumbu District">Solukhumbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunsari_District" title="Sunsari District">Sunsari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taplejung_District" title="Taplejung District">Taplejung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehrathum_District" title="Tehrathum District">Tehrathum </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udayapur_District" title="Udayapur District">Udayapur</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/34px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="885" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Nepal" title="Portal:Nepal">Nepal portal</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Madhesh_Province" title="Madhesh Province">Madhesh</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bara_District" title="Bara District">Bara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsa_District" title="Parsa District">Parsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhanusha_District" title="Dhanusha District">Dhanusha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahottari_District" title="Mahottari District">Mahottari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rautahat_District" title="Rautahat District">Rautahat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saptari_District" title="Saptari District">Saptari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarlahi_District" title="Sarlahi District">Sarlahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siraha_District" title="Siraha District">Siraha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bagmati_Province" title="Bagmati Province">Bagmati</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktapur_District" title="Bhaktapur District">Bhaktapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitwan_District" title="Chitwan District">Chitwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhading_District" title="Dhading District">Dhading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolakha_District" title="Dolakha District">Dolakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathmandu_District" title="Kathmandu District">Kathmandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kavrepalanchok_District" title="Kavrepalanchok District">Kavrepalanchok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalitpur_District,_Nepal" title="Lalitpur District, Nepal">Lalitpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makwanpur_District" title="Makwanpur District">Makwanpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuwakot_District" title="Nuwakot District">Nuwakot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramechhap_District" title="Ramechhap District">Ramechhap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasuwa_District" title="Rasuwa District">Rasuwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhuli_District" title="Sindhuli District">Sindhuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhupalchok_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Sindhupalchok District">Sindhupalchok</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gandaki_Province" title="Gandaki Province">Gandaki</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baglung_District" title="Baglung District">Baglung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorkha_District" title="Gorkha District">Gorkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaski_District" title="Kaski District">Kaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamjung_District" title="Lamjung District">Lamjung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manang_District,_Nepal" title="Manang District, Nepal">Manang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustang_District" title="Mustang District">Mustang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myagdi_District" title="Myagdi District">Myagdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawalpur_District" title="Nawalpur District">Nawalpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parbat_District" title="Parbat District">Parbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syangja_District" title="Syangja District">Syangja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanahun_District" title="Tanahun District">Tanahun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lumbini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arghakhanchi_District" title="Arghakhanchi District">Arghakhanchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banke_District" title="Banke District">Banke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardiya_District" title="Bardiya District">Bardiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dang_District,_Nepal" title="Dang District, Nepal">Dang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Rukum_District" title="Eastern Rukum District">Eastern Rukum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulmi_District" title="Gulmi District">Gulmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapilvastu_District" title="Kapilvastu District">Kapilavastu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasi_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasi District">Parasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palpa_District" title="Palpa District">Palpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyuthan_District" title="Pyuthan District">Pyuthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolpa_District" title="Rolpa District">Rolpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupandehi_District" title="Rupandehi District">Rupandehi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Karnali_Province" title="Karnali Province">Karnali</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dailekh_District" title="Dailekh District">Dailekh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolpa_District" title="Dolpa District">Dolpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humla_District" title="Humla District">Humla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jajarkot_District" title="Jajarkot District">Jajarkot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jumla_District" title="Jumla District">Jumla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalikot_District" title="Kalikot District">Kalikot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mugu_District" title="Mugu District">Mugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salyan_District,_Nepal" title="Salyan District, Nepal">Salyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surkhet_District" title="Surkhet District">Surkhet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Rukum_District" title="Western Rukum District">Western Rukum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sudurpashchim_Province" title="Sudurpashchim Province">Sudurpashchim</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achham_District" title="Achham District">Achham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baitadi_District" title="Baitadi District">Baitadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajhang_District" title="Bajhang District">Bajhang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajura_District" title="Bajura District">Bajura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadeldhura_District" title="Dadeldhura District">Dadeldhura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darchula_District" title="Darchula District">Darchula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doti_District" title="Doti District">Doti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kailali_District" title="Kailali District">Kailali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanchanpur_District" title="Kanchanpur District">Kanchanpur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nepal_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nepal_topics" title="Template:Nepal topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nepal_topics" title="Template talk:Nepal topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nepal_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nepal topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nepal_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Nepal" title="Outline of Nepal">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nepal" title="History of Nepal">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhadrabahu" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhadrabahu">Bhadrabahu</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Shakya" title="Shakya">Shakya Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(mother_of_Buddha)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maya (mother of Buddha)">Maya (mother of Buddha)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kirata_kingdom" title="Kirata kingdom">Kirata kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yalamber" class="mw-redirect" title="Yalamber">Yalamber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Licchavi_(kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Licchavi (kingdom)">Lichchhavi rule</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manadeva" title="Manadeva">Manadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amshuverma" title="Amshuverma">Amshuverma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhrikuti" title="Bhrikuti">Bhrikuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araniko" title="Araniko">Araniko</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Medieval<br />and<br />modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arimalla" title="Arimalla">Arimalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasa_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Khasa kingdom">Khasa kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baise_Rajya" title="Baise Rajya">Baise Rajya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaubisi_Rajya" title="Chaubisi Rajya">Chaubisi Rajya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Mandala" title="Nepal Mandala"> Newa kingdoms</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Shah_dynasty" title="Shah dynasty">Early Shah rule</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gorkha_Kingdom" title="Gorkha Kingdom">Gorkha Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prithvi_Narayan_Shah" title="Prithvi Narayan Shah">Prithvi Narayan Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Nepal" title="Unification of Nepal">Unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalu_Pande" title="Kalu Pande">Kalu Pande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Kingdom of Nepal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Nepal" title="List of monarchs of Nepal">Monarchs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Nepalese_War" title="Sino-Nepalese War">Sino-Nepal War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhimsen_Thapa" title="Bhimsen Thapa">Bhimsen Thapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Nepalese_War" title="Anglo-Nepalese War">Anglo-Nepal War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balbhadra_Kunwar" title="Balbhadra Kunwar">Balbhadra Kunwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Sugauli" title="Treaty of Sugauli">Treaty of Sugauli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Rana_dynasty" title="Rana dynasty">Rana rule</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kot_massacre" title="Kot massacre">Kot massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jung_Bahadur_Rana" title="Jung Bahadur Rana">Jung Bahadur Rana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal%E2%80%93Tibet_War_(1855%E2%80%931856)" title="Nepal–Tibet War (1855–1856)">Tibetan War</a> (<a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Thapathali" title="Treaty of Thapathali">Treaty of Thapathali</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamjang_and_Kaski" title="Lamjang and Kaski">Lamjang and Kaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribhuvan_of_Nepal" title="Tribhuvan of Nepal">Tribhuvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal%E2%80%93Britain_Treaty_of_1923" title="Nepal–Britain Treaty of 1923">Nepal–Britain Treaty of 1923</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Post-Rana and <a href="/wiki/Panchayat_(Nepal)" title="Panchayat (Nepal)">Panchayat</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1951_Nepalese_revolution" title="1951 Nepalese revolution">1951 revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchayat_(Nepal)" title="Panchayat (Nepal)">Panchayat system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back_to_the_Village_National_Campaign" title="Back to the Village National Campaign">Back to the Village campaign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Multi-party democracy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1990_Nepalese_revolution" title="1990 Nepalese revolution">Jana Andolan I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_royal_massacre" title="Nepalese royal massacre">Royal massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Nepal_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2005 Nepal coup d'état">2005 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Civil_War" title="Nepalese Civil War">Civil war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2006_Nepalese_revolution" title="2006 Nepalese revolution">Jana Andolan II</a></li></ul></li> <li>2015 earthquake - <a href="/wiki/April_2015_Nepal_earthquake" title="April 2015 Nepal earthquake">April</a> - <a href="/wiki/May_2015_Nepal_earthquake" title="May 2015 Nepal earthquake">May</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Nepal" title="Geography of Nepal">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Nepal" title="List of mountains in Nepal">Mountains</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Everest" title="Mount Everest">Mount Everest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangchenjunga" title="Kangchenjunga">Kanchenjunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makalu" title="Makalu">Makalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhaulagiri" title="Dhaulagiri">Dhaulagiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manaslu" title="Manaslu">Manaslu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annapurna" title="Annapurna">Annapurna</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Nepal" title="List of cities in Nepal">Cities of Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathmandu_Valley" title="Kathmandu Valley">Kathmandu Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terai" title="Terai">Terai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Terai_Valleys_of_Nepal" title="Inner Terai Valleys of Nepal">Inner Terai Valleys of Nepal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Plateau" title="Tibetan Plateau">Tibetan Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siliguri_Corridor" title="Siliguri Corridor">Siliguri Corridor <span style="font-size:85%;">(Chicken's Neck)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Nepal" title="List of rivers of Nepal">Rivers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arun_River,_China-Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Arun River, China-Nepal">Arun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghaghara" title="Ghaghara">Karnali <span style="font-size:85%;">(Ghaghara)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koshi_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Koshi River">Koshi <span style="font-size:85%;">(Kosi)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandaki_River" title="Gandaki River">Narayani <span style="font-size:85%;">(Gandaki)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Rapti_River" title="West Rapti River">West Rapti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Nepal" title="Environmental issues in Nepal">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Nepal" title="Climate change in Nepal">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Nepal" title="Deforestation in Nepal">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Nepal" title="List of protected areas of Nepal">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Nepal" title="Wildlife of Nepal">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Nepal" title="Politics of Nepal">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Nepal" title="Constitution of Nepal">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Constituent_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepalese Constituent Assembly">Constituent Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Nepal" title="Elections in Nepal">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Nepal" title="Foreign relations of Nepal">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Armed_Forces" title="Nepalese Armed Forces">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Army_Staff_(Nepal)" title="Chief of the Army Staff (Nepal)">Chief of the Army Staff</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Parliament_of_Nepal" title="Federal Parliament of Nepal">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_Assembly_(Nepal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Provincial Assembly (Nepal)">Provincial assemblies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Nepal" title="List of political parties in Nepal">Political parties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Nepal" title="Communism in Nepal">Communism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Nepal" title="List of heads of state of Nepal">Heads of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Nepal" title="President of Nepal">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Nepal" title="Vice President of Nepal">Vice President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Nepal" title="Prime Minister of Nepal">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Nepal" title="List of prime ministers of Nepal"><span style="font-size:85%;">list</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_Nepal" title="Council of Ministers of Nepal">Council of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Nepal" title="Supreme Court of Nepal">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Nepal" title="Chief Justice of Nepal">Chief Justice</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Nepal" title="Administrative divisions of Nepal">Divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Nepal" title="List of districts of Nepal">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Nepal" title="Provinces of Nepal">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Nepal" title="Municipalities of Nepal">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaunpalika" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaunpalika">Rural Municipalities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Nepal" title="List of cities in Nepal">Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatpur,_Nepal" title="Bharatpur, Nepal">Bharatpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biratnagar" title="Biratnagar">Biratnagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birgunj" title="Birgunj">Birgunj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damak" class="mw-redirect" title="Damak">Damak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetauda" title="Hetauda">Hetauda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itahari" title="Itahari">Itahari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janakpurdham" class="mw-redirect" title="Janakpurdham">Janakpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathmandu" title="Kathmandu">Kathmandu <span style="font-size:85%;">(capital)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalitpur,_Nepal" title="Lalitpur, Nepal">Lalitpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalgunj" title="Nepalgunj">Nepalgunj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pokhara" title="Pokhara">Pokhara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Nepal" title="Economy of Nepal">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Nepal" title="Agriculture in Nepal">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Nepal" title="Energy in Nepal">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour_in_Nepal" title="Child labour in Nepal">Child labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Nepal" title="List of companies of Nepal">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Free_Trade_Area" title="South Asian Free Trade Area">South Asian Free Trade Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_rupee" title="Nepalese rupee">Rupee <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Nepal" title="Squatting in Nepal">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Nepal" title="Telecommunications in Nepal">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Nepal" title="Tourism in Nepal">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Nepal" title="Transport in Nepal">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_in_Nepal" title="Labour in Nepal">Workforce</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Nepal" title="Culture of Nepal">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_cuisine" title="Nepalese cuisine">Cuisine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nepal_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepal wine">wine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Nepal" title="Demographics of Nepal">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Nepal" title="Education in Nepal">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Nepal" title="Languages of Nepal">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepalese literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nepal" title="Music of Nepal">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurkha" title="Gurkha">Gurkhas/Gorkhas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Nepal" title="International rankings of Nepal">International rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Nepal">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Academy" title="Nepal Academy">Nepal Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Academy_of_Fine_Arts" title="Nepal Academy of Fine Arts">Nepal Academy of Fine Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalis" title="Nepalis">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Nepal" title="Ethnic groups in Nepal">Ethnic groups</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Nepal" title="Public holidays in Nepal">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nepal" title="Religion in Nepal">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Nepal" title="Hinduism in Nepal">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Nepal" title="Buddhism in Nepal">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Nepal" title="Islam in Nepal">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Nepal" title="Christianity in Nepal">Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Nepal" title="Sports in Nepal">Sport</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Nepal" title="List of festivals in Nepal">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dashain" title="Dashain">Dashain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tihar_(festival)" title="Tihar (festival)">Tihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohani" title="Mohani">Mohani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swanti_(festival)" title="Swanti (festival)"> Swonti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipankha_Yatra" title="Dipankha Yatra">Dipankha Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_holidays" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim holidays">Eid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yomari_punhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yomari punhi">Yomari Punhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadhimai_festival" title="Gadhimai festival">Gadhimai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_Jayanti" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha Jayanti">Buddha Jayanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghe_Sankranti" title="Maghe Sankranti">Maghe Sankranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udhauli" title="Udhauli">Udhauli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubhauli" title="Ubhauli">Ubhauli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyalpo_Lhosar" title="Gyalpo Lhosar">Gyalpo Lhosar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamu_Lhosar" title="Tamu Lhosar">Tamu Lhosar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonam_Lhosar" title="Sonam Lhosar">Sonam Lhosar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhath" title="Chhath">Chhath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chasok_Tangnam" title="Chasok Tangnam">Chasok Tangnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhechu" title="Chhechu">Chhechu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatra_(Nepal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jatra (Nepal)">Jatra</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Celebrations" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Celebrations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nwaran" title="Nwaran">Nwaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasni_(celebration)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasni (celebration)">Pasni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Bratabandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ihi" title="Ihi">Ihi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahra_ceremony" title="Bahra ceremony"> Bahra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81ddha" title="Śrāddha">Shraddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyesti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Nepal" title="Abortion in Nepal">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch-hunts_in_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Witch-hunts in Nepal">Witch-hunts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Nepal" title="Capital punishment in Nepal">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Nepal" title="Health in Nepal">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Nepal" title="Human rights in Nepal">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_Nepal" title="Intersex rights in Nepal">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Nepal">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights_in_Nepal" title="Women's rights in Nepal">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Nepal" title="Human trafficking in Nepal">Human trafficking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Nepal" title="Outline of Nepal">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Nepal" title="Outline of Nepal">Index</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Nepal" title="Bibliography of Nepal">Bibliography</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nepal" title="Category:Nepal">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Nepal" title="Portal:Nepal">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: 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