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Security</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="padding-bottom:0.25em">Homeland Security Act of 2002</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_(obverse).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Great Seal of the United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/140px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/210px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/280px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Long title</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">An Act to establish the Department of Homeland Security and for other purposes.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Acronym" title="Acronym">Acronyms</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(colloquial)</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">HSA</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Enacted by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">the <a href="/wiki/107th_United_States_Congress" title="107th United States Congress">107th United States Congress</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Effective</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">November 25, 2002</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#bbddff">Citations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Public law</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-116/pdf/STATUTE-116-Pg2135.pdf">107-296</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large"><span class="wrap">Statutes at Large</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">116 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-116-2135">2135</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#bbddff">Codification</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Titles amended</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Title_6_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 6 of the United States Code">6 U.S.C.: Domestic Security</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">U.S.C.</a> sections created</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Title_6_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 6 of the United States Code">6 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/6/chapter-1">ch. 1</a> § 101</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">U.S.C. sections amended</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">150 sections amended</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#bbddff"><span class="nourlexpansion"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d107:HR05005:@@@R">Legislative history</a></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em"><div><ul style="line-height:1.3em;text-align:left"><li><b>Introduced</b> in the House as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/107th-congress/house-bill/5005">H.R. 5005</a> by <a href="/wiki/Dick_Armey" title="Dick Armey">Dick Armey</a> (<a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">R</a>-<a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">TX</a>) on June 24, 2002</li><li><b>Committee consideration</b> by <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Homeland_Security" title="United States House Committee on Homeland Security">House Homeland Security (Select)</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Agriculture" title="United States House Committee on Agriculture">House Agriculture</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Appropriations" title="United States House Committee on Appropriations">House Appropriations</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Armed_Services" title="United States House Committee on Armed Services">House Armed Services</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Energy_and_Commerce" title="United States House Committee on Energy and Commerce">House Energy and Commerce</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Financial_Services" title="United States House Committee on Financial Services">House Financial Services</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Oversight_and_Government_Reform" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform">House Government Reform</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Permanent_Select_Committee_on_Intelligence" title="United States House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence">House Intelligence (Permanent Select)</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Foreign_Affairs" title="United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs">House International Relations</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_the_Judiciary" title="United States House Committee on the Judiciary">House Judiciary</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Science,_Space_and_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House Committee on Science, Space and Technology">House Science</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Transportation_and_Infrastructure" title="United States House Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure">House Transportation and Infrastructure</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Ways_and_Means" title="United States House Committee on Ways and Means">House Ways and Means</a></li><li><b>Passed the House of Representatives</b> on July 26, 2002 (295-132, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://clerk.house.gov/evs/2002/roll367.xml">Roll call vote 367</a>, via Clerk.House.gov)</li><li><b>Passed the Senate</b> on November 19, 2002 (90-9, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=107&session=2&vote=00249">Roll call vote 249</a>, via Senate.gov) with amendment</li><li><b>House of Representatives agreed to Senate amendment</b> on November 22, 2002 (agreed)</li><li><b>Signed into law</b> by President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> on November 25, 2002</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#bbddff"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">United States Supreme Court</a> cases</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Department_of_Homeland_Security_v._MacLean&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Department of Homeland Security v. MacLean (page does not exist)">Department of Homeland Security v. MacLean</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_574" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 574">574</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/574/383/">383</a> (2015)</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Homeland Security Act</b> (HSA) of 2002, (<a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress#Public_law,_private_law,_designation" title="Act of Congress"><abbr title="Public Law">Pub. L.</abbr></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/link/plaw/107/public/296?link-type=html">107–296 (text)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/link/plaw/107/public/296?link-type=pdf&.pdf">(PDF)</a>, 116 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-116-2135">2135</a>, enacted <span data-sort-value="000000002002-11-25-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">November 25, 2002</span>) was introduced in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> and <a href="/wiki/2001_anthrax_attacks" title="2001 anthrax attacks">subsequent mailings</a> of <a href="/wiki/Anthrax" title="Anthrax">anthrax</a> spores.<sup id="cite_ref-Office_of_Legislative_Policy_And_Analysis_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Office_of_Legislative_Policy_And_Analysis-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The HSA was cosponsored by 118 members of Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-Bill_Summary_&_Status_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bill_Summary_&_Status-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The act passed the U.S. Senate by a vote of 90–9, with one Senator not voting.<sup id="cite_ref-[[U.S._Senate]]_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-[[U.S._Senate]]-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was signed into law by President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> in November 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-[[CNN]]_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-[[CNN]]-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Homeland_Security_Act_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Homeland_Security_Act-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>HSA created the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Department of Homeland Security">United States Department of Homeland Security</a> and the new cabinet-level position of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Secretary of Homeland Security">Secretary of Homeland Security</a>. It is the largest federal government reorganization since the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">Department of Defense</a> was created via the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Act_of_1947" title="National Security Act of 1947">National Security Act of 1947</a> (as amended in 1949). It also includes many of the organizations under which the powers of the <a href="/wiki/USA_PATRIOT_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="USA PATRIOT Act">USA PATRIOT Act</a> are exercised. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homeland_Security_Act_of_2002&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hsas-chart_with_header.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Hsas-chart_with_header.svg/170px-Hsas-chart_with_header.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Hsas-chart_with_header.svg/255px-Hsas-chart_with_header.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Hsas-chart_with_header.svg/340px-Hsas-chart_with_header.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="383" data-file-height="573" /></a><figcaption>The Homeland Security Advisory System scale.</figcaption></figure> <p>The new department assumed a large number of services, offices and other organizations previously conducted in other departments, such as the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Customs_Service" title="United States Customs Service">Customs Service</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a>, and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secret_Service" title="United States Secret Service">U.S. Secret Service</a>. It superseded, but did not replace, the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Homeland_Security" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of Homeland Security">Office of Homeland Security</a>, which retained an advisory role. The <a href="/wiki/Homeland_Security_Appropriations_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Homeland Security Appropriations Act">Homeland Security Appropriations Act</a> of 2004 provided the new department its first funding. A major reason for the implementation of HSA is to ensure that the border function remains strong within the new Department.<sup id="cite_ref-Policy_Almanac_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Policy_Almanac-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Act is similar to the <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Reform_and_Terrorism_Prevention_Act" title="Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act">Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act</a> (IRTPA) in reorganizing and centralizing Federal security functions to meet post–Cold War threats and challenges. Like IRTPA, there are some inherent contradictions in the bill not solved by reorganization. These reflect compromises with other committees needed to secure passage, but the result is at times inconsistent or conflicting authorities. For example, the Act identifies the Department of Homeland Security's (DHS) first responsibility as preventing terrorist attacks in the United States; but, the law's language makes clear that investigation and prosecution of <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorism</a> remains with the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a> and assigns DHS only an analytical and advisory role in intelligence activities.<sup id="cite_ref-Martindale.com_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martindale.com-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, with <a href="/wiki/Critical_Infrastructure_Protection" class="mw-redirect" title="Critical Infrastructure Protection">Critical Infrastructure Protection</a> (CIP), which relates to the preparedness and response to serious incidents, the Act gave DHS broad responsibility to minimize damage but only limited authority to share information and to coordinate the development of private sector <a href="/wiki/Best_practices" class="mw-redirect" title="Best practices">best practices</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Establishments">Establishments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homeland_Security_Act_of_2002&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Establishments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Homeland Security Act of 2002 is the foundation for many other establishments, including: </p> <ol><li>the Department of Homeland Security, which is headed by the Secretary of Homeland Security</li> <li>an established Directorate for Information Analysis and Infrastructure Protection within the Department of Homeland Security, which is headed by the Under Secretary for Information Analysis and Infrastructure Protection.</li> <li>the Critical Infrastructure Information Act of 2002</li> <li>the Cyber Security Enhancement Act of 2002</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Titles">Titles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homeland_Security_Act_of_2002&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Titles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Homeland Security Act of 2002 documented under <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress" title="Act of Congress">Public Law</a> is divided into 17 titles that establishes the Department of Homeland Security and other purposes. Each title is broken down into several sections, summarized below.<sup id="cite_ref-Martindale.com_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martindale.com-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Department_of_Homeland_Security_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Department_of_Homeland_Security-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>1. <b>Department of Homeland Security</b> <dl><dd>Title I consists of three sections that establish the Department of Homeland Security, which carries out several missions that comply with the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">United States Code</a>.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd>2. <b>Information Analysis And Infrastructure Protection</b> <dl><dd>Title II consists of two subtitles, including the <b>Critical Infrastructure Information Act of 2002</b>, and nineteen sections, including the <b>Cyber Security Enhancement Act of 2002</b>. It is headed by the Under Secretary and used to access, receive and analyze law enforcement information, intelligence information, and other information from federal, state, and local government agencies for further use towards the prevention of terrorist acts.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd>3. <b>Science And Technology In Support of Homeland Security</b> <dl><dd>Title III consists of thirteen sections. It is described as a plan to develop national policy and strategic plans to develop countermeasures for chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear and other emerging terrorist threats. It also establishes, conducts, and administers primary research and development.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd>4. <b>Directorate Of Border And Transportation Security</b> <dl><dd>Title IV consists of forty-eight sections and regulates what comes in out of United States territory in an effort to prevent terrorists and instruments of terrorism. This is done generally by securing the borders, territorial waters, ports, terminals, waterways, and air, land, and sea transportation systems of the United States, including managing and coordinating governmental activities at ports of entry.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd>5. <b>Emergency Preparedness and Response</b> <dl><dd>Title V consists of nine sections and it helps to ensure the response time and preparedness of providers for <a href="/wiki/Terrorist_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorist attacks">terrorist attacks</a>, major disasters and other emergencies. In addition, it establishes standards, joint exercises and trainings and providing funds to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">United States Department of Energy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a>.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd>6. <b>Treatment of Charitable Trusts For Members Of The Armed Forces Of The United States And Other Governmental Organizations</b> <dl><dd>Title VI consists of one section which, through several requirements, designates the late <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> officer Johnny Michael Spann as a trust fund for distribution towards surviving spouses, children, or dependent parents, grandparents, or siblings of Government related service members.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd>7. <b>Management</b> <dl><dd>Title VII consists of six sections which is headed by the Under Secretary to manage the budget, appropriations, expenditures of funds, accounting, and finance, human resources, <a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">information technology</a>, and procurement of the Departments.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd>8. <b>Coordination With Non-Federal Entities; Inspector General; United States Secret Service; Coast Guard; General Provisions</b> <dl><dd>Title VIII consists of fifty-three sections that establishes an Office for State and Local Governments to oversee and coordinate Departmental programs for and relationships with State and local governments.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd>9. <b>National Homeland Security Council</b> <dl><dd>Title IX consists of six sections which establishes a "<a href="/wiki/Homeland_Security_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Homeland Security Council">Homeland Security Council</a>" within the <a href="/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive Office of the President">Executive Office of the President</a>. This Council functions as an advisor to the President.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd>10. <b>Information Security</b> <dl><dd>Title X consists of seven sections regarding the establishment of several divisions of <a href="/wiki/Information_security" title="Information security">information security</a>. This title and its subchapter provide tactics and mechanisms for protecting federal information and preserve information security. It also establishes set standards, responsibilities, authorities and functions, the various definitions in information security, and an annual independent evaluation.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd>11. <b>Department of Justice Divisions</b> <dl><dd>Title XI consists of sixteen sections which detail the powers and duties of the Secretary, the Under Secretary, and the Attorney General.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd>12. <b>Airline War Risk Insurance Legislation</b> <dl><dd>Title XII consists of four sections which detail air carrier liability for third-party claims arising out of acts of terrorism, extension of insurance policies, correction of reference, and reports.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd>13. <b>Federal Workforce Improvement</b> <dl><dd>Title XIII consists of thirteen sections which in several chapters details and establishes Chief Human Capital Officers and its council.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd>14. <b>Arming Pilots Against Terrorism</b> <dl><dd>Title XIV consists of seven sections which contains the establishment of a program to deputize volunteer pilots of air carriers providing passenger air transportation or intrastate passenger air transportation as Federal law enforcement officers to defend the flight decks of aircraft of such air carriers against acts of criminal violence or air piracy.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd>15. <b>Transition</b> <dl><dd>Title XV consists of ten sections establishing the 12-month period beginning on the effective date of this Act. It consists of the definitions, reorganization plan, plan elements, and modification of plans.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd>16. <b>Corrections To Existing Law Relating To Airline Transportation Security</b> <dl><dd>Title XVI consists of three sections that establish retention of security sensitive information authority at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Transportation" title="United States Department of Transportation">Department of Transportation</a>, increase civil penalties, and allow United States citizens and United States nationals as screeners.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd>17. <b>Conforming And Technical Amendments</b> <dl><dd>Title XVII consists of seven sections that amend or alter several acts and amendments of the United States such as the <a href="/wiki/Inspector_General_Act_of_1978" title="Inspector General Act of 1978">Inspector General Act of 1978</a> and Title 5 of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">United States Code</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Department_of_Homeland_Security">Department of Homeland Security</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homeland_Security_Act_of_2002&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Department of Homeland Security"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Department of Homeland Security">United States Department of Homeland Security</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security.svg/220px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security.svg/330px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security.svg/440px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="247" data-file-height="247" /></a><figcaption>Seal of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Department of Homeland Security">United States Department of Homeland Security Seal</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS), formed November 25, 2002 through the Homeland Security Act, is a Cabinet department composed of several different divisions that work to protect the United States from domestic and foreign terrorism. It was created as a response to the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> in 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-Martindale.com_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martindale.com-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Department of Homeland Security manages the Emergency Preparedness and Response Directorate. The directorate helps fulfill the Department's overarching goal: to keep America safe from terrorist attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-U.S._Government_Printing_Office_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-U.S._Government_Printing_Office-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Department also works to enhance preparedness and response efforts and to integrate these efforts with prevention work.<sup id="cite_ref-U.S._Government_Printing_Office_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-U.S._Government_Printing_Office-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the Homeland Security Act there are several provisions that identify the specific duties for the EP&R Directorate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Provisions">Provisions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homeland_Security_Act_of_2002&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Provisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Homeland Security Act contains several provisions that identify specific duties for the EP&R Directorate.<sup id="cite_ref-U.S._Government_Printing_Office_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-U.S._Government_Printing_Office-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Title V and Title II outline the way the department ensures that the use of intelligence and its own threat analysis of terrorist capabilities are intended to distribute funds to those areas where the terrorist threat is greatest, and that states provide the Federal Government with their Emergency Response Plans so that the department can coordinate priorities regionally and nationally.<sup id="cite_ref-U.S._Government_Printing_Office_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-U.S._Government_Printing_Office-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LawBrain_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LawBrain-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Establishments_under_the_Homeland_Security_Department">Establishments under the Homeland Security Department</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homeland_Security_Act_of_2002&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Establishments under the Homeland Security Department"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ready_Reg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Ready_Reg.jpg/220px-Ready_Reg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Ready_Reg.jpg/330px-Ready_Reg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Ready_Reg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="433" data-file-height="325" /></a><figcaption>Full <a href="/wiki/Ready.gov" class="mw-redirect" title="Ready.gov">Ready.gov</a> logo with tagline and <a href="/wiki/Trademark" title="Trademark">trademark</a> notice.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ready.gov" class="mw-redirect" title="Ready.gov">Ready.gov</a> which was conceived in March 2002 and launched in February 2003</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Incident_Management_System" title="National Incident Management System">National Incident Management System</a> which was established in March 2004</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Response_Plan" title="National Response Plan">National Response Plan</a> (NRP) which was created in December 2004</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Cyber_Security_Division" title="National Cyber Security Division">National Cyber Security Division</a> (NCSD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-Verify" title="E-Verify">E-Verify</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Amendments">Amendments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homeland_Security_Act_of_2002&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Amendments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proposed">Proposed</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homeland_Security_Act_of_2002&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Proposed"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Homeland_Security_Interoperable_Communications_Act_(H.R._4289;_113th_Congress)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Homeland Security Interoperable Communications Act (H.R. 4289; 113th Congress)">Department of Homeland Security Interoperable Communications Act (H.R. 4289; 113th Congress)</a> - a bill that would amend the Homeland Security Act of 2002 to make the <a href="/wiki/Under_Secretary_of_Homeland_Security_for_Management" title="Under Secretary of Homeland Security for Management">Under Secretary for Management of the Department of Homeland Security</a> (DHS) responsible for policies and directives to achieve and maintain <a href="/wiki/Interoperability" title="Interoperability">interoperable</a> communications among DHS components.<sup id="cite_ref-4289sum_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4289sum-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bill was written in reaction to a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oig.dhs.gov/assets/Mgmt/2013/OIG_13-06_Nov12.pdf">2012 report by the DHS Inspector General</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140818042317/http://www.oig.dhs.gov/assets/Mgmt/2013/OIG_13-06_Nov12.pdf">Archived</a> August 18, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> that indicated DHS "lacks an effective governance structure to ensure interoperable communications across divisions.<sup id="cite_ref-FNRhousepasses_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FNRhousepasses-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Cybersecurity_and_Critical_Infrastructure_Protection_Act_of_2013_(H.R._3696;_113th_Congress)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Cybersecurity and Critical Infrastructure Protection Act of 2013 (H.R. 3696; 113th Congress)">National Cybersecurity and Critical Infrastructure Protection Act of 2013 (H.R. 3696; 113th Congress)</a> – a bill that would amend the Homeland Security Act of 2002 to require the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_the_Department_of_Homeland_Security" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of the Department of Homeland Security">Secretary of the Department of Homeland Security</a> (DHS) to conduct cybersecurity activities on behalf of the federal government and would codify the role of DHS in preventing and responding to cybersecurity incidents involving the <a href="/wiki/Information_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Information Technology">Information Technology</a> (IT) systems of federal civilian agencies and critical infrastructure in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-cbo3696_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbo3696-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bill passed in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a> on July 28, 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-3696allactions_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3696allactions-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legislative_information">Legislative information</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homeland_Security_Act_of_2002&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Legislative information"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/107th-congress/senate-bill/2794">S. 2794</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/107th-congress/house-bill/5005">H.R. 5005</a> HR. Rept. 107-609</li> <li>Law: <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress#Public_law,_private_law,_designation" title="Act of Congress"><abbr title="Public Law">Pub. L.</abbr></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/link/plaw/107/public/296?link-type=html">107–296 (text)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/link/plaw/107/public/296?link-type=pdf&.pdf">(PDF)</a>, 117 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-117-745">745</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homeland_Security_Act_of_2002&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency" title="Federal Emergency Management Agency">Federal Emergency Management Agency</a>, established by the Homeland Security Department</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_homeland_security_in_the_United_States" title="History of homeland security in the United States">History of homeland security in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeland_Security_Advisory_System" title="Homeland Security Advisory System">Homeland Security Advisory System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeland_Security_Appropriations_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Homeland Security Appropriations Act">Homeland Security Appropriations Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeland_Security_Grant_Program" title="Homeland Security Grant Program">Homeland Security Grant Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Reform_and_Terrorism_Prevention_Act" title="Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act">Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_the_United_States" title="Terrorism in the United States">Terrorism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Department of Homeland Security">United States Department of Homeland Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Support_Anti-Terrorism_by_Fostering_Effective_Technologies_Act" title="Support Anti-Terrorism by Fostering Effective Technologies Act">Support Anti-Terrorism by Fostering Effective Technologies Act</a> (Title VII, Subtitle G of the HSA)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homeland_Security_Act_of_2002&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output 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title="United States Code">United States Code</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Legal_Information_Institute" title="Legal Information Institute">LII</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?path=/prelim@title6/chapter1&edition=prelim">As codified in 6 U.S.C. chapter 1</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">United States Code</a> from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">US House of Representatives</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/COMPS-1143/uslm/COMPS-1143.xml">Homeland Security Act of 2002</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/COMPS-1143/pdf/COMPS-1143.pdf">PDF</a>/<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/COMPS-1143/">details</a>) as amended in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">GPO</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/help/comps">Statute Compilations collection</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/link/plaw/107/public/296">Homeland Security Act of 2002</a> as enacted in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">US Statutes at Large</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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Bush</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">43rd</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (2001–2009)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Texas" title="List of governors of Texas">46th</a> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Texas" title="Governor of Texas">Governor of Texas</a> (1995–2000)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">Presidency</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency">timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidential transition of George W. Bush">Transition</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_George_W._Bush" title="First inauguration of George W. Bush">1st inauguration</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_George_W._Bush" title="Second inauguration of George W. Bush">2nd inauguration</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency">Timeline</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency_(2001)" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency (2001)">2001</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency_(2002)" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency (2002)">2002</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency_(2003)" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency (2003)">2003</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency_(2004)" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency (2004)">2004</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency_(2005)" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency (2005)">2005</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency_(2006)" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency (2006)">2006</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency_(2007)" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency (2007)">2007</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency_(2008%E2%80%932009)" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency (2008–2009)">2008</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency_(2008%E2%80%932009)#January_2009" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency (2008–2009)">January 2009</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Domestic_policy_of_the_George_W._Bush_administration" title="Domestic policy of the George W. Bush administration">Domestic policy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_George_W._Bush_legislation_and_programs" title="List of George W. Bush legislation and programs">Legislation and programs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_George_W._Bush_administration" title="Economic policy of the George W. Bush administration">Economic policy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_George_W._Bush_administration" title="Foreign policy of the George W. Bush administration">Foreign policy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_George_W._Bush" title="List of international presidential trips made by George W. Bush">International trips</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bush_Doctrine" title="Bush Doctrine">Bush Doctrine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russia%E2%80%93United_States_summits" title="List of Russia–United States summits">Russia summits</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slovenia_Summit_2001" title="Slovenia Summit 2001">Slovenia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slovakia_Summit_2005" title="Slovakia Summit 2005">Slovakia</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93Iraq_Status_of_Forces_Agreement" title="U.S.–Iraq Status of Forces Agreement">Status of Forces Agreement</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Act" title="Patriot Act">Patriot Act</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/No_Child_Left_Behind_Act" title="No Child Left Behind Act">No Child Left Behind Act</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Medicare_Prescription_Drug,_Improvement,_and_Modernization_Act" title="Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act">Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/USA_Freedom_Corps" title="USA Freedom Corps">USA Freedom Corps</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Department of Homeland Security">Department of Homeland Security</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_George_W._Bush_administration" title="Space policy of the George W. Bush administration">Space policy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Offensive_Reductions_Treaty" title="Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty">Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">"War on Terror"</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Council_on_Service_and_Civic_Participation" title="President's Council on Service and Civic Participation">President's Council on Service and Civic Participation</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Volunteer_Service_Award" title="President's Volunteer Service Award">award</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dismissal_of_U.S._attorneys_controversy" title="Dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy">Dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bush_White_House_email_controversy" title="Bush White House email controversy">Email controversy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_George_W._Bush" title="List of federal judges appointed by George W. Bush">Judicial appointments</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="George W. Bush Supreme Court candidates">Supreme Court candidates</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts_Supreme_Court_nomination" class="mw-redirect" title="John Roberts Supreme Court nomination">John Roberts</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Miers_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Harriet Miers Supreme Court nomination">Harriet Miers</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Samuel Alito Supreme Court nomination">Samuel Alito</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_judicial_appointment_controversies" title="George W. Bush judicial appointment controversies">controversies</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_Cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="George W. Bush Cabinet">Cabinet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_pardoned_by_George_W._Bush" title="List of people pardoned by George W. Bush">Pardons</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Efforts_to_impeach_George_W._Bush" title="Efforts to impeach George W. Bush">Impeachment efforts</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:George_W._Bush/Executive_orders" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:George W. Bush/Executive orders">Executive orders</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:George_W._Bush/Presidential_Proclamations" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:George W. Bush/Presidential Proclamations">Presidential proclamations</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidential transition of Barack Obama">Obama transition</a></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/George-W-Bush.jpeg/100px-George-W-Bush.jpeg" decoding="async" width="100" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/George-W-Bush.jpeg/150px-George-W-Bush.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/George-W-Bush.jpeg/200px-George-W-Bush.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2267" data-file-height="3000" /></span></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2424" data-file-height="2425" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life and<br />legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_Childhood_Home" title="George W. Bush Childhood Home">Childhood home</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Early_life_of_George_W._Bush" title="Early life of George W. Bush">Early life and career</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_Presidential_Center" title="George W. Bush Presidential Center">Presidential library</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Presidential_portraits_of_George_W._and_Laura_Bush" title="Presidential portraits of George W. and Laura Bush">Presidential portrait</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_military_service_controversy" title="George W. Bush military service controversy">Military service controversy</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Killian_documents_controversy" title="Killian documents controversy">Killian documents controversy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Killian_documents_authenticity_issues" title="Killian documents authenticity issues">authenticity issues</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Professional_life_of_George_W._Bush" title="Professional life of George W. Bush">Professional life</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Governorship_of_George_W._Bush" title="Governorship of George W. Bush">Governorship of Texas</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prairie_Chapel_Ranch" title="Prairie Chapel Ranch">Prairie Chapel Ranch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Walker%27s_Point_Estate" title="Walker's Point Estate">Walker's Point Estate</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Clinton_Bush_Haiti_Fund" title="Clinton Bush Haiti Fund">Clinton Bush Haiti Fund</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Speeches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Axis_of_evil" title="Axis of evil">Axis of evil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mission_Accomplished_speech" title="Mission Accomplished speech">Mission Accomplished</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/February_2001_George_W._Bush_speech_to_a_joint_session_of_Congress" title="February 2001 George W. Bush speech to a joint session of Congress">Joint session of Congress</a> (2001)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/September_2001_George_W._Bush_speech_to_a_joint_session_of_Congress" title="September 2001 George W. Bush speech to a joint session of Congress">Joint session of Congress (September 11 attacks)</a> (2001)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union" title="State of the Union">State of the Union addresses</a> </span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2002_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2002 State of the Union Address">2002</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2003_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2003 State of the Union Address">2003</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2004_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2004 State of the Union Address">2004</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2005_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2005 State of the Union Address">2005</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2006_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2006 State of the Union Address">2006</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2007_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2007 State of the Union Address">2007</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2008_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2008 State of the Union Address">2008</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_George_W._Bush" title="Electoral history of George W. Bush">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">U.S. House</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1978_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1978 United States House of Representatives elections">1978</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gubernatorial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1994_Texas_gubernatorial_election" title="1994 Texas gubernatorial election">1994</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1998_Texas_gubernatorial_election" title="1998 Texas gubernatorial election">1998</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidential</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_2000_presidential_campaign" title="George W. Bush 2000 presidential campaign">2000 campaign</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2000 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection" title="2000 Republican Party vice presidential candidate selection">running mate selection</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_National_Convention" title="2000 Republican National Convention">convention</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2000 United States presidential debates">debates</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election" title="2000 United States presidential election">election</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Bush_v._Gore" title="Bush v. Gore">Bush v. Gore</a></i></span></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_2004_presidential_campaign" title="George W. Bush 2004 presidential campaign">2004 campaign</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2004_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2004 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2004_Republican_National_Convention" title="2004 Republican National Convention">convention</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2004 United States presidential debates">debates</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election" title="2004 United States presidential election">election</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Public_image_of_George_W._Bush" title="Public image of George W. Bush">Public image</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bushism" title="Bushism">Bushisms</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_nicknames_used_by_George_W._Bush" title="List of nicknames used by George W. Bush">Nicknames</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_and_films_about_George_W._Bush" class="mw-redirect" title="List of books and films about George W. Bush">As the subject of books and films</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fictionalized_portrayals_of_George_W._Bush" title="Fictionalized portrayals of George W. Bush">Fictionalized portrayals</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Miss_Me_Yet%3F" title="Miss Me Yet?">Miss Me Yet?</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/Yo,_Blair" title="Yo, Blair">Yo, Blair</a>"</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_George_W._Bush" title="Bibliography of George W. Bush">Books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/A_Charge_to_Keep" title="A Charge to Keep">A Charge to Keep</a></i> (1999)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Decision_Points" title="Decision Points">Decision Points</a></i> (2010)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/41:_A_Portrait_of_My_Father" title="41: A Portrait of My Father">41: A Portrait of My Father</a></i> (2014)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Portraits_of_Courage" title="Portraits of Courage">Portraits of Courage</a></i> (2017)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Out_of_Many,_One:_Portraits_of_America%27s_Immigrants" title="Out of Many, One: Portraits of America's Immigrants">Out of Many, One</a></i> (2021)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Popular<br />culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit_9/11" title="Fahrenheit 9/11"><i>Fahrenheit 9/11</i> (2004 documentary)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/W._(film)" title="W. (film)"><i>W.</i> (2008 film)</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bush_family" title="Bush family">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Laura_Bush" title="Laura Bush">Laura Bush</a> (wife)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Bush_(born_1981)" title="Barbara Bush (born 1981)">Barbara Pierce Bush</a> (daughter)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jenna_Bush_Hager" title="Jenna Bush Hager">Jenna Bush Hager</a> (daughter)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (father)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Bush" title="Barbara Bush">Barbara Bush</a> (mother)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Robinson_Bush" title="Pauline Robinson Bush">Robin Bush</a> (sister)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jeb_Bush" title="Jeb Bush">Jeb Bush</a> (brother)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Neil_Bush" title="Neil Bush">Neil Bush</a> (brother)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Bush" title="Marvin Bush">Marvin Bush</a> (brother)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Bush_Koch" title="Dorothy Bush Koch">Dorothy Bush Koch</a> (sister)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barney_(dog)" title="Barney (dog)">Barney</a> (dog)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Miss_Beazley" title="Miss Beazley">Miss Beazley</a> (dog)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/India_(cat)" title="India (cat)">India</a> (cat)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spot_Fetcher" title="Spot Fetcher">Spot Fetcher</a> (dog)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">← Bill Clinton</a></b></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama →</a></b></span></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:George_W._Bush" title="Category:George W. 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